0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 ·...

27
!"##"$% '()* +,- .$/0#1$2 -3243563/ '78 '()( 9:%"3; -1331:% !"##"$% '()*< =/":>3 ? @"$A"B3/#"4C

Transcript of 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 ·...

Page 1: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

!"##"$%&'()*&+,-&.$/0#1$2&-3243563/&'78&'()(&&

9:%"3;&-1331:%&

!"##"$%&'()*<&=/":>3&?&@"$A"B3/#"4C&

Page 2: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

DE4;"%3&F$/&4$A:C&

•  +,-&G3#$E/H3#&$%&H:52E#&•  9:4:&F$/&413&I$/0#1$2&•  -H13AE;"%>&413&+,-&I$/0#1$2&J4$&63&H$52;343A&6C&DH4$63/&*K&

Page 3: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

+,-&G3#$E/H3#&D%&L:52E#&•  !,=&+,-&M:6&–  M$H:43A&"%&G$4H1&M"6/:/C8&6E";A"%>&N&J#3H$%A&O$$/8&$P&$F&M$66C&N&Q&43H1%"H:;;C&"%&6E";A"%>&NRK&

–  7&."%A$I#&SL&I"41&R/H>"#&B3/#"$%&)(&:%A&+$$>;3&T:/41&S/$&

–  -4:P3A&!$%A:C&41/$E>1&=1E/#A:C&:U3/%$$%#&)'<V(&Q&7<((S!85&W/"A:C&'<((X*<(S!8&:%A&6C&:22$"%453%4&

–  -2:Y:;&9:4:&G32$#"4$/C&•  VNXV)'&Q#4:/Y%>&"%&3:/;C&DH4$63/&–  ''&."%A$I#&SL&I"41&R/H>"#&&–  Z$E&%33A&R413%:&H$56"%:Y$%&:%A&,9&H:/A&F$/&3%4/C&

Page 4: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

+,-&#4:P&:4&!,=&

•  R%%3&+/:1:5&•  [3:413/&!HL:%%&•  \3%%"3&!E/:H0&•  9:%"3;&-1331:%&•  M"#:&-I33%3C&•  =C;3/&]/3"A3/&

•  L$%4:H4&E#&:4&>"#13;2^5"4_3AE&$/&#4$2&"%&+,-&M:6&AE/"%>&;:6&1$E/#&

Page 5: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

!,=&-2:Y:;&9:4:&G32$#"4$/C&-3:/H1&=$$;#&•  +3$I368&:&I36&"%43/F:H3&4$&'8(((&;:C3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:C3/#&:4&!R--+,-8&:%A&`8(((&;:C3/#&:4&[:/B:/A&– !,=&;"H3%#3A&A:4:&:/3&H3/YaH:43&2/$43H43A&– [:/B:/A&;"H3%#3A&;:C3/#&:/3&/3#4/"H43A&4$&[:/B:/A&E#3/#&

– M:C3/#&H:%&63&A/:I%&$%&413&I36&"%43/F:H3&$/&A$I%;$:A3A&4$&;$H:;&A/"B3#&J"%&b"223A&F$;A3/K&

•  S:23/&5:2#&"%&413&@:/4$%&H:4:;$>&:/3&#3:/H1:6;3&

Page 6: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

!,=&-2:Y:;&9:4:&G32$#"4$/C&

-3:/H1&=$$;#&JH$%Y%E3AK&•  R/H>"#&A3#04$2&B3/#"$%&#3:/H13#&$%;C&!,=&A:4:&– 9:4:&"#&A$I%;$:A3A&4$&C$E/&R/H>"#&2/$c3H4&:%A&H:%&3:#";C&63&#:B3A&4$&;$H:;&A/"B3#&

