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DBwjqvg Rb _gm& (1803-1885)

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ïay MÖš’ cÖKvkB bq, †dvK‡jvi kãwUi mv‡_ ’vqxfv‡e Rwo‡q Av‡Q _g‡m&i bvg| Ebwesk kZ‡Ki ga¨ c‡e© Ambrose Merton m¤úv`bvq jÊb †_‡K cÖKvk n‡Zv Athenaeum cwÎKv| GB cwÎKvq _gm& bvbv wel‡q wbqwgZ wjL‡Zb| wewfbœ †jL‡Ki †jLv cÖeÜ-wbe‡Ü cyivZbx wewfbœ wel‡qi Dc‡i AmsL¨ †jLv cwÎKvwUi cvZvq cÖKvk n‡q‡Q| m¤úv`‡Ki mv‡_ _g‡m&i e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡hvMI wQj| Df‡qi g‡a¨ wewfbœ mg‡q bvbv wel‡q GKvwaKevi wPwVcÎ A`vb-cÖ vb n‡q‡Q| gU©b‡K †jLv GiKgB GKwU wPwV †h †dvK‡jvi BwZnv‡mi Rb¨ Amxg ¸i“Z¡ enb Ki‡e Zv †KD fve‡Z cv‡iwb, GgbwK _gm&I ¯qs fv‡ebwb 1846 mv‡ji AvM‡ói 12 Zvwi‡L Zuvi †jLv wPwVwUi ¸i“Z¡ AvR KZLvwb! _gm& Zuvi bZzb D™¢vweZ Folk-lore kãwU‡K cÖ_g GB wPwVi gva¨‡g gU©‡bi `„wó‡Z Av‡bb| wPwVwUi ¸i“Z¡ Abyaveb K‡i gU©b Zv 1846 mv‡ji 22 AvMó Zvwi‡L cwÎKvq cÖKvk K‡ib| _gm& D™¢vweZ kãwUi mv‡_ hwÌ Rvgv©b kã Volkskunde-i h‡_ó mvhyh¨ we`¨gvb wKš—y _gm& GB kvwãK wgj‡K KvKZvjxq e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| 1787 mv‡j D™¢vweZ Volkskunde kãwU 1806-1808 mv‡ji g‡a¨ mywbw`©ó iƒc jvf K‡iwQj| cÖvq wZwik eQi a‡i kãwU cÖPwjZ wQj Rvgv©wb‡Z| Avi Rvgv©wb‡Z bq, GwU 1831 mv‡j †Rvnvb d¨vwj· fb Kvb©vf Øviv Awóªqv‡Z cÖ_g eënvi n‡q‡Q| _gm& evisevi Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zuvi ˆZwiK…Z kãwU mnRvZfv‡e D™¢vweZ|

Bs‡iRx ÔFolkÕ (†dvK) Ges Ij›`vRx ÔLoreÕ (†jvi) GB ywU hyM¥ kã‡hv‡M g~j Folk-

lore kãwU m„ó| cÖ_g w`‡K kã yÕwUi g‡a¨ GKwU nvB‡db (-) wQj, c‡i nvB‡db D‡V wM‡q GwU Folklore e‡j cwiwPZ nq| _gm& g~jZ Ô†dvKÕ ej‡Z mvaviY †jvK ev RbMY‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| Avevi, Aciw`‡K Ô†jviÕ ej‡Z wZwb HwZwn¨K cÖengvb Ávb‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| Aci w`‡K Rvgv©b Volks kãwUiI A_©I mvaviY †jvK Ges Rvgv©b fvlvq kunde k‡ãi A_© HwZnëvnx Ávb ev wk¶v| Df‡qiB kvwãK A_© GKB| GRb¨ Zuvi PqbK…Z Folk-lore kãwU Rvgv©b Volkskunde k‡ãi cÖwZwe¤ e‡jB mgv‡jvPKiv e‡j _v‡Kb|

†dvK‡jvi ej‡Z AvR hv †evSvq Zv Ebwesk ev wesk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS‡ZI GgbUv eySv‡Zv bv| GKmgq Ô†dvKÕ ev Ô†jvKÕ ej‡Z Zuv‡ì‡KB wb‡ ©k Kiv n‡Zv hviv MÖvgxY cwi‡e‡k emevm Ki‡Zv| wbi¶i Gme MÖvgxY Rbmvavi‡Yi †jvKvqZ Ávb‡K GKK_vq †dvK‡jvi e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv n‡”Q `xN©w`b a‡i| HwZwn¨K GB Ávb g~jZ evwnZ nq esk ci¤úivq GK cÖRb¥ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖR‡b¥ Ges Zv gy‡L-gy‡L| KL‡bv †`‡L-†`‡LI gvbyl

kvk¦wZKx 10

†k‡L Zvi mgv‡R cÖengvb †dvK‡jvi‡K| †gŠwLK Ávb mvaviYZ gy‡L-gy‡LB cÖPvi I cÖmvi jvf K‡i| AvR hv Ô†jvKmvwnZ¨Õ (Folk-Literature) bv‡g mK‡ji Kv‡Q AwaK cwiwPZ †mUvB GK mgq mevi Kv‡Q †dvK‡jvi e‡j cwiwPZ wQj, GgbwK †dvK‡jvi PP©vKvix‡ì Kv‡QI| Zuv‡ì Kv‡Ri wmsnfvM Ry‡o wQj †jvKmvwn‡Zï bvbv Dcv`vb h_v : Qov, auvav, cÖev`-cÖePb, MxwZKv, †jvKmsMxZ, †jvKbvUK msMÖn-msi¶Y I Zvi cÖKvk| Av‡ —-Av‡ — G avivi cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q, †dvK‡jv‡ii cwiwa AvR A‡bK `~i ch©š— we¯—„Z| †jvKmvwnZägx© Dcv`v‡bi cvkvcvwk †dvK‡jv‡ii Ab¨me Dcv`vb we‡klZ e¯—yagx© †dvK‡jv‡ii bvbv Dcv`vb M‡elK‡ì „wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b †dvK‡jvi MÖv‡gi †PŠnwÏ †cwi‡q kn‡ii bvMwiK Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| AvR †dvK‡jvi M‡elYvi we‡kl RvqMv Ry‡o Av‡Q bMi-†dvK‡jvi| Z‡e †dvK‡jvi‡K wewfbœfv‡e †`Lvi GB `„wófw½ GK w`‡b M‡o I‡Vwb, Gi Rb¨ eû gbxlxB AK¬vš— cwikªg K‡i‡Qb|

_gm& Zvi D™¢vweZ †dvK‡jvi kãwU‡K Lye mn‡R mK‡ji Kv‡Q cwiwPZ Kiv‡Z cv‡ibwb| GRb¨ Zv‡K †ek mgq w`‡Z n‡q‡Q, GwU wb‡Ri †jLv-†jwL‡Z evisevi wZwb eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Zvi eûj cÖPv‡i †m mmgq †dvK‡jvi kãwU cwÊZ‡ì mvaviY gvb¨Zv jvf Ki‡Z m¶g nq| †dvK‡jvi (Folk-lore) kã D™¢‡ei Av‡M †h G welqwU wQj bv GgbwU bq, welqwU‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Oral Art, Verbal Art, Traditional Art, Popular

Antiquities, Popular Literature wewfbœ bv‡g cÖKvk Kiv n‡Zv| GQvov wewfbœ fvlvq G‡K wfbœ-wfbœ AvÂwjK k‡ã †evSv‡bv n‡Zv, †hgb : GL‡bv evsjvq A‡b‡K G‡K †jvKms¯‹„wZ e‡j _v‡K| wKš—y †jvKms¯‹„wZ Avi †dvK‡jvi GK bq| †jvKms¯‹„wZ g~jZ Folk-culture-Gi e½vbyev`| k‡ãi g‡Zv welqwUi bvbv w`K wb‡q Gai‡bi bvbv åvš— aviYv AvRI cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| Gme åvwš— µgk `~i nq RvZxqZvev`x g‡bvfve D‡b¥‡li mv‡_| jvwZb Av‡gwiKv-BD‡ivc-Gwkqvi wewfbœ †`‡k †dvK‡jvi wel‡q gvbyl m‡PZb n‡q I‡V| ïi“ nq Gi cVb-cvVb| wdbj¨v‡Êi †njwmswK wek¦we`¨vj‡q Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e welqwUi Abykxjb ïi“ nq| Avi 1878 mv‡j jÊ‡b cÖwZwôZ The

Folklore Society Ges gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª 1888 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ The American Folklore

Society `yÕwUi gva¨‡g c„w_exe¨vcx †dvK‡jvi wel‡q cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e PP©vi †h aviv ïi“ nq, Zv AvRI Ae¨vnZ| KviY GB cÖwZôvb yÕwUi mv‡_ hy³ wQ‡jb Ges GL‡bv Av‡Qb gvbëi me fvlvZvwË¡K, b„ZvwË¡K, mgvRweÁvbx, BwZnvmwe‡ìv| Zv‡ì AK¬vš— cÖ‡Póvq †dvK‡jvi welqwU mvaviY gvb¨Zv jvf K‡i‡Q|

ïay kã D™¢veb K‡iB _gm& †_‡g _v‡Kbwb, wZwb Athenaeum cwÎKv‡ZB 1847 mv‡ji 4Vv †m‡Þ¤i Zvwi‡L GKwU cÖeÜ Qv‡cb hvi wk‡ivbvg wQj The Folk-Lore of

Shakespeare| GwUB cÖ_g cÖeÜ †hLv‡b cÖ_g mv_©Kfv‡e †dvK‡jvi kãwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| †k·wcq‡ii bvUK I mvwn‡Z¨ †hme †jvKvPvi Ges †jvKDcv`vb eënƒZ n‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU g~j¨vqb Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü _gm& K‡i‡Qb| †dvK‡jvi ej‡Z wVK †Kvb †Kvb Dcv`vb‡K wb‡`©k Kiv hvq †mwU Zz‡j aivi cÖqvm cÖeÜwU‡Z †`Lv hvq| cÖeÜwU cv‡Vi gva¨‡g _g‡m&i

kvk¦wZKx 11

D™¢vweZ kãwU ÁvbRM‡Z ¯’vqx Avmb jvf K‡i| cwÎKvwU‡Z †dvK‡jvi bv‡g GKwU wefvMI †Lvjv nq, †hLv‡b cÖvPxb AvPvi-eënvi, †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, HwZnvwmK wewfbœ ¯’vb m¤ú‡K© cÖeÜ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Rvbv hvq, 1848 mv‡j wZwb cwÎKvwU wK‡b wb‡qwQ‡jb Ges 1872 mvj ch©š— GwU wZwb wb‡R m¤úv`bv K‡i†Qb| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ cwÎKvwU‡Z wewfbœ wel‡qi mnmªvwaK †jLv cÖKvk cvq| GQvov Notes and Queries bv‡g Aci GKwU cwÎKv cÖKvk ïi“ K‡ib 1849 mvj †_‡K| HwZnëvnx m„wói †¶‡Î mvaviYZ †`Lv hvq mªóvi bvg ax‡i ax‡i wejyß n‡q hvq| _g‡m&iI †m iKg GKwU k¼v wQj e‡j wZwb GB cwÎKvq 1879 mv‡j D™¢veK wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri bvg wPi¯§iYxq K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ GKwU cÖ —ve myax cvV‡Ki mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡ib|

Rb _g‡m&i D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ae`vb ejv hvq, we‡k¦i cÖ_g Folklore Society cÖwZôv| Rb e¨v‡Êi Popular Antiquities bv‡g 1813 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ †jvKRxe‡bi wewfbœ Dcv`vb m¤wjZ msKjbagx© MÖš’wUi g‡a¨ GB †mvmvBwUi cÖwZôvi exR wbwnZ wQj e‡j wek¦L¨vZ †dvK‡jviwe` Richard M. Dorson (1935-1983) Zuvi m¤úvw`Z Folklore Research

Around the World (1961) MÖ‡š’ D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| †m hvB †nvK, †mB †mvmvBwU AvRI we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg cÖavb †dvK‡jvi cÖwZôvb| 1878 mv‡j _g‡m&i AvnŸv‡b mvov w`‡q jÊ‡bi wKQy mvwnwZ¨K I b„weÁvbx wg‡j M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb GB cÖwZôvbwU| cªwZôvZv‡ì g‡a¨ wQ‡jb George Laurence Gomme, Andrew Lang, Alfred Nutt, Edwin Sidney Hartland, Edward Clodd, William Alexander Clouston cÖgyL gbxlx| †mvmvBwUi cÖ_g mfvwU AbywôZ nq 1878 mv‡ji 30‡k Rvbyqvwi Rb _g‡m&i mfvcwZ‡Z¡| cwiPvjK wQ‡jb wZwb wb‡R Ges m¤úv`K wbe©vPb K‡ib j‡iÝ †Mvg‡K| cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K M‡elYvagx© GKwU cwÎKv cÖKv‡ki e¨vcv‡i cÖwZôvbwUi mKj m`m¨ HKg‡Z¨ †cuŠQvb| †m aviv‡Z †mvmvBwUi gyLcÎ wn‡m‡e cÖKvk nq Folk-lore Records bvgK cwÎKvwU| c‡i hv ïay Folklore bv‡gB cwiwPwZ cvq| GwUi cÖKvkbv AvRI Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| †dvK‡jv‡ii cÖvPxbZg GB cwÎKvq c„w_exi ¯bvgab¨ cÖvq mKj †dvK‡jviwe`-b„weÁvbx-mgvRweÁvbxi †jLv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| 1885 mv‡ji 15B AvMó Zvwi‡L g„Zz i AvM ch©š— _gm& GB cÖwZôvbwUi mv‡_ Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤úK© †i‡LwQ‡jb| gnvb GB †dvK‡jvi mvaK †dvK‡jvi PP©vi BwZnv‡m Gme Kvi‡Y wPi-¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡eb| †hgbUv wZwb Zuvi wfwRwUs Kv‡W© e‡j‡Qb :

If you would fain know more Of him whose photo here is He coined the word folk-lore and started Notes and Queries

kvk¦wZKx 12

kw³bv_ Sv †jvKfvlv Ges A¶i cÖZx‡Ki Av‡jv‡K jvjb muvB-Gi AwPb gvbyl †jvKag©, mgvR Ges mvwnZ¨‡K AZ¨š— mnR, mij e‡j wkó M‡el‡Kiv e¨vL¨v K‡i _v‡Kb| we‡klZt †jvK mvwn‡Zï fvlv‡K AZxe cÖZ¨¶ Ges mij e‡j wkó mgv‡jvP‡Kiv cyYtcyYt D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| cweÎ miKvi, IqvwKj Avn‡g‡ì MÖš’ Gi Ab¨Zg D`vniY| eû Av‡M Ôwkí wKÕ (What is Art) MÖ‡š’ Uj÷q cikªgRxex‡ì Rxeb I wk‡íi eûgvwÎK RwUjZvi `vex Ges kªgRxex‡ì Rxeb I wk‡íi AwZ mij GKgvwÎKZvi `vex bm¨vr K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| kª‡g I N‡g© AwZ RwUj ¯—i Ges ci¤úiv wbwg©Z nq|

fviZxq HwZ‡n¨ fvlv wb‡q, kã-A‡_©i m¤úK© wb‡q, A_© wb®‹vk‡Yi wewPÎ c×wZ mg~n wb‡q we¯—i Av‡jvPbv n‡qwQj| êw`K †mk¦i gZv`k© µ‡g ivóª Ges wkí ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cÖvavb¨ we —vi K‡i, we‡ivax gZv`k©¸wj‡K civwRZ K‡i| G mg — civwRZ gZv`k© mg~n, A‰ew`K †jvKmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ Avkªq wb‡q Zv‡ì Aw¯—Z¡ eRvq †i‡L‡Q| Bmjvg we‡klZt kwiqwZ Bmjv‡gi Kv‡Q civf~Z †emiv mywd/dwKwi/ì‡ekx gZv`k© Ges g~j¨‡eva †jvK Rxeb‡K Avkªq K‡i cwieZ©b, cwieR©‡bi g‡a¨ e‡q P‡j‡Q| G Kvi‡Y fviZxq êw`K, Bmjvwg HwZ‡nï mgvš—iv‡j †jvKmgv‡R Avwe®‹vi Kiv hvq †e`we‡ivax A‰ew`K, †emiv ms¯‹…wZi GK engvb †mªvZ| Ges `yÕcÖev‡ni g‡a¨ P‡j‡Q GK wbiš—i mvs¯‹…wZK weZK©| G‡ì g‡a¨ wgjb, wgkªbI N‡U _v‡K Aek¨|

e‡½ wn›`y Bmjvg wLª÷vb mgv‡Ri bvbv †jvKag©¸wji kv¯¿xq a‡g©i AvPv‡ii m‡½ gZ‡f` cÖej n‡q ag©xq wbcxo‡bi iƒc †bq| G mg — ¶z ª ¶z ª ag© †Mvôx RvZ-eY©-A_©-wj½ †f` AMÖvn¨ K‡i gvbyl‡K ¸i“Z¡ †`q| ci‡jvK bq Bn‡jv‡K Ges †`nvwkªZ AvZ¥vi myL Avb‡›ì mÜv‡bi AwfhvÎx G †jvKmgvR| Ab¨w`‡K êw`K-kwiqwZ-wLª÷vb kv ¿ag© Bn-†`n-¶zavZ…òvw`‡K ’~j, N„Y¨ we‡ePbvq AMÖvn¨ K‡i| Avw`g cv‡c gbyl¨ Rb¥| ci‡jv‡K ¯‡M©i Rb¨ kv ¿ wb‡`©wkZ Rxeb hvcbB nj kv¯¿a‡g©i g~j K_v| †jvKag© Bn‡jv‡K, ytL wbeviY K‡i myL †fvM Ki‡Z Pvq| wicy Bw›`ªq ZvwoZ †`n Ges gb‡K e`‡j Riv, `ytL Gwo‡q †h‡Z Pvq| ciKvj ciRb¥, ¯^M©bi‡K A‡b‡KB Awek¦vmx|

RxebPh©vq, Ak‡b em‡b wfbœ GK g~j¨‡ev‡ai jvjb cvj‡bi m~‡Î †jvKa‡g©i fvlvixwZ, kãv_©, kãeënvi wfbœ n‡q hvq| †eŠ‡×iv A‡cvn Z‡Ë¡ Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb †h, kã Ges A‡_©i †Kvb wbqZ m¤Ü †bB| aŸwb‡Z G‡KKwU A_© msjMœ K‡i †Ìqv nq gvÎ| aŸwb me© v mv_©K bq| A_P Kvwj`v‡mi g‡Zv A‡b‡K, evM_©‡K Aa©bvixk¦i ni-cve©Zxi g‡Zv ˆRe m¤ú‡K© A‡”Q`¨ wnmv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Awfav‡b kãv_©‡K wbw`©ó Kivi cÖ‡Póv n‡q‡Q| A_P Awf‡aq A‡_©i evB‡i kãv_© P‡j hvq| j¶Yv-e¨Äbvi mxgv Qvwo‡q †`k Kvj cvÎvbyhvqx k‡ãi wewPÎme A_© cÖmwiZ nq| †eŠ× †jvKZ‡š¿i wm×v Ph©vKv‡iiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, mg¯— Abyfe cÖKv‡ki h_vh_ kã †bB| cÖej Av‡eM Abyf~wZ cÖKv‡ki h_v_© fvlv †bB| G¸wj ¯vbyfe ev Ac‡iv¶ Abyf~wZ‡Z †evae¨| Zviv Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, e ‘, fve, wµqv evPK kã¸wji g‡a¨ _v‡Kbv D³ e¯‘, ¸Y, fve ev wµqv| †m¸wji evB‡i _v‡K ¯iƒcmËv|

kvk¦wZKx 13

D³ e ‘, ¸Y, wµqv m¤ú‡K© hvi aviYv bvB, †m †Kej kã †_‡K h_v_© Ávb cvq bv| jvjb wj‡L‡Qb, Ôcwo‡j wK cvq c`v_©Õ (jvjb muvB Gi Mvb, c`bs 282)| e‡j‡Qb, Ôe ‘ we‡b bv‡g ˆK †cU f‡i|Õ (c~‡e©v³, c`bs 196)|

imiwZi we› y weewZ©Z mnR mvabv, bvix‡Kw›`ªK †`nmvabv, hv g~jZ: Zš¿ bv‡g cwiwPZ, †m mvabv Ges Zrmsµvš— g~j¨‡eva¸wj my xN© Kvj †_‡KB †Mvcb| †MvcbZvi KviY Rvwb‡q‡Qb mincv‡ì †`vnvi UxKvKvi, Ôfe¨ m‡Ë¡ly e¨³s, Afe¨ m‡Ë¡ly ¸ßwgwZÕ| G Ávb wbqš¿‡Yi AwaKvi nviv‡bvi Rb¨ G¸wj ¸ß bq| G mg — mva¨ mvab ZË¡ K_vq AvfvwmZ nq gvÎ| cÖ‡qv‡M †KD †`wL‡q w`‡j, G¸wj Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^s‡e`‡bi Áv‡b cwiYZ nq| G mg¯—wµqv-Kg© mgvR iv‡óªi wbqš¿K‡ì g‡bvbxZ bq| bibvixi wgj‡b mš—v‡bi Rb¥ bv nIqv, e¨w³ gvwjKvbvi we‡jvc, RvZeY© wj½-†f` AMÖvn¨ Kiv, PviP› ª †f‡ì gZ Kg©KvÊ cÖKvwkZ n‡j, Gi Abymvix‡ì Dci †b‡g Av‡m mvgvwRK cxob-`gb, we`ª“c, AeÁv, N„Yv, Dcnvm| GKK †`nmva‡Kiv, Abygvb cš’x mvaym¾‡biv, †e`wewa gvb¨Kvix ˆReavwg©K¾bM‡bi Kv‡Q G RMr D &NvwUZ n‡j, me©bv‡ki fq aŸwRZ n‡q‡Q| êòe Zvwš¿K KoPvq ejv n‡q‡Q evD‡ji ag©‡K †jvKmvaviY ÔDcnvm K‡iÕ| myZivs we‡ivax kÎ“‡ì wbi — K‡i, AvMÖnx mva‡Ki Rb¨ G gZ‡K AvfvwmZ K‡i, Bw½Zc~Y©, Bmviv Kvjvg mÜveP‡b, c‡iv¶ fvl‡Y, Ges ¸ß fvlv wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q Ñ Ph©vc` †_‡K AvaywbK †jvKa‡g©i fvlvq G ixwZ‡K Avgiv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvwi| Zver fw³ A‡›`vj‡b Dëveskx, cÖ‡nwjKv, AwfcÖvwqK bvbv fvlv f½x Ges k‡ã wfbœ A_©v‡ivc ïi“ nq| ¸i“eM© wbR¯^ Uu vKkv‡j k‡ã wewkó A_© gyw`ªZ K‡i w`‡Zb wkó Awfav‡b G A_© †bB| G A‡_© kãvw` M„nxZ n‡Zv ïi“e‡M©i wkó gÊwj‡Z| bvb‡Ki iPbvq, evsjvq jvjkkxi Ôfv‡ei MxZÕ G, jvj‡bi iPbvi ÔUu vKkvjx †evjÕ Gi cÖm½ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| jvjkkxi AbyMvgx gbyjvj wgkª, mnRZË¡ cÖKvkÕ G welqwU e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| cÖPwjZ k‡ãi Bl`& aŸwb cwieZ©b K‡i, bvbv wfbœv_©K kã D”PviY êwkó¨ nvwi‡q cÖvq GKk‡ã cwiYZ n‡j (cvi, cvo), APwjZ A‡_© cÖPwjZ kã‡K eënvi K‡i, j¶Yv e¨Äbvi A_© we¯—v‡ii mnvqZvq †jvKa‡g©i gnvR‡biv GK wewPÎ Kve¨fvlv wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| G fvlv fve‡K cÖKvk K‡i Ges fvecÖKv‡k Aš—ivj iPbv K‡i| eyw×`xß, ê`» gwÛZ G Kve¨fvlv †kªvZv, cvVK mvaviY‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| Gi evn¨ A‡_©i Aš—iv‡j ms¸ß _v‡K GKvwaK A‡_©i —i| †m¸wji Ô†f`/mwÜÕ AwaKvix‡K Rvbvb ¸i“| Awfav‡b †m A_© e¨vL¨v †bB| Rxeš— ¸i“ ci¤úivq †gŠwLK HwZ‡n¨ G me e¨vL¨v iw¶Z nq| Rxeš— gvby‡li Kv‡Q G e¨vL¨v Rvb‡Z nq| G¸wj ¸i“-RvZxq ag©| hviv G¸wj K‡Vvi Abykxj‡b AR©b K‡i‡Qb, mvabv ZvivB †kLvb| mvab m½x‡Zi cÖ‡qvMg~jK w`KwUi Ô¸i“ cyw”QZ¨ RvbÕ|

K…ò`v‡mi, ÔˆPZb¨ PwiZvg„ZÕ G Áv‡bi Ges ¸ß e¨vL¨vi †gŠwLK mÂvj‡bi ¸i“ ZvwjKv †ck K‡i, gnvcÖfy ˆPZb¨ Ges wea wbwnZv‡_©i g~‡j †`‡L‡Qb iPbvKv‡ii ÔAwfcÖvqÕ| evmy‡è mve©‡fŠg wQ‡jb weL¨vZ ê`vwš—K| Zvi k¼ivPv‡h©i AbyMvgx fvlÜxKv‡K gyL¨v_© ev` w`‡q †MŠYv_© Kíbv, Awf‡aq A_© Z¨vM K‡i j¶Yv A‡_© kã MÖnY, weeZ©bev`‡K cwiYvgev‡ì e`‡j ¯’vcbvi Awf‡hvM G‡bwQ‡jb ˆPZb¨| fÆvPvh© GKwU †k−v‡Ki bvbv e¨vL¨v Ki‡j ‰PZb¨ e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔwKš‘ Zzwg A_© ‰K‡j cvwÊZ¨ cÖwZfvq/ Bnv ê †k−v‡Ki Av‡Q Avi AwfcÖvq|Õ (ga¨jxjv, lô cwi‡”Q`)

fÆvPv‡h©i bÕcÖKvi A_© wb®‹vl‡Yi GKwU‡KI MÖnY bv K‡i, ˆPZb¨ D³ †k−v‡Ki ÔAóv`k A_© ˆKj AwfcÖvq ˆjqvÕ| cieZ©x Kv‡j mbvZb‡K wZwb GKB †k−v‡Ki GKlwó A‡_© e¨vL¨v K‡i

kvk¦wZKx 14

Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb, fvMeËvw` kv‡ ¿i ÔcÖwZ †k−v‡K cÖwZ A¶‡i bvbv A_© nqÕ| AwfcÖvwqK e¨vL¨v kv ¿‡Kiv evZz‡ji cÖjvc e‡j AMÖvn¨ K‡i| mgag©x mva‡Kiv MÖnY K‡i G e¨vL¨vÑ

ÔAvgv †nb †hev †Kn evZzj nq|/ GB `„‡ó fvMe‡Zi A_© Rvbq||Õ (ga¨jxjv, 24 cwi‡”Q`)|

ÔˆPZb¨ PwiZvg„ZÕG eû¯’‡j AwfcÖvqg~jK †k−vKvw` Av‡Q| kv ¿evK¨ ev ag© mvabvi ZË¡ lo `k©b ev wjwLZ kv ¿ †_‡K Rvbv hvq bvÑ ÔZvnv‡Z Qq `k©b ˆn‡Z ZË¡ bvwn Rvwb|/ gnvRb †hB K‡n †mB mZ¨ gvwb||Õ (c~‡e©v³, ga¨jxjv, 25 cwi‡”Q`)|

Ph©vc‡ì gywb-`‡Ëi Ôwbg©jwMivÕ UxKvq Ges †m UxKvi wZeŸwZ Ab~w`Z iPbvq, K…ò`v‡mi Ô‰PZb¨ PwiZvg„ZÕG Ges K…ò`v‡mi Bw½Zg~jK Ae¨vL¨vZ †k−vKvwì êòe KoPvq AwfcÖvwqK e¨vL¨vi bvbv —i cvB| êòe KoPvq †`nmvabvi cÖ‡qvMg~jKZvi m‡½ †k−vKvwì AwfcÖvq‡K wgwk‡q e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| G mva¨ mvabv¸wj ev¯—weK, eZ©gvb| ZvB Gi me©‡kl AwfcÖvq Bn-‡`‡ni m‡½ hy³| fw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi c`-c`vewj‡Z, evDj-dwKi c`vewj‡Z Bn-‰`wnK Dcv`vb¸wj †Kv_vI ¯úó, †hgb †`‡ni nvo, wkiv bvwo, jwZKv-Pµ-c‡Ùi Ae ’vb| wKš‘ †`nwgjb A_ev imsiwZ-PviP‡› ªi Av‡jvPbv cÖ”Qbœ fvlvq wjwLZ| Gi kãv_© Awfav‡b Ajf¨| AMÖR mvaK Gi e¨vL¨vZv; wb‡`©kK| wKš‘ G e¨vL¨viI wKQz Z_¨m~Î Av‡Q| K…ò`vm Ges ˆPZb¨ PwiZvg„Z G mvaK‡ì gvb¨| Zvi wKQy †KŠkj nvD‡o-jvjgvwì g‡Zv mva‡Kiv eënvi K‡i‡Qb|

(GK) ÔAbyev`Õ ev me©Rb cwiwPZ e¯‘i gva¨‡g Ôwe‡aqÕ ev AÁvZ e ‘‡K cÖKvk Kiv (‰PZb¨ PwiZvg„Z, Avw`jxjv, 2q cwi‡”Q` GKv`kxZ‡Ë¡ a„Z b¨vqvbymv‡i wjwLZ|)

( yB) K…ò`v‡mi wkl¨ gyKz‡›ì wkl¨ cÖwk‡lïv wj‡L‡Qb bvbv êòe KoPv| Zviv A‡b‡KB K…ò`v‡mi Bw½Zg~jK †k−vK‡K ¯úó †`nZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v w`‡q, K…ò`vm‡KB cÖgvY wnmv‡e †g‡b e‡j‡Qb, ÔKweivR †MvumvB Gi gnv †KŠkj mvg_©/ GK¯’v‡b Dw³ K‡i Ab¨ ¯’v‡b A_©Õ| (b„wmsnvb›`, eªRimKí, wgRv¤msMÖn)

(wZb) c‡iv¶ ewnRv©MwZK e¨vL¨v¸wj †kl wePv‡i Bn-†`‡niB iƒcK gvÎ| ‰eòe KoPv, evDj dwKwi Mvb G A‡_©B KweivR †Mv¯vgxi iPbv eënvi K‡i‡Qb| jvjb ¯úó e‡j‡Qb, Ô†`‡ni m‡½ Ki mswgjbÕ (c~e©³ c` bs 114)| †e`-†e`v‡š— gyL¨v_© †bB; j¶Yvi weåvwš— gvÎ ( H c`bs 152)|

(Pvi) AwfcÖvwqK e¨vL¨v‡K K…ò`v‡mi gnvcÖfy e‡j‡Qb, ÒevZz‡ji cÖjvcÓ (ga¨jxjv 24 cwi‡”Q`)| KoPvKv‡iiv G cÖjv‡ci g‡a¨ †`n mvabvi wewea Z_¨ wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb eû‡¶‡Î, ÔAvZ¥fve ¸ß Kwi K…òfveÕ Mvb K‡i‡Qb| jvjb e‡j, ÔcvMjv Q‡j †evSv KwVb mvayfvlvÕ (c~‡e©v³ c` bs 98)| e‡µvw³ ev c‡iv¶ fvlY eyw×`xß fvlvi ¸Y we‡kl| mÜ¨v k‡ãi Av‡jvPbvq weay‡kLi kv ¿x Ges Av‡iv A‡b‡K, e½-mwbœwnZ SoLÛ ev muvIZvj ciMYv‡K cÖvPxb ÔmÜ¨vÕ f~LÛ wnmv‡e wPwýZ K‡i, mÜ¨v (mÜv) fvlv‡K G AÂ‡ji fvlv we‡kl e‡jwQ‡jb| G AÂ‡ji Avwèvmx muvIZvj‡ì fvlvwU c‡iv¶fvlY g~jK| †Kvb bvixi †Q‡j ev †g‡q mš—vb n‡q‡Q, GUv Rvb‡Z †M‡j ej‡Z n‡eÑ evwo‡Z b~Zb †Kvb AwZw_ G‡m‡Q bvwK? †m AwZw_ gv_vq Kj‡m Rj Av‡b bv Kv‡a evûK w`‡q Szwj‡q Rj Av‡b? Kj‡m Rj Av‡b DË‡i †g‡q mš—vb Ges wkï cyi“‡li Z_¨ Rvbv‡e wØZxq DËiwU|

kvk¦wZKx 15

G Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Avgiv †jvKmvwn‡Zï cðv`c‡U GK mvwnZ¨ZË¡, fvlv weÁv‡bi mycwiKíbv wPwýZ Ki‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ| Gic‡i, G f~wgKvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv jvjb muvB-Gi AwPb gvbyl‡K AbymÜvb Ki‡ev|

jvjb wb‡R‡K ÔgvbylZ‡Ë¡iÕ cÖe³v wnmv‡e †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb (c~‡e©v³, c`bs- 36)| evDj-dwKwi Mv‡b bvbv iKg gvby‡li bvg cvIqv hvq| †hvwRR, A‡hvwRR, mnR/ms¯‹viv; Rxe Ck¦i gvbyl cÖf„wZ wÎmËv †Zv eû L¨vZ| G QvovI jvj‡bi Mv‡b GK ÔAwPb gvbylÕ †K evievi hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z †`wL| Av‡jvP¨ wbe‡Ü Avgv‡ì Av‡jvP¨ GB AwPb gvbyl| †K wZwb? wK Zvi ¯iƒc cwiPq? †Kb Zvi ¯úó cwiPq †Ìqv hvq wb? G cÖkœ¸wj Avgv‡ì weeªZ K‡i| gvbyl Ges gvbylZË¡ nj c„_K welq| gvby‡li Aš—wbwn©Z ¯iƒc cwiPq nj gvbylZË¡| m„wói ˆPZb¨kw³ c~Y© Rxe nj gvbyl| Zvi †`nwU wbg©vY K‡iwQj AvRvwRj (Bmjvg-wLªóvb g‡Z)| Avi GB kqZvb wbwg©Z †`‡n evm K‡i Avj−vi byi/ey×/eªþ/K…‡òi ¯iƒc| Rxe wnmv‡e R‡b¥ wk¶v`x¶vi gva¨‡g Avgiv gvbyl nB ev gbyl¨Z¡ AR©b Kwi| gbyl¨‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj, ˆReag© †_‡K c„_K| gvbyl kãwU Av‡jvP¨ HwZ‡n¨ cyi“l evPK bq; RvwZevPK| gbyl¨Z¡ ¸Yvewj hy³ ag© we‡kl| GK gvbyl †_‡K eªþv weòz wke wZ‡bi DrcwË| wZb wg‡j Avevi GK nq| Ph©vKv‡ii fvlvq, Ò†Z wZwb †Z wZwb wZwb Awfbœv (Ph©v,7)|Õ mvabvq †`ng‡bi cwieZ©‡b A‡hvwRR, †hvwRR, mnR/ms¯‹viv/Rxe Ck¦i gvby‡li cÖv`yf©ve| Ab¨w`‡K m„wóZ‡Ë¡i m~Pbvq GK †_‡K wZb; bvix‡`‡n wÎ‡mªv‡Z wZb gvby‡li Avwef©ve| m„wó m~Pbvi c~‡e©I †`Lv hvq GKRb bv yÕRb‡K?

evDj-dwKi Mv‡bi gvbylZË¡ GK RwUj welq| cwÊ‡Ziv G Z‡Ë¡i gv_vgyÛ Lyu‡R bv †c‡q wecbœ n‡q‡Qb| iex› ªbv_ g‡bi gvby‡li exR †`‡L‡Qb Dcwbl‡`| we‡eKvb‡›ì g‡Z, ê`vwš—K g‡Z gvbyl †kªô Rxe Ges c„w_ex gyw³i m¤¢vebv c~Y© ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ’vb| gvbe R‡b¥ gyw³i AwaKZi my‡hvM _vKvq, †èZviv gvbe Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Ges wea Dw³ cvB jvj‡bi Mv‡b| ey×I †`n Qvov wbe©vY gyw³ wb‡ ©k K‡ib wb| gvby‡li †`nfvÛv‡i ewn‡ ©‡k Av‡Q aŸsm civqb ’~j †`n, Zvi †fZ‡i Av‡Q eû hyM ’vqx m~²‡`n, Zvi †fZ‡i Av‡Q GKwU RxevZ¥v| G RxevZ¥v Ck¦‡ii b¨vq wbZ¨| G Rx‡ei AvZ¥vB h_v_© gvbyl| (evbx I iPbv, ¯vgxwe‡eKvb›`, 2q LÛ, c„. 36, 138, 3q LÛ, c„. 66, 264; D‡Øvab cÖKvkb, 2003)| ’~j, m~² wj½ †`n, RxevZ¥vi †K› ª GB gvbe †`‡ni wfZ‡i| Dcwbl` Kw_Z ÔAš—iZg

h`qgvZ¥vÕ (†e`vn‡gZs cyi“ls gnvš—g&)| KV Dcwbl‡` G cyi“l‡K cigZË¡ ejv n‡q‡Q (KV, 1/3/11)| †`n fv‡Ûi Ges eªþv‡Êi †fZ‡ii †K‡› ª G RxevZ¥v e‡q‡Qb| wZwbB gvbyl|

ZË¡ kãv‡_©i Av‡jvPbvq ivgK…ò‡è e‡j‡Qb, ÒZË¡ Ávb gv‡b AvZ¥Ávb| Zr gv‡b cigvZ¥v, Z¡s gv‡b RxevZ¥v| RxevZ¥v Avi cigvZ¥v GK Ávb n‡j ZË¡ Ávb nq|Ó we‡eKvb‡›ì fvlvq, Ò†Kej AvZ¥Z‡Ë¡i A‡šl‡YB, AvZ¥Z‡Ë¡i we‡k−l‡YB Ck¦i‡K Rvwb‡Z cvwi| cÖ‡Z¨K gvb‡e, cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvYx‡Z...AvZ¥v iwnqv‡Qb| AvZ¥v wnmv‡e †Kvb cÖ‡f` bvB Ñ cÖ‡f` †Kej cÖKv‡ki ZviZ‡g¨|Ó ...ÔGes Zz cwÛ‰Z Ë©vZ¡v me©f~Zgqs nwigÕ (c~‡ev©³, 5g LÛ, c„.16)|

jvj‡bi ÔAvwg ZË¡Õ Gi ¸i“Z¡ Ges Av`‡g Avj−vi byi _vKvq Zv‡K †mR`v bv Kivq AvRvwR‡ji Aciva welqK c`¸wj G cÖm‡½ ¯§iY†hvM¨| we‡eKvb‡›ì Bó †K Rvwbbv; wKš‘ ivgK…‡òi Bó †Zv cig kw³ Av`¨vKvwjKv| welqwU ¯§iY †hvM¨| †Kbbv we‡eKvb›` ev jvjb †mB cigZË¡‡K cÖ”Qbœ fvlvq, k‡ã, K_vq eY©bv gvÎ K‡i‡Qb|

kvk¦wZKx 16

jvjb †hvNYv Ki‡jb, ÒAv‡Q w`b `ywbqvi AwPb gvbyl GKRbv|Ó wZwb †eZvwjg, †egywi`; wKš‘ cx‡ii cxi (c`bs 420)| Zv‡K gywk©‡ì gywk© ejv hvq| wZwb g~jvav‡ii g~j| ¸ßby‡i Zvi m„Rb, ¸ß fv‡e wZwb ågY K‡ib| gywk© Qvov †KD Zvi mÜvb Rv‡b bv| †e`vw`kv‡ ¿ Zvi h_v_© cwiPq †bB| (c` bs 556) wZwb mva‡bi g~j| G ARvbv gvby‡li K_v ï‡b, cÖfy †MŠiPvu Zv‡K cvevi Rb¨ msmvi †Q‡o wQ‡jb (c`bs 509)| H ARvbv gvbyl wdi‡Q †`‡k| Zv‡K wPb‡Z Ges gvb‡Z nq| kwiq‡Z †KD Zv‡K †P‡b bv| g‡bi weKvi ~iKi‡j gvid‡Z Zv‡K Rvbv hvq| feb`xi K~‡j g~jnxb GK AvRMywe dzj dz‡U‡Q| wPiw`b GK iwmK eyjeyj Zvi gay Lvq| gywk© ai‡j Zv‡K Rvbv hvq| jvjb Rvbv‡jb, Òï‡bwQ GK gvby‡li Lei Av‡j‡ci †Ri wg‡gi ReiÕ (c`bs 436)| m„wói c~‡e© †hw`b wW¤^ f‡i †f‡mwQ‡jb mvuB, †mw`b c‡Ùi iƒ‡c AwPb gvbyl †`Lv w`‡qwQj †XDG †f‡m| wZwb m½x wQ‡jb mvuB Gi| Zvi bvg wQj bv| AvM‡g (bvixgyL ev †`n †_‡K AvMZ eP‡b) Bmvivq Zvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| ZL‡bv †Zv m„wó nqwb| †K Zv‡K m„wó K‡iwQj? mvuB Ges AwPb gvbyl G‡Ki Kz i‡Z yRbvi Avwef©ve| G AwPb gvbyl‡K bv wP‡b Aai aiv hvq bv| Ôjvjb e‡j †mB Ze bywi †Lv`vi †QvU bwei eo †m †Mv nqÕ (c`bs 482)| m„wó bxi cÖev‡n, Sivi Nv‡U †hv‡M yÕRg ïwi †f‡m Av‡m| GKRb cyi“l GKRb bvix| gvmvš—‡i Zv‡ì †`Lv‡kvbv nq| DciIqvjv m`q Kwi Zv‡ì m‡½ †hvM †`q| GK, mvuB, `yB, AwPb gvbyl, wZ‡b †`wL evwi‡K| cÖ_g `yÕbywi‡K Rvb‡j †hvM wm× nq mvaK (c`bs 260)| Ab¨c‡` jvjb Rvbv‡jb †h Av‡jc jvg wgg G wZb A¶‡i mgMÖ †Kvivb Nbxf~Z n‡q Av‡Q| Av‡j‡c Ñ Avj−vn, wg‡g Ñ bwe; jv‡gi e¨³ ev cÖKvk¨ A‡_© Avj−vn, ¸ß A‡_© gn¤§`‡K A¶i cÖZx‡K wZwb wPwýZ Ki‡jb| †hi, hei, †ck Aviwe eY©gvjvi ¯iaŸwb| cÖvPxb Aviwe‡Z G¸wj wjwLZfv‡e wPwýZ n‡Zv bv| cieZx© Kv‡j G ¯iwPý¸wj eY©gvjvq †jL¨ iƒ‡c D‡j−wLZ n‡Zv| Av‡jc Avwe© eY©gvjvi cÖ_g A¶i; wgg cuwPkZg eY©| A¶i cÖZxK eënvi K‡i jvjb Avgv‡ì AwPb gvbyl m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡jb, Ò†Lv`vi †QvU bwei eo †m †Mv nqÓ (c` bs 482)| jvj‡bi AwPb gvby‡li cÖ”Qbœ m~Î nj

1) Av‡j‡c Ñ Avj−v, wggG Ñ bwe, jv‡g Ñ cÖKv‡k¨ Avj−v, ¸ß A‡_© gn¤§` 2) wZwb Av‡j‡ci †Ri (†hi), wg‡gi Rei (hei) 3) wZwb †Lv`vi †QvU bwei eo

KweivR †Mv¯vgx GK ’v‡b Dw³ K‡ib, Ab¨Î Zvi A_© †`b| jvj‡bi bvbv c` mvwR‡q A¶i cÖZx‡Ki DËi G fv‡eB cvIqv hvq|

DËi m¤ú‡K© P~ovš— wm×vš— MÖnY Kivi Av‡M fvlvq Ges mvwn‡Z¨ A¶i cÖZx‡Ki eënvi Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Bmjv‡g, Bûw` Kvevjvi HwZ‡n¨, mywd iPbvejx‡Z A¶i cÖZx‡K GK cÖ”Qbœ fvlvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| evsjv ÔdwKi wejvmÕ, MÖ‡š’ (MIwmqv jvB‡eªix, KjKvZv-700007, c~Yt gy ªb)| wÎk Aviwe ni‡d †`n MVb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| G wb‡q we‡`‡k eû MÖš’ iwPZ n‡q‡Q| e‡Y©i eY©gvjvq µg, Ae ’vb, AvK…wZ bvbv A‡_© eëüZ nq|

eû mgq k‡ãi wbwnZv_© †Kvb GKwU we‡kl e‡Y©i we‡kl A_©‡K Avkªq K‡i MwVZ nq| wn› yZ‡š¿ eY© gv‡ÎB we‡klv_©‡evaK| Kvg‡aby Z‡š¿ eY© ¸wji AvK…wZ mn A_© wbiƒwcZ n‡q‡Q| †eŠ×Z‡š¿ cÖ‡Z¨K eY© ¯Zš¿ A_©en| WvKvY©‡ei wØZxq cU‡j ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒGK‰Km¨ Zz gvnvZ¥g¶im¨ wn fiqt|Ó †neRªZ‡š¿i ÔGes gqv kÖ“Zg&Õ gnvevK¨wUi cÖwZ e‡Y©i wewkó A_© †hvMiZœgvjvq e¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q| G-cÖw_ex, Kg©gy ªv †jvPbv; es-Rj, ag©gy ªv

kvk¦wZKx 17

gvgKx; g-ewý, gnvgy ªv cvÛiv, qv-gvi“Z, mgqgy ªv ZvwiYx| G MÖ‡š’ D³ A¶i¸wji AvwfcÖvwqK ¸nÄ‡_© Ñ G - fM; es - eRª A‡_©; bibvixi †hŠb †hvM‡K wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| exR wbN©›Uz Rvwb‡q‡Q †h Zvwš¿K exRgš¿¸wj eY©v‡_©B we‡kl A_©en| Beòe KoPvq Ges mvaK‡ì n —wjwLZ LvZvq Iu, K¬xs cÖf„wZ exRg‡š¿i A¶i cÖZx‡Ki e¨vL¨v cvIqv hvq| ˆPZb¨ PwiZvg„‡ZI A¶i cÖZx‡Ki e¨vL¨v Av‡Q| Z‡š¿ Ges ms¯‹…Z aŸwb weÁv‡b eY©gvjv †`nmsjMœ| e‡½i †`n-mva‡Kiv ¯i eY©¸wj‡K bvix, e¨vÄb eY© ¸wj‡K cyi“l Ges hy³ eY©‡K ¸i“e y— ev †hŠwMK Dcv`vb wnmv‡e wPwýZ K‡i _v‡Kb| G engvb A¶i cÖZx‡Ki HwZn¨ †_‡K Dcv`vb msMÖn K‡i jvjb AwPb gvbyl‡K cÖ”Qbœ fvlvq eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| cvwÛZ¨ cÖwZfvq G ZË¡ †f` Ab_©K|

Av‡j‡c Avj−vn/ †Lv`v| Av‡jc eY©wU wj‡L bx‡P ¯iwPý †hi-w`‡Z nq| AvK…wZ‡Z -†hi- Av‡j‡ci PvB‡Z †QvU, Ae ’vb Av‡j‡ci bx‡P| ¯ieY© AwPb gvbyl ZvB †Lv`vi †QvU| jvj‡bi Ges Ab¨ c`KZ©v‡ì Bmjvg welqK Mv‡b cvB †h Avnv` Ges Avnv¤§` k‡ã †Kej wgg ni‡di eëavb| G wg‡gi Aš—iv‡j wbwnZ bwe Ges Avj−vni cv_©K¨| wgg nid bwei cÖZxK| wgg ni‡di D‡aŸ© _v‡K ¯iwPý hei| mgvR k„•L‡ji Dci hviv _v‡K, ZvivB †Zv eo| †`niv‡óª wgg ev bwei Dc‡i i‡q‡Q AwPb-gvbyl ¯i wPý-hei-| ZvB AwPb gvbyl bwei eo wKš‘ †Lv`vi †QvU| mgq Ges R‡b¥i wePv‡i (Ave`yj−vn) Avwgbvi cyÎ bwe †Zv gv‡qi †QvU| Avevi †Lv`vi m„wó Avwgbv †Zv Avj−vni †QvU|

G Av‡jvPbv‡š— wKš‘ AwPb gvby‡li h_v_© cwiPq D`NvwUZ nj bv| Rvbv †Mj cÖvPxb Avi‡ei fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z ¯iaŸwbi ¯Zš¿ Aw¯—Z¡ wQj bv| †Kviv‡bi m~‡Î ¯iwP‡ýi Avwef©ve| G wPý ¸wj bvixi cÖZxK| wZwb wbiÄb| mg¯— wKQz‡K wZwb iƒc w`‡q cÖKvk K‡ib| wKš‘ Zv‡K †KD cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| jvjb AvZ¥cwiP‡qi mÜv‡b bwe imyj‡K fRbv Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb| Zvui bweZË¡ Av‡iK inm¨| Ave yj−v-Avwgbvi mš—vb gn¤§‡ì †Zv g„Zz n‡q‡Q| Zvi mgvwa Av‡Q gw`bvq | wKš‘ bwe ÔnvqvZ gyimvwjbÕ ( Agi)| Zvi ey‡K m„wó Ae¨veüZ Av‡Q| jvjb mvuB Rvbv‡jbÑ

Ôwb‡j dv‡Zgvi kiY Ki‡Z nq †i KiY Av‡Q dg©vb mvuB Gi Rev‡e||

m„wóKZ©v m„wó K‡j−b mvi mevwi Zv‡i †Pbv nj fvi ------------------

ï‡bwQ gv Avgvi Av‡ek avix hy‡M hy‡M nI gvZv †hv‡M¤ix mv‡o mvZ cvwš— c‡_i `vov Avacvwš— Zvi Av`¨g~j‡MvovÕ (c` bs 483)|

AwPb gvbyl Av`¨v, m„wó-m~Pbvq Zv‡K GLb I †`Lv hvq| Zv‡K †`Lv‡Z cv‡ib mvaK¸i“| Zvi Kv‡QB ïb‡Z Ges †`wL‡q wb‡Z n‡e AwPb gvbyl‡K|

kvk¦wZKx 18

Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix jvjb mvuB I KvOvj nwibv_ m¤ú‡K©i LwZqvb evDjmvaK jvjb mvuB (1774-1890) wQ‡jv †jvKvqZ gigx mvabvi GK Amvgvb¨ cyi“l| jvj‡bi msMxZ, mvabv I `k©b †jŠwKK Rxe‡bi MwÛ AwZµg K‡i wkw¶Z bvMwiK weØRb‡KI ¯úk© I cÖvwYZ K‡i‡Q| GB Kv‡jvËxY© AmvaviY wkí-cÖwZfv Zvui ¯Kv‡jB †jvKwcÖqZvi Zz‡½ D‡VwQ‡jv| Zvui gy³eyw×, Amv¤cÖ vwqK †PZbv, mgvRgb¯‹Zv I gvbe-gwngv‡eva Zvui evDj-Pwi‡Î GKwU yj©f I Awfbe gvÎv †hvM K‡iwQj| ivg‡gvnb (1772-1833) †hgb wQ‡jb evsjvi bvMwiK mgv‡R beRvM„wZi FwZ¡K, †Zgwb jvjbI e„nËi evsjvi MÖvgxY Rxe‡b GKwU RvMiY G‡bwQ‡jb Ñ RbwP‡Ë RvwM‡qwQ‡jb e¨vcK mvov|

Acic‡¶ MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi RvMi‡Yi †¶‡Î ev½vwj nwibv_ gRyg`vi (1833-1896)-Gi f~wgKvI GKwU ¯iYxq Aa¨vq iPbv K‡iwQj| wbf„Z cj−x‡Z e‡m mvsevw`KZv I ms¯‹…wZ PP©vi †h „óvš— wZwb ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb Zv h_v_©B we¯§qKi I A‡bKvs‡k ZzjbviwnZ| GB eûgvwÎK e¨w³Z¡ GKvav‡i wQ‡jb mvwnZ¨mvaK, mvgwqKcÎ-m¤úv`K, wk¶veªZx, mgvR-ms¯‹viK, ag©‡eËv I be¨-mvwnZ¨‡mex‡ì D`vi c„ô‡cvlK| GKw`‡K ÔweRqemš—Õ (1859) DcvL¨v‡bi iPwqZv I evDjMv‡bi c`KZ©v wn‡m‡e wZwb mvwnZ¨L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib, Aciw`‡K ÔMÖvgevËv© cÖKvwkKvÕ (cÖKvkKvj: êkvL 1270) cwÎKv cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g Rwg`vi-gnvRb-bxjK‡ii AZ¨vPvi-AwePvi-†kvl‡Yi wei“‡× mvnmx mvgvwRK f~wgKv cvj‡b eªZx nb|

2. Dwbk kZ‡Ki GB yB cÖavb MÖvgxY GwjU Ñ jvjb I KvOv‡ji g‡a¨ †h mL¨-m¤úK© M‡o D‡VwQj Zv wQ‡jv KxwZ©gq GK mngwg©Zv I ˆgÎxi ¯§viK| jvjb-Avwe®‹v‡i nwibv‡_i f~wgKv †hgb cw_K…‡Zi, †Zgwb nwibv‡_i Aš—R©M‡Zi cwieZ©b, gigx fvebvq mgc©Y I †mBm~‡Î evDjMvb iPbvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q jvjb mvuB‡qi GKvš— cÖfve| GKw`‡K jvjb †hgb nwibv‡_i g‡b gigx I Aa¨vZ¥-†PZbvi exR ecb K‡iwQ‡jb, Aciw`‡K KvOv‡ji wecbœ mg‡q Zvui cv‡k `vuwo‡q jvjb Avš—wiK eÜzK…Z¨ I mvgvwRK KZ©eÏ cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb|

3. ev½vwji †jvK‰PZ‡b¨ jvj‡bi bvg ayªeZvivi J¾¡‡j¨ `xwßgvb Ñ wKse`š—xi g‡Zv cÖPvwiZ Zvui bvg-cwiPq| Zvui RxebKv‡jB wZwb evsjvi weØ &mgv‡Ri g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©‡Y m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| ZvB Zvui mgKv‡jB Zvu‡K wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ Ges Zvui Mvb msMÖn I cÖKv‡ki D`&‡hvM M„nxZ nq|

G-hveZ cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z Kv½vj nwibv‡_i iPbv‡ZB cÖ_g jvjb mvuB‡qi D‡j−L cvIqv hvq| mvßvwnK ÔMÖvgevË©v cÖKvwkKvÕq ÔRvwZÕ kxl©K GK msev`-wbe‡Ü jvjb dwK‡ii D‡j−L †g‡j| ÔMÖvgevË©vÕi wbeÜKvi wj‡L‡Qb :

kvk¦wZKx 19

...mK‡jB eªvþ I a¤§©mfvi bvg ïwbqv‡Qb| †MŠimfv bv‡g wbgœ‡kªYxi †jv‡Kiv Avi GK mfv ’vcb Kwiqv‡Qb| Bnvi wbw`©ó ¯’vb bvB| †MŠiev`x e³v GK 2 cj−xMÖv‡g Dcw¯’Z nBqv, mfv Kwiqv †MŠiv‡½i PwiZ I jxjvw` eY©b K‡i, ¿xcyi“‡l 3/4 kZ †jvK GK 2 mfvq Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| Bnviv ¯â‡¤§©i g‡a¨, RvwZ‡f` ¯xKvi K‡i bv; Kzwi, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, †Zwj, RvwjK, QzZvi cÖf„wZ mK‡jB GKm‡½ Avnvi K‡i| GB `‡j gymjgvb Av‡Q wK bv Rvwb‡Z cviv hvq bvB| jvjb kvn bv‡g GK Kvq ’ Avi GK a¤§© Avwe®‹vi Kwiqv‡Q| wn›`y-gymjgvb mK‡jB GB m¤cÖ vqf~³| Avgiv gvwmK cÖwÎKvq Bnvi we‡kl weeiY cÖKvk Kwie| 3/4 erm‡ii g‡a¨ GB m¤úª vq AwZkq cÖej nBqv‡Q| Bnviv †h RvwZ‡f` ¯xKvi K‡i bv †m K_v ejv evûj¨| GLb cvVKMY wPš—v Kwiqv †`Lyb, G w`‡K eªvþa¤§© RvwZi cðv‡Z †LvuPv gvwi‡Z‡Q, I w`‡K †MŠievwìv Zvnv‡K AvNvZ Kwi‡Z‡Q, Avevi †m w`‡K jvjb m¤cÖ vwqiv, Bnvi c‡iI †¯”QvPv‡ii Zvobv Av‡Q| GLb RvwZ wZwô‡Z bv cvwiqv, evwNbxi b¨vq cjvqb Kwievi c_ †`wL‡Z‡Q|

ÒMÖvgevËv©Õi cÖvq me m¤úv`Kxq, Dc-m¤úv`Kxq I msev`-wbeÜ KvOvj nwibv_‡KB iPbv Ki‡Z n‡Zv| ZvB Abygvb Kiv P‡j, GB ÔRvwZÕ kxl©K A¯v¶wiZ msev` wbe‡Üi iPwqZvI nwibv_ wb‡RB| Aek¨ g‡b ivL‡Z nq †hb wbeÜKvi GLv‡b jvjb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ GB wbeÜ iPbv K‡ib wb, cÖm½µ‡g „óvš— wn‡m‡e jvj‡bi K_v D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges wbeÜKv‡ii gš—e¨ cÖksmvePK wQ‡jv bv|

Gi 13 eQi ci KvOvj nwibv‡_i †jLbx‡Z jvjb mvuB‡qi AbyivM D‡j−L †g‡j| nwibv‡_i ÔeªþvÊ‡e`Õ (1g fvM msL¨v : 1292) MÖ‡š’ wZwb jvj‡bi GKwU Mvb (Ô†K †ev‡S mvu‡qi jxjv‡LjvÕ) m¤ú~Y© DØ„Z K‡ib| ÔeªþvÊ‡e‡`Õi Zq fvM 6ô msL¨vq (1297) jvj‡bi GB MvbwUi my‡i evuav Zvui wb‡Ri K‡qKwU Mv‡bi DØ„wZ †`b| nwibv‡_i GB ÔeªþvÊ‡e‡`ÕB (2q fvM 1g msL¨v) cvIqv †M‡jv jvjb mvuB‡qi AwZ msw¶ß cwiwPwZi Pz¤K-gš—e¨| GLv‡b †hvMZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv-cÖm‡½ GK Dc-cvÙxKvq nwibv_ jvjb m¤ú‡K© D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb :

b~ibex nRir gn¤§‡ì c‡i †gvkj¥vbKz‡j Avi †Kvb f³ Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib bvB, †Kn cv‡Q Giƒc g‡b K‡ib, †mB Avk¼vq Avgiv ewj‡ZwQ †h, gn¤§‡ì ci A‡bK f³ †gvkj¥vbKzj cweÎ KwiqvwQ‡jb| A‡bK f³ dKx‡ii e„Ëvš— A‡b‡KB AeMZ Av‡Qb|... b`xqv †Rjvi Aš—M©Z Kzwóqv wefv‡Mi wbKUeË©x †NvovB MÖv‡g jvjb mvuB bv‡g †h dKxi evm K‡ib, wZwbI cigf³ †hvMx| Zvunvi ¸i“ wmivR mvuB wm×‡hvMx wQ‡jb|

Ô†NvovB MÖv‡gÕ jvj‡bi evm Kivi KvOvj-cÖ Ë Z_¨wU we¯§qKi| †K‡bvbv jvjb KL‡bvB GB MÖv‡g AvLov ’vcb ev emevm K‡ibwb| Zvui ’vqx AvLov wQ‡jv †QuDwoqv MÖv‡g| nq‡Zv AbeavbZv ev AmZK©ZvekZ Ô†QuDwoqvÕ Ô†NvovBÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡q‡Q| bvbv m~Î †_‡K Rvbv hvq, nwibv‡_i AcÖKvwkZ w`bwjwc‡ZI Zvui wecbœ w`‡bi mnvq jvjb dwK‡ii K_v D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| jvjbPP©vi D‡×vaK wn‡m‡e ZvB KvOvj nwibv‡_i bvg D”PvwiZ Ñ Kvjµgvbymv‡i G-wel‡q cw_K…‡Zi gh©v`v ZvuiB cÖvc¨|

kvk¦wZKx 20

4. KvOvj nwibv_ I jvjb mvuB‡qi Rb¥ GKB AÂ‡j| nwibv_ R‡b¥wQ‡jb Aaybv Kzwóqv †Rjvi KzgviLvjx‡Z, Avi jvj‡bi Rb¥ GB KzgviLvjxiB Aš—M©Z MovB b`xi Aci cv‡o fvuoviv MÖv‡g| nwibv‡_i mvwnZ¨PP©v, mvsevw`KZv I Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK Kg©KvÊ KzgviLvjx‡K †K› ª K‡iB AvewZ©Z n‡qwQj| jvj‡bi mvabcxV wQ‡jv GiB wbK‡U †QuDwoqv MÖv‡g| ’vwbK ˆbKU¨ Df‡qi cvi¯úwiK Nwbô m¤úK© iPbvq GKwU mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj| Ae ’vbMZ ˆbKU¨ QvovI jvjb I KvOv‡ji mv „k¨ wQ‡jv `vwi‡ ª i Ñ wb`vi“Y `vwi‡ ª i g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡iI Zvuiv gnr Rxe‡bi A‡šlY K‡i‡Qb| Avi c_ I cš’v wfbœ n‡jI Df‡qB wQ‡jb cvw_©e AvKv•Lvgy³ gvbewgjbcÖqvmx †jvKvqZ mvab c‡_i gigx cw_K| G †¶‡Î `yÕR‡biB A‡gvN A¯¿ wQ‡jv Zvu‡ì Mvb Ñ †m Mvb †Kej †`nZ‡Ë¡i bq, gvbeZ‡Ë¡i I Rxebm‡Zï Abyl‡½ fvemvabvi Mvb| GB `yB mva‡Ki gigx fveMv‡bi cÖm‡½ jvj‡bi RxebxKvi Rvwb‡q‡Qb :

mvaviY M„n‡ ’i M„‡n abxi AÆvwjKvcv‡k¦© Rb¥jvf Kwiqv ivqevnv yi bvBU& cÖf„wZ D”P Dcvwa MÖnY Kwievi Awfjvl bv ivwLqv gnvcyi“l nwibv_ †hLv‡b ¯ZtcÖe„Ë nBqv ÒKv½vjÓ Dcvwa MÖnYc~eŸ©K wdwKiPvu‡ì Ac~eŸ© ivwMbxi wbivwej Zi‡½ bMicj−x gyLwiZ KwiqvwQ‡jb, jvjbI †mB Kv½v‡ji evm ’v‡bi AbwZ`~ieË©x cj−xM„n‡ ’i cY©-KzwU‡i Avwef©~Z nBqv dwK‡ii `xbZvq wbgMœ iwnqv evDjm½x‡Zi g‡bvg` S¼v‡i abx`wi ª mKj‡KB wegy» Kwiqv wMqv‡Qb...|

†Kvb& †c¶vc‡U †Kvb& mg‡q jvj‡bi m‡½ KvOv‡ji cÖ_g cwiPq †m BwZnvm AÁvZ| Z‡e Df‡qi cwiPq †h Kvjµ‡g NwbôZvq cwiYZ nq bvbv NUbvq Zv †ek Rvbv hvq| †mB Aš—i½Zvi Uv‡bB jvjb gv‡S g‡a¨ KzgviLvjx‡Z KvOvj-KzwU‡i Avm‡Zb| Aciw`‡K KvOvjI wM‡q Avmi Rgv‡Zb †QuDwoqvq jvj‡bi AvLovq| GKw`b jvjb KvOvj-KzwU‡i G‡m msMxZ cwi‡ek‡bi ci nwibv‡_i AbyivMx‡ì g‡b Zv Mfxifv‡e `vM Kv‡U| KvOvj-wkl¨ Rjai †mb (1860-1939) GB NUbvi GK Avš—wiK weeiY w`‡q‡Qb Zvui KvOvj-Rxebx‡Z :

†m w`b cÖvZtKv‡j jvjb dwKi bvgK GKRb dwKi Kv½v‡ji mwnZ mv¶vr Kwi‡Z AvwmqvwQ‡jb| jvjb dwKi KzgviLvjxi A ~ieË©x KvjxM½vi Zx‡i evm Kwi‡Zb| Zvunvi A‡bK wkl¨ wQj| wZwb †Kvb& m¤cÖ vqfy³ wQ‡jb Zvnv ejv eo KwVb, KviY wZwb mKj m¤cÖ v‡qi AZxZ iv‡R¨ †cuŠwQqvwQ‡jb| wZwb e³„Zv Kwi‡Zb bv, a¤§©K_vI ewj‡Zb bv| Zvunvi GK A‡gvN A ¿ wQj Ñ Zvnv evD‡ji Mvb| wZwb †mB mKj Mvb Kwiqv mKj‡K gy» Kwi‡Zb| ... †mB jvjb dwKi Kv½v‡ji KzwU‡i, Avgiv †h w`‡bi K_v ewj‡ZwQ, †mB w`b AvwmqvwQ‡jb Ges K‡qKUv Mvb KwiqvwQ‡jb| me KqUx Mvb Avgvi g‡b bvB; GKUv Mvb g‡b Av‡Q| h_vÑ ÒAvwg GKw`bI †`wLjvg Zv‡i; Avgvi N‡ii Kv‡Q Avimx-bMi, Zv‡Z GK comx emZ K‡i|...Ó

kvk¦wZKx 21

jvj‡bi Mv‡bi †cÖiYv‡ZB A¶qKzgvi ˆg‡Îq (1861-1930)-Gi g‡b GKwU ÔevD‡ji `jÕ MV‡bi wPš—v Av‡m| GB cÖ —v‡e DrmvwnZ n‡q I‡Vb KvOv‡ji wkl¨`j Ges Zvr¶wYKfv‡eB Zv ev —evq‡bi R‡b¨ ÔwdwKiPvu Õ fwYZv †hvM K‡i Mvb iwPZ nq ÑÔfve gb wèvwbwk, Awebvwk, mZ¨-c‡_i †mB fvebvÕ|

ÔMÖvgevË©vÕ cwÎKvi mn‡hvMx I QvcvLvbvi Kg©x‡ì GB Awfbe ÔwdwKiÕ nwibv‡_i mvMÖn Aby‡gv`bB ïay jvf K‡iwb, KvOvj ¯qs †mB gyn~‡Z©B Mvb iPbvq D`&‡hvMx nb| ÔAvwg †Kvie G ivLvwj KZKvj|/ cv‡ji QÕUv Mi“ Qz‡U, †Kvi‡Q Avgvq nvj-†envjÕ Ñ GB n‡jv KvOvj-iwPZ cÖ_g evDjMvb| Gici nwibv‡_i g‡b Mv‡bi †Rvqvi G‡jv, G‡Ki ci GK iwPZ n‡Z jvM‡jv Aš—ic−vex g‡bvni me evDjMvb| ÔwdwKiPvu‡ì `jÕ I GB evDjMvb iPbv cÖm‡½ nwibv_ Zvui w`bwjwc‡Z D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb :

kªxgvb& A¶q I kªxgvb& cÖdz‡j−i Mvb¸wji g‡a¨ Avwg †h gvayh© cvBjvg, Zvnv‡Z ¯úóB eywS‡Z cvwijvg, GBfv‡e mZ¨, Ávb I †cÖg-mvabZË¡ cÖPvi Kwi‡j, c„w_exi wKwÂr †mev nB‡Z cv‡i| AZGe KwZcq Mvb iPbvi Øviv Zvnvi †mªvZ mZ¨, Ávb I †cÖgmva‡bi Dcvq¯iƒc cigv_©-c‡_ wdivBqv Avwbjvg Ges wdwKiPvu‡ì Av‡M Kv½vj bvg w`qv `‡ji bvg ÔKv½vj-wdwKiPvu Õ ivwLqv Z`bymv‡iB MxZvejxi bvg Kwijvg| ... Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B Kv½vj wdwKiPvu‡ì Mvb wbgœ‡kªYx nB‡Z D”P‡kªYxi †jv‡Ki Avb›`Ki nBqv DwVj| gv‡Vi Pvlv, Nv‡Ui †b‡q, c‡_i gy‡U, evRv‡ii †`vKvb`vi Ges Zvnvi Dci †kªYxi mK‡jB cÖv_©bv mnKv‡i WvwKqv Kv½vj wdwKiPvu‡ì Mvb ïwb‡Z jvwM‡jb|

ÔAemi mg‡qi †LqvjÕ †_‡K Drcbœ nwibv‡_i GB Mv‡b mgMÖ evsjv‡`k c−vweZ n‡qwQj Ñ Ômvgvb¨ exRÕ n‡Z R‡b¥wQj ÔcÖKvÛ e„¶Õ| Avi Gi g~‡j wQ‡jv jvjb dwK‡ii cÖZ¨¶ cÖfve I †cÖiYv| G-†_‡K G-mZ¨B cÖwZwôZ nq †h, Ò... KvOvj nwibv‡_i Rxeb-†PZbv eivei GK Zv‡j P‡j wb, jvjb dwKi G‡m Zvi g~‡j †gvPo w`‡q †M‡Qb|

jvjb c`KZ©v nwibv‡_i gigx-gvbm D‡×va‡b †hgb g~j f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb, †Zgwb Zvui Mv‡bi ˆkwíK DrKl©-AR©‡bi †¶‡ÎI civgk©K-Dc‡`óvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Rvbv hvq :

...Kv½vj GKw`b [jvjb] dwKi‡K WvwKqv Zvunvi (Kv½v‡ji) iwPZ KZK¸wj Mvb ïbvBqv wRÁvmv Kwi‡jb, ÒfvB Avgvi G K_v¸wj †Zvgvi †Kgb jvwMj?Ó dwKi nvwmqv DËi w`‡jb, Ò†Zvgvi G e¨Äb †ek nBqv‡Q, Z‡e b~‡b wKQz Kg Av‡QÓ (A_©vr fvlv wKwÂr bxim nBqv‡Q)...|

jvj‡bi GB gZvgZ ¯i‡Y †i‡L wbiš—i PP©v I Abykxj‡b KvOv‡ji Mv‡bi fvlv DËiKv‡j h‡_ó ü`qMÖvnx, mim I gvwR©Z n‡q D‡VwQj|

evDjMvb iPbvq jvjb †h ïay nwibv‡_i †cÖiYvB wQ‡jb Zv bq, Zvui fve-fvlv-fvebvi GKUv cÖfveI nwibv‡_i Mv‡b c‡owQj| evDj ev mgvbag©x gigx Mv‡bi mxgve×Zv n‡jv Gi eûj D”PvwiZ ZË¡K_v I MZvbyMwZK wel‡qi AbyeZ©b| ZvB c` iPbv Ki‡Z

kvk¦wZKx 22

wM‡q KvOvj Awbevh©fv‡eB GB mxgve× ZË¡-wel‡qi g‡a¨B AvewZ©Z n‡q‡Qb Ges G-cÖm‡½ c~e©m~ix I evDjmvabvi †kªô fvl¨Kvi jvj‡bi cÖfve Zvu‡K ¯xKvi Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| nwibv‡_i cvigvw_©K I RvZ-m¤úwK©Z Mv‡b †m-cÖfve ¯úó| †hgb KvOv‡ji GB MvbwU :

hviv me Rv‡Zi †Q‡j, RvZ wb‡q hvK& h‡gi nv‡Z| ey‡SwQ Rv‡Zi ag©, Kg©‡fvM †Kej †R‡Z\ ARv‡Z Rb¥ nj Rv‡Zi wePvi wK Kie ej gv ev‡ci bvB RvZKzj KzjaŸR KzjvPvi g‡Z\

Gi m‡½ mn‡RB Zzjbxq jvj‡bi RvZ-ag© m¤úwK©Z Mvb¸‡jv| †hgb : me †jvK Kq jvjb wK RvZ msmv‡i| jvjb e‡j Rv‡Zi wK iƒc †`Ljvg bv G bR‡i\

wKsev GB c`wU : GKevi RMbœv‡_ †`L‡i †h‡q, RvZ †Kgb ivL evuwP‡q|

PÛv‡j Avwb‡j Abœ eªvþ‡Y ZvB jq †L‡q\

RvZ-wePvi I ¯úk©-†`vl m¤ú‡K© jvjb Zvui Mv‡b P~ovš— AwfgZ †ck K‡i e‡j‡Qb : RvZ bv †M‡jB cvB‡b nwi wK Qvi Rv‡Zi †MŠie Kwi Qzum&‡b ewj‡q| jvjb Kq RvZ nv‡Z †c‡j cyovZvg Av¸b w`‡q\