Page 7: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

!,=&+3$I36<&I36_5"4_3AEd>3$I36&

Page 8: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

+3$I36<&]3CI$/A&-3:/H1&

Page 9: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

+3$I36<&-3:/H1&G3#E;4#&

Page 10: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

+3$I36<&!34:A:4:&

Page 11: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

R/H>"#&93#04$2&-$UI:/3&

•  9:4:&9"#2;:C&– e$&A:4:&3f"#4#&"%&#$UI:/38&C$E&%33A&4$&a%A&:%A&:AA&A:4:&

•  9:4:&S/$H3##"%>&•  -"52;3&L:/4$>/:21C&– Tf2$/4&5:2#&4$&a%"#1&"%&S1$4$#1$28&34H&

Page 12: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

!,=&+3$A:4:&G32$#"4$/C&M$>"%&

Page 13: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

!34:A:4:&-3:/H1&:%A&G3#E;4#&

Page 14: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

+3g%>&413&-$UI:/3&F$/&C$E/&23/#$%:;&5:H1"%3&

+3g%>&R/H>"#<&1h2<dd"#4_5"4_3AEd#3/B"H3#d#$UI:/3d3#/"d)(&

9$I%;$:A&R/H>"#i93#04$2)(i)''*)j_b"2&:%A&!,=i+3$A:4:i-3:/H1i=$$;iF$/iR/H>"#)(_3f3&J/E%&#3:/H1&4$$;&3f3&$%;C&:U3/&"%#4:;;"%>&R/H>"#K_&

Page 15: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

+3g%>&:&/32$#"4$/C&:HH$E%4&F$/&R/H>"#&

1h2<dd;"6/:/"3#_5"4_3AEd>"#dA:4:d/32$#"4$/C_145;&

k#3&=$EH1#4$%3&JI1"H1&E#3#&C$E/&03/63/$#&,9K&

k#3&:&2:##I$/A&$413/&41:%&C$E/&R413%:d35:";&2:##I$/A_&&!E#4&63&:4&;3:#4&`&H1:/:H43/#&#4:/Y%>&I"41&:&;3h3/_&

Page 16: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

+,-&.$/0#1$2#&

•  -1$E;A&4:03&C$E&:6$E4&)&1$E/&•  Z$E&I";;&E#3&R/H>"#8&413&5$#4&H$55$%&A3#04$2&+,-_&&!,=&1:#&:&#"43&;"H3%#3&F$/&41"#&#$UI:/3_&

•  Z$E&I";;&E#3&2/$43H43A&2;:H3#&A:4:#34#&4$&A343/5"%3&A"P3/3%H3#&"%&I1:4&l2/$43H43Am&53:%#_&

Page 17: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

9:4:&F$/&413&I$/0#1$2&

•  S/$43H43A&2;:H3#&F/$5<&–  1h2<ddIII_A:4:6:#"%_$/>8&:&/32$#"4$/C&$F&413&L$%#3/B:Y$%&@"$;$>C&,%#Y4E43&J1h2<ddH$%#6"$_$/>dK&

–  1h2<ddIII_2/$43H43A2;:%34_%34d8&&:&c$"%4&2/$c3H4&$F&413&,%43/%:Y$%:;&k%"$%&F$/&L$%#3/B:Y$%&$F&e:4E/3&:%A&413&k%"43A&e:Y$%#&T%B"/$%53%4&S/$>/:5538&.$/;A&L$%#3/B:Y$%&!$%"4$/"%>&L3%4/3&J1h2<ddIII_E%32XIH5H_$/>dK&