Gi mv_©K Zzjbv nwibv‡_i Ôhviv me Rv‡Zi †Q‡j, RvZ wb‡q hvK& h‡gi nv‡ZÕ Ñ GB Dw³| Ab¨Î KvOv‡ji Mv‡b cvIqv hvq :

w`‡b w`b hv‡”Q P‡j, †i wed‡j, gb Zzwg †PZb †nv‡j bv| Rwb¥‡q gvbeKz‡j, wK Kwi‡j, †f‡e GKevi Zv †`L&wj bv;

cvkvcvwk jvj‡bi GB MvbwUi welq-fv‡ei HK¨ †PvL Gwo‡q hvq bv : Ggb gvbeRbg Avi wK n‡e| gb hv Ki Z¡ivq Ki GB †f‡e\

KvOvj nwibv‡_i GKwU Mv‡b Ôg‡bi gvbylÕ A‡šl‡Yi Mfxi AvKywZ dz‡U D‡V‡Q : GLb, Avgvi g‡bi gvbyl †Kv_v cvB| hvi Z‡i g‡bv‡L‡` cÖvY Kvu‡` me© vB\

Abygvb Ki‡Z evav †bB †h, cig wcÖ‡qi mvwbœa¨-jv‡fi GB e¨vKzjZvi Drm n‡ZB cv‡i jvj‡bi mgag©x †Kvb Mv‡bi fve I evYx :

kvk¦wZKx 23

wgjb n‡e KZw`‡b Avgvi g‡bi gvby‡liB m‡b\

jvj‡bi RxebxKvi KvOvj I jvj‡bi Mv‡bi Zzjbvg~jK D`vniY w`‡q‡Qb Zvui MÖ‡š’| GB Zzjbv evYx I fve Dfq mv „k¨‡KB Zz‡j a‡i| jvjb Avd&‡mv‡mi myi Pwo‡q Zvui GK Mv‡b e‡j‡Qb :

nxiv jvjgwZi †`vKv‡b †M‡j bv| meB wKb&wj †i ZzB wcZj `vbv \ PU‡K fy‡j †i gb nvivwj Zz&B Ag~j¨ iZb nvi‡j evRx Kvu ‡j ZLb Avi mi‡e bv \

nwibv‡_i Mv‡bI GB GKB myi aŸwbZ :

†fvjv gb, wK Kwi‡Z wK Kwiwj, myav eÕ‡j Mij †Lwj| msmv‡i †mvbvi Lwb cikgwY, iZbgwY bv wPwbwj, wK eÕ‡j Ae‡n‡j, †mvbv †d‡j, AvuP‡j KvuP †eu‡a wbwj \

b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡k cvivcv‡ii GK cÖavb evnb †bŠKv| GB †bŠKvi iƒc‡K mvabZ‡Ë¡i A‡bK g‡bvni c` Av‡Q evsjvi gigx msMx‡Zi Suvwc‡Z| Ggwb GKwU c‡` jvj‡bi KvZi D”PviY :

AvR evZvm ey‡S fvmv‡i Zix| †ZnvUv wÎwc‡Y eo †Zvo Zzdvb fvwi \ G‡K Avgvi Amvi Kv‡ôi ÔbvÕ Zv‡Z welg e &nvIqv Kzcv‡K Kzc uv‡P c‡o Rxe‡b gwi \

KvOv‡jiI GB GKB AvnvRvwi| fRb-mva‡b nxb e‡j cvivcv‡ii k¼v Zvui g‡bI :

a‡i †Zvj †n Avgvq I ìw`, f‡e Wy‡ewQ Avwg| Moj fvj cvuPwU Z³vi G †h †PŠÏ †cvqv †bŠKv Avgvi GK gvwS Zvi `k evnb`vi Pob`vi wQjvg Avwg\ msmv‡i †gvncv‡K gvwS NyivB‡Q cv‡K cv‡K Avwg bv cvwi Zv‡K Wyejvg Avwg ai Zzwg \

kvk¦wZKx 24

Rxebmvqv‡ý mva‡Ki Kv‡Q c„w_exi is hLb µgk a~mi n‡q Av‡m, cvivcv‡ii AvKv•Lvq hLb Zvui Aš—i nq e¨vKzj, wVK †Zgwb GK gyn~‡Z© `qvj¸i“i Afq-kiY Kvgbvq GKvš— AvZ¥wb‡e`‡bi myi †kvbv hvq jvj‡bi K‡É :

cvi Ki †n `qvjPuv` Avgv‡i| ¶g †n Aciva Avgvi feKvivMv‡i\ bv n‡j †Zvgvi K…cv mvabwmw× †K Kwi‡Z cv‡i| Avwg cvcx ZvB‡Z WvwK fw³ `vI †gvi Aš—‡i\

Ôfecv‡ii KvÊvixi AbyMÖncÖvwßi AvkvqÕ e¨vKzj nwibv‡_i K‡ÉI Awfbœ myi aŸwbZ n‡q D‡V‡Q :

I †n, w`b †Zv †Mj mÜ¨v nÕj, cvi Ki Avgv‡i| Zzwg cv‡ii KZ©v, ï‡b evZ©v, WvKwQ †n †Zvgv‡i\ (I‡n `xb `qvgq) Avwg Av‡M G‡m Nv‡U iBjvg eÕ†m (I †n Avgvq wK cvi Ki‡e bv †n, Aag e‡j) hviv cv‡Q Gj, Av‡M †Mj, Avwg iBjvg c‡o\

GBiKg jvj‡bi Mv‡bi welq-fve-Dcgv-iƒcK-wPÎKí-fvlvMZ mv „k¨ KvOv‡ji

Av‡iv A‡bK Mv‡b Avwe®‹vi m¤¢e| Avm‡j evDjMv‡bi †kªô c`KZ©v Ñ evDjmvabvi †kªô fvl¨Kvi jvjb dwK‡ii cÖfve A¯xKvi Kiv mgKvj I DËiKv‡ji evDj-c`KZ©v‡ì c‡¶ Am¤¢e wQ‡jv | m½Z Kvi‡YB G-†¶‡Î KvOvj nwibv_I Zvi e¨wZµg bb| 6. KvOv‡ji m~‡Î Zvui wkl¨gÛwji m‡½I jvjb dwK‡ii GKwU Avš—wiK m¤úK© M‡o D‡VwQj| gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1847-1911), Rjai †mb, A¶qKzgvi ˆg‡Îq, Zš¿vPvh© wkePvh© we`¨vY©e (1860-1913) cÖgyL KvOvj-wk‡lï ¯§„wZ I weei‡Y jvjb cÖm½ D‡V G‡m‡Q|

Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕ-L¨vZ gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi Rb¥cj−x-jvwnbxcvov jvj‡bi mvab‡¶Î †QuDwoqvi wbKUeZ©x MÖvg| jvj‡bi m‡½ Zuvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖv_wgK †mZz wQ‡jb KvOvj nwibv_| gkvii‡di Ôm½xZ jnixÕ (1887) MÖ‡š’i GKwU Mv‡b jvj‡bi D‡j−L †g‡j :

Av‡i fvB, bv cvB w`‡k, Kwji †k‡l, wK‡m, Kvi gb g‡R‡Q| wdwKiPuv‡`, AvRePuv‡`, iwmKPuv‡` me †g‡Z‡Q| †Kv_v Avi cvMj KvbvB, jvjb †MuvmvB, me mvuB G‡Z nvi †g‡b‡Q|

kvk¦wZKx 25

jvjb m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g we¯—…Z weeiY cvIqv hvq gxi gkviid †nv‡mb cwiPvwjZ cvw¶K ÔwnZKixÕ cwÎKvq| jvj‡bi g„Zz i (17 A‡±vei 1890) ciciB (gvÎ 14 w`‡bi eëav‡b) 1890 mv‡ji 31 A‡±vei (15 KvwZ©K 1297)| ÔwnZKvixÕ cwÎKvi (1g fvM 13k msL¨v; c„.100-01) m¤úv`Kxq —‡¤¢ ÔgnvZ¥v jvjb dKxiÕ bv‡g GKwU msw¶ß A_P Z_ëûj, cÖvgvwYK I mywjwLZ wbeÜ cÖKvwkZ nq|

KvOvj-wkl¨ Zš¿vPvh© wkeP›`ª we`¨vY©eË ¸i“ nwibv‡_i †mŠR‡b¨ jvjb mvuB‡qi m‡½ cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| we`¨vY©‡ei RxebxKv‡ii eiv‡Z jvjb dwK‡ii m‡½ Zvui Aš—i½ m¤ú‡K©i welq Rvbv hvq :

Avgv‡ì †`‡k gnvZ¥v jvjb dwKi mvaKiƒ‡c meŸ©mvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb, Kv½vj nwibv‡_i Mv‡bi AvLovq Zvunvi mwnZ [wkeP› ª] we`¨vY©‡ei cÖ_g Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv nq| Bnvi ci Df‡qi mwnZ A‡bKevi fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ vb nq|... GKw`b dwKi gv‡qi evox KzgviLvjx Avwmqv mg‡eZ nB‡jb; gv‡qi yjvj Zvunv‡K cig Av`‡i ewm‡Z w`‡jb| KzkjcÖkœvw` wRÁvmvev` A‡š— Mvb Mvwnevi Rb¨ dwKi‡K Aby‡iva Kwi‡jb, dwKi ¯fvemyjf mijZv f‡i Mvwn‡jbÑ

Avwg GKw`bI bv †`Ljvg Zv‡i! Avgvi evoxi Kv‡Q AvikxbMi

cokx emZ K‡i|

Ôwbweó wP‡ËÕ jvj‡bi GB ÔAc~e© m½xZÕ ï‡b gy» I Awff~Z nb wkeP›`ª| RxebxKvi wkeP‡›`ªi cÖwZwµqv D‡j−L K‡i weeiY w`‡q‡Qb :

Bnvi ci üó g‡b dwKi‡K wbK‡U emvBqv h‡_ó mgvì Kwi‡jb Ges KzgviLvjx Avwm‡jB dwKi †hb gv‡qi evox mv¶vr †`b ewjqv Aby‡iva Kwi‡jb| ejvevûj¨ dwKi GB Aby‡iva i¶v KwiqvB Pwj‡Zb| Kv½vj-wkl¨ Rjai Zvui ÔKv½vj nwibv_Õ (1g LÛ, 1320) MÖ‡š’ wdwKiPvu‡ì

evDj`j MV‡bi †cÖiYv Zvuiv jvjb dwK‡ii wbKU †_‡K wKfv‡e jvf K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi PgKcÖ weeiY w`‡q‡Qb| cÖZ¨¶`k©x Rjai Zvui GB MÖ‡š’ jvjb m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq Pz¤K-gš—e¨mn GKwU Mvb (ÔAvwg GKw`bI bv †`wLjvg Zv‡iÕ) cÖKvk K‡ib|

HwZnvwmK A¶qKzgvi ˆg‡Îq KvOvj-mnPi wn‡m‡e jvjb dwK‡ii m‡½ cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| KvOvj-KzwU‡i jvjb mvuB‡qi Mvb ï‡b GKwU evDj`j MVb cwiKíbv A¶qKzgv‡ii gv_v‡ZB cÖ_g G‡mwQj| mijv †èx (1872-1945) hLb Ôjvjb dwKi I MMYÕ (ÔfviZxÕ, fv ª 1302) bv‡g GKwU iPbv cÖ ‘Z K‡ib, ZLb Zvui Aby‡iv‡a A¶qKzgvi jvj‡bi GKwU msw¶ß cwiwPwZ wj‡L †`b| GB cwiwPwZi †k‡l A¶qKzgvi D‡j−L K‡ib, Ò...KzgviLvjxi L¨vZbvgv nwibv_ gRyg`vi I Zvunvi wdwKiPvu‡ì `j¯’ †jv‡Kiv jvj‡bi A‡bK Mvb I Rxe‡bi A‡bK NUbv Rv‡bb...|Ó

kvk¦wZKx 26

ïay KvOvj-cwieviB bq Zvui GK ÁvwZ-åvZy®úyÎ †fvjvbv_ gRyg`viI jvj‡bi Rxebx I Mvb msMÖn K‡ib| †fvjvbv‡_i jvjb-m¤úwK©Z cÖeÜ cÎ-cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| Zvui msM„nxZ jvjbRxebxi Z_¨ I Mvb D‡c› ªbv_ fÆvPvh© (1899-1970)-I Zvui Ôevsjvi evDj I evDjMvbÕ (KjKvZv, 1364) MÖ‡š’ eënvi K‡ib| †fvjvbv_ gRyg`vi-cÖYxZ ÔdwKi jvjb mvuBÕ bv‡g GKwU MÖš’-cÖKv‡ki weÁvcbI cwÎKvq (cvw¶K Ô`xwcKvÕ, Kzwóqv, 9 AMÖnvqY 1340/25 b‡f¤i 1933) †ewi‡qwQj| †fvjvbv‡_i jvjbPP©vi c‡iv¶ †cÖiYvI wQ‡jb KvOvj nwibv_| cÖm½Z D‡j−L¨ †h, KvOv‡ji †cŠÎ wek¦bv_ gRyg`viI †fvjvbv‡_i msMÖ‡ni mvnv‡h¨ Ôjvjb dwKiÕ bv‡g cÖeÜ iPbv K‡ib Ges Zv ÔAvb›èvRvi cwÎKvqÕq (29 GwcÖj 1941) cÖKvwkZ nq| 7. jvjb I nwibv‡_i m¤ú‡K© GKwU Awfbe gvÎv hy³ n‡qwQj wecbœ nwibv‡_i mnvq wn‡m‡e Zvui cv‡k jvjb dwK‡ii Ae ’vb MÖn‡Yi †fZi w`‡q| jvj‡bi mvnmx mvgvwRK f~wgKvi GKwU e¨wZµgx „óvš— †g‡j Zvui cig-evÜe KvOvj nwibv_‡K Rwg`v‡ii mwnsm Av‡µvk †_‡K i¶vi NUbvq| nwibv_ Zvui ÔMÖvgevË©v cÖKvwkKvÕ cwÎKvq avivevwnK wkjvB`‡ni VvKzi-Rwg`vi‡ì cÖRv-cxo‡bi msev` cÖKvk Kivq Rwg`vi‡Mvôx Zvui Dci AZ¨š— ¶zä nb| cÖwZ‡kva¯ú„n Rwg`vic¶ KvOvj‡K kv‡q —v Kivi Rb¨ †`kxq jvwVqvj I cvÄvwe ¸Êv wb‡qvM K‡ib| KvOv‡ji AcÖKvwkZ w`bcwÄ m~‡Î Rvbv hvq, Rwg`v‡ii jvwVqvj evwnbxi nvZ †_‡K wecbœ eÜz nwibv_‡K i¶vi R‡b¨ evDjmvaK jvjb dwKi ÒZuvi `jej wb‡q wb‡R jvwV nv‡Z †mB jvwVqv‡ji `j‡K Av”Qv K‡i wXX K‡i myü` K…lKeÜz nwibv_‡K i¶v KibÓ| Ab¨ m~‡Î Av‡iv Rvbv hvq, `wi`ª K…lK I cÖRvmvavi‡Yi cvkvcvwk ÒcÖwm× evDj jvjb dwK‡ii AMwYZ wkl¨-mvgvš—I KvOv‡ji Ag~j¨ Rxebi¶vi Ab¨Zg cÖnix wQ‡jb|Ó

8. nwibv‡_i Rxeb ïi“ n‡qwQj mvwnZ¨PP©v, mvgwqKcÎ-m¤úv`bv, wk¶vcÖmvi, bvixRvM„wZ, cÖRvwn‰ZlY©v I mgvRwnZeª‡Zi g‡š¿ `xw¶Z n‡q| jvjb dwK‡ii mL¨ I mvnP‡h© G‡m Zvui Rxe‡b hy³ nq gigx fve-mvabvi aviv Ges †mBm~‡Î evDjMvb iPbvi ce©| GK mg‡q jvjb I Zvui c_ G‡m GKwU wgjb-we›`y‡Z †g‡k g~jZ evDjMvbB Ae‡k‡l n‡q I‡V Zvui Rxeb‡e` Ñ hvi g~‡j wQ‡jv jvjb mvuB‡qi †cÖiYv, cÖfve I cwiPh©v,Ñ hv KvOvj-gvb‡mi GK wfbœ BwZnvm iPbvi mnvqK nq|

kvk¦wZKx 27

bvwmgv LvZzb mgvRfvebv I ivR‰bwZK †PZbvq kvn Ave`yj Kwig ÔUvjZ †gvi Ni bvwn co‡emx/ nvoxZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekx \Õ wKsev Ômmyiv wb` †Mj eûox RvMB/ Kv‡bU †Pv‡i wbj Kv MB gvMB \Õ D×„Z c`vs‡k wbM~p ZË¡ hvB cÖKvwkZ †nvK bv †Kb G‡Z aiv c‡o‡Q ZrKvjxb mgvReë ’v| †eŠ× wm×vPvh©‡ì GB c`vs‡ki evP¨v_© Ô†jvKvj‡q Avgvi Ni, (A_P) cÖwZ‡ekx †bB| nuvox‡Z fvZ †bB, (A_P) wbZ¨B AwZw_i AvMgb|Õ Ges Ôk¦ïi wb ªv †Mj, ea~ iBj †R‡M| †Pv‡i Kv‡bU wb‡j Kvi Kv‡Q wM‡q mÜvb Kiv hvq (ev PvIqv hvq)?Õ Av‡jvP¨ c`vs‡k mvabZ‡Ë¡i evB‡i D‡V G‡m‡Q evsjvi MÖvgxY Rxeb I Rbc`| mßg-Øv`k kZvãxi RxebwPÎ Ph©vc‡` †hfv‡e a„Z n‡q‡Q cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc, ¸nvwPÎ, gy ªv BZ¨vw`‡Z †mfv‡e aiv c‡owb| ZvB G mg‡qi mvwnZ¨ n‡”Q mgvR Rxe‡bi AKvU¨ `wjj| KviYI AwZ ¯úó †Kvb Kwe mgv‡Ri evB‡ii bb, Zvi wPš—v †PZbvq mgv‡Ri cÖwZdjb ZvB Aek¨¤¢vex| cÖvPxbhyM †cwi‡q ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ wb`k©b wn‡m‡e ÔkªxK…òKxZ©bÕ, Ôgbmvg½jÕ, ÔAbœ vg½jÕ BZ¨vw` QvovI êòe c`vejx, mywd mvwnZ¨, KweMv‡b ga¨hyMxq ag©wbf©i mgvReë ’vi Qwe dz‡U D‡V‡Q| hwÌ kªxK…òKxZ©b ivavK…‡òi jxjvq ag©xq Ave‡n m„wó wKš‘ Ôeo– hw` cyivY Aej¤‡bB Kve¨ iPbv Kwi‡Zb Zvnv nB‡j Kve¨ iPwqZv Ges Zuvnvi †`k I Kv‡ji Qwe †mLv‡b ¯Zš¿fv‡e cÖKvk cvBevi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM _vwKZ bv|Õ Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨ m¤ú‡K©I GB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨, †èZvMY ¯^M©Pz Z n‡jI g‡Z©i mgvR ms¯‹…wZPz Z nbwb| ZvB ivav‡K ej‡Z ïwb:

AvKzj kixi †gvi †eAvKzj gb| euvkxi ke‡ u †gv AvEjvB‡jvu ivÜb \

Gfv‡e BDmyd-‡Rv‡jLv, Kvj‡KZz-dzj−iv, †eûjv-j²x›ì, Puv` m`vMi BZ¨vw` Pwi‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q MÖvgxY mgvR I ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq| evsjv †jvKm½x‡Z we‡kl K‡i evDjMv‡b Z‡Ë¡i Avov‡j mgvR I ivRbxwZi AeZviYv †`Lv hvq|

bvMwiK †Kvjvnj MÖvgxY mRxeZv GLbI bó K‡iwb| evDjMv‡b M~pv_© mvab fR‡bi K_v _vK‡jI Zv mgv‡Ri E‡aŸ© bq ZË¡K_vi cv‡k D‡V G‡m‡Q mgvR I mvgvwRK Abym½| Kwe cvMjv KvbvBÕi GKwU c` †_‡K †Kv¤úvbx Avg‡ji K…wl eë¯’vi wPÎ cvIqv hvq| c`wU wbgœiƒc:

†kvb †i ewj I gb-Pvlv, ZzB wb‡R nwj eyw×-bvkv| G Rwg Avev` bv Kwiqv nj †i †Zvi ytL-`kv \ ZzB avb bv ey‡b, eybwj wPbv eQi f‡i Lvwe wKb¨v I †Zvi g‡bi y ©kv| Zv _yBqv Qq ej‡` nvj Rywoqv †i

kvk¦wZKx 28

gvi †mB Rwg‡bi evKmv \ Avi I †lvj †cvqv RwgLvwb Avo-`x‡N bvB †ewk-Kwg; I gvSLv‡b GK eyi“R Av‡Q Zvi †Kv¤úvwb gnvivbx \ Rwg‡b `w¯— Mvov Av‡Q eviUv Zvi †jUv jvMvq g`bv †eUv; ZvB cvMj KvbvB †f‡e e‡j †i- I w`b _vK‡Z Rwg Avev` Ki‡j bv|

evDj kvn Ave yj Kwig (1916-2009)-Gi Mv‡bI ZË¡K_vi †fZi cvIqv hvq mgvRwPÎ| nvIi, evIo, b`x e¨ZxZ fvwU AÂj Kíbv Kiv hvq bv Avi is‡ei‡Oi †bŠKv Qvov cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb KíbvZxZ| ZË¡K_v Abym‡½ b`x, †bŠKv, gvwSgvj−vi Rxeb D‡V G‡m‡Q Zuvi Mv‡b| „óvš— ¯iƒc ¸wUK‡qK c` D‡j−L¨:

1 †Kvb †g —wi bvI evbvBj †Kgb †`Lv hvq wSjwgj wSjwgj K‡i †i gq~icw•L bvq \ P›`ª m~h© evÜv ivL‡Q bv‡qiB AvMvq `yiwe‡b †`wLqv c_ gvwS-gvj−vq evq \ iO-‡ei‡Oi KZ †bŠKv f‡ei Zjvq Avq iO‡ei‡Oi mvwi MvBqv fvwU evBqv hvq \

2

gnvR‡b evbvBqv‡Q gq~icw•L bvI myRb KvÊvwi †bŠKv mveav‡b PvjvI \ evB”Qv evB”Qv cvBK Zzwjqv bvILvbv mvRvI †SuvK eywSqv Qv‡ov †bŠKv my‡hvM hw` cvI| Abyiv‡Mi êVv evBqv †cÖ‡gi mvwi MvI iwOjv eÜzi †`‡k hvB‡Z hw` PvI \

GB Mvb¸‡jv mvaviY gvbyl eyS‡e Zv‡ì mgvR cÖK…wZi w`‡K †P‡q Avi mva‡Kiv eyS‡e ZË¡K_vi ga¨ w`‡q| †bŠKv Ges gvwS Dfq A‡_© eëüZ n‡”Q mvaviY I M~pv‡_©| GLv‡b evDj kvn Ave yj Kwi‡gi mv_©KZv| wm‡jU †Rjv cxi-AvDwjqvi wfwË f~wg, GLvbKvi gvwU‡Z kvnRvjvj (i:), kvn civY (i:), kªx‰PZbï gZ Ávbx I ¸Yx gvby‡li c`¯úk© K‡iwQj| GLvbKvi gvbyl¸‡jvI mnR mij cxi-gywk©‡ì GKvš— AbyMZ| evDj Kwig Zvi GjvKvq Ôcxi mveÕ e‡j L¨vZ; wec‡` Avc‡` mvaviY gvbyl¸‡jv Qy‡U Av‡m cxi gywk©‡ì Kv‡Q| evDj Kwig Iwj, cxi, gywk© ¯§i‡Y †h Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡Z IB GjvKvq cxi, gywk©‡ì Ae`vb mvaviY gvby‡li gvbwmK Ae ’vI D‡V G‡m‡Q| wKQy c` `„óvš— w`‡q welqwU cwi¯‹vi Kiv hvq| †hgb:

kvk¦wZKx 29

I‡Mv Avj−vi Iwj kvncivY `qvj e‡j f³ mevB Mvq †h †Zvgvi ¸YMvb- Avj−vni Iwj kvncivY \ ... †fvMx bq Z¨vMx Rvwb ZvB‡Zv w`j Bgv‡b gvwb `~j K‡i `vI †c‡ikvwb K‡iv †Zvgvi `qv `vb- Avj−vni Iwj kvn civY \

cxi, gywk© , AvDwjqvi m¤§vbv‡_© GLv‡b Pvjy i‡q‡Q gvRvi cyRv| wn›`y-gymwjg wbwe©‡k‡l mevB GBme gnvb e¨w³‡ì gvRvi wRqviZ K‡i, ÔDim †gveviK nq erm‡i erm‡iÕ| GQvov wbw`©ó w`‡b e‡m Mv‡bi Avmi| nhiZ kvnRvjvj (i:), kvn civY (i:)-Gi gvRv‡i cÖwZw`b AmsL¨ wn› y-gymjgvb gvRvi wRqvi‡Z Av‡m| mgv‡Ri GK †kªYxi †jvK Av‡Q hviv MvbevRbv‡K nvivg g‡b K‡i Ges evDjwkíx‡ì †jvKwcÖqZv‡K wnsmv K‡i| Zviv wb‡Riv Rv‡b bv nvivg hw` wKQy nq Zv wnsmv, AnsKvi Mvb-evRbv bq| kv¯¿xq evYx‡K wbR¯v‡_© cÖ‡qvM, cÖPvi Kiv †jvK‡ì m¤ú‡K© evDj Kwi‡gi gš—e¨ :

gb cvMjv ZzB †jvKmgv‡R jywK w`‡q _vK gbgvbyl †Zvi gbgv‡S Av‡Q †i wbe©vK \

wbe©vK gvby‡li g‡b Áv‡bi Av‡jv Qov‡Z wZwb AviI e‡jb:

jv‡M bv †Zv WvKvWvwK †Zvi m‡½ Zvi gvLvgvwL wcwÄiv‡Z †cÖ‡gi cvwL hZœ K‡i ivL \

Av‡jvP¨ Mv‡b mgv‡Ri AÁvb, KcU gvby‡li cÖm‡½ Kwe e‡j‡QbÑ wb‡Ri †fZ‡i wb‡R‡K †Pbv wKsev m„wó Kiv me‡P‡q eo ag©| KviY ÔAš—h©vgx Av‡Q †hRbÕ †m Rv‡b Kvi Aš—i †Kgb, evB‡ii AveiY, †cvkvK w`‡q Aš—‡ii ag© †Pbv hvq bv| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔnI hw` LuvwU gymjgvb/ evwni wfZi K‡iv mgvb/ †h n‡e gybvwdK bv`vb bi‡K Zvi n‡e VuvB \Õ

GQvov mvgvwRK Am½wZ Abyôvb ms¯‹vi, ixwZbxwZ D‡V G‡m‡Q evDj Kwi‡gi Mvb|

mvZPwj−k DËi evsjvq wn›`y-gymjgvb GK‡Î emevm Ki‡Zv| AvaywbK hvwš¿KZvq `» gvbyl¸wji ZLb wQj wbwð‡š— wbwe©‡Nœ emevm, ivZfi evDj Mvb, NvUz Mvb, MvRxi Mvb, Rvwi Mvb, mvwi Mvb, hvÎv cvjvi Avmi em‡Zv, iv‡Zi AÜKvi †f` K‡i my‡ii †Quvqvq †`vj †LZ cÖK…wZ| wn›`y wKsev gymjgvb evwoi †h †Kvb Abyôvb Drm‡e Dfq m¤cÖ vq GwM‡q †hZ, Gme Drm‡e †hvM w`Z MÖv‡gi †g¤vi, †Pqvig¨vb, †Q‡j, ey‡ov mK‡jB| mnR

kvk¦wZKx 30

mij gvbyl¸‡jvi Rb¨ MÖvg¨ cÂv‡qZ eë¯’v wQj wePv‡ii Rb¨| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b gvbyl GKZviv, †`vZviv, †Xvj, gv`j, †envjv, euvwki cwie‡Z© Kx‡evW©, c¨vW, Wªvg BZ¨vwì †gvnRv‡j Ave×| MÖvgxY ms¯‹…wZ AvR ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| ivZw`b A‡_©i wcQ‡b QyU‡Z wM‡q w`‡knviv gvbyl n‡q co‡Q mgvR I cwievi wew”Qbœ, †hŠ_ cwievi †f‡O ˆZwi n‡”Q GKK cwievi, ˆZwi n‡”Q e„×vkªg, PvBì †Kqvi †nvg BZ¨vw`| ZvB‡Zv evDj Kwig e‡j‡Qb:

Av‡M Kx my›ì w`b KvUvBZvg MÖv‡gi bI‡Rvqvb wn› y-gymjgvb wgwjqv evDjv Mvb NuvUzMvb MvBZvg \ ...

Kwi fvebv †mw`b Avi cve bv wQj evmbv myLx nBZvg w`b n‡Z w`b Av‡m †h KwVb Kwig `xbnxY †Kvb c‡_ hvBZvg \

G Mvb m¤ú‡K© Zzlvi Ki Gi Dw³ ¯§Z©e¨, ÔmvZPwj−‡k †`kfvM †h we‡f` Ges mv¤cÖ vwqKZvi wele„¶ †ivcY K‡i‡Q, †mLvb †_‡K DËiY Qvov evOvwji gyw³ †bB| GKw`b evOvwji Rxe‡b Avb›` wQj, wgjb wQj- G mZ¨wU‡K Zuvi g‡Zv Avi †K Zz‡j ai‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|Õ

cÖm½µ‡g GKUz wcQb wdi‡j †`Lv hvq jW© Kb©Iqvwjm 1793 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m wPi ’vqx e‡›`ve — †NvlYv K‡ib d‡j gyNj Avg‡ji ciMYv wbix¶v Dci wba©vwiZ LvRbvi cwie‡Z© †KvbiKg f~wg Rwic QvovB Rwg`vi‡ì nv‡Z †Q‡o †Ìqv nq Rwgi gvwjKvbv| Rwg`vi B”Qvbymv‡i LvRbv e„w× Ki‡Zv Ges wbw`©ó nv‡iB Bs‡iR ivRv‡K Ki w`Z| evowZ LvRbvi Pv‡c K…lK m¤cÖ vq Rwg`v‡ii µxob‡K cwiYZ n‡qwQj| Avevi Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì AwZwi³ LvRbvi Pv‡c bv‡Uvi, w`bvRcyi, b`xqv, exif~g, weòzcy‡ii gZ eo Rwg`vix¸‡jv wech© — nq Ges GLv‡b D‡V Av‡m KwZcq miKvi I Rwg`v‡ii Kg©Pvix, eëmvqx, gnvRb, †Mvg —v †kªYx| hv‡ì mv‡_ K…lK‡ì cÖZ¨¶ †Kvb m¤úK©I wQj bv ga¨mË¡‡fvMx wewfbœ †kªYxi nv‡Z wbh©vwZZ n‡Z _v‡K evsjvi K…lK mgvR| wbw`©ó w`‡b LvRbv w`‡Z bv cvivq ivq‡Ziv K…wlRwg nviv‡Z _v‡K Ges GKmgq f~wgnxb K…l‡K cwiYZ nq| D‡j−L¨ wPi ’vqx e‡›`ve‡ —i d‡j K…wli m¤cÖmviY n‡jI DbœwZ nqwb| nvIivÂ‡j we¯Z…Z Rwg c‡o Av‡Q cwZZ Ae¯’vq wKš‘ Zv‡Z AwaKvi †bB K…lK mgv‡Ri| evDj Kwi‡gi Mv‡b GB K…lK mgvR ’vb †c‡q‡Q Gfv‡e :

†gv‡ì †KD bvB †i K…lK gRyi fvB nvoKzUv cwikªg Kwi LvB‡Z bvwn cvB \ mvgªvRëv` cyuwRev` mvgš—ev` wg‡j †`‡ki m¤ú` jy‡U wbj wZb WvKv‡Zi `‡j \

GZ K‡ói g‡aÏ K…l‡Ki euvPvi c_ †bB, Ki Abv`v‡q Aí `v‡g evwo wKsev Rwg †Kbv Avevi AwZwi³ nv‡i FY w`‡q my mn RwgwRivZ `Lj GLvbKvi ¯vfvweK NUbv| Mix‡ei

kvk¦wZKx 31

Lv`¨ bvB mv‡_ AvPvi, wePvi, wk¶viI †LuvR bvB- Av‡Q ïay Pig `vwi`ª I jvÃbv| GB `xb wfLvwi †kªYxi Mvb †M‡q‡Qb evDj Kwig:

Mwie euvP‡e †Kgb K‡i Kvi Kv‡Q Zv wR‡Ám Kwi Mwi‡ei euvPvi m¤j bvB abxiv ¯v‡_©i c~Rvwi \ nvI‡i‡Z Rwg bvB A‡b‡Ki bvB wf‡U evwo| w`bivZ gRywi †L‡U Zey Abvnv‡i gwi \ K…lK gRy‡ii mgm¨v evo‡Q AwZ ZvovZvwo Aí Rwgi gvwjK hviv Zviv n‡e `xb wfLvwi \

evDj Kwi‡gi Mv‡b †h welqwU me‡P‡q †ewk cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡”Q mvgëv`x mgvRfvebv| G mvgëv` wZwb Kvj© gv‡·i KvQ †_‡K MÖnY K‡ibwb| G `k©b wZwb †c‡q‡Qb fviZxq cÖvPxb HwZn¨ †_‡K| cj−x evsjvi evDj n‡q gy³ I AvaywbK wPš—vq wZwb wek¦vmx wQ‡jb ZvB gvK©‡mi êÁvwbK mvgëv‡ì mv‡_ Zuvi mnRvZ wPš—vi mgZv G‡m c‡o| me©nviv †kvwlZ †kªYxi RvMiY Zuvi Kg© wQj, K‡É wQj cÖwZev`x D”PviY:

Av‡i I me©nvivi `j fq wK‡i Avi e›`yK Kvgvb GK‡hv‡M me Pj †i me©nvivi `j \ ...

fvB †i fvB fv‡Ov Rvwj‡gi kvmb-‡kvlY fv‡Ov Rvwj‡gi ej Kwig e‡j cÖwZÁv K‡iv †`‡ki nDK g½j †i \

cÖZ¨¶fv‡e a‡g©i †`vnvB w`‡q †kvlY wbcxoY ïi“ n‡q‡Q 1947 mvj †_‡K, Gi c~‡e©I GB cxoY †h KZ fqvbK wQj Zv ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv wK wn› y wK gymjgvb mgv‡R| AZx‡Z mZx`vn, eûweevn, evj¨weevn, cwZag© cwZcÖvY, AvaywbK Bmjvgx wRnv` G¸‡jv wQj eZ©gv‡bI Pj‡Q| evDj Kwig e‡jb:

fvB †i fvB a‡g©i fvIZv w`qv KZ gv_vq Xv‡j Rj wkKo KvUv Mv‡Q wK Avi a‡i KLb dj †i \

G cÖm‡½ Avi GKwU Mv‡bi Askwe‡kl D‡j−L¨: gRvi e¨vcvi, abZ‡š¿i bxwZ _vK‡j c‡i ag© eo ZvRv _v‡K Av‡gwiKvi †Rv‡i| g~jgš¿, mgvRZš¿ Av‡m hw` fvB abx‡ì P‡j hv‡e Rxe‡bi KvgvB|

kvk¦wZKx 32

†kªYx †PZbvi cvkvcvwk cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, So, eb¨v, ¶iv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© evDj Kwig wQ‡jb m‡PZb| Gme y‡h©v‡Mi BwZnvm wjwce× n‡qv‡Q Zuvi Mv‡b| mybvgM‡Äi BwZnv‡m 1943 mv‡ji ywf©¶ QvovI 1919 (1326 evs) eo S‡o mg¯— GjvKv ZQbQ n‡q hvq, 1929 (1336 evs), 1967, 1974, 1988, 1995 mv‡ji eb¨vi BwZnvm Avgv‡ì ARvbv bq| eb¨vq ¶wZMÖ — mybvgMÄ I cvk© ’ GjvKvi mgvRwPÎÑ

†Z‡iv‡kv GKvwk m‡b Kvj nBj †i e„wói Rj bó Kij †ev‡iv av‡bi dmj \

Avwk evsjvi ˆP‡Îi †k‡l bvg‡jv Avlvwoqv Xj nvIi GjvKvq _vwK cÖvYcvwL nBj PÂj \

b`xi Zi½ †`‡L †f‡½ †Mj g‡bvej AvZw¼Z n‡q †Mj m¤ú~Y© fvwU AÂj \

fivU b`x Rj a‡i bv K‚j WyevBqv QyUj Rj mybvgM‡Äi km¨fvÊvi n‡q †Mj imvZj \

†`Lvi nvIi bjyqvi nvIi †PcwUi nvIi Qb PvZj nvIi eivg Uvswbmn G‡Kev‡i Kij Zj \

1947 Gi †`k fv‡Mi ci evsjvi `ywf©‡¶i wPÎKí wb‡q evDj Kwig Mvb †eu‡a‡Qb Ges MÖvgM‡Ä wM‡q Zv cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb| evDj Kwi‡gi Mv‡b ywf©¶ wPÎ wbgœiƒc:

1. Gev‡ii ywf©‡¶i Av¸b jvMj KwjRvq †i cÖvYx hvq cÖvYx hvq †i \ Gev‡ii y ©kvi K_v Knb bv hvq †c‡Ui ¶zavq KZ †jv‡K jZv cvZv Lvq †i \ 2. Gev‡ii y ©kvi K_v KB‡Z g‡b jv‡M e¨_v †LvivK we‡b h_v-Z_v gvbyl gviv hvq \ †KD g‡i‡Q Aa© giv G‡Kev‡i eyw×nviv nBqv cvM‡ji aviv Nywiqv †eovq| nvq‡i nvq †LvivK we‡b ïKvq A½ w`‡b w`‡b gv‡qi ey‡K mš—v‡b y» bvwn cvq \

gvwU I gvby‡li †cÖ‡g weinx evDj Kwig mËv me©¶Y wein †PZbvq Av”Qvw`Z| evsjvi mš—v‡biv AvR ew›` n‡q‡Q `vm‡Z¡i k„•L‡j| Rwg`vi, †Mvg¯—vi †kvlY wbh©vZb D‡c¶v K‡i

kvk¦wZKx 33

ùvov‡bvi kw³ †bB, kw³ †bB Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× i“‡L uvov‡bvi| Kwi‡gi wPš—vi cÖavb welq GB Mixe ytLx‡ì Kxfv‡e euvPvi AwaKvi †Ìqv hvq| nvI‡ii Avdvj, eb¨v, So, e„wó, b`x fvOb Gme †_‡K wb¯—i‡Yi Dcvq evZ‡j w`‡q Mvb a‡i‡Qb:

DwPZ K_v KB‡Z †M‡j †Rj Ryjy‡gi Wi †c‡U fvZ †iv‡M Jla bvB, civi bvB Kvco \ ...

evDj Ave`yj Kwig e‡j m~² iv —v a‡iv †kvlYgy³ mgvR M‡o euvPvi Dcvq K‡iv \

Ab¨w`‡K kvn Ave yj Kwi‡gi Mv‡bi cÖavb welqe¯‘ †cÖg| G †cÖg †hgb K…lK-kªwgK, gvwU-gvby‡li cÖwZ †Zgwb wb‡Ri kixi, ¿x, cyÎ, cwiRb, Kvwgbx wKsev Ab¨ bvixi cÖwZI| KviY, ÔAwaKvsk evsjv †jvKmsMx‡Zi g~j welqe¯‘ †cÖg| gvbexq †cÖg cÖavb Mvb¸‡jv‡Z †cÖ‡gi †h cwiPq Avgiv cvB Zv †gv‡UB êòexq KvgMÜnxb wbKwlZ †cÖg bq, Kvgbv ZvwoZ bvix-cyi“‡li AvPwiZv_© †hŠbvKv•¶vi AvwZ© †mLv‡b cÖej Ges Zv h_v_©B kixix|Õ kvn Ave yj KwigI Gi evB‡i bb| Zvi Mv‡b we‡”Q‡ì †h myi ev‡R Zv wPiš—b evOvwj bibvixi we‡”Q` †e`bv, G we‡”Q` †hgb ¯Kxqv †Zgwb ciKxqv| evDj Kwig wb‡Ri g‡a¨ cyi“l I cÖK…wZ `yBfv‡M fvM n‡q we‡”Q` hvZbv Abyfe K‡i‡Qb| ¿x mijv (g„. 1990) gviv hvevi ci wZwb wbtm½ n‡q c‡o| Avi G wbtm½Zv n‡q D‡V Mvb| †hgbÑ

Avi R¡vjv mq bv †Mv mijv Avwg Zzwg `yRb wQjvg GLb Avwg G‡Kjv \ `ywbqv KwVb VuvB `ytL KBevi RvqMv bvB †Mv g‡bi ytL Kv‡i RvbvB e‡m Kuvw` wbivjv \

kvn Kwig wQ‡jb ¿xf³ Zvi A‡bK Mv‡b Gi cÖgvY Av‡Q| ¿x mijvI wQ‡jb fveyK cÖK…wZi evDj Kwi‡gi †Kvb Kv‡R euvav w`‡Zb bv eis wb‡R Kó ¯xKvi K‡i evDj Kwig‡K Mv‡bi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡q‡Q| wZwb wb‡RI wQ‡jb m½xZvbyivMx- fvj Mvb MvB‡Zb| kvn Kwi‡gi Mv‡bi wein we‡”Q` ïay ¿x wKsev †Kvb bvixi cÖwZ bq GB wZwb weinx bvixi K_v ej‡Z ej‡Z P‡j †M‡Qb wbM~p †cÖgZ‡Ë¡, †`nZ‡Ë¡, cigZ‡Ë¡ Avevi †`nZ‡Ë¡i K_v ej‡Z wM‡q mvaviY bibvixi †cÖgwPÎ A¼b K‡i‡Q| evDj Kwi‡gi †cÖg ïay mijv †Kw› ªK bq eis ejv hvq bvix †Kw› ªK GB bvix‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Qb ¿x mijv| ZvB kvn Ave yj Kwig iPbvmg‡MÖ 25% Mvb we‡”Q` Mvb| Aš—‡ii AvKzwZ, e¨vKzjZv wgkv‡bv Mvb¸‡jv AvR Avi fvwU AÂ‡j mxgvwqZ bq| KwVb we‡”Q‡ì Ab‡j cyo‡jB Ggb Mvb iPbv m¤¢e| †hgbÑ

Kx Rv y Kwiqv e‡Ü gvqv jvMvB‡Q wcwiwZ wkLvB‡Q †Ìqvbv evbvB‡Q \

kvk¦wZKx 34

e‡m fvwe wbivjv Av‡M †Zv Rvwb bv e‡Üi wcwi‡Zi R¡vjv †hgb BU-evÆvq w`qv Kqjv Av¸b R¡vjvB‡Q- †Ìqvbv evbvB‡Q \

Kjw¼bx Kzjeayi ü`‡qi Mfxi AvwZ© cÖKv‡kI evDj Kwig wm×| †hgbÑ Avwg Kzjnviv Kjw¼bx Avgv‡i †KD QyuBI bv †Mv mRbx \ ...

†cÖg Kiv †h ¯‡M©i †Ljv we‡”Q‡` nq biK R¡vjv Avgvi gb Rv‡b, Avwg Rvwb \

evDj Kwig we‡”Q‡` wek¦vmx bb| wZwb wgj‡bi Avkvq cÖvYeÜzi Rb¨ evUv‡Z cvb mvwR‡q iv‡Lb| wcÖq wei‡n Kwei †eu‡P _vKvi B‡”Q †bB| RxweZ Ae ’vq Kwe eÜz‡K Pvq, giY c‡i eÜz Avm‡j Kwig Avi Zv‡K cv‡e bv ZvB Mv‡b Mv‡b Zvi myiB cÖwZaŸwbZ nq nvI‡oi evZv‡m:

Avwm e‡j †Mj eÜz AvBj bv hvBevi Kv‡j †mvbv e‡Ü bqb Zz‡j PvBj bv \ ...

Avm‡e e‡j Avmvq iBjvg Avkv‡Z wbivkv nBjvg evUv‡Z cvb mvRvB _Bjvg eÜz G‡m LvBj bv \ ...

fyj‡ev Zv‡i †Kgb K‡i GB Avkv‡Z hve g‡i Av‡m hw` giY-c‡i Kwi‡g †Zv cvBj bv \

wKš‘ Zvi c‡iI cÖvYeÜzi †`Lv bvB Kwei g‡b cÖkœ Rv‡M Ò†Kb wcwiwZ evovBjvq †i eÜz †Q‡o hvBevi hw`Ó KviY Kwe Rv‡bb gb GKwU weg~Z© wRwbm Zv‡K †eu‡a ivLv hvq bv, nvZ evwÜe cvI evwÜe gb evwÜe †Kg‡b/ †Zvgiv †h eySvI †Mv mwL g‡b wK gv‡b \Ó

MÖvg evsjvq evwoi eD‡ì mv‡_ †èi, fvmyi wKsev cÖwZ‡ekx †Q‡j‡ì †cÖ‡gi NUbv mPivPi †`Lv hvq| Gi wecix‡Z Zv‡ì mv‡_ K_v KvUvKvwU, g‡bvgvwjb¨, SMov, d¨vmv` BZ¨vwÌ j¶¨ Kivi gZ| wb‡gœv³ Mv‡b evwoi eD‡qi mv‡_ †QvÆ GKUv welq wb‡q g‡bvgvwj‡bï wPÎ †`Lv hvq| AvÂwjK kã eënv‡i welqwU wg‡k †M‡Q cj−x evsjvi mv‡_| Kwei fvl¨:

kvk¦wZKx 35

1. Pvj QvwbZ Kvgjv PvPv w`jvq bv gvB‡q Kijv gyi“M R‡ev AvBqv Zzwg LvBjvq bv \ 2. PvB‡”P wnw`b gyi“M jBqv gvBi j‡M SMov Kwiqv †Mvmv Kwi †MQvBj KBqv †Zvgivi evwoZ hvBZvg bv| e‡›`cv‡Z _vwK Avgiv SMov Kijv Zviv Zviv GB wel‡q fvjveyiv Avwg Kzš—v Rvwb bv \

gvj‡Rvov Mv‡bi cÖPjb Avgv‡ì †jvKmgv‡Ri GK HwZn¨ ejv hvq| ¸i“-wkl¨, Avj−vn-Av`g, ivav-K…ò, †eqvB-†eqvBb, bvix-cyi“l wKsev ag©, `k©b, gZv`k© ev †Kvb GKUv welq wb‡q ivZfi gv‡jv‡Rvov Mv‡bi Avmi cj−x evsjvi we‡kl êwkó¨| evDj Kwi‡gi gvj‡Rvov Mvb¸‡jv msiw¶Z nqwb| †Kvb †jvKKwe G¸‡jv msi¶‡Yi we‡kl AvkvI K‡ib bv| cyi“l I bvix wb‡q †QvU GKwU Mv‡bi Ask we‡kl:

cyi“l: Lvwj evwo _Bqv bvBIi hvB‡Z wè bv|

bvix: Zzwg BZv wKZv KI, Avwg wKQy eywS bv Avlvp gv‡m bvBIi hvB‡Z †K K‡i gvbv \ Avw`jwKjv K_v KB‡j Mv‡q Avgvi Av¸b R¡‡j ˆR¨ô-Avlvp gvm AvB‡j †Kvb †ewU bvBIi hvq bv Avlvp gv‡m bvBIi hvB‡Z †K K‡i gvbv \

cyi“l: Zzwg Avwg `yBRb gvÎ Ni fiv wRwbmcÎ †gvi M‡i †K ¸ov w`Z, Avwg BZv cvwi bv Lvwj evwo _Bqv bvBIi hvB‡Z wè bv \

Mvb iPbvi mgq gv‡S gv‡S Kwe nvwi‡q hvb ˆkke ˆK‡kv‡ii w`b¸wj‡Z| ayjv-evjy w`‡q fvZ ivbœv Kiv cyZzj wKsev ei K‡b mvwR‡q we‡q †Ìqv, we‡q Dcj‡¶ we‡qi Mvb MvIqv, †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì wbZ¨ †Ljvi welq| cyqv-cywo A_©vr †Q‡j‡g‡qi ˆkke ¯§„wZ m¤wjZ Mv‡bi Ask we‡kl:

dzi“ _vK‡Z †h †LBj †LjvBZvg cyqv-cywo eBqv nvZZvwj w`qv †Kgb my›ì weqvi Mvb MvBZvg \ a~jv-evjy jBqv Vywj-Vvwj w`qv D›`vj KvwUqv ivÜv eIqvBZvg

kvk¦wZKx 36

wei“b fvZ ivb&Zvg `vgvb LvevBZvg †Zbvi Kb¨v evbvBqv `v‡b weqv w`Zvg \

evDj Kwi‡gi Mv‡q †h Kuv`vgvwU R‡ji `vM, †m `vM Zv‡K †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q‡Q MÖv‡gi wbibœ gvby‡li ü`‡q| evDj Kwig Avjv`vfv‡e Zv‡ì wb‡q wKQy †j‡Lbwb, wZwb ïay wb‡Ri K_vB e‡j †M‡Qb| e¨w³ kvn Ave yj Kwig n‡q D‡V‡Qb mgwói kvn Ave yj Kwig| wZwb B‡”Q Ki‡jB j¶cwZ n‡Z cvi‡Zb wKš‘ †mB B‡”Q Zvi †Kvbw`b wQj bv| MÖv‡gi AwaKvi ewÂZ gvbyl‡ì †d‡j wZwb kn‡ii K…wÎg Avivg Avqv‡k w`b KvUvbwb| iv‡Zi AÜKvi †f` K‡i m~h© ‡qi gZ wZwb †R‡M D‡VwQ‡jb fvwU AÂ‡j| MYgvby‡li AwaKvi Av`v‡q m‡Pó †_‡K fvlvnxb K‡É Zz‡j w`‡q‡Qb cÖwZev` cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Mvb| Zv‡ì eywS‡q‡Qb kixi i¶vi cvkvcvwk †`k i¶vI AwZ Ri“wi|

inm¨gq c„w_exi inm¨ DÑvU‡b evDj Kwig m`v Zrci, KL‡bv wb‡Ri g‡a¨ KL‡bv cÖvK…wZK kw³i gv‡S Ck¦‡ii mÜvb K‡i‡Qb| bex, Iwj, cxi, gywk© , Avj−vni Kv‡Q AvZ¥wb‡e`b K‡i msMÖv‡g eªZx n‡q‡Qb| Zuvi Mvb †_‡K „óvš— †Ìqv nj:

bwe Iwj wci cqMv¤vi AvDwjqv Avw¤qv Avj−vi mevi Kv‡Q mvjvg Avgvi Avwg ev›`v ¸YvMvi \ wci gywk©‡ì PiY a‡i wcZv gvZv I —v‡`‡i kª×v fw³ mnKv‡i ¯§iY Kwi ev‡i ev‡i \

evDj Kwi‡gi K‡É Ggb kª×vwb‡e`‡bi mv‡_ †`Lv hvq wZwb Avmgvbx †Lv`v‡K gv‡bb bv| g‡b K‡ib gvby‡li gv‡SB Ck¦i Av‡Qb cÖPwjZ ag©bxwZ gvbyl‡K mgZv bv w`‡q êlg¨ m„wó Ki‡Q| Ck¦i †h e¨w³ bq kw³ G wek¦v‡m wek¦vmx evDj g‡b K‡ib, gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y GKgvÎ gvbyl Avm‡Z cv‡i Avmgvbx Ck¦i bq| evDjiv ZvB Avj−vni †P‡q ¸i“‡K kv‡ ¿i †P‡q Mvb‡K ciKv‡ji †P‡q BnKvj‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb| wewkó evDj M‡elK myaxi PµeZ©x e‡j‡Qb:

G‡`‡k evDj GKwU ZË¡ wnmv‡e M„nxZ n‡q‡Q, ag© wnmv‡e bq| Giv GKB m‡½ êw`K Kg©KvÊ Ges eªvþY AvPvi AvPi‡Yi we‡ivax| G‡ì fvebv aviYv MV‡b êòexq ivMvbyMv mvabv I ciwKqv ˆg_yb‡Kw› ªK Kvqvev` Av‡Q| †ek wKQyUv cÖwZev`x Bmjvgx ¯úk© Ges A‡bKUv mywdev‡ì msMÖvg Av‡Q| †eŠ× k~Yëv` I bv_c‡š’i wKQy wKQy msivMI j¶Yxq| GKK_vq evDj fvebvq GK D`vi I mgšqev`x gvbe‡PZbv KvR K‡i‡Q, hvi †bZ…‡Z¡ kv ¿ ev gš¿ †bB Av‡Q Mvb Avi ¸i“i wb‡ ©k|

GB evDj êwkó¨¸‡jv †hgb evDj Kwi‡gi Av‡Q †Zgwb Ab¨ evD‡ji gv‡SI †`Lv hvq|Òmvgëv`xÓ KweZvq bRi“j e‡j‡Qb, Ôwg_¨v ïwbwb fvB, GB ü`‡qi †P‡q e‡ov

kvk¦wZKx 37

†Kv‡bv gw›ì-Kvev bvB|Õ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvgvi GB †`nLvwb Zz‡j ai,/ †Zvgvi IB †èvj‡qi cÖ xc K‡iv|Õ jvjb muvB e‡j‡Qb, Ôgvbyl fR‡j †mvbvi gvbyl nwe/ gvbyl †Q‡o ¶¨vcv‡i ZzB g~j nvivwe|Õ Avi evDj Kwig e‡j‡Qb, Ôgvbyl hw` nB‡Z PvI Ki gvby‡li fRbv/ mevi Dc‡i gvbyl m„wó‡Z bvB hvi Zzjbv/ Ave yj Kwig ûu‡k _v‡Kv gvbyl fvjevm‡Z wk‡Lv/ Aš—‡i Aš—‡i gv‡Lv i‡e bv fehš¿Yv \Õ D‡j−L¨ bRi“j I iex› ªbv_ evDj wQ‡jb bv wKš‘ evD‡ji fve Zviv wb‡q‡Qb, jvjb kvn I Ave yj Kwig evDj mvabvi cvkvcvwk gvbeZvi Kj¨v‡Y wb‡R‡ì wb‡qvwRZ †i‡LwQ‡jb| Zv‡ì Mvb kv ¿xq evYxi gZ Av‡jv Qov‡”Q †`‡k we‡`‡k| ag©xq †Kv›`j, mv¤cÖ vwqKZvq bv wM‡q evDj Kwig Ck¦i‡K Aš—‡i Dcjwä Ki‡Zb| Ô†Kn Wv‡K bvgvR †ivRvq/ †Kn Wv‡K mÜ¨vc~Rvq/ mßv‡n †KD wMR©v‡Z hvq/ mvi Ki‡Q †KD ebR½j \Õ evOvwj Ggb GKwU RvwZ Zviv †hgb ag©vPvi cvjb K‡i †Zgwb aviY K‡i †jvKms¯‹…wZ| ZvB Lye mn‡RB Zviv mvivivZ evDj Mvb ï‡b mKv‡j gmwR`, gw›`‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡ì „wófw½ mvavi‡Yi `„wófwy½ †_‡K Avjv`v| Zviv Avj−vn, bex, K…ò, ivav, bvgvR, †ivRvi wfZi w`‡q wbR¯^ GK RMZ m„wó K‡i| G¸‡jvi Ae ’vb e‡j g‡b K‡i| hvB †nvK evDj Kwig †hgb Ck¦‡ii Kv‡Q bwZ ¯xKvi K‡i‡Qb †Zgwb Zv‡K bvbv cÖkœev‡Y we× K‡i‡Qb| ïi“Uv ÔevDj Ave`yj Kwig e‡j Avkv bv cyivB‡j/ Avkv‡Z cÖvY †M‡j Kj¼ †Zvgvi|Õ GB wgóZv wZ³Zvq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q fvwUi `wi`ª jvwÃZ †kªYxi gyL †P‡q| GLv‡b C`, †gjv, cyRv mevi N‡i Av‡m bv, Av‡m ïay abxi evwo‡Z| ZvB †gŠjev`x‡ì cvk KvwU‡q wZwb D”PviY K‡ib Agi evYx:

1. wRÁvm Kwi †Zvgvi Kv‡Q e‡jv I‡Mv muvB G Rxe‡b hZ ytL †K w`qv‡Q ej ZvB \ †`vl Kwi‡j wePvi Av‡Q †mB eë ’v i‡q †M‡Q `qv PvB bv †Zvgvi Kv‡Q Avgiv DwPZ wePvi PvB \... `qvj e‡j bvg hvq †kvbv K_vq Kv‡R wgj c‡o bv †Zvgvi gvb Zzwg †evS bv Avgiv †Zv gvb w`‡ZB PvB Zzwg Avwg GK nB‡j cv‡e bv †Kvb †Mvjgv‡j evDj Ave`yj Kwig e‡j Avwg †Zvgvi ¸Y MvB \ 2. `qv hw` bv Kwi‡e `qvj bvg †Zvi gy‡Q hv‡e \ bB‡j cvcx D×vi cv‡e wK‡mi fvebv \ †Kv‡bv w`b †Zvgvi `qvq cvcx hw` D×vi cvq Ave`yj Kwig e‡j †Zvgvq cyi‡e Avgvi g‡bvevmbv \

GLv‡bB †kl bq, Gi ciI †kvbv hvq Ô`qvgq bvgwU †Zvgvi wMqv‡Q Rvbv| Mwie hviv nq Zviv wK †Zvgvi bq| Z‡e †Kb `qvgq `qv nq bv \Õ wKsev ÔC` Avm‡j wK `ytL w`‡Z?

kvk¦wZKx 38

Avcb ci †e‡Q wb‡q Avm‡j bv mevi evwo‡Z \Õ mvivRxeb wZwb GgbB Mvb †M‡q †M‡Qb we‡kl K‡i fvwU AÂ‡ji| Zuvi gb I gvbm ¯úó cÖwZdwjZ nq hLb wZwb e‡jb, ÔAvwg †e‡nk&Z PvB bv, †`vRL PvB bv RxweZ Ae ’vq Avgvi fvwU AÂ‡ji wecbœ gvbyl‡ì myL †`L‡Z PvB| GB gvbyl¸‡jvi myL hviv †K‡o wb‡q‡Q, Avgvi jovB Zv‡ì wei“‡×|Õ

Avevi Avgv‡ì mgv‡Ri cÖPwjZ ms¯‹vi¸‡jv †jvKgy‡L cÖPwjZ n‡Z n‡Z GKmgq ms¯‹v‡i cwiYZ nq| Rxb-fy‡Z wek¦vm, Svo-dzuK, KweivR, cvwb cov BZ¨vwì gZ KvK †`L‡j ùvZ bv DVv, Kqjvi wb‡P ùvZ cy‡Z ivLv wKsev Bu y‡ii M‡Z© †djv, muvZvi †kLvi Rb¨ †cvKov Avg LvIqv BZ¨vw` welq MÖvgxY ms¯‹v‡i Ave×| evDj Kwi‡gi fvlvq:

eqm hLb bq uvZ coevi mgq KvDqvq †`L‡j uvZ D‡V bv wek¦vm KiZvg cov uvZ wbqv bvwb‡i †`LvBqv KBjvi Z‡j uvZ Mvwoqv _BZvg \ cvwb‡Z jvwgZvg muvZvi †LwjZvg muvZvi wkLevi jvwM †cvKov Avg LvBZvg Ave`yj Kwig e‡j BkKz‡jv †M‡j gv÷imve gievi jvwM †`vqv KwiZvg \

kvn Ave yj Kwig GKRb e¯‘wbô evDj n‡jI MÖvgxY ms¯‹vi‡K cÖkªq w`‡q‡Qb| Svo, dzuK, ZvweR-KeR G¸‡jv MÖvgxY wbi¶i RbM‡Yi yw`©‡bi mnvqK| nv‡Ui cv‡k †gvgevwZ, Zvwe‡Ri †Lvj, dzj †`‡L †Mvjvg iveŸvbx cÖkœ K‡iwQ‡jb, ÔAvcwb wK ZvweR cov †`b?Õ DË‡i evDj Kwig e‡jb, ÔBZv KzQZv bv| nvIi GjvKvi gvbyl mijgbv| KzQZv AmyL-wemyL nB‡jB †`ŠovBqv Avq Avgvi Kv‡Q| mviv Rxeb Mvb MvBqv AvBwQ, Avgvi w`qv wK SvodzuK nBe| bv w`‡j gb Lvivc Kie| ZvB †`B| hvIqvi mgq Wv³v‡ii yKvb w_Kv Ilya LvB‡Zv KBqv †`B|Õ A_©vr GUv wKQy bv| nvIi GjvKvi gvbyl mnR mij| †Kvb AmyL-wemyL n‡jB †`Š‡o Avgvi Kv‡Q Av‡m| mviv Rxeb a‡i Mvb †M‡q AvmwQ, Avgv‡K w`‡q wK SuvodzuK n‡e| bv w`‡j gb Lvivc Ki‡e| ZvB w`B| hvIqvi mgq Wv³v‡ii †`vKvb †_‡K Jla †L‡Z e‡j w`B|

G‡_‡K †evSv hvq wZwb MÖvgxY ms¯‹vi‡K †g‡b wb‡qB evDj Rxe‡bi c‡_ AMÖmi n‡qwQ‡jb| Zv‡K wesk kZvãxi evDj Nivbvi †kl cw_K…r ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Ab¨w`‡K evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi cvjve`j wew”Qbœ †Kvb NUbv bq, mg‡qi weeZ©‡b ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi cvjve`j N‡U‡Q| nvRvi eQ‡ii evOvwj BwZnv‡m †gŠh©, ¸ß, cvj, †mb, cvVvb, †gvNj, weªwUk, cvwK —vb BZ¨vw` kvmbKZ©v G‡`k kvmb I †kvlY K‡i‡Q| 1757 mv‡j cjvkxi hy‡× beve wmivR‡ÏŠjvi civRq evsjvi BwZnv‡m ivR‰bwZK †kvl‡Yi Pzovš— Øvi Db¥y³KiY K‡i| Ôbeve‡ì AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY, jyUcv‡Ui d‡j wZb `k‡Ki g‡a¨ evsjv kk¥v‡b cwiYZ nq| ... †ewk ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi †jv‡f †`‡ki †RvZ-Rwg me wbjv‡g e‡›`ve¯— Kiv nq| ivq‡Zi Dci wbjvg`v‡iiv Pvjvq jvMvgnxb AZ¨vPvi| ms¯‹v‡ii Afv‡e iv —v, †mZz, nvU I evRvi-MÄ¸wj GK Ki“Y iƒc aviY K‡i|

kvk¦wZKx 39

ivóªxq c„ô‡cvlKZvi Afv‡e wk¶vcÖwZôvbmg~n QvÎ-wk¶vbwekk~b¨ n‡q c‡o| Nb Nb AvKvj-`ywf©‡¶i d‡j RbmsL¨v ª“Z n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K Ges Gi mivmwi cÖfve c‡o †`‡ki K…wl I wk‡íi Dci| †h evsjv wQj mgKvjxb we‡k¦i GKwU Ab¨Zg abx †`k, †m †`k †Kv¤úvwbi ytkvm‡bi d‡j wZb `k‡Ki g‡a¨B `vwi‡ ª i AZj MnŸ‡i wbcwZZ nq|Õ 1769-1770 Gi `ywf©¶ evsjvi BwZnv‡m GK Kj¼gq Aa¨vq, Gi †cÖw¶‡Z msMwVZ n‡Z _v‡K G‡Ki ci GK we‡ ªvn| †hgb- ÔdwKi mbœ vmx we‡ ªvn (1770-1790), iscyi K…lK we‡`ªvn (1783), PvKgv we‡ ªvn, ewikv‡j ejvKx kv‡ni we‡ ªvn (1792), gqgbwmsn cvMjcš’x we‡`ªvn (1823-1833), wZZzgx‡ii we‡ ªvn (1831), wmcvnx we‡`ªvn (1857) BZ¨vw`| Gici 1885 wLª÷v‡ã Ks‡MÖg cÖwZôv evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m D‡j−L‡hvM¨ NUbv| 1905 mv‡j e½f½, 1906 mv‡j gymwjg jxM MVb, 1911 mv‡j e½f½i`, cÖ_g wek¦hy× (1914-1919), 1917 mv‡j i“k wec−e, g‡›URy †Pg&m& †dvW© ms¯‹vi AvBb (1919), cvÄv‡ei Ag„Zm‡ii Rvwjqvb Iqvjvev‡Mi nZ¨vKvÊ (1919), mš¿vmev`x Av‡›`vjb, MvwÜRxi Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb, wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb, ¯‡`kx Av‡›`vjb BZ¨vw` D‡j−L‡hvM¨ ivR‰bwZK NUbv hv fviZevmx‡K ¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ DØy× K‡i| GB ivR‰bwZK †cÖ¶vc‡Ui avivq cieZ©x‡Z GKwU bvg hy³ n‡q‰Q whwb mgvR I ivRbxwZ m‡PZb evDjKwe Avgiv hv‡K ej‡Z cvwi ÔfvwUi bvqK kvn Ave yj KwigÕ| wZwb KvR K‡i‡Qb †kªô ivR‰bwZK e¨w³e‡M©i m‡½ MYm½xZ, †`kvZ¥‡evaK, Rvwi, mvwi, fvwUqvjx BZ¨vw` Mvb †M‡q Rbg‡b m‡PZbZv m„wó K‡i| gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx, †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv ©x, RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gyweRyi ingvbÕi mvnP‡h© wewfbœ cÖPviYv I wbe©vPbx mfvq Mvb cwi‡ekb K‡i RbM‡Yi gv‡S GB gnvb bvqK‡ì evZ©v †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb Ave ym mvgv` AvRv`, myiwÄZ †mb¸ß, A_©gš¿x Aveyj gvj Ave yj gywnZ, e½eÜz Kb¨v eZ©gvb cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbvi wbe©vPbx mfv, cÖPviYvq MYm½xZ †M‡q RvwZi nv‡Z †hvM¨ †bZ…Z¡ Zz‡j †èvi Kv‡R Ask MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| kvn Ave yj Kwig cÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡Qb wZbwU ivR‰bwZK †Mvôxi Kg©KvÊ:

GK. weªwUk ivRbxwZ (1916-1947) `yB. cvwK —vb ivRbxwZ (1947-1971) wZb. evsjv‡`k ivRbxwZ (1971-2009)

kvn Ave yj Kwi‡gi Kwegb M‡o D‡V‡Q g~jZ wZbwU welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i| h_v- 1. evDj mvabv, 2. mgvR fvebv I 3. ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv| G wZbwU welq IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e GKwU AciwUi m‡½ RwoZ| KviY ÔevDj‡ì Mv‡bI Av‡Q cÖPÊ G÷vewjk‡g›U we‡ivwaZv| ïay Aa¨vZ¥ev` Avi ¸n¨ ZË¡ wb‡q Zuviv Mvb iPbv K‡ibwb| †gŠjev`x‡ì wbh©vZb AZ¨vPv‡ii AwZô n‡q Zviv mvgvwRK mZ¨‡K iƒc w`‡q‡Qb iƒc‡Ki gva¨‡g, KL‡bv ev †mv”Pvifv‡eB|Õ weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b MYm½xZ MvIqvi ga¨ w`‡q evDj Kwi‡gi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b AbycÖ‡ek cieZ©x wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb msMÖv‡g AskMÖnY K‡i‡Qb MYm½xZ I †`kvZ¥‡evaK m½xZ Dc ’vc‡bi gva¨‡g| evDj Kwi‡gi ivR‰bwZK †PZbv, Kg©KvÊ, m½xZ iPbv I cwi‡ek‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mgKvjxb ivRbxwZi †hme NUbvejx ¸i“Z¡ †c‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K K‡qKwU ch©v‡q fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ

kvk¦wZKx 40

GK. weªwUkwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb; `yB. 1947Õi fviZ wefw³KiY; wZb. 1952Õi fvlv Av‡›`vjb; Pvi. 1954Õi wbe©vPb; cuvP. 1957Õi KvMgvix m‡¤§jb; Qq. (1958-1968) ˆ¯ivPvi AvBqye Lvb we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb; mvZ. 1969Õi MY Afy Ìvb; AvU. 1971Õi gnvb gyw³msMÖvg; bq. ˆ¯ivPvi Gikv` miKvi we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb (1981-1991) BZ¨vw`|

'When the anti-British movement gained momentum, Karim was a boy of 15. He traveled with an Ektara from village to village in order to call the people to the cause of freeing the soil from the clutches of the British Raj' [Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia]. weªwUk kvmb, †kvl‡Yi wei“‡× ¯‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi wPÎ cvIqv hvq evDj Kwi‡gi Mv‡b:

weªwU‡ki wei“‡× hLb Av‡m ¯‡`kx Av‡›`vjb fviZevmx mevB ZLb GKB `vex K‡i| weªwUk hvB‡e hLb fviZel© †Q‡o mevB ZLb my‡L i‡e GB Avkv mevi Aš—‡i \ c~e© †_‡KB †`k‡cÖwgKMY K‡i GB gyw³ Av‡›`vjb A‡b‡K w`‡q‡Q Rxeb b¨vh¨ `vwe K‡i| Avwmj MY-Av‡›`vjb cÖwZ N‡i N‡i RbMY Pvq bv hLb †m wK Avi _vK‡Z cv‡i \

GKmgq weªwUkiv G‡`k †Q‡o P‡j hvq wKš‘ Zv‡ì Øviv msNwUZ `yÕwU wek¦hy× mgMÖ wek¦e¨vcx gvbeZvi Pig Aegvbbv cwijw¶Z nq| hy‡×i e¨qfvi enb Ki‡Z wM‡q †`kevmx‡K w`‡Z nq KwVb gyj¨| 1943Õi ywf©‡¶ G‡`‡ki GK-Z…Zxqvsk †jvK Lv`¨vfv‡e gviv hvq| †PvivKvievi, gRyZ`vix, `vjvj, dUKvevR‡ì cvj−vq c‡o †`‡ki gv, †evb, wkï, mš—vb jvÃbvi wkKvi nq| Gici 1946 mv‡j mv¤cÖ vwqK `v½v Ges 1947 mv‡j a‡g©i wfwË‡Z †`kfvM c~e©evsjvi gvby‡li g‡b Avkvi mÂvi K‡i| wKš‘ wKQyw`b †h‡Z bv †h‡Z cvwK —vbx kvm‡Ki wnsmª _vev cÖKvk n‡Z _v‡K| evDj Kwi‡gi Mv‡bi Askwe‡kl:

kvk¦wZKx 41

¯vaxb †`‡ki gvbyl Avgiv y ©kv †Kb hvq bv Ryjyg †kvlY eÜ nq bv n‡jv Kx hš¿Yv \ †KD _v‡K iOgn‡j gb Avb‡›` m`vq †L‡j hLb hv Pvq ZvB wg‡j Zey mva wg‡b bv \ ... K…lK I gRy‡ii e‡j GB †`‡k‡Z †mvbv d‡j AvR ZvivB Kuv‡` `‡j `‡j ¶zavq Abœ cvq bv \ ... evDj Ave`yj Kwig e‡j mvgªvRëv` kÎ“i `‡j webvwk‡Z Pvq mg~‡j †Zvgiv Kx †`L bv \

cvwK —vb nIqvq A‡b‡K Avkvq eyK †eu‡a iwOb ¯^cœ †`‡L ÔcvwK —vb wR›`vev`Õ e‡jwQ‡jv| wKš‘ iwOb ¯‡cœ Nyb jvM‡Z †ewk mgq jv‡Mwb| cÖ_‡gB AANvZ Av‡m gvZ…fvlv cÖ‡kœ evsjv‡K ev` w`‡q D ©y‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe Rvbvq| G cÖm‡½ 1951 mv‡j fvlvi wfwË‡Z cvwK —vb RbM‡Yi kZKiv nvi wbgœiƒc:

evsjv fvlvi RbmsL¨v Ñ 56.40 cvÄvwe Ó Ó Ñ 28.55 cyk‡Zv Ó Ó Ñ 3.48 wmwÜ Ó Ó Ñ 5.47 D`©y Ó Ó Ñ 3.27 †ejywP Ó Ó Ñ 1.29 Bs‡iwR Ó Ó Ñ 0.02 Ab¨vb¨ Ó Ó Ñ 1.52 †gvU Ñ 100.00

56.40% evsjv fvlvfvlx Rb‡Mvôxi wec‡¶ 3.27% D ©y fvlvfvlx Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv‡K ivóªfvfvi cÖ —v‡ei wec‡¶ c~e© evsjvq Ô1947 mv‡jB ivóªfvlvi cÖkœ‡K †K› ª K‡i c~e© cvwK —v‡bi ga¨‡kªYxi g‡a¨ miKvi we‡ivax g‡bvfve M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi Av‡›`vj‡bi g‡a¨ Zvi cÖwZdjb N‡U|Õ evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vex‡Z mviv‡`k e¨vcx Av‡›`vjb msMÖvg Qwo‡q c‡o| Ab¨vb¨ †Rjvi gZ wm‡jU †Rjv‡ZI (wm‡jU ZLb †Rjv) msMÖvg ZxeªZi nq| wm‡j‡Ui cÎ-cwÎKvqB cÖ_g evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe‡Z ïi“ nq| 1947 mv‡ji AvM÷ msL¨v Avj Bmjvn&i m¤úv`Kxq †jLv nq ivóªfvlvi Dci| G‡Z ejv nq, Ôevsjv wfbœ Ab¨ †Kvb fvlv‡K cvwK —v‡bi ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nB‡e bv|Õ cvwK —vb Av‡›`vjb I MY‡fv‡U wm‡jU c~e©e‡½ _vKvi jov‡qi gZ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bI mgvb Ae`vb iv‡Lb| mybvgM‡Äi W. AvLjvKzi ingvb, Ave yj mvgv` AvRv`, Ave`yi iemn A‡b‡K fvlv Av‡›`vjb‡K Qwo‡q w`‡q Kvh©Ki f~wgKv †i‡L‡Qb| evDj kvn Ave`yj Kwig, Ave yi iwng MYm½xZ wj‡L I cwi‡ekb K‡i msMÖv‡g Ask wb‡q‡Qb| mfv-m‡¤§j‡b e³‡eï ciciB ïi“ nZ MYRvMiYx Mvb| Ave yj nK, Aa¨vcK gwZb †PŠayix, Kg‡iW ei“Y ivq, mZëªZ `vm, cÖm~b ivq, G.Gg.G. gywnZ, gÄy `vm cÖgy‡Li cvkvcvwk †jvKR wkíx‡ì Ae`vb Kg bq| Ave yj mvgv` AvRv‡ì NwbóRb wQ‡jb kvn Ave yj Kwig| cÖwZwU cÖPviYv mfv, wgwUs-G kvn Kwi‡gi cwi‡ekbv AZzjbxq mvdj¨ G‡b w`‡qwQ‡jv| cÖZ¨š— AÂ‡ji gvbyl n‡q evDj Kwig ivL‡Zb ivRavbx kni XvKvmn mgMÖ

kvk¦wZKx 42

fviZe‡l©i LeivLei| Zvr¶wYK Mvb iPbv‡KŠkj I myiv‡ivc K‡i `ª“Z RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q A_©vr †Rjv m`‡ii cvkvcvwk MÖvg ch©v‡qi gvbyl Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Zb evZ©v| wewfbœ MÖ‡š’ Gme Mvb msiw¶Z n‡q‡Q| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Dci iwPZ A‡bK¸‡jv Mv‡bi g‡a¨ ÔMYm½xZÕi 9 msL¨K Mv‡bi wKQ~ Ask wbgœiƒc:

ZLb evsjv KB‡j gv‡i a‡i- †ekx KB‡j †R‡j f‡i (cy‡i) _vwKqv †R‡ji wfZ‡i Zey ejwQ evsjv PvB Ae‡k‡l ¸wj Pvjvq Gg.Gm.wm eiK‡Zi gv_vq K‡qK Rb QvÎ gviv hvq GLbI mywePvi bvB ¯vaxb †`‡k GZ AwePvi cywoqv nBjvg Av½vi †i G. Kwig Kq †`Le Gevi hw` GKUz my‡hvM cvB \

cvwK —vb cÖwZôvi mgq †_‡K 1951 mvj ch©š— c~e© evsjvq Lv`¨ m¼U †`Lv hvq| miKv‡ii †Kvb D‡`¨vM bv _vKvq evsjvi RbMY AveviI y ©kvq cwZZ nq& gRyZ`vi, †RvZ`vi, `vjvj, †PvivKvievix kqZvb¸‡jv my‡hvM wb‡q RbMY‡K ywe©mn c‡_ †V‡j †`q| je‡Yi gY uvovq Qqk UvKv| Pvj-Wv‡ji gZ jeYI wewµ nZ †ik‡b jvB‡b uvwo‡q| evDj Kwig e‡j:

mevB Kwi kvwš—i Avkv †Kb ev N‡U `y ©kv eywS bv nvq †Kvb wewai weav‡b NUj KZ ANUb Qq‡kv UvKv je‡Yi gY _vK‡e ¯§iY fyje bv Rxe‡b \ ... ¶zavq Abœ bv cvBqv Kuv‡` †jv‡K iv¯—vq cwoqv KZ †jvK QvB †`q Kzjgv‡b evDj Ave`yj Kwig Kq Aš—‡i †j‡M‡Q fq bv Rvwb wK nB‡e mvg‡b \

jvjb kvn wKsev Ab¨ evDj Kwei Mv‡b ivR‰bwZK wbcxob, †kvlY, wbcxo‡Yi wPÎ dz‡U D‡V Mvb, KweZvq| KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg, myKvš— fÆvPvh©, myfvm gy‡Lvcva¨vq cÖf„wZ Kwei KweZvq msMÖvgx g‡bvfve dz‡U D‡V‡Q| MY-m½xZ¸‡jv bMi-MÖvg-M‡Äi RbMY‡K AwaKvi m‡PZb I AwaKvi Av`v‡q DØy× Kivi wbwg‡Ë iwPZ| GKwU we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ G¸wj m„wó| Õ67, Õ52, Õ62, Õ69 I Õ71 BZ¨vw` Av‡›`vjb mdj nevi †cQ‡b MYm½xZ iPwqZv I MYm½xZ wkíx weivU Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| MYm½xZ Qvov wPÎwkí, KweZv, evDj‡ì Mvb, MxwZKwe‡ì Mvb, Qov, KweZv I cvkvcvwk i‡q‡Q Av‡›`vjb msMÖvg| Ôiƒcmx evsjvi meUzKz †mŠ›`h© wb‡q M‡o IVv Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZv n‡q DV‡jv MYm½x‡Zi evYx, iex› ªbv‡_i evDj Avw½‡Ki ÒAvgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwmÓ ev myKv‡š—i Òevsjvi gvwU `yR©q NvwUÓ|Õ wecixZag©x G †PZbv¸‡jvi mgšq n‡q‡Q AwaKvi Av`v‡qi cÖZ¨q †_‡K| kvn Ave`yj Kwig ÔMY-m½xZÕ bv‡gi eB‡Z 11wU MY-m½xZ Av‡Q| GLv‡b cÖZ¨¶fv‡e ivR‰bwZK welqvejx Av‡Q GQvov mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb, msMÖvg,

kvk¦wZKx 43

m‡PZbZvI Av‡Q| †Kbbv †`kxq ivRbxwZB cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e mgvR, A_©bxwZ, ms¯‹…wZ wbg©vY I i¶Yv‡e¶b K‡i|

1956-1971 ch©š— cvwK¯—v‡bi ivRbxwZ‡Z mvgwiK kvmb envj wQj| Gmgq ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„‡›ì MYgyLx Av‡›`vjb msMÖvg †Rvi`vi nq| G Ae¯’vq 1954 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z 1953 mv‡ji 9 RyjvB AbywôZ AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖ_g KvDwÝj Awa‡ek‡bi wm×vš— Abyhvqx hy³d«›U MV‡bi D‡`¨vM †bqv nq Ges 4 wW‡m¤i gnvb wZb †bZv c~e© cvwK¯—vb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM cÖavb gIjvbv Ave yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx, cvwK —vb K…lK kªwgK cvwU©Õi †bZv G.†K. dRjyj nK I ÔcvwK —vb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM cÖavb †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv ©xi †bZ…‡Z¡ hy³d«›U MwVZ nq| hy³d«‡›U 21-`dv wbe©vPbx Kg©m~wP‡Z †mvnivIqv ©x e½eÜzi mv‡_ wbe©vPbx cÖPviYvq hy³ wQ‡jb kvn Ave`yj Kwig| MY-Av‡›`vjbgyLx GKwU Mv‡bi wKQy Ask:

RvM‡i K…lvY kªwgK †gv‡ì GwM‡q Pj GBevi| R¡jyK Av¸b Av‡›`vj‡b me GK n‡q Pjvi ìKvi \ ¯vaxb ¯vaxb, ¯vaxb KBqv KZ ytL †K¬k mn¨ Kwiqv †gv‡ì ey‡Ki i³ w`qv cvwK —vb Kijvg ˆZqvi \ e„wUk †Mj ivR¨ Qvwo kvwš—i Avkv mevB Kwi| (GLb) KvK k„Mv‡ji eveywMwi †gv‡ì bvB‡i AwaKvi \

1957 mv‡ji (7-8 †deª“qvwi) gIjvbv fvmvbxi HwZnvwmK KvMgvix m‡¤§j‡b Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb evDj Kwig| GLv‡b MYRvMiYx Mvb †M‡q mybvg AR©b K‡ib| GLv‡b ivR‰bwZK e¨w³eM© Qvov Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb i‡gk kxj, cwigj `vk¸ßmn weL¨vZ †jvKKwe, evDj, MYm½xZ wkíxiv| Ôc~e©evsjvi me©Kv‡ji e„nËg mvs¯‹…wZK AbyôvbB ïay bq| G‡`‡ki RvZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z Gi Zvrch© AbvMZKv‡ji M‡elK‡ì Kv‡Q ¯xK…Z n‡e|Õ

GKevi †nv‡mb knx` †mvn&ivIqv ©x kvn Ave yj Kwi‡gi MYm½xZ ï‡b 185 UvKv Dcnvi †`b| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ZLb yb©xwZ `gbgš¿x, kvn Kwi‡gi Mvb ï‡b 1 nvRvi 100 UvKv †`b Avi e‡jb, ÔAvcbvi g‡Zv wkíx‡K Dchy³ gh©v`v †Ìqv n‡e| gywRe fvB †eu‡P _vK‡j Kwig fvB †eu‡P _vK‡e Bbkvj−vn|Õ cieZ©x Õ70 I Õ73Õi wbe©vP‡b kvn Kwig MYm½x‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q RbMY‡K †fvUvwaKvi I †hvM¨ e¨w³‡K †fvU cÖ v‡b D‡`¨vgx K‡i †Zv‡jb|

†fvU wèvq AvR Kv‡i? †fvU wkKvix `j G‡m‡Q bvbv i½ a‡i †fvU wèvq AvR Kv‡i \ ... wb‡Ri Ávb _v‡K hw` ey‡S †bI Zvi MwZwewa †kvl‡Ki cÖwZwbwa gvjv civI hv‡i \ Ave`yj Kwig Kq fvweqv fv‡jv g›` bv eywSqv Ab_© weåvš— nBqv Mwie KvOvj g‡i \

kvk¦wZKx 44

gyw³hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q kvn Kwig m‡PZbfv‡e †`k †_‡K gyw³‡hv×v‡ì †cÖiYv †Ìqv I msMwVZ Kivi Rb¨ Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wQ‡jb cy‡iv` ‘i ivRbxwZ m‡PZb GKRb evDj| cÖZ¨¶fv‡e hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡ibwb wKš‘ cvwK —vbx nvbv`vi‡ì gy‡Lvk Lyj‡Z ïi“ K‡ib|

gv_v bZ K‡i Avi eme bv N‡i eje D”P ¯‡i c~Y© ¯vaxb PvB mwne bv Avi †Kv‡bv AwePvi ... †`‡ki Rb¨ cÖvY K‡i `vI Kzievb DovI Rq wbkvb †Kv‡bv fq bvB Ave`yj Kwig Kq Kv‡i Kwi fq

Kwie wejq Ab¨v‡qi ev`kvB \

1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ RvwZi RbK mcwiev‡i wbnZ nb| Gici †_‡K ïi“ nq L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g`, wRqvDi ingvb, †nvmvBb gynv¤§` Gikv`-Gi ˆ¯ivPvix kvmb| G‡ì wei“‡× c‡_, Nv‡U, g‡Â, Rbmfvq m½xZ cwi‡ekb K‡i MYg‡b m‡PZbZv m„wó K‡i‡Qb evDj Kwig| †hgb:

Rbmgy‡`ª bZzb †Rvqvi Gj †i ˆ¯ivPv‡ii wmsnvmb AvR †f‡m †Mj †i \ evsjvi MYRvMi‡Y MYZ‡š¿i AvMg‡b m‡PZb evOvwji g‡b mvov w`j †i \ hviv Pvq ¯vaxbZv RvM‡jv AvR †mB RbZv mevi gy‡L GKB K_v mvg‡b Pj †i \

GiciI †_‡g _v‡Kwb evDj Kwi‡gi ivR‰bwZK msMÖvg| 1996 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b e½eÜz Kb¨v †kL nvwmbvi ¯c‡¶ cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q‡Qb wewfbœ ¯’v‡b| Rxe‡bi †kl ch©v‡q G‡mI †`‡ki wek„•Ljv, AbvPvi †`‡L gš—e¨ K‡ib, ÔB”Qv Aq GLb AD jvovB KwiwjZvg (B”Qv nq GLbB jovB K‡i †dwj)|Õ evDj Kwi‡gi m½xZ evD‡ji n‡q AZ¨vPv‡ii wei“‡× msMÖvg K‡i hv‡e A ~i fwel¨Z ch©š— †hLv‡b AbvPvi AwePvi †mLv‡bB evDjKwe kvn Ave`yj Kwig|

kvk¦wZKx 45

myw¯§Zv PµeZ©x †jvKa‡g©i ZvwË¡K-a¨vbaviYv Avi evsjv‡`‡ki gvRvi‡Kw›`ªK †jvKag©xq-mvs¯‹…wZK †cÖ¶vcU f~wgKv †jvKms¯‹…wZi we`¨vqZwbK cwim‡i, Ô†jvKkv ¿we‡ìvÕ Ô†jvKag©Õ cÖcÂwU †evSvi Rb¨ †ek wKQy g‡bvfw½ ev „wófw½ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| GB mg¯— g‡bvfw½¸‡jvi e¨vL¨v-we‡k−l‡Yi Av‡jv‡K I M‡el‡Ki wbR¯ ch©‡e¶YRvZ aviYvi mswgkª‡Y Ô†jvKag©Õ cÖcÂwU‡K we‡ePbv K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKag©xq-ms¯‹…wZi †cÖ¶vcU‡K gv_vq †i‡L †jvKag© welqK GB cÖv_wgK-ch©v‡jvPbvg~jK cÖeÜwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q| †jvKag© : wKQy ZvwË¡K g‡bvfw½ †jvKag© †h‡nZz a‡g©i †jvKmvs¯‹…wZK iƒc ev êwPÎ ev †jvKms¯‹…wZi ag©xq êwPÎ ev iƒc (Yoder: 2001, p-80) ZvB †jvKms¯‹…wZi m‡½ Gi Mfxi m¤ú„³Zv Awbevh©| mgv‡Ri AvwacZ¨kxj ev Av‡iv ¯úó K‡i ej‡j A¶i-ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ hy³ we`¨gvb †h ag©xq cÖvwZôvwbK a¨vb-aviYv-wek¦vm-ixwZbxwZ-AvPvi-Abyôvb Zvi wecix‡Z ùvwo‡q †jvKag© mvaviYfv‡e Aek¨B ¸i“Z¡ †`q ci¤úivµ‡g cÖPwjZ †Mvôxe× gvby‡li mvgwóK ag©xq AvPvi-wek¦vm-ms¯‹vi Avi ixwZbxwZi AcÖvwZôvwbK wewa-eë ’vi ms¯‹…wZi Ici| mgv‡R, †jvKag©-mswk−ó †jvKm¤cÖ v‡qi wbR¯^ cÖwZôvbI M‡o I‡V wKš‘ †mwU mgv‡Ri we`¨gvb AvwacZ¨kxj kv ¿xq ag©-cÖwZôvb †_‡K A‡bKvs‡kB Avjv`v| †mw`K †_‡K, †jvKag© Aek¨B cÖvwZôvwbKÑAvwacZ¨kxj ag©xq KvVv‡gv¸‡jv †_‡K ¯vaxb I ¯Zš¿ (Redfield;

Schoemaker: 1990, p-62)| mgv‡Ri ¶z ª ¶z ª †MvôxMZ gvby‡li `xN© ci¤úivi m‡½ hy³ †_‡K †jvKag© I Z &mswk−ó m¤cÖ v‡qiv Zv‡ì ag©-ms¯‹…wZ‡K jvjb K‡i, cvjb K‡i Ges bvbv NvZ-cÖwZNv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q bvbvgvÎvq MÖnY-eR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q ¯^ ¯^ †jvKag©xq-ms¯‹…wZ‡K wUwK‡q iv‡L| †mw`K †_‡K †jvKag©xq m¤cÖ vq¸‡jv mvaviYZ GKUv kw³kvjx †Mvôx-msnwZ wb‡qI ¶z ª, A¶iewÂZ, wew”Qbœ, mgRvZxK| †jvKag©‡K G‡¶‡Î †`Lv n‡q _v‡K GKUv AbvbyôvwbK (informal) ag©xq cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e hv wKbv we`¨gvb AvwacZ¨kxj ag©xq-KvVv‡gv †_‡K ¯vaxb|

†jvKms¯‹…wZ Avi a‡g©i GKUv eo êwkó¨ nj AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK (folk) GB `yBc‡¶i g‡a¨, eo (great) Avi †QvU mbvZb-aviv¸wji (little traditions) g‡a¨ Uvbv‡cv‡ob (Yoder: Schoemaker: 1990, p-62)| †jvKag© m¤úwK©Z GB ai‡bi g‡bvfw½i †fZ‡i wbwnZ _v‡K GB aviYv †h, †jvKag© †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e AvbyôvwbK ag© †_‡K m‡i Avmv ev wePz Z GKUv ag© (Schoemaker: 1990, p-62)| Z‡e †jvKag© ïay †h cÖvwZôvwbK a‡g©i wecix‡Z Ae ’vb K‡iB M‡o I‡V Zv bq, †Kv‡bv cÖvwZôvwbK ag©-ms¯‹…wZi ej‡q evm K‡iI †MvôxMZ AvÂwjK gvby‡li mvs¯‹…wZK ci¤úiv AvPvi-Abyôvb-wek¦vm-cÖ_v-ixwZbxwZ-Drme cÖf„wZi ga¨ w`‡q a‡g©i †jŠwKK iƒc cwijw¶Z n‡q _v‡K|

kvk¦wZKx 46

G Kvi‡YB L„óvb ag©-m¤cÖ v‡qi g‡aÏ ag©xq-mvs¯‹…wZK AvPvi-Abyôv‡b êwPÎ j¶¨ Kiv hvq, we‡kl K‡i AvwacZ¨kxj L„ó-ag©xq-mvs¯‹…wZK cwim‡ii evB‡ii AvPvi-Abyôv‡b hLb ¶z ª ¶z ª †Mvôxe× L„óvb-gvby‡li ci¤úivMZ †jvKag©xq aviv¸wj cwijw¶Z nq ZLb G‡K L„ó-a‡g©i Ô†jŠwKK iƒcÕ ev Ô†jŠwKK L„óvbÕ(wikipedia.org) e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| †hgbwU Avgv‡ì e½‡`‡ki cÖvwZôvwbK Bmjvg a‡g©i Af¨š—‡i I Gi evB‡i Gi †jvKvqZ-aviv¸‡jv cwijw¶Z n‡q‡Q hv‡K Ô†jŠwKK BmjvgÕ (nK: ivBb: 2009, c„ôv-159) wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB †jŠwKK Bmjv‡gi m‡½ Nwbófv‡e hy³ wewfbœ mywd-cxiev`x Nivbv|

GK_v D‡j−L¨ †h, G‡`‡k Bmjvg a‡g©i we¯—vi N‡U‡Q ewnivMZ mywd-mvaK‡ì D`vi, mvgëv`x wPš—v‡PZbvi Av‡jv‡K I cieZ©xKv‡j Zv‡ìB cÖfveRvZ G‡`‡ki AmsL¨ dwKi-ì‡ek-cxi-¸i“‡ì †jvKag©xq `k©‡bi Av‡jv‡K| Zv‡ì gvbeZvev‡ì D`vi Avi D`vË AvnŸv‡b| Bmjv‡gi KÆi kixqZxaviv KL‡bvB G‡`‡ki mvaviY gvbyl‡K †Zgb AvK„ó Ki‡Z cv‡i bvB hZUv bv Avgv‡ì gv‡idwZ-dwKwi ag© Zv‡ì‡K Avcb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Avgv‡ì †jŠwKK Bmjv‡gi avivB HwZnvwmKfv‡e G‡`‡ki mvaviY gvby‡li ag©xq-ms¯‹…wZ‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q A‡bK †ewk K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k GB a‡g©i cÖe³iv GZUvB m„wókxj wQ‡jb †h Zviv ’vbxq mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK ev —eZv‡K Zv‡ì a‡g©i AvPib wewai g‡a¨ MÖnY K‡i wb‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb (wiPvW© Gg BUb : 2003, c„-240)| G‡`‡ki AvwacZ¨kxj-kv ¿xq Bmjv‡gi AvwacZ¨kxj ag©-fvebvi evB‡i mvaviY gvby‡li ci¤úivµ‡g cvwjZ †jvKms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨B GB Ô†jŠwKK Bmjv‡giÕ Ae ’vb|

†jvKa‡g©i GB `„wófw½i Ici wfwË K‡i c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k †jvKag©xq-m¤cÖ vq I ms¯‹…wZi wewfbœ mg„×kvjx aviv I iƒc cwijw¶Z I ch©‡ew¶Z n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q| A_©vr a‡g©i AvwacZ¨kxj kv ¿xq aviv GK‰iwLK; Gi êwPÎ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg wecix‡Z †jvKag© †h‡nZy †jvKmgv‡Ri ¯’vbxK-AvPvi-Abyôvb-wek¦v‡mi m‡½ †ewk K‡i m¤úwK©Z ZvB †jvKa‡g©i êwPÎgyLx †jvKmvs¯‹…wZK iƒc hv wKbv c„w_exi cÖvq me©Î j¶¨ Kiv hvq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e Avgiv wewfbœ †`‡ki Bmjvg a‡g©i †jŠwKK-iƒ‡ci †h wfbœZv i‡q‡Q †mK_v †Rv‡i-†mv‡i ej‡Z cvwi|

Avm‡j ag© Avi ms¯‹…wZ Avw`Kvj †_‡KB Lye Nwbófv‡e mgvR-Mfx‡i †cÖvw_Z we‡kl K‡i †`kxq ev Avwèvmx †Mvôxe× gvby‡li mvgwóK AvPvi-eënvi-wek¦vm-ixwZbxwZ-ms¯‹vi-Abyôvb †jvKag© I ms¯‹…wZ‡K Ggbfv‡e †eób K‡i AvewZ©Z nq †hLv‡b ag© Avi ms¯‹…wZ‡K cÖvqkB c„_K Kivi Dcvq _v‡K bv| Avi cÖPvig~jK ag©¸wj hLb bZzb †Kvb †`‡k we¯—vi jvf Kivi †Póv K‡i ZLb †mB †`‡ki `xN©Kvj a‡i cÖPwjZ †jvKag©xq-ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ bvbvfv‡e RvwiZ n‡q wewfbœ cwieZ©b ev iƒcvš—‡ii gva¨‡g †jvK-†PZbvq ¯’vb cvq| we‡kl K‡i †jŠwKK-cwim‡i hw` †Kv‡bv bZzb ag©xq-avivi AvMgb N‡U ZLb Zv‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨fv‡e cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ ¯ †`‡ki ci¤úivMZ †jvKag©xqms¯‹…wZi m‡½ Gi †gjeÜb NUv‡bvi ga¨ w`‡qB Gi BwZevPK djvdj AwR©Z nq|

GB Rb¨B evsjvi †jŠwKK-Bmjv‡gi m‡½ wn›`ya‡g©i mbvZb-†jŠwKK avivi wewfbœ iƒc †hgb hy³ †_‡K‡Q, †eŠ×a‡g©i †jŠwKK-aviviI †ek wKQy êwkó¨ hy³ n‡q‡Q Ggb wK Avh©,

kvk¦wZKx 47

Abvh© ag©-ms¯‹…wZi wKQy wKQy iƒcI GLv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| (nK: ivBb: 2009, c„ôv-159) hwÌ G K_v A¯xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB †h, †ewkifvM e½xq-†jvKag©xq-m¤ú&ª v‡qi D™¢e I weKv‡ki †¶‡Î AvwacZ¨kxj-kv ¿xq ev wkóa‡g©i wewawb‡l‡ai KÆi g‡bvfve Avi wkó-ag©-ms¯‹…wZi cÖej †kªYx‰elg¨ cÖejfv‡e KvR K‡i‡Q, cÖwZev`x †jvK-‰PZ‡b¨ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q RvZcvZnxb D`vi ¶z ª ¶z ª †jvK-ag©xq aviv I Zv‡ì ms¯‹…wZi ci¤úiv| †mB cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡K G‡`‡k KÆi kv ¿we‡ivax we‡klZ AvwacZ¨kxj-ag©-ms¯‹…wZi wecix‡Z Ae ’vb †bqv AmsL¨ †jvKm¤cÖ vq Zv‡ì cÖwZev`x-ag©-ms¯‹…wZi cvjb Avi cwiPP©vi ga¨ w`‡q G‡`‡ki †jvKvqZ-ag©-ms¯‹…wZi ¯Zš¿-mg„×-ci¤úiv wUwK‡q †i‡L‡Q| e½xq †jvKmgv‡Ri cÖwZev`x wPš—v-†PZbvi HwZnvwmK ci¤úivwU we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †mB beg-`kg kZvãx‡Z †mKv‡ji AvwacZ¨kxj eªvþY-¶wÎq‡ì a‡g©i cÖwZ P¨v‡jÄ Qyu‡o w`‡qwQ‡jb Avgv‡ì †jŠwKK-†eŠ×a‡g©i mnwRqv-wm×vPv‡iiv hvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq Avgv‡ì Ph©vMxwZ‡Z|

AvwacZ¨kxj KÆi-kv¯¿xq a‡g©i g~j ¯—¤¢ †e` Avi eªvþ‡Yi wei“‡× GiKg ytmvnmx cÖwZev` AvR †_‡K Aš—Z GK nvRvi eQi Av‡MKvi evOvwji †jvKa‡g©i kw³i K_vB †NvlYv K‡i| (miKvi: 2009, c„-75) GB cÖwZev`x mnwRqv †eŠ×-wm×vPv‡h©iv kvmK‡kªYxi a‡g©i wei“‡× Ae ’vb wb‡q †jvKa‡g©i RqMvb K‡iwQ‡jb| †jvKmgv‡Ri kw³kvjx GB cÖwZev`x-†PZbv-ci¤úiv Avgiv j¶¨ Kwi e‡½i Av‡iv A‡bK †jvKag©-m¤cÖ v‡qi D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b| D`vniY¯iƒc Avgiv ˆPZb¨‡è cÖPvwiZ †MŠoxq êòe a‡g©i K_v ej‡Z cvwi hv wKbv kv ¿xq AvwacZ¨kxj KÆi eªvþY¨ a‡g©i kvmb Avi †kvl‡Yi wb‡®úlY †_‡K mvaviY gvbyl‡K gyw³ w`‡q‡Q| Avevi cieZ©xKv‡j, ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei wZ‡ivav‡bi ci hLb †MŠoxq-êòeag© AveviI AwfRvZag©Z‡š¿i kv ¿xqavivq iƒc jvf K‡iwQj Gi cÖwZwµqvq ZLb e‡½ †QvU †QvU †Mvôx‡Kw› ªK †jŠwKK-a‡g©i D™¢e N‡U| Avwèvmx mgv‡Ri Avw`g e ‘ev`B weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q mnwRqv †eŠ× gZev‡` Avi GB mnwRqv gZev`B bvbv PovB-DrivB †cwi‡q ˆPZb¨-D™¢vweZ êòewPš—vq †PvjvB n‡q VuvB K‡i wb‡q‡Q AvVv‡iv Dwbk kZ‡Ki e‡½i cÖavb †jvKag© evD‡j (miKvi: 2009, c„-76)|

GQvov KZ©vfRv, mv‡neabx, ivgej−fx, Lywkwek¦vmx, gZzqv, bv‡g †QvU †QvU ¯Zš¿ †jvKag©¸‡jv †jŠwKK êòea‡g©i cÖfv‡e M‡o D‡VwQj g~jZ AvwacZ¨kxj-ag©xq-ms¯‹…wZi evB‡i ¯Zš¿ cÖwZev`x-†jvKag©xq aviv wn‡m‡e wU‡K _vK‡Z| evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKag©¸‡jvi D™¢e Avi weKv‡k GB cÖwZev`x †kªYx‡PZbv we‡klfv‡e j¶¨ Kiv hvq| †jvKag©xq-m¤cÖ v‡qi GB cÖwZev`x-†PZbv KL‡bv wµqvkxj _v‡K AvwacZ¨kxj-ag©xq-kvv‡¯¿i wei“‡× Avevi KL‡bv wµqvkxj _v‡K cÖZ¨¶fv‡e †kªYx-kvm‡Ki wei“‡×| evsjv‡`‡ki gqgbwmsn †Rjvi Avwèvmx‡ì g‡a¨ D™¢~Z cvMjcš’xiv (f ª: 1994, c„-61), `w¶Ye‡½i ivReskx‡ì g‡a¨ D™¢~Z †¶cv-`‡jiv (miKvi: wek¦vm: 2008, c„-50), eªvþYevwoqv AÂ‡ji `qvgq-m¤cÖ v‡qiv (gÊj: wek¦vm: 2009, c„-126), †jŠwKK-êòeavivi gv-`v`v m¤cÖ v‡qiv, (miKvi: wek¦vm: 2008, c„-48) dwKwi-avivi wewfbœ AvÂwjK-¸i“ev`x-cš’xiv Zv‡ì cÖwZev`x-†PZbvi ¯vZš¿ eRvq †i‡L wb‡R‡ì‡K ¯ ¯^ †jvKag©xq-cwim‡i AwawôZ iv‡L|

kvk¦wZKx 48

Aci GKwU „wófw½ †hUv †jvKag© cÖcÂwU‡K wbix¶Y K‡i cÖvPxb, Avw`g ag©xq-ms¯‹…wZi Ae‡kl wb‡q MwVZ wn‡m‡e| Dwbk kZ‡Ki weªwUk ¯‹zj Ae A¨vb‡_ªvcjwR-Gi KvRK‡g©i Ici wfwË K‡i GB aviYvwU M‡o D‡V‡Q| †jvKag©‡K †evSvi GB ai‡bi `„wófw½ †jvKag©‡K `yÕfv‡e †`Lv n‡q _v‡K: weeZ©bg~jK g‡bvfw½ (evolutionary

approach) Avi we‡K› ªxKiYg~jK g‡bvfw½ (devolutionary approach)| a‡g©i weeZ©bg~jK g‡bvfw½ †jvKag©‡K mvs¯‹„wZK-Dbœq‡bi †Mvovi w`KKvi Avw`g ag©-ms¯‹…wZi nZvewkó wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i _v‡K| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki we`¨gvb cÖvwZôvwbK ag©¸‡jvi D™¢e Avi weKv‡ki g‡a¨ GB weeZ©‡bi †Pnviv ch©‡e¶Y Kiv hvq| †Lv` Bmjvg ag© Avi‡e †hfv‡e weKwkZ n‡qwQj mgv‡Ri wbgœeM©xq `vmgvbyl‡ì wb‡q cieZ©x‡Z bvbv weeZ©‡bi avivevwnKZvq GwU cÖvwZôvwbK ev kv ¿xq iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| G weeZ©bg~jK ag©xq-†Pnviv Avgv‡ì Avwèvmx ag©xq ms¯‹„wZ †_‡K ïi“ K‡i †jvKmgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwZôvwbK-kv ¿xq a‡g©i †¶‡Î cwijw¶Z n‡q _v‡K| Avi we‡K› ªxKiYg~jK g‡bvfw½ †jvKag©‡K GKUv cÖvPxb ¯b©-hy‡Mi nZvewkó wn‡m‡e wbix¶Y K‡i _v‡K †hLv‡b ag© wQj Zvi mePvB‡Z LuvwU Avi Avw`-AK…wÎg iƒ‡c (Schoemaker: 1990, p-62)|

Aci GKwU g‡bvfw½‡Z †jvKag©‡K Õwkóa‡g©iÕ ev ÕD”Pa‡g©iÕ GKUv c~e©Zb Ask wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| hv GKUv ms¯‹…wZi Ôcðvrc`Õ gvby‡li g‡a¨ ¶xY avivq cÖevwnZ n‡q P‡j Avi GB Ôcðvrc`Õ gvby‡livB Zv i¶v K‡i| GB `„wófw½wU Rvg©vbxi cÖ_gw`KKvi cwÊZ‡ì wbgw¾Z-ms¯‹…wZ (mvb‡Kb-KvjPvi)-Gi e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q| GB e¨vL¨v AwfRvZ †_‡K K…l‡Ki mvgvwRK †kªYxwefv‡Mi ms¯‹…wZi Wy‡e hvIqv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i (Schoemaker : 1990, p-62)| GB g‡bvfw½¸‡jvi (evolutionary/

devolutionary approach) gva¨‡g †jvKag©‡K kYv³ Kivi †¶‡Î bvbv ai‡bi RwUjZv i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯iƒc Avgiv hw` L„ó-a‡g©i cÖ‡Uó¨v›U-gZev‡ì w`‡K gb‡hvM w`B Zvn‡j †`L‡Z cve GwU Aek¨B †jvKag© †Kbbv GwU AvwacZ¨kxj K¨v_wjK-gZev‡ì wei“‡× GKUv cÖwZev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q Ges GB Kvi‡Y cÖ‡Uó¨v›Uev`xiv G‡K ej‡e weeZ©bg~jK| wKš‘ K¨v_wjKiv G‡K ej‡e we‡K›`ªxKiYg~jK|

GKBfv‡e Avgv‡ì e‡½i wewfbœ †jvKag©xq-aviv¸‡jv hLb AvwacZ¨kxj ag©xq-aviv †_‡K m‡i G‡m ¯Zš¿ †QvU †QvU †jvKag©-aviv M‡o Zz‡j‡Q †mLv‡bI †`Lv hv‡e AvwacZ¨kxj ag©-†Mvôx Zv‡ì‡K †`L‡e we‡K›`ªxKiYg~jK g‡bvfw½ †_‡K †hLv‡b cÖwZev`x-†jvKag©xq-aviv wb‡R‡ì‡K †`L‡Z cv‡i weeZ©bg~jK g‡bvfw½i ga¨ w`‡q| G‡`‡ki dwKwi-mywd-avivi Ab¨Zg msL¨vMwiô wPkwZqv-ZwiKvi dwKiiv hLb wb‡R‡ì‡K †jŠwKK-Bmjv‡gi cÖavbaviv wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡ì cwiPq wPwýZ Ki‡QÑ dwKwi-avivi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡ì cÖavb e‡j ¯Zš¿ Ki‡Q ZLb †mLvb †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q GKwU †jvKag©xq-cÖwZev`x aviv wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡ì‡K ÔAvj&-wPkwZqvÕ e‡j Ôgvbea‡g©iÕ †jvK ev ÔevD‡ji ag©Wv KwiÕ e‡j wb‡R‡ì ¯Zš¿ cwiPq wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| Gfv‡e AvwacZ¨kxj †jvK-ag©xq-aviv †_‡K hLb ¶z ª ¶z ª cÖwZev`x †jvKag©xq-aviv M‡o I‡V ZLb eo-c¶ †QvUc¶‡K we‡K›`ªxKiYg~jK g‡bvf‡bvfw½‡Z †`L‡Z cv‡i †hLv‡b †QvU-c¶ wb‡R‡ì‡K weeZ©bg~jK-ag© e‡j †`L‡Z cv‡i|

kvk¦wZKx 49

d‡j †jvKag©-we‡k−l‡Yi GB g‡bvfw½¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K h_v_©fv‡e †jvKag©‡K we‡k−lY Kiv hvq bv †Kbbv G¸‡jv wbf©i K‡i Kv‡ì `„wófw½MZ Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡_ Avwg Ae ’vb KiwQ Zvi Ici| G mg — g‡bvfw½‡Z GKc¶ wb‡R‡ì‡K ÔwkóÕ ev ÔAwfRvZÕ g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i Avevi Av‡iKc¶‡K ÔAwkóÕ Ôcðvrc`Õ e‡j †nq cÖwZcbœ Kivi my‡hvM ˆZix nq| Avgv‡ì Avwèvmxmgv‡Ri me©cÖvYev`g~jK I hv ywek¦vm‡Kw›`ªK wewfbœ ag©vPvi¸‡jv‡K ev e‡½i mbvZbx-avivi evDj-dwKi-Zvwš¿K-mnwRqv-êòe-†jvKag©xq-aviv¸‡jv‡K †bwZevPKfv‡e Dc ’vcb Kivi cÖeYZv G mg — g‡bvfw½¸‡jv‡Z Rvwi _v‡K|

mgšqg~jK aviYv (syncretism) ev A½xf~Zg~jK (acculturation) aviYvi Av‡jv‡K †jvKag©‡K wPwýZ Kivi Av‡iKwU c_ ev g‡bvfw½ i‡q‡Q| GB ai‡bi g‡bvfw½‡Z †jvKag©‡K wewfbœ ci¤úivMZ †h mbvZbx-aviv cÖPwjZ _v‡K †m¸‡jvi wgkªY wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡q _v‡K| (Schoemaker: 1990, p-62)| mgšqg~jK-cÖwµqvwU ZLbB N‡U hLb GKUv ms¯‹…wZ wb‡R‡K Ab¨ GKwU ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Av‡ivc K‡i Ges yB ms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨ bvbvgyLx wg‡_vw¯Œqv N‡U| `yBwU ms¯‹…wZi ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK Giƒc †jb‡`b GK ms¯‹…wZi PvwiwÎK êwk‡ó¨ wgwkªZ n‡q hvq| GB ai‡bi cÖwµqvi D`vniY Avgiv A‡bK †`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨B ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z cvie Ges B‡Zvg‡a¨ hv A‡b‡KB K‡i‡Qb| D`vniY wn‡m‡e Avgiv cvðv‡Zï, K¨v_wjKev‡ì K_v ej‡Z cvwi| Aóv`k-Dwbk kZ‡K L„óvb-wgkbvixiv hLb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª Avwèvmx-ms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨ K¨v_wjKev` Av‡ivc K‡iwQ‡jb ZLb A‡bK Avwèvmx †Mvôxe× ms¯‹…wZ-`j Zv MÖnY K‡iwQj| hwÌ GB Avwèvmx ag©xq-†Mvôxiv ZLbI Zv‡ì cy‡iv‡bv wek¦vm-eë¯’v¸wjI i¶v KiwQj| †mLv‡b `ywU ag©xq-mvs¯‹…wZK aviv¸wji wgkªY N‡UwQj|

evOvwji †jvKa‡g© ïay †`kxq Abvh©-†èZv, Avh©‡èZv I eªvþY¨ kv ¿xq a‡g©iB ms‡k−lY NUvq wb, A‡bK Bmjvgx Dcv`vb I gymjgvb cxi‡KI Awfbe c×wZ‡Z AvZ¥¯’ K‡i wb‡q‡Q| Ges GB †èZv I cx‡iiv Abvqv‡m wn› y I gymjgvb Df‡qi gvb¨Zv Av`vq K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| (miKvi Lvb: 2008, c„Ñ71) e‡½i †jvKa‡g© A½xf~Zg~jK Avi mgšqg~jK-a¨vbaviYvi mswgkªY A‡bK N‡U‡Q| ga¨hyMxq-mvwn‡Z¨ Avgiv G‡`‡ki †jŠwKK Bmjvg Avi †jŠvwKK wn›`ya‡g©i gvby‡li ag©mgšqev`xZvi PgrKvi me wPÎ Luy‡R cvB|