–  G3>"#4/:Y$%&"#&/3nE"/3A&F$/&6$41&#"43#&

Page 18: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

!34:A:4:&F/$5&III_A:4:6:#"%_$/>&

Page 19: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

S/$43H4&S;:%34&A:4:&

L;$#3A&R/3:&,,&

Page 20: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

.$/0#1$2#&Q&I13%&:%A&I13/3&

•  .3A%3#A:C&Jjd'`K&X&"%#4/EH4$/&"#&=C;3/&]/3"A3/&•  !$%A:C&J)(dVK&"%#4/EH4$/&"#&9:%"3;&-1331:%&

•  =E3#A:C&J)(doK&"%#4/EH4$/&"#&R%%3&+/:1:5&

•  R;;&I$/0#1$2#&:/3&N<V(X`<V(S!&

•  R;;&I$/0#1$2#&:/3&"%&)oeX)V'&&

Page 21: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

.$/0#1$2#&Q&I13%&:%A&I13/3&

.$/0#1$2#&I";;&&63&"%<&•  =13&M"6/:/"3#p&9">"4:;&,%#4/EHY$%&G3#$E/H3&L3%43/8&)oeX)V'&J3%43/&6E";A"%>&)o&:4&413&!E#"H&M"6/:/C&:%A&>$&/">148&9,GL&"#&$%&C$E/&/">14K&

Page 22: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

.$/0#1$2&;$H:Y$%#&

Page 23: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

.$/0#1$2#&Q&2"H0&$%3q&

•  k#3&413&A$$A;3&2$;;&I1"H1&,&I";;&35:";&3:/;C&41"#&3B3%"%>&

•  ,&I";;&#3%A&35:";&/35"%A3/#_&

•  S"H0&6C&*S!&$%&=E3#A:Cq&

Page 24: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

W$/&413&/3#4&$F&C$E/&2/$c3H4<&

9:4:&F$/5:4#&41:4&I$/0&"%&+,-&r&•  #1:23a;3#&•  :/H"%F$&H$B3/:>3#&:%A&>/"A#&•  c23>&•  YP&:%A&>3$YP&•  -3B3/:;&$413/&"5:>3&F$/5:4#&I"41&#5:;;&af3#&•  LR9&JI"41&H$%B3/#"$%#K&•  L-s&a;3#&I"41&:&E%"nE3&,9&F$/&#23H"aH&>3$>/:21"H&/3>"$%#&JH$E%4/C&H$A3#&$/&2/$B"%H3&%:53#K &&

•  ]!M&a;3#&

Page 25: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

.36&5:22"%>&4$$;#&+$$>;3&WE#"$%&4:6;3#&:%A&+$$>;3&!:2#&RS,&

Page 26: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

•  !,=&+3$A:4:&G32$#"4C&– 1h2<ddI36_5"4_3AEd>3$I36&

•  Tf:52;3&+$$>;3&!:2#&RS,&– 1h2<ddI36_5"4_3AEdA#1331:%dIIId#"/#"d>3$6;$>_145;&

– 1h2<ddI36_5"4_3AEdA#1331:%dIIId:6EA1:6"d#:601:_145;&

•  9$I%;$:A&+$$>;3&T:/41&– 1h2<dd3:/41_>$$>;3_H$5dA$I%;$:AX3:/41_145;&

Page 27: 0#1$2& -3243563/&'78&'()(&&web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/GIS_lecture.pdf · 2011-09-26 · !,=&-2:y:;&9:4:&g32$#"4$/c&-3:/h1&=$$;#& • +3$i368&:&i36&"%43/f:h3&4$&'8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!,=8&)8(((&;:c3/#&:4&!r--+,-8&:%a&`8(((&;:c3/#&:4&[:/b:/a&

.13/3&4$&>34&5$/3&"%F$5:Y$%&•  +,-&M:68&G$4H1&M"6/:/C8&@E";A"%>&N&– 7&SL#&I"41&R/H>"#&:%A&+$$>;3&T:/41&S/$&"%#4:;;3A&– -4:P3A&!$%A:C&41/$E>1&=1E/#A:C&:U3/%$$%#&)'<V(&Q&7<((S!85&W/"A:C&'<((X*<(S!8&:%A&6C&:22$"%453%4&

– 35:";&>"#13;2^5"4_3AE&$/&A#1331:%^5"4_3AE&