†jvKag© m¤úwK©Z †jvK-e¨vL¨vi Av‡jv‡K †jvKag©-cÖcÂwU‡K bxwi¶Y Kivi Av‡iKwU c_ i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b †jvKag© †jvKgvb‡mi Abyf~wZ, `„wófw½, wek¦vm Avi AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi mvgMÖxK mË¡v wn‡m‡e we‡ePZ n‡q _v‡K| ms¯‹…wZi AcÖvwZôvwbK ¯—iwefvR‡bi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡ì ag©-m¤úwK©Z welqvw` G‡Z hy³ _v‡K (Schoemaker: 1990, p-62)| evsjv‡`‡ki †jŠwKK Bmjvg gv‡idwZ ev dwKwiavivi m‡½ wbweofv‡e hy³| GB dwKwiavivi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q AmsL¨ †QvU †QvU †jvKag©-m¤cÖ vq hviv wewfbœ ZwiKv ev wmjwmjvcš’x| G‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †jvKag©xq-cš’xiv kixqZ‡K MÖvn¨ K‡i cv‡k iv‡L Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ vq AvwacZ¨kxjkixqZx-AvPvi-AvPib eR©b K‡i Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì gv‡idwZ-avivi †jvKagx©q wbR¯^ e¨vL¨v-we‡k−lY Øviv| G†¶‡Î, KL‡bv KL‡bv †`Lv hvq, AvwacZ¨kxj ag©-ms¯‹…wZi fvlv-kã wewfbœ †jvKag©xq-ms¯‹„wZi g‡aÏ e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ _v‡K; †jvKag©xqe¨vL¨vi Kvi‡Y †m¸‡jvi A_© nq AbïKgÑ wfbœ| †hgb kv¯¿xq Bmjv‡gi AZ¨š—

kvk¦wZKx 50

¸i“Z¡c~Y© ag©xq-Abym½ wn‡m‡e bvgvR, †ivRv nR¡ Avi hvKv‡Zi A_© †hfv‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q Av‡Q gv‡idwZ-avivi †jŠwKK Bmjv‡g †m¸‡jvi A_© AbïKg| GgbwK, †jvKe¨vL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ gv‡idwZ avivi dwKiiv Zv‡ì ag©-ms¯‹…wZ‡K KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖK…Z ev Avmj Bmjv‡gi Aš—f©y³ e‡j `vex Kivi k³ cvUvZb cvq Avi Zv cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨-m¤cÖ vq‡K wb‡R‡ì Abb¨Zv ev ¯Zš¿Zv †NvlYv Kivi Kv‡R wKsev AvwacZ¨kxj-ag©xq avivi mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv i¶vi cÖ‡qvR‡b eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

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kvk¦wZKx 55

LuyR cvZvq cvZvq mvw¶ Av‡QÓ, wKsev ivRkvnx †Rjvi yM©vcyi _vbvi Aš—M©Z Kvbcvovi KvjvPuv`-evevi gvRv‡ii Ii‡ki †Lvjv g‡Â Mv‡qb Avãyi ingvb eqvwZ hLb †M‡q I‡Vb, ÒI‡i Rx‡ei hvnv evÃv K‡i, cyivI evÃv †mLv‡b/evÃvcyiv KíZi“ bvg mK‡j Rv‡b|/ ... wn›`yi nwi gymjgv‡bi †Lv`v/ yB‡q wg‡k c_ e‡j †Mv Kv‡iv bq Ry v ...Ó, wKsev mvwaKv Qwejv cvMjx hLb gvRv‡ii Ii‡ki iv‡Z fv‡ei †Nv‡i Db¥Ë n‡q †b‡P †b‡P †M‡q I‡Vb ÒI‡i †Zvgvi PiY cvevi Avkv K‡i/Avwg e‡m AvwQ Avkvi Avm‡iÓ A_ev †QuDwoqvi jvjb muvB‡qi gvRv‡i †jvKm½x‡Zi Abyôv‡b hLb †kvbv hvq, ÒAv¸b cvwb evZvm w`qv b~‡ii Av‡jv R¡vjvB‡Q/gvwU w`qv †Kvivb evbvB‡Q gIjvq/... gCbywÏb Kq ïb †i †Qvenvb, gvbyl Avj−vi m„wói cÖavb/KvwjKjg cvZvi †Kvivb GB gvbylB evbvBqv‡QÓ, Avi jvj‡bi Mv‡b hLb †fovgvivi †mv‡jgvb muvB‡qi gvRv‡ii Ii‡ki iv‡Zi Mv‡bi AvmiwU RgRgvU n‡q I‡V, ZLb †jŠwKK Bmjvg I ms¯‹…wZi cÖengvb avivwUi Rxeš— †Pnviv cÖù~wUZ n‡q I‡V|

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Avjx Avnv¤§` Lvb AvB‡qve Mv‡iv a‡g© wn›`ya‡g©i cÖfve Avh©‡ì wek¦v‡mi m‡½ ’vbxq RvwZ-†Mvôxi wek¦v‡mi mgš‡q wn›`yBR‡gi D™¢e| Kvjµ‡g wn›`y a‡g©i msÁv e¨vcK n‡q `vuovq| G‡Kk¦iev`x, wbivKviev`x, mvKviev`x, cybR©b¥ev`x, fyZcyuRvmn †Kvb wKQyB wn›`yag© †_‡K ev` c‡owb| Avwèvmx DcRvwZ mgv‡Ri wek¦v‡mI Abyiƒc Abyl½ cvIqv hvq| †m Kvi‡Y wn› yag© I Avwèvmx DcRvwZ‡ì a‡g©i gv‡S †fÙvbv y®‹i|

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kvk¦wZKx 57

fvlvq (Amgxqv) ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Zï Abyev` Ges †`‡ki me©Î wewfbœ †è-†èxi gw›ì cÖwZôvi Øviv Avwèvmx mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ wn›`y ag© cÖmv‡ii wn› ya‡g© cÖ‡e‡ki †Zgb †Kvb mvd‡jï msev` Avgv‡ì Rvbv †bB| Z‡e †KvPivI Avav wn› y n‡Z †c‡i wQj| Zviv wn›`ya‡g©i ixwZ-bxwZi cvkvcvwk Zv‡ì Avwà‡g©i ixwZ-bxwZI cvjb Ki‡Zv|

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Mv‡iv mgvR GK mgq wn›`y mgv‡Ri A‡bK AvPvi ixwZ-bxwZ MÖnY K‡i| Avevi cwinviI K‡i‡Q| G wb‡q mgvR weÁvbx nve©vU wiRjxi GKwU gš—e¨ †ek MÖnb‡hvM¨-ÒDcRvZxq †jv‡Kiv ax‡i ax‡i wn›`y ag© MÖnY Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i| KZLvwb Ges wK cwigvY wn›`y ag© MÖnY Ki‡j GKRb DcRvwZ‡K wn› y ejv mgxPxb n‡e, †m m¤‡Ü cÖ‡kœi AeKvk Av‡Q|Ó Wv. nvUb-Gi G msµvš— gš—e¨wU Av‡iv ¯úó| Zvi gš—e¨wU wQj-ÒDcRvZxq‡ì g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jv ag© cwi`„ó nq| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wewkó GKUv ag© †Lvu‡R †ei Kiv hvqbv|Ó

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kvk¦wZKx 59

G AÂ‡ji mvaviY evOvwj mgv‡RI Kvgv¶v †èxi kw³ wb‡q A‡bK wg_ cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| mKj ag©, eY© mgv‡Ri gvbylB †m wg_¸‡jv mZ¨Áv‡b wek¦vm K‡i| Mv‡iv LvgvjMY Kvgv¶v‡K RvMÖZ †èx g‡b K‡i GK mgq Zvi KvQ †_‡K Zvwš¿KZv i‡ßi cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡Zv| Kvgv¶vi cÖfv‡ei cÖZ¨vkvq LvgjMY GK mgq Kvgv¶vcx‡V AN© w`‡Zv| GKwU welq j¶Yxq evsjv‡`‡ki Kvgv¶v cxV¸‡jvi Ae ’vb Mv‡iv cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k| Avwèvmx Aay wlZ MÖvg¸‡jvi †fZ‡i| †NvlMvuI, †gvRvLvjx I nvVKzj−x Kvgv¶v cxV¸‡jvv‡Z Mv‡iv, nvRs mn mKj RvwZ †Mvôxi †jvK‡ì hvZvqvZ i‡q‡Q| G QvovI Kvgv¶v †èxi APb©vq Avwèvmx nvRs †èlx©‡ìB †cŠ‡ivwnZ¨ Ki‡Z nq| G wek¦vm Mv‡iv ag©vej¤x‡ìI| Ab¨‡Kvb RvwZ‡Mvôxi †jvKRb Kvgv¶v †èxi AP©bvq †cŠiwnZ¨‡K gb —vwZ¡K fv‡e †g‡b †bq bv|

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¯’v‡bi bvgKi‡Y wn› y †è-†èx‡ì bv‡gi mv`„k¨ †g‡j| †hgb-gnv‡è, g‡nk¦ix, M‡Yk¦ix, gbmvcvov BZ¨vw`| G b`x ev ’vb¸‡jv Mv‡iv mgv‡R wn›`y a‡g©i cÖfv‡ei Bw½Z enb K‡i| A‡b‡K mgvRZË¡we` Aek¨ Gi KviY wba©viY K‡i‡Qb Ab¨ fv‡e| Zv‡ì aviYv wn› y kvmK A_v©r Rwg`vi‡ì cÖfv‡ei d‡j G b`x ev ’vb¸‡jvi bvgKiY n‡qwQj| Mv‡iv mgvR Aek¨ wn› y kvmK‡ì cÖfyZyj¨ we‡ePbv Ki‡Zv| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i cÖfy‡ì ag© wPš—v µ‡g cÖRv Mv‡iv‡ì gv‡S we¯—vi jvf K‡iwQj| G mKj Kvi‡YB nqZ wn›`y ag©xq ms¯‹…wZ Mv‡iv‡ì g‡bvRM‡Z cÖfve †d‡jwQj| Kvjµ‡g Zv‡ì gv‡S we —vi jvf K‡iwQj wn›`y a‡g©i cÖfve| ax‡i ax‡i Mv‡iv‡ì GKvsk Zv‡ì wbR¯^ ag©xq êwkó¨ nviv‡Z ïi“ K‡i| Zviv Zv‡ì RvwZi bvg cwieZ©b Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i| bvg cwieZ©‡bi welqwU m¤ú‡K© K¨v‡Þb DBwjqgmb g~jëvb Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i wQ‡jb| hv wQj Zvi cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z wM‡q Mv‡iv cvnvo AÂ‡j emev‡mi AwfÁZv| wZwb D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb-ÒcÖvq GK kZvwã Av‡M cvnvox Mv‡iv‡ì Wvjy †Mvôx mgf~wg‡Z Av‡m I nvRs †g‡q‡ì we‡q Ki‡Z _v‡K| K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì RvZxq †cvkvK I êwkó¨ cwiZ¨vM K‡i| cvnvox Mv‡iv‡ì m‡½ Zv‡ì m¤ú‡K©i K_v A¯xKvi Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i| Kvjµ‡g Zviv Zv‡ì Avmj nvRs e‡j cwiPq w`‡Z _v‡K|

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Ewbk kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K nvRsiv wn›`yqvwbi m‡½ hy³ nq| 1860 mv‡j nvRs‡ì miKvwi cÖwZ‡e`‡b AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡qwQj wgkªMv‡iv wn‡m‡e| 1890 mv‡j G‡m nvRsiv me©cÖ_g `yM©cu~Rv ïi“ K‡i| nvRs Aay wlZ wRMvZjv MÖv‡gi †MŠoPuv` †gvo‡ji evwo‡Z †m c~Ruv AbywôZ n‡q wQj| wek kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K nw` I nvRs‡ì AvbyôvwbK fv‡e Rj-AvPiYxq Kiv nq| Kv‡j nvRsiv wb‡R‡ì wn› y‡ì ¶wÎq esk™¢~Z e‡j `vex K‡i| Wvjy‡ì 1902 mv‡j miKvwi cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡qwQj Mv‡iv‡ì wn› y fvevcbœ †MvÎ| Mv‡iviv `vex K‡i Wvjyiv Zv‡ì i“Mv Dc‡Mv‡Îi GKvsk wQj| Aek¨ Wvjyiv †m `vex cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i e‡j, Zviv gwYcyix‡ì GKvsk| 1911 mv‡ji GK cwimsL¨vb cÖwZ‡e`‡b B.wU †MBU e‡j‡QbÑMv‡iv‡ì me©Nwbó Wvjyiv eQi wÎ‡kK Av‡MI gvZ…Zvwš¿K mgvR eë ’vq cwiPvwjZ wQj| Mv‡iv cvnv‡oi KvQvKvwQ †KvP‡ì A‡bK b„-weÁbx Mv‡iv‡ì wn› y fvevcbœ ev wn› y mgvR AwfgywL †Mvôx e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Giƒc aviYvi KviY wQj nqZev Mv‡iv‡ì AvËs †Mv‡Îi fvlvi m‡½ †mB †KvP‡ì fvlvi mv`„k¨| cvkvcvwk †KvP-gv›`vB‡ì g‡a¨ eû †Mvôx ev y¸ Av‡Q hv Mv‡iv‡ì gvPs (†MvÎ), ev Pvw”P-i (Dc‡MvÎ) bv‡gi m‡½ wgj †`Lv hvq| Ewbk kZ‡KI †KvP gv›`vB‡ì bvdvK, wPwmg `y¸¸‡jvi K_v Rvbv hvq| hv Mv‡iv‡ì mgv‡RI i‡q‡Q|

GKKv‡j Mv‡iv cvnvo AÂ‡j KvPvix‡ì emevm wQj| Kv‡j ZvivI wn›`y‡ì ixwZ-bxwZ MÖnY K‡i Zv‡ì Avw` wek¦vm cwinvi K‡i‡Q| wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K KvPvix‡ì ag© cwinv‡ii welqwU b„-weÁbx‡ì †Pv‡L c‡o wQj| †m mgq Zviv gš—e¨ K‡iwQ‡jb-ÒKvPvix I Mv‡iviv g~jZ GKB RvwZ n‡jI G‡ì ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ ixwZ-bxwZi AvKvk-cvZvj cÖ‡f` i‡q‡Q| hviv wn› y‡ì ms¯ú‡k© G‡m‡Q ZvivB wn› y mgv‡Ri mvgvwRK AvPvi AvPiY, ag©vbyôvb I fvlv eû cwigv‡Y MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

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kvk¦wZKx 62

eske„w×i d‡j G‡ì RbmsL¨v GLb A‡bK nIqvi K_v| wKš‘ Avgiv gaycyi M‡oi RjQÎ I MvQvevwo MÖv‡g gvÎ K‡qKwU êòe fvev`‡k©i wn› y cwiev‡ii mÜvb cvB| ’vbxqfv‡e Giv ¸i“mË¡ bv‡g L¨vZ| msL¨vq Giv cÖvq wZbÔk| GLb cÖkœ `vuovq Mv‡iv cvnvo AÂ‡ji D‡j−L‡hvM¨ msL¨K Mv‡iv wn›`yiv GLb †Kv_vq? Gi mwVK DËi Avgv‡ì Rvbv †bB| Z‡e Avgv‡ì aviYv nqZev Giv †cÖ‡ZvcvmK‡ì `‡j wd‡i †M‡Q| bv nq wLªóag© MÖnb K‡i wLªóvb n‡q‡Q|

eûKvj c~e© †_‡KB Mv‡iv Rb‡Mvôx wn›`y mgv‡Ri KvQvKvwQ Ae¯’vb †bq| G‡Z Mv‡iv mgv‡Ri cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I e¨w³MZ RxebvPv‡i wn› y‡ì RxebvPvi msµwgZ n‡q c‡o| †mB msµg‡Y wn›`y mgv‡Ri A‡bK welqvwì cÖfve co‡Z ïi“ K‡i Mv‡iv mgv‡Ri Dci| Mv‡iv mgv‡Ri wkóvPv‡i bg¯‹vi wKsev Av`ve ej‡Z wKQy †bB| Zviv mivmwi fvj-g›` Rvb‡Z Pvq (bwg `sM&vÕgv)| GLb wn› y mgvR †_‡K †bqv wkóvPv‡ii kã bg¯‹vi wKsev Av`ve Mv‡iviv eënvi K‡i _v‡K| G †¶‡Î fvlv I gvbwmKZvi welqwU wQj me©v‡MÖ| we‡kl K‡i Mv‡iv‡ì fvlvi Dci wn›`y mgv‡Ri ms¯‹…Z fvlv †ekx cÖfve we —vi K‡iwQj| G welqwU Avgiv j¶¨ Kwi Mv‡iv mgv‡Ri e¨w³ bv‡gi †ejvq| hviv Mv‡iv‡ì m½ Z¨vM K‡i wb‡R‡ì c„_K RvwZ e‡j `vex Ki‡Q, Zv‡ì †ejvq K_v †bB| Avi †h Mv‡iviv Avw` ag© wek¦vm K‡i Avm‡Q ZvivI wn› y‡ì AvPvi, AvPiY I bv‡g-`v‡g GKvKvi n‡q †M‡Q|

ms¯‹…Z fvlvi cÖfv‡ei d‡j Mv‡iv‡ì wbR¯^ fvlvi e¨w³ bvg¸‡jv µ‡g nvwi‡q †M‡Q| G nvwi‡q hvIqvi avivevwnKZv Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L aivc‡o Zviv wLªóag© MÖn‡YiI eûKvj c~e© †_‡K| M‡iv‡ì wbR¯^ k‡ãi bvg¸‡jv ¯’vb `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q ms¯‹…Z A_ev evsjv fvlvi e¨w³ bvg¸‡jv| g‡n› ª, gbx›`ª, mybxj BZ¨vw` e¨w³ bv‡gi AvwaK¨Zv| wbðqB G bvg¸‡jv Mv‡iv fvlvi bvg bq| Aek¨B G bvg¸‡jv eûj cÖPwjZ ms¯‹…Z A_ev evsjv kãRvZ| Gi eënvi evOvwj wn›`y‡ì gv‡S| ïay ZvB bq Mv‡iv‡ì Dch©y³ bvg¸‡jv eënv‡ii cvkvcvwk evOvwj wn› y‡ì Dcvwa m~PK A‡bK kãI Mv‡iviv aviY K‡i| †hgbÑhZx›`ª bv_ gvivK, gbx›`ª P›`ª mvsgv, g‡n› ª Kzgvi wiwQj BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b gbx›`ª, hZx›`ª, g‡n›`ª bvg¸‡jv ms¯‹…Z ev ms¯‹…ZRvZ evsjv kã| bv_, Kzgvi, P›`ª BZ¨vw` evOvwj wn›`y mgv‡Ri we‡kl Dcvwa| G QvovI wn›`y a‡g©i A‡bK †è-‡èxi bv‡gi m‡½I Mv‡iv‡ì bv‡gi mv „k¨ †g‡j| †hgb- `~M©vPiY gvivK, ¯i¯Zx is`x, cve©Zx ivKmvg BZ¨vw`|

e¨w³ bvg cwiev‡ii wPš—v †PZbv I gvbwmKZvi dmj| cwiev‡ii ag©xq †PZbvi cÖwZdjb| G welq¸‡jv ch©‡e¶‡Y g‡b nq, Mv‡iv mgvR AvRI Zv‡ì AZxZ †PZbvq wb‡R‡ì mg„w× AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ ‘Z bq| Zviv Zv‡ì g~jj‡¶¨ †cŠuQvi wm×vš— wb‡Z cv‡iwb| GwU GKwU RvwZi Rb¨ `ytLRbK welq| my‡Li welq Mv‡iv‡ì Zv‡ì Avw` †MvÎ wKsev Dc‡Mv‡Îi bvg¸‡jv Zv‡ì bv‡gi cvk †_‡K cwinvi K‡iwb| Mv‡iviv Zv‡ì RvwZi mg„w× AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j AZxZ‡K jvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv Mv‡iviv AZxZ mg„w×kvjx RvwZ| Zv‡ì AZxZB Zv‡ì RvwZi g~j wfZ|

kvk¦wZKx 63

Zcb evMPx evsjv hvÎv : †mKvj GKvj hvÎvMv‡bi BwZnv‡m kªx‰PZ‡bï Ae`vb‡K ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ePbv Kiv ìKvi| GB mg‡qB hvÎv Zvi †kvfvhvÎvi †Lvjm †Q‡o AvwObvq-AvwObvq Qwo‡q c‡o| Drme‡Kw›`ªK cwi‡ekbvi evB‡i hvÎv Dcw¯’Z nq kªx‰PZ‡bï mnwRqv êòag© cÖPv‡ii gva¨g wn‡m‡e| cvjvmgªvU eª‡R›`ªKzgvi †hgb e‡j‡Qb, Ô...P› ª‡kLi AvPv‡h©i evwo‡Z kªx‡MŠiv½ †hw`b A‰ØZ kªxivg wbZ¨vb›` cÖf„wZ cwil`‡ì wb‡q Ôi“w´bxniYÕ cvjvwfbq K‡iwQ‡jb, hvÎvi BwZnv‡m †m w`bwU wPi¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡e| mnRZg mvabc×wZi cÖe³v kªx‡MŠiv‡½i g‡Zv evsjvi gvwUi êwkó¨‡K †K Ggbfv‡e wP‡bwQj? wZwb Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb, nvRvi e³…Zv K‡i evsjvi gvbyl‡K hv †evSv‡bv hv‡e bv, GKevi hvÎvwfbq K‡i ZvB Kv‡bi wfZi w`qv gi‡g cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †Ìqv hvq| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †kl cv‡` fMevb kªxivgK…ò evsjvi i½gÂ‡K ab¨ K‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi mv‡o Pvi‡kv eQi Av‡M fMevb kªx‡MŠiv½ hvÎvwkí‡K K…Zv_© K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| hZ`~i Rvbv hvq, †MvivPuv‡ì GB Awfb‡qB G‡`‡k mymse× cvjvwfb‡qi m~Pbv| (eª‡R›`ªKzgvi †`, hvÎvi †mKvj GKvj, c„. 82)

eo–PÊx`vm 1500 mv‡j hLb ÔkªxK…òKxZ©bÕ iPbv K‡ib, ZLb kªx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei eqm gvÎ 14 eQi| ÔkªxK…òKxZ©‡bÕi cÖfve _vK‡jI kªx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei Zuvi MxZvwfb‡q wbR¯^ Awfbqc×wZ m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb| ms¯‹…Z fvlvq cvwÊZ¨ m‡Ë¡I wZwb ms¯‹…Z bvU‡Ki aª“c` Awfbq-c×wZ MÖnY K‡ibwb| Pvwiw`‡K `k©K‡kªvZv, gvSLv‡b Avm‡i b„Z¨, MxZ I K_vi gva¨‡g wZwb Ôi“w´bxniYÕ, ÔeªRjxjvÕ, ÔivebeaÕ cÖf„wZ cvjv cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb| †kvfvhvÎv †h hvÎv n‡q D‡V‡Q, Zv K…òRb¥hvÎvi Drme Dcj‡¶¨ ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei Awfbq †_‡KB| ÔˆPZb¨PwiÎvg„ZÕ †_‡K D×„wZ †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i

GB gZ bvbvi‡½ PvZzg©vm¨ †Mjv| K…ò-Rb¥-hvÎvq cÖfy †Mvc‡ek nBjv\ K…ò-Rb¥-hvÎv w`‡b b‡›`vg‡nvrme| †Mvc‡ek nBjv cÖfy jBqv f³ me\ [K…ò`vm KweivR, ˆPZb¨PwiZvg„Z, ga¨jxjv, 15k cwi‡”Q`]

hvÎvMv‡bi weKvk ïi“ nq Aóv`k kZvãxi gvSvgvwS mg‡q| hvÎvi DrcwË †hgb w_‡qUvi Z_v bvU‡Ki Av‡M, hvÎvi weKvkI †Zgwb bvU‡Ki Av‡MB ïi“ n‡q‡Q| ZvB bvU‡Ki Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j hvÎvi cÖm½ Gwo‡q hvIqv HwZn¨‡K A¯xKvi Kivi ch©v‡q c‡o| wKš‘ wbg©g ev —eZv GB †h, Avgv‡ì †`‡k bvUK‡Kw› ªK Av‡jvPbvi hvÎvi Dcw ’wZ Lyu‡R cvIqv y®‹i| Awfbq wkí wn‡m‡e kw³hvÎv, ivghvÎv bv_hvÎv, cvjhvÎv, ˆPZb¨hvÎv cÖf„wZ bvbvb ixwZi hvÎvi cÖPjb _vK‡jI †lvok kZ‡K kªx‰PZ‡bï cÖfv‡e Rb¥ †bqv K…òhvÎvB AwaKZi ’vqx Ges RbwcÖq nq| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½i exif~‡gi †Ku ywj MÖv‡gi Awaevmx wkïivg AwaKvix K…òhvÎv‡K wkím¤§Zfv‡e cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z D‡`¨vMx nb| wZwb ÔKvjxq`gbhvÎvÕi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| K…òjxjvi Kvjxq`gb c‡e©i Awfbq RbwcÖq n‡Z _vKvq ÔK…òhvÎvÕ ZLb ÔKvjxq`gbhvÎvÕ bv‡gB cwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡K|

kvk¦wZKx 64

wkïivg AwaKvix behvÎvi cÖeZ©K| wkïivg AwaKvixi wkl¨, exif~g †Rjvi ivgevwU MÖv‡gi cigvb›` AwaKvix (1733-1823) hvÎvMv‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri cÖwZfvi weKvk NUvb| wZwb hvÎvq m½x‡Zi cvkvcvwk M`¨msjv‡ci cÖeZ©b K‡ib| ÔKvjxq`gbhvÎvÕi L¨vwZjvfKvix kªx`vg`vm AwaKvix I myej AwaKvix bv‡gi yBfvB‡K GB hvÎvi †kl cÖwZwbwa we‡ePbv Kiv nq| ÔKvjxq`gbhvÎvÕ Gici ÔK…òhvÎvÕ bv‡gB cwiwPwZ AR©b K‡i| Aóv`k kZvãxi †klfv‡M fviZP› ª ivq¸YvK‡ii (1712-1760) ÔAbœ vg½jÕ Kv‡eï Kvwnbx Aej¤‡b iwPZ Ôwe`¨vmy›ìÕ hvÎv †ek RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V| Gi c‡i Av‡mb †jvPb AwaKvix| wZwb ÔAµzi msev`Õ I ÔwbgvB mbœ vmÕ cvjv cwi‡ekb K‡i myL¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| ûMjx †Rjvi wRivU MÖv‡gi e`b AwaKvix wQ‡jb cigvb›` AwaKvixi wkl¨| wZwb ÔKvjxq`gbÕ cvjv MvB‡Zb| c‡i wZwb wb‡R `j MVb K‡ib Ges ÔgvbÕ, Ô`vbÕ I Ôgv_yiÕ cvjv †M‡q we‡kl L¨vwZi AwaKvix nb| Gici ûMjx †Rjvi Rvnv½xicvovi †Mvwe›` AwaKvix (1205-1277) hvÎvq †MvUv e½‡`k Ry‡oB RbwcÖq n‡q I‡Vb| Zuvi iwPZ I cwi‡ewkZ K…òhvÎv¸‡jv nj ÔKj¼fÄbÕ, ÔgvbfÄbÕ, ÔmyejwgjbÕ, Ô†hvwMwgjbÕ, ÔcÖfvmwgjbÕ, ÔbbxPzwiÕ, Ô†MvôwenviÕ, Ôgy³jZvejxÕ, ÔK…òKvjxÕ, Ô`vbjxjv ev †bŠKvwenviÕ, ÔAµzi msev`Õ, ÔAóKvjxq wbZ¨jxjvÕ cÖf„wZ| Gici ea©gvb †Rjvi Kuv‡Uvqv wbevmx cxZv¤i AwaKvix Ges weµgcy‡ii KvjvPuv` cvj K…òhvÎvi GB cÖengvb aviv A¶zYœ iv‡Lb|

Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z cwðwg auv‡Pi w_‡qUv‡ii cÖPjb n‡j AwfbqwcÖq gvby‡liv †mB w`‡K Suy‡K c‡o| c¶vš—‡i Awkw¶Z Avi Aíwkw¶Z‡ì nv‡Z c‡o hvÎv i“wP I cwi‡ekbvi w`K w`‡q µgvebwZi w`‡K avweZ n‡Z _vKj| Gmg‡q Ôm‡Li hvÎvÕi cÖPjbI evo‡Z _v‡K| Ôwe`¨vmy›`‡iÕi cvkvcvwk ÔKwjivRvi hvÎvÕ ZLb cwi‡ewkZ nZ|

†Mvwe›` AwaKvixi mgmvgwqK hvÎvIqvjv K…òKgj †Mv¯vgx (1810-1888) hvÎvi HwZn¨ cybi“×v‡i eªZx nb| 1860 mv‡j Zuvi iwPZ Ô¯cœwejvmÕ I Ôw`‡e¨vb¥v`Õ cvjvi gva¨‡g hvÎv bZzb cÖvY cvq| ZrKvjxb c~e©e½ A_©vr eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k f~L‡ÊB wQj Zuvi cvjv cwi‡ek‡bi AÂj| Zuvi iwPZ cvjv ywU 1872 I 1873 mv‡j XvKv †_‡KB MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| K…òKg‡ji hvÎvcvjvB hvÎvmvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gyw`ªZ `wjj| Gici 1874 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq Zuvi ÔwewPÎwejvmÕ hvÎvcvjv|

ü`qbv_ gRyg`vi ÔmxZvi ebevmÕ‡K XvKvi cÖ_g hvÎv AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wewkó Jcb¨vwmK, M‡elK I ivRbxwZwe` m‡Z¨b †mb (1907-1981) G‡K bvUK wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv Ô¯^cœwejvmÕ-Gi Av‡M AwfbxZ n‡qwQj e‡j AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| m‡Z¨b †mb ÔmxZvi ebevmÕ‡K Ewbk kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M cwi‡ewkZ bvUK wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ GwU hw` Ô¯^cœwejvmÕ-Gi Av‡M AwfbxZ nq Zvn‡j Gi AwfbqKvj 1860 mv‡ji Av‡M nIqvB ¯vfvweK| KviY G mg‡q K…òKgj †Mv¯vgxi Ô¯cœwejvmÕ bv‡gi hvÎvcvjv iwPZ I AwfbxZ nIqvi cÖgvY cvIqv †M‡Q| ZvQvov ÔmxZvi ebevmÕ w_‡qUvig‡Â Awf‡bq bvUK g‡b bv K‡i hvÎvg‡Â Awf‡bq cvjv g‡b KivB m½Z| KviY GwU cÖZ¨š— MÖv‡gi †Lvjv g‡Â A_©vr hvÎvg‡Â AwfbxZ nIqvi Dc‡hvMx| evOvwj mgvR, fvlv I mvwn‡Zï AMÖYx cyi“l Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi (1820-1891) GB ÔmxZvi ebevmÕ-Gi KvwnbxKvi wn‡m‡e hvÎvi BwZnv‡mI ¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡eb|

kvk¦wZKx 65

XvKvq K…òKg‡ji hvÎvcvjvi Av‡iv msev` Rvbv hvq Av‡jKRvÛvi d‡e©m m¤úvw`Z w` †e½j UvBgm cwÎKvi wPwVcÎ Kjv‡g| 1887 mv‡j †jLv Ôw_‡qwUªK¨vjÕ wk‡ivbv‡gi GB wPwV‡Z cÖvq 12 eQi Av‡Mi A_©vr 1875 mv‡j AbywôZ K…òKg‡ji hvÎvcvjvi D‡j−L i‡q‡Q| GB wPwV‡Z bevecyi †Kv¤úvwb bv‡g GKwU w_‡qwUªK¨vj hvÎv †Kv¤úvwbi Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| GB `‡ji RbwcÖq cÖ‡hvRbv wQj ÔkKzš—jv MxZvwfbqÕ I ÔDËi ivgPwiZÕ bv‡gi ywU cvjv| w_‡qwUªK¨vj †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi cwi‡ekbv wQj hvÎv I w_‡qUv‡ii wgkªY| G ai‡bi cwi‡ekbv wQj †e½j µvDb w_‡qUv‡ii Ôjvqjv I gRbyÕ, ÔivRv evnv yiÕ Ges Ôgxiv evCÕ|

XvKvi evB‡i cÖ_g bvU¨vwfbq AbywôZ nq ewikv‡j| yM©v`vm Ki iwPZ Ô¯^Y©k„•LjÕ (1863) bvUKwU cÖKvk K‡ib e„›`vebP› ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| ivRKzgvi `Ë wQ‡jb Gi GKRb cÖavb Awf‡bZv| ÔXvKv cÖKvkÕ cÖwÎKvq Ôewikv‡j bvUKvwfbqÕ wk‡ivbv‡g †h msev` cÖKvwkZ nq Zv‡Z cÖm½µ‡g hvÎvi D‡j−L cvIqv hvq| G †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, ¯Y©k„•L‡ji Av‡MI ÔAmvi bvU¨wµqvÕ Ges ÔhvÎvMvbÕ cÖPwjZ wQj| ÔXvKv cÖKvkÕ GB ai‡bi Awfb‡qi e`‡j Ô¯^Y©k„•LjÕ-Gi g‡Zv iwPkxj bvU‡Ki Awfb‡qi e¨vcv‡i DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| G‡Z hvÎvi cÖwZ weiƒc g‡bvfve cÖKvk †c‡jI Gi Aw¯—Z¡ I engvbZv‡K A¯xKvi Kiv nqwb| Gici Avgiv ÔMÖvgevË©vcÖKvwkKvÕ cwÎKvqI hvÎvbyôv‡bi Lei cvB| Ôivgvwf‡lKÕ bv‡gi †h bvU‡Ki K_v GLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q Zv h‡kvi wbevmx cÖL¨vZ bvU¨Kvi gb‡gvnb emy (1831-1912) iPbv K‡ib 1867 mv‡j| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j AwfbxZ n‡q‡Q| ÔMÖvgevË©vcÖKvwkKvÕi cÖwZ‡e`‡b Avgiv ÔKb¨vweµqÕ bv‡gi GKwU MxZvwfb‡qi weeiY cvB| GwU hvÎviB bvgvš—i|

†mKv‡ji MÖv‡gi A ’vqx g‡Â AwfbxZ welq‡K bvUK ejv n‡jI Avm‡j Zv hvÎv e‡jB cÖZxqgvb| G mgq ÔMÖvgevË©vcÖKvwkKvÕq avivevwnK cÖKvwkZ KvOvj nwibv_ gRyg`vi iwPZ ÔmvweÎx bvwUKvÕ cvebvq eªRjvj miKv‡ii evwo‡Z gÂ ’ n‡qwQj| c‡i GB bvUKwU MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| GwU w_‡qUv‡ii cvkvcvwk hvÎvg‡Â Awfbq-Dc‡hvMx cvjv|

1883 mv‡j XvKvi eªvþmgv‡Ri AvevwmK GjvKv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ weavbcj−x‡Z A_©vr eZ©gv‡b wbgZjxi KvQvKvwQ †KvbI ¯’v‡b ÔavivZ‡j ¯M©avgÕ bv‡g GKwU hvÎvcvjvi Av‡qvRb nq| e½P› ª ivq m¤úvw`Z Ôe½eÜzÕ cwÎKvq †jLv nq, ÔAwfb‡qi e¨vcviUv AwZ my›ì RgvU nBqv Avwm‡ZwQj Ggb mgq K‡qKUx gymjgvb åvZv Ab¨vqiƒ‡c †PuPvBqv mfv f½ Kwiqv †`qÕ| ÔaivZ‡j ¯M©avgÕ †h hvÎvcvjv Zv †evSv hvq Gi Awfbqïi“i mgq we‡ePbv Ki‡j| hvÎv †h gaïv‡Z ïi“ n‡q mvivivZ a‡i P‡j, †m †iIqvR GLbI i‡q‡Q| Z‡e †m mg‡q yBkZ wU‡KU wewµ nIqv wbtm‡›`‡n D‡j−L‡hvM¨ NUbv|

1888 mv‡j ivRkvnx kn‡i hvÎvbyôv‡bi Lei cvIqv hvq| ’vbxq w_‡qUv‡ii †P‡q hvÎvi cÖwZ gvby‡li AvKl©‡Yi ZxeªZv Ges mvsevw`‡Ki Av‡¶c Rvbv hvq †mB mg‡q ivRkvnxi †evqvwjqv †_‡K kªxbv_ ivq m¤úvw`Z cÖKvwkZ Ôwn› yiwÄKvÕi ’vbxq msev` Kjvg †_‡K

†mw`b GK`j hvÎv Avwmqv kn‡ii cÖvq 300 kZvwaK [3kÕ] UvKv †kvlY Kwiqv‡QhvÎvwU wKš‘ cÙcyiv‡Yi †kªYxi A_P ’vbxq GKwU w_‡qUv‡ii w`‡K †Kn GKevi Pvwnqv †`‡Lb bv; ’vbxq †jv‡Ki GKUz hZœ nB‡j w_‡qUviwUi h‡_ó

kvk¦wZKx 66

DbœwZ nB‡Z cv‡i Ges †jv‡Ki wb‡Ï©vl Av‡gv` jv‡fi GKwU cÖmªeY Db¥y³ nq; wKš‘ `yt‡Li welq †mw`‡K KvnviI P¶z hvq bv| G‡KB e‡j ÔgwY jyÉwZ cv‡`b Kv‡h© wkiwm avh© ‡ZÕ| [D×„wZ : gybZvmxi gvgyb, Ewbk kZ‡K evsjv‡`‡ki msev` mvgwqKcÎ, cÂg LÊ, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, 1993, c„. 126]

Ak−xjZvi AbycÖ‡ek m‡Ë¡I hvÎvi e¨vcK cÖPjb wQj Dbwesk kZvãxi kyi“ †_‡KB| Gmgq hvÎvq AwaKvix, m~Îavi, msMxZ, ev`¨, ÔGKv‡bÕ evj‡Ki Mvb, †KŠZzK cÖf„wZ Dcv`vb mwµq wQj| Kwe Ck¦iP› ª ¸ß (1812-1859) Zuvi Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ (1858) cwÎKvq hvÎvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i A‡bK wbeÜ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|

Avevi ÔGZ‡Ïkxq meŸ©mvaviY e¨w³i cÖwZ webqc~eŸ©K wb‡e`bÕ kxl©K iPbvi gva¨‡g wZwb cÖvPxb KweMvb I KweIqvjvi RxebZ_¨ †cªi‡Yi †h AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zv‡Z ÔmsKxË©b I Xc I Kvjxq`gb hvÎvi m„wóKË©vw`‡Mi RxebPwiZ I c`vejxÕ msMÖ‡ni welqwUI Aš—f©y³ wQj| hvÎv wb‡q wZwb KweZvI iPbv Kwiqv‡Qb| Zuvi GKwU KweZvq Avgiv hvÎvi wKQy êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvwi| Kwe GLv‡b e‡j‡Qb †h, hvÎvq m~Îai _v‡K, ev`¨Ki _v‡K, m½xZwkíx _v‡K, i½gÂ _v‡K, Awf‡bZv (fuvo) _v‡K| Z‡e AwaKvixi GK”QÎ wb‡ ©‡kB mK‡j KvR K‡i _v‡K| Kwe Ck¦iP› ª¸‡ßi fvlvq

Kwi‡Q mKj m~Î n‡q m~Îai\ Rjai ev`¨Ki ev`¨ K‡i KZ| mgxiY m½xZ Kwi‡Q AweiZ\ QqKv‡j QqKvj nq Qqiƒc| i½f~‡g i½ K‡i fuv‡oi ¯iƒc\ AwaKvix GKgvÎ AwLj cvjK| Avgiv mK‡j Zvi hvÎvi evjK\ [gvqv]

Dwbk kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M ewikvj, dwi`cyi, gqgbwmsn I h‡kvi AÂ‡j hvÎvMv‡bi A‡bK `j wQj| cÖL¨vZ hvÎvbU m~h© `Ë GK mv¶vrKv‡i e‡j‡Qb Ôg~jZ `‡ji cÖavb Kvh©vjq wQ‡jv †bŠ‡Kv| wekvj †bŠ‡Kv†hb GKUv †MvUv evwo| †bŠ‡Kv¸‡jv GZ cwiwPZ wQj †h, †`‡LB ejv †hZ, †Kvb `‡ji †KvbwU| eQ‡ii 7/8 gvm IB wQj hvÎvwkíx‡ì Nievwo| GK †gvKvg †_‡K Avi GK †gvKv‡gi c‡_ b`xe‡¶, †bŠKv‡ZB PjZ winv‡m©j, Mvb-evRbv|Õ (m~Îavi, ÔkZvãxi hvÎvMvbÕ, †`k we‡bv`b msL¨v, KjKvZv, 1375, c„. 1003)

cÂ`k kZ‡K Rb¥ †bqv hvÎv Aóv`k kZ‡K e¨vcK cÖmvi jvf K‡i| †MvUv Dwbk kZK Ry‡o Zvi mgvì wQj| wek kZ‡K G‡m GwU †Kej we‡bv`b bq mgvRe`‡ji nvwZqviI n‡q D‡VwQj| we‡kl K‡i gyKz›` `v‡mi bvg GLv‡b D‡j−K Ki‡Z nq| ¯‡`wk Av‡›`vj‡b wZwb hvÎvi gva¨‡g RbgZ MV‡b f~wgKv iv‡Lb| Gici hvÎvi evwYwR¨KxKiY N‡U| wKš‘ cÖhyw³i cÖfve Ges Pvwc‡q †`qv Acms¯‹…wZi Kvi‡Y hvÎvi AMÖhvÎv w ’wgZ n‡q c‡o‡Q| wKš‘ c„ô‡cvlKZv †c‡j cÖvPxb GB wkígva¨gwU mbvZb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g wn‡m‡e †Kej we‡bv`‡bi bq Dbœq‡bi †¶‡ÎI f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|

kvk¦wZKx 67

hvÎvi GKvj evsjv‡`‡k hvÎv`‡ji h_vh_ cwimsL¨vb †bB| evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxi Kv‡QI G e¨vcv‡i †KvbI Z_¨ †bB| evsjv‡`k hvÎvwkí Dbœqb cwil`, hvÎv cvjvKvi cwil` cÖf„wZ msMVbI hvÎv`‡ji †KvbI wnmve iv‡Lwb| hvÎvmgªvU Ag‡j›`y wek¦vm Ôevsjv‡`‡k AvbygvwbK cÂvkwU hvÎv`j I GKkwU nvd-hvÎv ev †NUzhvÎv`j wg‡j me©‡gvU 150wU hvÎv`j i‡q‡QÕ e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| (Ag‡j›`y wek¦vm, evsjv‡`‡ki hvÎvwkí, kªveY cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2003, c„. 37)

†¶Îmgx¶v Ges msev`cÎ-mvgwqKc‡Î cÖKvwkZ msev` I cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K †MvUv wek kZ‡K Rb¥ †bIqv 215wU hvÎv`j‡K Avgiv `kKIqvwi fvM K‡i †`‡LwQ †h, Avgv‡ì ¯vaxbZvcÖvwßi AeëwnZ c‡ii `k‡K A_©vr 1971-1980 Kvjc‡e© 76wU hvÎv`j MwVZ n‡q‡Q| Gi c‡ii Ae ’v‡b _vKv beg `k‡K A_©vr 1981-1990 Kvjc‡e© bZzb hvÎv`‡ji msL¨v 63wU| kZvãxi †kl `k‡K (1991-2000) Rb¥ †bIqv hvÎv`‡ji msL¨v 37| Z‡e 2000 mv‡ji c‡i Avi †Kv‡bv `j MwVZ nqwb|

kZvãxi ïi“i `k‡Ki c‡i hvÎv`‡ji msL¨v n«vm †c‡q‡Q| 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i c‡i ¯vaxb evsjv‡`‡k hvÎv`‡ji msL¨v D‡j−L‡hvM¨ msL¨vq †e‡o hvq| Zvic‡i Av‡ — Av‡ — Kg‡Z ïi“ K‡i| bZzb kZ‡K G‡m hvÎvi hvÎvc_ i“× n‡Z e‡m‡Q|

hvÎv`‡j bvix-AwaKvix åvg¨gvY hvÎv`‡j bvix-cyi“l mw¤§wjZ Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K| Awfbq Qvov b„Z¨ I msMx‡Zi Rb¨ bvixwkíxi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Z‡e hvÎvwkí GKwU SuywKc~Y© †ckv m‡Ë¡I 16 Rb bvix hvÎv`j cwiPvjbvq GwM‡q G‡m‡Qb, GwU GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ AR©b| Z‡e G‡ì †KD †KD ¯vgxi g„Zz i c‡i `‡ji nvj a‡i‡Qb, †KD ¯vgxi m‡½ †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv MÖnY K‡i‡Qb, Avevi †KD GKK †hvM¨Zv wePv‡iI hvÎv `‡ji AwaKvix n‡q‡Qb| ¯vaxbZvi Av‡M gvÎ GKRb bvix‡K Avgiv AwaKvix wn‡m‡e †`wL| 15 Rb bvixB G‡m‡Qb ¯vaxbZvi c‡i| hvÎvwk‡íi AwaKvix ch©v‡q bvixi GB AskMÖnY wbtm‡›`‡n Zvrch©c~Y©|

hvÎvwkíxi ivóªxq ¯xK…wZ PviwYK bvU¨‡Mvôxi cÖvYcyi“l Ag‡j›`y wek¦vm| wZwb evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx Av‡qvwRZ hvÎv-Drm‡e yBevi †kªô Awf‡bZvi cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| GQvov hvÎvwk‡í Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb GKz‡k c`K (1989) jvf K‡ib| GwU hvÎvwk‡íi Rb¨ GKwU eo AR©b e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|

gwy³hy× wb‡q hvÎvcvjv evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× wb‡q cwðge‡½ hvÎv †jLv n‡q‡Q, †ckv`vi g‡Â AwfbxZ n‡q‡Q| GKvËi mv‡ji c‡iI G mKj cvjv wewfbœ hvÎv`j Avmi ’ K‡i| cvjvKvi mZ¨cÖKvk `‡Ëi cvjv ev‡` evsjv‡`‡k †h AviI †h bqwU cvjvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zvi g‡a¨ cvjvKvi cwi‡Zvl eªþPvix, Kweqvj wewcb miKvi Ges Awf‡bÎx †R¨vrmœv wek¦vm iwPZ cvjv wZbwU gvbm¤úbœ| bM‡ii wkw¶Z I m‡PZb bvU¨Kvi‡ì nv‡Z GLbI e½eÜzi mivmwi Rxeb wb‡q BwZnvm-wm× bvUK iwPZ nqwb| A_P mvaviY gvby‡li hvÎvg‡Âi R‡b¨

kvk¦wZKx 68

Avgv‡ì gnvb gyw³hy×‡K wb‡q D‡j−L‡hvM¨ msL¨K cvjv iwPZ I AwfbxZ n‡q‡Q| hvÎvcvjvKvi I wkíx‡ì GB mg‡eZ cÖ‡Póv cÖksmvi `vwe`vi| ïay gyw³hy× bq, RvwZi RbK e½eÜzi RxebwfwËK cvjv iPbv mvn‡mi cwiPqevnx| gyw³hy‡×i Ab¨Zg bvqK ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g‡ì PwiÎI dz‡U D‡V‡Q wbivc` gÊ‡ji Ôgyw³‡dŠRÕ cvjvq| AvUwU cvjvq G‡m‡Q mivmwi gywR‡ei bvg| wZbwU cvjvi bv‡g Ôe½eÜzÕ kãwU G‡m‡Q| gb¥_ iv‡qi cvjvwU w_‡qUv‡ii R‡b¨ iwPZ n‡jI hvÎvg‡Â GwU M„nxZ n‡qwQj| cuPvËi mv‡ji c‡i †kL gywR‡ei RxebwfwËK cvjv¸‡jv †ckv`vi `‡j AwfbxZ n‡”Q bv| BwZnv‡mi GB †MŠi‡ei Aa¨vq wb‡q G hver †gvU 18wU cvjv iwPZ I gÂ ’ n‡q‡Q| mKj cvjv GL‡bv MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nqwb|

w`wM›`ªP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ Ô yiš— cÙvÕ cvjvwU evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ| 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy×PjvKv‡j cvjvwU iwPZ nq| AvM÷ gv‡m GwU iPbv m¤úbœ nq Ges wW‡m¤i gv‡m GwU KjKvZv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| fviZxq MY-ms¯‹…wZ msN GwU cÖ_g g‡Â Av‡b| GB cvjvwU Ô†mvwf‡qZ †`k †b‡ni“ cyi¯‹viÕ jvf K‡i|

gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q Av‡iKwU hvÎvcvjv †ek Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i| wbivc` gÊj iwPZ GB hvÎvcvjvi bvg Ôgyw³‡dŠRÕ| cvjvKvi G‡K ÔRqevsjvi BwZnvmÕ bv‡g AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| cwðge‡½i `yM©vcy‡ii UvDbwkc M¨v‡iR gq`v‡b 1971 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡ii gvSvgvwS mg‡q (2 Avwk¦b 1378) †Lqvjx bvU¨mgvR GB cvjvwU gÂvqb K‡i|

evsjv‡`‡ki hy‡×i Kvwnbx Ges RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Rxeb I ivRbxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i mZ¨cÖKvk `Ë iPbv K‡ib Ôe½eÜz gywReyiÕ bv‡gi hvÎvcvjv| 1971 mv‡j †jLv Drcj `‡Ëi ÔRqevsjvÕ gyw³hy‡×i mgq †jvKbvU¨ hvÎv`j gÂ¯’ K‡i| Qwe e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ôe½eÜz WvKÕ bv‡g GKwU hvÎvcvjv iPbv K‡ib| ÔmvZ †KvwUi gywReÕ cvjvwU RbwcÖq n‡qwQj, Z‡e Gi iPwqZvi bvg Rvbv hvqwb| Ôe½eÜz †kL gywReÕ cvjvwU 1996 mv‡j Rqevsjv mvs¯‹…wZK HK¨‡Rv‡Ui Avgš¿‡Y B›`ªmfv A‡civ XvKvi g‡Â Awfbq K‡i| e½eÜz Pwi‡Î Awfbq K‡ib cvjvKvi I wb‡`©kK g„Yvj Ki wb‡RB| cwi‡Zvl eªþPvixi Ôb`xi bvg gaygwZÕ Zzlvi A‡civi gva¨‡g AwfbxZ nq| †R¨vrmœv wek¦v‡mi Ôi³mœvZ GKvËiÕ cvjvwU XvKvi g‡Â 17 evi AwfbxZ n‡q‡Q| GgG gwR` Avgv‡ì gyw³hy‡×i †cÖ¶vc‡U Ô†mvbvi evsjvÕ bv‡g GKwU cvjv iPbv K‡ib e‡j `vwe K‡ib| GQvov w`jxc miKv‡ii Ôevsjvi weRqÕ Ges bRi“j Bmjvg mvRyi Ôevsjvi gyw³Õ hvÎvg‡Â Awfb‡qi Dc‡hvMx K‡iI iwPZ n‡jI wkíg~j¨wePv‡ii G¸‡jv gvbm¤úbœ bq| Z‡e bovBj †Rjvi Kvjbv MÖv‡gi Kweqvj wewcb miKv‡ii †jLv Ôgyw³‡mbvÕ bv‡gi cvjvwU gv¸ivi ˆPZvjx A‡civq h‡ki m‡½ AwfbxZ nq| MÖvg¨ Kweqv‡ji GB cvjvwU Zvrch©c~Y©|

Avgv‡ì w_‡qUvi Z_v bvMwiK bvU¨mgvR hv cv‡iwb, hvÎv Zv †c‡i‡Q| gyw³hy×, e½eÜz †Zv e‡UB ÔwnUjviÕ, Ô†jwbbÕ, Ô†nv-wP wgbÕ cvjv hvÎvq G‡m‡Q| G Kvi‡YB bvU¨M‡elK cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯vgx e‡j‡Qb †h, ÔeZ©gv‡b A_©vr mËi `k‡K Aek¨ HwZnvwmK hvÎvcvjv welqe ‘i w`K †_‡K w_‡qUv‡ii bvUK‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j G‡m‡Q ej‡jB nqÕ (cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯vgx, †`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK evsjv bvUK, cy —K wecYx, KjKvZv,

kvk¦wZKx 69

1979, c„. 306) Ag‡j› y wek¦v‡mi g‡Zv gw³gvb Awf‡bZvi Rb¥ n‡qwQj e‡jB GB ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK PwiÎ MÖvgevsjvi gvby‡liv Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki hvÎv cvjvKvi msKU Awef³ evsjvq K…òKgj †Mv¯vgx, g‡bv‡gvnb emy, KvOvj nwibv_ gRyg`vi, gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, A‡Nvibv_ Kve¨Zx_©, bdiDwÏb, gb¥_ ivq, eª‡R›`ªKzgvi †`, wR‡Z›`ªbv_ emvK, mZ¨cÖKvk `Ë, wbg©j gy‡Lvcva¨vq cÖgyL cvjvKvi Avgv‡ì hvÎvgÂ‡K mPj †i‡L‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki eª‡R›`ªKzgvi †`, wR‡Z›`ªbv_ emvK, mZ¨cÖKvk `Ë, wbg©j gy‡Lvcva¨vq cÖgyL cvjvKvi cwðge‡½ †_‡K cvjv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡ì kixqZcy‡i Rb¥MÖnYKvix eª‡R›`ªKzgvi †` †kªô cvjvKvi wn‡m‡e m¤§wbZ| wKš‘ 1947-Gi †`kwefv‡Mi c‡i D‡j−L‡hvM¨ †KvbI cvjvKvi evsjv‡`‡k cvIqv hvqwb| ¯vaxbZv-DËi evsjv‡`‡k msjvccÖavb cvjv wj‡L cwi‡Zvl eªþPvix Ges MxZcÖavb cvjv wj‡L gv÷vi †m‡K›`vi Avjx mybvg AR©b K‡i‡Qb| GB yBRb ev‡` GB mg‡q Avi †KvbI †ckv`vi †gŠwjK I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cvjvKvi G‡`‡k Lyu‡R cvIqv KóKi| evsjv‡`kx cvjv wb‡q evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx GKevi hvÎv Drme Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj| wKš‘ cwi‡Zvl eªþPvix Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv cvjvKv‡ii cvjv gvbm¤§Z we‡ewPZ bv nIqvq IB Drm‡ei Av‡qvRb ’wMZ ivL‡Z nq|

Z‡e cwðe‡½i cvjv‡K bKj K‡i †jLv †ek wKQy cvjv Avgv‡ì evRv‡i cvIqv hvq| bKj cvjv¸‡jvI †KvbI †KvbI `j Avmi ’ K‡i Pj‡Q| Z‡e hvÎvmgªvU Ag‡j›`y wek¦vm †`kxq cvjv gÂvq‡bi Dci ¸i“Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb| †`‡ki L¨vwZgvb bvU¨Kvi‡ì‡KI wZwb Aby‡iva K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Aby‡iv‡a mvov w`‡q GwM‡q G‡mwQ‡jb gvgybyi ikx`, bvRgyj Avjg, b‡ib wek¦vm cÖgyL| Zuv‡ì bvUK‡KB Zuviv †Lvjvg‡Â Awfb‡qi Dc‡hvMx K‡i iƒcvš—i Kwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki MxZcÖavb hvÎv`‡ji Pvwn`v c~i‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki cvjvKviM‡Yi Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|

RvZxq hvÎv-Drme evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx Av‡qvwRZ cuvPwU hvÎv-Drm‡ei Av‡qvRb K‡i| hvÎvwk‡íi Rb¨ GwU eo ai‡bi AR©b| †kªô `j, †kªô Awf‡bZv-Awf‡bÎx g‡bvb‡qi gva¨‡g wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxi KvQ †_‡K hvÎvwkí‡K cÖvwZôvwbK ¯xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q e‡j a‡i †bqv hvq| 1979 mv‡j 15wU, 1980 mv‡j 28wU, 1981 mv‡j 3wU, 1993 mv‡j 15wU Ges 1995 mv‡j 14wU hvÎv`‡ji AskMn‡Yi Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| 1981 mv‡j †Kej †`kx cvjvKvi‡ì cvjv wb‡q Drme Av‡qvRb Kivq D‡j−L‡hvM¨ gvÎ 3wU `j mvov w`‡qwQj e‡j G Drme mdj nqwb| `vqmvivfv‡e DrmewU wZbw`b Pj‡jI †KvbI ¯§iwYKvI cÖKvwkZ nqwb| PviwU Drm‡e †ek wKQy `j GKvwaKevi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM jvf K‡i|

1979 mv‡j PviwYK bvU¨‡Mvôxi Ag‡j›`y wek¦vm ÔgvB‡Kj gaym~ bÕ cvjvi bvgf~wgKvi R‡b¨ †kªô Awf‡bZvi cyi¯‹vi cvb| 1 bs `xcvwj A‡civ 1979 mv‡j Ôwe`~lx fvh©vÕ cvjvq B›`ªvbx Pwi‡Î Awfb‡qi R‡b¨ keix `vk¸ßv GB `‡ji c¶ †_‡K †kªô Awf‡bÎxi cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| eveyj A‡civ 1979 mv‡ji RvZxq hvÎv Drm‡ei †kªô `j g‡bvbxZ nq| GB `‡ji ÔMwj †_‡K ivRc_Õ cvjvq fek¼ix Pwi‡Îi R‡b¨ Rvnvbviv †eMg

kvk¦wZKx 70

Ges wkebv_ Pwi‡Îi R‡b¨ GgG nvwg` cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| `xcvwj A‡civi bvwqKv KwYKv cvj 1979 mv‡j ÔAvwg gv n‡Z PvB cvjvÕ-i gaykªx Pwi‡Îi R‡b¨ RvZxq hvÎv Drm‡e cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| 1979 mv‡ji MxZvÄwj A‡civi cÖZvcvw`Z¨ `Ë ÔG c„w_ex UvKvi †MvjvgÕ cvjvq cwZZcveb Pwi‡Î Awfb‡qi R‡b¨ cyi¯‹„Z nb| 1980 mv‡j Ag‡j› y wek¦vm ÔRv‡bvqviÕ cvjvq AiY¨ †m‡bi f~wgKvq Awfb‡qi Rb¨ Avevi †kªô Awf‡bZvi cyi¯‹vi cvb|

A‡kvKKzgvi †Nvl ÔM½v-cyÎ fx®§Õ cvjvq Ôfx®§Õ Pwi‡Î Awfbq K‡i 1995 mv‡ji Drm‡eI cyi¯‹…Z nb| GKB cvjvq A¤v PwiÎ iƒcvq‡Yi R‡b¨ †kªô Awf‡bÎxi cyi¯‹vi cvb P›`ªv e¨vbvwR©| `‡ji msMxZ-cwiPvjK Kg‡jk mvnv G Drm‡e †kªô msMxZ-cwiPvj‡Ki Ges ciïivg Pwi‡Îi R‡b¨ wbg©j nvj`viI cyi¯‹vi cvb|

iƒcvÄwj bvU¨ms ’v `‡ji cvjv-wb‡`©kK wgjbKvwš— †` 1992-93 mv‡ji RvZxq hvÎv Drm‡e ÔhvÎv-e¨w³Z¡Õ wn‡m‡e we‡kl m¤§vb jvf K‡ib| MxZvÄwj A‡civi we‡eK Pwi‡Îi Awf‡bZv gnx‡Zvl wek¦vm 1993 mv‡j RvZxq hvÎv Drm‡e †kªô KÉwkíx wn‡m‡e cyi¯‹…Z nb cÖwZgv A‡civ 1993 mv‡j RvZxq hvÎv Drm‡e †kªô `j wn‡m‡e cyi¯‹…Z nq| GB `‡ji ÔRvwjg wms‡ni gvVÕ cvjvq A‡kvKKzgvi †Nvl †kªô wb‡ ©kK Ges wØZxq †kªô Awf‡bZv wn‡m‡e cyi¯‹…Z nb|

1995 mv‡ji RvZxq hvÎv Drm‡e †kªô wkïwkíx I †kªô b„Z¨wkíx wbe©vwPZ nq RbZv hvÎv BDwbU †_‡K| wbD M‡Yk A‡civ 1995 mv‡ji RvZxq hvÎv Drm‡e †kªô `‡ji wk‡ivcv jvf K‡i| Ô†èx myjZvbvÕ cvjvi R‡b¨ myjZvb †mwjg cvb †kªô wb‡`©k‡Ki cyi¯‹vi| wZwb gyiwk` Kzwj Lvb Pwi‡Î Awfb‡qi R‡b¨ †kªô Awf‡bZviI cyi¯‹vi cvb GKB m‡½| Avi †èxi f~wgKvi R‡b¨ wi³v myjZvbv cvb wØZxq †kªô Awf‡bÎxi cyi¯‹vi|

wb‡l‡ai †eovRv‡j hvÎvwkí weªwUk-we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi nvwZqv‡i cwiYZ Kivi Kvi‡Y gyKz›` `v‡mi ¯‡`kx hvÎv eÜ Kivi R‡b¨ 1933 mv‡j cÖewZ©Z nq Bengal Places of Public Amusement Act 1933| GB AvB‡bi AvIZvq hvÎv `j¸‡jvi jvB‡mÝ Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZviciI cÖwZiv‡Zi R‡b¨ mswk−ó †_‡K wjwLZ AbygwZ Qvov hvÎv cwi‡ekb Kiv hvq bv| ZvB jvB‡mÝ _vK‡jI cywj‡ki Lei`vwi _vKvq wbwe©‡Nœ hvÎvbyôvb Kiv m¤¢eci bq| Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q †h, _vbv‡K Ômš‘óÕ bv K‡i bvwK GB AbygwZ cvIqv hvq bv| ZvB AwjwLZ I A „k¨ wb‡lavÁv mKj mg‡qB ejer i‡q‡Q| 1876 mv‡ji Awfbq wbqš¿Y AvBb evwZj n‡jI hvÎvwk‡íi Dci wbqš¿YKvix Kv‡jv AvBbwU GLbI Kvh©Ki i‡q‡Q| GB AvBb QvovI wewfbœ †cÖ¶vc‡U miKvi wKsev ’vbxq cÖkvmb hvÎvbyôvb KLbI ’wMZ †i‡L‡Q, KLbI wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡i‡Q|

¯vaxbZvi ci cÖ_g `k eQi hvÎvwk‡íi Ici †Kvb wb‡lavÁv Rvwii Lei cvIqv hvqwb| 1981 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m XvKv-mn K‡qKwU †Rjvq hvÎv cwi‡ek‡bi e¨vcv‡i RwUjZv m„wó nq| mswk−ó †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki AbygwZ bv †c‡q hvÎvbyôvb eÜ ivL‡Z nq| hvÎvwk‡íi Dci wb‡lavÁv bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I 1982 mv‡j mvgwiK miKv‡ii Avg‡j hvÎvbyôv‡b ’vbxq

kvk¦wZKx 71

cÖkvmb evav m„wó K‡i| 1982 mv‡ji 17 A‡±vei hvÎvwk‡íi Dci Rvwi nq wb‡lavÁv| wKQyw`b c‡i Zv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bIqv n‡jI 1985 mv‡ji 03 Rvbyqvwi ¯ivóª gš¿Yvjq †_‡K hveZxq †gjv wbwl× Kiv nq| 1985 mv‡ji 7 AvM÷ ÔKÕ AvÂwjK mvgwiK cÖkvm‡Ki `ßi †_‡K GK mvK©yjv‡i 15 AvM‡÷i g‡a¨ XvKv wefvMxq mKj †Rjvq mKj cÖKvi cÖ k©bx, Avb›`‡gjv, hvÎv, mvK©vm ÔAek¨B eÜ Kwi‡Z nB‡eÕ e‡j wb‡ ©k †`qv n‡q‡Q| 1989 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi ¯ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvK©yjv‡ii gva¨‡g hvÎvbyôv‡bi mgqmxgv mvZ w`‡bi R‡b¨ †eu‡a †`qv nq| hvÎvwkíx‡ì Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j miKvi 12 †deª“qvwi Zvwi‡L IB Av‡`k ms‡kvab K‡i mvZw`‡bi e`‡j m‡e©v”P Qq mßvn wba©viY K‡i|

1991 mv‡ji gv‡P© MYZvwš¿K miKv‡ii Avg‡jI mvgwiK `ß‡ii wb‡`©kbvgvi gva¨‡g hvÎvwk‡íi Ici AvNvZ nvbv nq| gvwbKM‡Äi wewfbœ GjvKvi hvÎvbyôvb eÜ K‡i †èvi R‡b¨ 17 A‡±vei 1991 Zvwi‡L GK wb‡`©kbv Rvwi Kiv nq| Dc-AÂj 381 c`vwZK weª‡M‡Wi mì `ßi mvfvi †mbvwbevm †_‡K Dc-AvÂwjK mvgwiK AvBb cÖkvm‡Ki c‡¶ GKRb †gRi ¯v¶wiZ c‡Î GB `ß‡ii AbygwZ e¨vwZ‡i‡K †K ev Kviv hvÎv †kv Pvjv‡bvi AbygwZ w`‡q‡Q Zvi we¯—…Z weeiY Ri“wi wfwË‡Z cvVv‡bvi R‡b¨ mvfvi Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v‡K wb‡ ©k †`qv nq| GKB mvK©yjvi cvIqv gvÎ GB GjvKvi hvÎv †kv eÜ Kivi wb‡`©k †`qv nq| (ÔhvÎv eÜÕ, mvßvwnK wPÎvjx, XvKv 26 A‡±vei 1991) miKvi Avevi 9 b‡f¤i †_‡K hvÎvwk‡íi Ici wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡i|

hvÎvwkíx‡ì `vwe I Av‡›`vj‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 11 wW‡m¤i wKQy kZ©mv‡c‡¶ GB wb‡lvavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq| Z‡e 1992 mv‡ji 22 †deª“qvwi Avevi hvÎv I mvK©vm Abyôv‡bi cÖwZ wb‡lvavÁv Rvwi Kiv nq| Av‡`‡k ejv nq †h Avi †Kvb hvÎvbyôv‡bi AbygwZ †`qv hv‡e bv Ges B‡Zvg‡a¨ AbygwZ †`qv n‡q _vK‡j Zvi mgqmxgv Avi e„w× Kiv hv‡e bv| hvÎvwkí Dbœqb cwil` Ges hvÎvwkíx I gvwjK‡ì c¶ †_‡K GB Av‡`k cÖZ¨vnv‡ii `vwe Rvbv‡bv n‡j miKvi 15 †m‡Þ¤i 1992 Zvwi‡L wKQy kZ© mv‡c‡¶ hvÎv Abyôv‡bi AbygwZ cÖ vb K‡i GKwU cwicÎ Rvwi K‡i| 1993 mv‡ji 10 †deª“qvwi Avevi †eZvievZ©vi gva¨‡g cÖ k©bx/ hvÎv/ mvK©vm/ Avb›`‡gjv Abyôv‡bi Ici wb‡lvavÁv Rvwi nq|

hvÎvwk‡íi Ici wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnv‡ii `vwei m‡½ GKvZ¥ n‡q G‡`‡ki †jLK-wkíx-eyw×Rxexiv †mv”Pvi nb| 26 Rb eyw×Rxex 1993 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤i gv‡m msev`c‡Îi gva¨‡g GK wee„wZ‡Z †`b| wee„wZ‡Z ¯v¶i K‡ib W±i Avkivd wmwÏKx, Kvgvj †jvnvbx, m‡š—vl ¸ß, W±i Avwbmy¾vgvb, W±i iwdKzj Bmjvg, ggZvRD``xb Avng`, mvC` Avng`, W±i ivRxe ûgvqyb, iv‡g› y gRyg`vi, Ave`yj−vn Avj gvgyb, Kexi †PŠayix, W±i †evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi, W±i †gvnv¤§` gwbi“¾vgvb, W±i mb&Rx`v LvZzb, †mwjbv †nv‡mb, Avmv` †PŠayix, ikx` nvq`vi, Avjx hv‡Ki, Avmv y¾vgvb b~i, bvwmiDÏxb BDmyd ev”Pz, W±i ˆmq` gbRyi“j Bmjvg, Avwbmyi ingvb, b‡ib wek¦vm, wbiÄb AwaKvix, g. nvwg` Ges gvgybyi ikx`| GB wee„wZi d‡j hvÎvwkí Dbœqb cwil‡ì Av‡›`vjb †eMevb nq| 21 b‡f¤i ¯ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi †eZvievZ©vi gva¨‡g mKj †Rjv cÖkvmK I cywjk mycvi‡K Rvbv‡bv nq †h c~e©cÖ Ë kZ© mv‡c‡¶ 1994 mv‡ji 10 †deª“qvwi ch©š— hvÎvbyôv‡bi AbygwZ †`qv hv‡e| GKB m‡½ 1993 mv‡ji 11 †deª“qvwii Av‡`‡ki ms‡kvab K‡i Av‡Mi g‡Zv

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wKQy kZ© mv‡c‡¶ hvÎvbyôv‡bi AbygwZ †`qv nq| Gici 1994 mv‡ji 20 Rvbyqvwi GK mvKz©jv‡i hvÎvbyôv‡b cÖ‡`q mgqmxgv 10 †deª“qvwi 1994-i cwie‡Z© GwM‡q G‡b 21 Rvbyqvwi 1994 Kiv nq|

1996 mv‡ji 18 †m‡Þ¤i Zvwi‡L miKvi hvÎvbyôv‡bi AbygwZi R‡b¨ XvKv ev‡` mKj †Rjv cÖkvmK‡K AvBbk„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv c~e©K jvB‡mÝavix hvÎv`j Ges †iwR÷vW© mvK©vm `j‡K hvÎv/mvK©vm Abyôv‡bi AbygwZ cÖ v‡bi ¶gZv †Ìqv nq| Z‡e hvÎvg‡Â ev Av‡kcv‡k †Kvb ’v‡b Ryqv, Ak−xj b„Z¨ Ges gv`K ªe¨ eënvi wbwl× Kiv nq| GB Av‡`‡k gvB‡Ki eënvi mxwgZ ivLvi K_v ejv nq| hvÎvwk‡í wb‡qvwRZ mKj —‡ii gvbyl G‡Z Avbw›`Z nq| KviY hvÎvwkíx wKsev gvwj‡KivI Ryqv, nvDwR, Ak−xj b„Z¨ eÜ K‡i hvÎv cÖ k©‡bi c‡¶ `vwe Rvwb‡q AvmwQj|

1997 mv‡ji 9 Rvbyqvwi †cÖwiZ ¯ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvKy©jv‡i igRv‡bi cweÎZv i¶vi ¯v‡_© 11 Rvbyqvwi 1997 †_‡K igRvb †kl bv nIqv ch©š— hvÎvbyôv‡bi AbygwZ bv †`qvi wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq| G‡K wb‡lavÁv ejv hvq bv| hvÎvwkíx I gvwjKiv GB †NvlYvi cÖwZ m¤§vb Rvwb‡q igRvb gv‡m hvÎvbyôvb eÜ iv‡Lb| 1999 mv‡ji 25 †m‡Þ¤‡ii †NvlYvq miKvi hvÎvwk‡íi Ici mKj wewawb‡la cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bq| Zvici 11 wW‡m¤i Zvwi‡L AbygwZ cÖ v‡bi bxwZwba©viYx cwicÎ Rvwi K‡i| wKš‘ miKvi e`j n‡jI hvÎvwk‡íi Ici nqivwb GLbI eÜ nqwb| wb‡l‡ai †eovRv‡j AvUKv i‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì hvÎvwkí| eZ©gv‡b hvÎvwk‡íi Dci AvBbMZ †Kv‡bv evav †bB| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRbxq AbygwZ Afve Ges wbivcËvi Avk¼vq hvÎvbyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv m¤¢eci n‡”Q bv|

hvÎv I Pjw”PÎ mvwn‡Zï cvkvcvwk Avgv‡ì HwZnëvnx †jvKMv_v I †jvKKvwnbx lv‡Ui `kK †_‡KB n‡q D‡V‡Q Pjw”P‡Îi eo Aej¤b| Gi †cQ‡bi KviY HwZn¨cÖxwZ n‡Z cv‡i, evwYR¨wjávI n‡Z cv‡i†m wel‡q AbymÜvb Avgv‡ì eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvi D‡Ïk¨ bq| Pjw”P‡Îi Kvwnbx wn‡m‡e hvÎvi Kvwnbx‡K †e‡Q †bIqvi gva¨‡g hvÎvi RbwcÖqZv‡K ¯xKvi Kiv hvq| MZ wZbhy‡M G‡¶‡ÎI hvÎvi AR©b G‡Kev‡i Kg bq| Avgiv Rvwb, wewkó cwiPvjK mvjvnDwÏb (1926-2003) Pjw”P‡Îi R‡b¨ †jvKKvwnbx‡K cÖ_g we‡ePbv K‡ib| Zuvi cwiPvjbvq 1965 mv‡ji 5 b‡e¤i gyw³ cvq ÔiƒcevbÕ QwewU|

lv‡Ui `k‡Ki ïi“ †_‡K hvÎvg‡Â ÔiƒcevbÕ cvjvwU e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| ïay ÔiƒcevbÕ hvÎv Awfb‡qi R‡b¨B †ekwKQy hvÎv`j M‡o I‡V| weµgcy‡ii ÔLvjcv‡oi `jÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ GKwU hvÎv`j ÔiƒcevbÕ cvjvi R‡b¨ weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Q|

hvÎvi RbwcÖqZvB cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i Avgv‡ì Pjw”PÎwk‡í| gyw³hy×i c‡i ¯vaxb evsjv‡`‡k †jvKKvwnbx wKsev hvÎvKvwnbxi wPÎiƒcvqY AviI wKQyUv K‡g G‡jI 1972 mv‡j gyw³cÖvß ÔwbgvB mbœ vmÕ I Ôjvjb dwKiÕ Pjw”P‡Îi Kvwnbx hvÎv-A‡civi gva¨‡g mviv‡`‡k Av‡MB RbwcÖq wQj| G`ywU Pjw”P‡Îi cwiPvjK wQ‡jb h_vµ‡g wmivRyj Bmjvg (R. 1938) I ˆmq` nvmvb Bgvg (R. 1935)| 1976 mv‡j Pjw”PÎwk‡í GKwU HwZnvwmK NUbvi Rb¥ nq| †gvnv¤§` Avjx wg›Uzi cwiPvjbvq ÔeM©x G‡jv †`‡kÕ hvÎvcvjvi

kvk¦wZKx 73

ûeû Pjw”PÎiƒc †`qv nq| gy —vwdR †cÖvWvKkÝ wb‡ew`Z Ôevsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Pjw”PÎvwqZ hvÎv!!Õ wk‡ivbv‡g weÁvcb cÖKvwkZ nq mwPÎ wSbyK cwÎKvi †kl cÖ”Q‡`| GwUi Kvwnbx, msjvc I msMxZ mivmwi hvÎvcvjv †_‡K msM„nxZ| 1977 mv‡j 4 †deª“qvwi gyw³ cvq ÔmvMi fvmvÕ bv‡gi GKwU Qwe| Keix, †ivRx, PÂj, Bbvg Avn‡g`, †Uwjmvgv` AwfbxZ GQwewUI hvÎvKvwnbxi iƒcvš—i| 1984 mv‡j md`vi Avjx f~uBqv wbg©vY K‡ib Ôi‡mi evB`vbxÕ| GwU hvÎvi RbwcÖq Kvwnbx Ô†e‡ì †g‡qÕi cÖfveRvZ| 1984 mv‡jB Pjw”PÎwk‡í hvÎvi cÖfve wfbœ gvÎvq cÖwZfvZ nq| hvÎvwkíxi, we‡klZ GK b„Z¨wkíxi Rxe‡bi Av‡jv-AÜKvi wb‡q wbwg©Z nq ÔwcÖ‡Ým wUbv LvbÕ bv‡gi GKwU Qwe| 1985 mv‡j 65wU Qwei g‡a¨ PviwU Qwe wQj hvÎvcÖfvweZ| G¸‡jv nj AvwRRy ingv‡bi ÔiwOb iƒcevbÕ, gwZb ingv‡bi (R. 1952) ÔivavK…òÕ, gn¤§` nvbbv‡bi (R. 1949) ÔivBwe‡bvw`bxÕ Ges nvi“byi ikx‡ì (R. 1940) Ô¸bvBweweÕ| 1986 mv‡j 4wU, 1987 mv‡j 3wU, 1988 mv‡j 2wU, 1989 mv‡j 6wU, 1990 mv‡j 1wU, 1991 mv‡j 3wU Ges 1992 mv‡j 1wU Qwei g‡a¨ hvÎvi cÖfve Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq|

1989 mvj evsjv‡`‡ki Pjw”P‡Îi BwZnv‡m we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ enb K‡i| †ZvRv‡¤§j nK eKzj cwiPvwjZ, gwZDi ingvb cvby (R. 1940) cÖ‡hvwRZ Ges AÄy †Nvl (R. 1966) AwfbxZ Ô†e‡ì †g‡q †RvmbvÕ QwewU GB ¸i“‡Z¡i cÖavb KviY| GB KvwnbxI Avgv‡ì †jvKbvU¨ Z_v hvÎvi cÖfveRvZ| hvÎvgÂ †_‡K Avmv bvwqKv AÄy †Nv‡li Awfb‡qI hvÎvi Qvc wQj ¯úó| †MvUv Pjw”PÎwUB †jvKbv‡Uï ev hvÎvi KuvPv Av‡e`‡b ficyi|

hvÎvi m‡½ Pjw”P‡Îi GB ms‡hvM wbtm‡›`‡n GKwU BwZevPK e¨vcvi wQj| Pjw”PÎ ïi“‡ZB †jvKbvU¨ Ges hvÎvi KvQ †_‡K A_©vr wbR¯ ms¯‹…wZ †_‡KB Dcv`vb MÖnY K‡i mdjZv AR©b K‡i| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †mB gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| Pjw”PÎwk‡í wnw›` Qwei bKj Kivi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv eo „wóKUz n‡q c‡o‡Q| `k©Kiv †`wk Qwe †`L‡Z GLb Avi wm‡bgv-n‡j hvIqvi AvMÖn †`Lvq bv| †h hvÎv ev †jvKKvwnbx Avgv‡ì †`k †_‡K Avmj D ©y Qwe nwU‡q w`‡q‡Q, †mB hvÎv ev †jvKKvwnbx wK bKj wnw›` Qwe Zvov‡Z cvi‡e bv? lv‡Ui `k‡Ki cwiw ’wZ we‡ePbv K‡i hvÎvi AR©b‡K Avgiv Aek¨B cybwe©‡ePbv Ki‡Z cvwi|

hvÎv I msev`cÎ evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq mKj cwÎKvq we‡bv`b Z_v wm‡bgvi Rb¨ cÖwZ mßv‡n we‡kl c„ôv eiv× _vK‡jI hvÎvmsev` †mLv‡b wbqwgZ †bB| GKmgq mvßvwnK Ôwm‡bgvÕ, mvßvwnK ÔwPÎvjxÕ, mvßvwnK Ôc~e©vYxÕ cwÎKvq hvÎvwelqK msev` Qvcv nZ | GmKj msev` wjL‡Zb wgjbKvwš— †`, Gj Avi miKvi ev”Pz, b„‡cb P¨vUvwR© cÖgyL hvÎvwkíx| Z‡e ¯vaxbZvi Av‡M †_‡KB gvwmK ÔwSbyKÕ cwÎKv hvÎvbyôv‡bi msev` cÖKvk KiZ| GB cwÎKvi m¤úv`K Avwmi“wÏb Avng` hvÎv`‡ji R‡b¨ cvjv wj‡L‡Qb Ges ÔhvÎv wkíx KjvKzkjx BDwbq‡bÕi mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡I cvjb K‡i‡Qb| ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi g‡a¨ ÔB‡ËdvKÕ, Ômsev`Õ, ÔRbKÉÕ, ÔgvbeRwgbÕ I ÔcÖ_g Av‡jvÕ cwÎKvi we‡bv`b-c„ôvq gv‡Sgv‡S hvÎvmsev` cÖKvk K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ ˆ`wbK Ômsev‡`Õi ÔRjmvÕ c„ôv cÖvq `yB eQi wbqwgZfv‡e hvÎvmsev` bv‡gi GKwU Kjvg eiv× †i‡LwQj| hvÎv wb‡q hviv wewfbœ cwÎKvq wjL‡Qb Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ wgjbKvwš— †` I GgG gwR‡ì bvg-B D‡j−L‡hvM¨|

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iv‡g› y gRyg`vi m¤úvw`Z ˆÎgvwmK Ôw_‡qUviÕ Ges nvmvb kvnwiqvi m¤úvw`Z Ôw_‡qUviIqvjvÕ cwÎKv gv‡Sgv‡S hvÎv welqK wbeÜ cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b wj‡L‡Qb hvÎvmgªvU Ag‡j› y wek¦vm, gwd`yj nK, wgjbKvwš— †`, AvZvDi ingvb, evey ingvb, Zcb evMPx cÖgyL|

evsjv‡`‡k hvÎv welqK cÖ_g cwÎKvi bvg Ô†jvKbvU¨Õ| hvÎv welqK iPbv cÖKv‡ki Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q 10 †g 1981 mv‡j Ô†jvKbvU¨Õ cwÎKvi cÖ_gmsL¨v cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi m¤úv`K I cÖKvkK Zvcm miKvi; eë¯’vcbv m¤úv`K mvjvDwÏb i“gx; Dc‡`óv Ag‡j›`y wek¦vm, †eMg †Rey‡bœmv I gyn¤§` iIkb Avjx| wgjbKvwš— †` ÔhvÎv‡jvKÕ bv‡gi GKwU AwbqwgZ cwÎKv m¤úv`bv I cÖKvk K‡ib (2003)| GB cwÎKvq hvÎvwelqK Z_ëûj wbeÜ, hvÎvRM‡Zi mv¤cÖwZK msev` cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi wbe©vnx m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib bbx PµeZ©x| GK msL¨vi c‡B GwU eÜ n‡q hvq| evsjv‡`‡k hvÎv welqK Avi †Kvb cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ nqwb|

hvÎv I †eZvi ¯vaxbZvi ci †_‡K evsjv‡`k †eZvi hvÎvcvjv m¤cÖPvi ïi“ K‡i| 1972 mv‡j cÖ_g cÖPvwiZ hvÎvcvjwU wQj Kvjxc` `vm iwPZ ÔcÖwZ‡kvaÕ| 25 b‡f¤i Zvwi‡L ivRy Avn‡g‡ì cÖ‡hvRbvq †eZv‡ii wbR¯ wkíxiv GB cvjwU cwi‡ekb K‡i| 2002 mvj ch©š— †gvU 43wU hvÎvcvjv †eZv‡i cÖPvwiZ nq| Gi g‡a¨ 39wU cvjvB cwi‡ekb K‡ib †eZv‡ii wbR¯ ZvwjKvfy³ wkíxiv| Aewkó PviwU cvjv cwi‡ekb K‡i †eZv‡ii evB‡i AwfbqRM‡Zi wkíxiv| PviwYK bvU¨‡Mvôx 2wU, evmš—x gy³gÂ bvU¨cÖwZôvb 1wU Ges mgKvj bvU¨‡Mvôx wkíxiv GKwU cvjv cwi‡ekb K‡i| mgKvj bvU¨‡Mvôx 1975 mv‡ji 29 Rvbyqvwi Zvwi‡L g‡n›`ª ¸‡ßi ÔwUcy myjZvbÕ cwi‡ekb K‡i| †eZv‡ii R‡b¨ Gi cvjviƒc †`b cÖYe `vk¸ß| †eZv‡i †ckv`vi hvÎv`‡ji cÖ_g cwi‡ekbv Ôgv gvwU gvbylÕ| evmš—x gy³gÂ bvU¨cÖwZôv‡bi bvqK-wb‡`k©K ¯cbKzgvi †èbv‡_i wb‡`©kbvq ˆfiebv_ M‡½vcva¨v‡qi GB cvjwU 1979 mv‡ji 30 †g Zvwi‡L m¤cÖPvwiZ nq| GB cvjwU Avevi 7 eQi c‡i 30 †g 1986 Zvwi‡L cybtcÖPvwiZ nq| 1980 mv‡ji 27 †deª“qvwi m¤cÖPvwiZ nq ˆfiebv_ M‡½vcva¨v‡qi ÔRv‡bvqviÕ cvjvwU| hvÎvmgªvU Ag‡j›`y wek¦v‡mi wb‡`k©bvq PviwYK bvU¨‡Mvôxi wkíxiv GwU cwi‡ekb K‡ib| 1981 mv‡j PviwYK bvU¨‡Mvôx cwi‡ekb K‡i eª‡R›`ªKzgvi †`-i hvÎvcvjv ÔmgªvU Rvnv›`vi kvnÕ| Gi wb‡`©kbvI cÖ vb K‡ib Ag‡j› y wek¦vm| XvKvi Ô†`k A‡civÕ-i ¯Z¡vwaKvix wgjbKvwš— †` iwPZ ÔGB †`k GB gvwUÕ cvjvwU †eZv‡i m¤cÖPvwiZ nq| GLv‡b †ckv`vi hvÎvwkíxiv Awfbq K‡iwb| †eZv‡ii wbR¯^ wkíxivB G‡Z Ask †bq| GB PviwU cvjv ev‡` evsjv‡`k †eZv‡i Kvjxc` `vm iwPZ cvjv¸‡jvB g~jZ hvÎvi aviv i¶v K‡i‡Q| Kvjxc` `vm `xN©Rxeb KvwU‡q‡Qb hvÎv`‡j|

†eZv‡i cÖPvwiZ cÖ_g cvjv ÔcÖwZ‡kvaÕ (1972)-mn cvjvKvi Kvjxc` `v‡mi 1981 mv‡j Ôkg‡mi MvRxÕ (cÖ‡hvRK Avwgbyj nK), 1982 mv‡j ÔAvmgvb ZvivÕ (cÖ‡hvRK †gv. mv‡`Kzi ingvb), ÔPuv` myjZvbvÕ (cÖ‡hvRK kwn yj Avwgb) I Ô†ki AvdMvbÕ (cÖ‡hvRK Kvjxc` `vm), 1983 mv‡j Ô†gvNj kvmKÕ (cÖ‡hvRK gvn&eyeyi ingvb), I Ôcjvkxi c‡iÕ (cÖ‡hvRK Avwgbyj nK) Ges 1989 mv‡j ÔAwfkß RxebÕ (cÖ‡hvRK gvn&eyeyi ingvb)

kvk¦wZKx 75

GB AvUwU cvjv cÖPvwiZ nq| Aek¨ †eZv‡i cÖPvwiZ me©vwaK cvjvi iPwqZv n‡jb dRjyj Kwig| wZwb †gvU 14wU cvjv iPbv K‡ib| †eZv‡i Avwgbyj n‡Ki cÖ‡hvRbvq Zuvi ÔweRq wbkvbÕ(1984), ÔAve yj−vn ev`kvÕ (1984), Ôbwmeb bvgvÕ (1985), ÔgvwbKivRvi cvjvÕ (1988) GB PviwU cvjv cÖPvwiZ nq| KvRx gvn&dzRyj nK cÖ‡hvRbv K‡ib Zuvi Ôcy®úgvjvÕ (1994) I Ô†PZbvq fv¯iÕ (1988) bv‡gi ywU cvjv| Zuvi Ôg„Zz nxb cÖvYÕ (1999) I ÔRvMÖZ †PZbvÕ (1999) cvjv ywUi cÖ‡hvRK wQ‡jb Avey bI‡ki| GQvov Zuvi 1986 mv‡j ÔKvRj‡iLvÕ (cÖ‡hvRK bvRgyj û`v), 1987 mv‡j Ôkvn dwiqvevRÕ (cÖ‡hvRK gvn&eyeyi ingvb), 1988 mv‡j ÔPµvš—Õ (cÖ‡hvRK Ave yj AvwRR), 1989 mv‡j ÔAwfhvbÕ (cÖ‡hvRK mwdDi ingvb), 1995 mv‡j ÔmvMifvmvÕ (cÖ‡hvRK Ave`yj AvwRR), 1996 mv‡j ÔAv‡jvgwZ †cÖgKzgviÕ (cÖ‡hvRK Ave yj AvwRR) Ges 2000 mv‡j Ô†Kj−vZvRcyiÕ (cÖ‡hvRK gvn&eyeyi ingvb) evsjv‡`k †eZv‡i †ek RbwcÖq nq|

†gv. iIkb Avjx bv‡g GKRb cvjvKv‡ii wZbwU cvjv †eZv‡i m¤cÖPvwiZ nq| cvjv wZbwU nj ÔiƒcevbÕ (1980), Ô†gvNj m~‡h© †Mva~wjÕ (1983), Ô¸je`bÕ (1985) I ÔweRq AwfhvbÕ (1985)|

†eZv‡ii cÖPvwiZ me©vwaK cvjvi cÖ‡hvRK wQ‡jb Avwgbyj nK| wZwb †gvU 11wU cvjv cÖ‡hvRbv K‡ib| cÖ‡hvRK gvn&eyeyi ingvb hy³ wQ‡jb 5wU cvjvi m‡½| wZwb Kvjxc` `v‡mi Ô†gvNj kvmKÕ I ÔAwfkß RxebÕ, †gv. iIkb Avjxi Ô¸je`bÕ, dRjyj Kwi‡gi Ôkvn dwiqvevRÕ I Ô†Kj−vZvRcyiÕ cÖ‡hvRbv K‡ib| ˆmq` †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb cÖ‡hvRKB bb, cvjvKvi wn‡m‡eI f~wgKv †i‡L‡Qb| Zuvi cvjv ÔAvwgi mI`vMiÕ (1974) I Ôi³mÜ¨vÕ (1975) cÖ‡hvRbv K‡ib gvneye nvmvb I Avwgbyj nK|

G-Qvov Be‡b Iqv‡R‡ì ÔcÖ‡nwjKvÕ (1975), ˆmq` Rwni“wÏb eve‡ii Ôw`Mš— iw³gÕ (1976), Ave yj nvBi (iƒcvš—i myjZvbv †`‡jvqvi) ÔZLZ& ZvDmÕ (1981), gywReyi ingvb Lv‡bi ÔCmv LuvÕ (1983), miKvi ggZvRDwÏ‡bi Ôb~ignjÕ (1984), gvneye nvmv‡bi Ôev`kvnRv`v I IqvwRiKb¨vÕ (2002) Ges Ave yj nvB `ye©v‡ii Ôcvwbc_Õ (2002) cvjv †eZv‡i m¤cÖPvwiZ nq|

hvÎv I †Uwjwfkb evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡b hvÎv m¤cÖPvi ïi“ nq 1973 mvj †_‡K| Ô†mvbvi evsjvÕ bv‡gi GB cvjvwU †mŠwLb wkíx‡ì mgš‡q AwfbxZ nq| 1975 mv‡ji 27 b‡f¤i Zvwi‡L PÆMÖv‡gi bevi“Y bvU¨ms ’v cwi‡ewkZ Ô†divix ev`kvÕ cvjvwU cÖPvwiZ nq| GwUB evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡b †ckv`vi hvÎv`‡ji cÖ_g Awfbq|

1983 mv‡j Ag‡j›`y wek¦vm AwfbxZ eª‡R›`ªKzgvi †` iwPZ ÔmgªvU Rvnv›`vi kvnÕ cvjvwU cÖPv‡ii ci mviv †`‡ki `k©K‡ì g‡a¨ mvov c‡o hvq| 1985 mv‡ji 4 Rvbyqvwi cÖPvwiZ nq Ag‡j›`y wek¦vm wb‡`©wkZ, PviwYK bvU¨‡Mvôxi bw›` cvjv ÔgvB‡Kj gaym~ bÕ| weavqK fÆvPvh© iwPZ GB cvjvq bvgf~wgKvq Awfbq K‡i Ag‡j›`y wek¦vm G‡`‡ki hvÎvRM‡Z ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb| cvjvwU cÖ‡hvRbv K‡ib KvRx Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx| 1983 mvj †_‡K 2000 mvj ch©š— †h cvjv¸‡jv m¤cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ 16 wU cvjvi we —…Z

kvk¦wZKx 76

Z_¨ Rvbv †M‡Q| GB 16wU cvjv ev‡` evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡b AviI wKQy cvjv aviY I m¤cÖPvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Gi A‡bK¸‡jvB AÁvZ Kvi‡Y cÖPvwiZ nqwb| †mŠwLb `j¸‡jvi gva¨‡g AwfbxZ wKQz cvjv cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q| GQvov ejvKv A‡civi ÔmyjZvbv wiwRqvÕ, mZ¨bvivqY A‡civi ÔAvbviKwjÕ, Avw` AMÖMvgx hvÎvmgv‡Ri Ô`vZv nvZg ZvqxÕ cvjv wZbwUI 1986 mv‡j m¤cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ G¸‡jvi cÖ‡hvRK I wb‡`©k‡Ki bvg cvIqv hvqwb| 1998 mv‡j cÖwZ wZbgvm Aš—i hvÎvcvjv m¤cÖPv‡ii wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i evsj‡`k †Uwjwfkb| (ÔhvÎvRM‡Zi LeiÕ, mvßvwnK wPÎvjx, 19 Ryb 1998) Gmgq m~h©exYv A‡civ wR‡Z›`ªbv_ emv‡Ki ÔevM`ËvÕ cvjv m¤cÖPv‡ii Av‡e`b K‡ib| GwU cÖPvwiZ nqwb| 1999 mv‡j †`k A‡civi Ôwe‡`ªvnx bRi“jÕ Ges 2000 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m Avw` e½kªx A‡civi ÔAv‡jvgwZ †cÖgKzgviÕ I ÔmvMifvmvÕ, †Kqv hvÎv BDwb‡Ui Ô¸bvBweweÕ cvjv †iKwW©s Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi m¤cÖPvi GLb AwbwðZ n‡q c‡o‡Q| †`k A‡civi ¯Z¡vwaKvix Ges evsjv‡`k hvÎvwkí Dbœqb cwil‡ì mvaviY m¤úv`K wgjbKvwš— †` Rvbvb, evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡b G ch©š— cÖvq †QvUeo, L¨vZ-AL¨vZ, †ckv`vi-A‡ckv`vi wewfbœ `‡ji 55wU hvÎvcvjv cÖPvwiZ n‡jI gvbm¤úbœ cvjvi msL¨v 15/16wUi †ewk bq| evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb QvovI GKz‡k †Uwjwfkb Ges Ab¨vb¨ wUwf P¨v‡bj hvÎvcvjv cÖPv‡ii D`‡hvM gv‡Sgv‡S MÖnY K‡i| GwUI hvÎvi GKai‡bi AR©b|

RvZxq bvU¨g‡Â hvÎvvbyôvb hvÎvwkíx‡ì `xN©w`‡b `vwe wQj RvZxq bvU¨g‡Â hvÎvbyôv‡bi AbygwZ cvIqvi| G‡Z hvÎvi Avmj iƒc cÖ k©b Kiv bv †M‡jI bvMwiK mgv‡R hvÎvi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv e„w× wKQzUv n‡jI f~wgKv ivL‡e| m¤cÖwZ evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx hvÎvwkíx‡ì Rb¨ cÖwZgv‡m GKevi hvÎvbyôv‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i‡Q|

hvÎvi AR©b‡K a‡i ivL‡Z n‡j wKQy wemR©b m‡Ë¡I hvÎvi GB AR©b‡K a‡i ivLvi gvb‡m Avgiv hvÎvwkí mswk−ó e¨w³, msMVb I cÖwZôv‡bi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv K‡i wKQy mycvwik cÖYbqb K‡iwQ, hvi ev —evqb n‡j hvÎvwk‡íi mgm¨v wbimb n‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avgv‡ì wek¦vm| mycvwik¸‡jv n‡jvÑ

1. AvaywbK `„wófw½ I mgKvjxb welq wb‡q cvjv iPbvi R‡b¨ †`kxq †jLKMY D`&‡hvM wb‡Z cv‡i;

2. evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡b Ges evsjv‡`k †eZv‡i wbqwgZ hvÎvbyôvb m¤cÖPv‡ii cybtD`‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e;

3. MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa`ßi miKvwi Kg©KvÊ I Z_¨ cÖPv‡ii gva¨g wn‡m‡e hvÎv‡K Aš—f©y³ Ki‡Z cv‡i;

4. GKwU RvZxq hvÎvgÂ Ges cÖwZ kn‡i I _vbvq ¯’vqx hvÎvgÂ cÖwZôv Kiv hvq;

5. cÖwZeQi wbw`©ó †gŠmy‡g RvZxq hvÎv-Drme Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z n‡e; 6. hvÎvwk‡í Ae`v‡bi R‡b¨ RvZxq ch©v‡q wbqwgZ m¤§bvb I cyi¯‹vi cÖeZ©b

Ki‡Z n‡e; 7. hvÎv`j MV‡b Aby vb †`qvi eë ’v Pvjy Kiv hvq;

kvk¦wZKx 77

8. hvÎvbyôv‡bi AbygwZ cÖ v‡bi †¶‡Î cÖkvmwbK RwUjZvi Aemv‡bi D &‡hvM wb‡Z n‡e;

9. jvB‡mÝavix `‡ji Rb¨ cÖwZiv‡Zi hvÎvbyôv‡bi c„_K AbygwZ msMÖ‡ni cÖ_v evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e;

10. hvÎvi bv‡g Ak−xj bvP, Ryqv I nvDwR Av‡qvRbKvix‡ì K‡Vvi kvw¯—cÖ v‡bi AvBb Ki‡Z n‡e;

11. ivZe¨vcx hvÎvbyôv‡bi cwie‡Z© ÔmvÜ¨ hvÎvÕ A_©vr mÜ¨v 6 Uvq-9Uvq hvÎvbyôAb Kiv hvq|

12. ÔBengal Places of Public Amousement act 1933Õ GwU evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e| GmKj mycvwik ev —evq‡bi gva¨‡g hvÎvi AR©b‡K a‡i †i‡L Avgv‡ì mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnv‡mi aviv‡K cybwb©gvY Ki‡Z cvwi|

hvÎv wb‡q bZzb D‡`¨vM Avkvev‡ì K_v GB †h evsjv‡`k miKvi Avgvi cÖ —vebvq mvov w`‡q‡Qb| AvBb cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU KwgwU K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| evsjv GKv‡Wgxi gnvcwiPvjK kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb, wkíKjv GKv‡gXxi gnvcwiPvjK Kvgvj †jvnvbx, mw¤§wjZ ms¯‹…wZ †Rv‡Ui mfvcwZ bvwmiDwÏb BDbmyd ev”Pz, MÖ“c w_‡qvUvi †dWv‡ik‡bi †bZv gvgybyi ikx`, wewkó bvU¨Rb g. nvwg`, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi bvUK I bvU¨ZË¡ wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK Avdmvi Avng‡``, bvU¨wkíx †R¨vrøv wek¦vm, hvÎvwkí Dbœqb cwil‡ì wgjbKvwš— †`, hvÎvbU myjZvb †mwjg I GB Av‡jvP‡Ki mgš‡q MwVZ KwgwU GKwU AvB‡bi Lmov Rgv w`‡q‡Q, Zv GLb RvZxq msm‡` cv‡mi A‡c¶vq i‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b cÖ —ve i‡q‡Q hvÎvi Rb¨ cÖwZiv‡Zi AbygwZcÖ_v _vK‡e bv| iv‡Zi e`‡j mvÜ¨hvÎvi cÖPjb Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxi Kv‡Q Z_¨ w`‡Z n‡e, ¯ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Kv‡Q †iwR‡óªkb bq Ñ GB me| Avi Awfbq-ewnf~©Z b„‡Zï AeZviYvi e¨vcv‡i wKQyUv wewawb‡l` Av‡ivc Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, hv‡Z b„‡Zï Ak−xjZv `~i Kiv hvq| miKv‡ii GB D‡`¨vM ev —vevwqZ n‡j hvÎv nq‡Zv Zvi †MŠie wd‡i †c‡Z cv‡i| †mKv‡ji HwZn¨ nq‡Zv wd‡i cv‡e bv, Z‡e GKv‡jI m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bZzb †MŠie|

kvk¦wZKx 78

mÄq ivq †jvKvqZ MwYZ: mgv‡Ri ¯Ztù~Z© MwYZ mvims‡¶c †jvKms¯‹…wZ mgv‡Ri ¯vfvweK cÖKvk| †jvKms¯‹…wZi †¶Î e¨vcK Ges cwiwaI wekvj| mf¨Zv m„wói ïi“ †_‡KB †jvKms¯‹…wZi hvÎv ïi“; GgbwK Avw`g gvby‡li RxebhvÎvqI †jvKms¯‹…wZi cÖfve ¯úó| mf¨Zvi DlvjMœ †_‡K ms‡KZgq fvlv gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Q›`‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| c‡i cwigvY‡ev‡a iƒcvš—wiZ fvlvq MvwYwZK fvebvi ’vb n‡q‡Q- hv gvby‡li gvbmwµqvi ¯Ztù~Z© cÖKvk| gvby‡li wbZ¨wµqvq †h MvwYwZK †PZbvi cÖKvk †`Lv hvq, Zv‡KB ejv nq †jvKMwYZ| GB †jvKvqZ MwY‡Zi g‡a¨B Aš—wb©wnZ i‡q‡Q MwY‡Zi mg¯— kvLv| GgbwK mgvRweÁvb, weÁvb I gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZI Gi g‡a¨ weg~Z©fv‡e Rwo‡q i‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü †jvKvqZ MwYZ wK Ges Zvi cwiwa, weKvk I ¸i“Z¡ BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| f~wgKv Avw`hyM †_‡K ïi“ n‡q‡Q gvby‡li Aw¯—Z¡ wUwK‡q ivLv I RxebhvÎv AwZevwnZ Kivi GK wbiš—i cÖ‡Póv| Avi GB cÖ‡Póvi g‡a¨ cÖwZwU gyn~‡Z© †h mKj c×wZ, K…r†KŠkj, fvebv wPš—-vmn AmsL¨ wbq‡gi I †PZbvi RxebPh©v GwM‡q P‡j‡Q Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †¶‡Î †MvP‡i I A‡MvP‡i KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q MwYZ| Avw`g gvby‡li GB cÖv‰MwZnvwmK hyM †_‡K µg weewZ©Z mv¤cÖwZK Kvj ch©š— Zviv †PZ‡b Ae‡PZ‡b cÖ‡Z¨K gyû‡Z© Aej¤b K‡i P‡j‡Q wKQz †KŠkj, wKQz wbqg I Zvi KvRKg©| †h KvRKg©¸wj I wPš—vaviv wb‡q †jvKmvaviY RxebhvÎv wbe©vn K‡i †mB ¶z ª ¶z ª wel‡qi `wjj `¯—v‡eR (Document) ivLvi K_v fve‡ZI Pvq bv|

Avw`g gvby‡li Lv`¨ msMÖn †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Pjv‡div MwZwewa Ges cÖwZgyn~‡Z©i †h cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek wb‡R‡K i¶v Kiv Ges Zvi Rb¨ wPš—v-fvebv, K…r-‡KŠkj meB K‡i P‡j‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ †Kvb †Kvb wPš—v, †KŠkj I aviYv e¨_© n‡q‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb ¸‡jv mdj n‡q‡Q| wKsev e¨_©Zv †_‡K †ewki fvM mgq Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q Ab¨fv‡e Ab¨ wKQz Kivi I fvebvi ZvwM`| wkKv‡i, jovB‡q, Pj‡b, b„‡Z¨ BZ¨vw` mKj iKg KvRK‡g© †h wbqg I †KŠkj Aej¤b Kiv nq Zv GK m~²-wbcyY A¼ ev MwYZ Qvov wKQzB bq| myZivs †jvKRxe‡bi cÖwZUv KvR K‡g©, fvlvq, wPš—vq-fvebvq, we‡bv`b, †jvKvPv‡i me©ÎB MwY‡Zi eënvi i‡q‡Q| GB MwYZ ¯Ztwm× I `xN© cÖ‡Póv Ges wPš—vi dmj hv cieZ©xKv‡j esk ci¤úivq, mgvR ci¤úivq, RvwZ ci¤úivq, †`k-Kvj wfwË‡Z cÖengvb| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î mgq I Kv‡ji †cÖw¶‡Z †mBme †KŠkj ev Zvi MvwYwZK aviYv cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj mgv‡Ri, †jvKRxe‡bi A½ †h MwYZ Zv ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| „wówb‡¶c Kiv n‡e ‡Kgb K‡i †mBme MvwYwZK Ávb, MvwYwZK a¨vbaviYv e¨w³ †_‡K me©mvavi‡Yi g‡a¨, cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖRb¥š—‡i mÂvwiZ nq|

kvk¦wZKx 79

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†jvKMwY‡Zi Bs‡iwR Uvg© ‘Folkmathematics’ kãwU 1976 mv‡j Avqvij¨v‡Êi †M‡b †gqvi (Gene Maier) GKwU cÖe‡Ü cÖ_g eënvi K‡ib| Zvici †mB kãwU 1977 mv‡j cybivq Instructor Magazine-G †deª“qvwi gv‡m cÖKvwkZ nq| cÖeÜwU The Math Learning

Center Report (Later the continuum) Ges National Science Foundation Dissemination

Grant †_‡K mnvqZv cvq| cÖeÜwU 1980 mv‡j cybivq Mathmatics Teaching Journal-G cÖKvwkZ nq †hwUi bvg Great Britain’s Association of Teacher of Mathematics.

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1. †`kR MwYZ (Indigenous mathematics) 2. mgvR wfwËK MwYZ (Socio-mathematics) 3. cÖ_vewn©f~Z MwYZ (Informal mathematics) 4. ¯Ztù~Z©MwYZ (Spontaneous mathematics) 5. mgvR mvs¯‹…wZK MwYZ (Mathematics in the Socio-cultural environment) 6. †gŠwLK MwYZ (Oral mathematics) 7. wbcxwoZ MwYZ (Oppressed mathematics) 8. AcÖvgvY¨ MwYZ (Nonstandard mathematics) 9. Aš—wb©wnZ MwYZ (Hidden or Erozen mathematics) 10. eënvwiK Ávb Dc‡hvMx mvs‡KwZK MwYZ (Mathematics codified in know-hows) 11. gvbeZvwË¡K MwYZ (Anthropological mathematics) 12. mgvRZvwË¡K MwYZ (Sociological mathematics) 13. ¯qsm„ó MwYZ (Self generated mathematics) 14. eënvwiK MwYZ (Practical mathematics)

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dRjyj nK Zzwnb DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Zï Mš—e¨ Ges †jvKms¯‹…wZi c_ GKUv mgq †M‡Q, Aek¨ GL‡bv dzwi‡q hvqwb, †h mg‡q wb‡R‡K g‡b Kiv n‡Zv nxb, wb‡Ri mewKQy wbK…óÑ ag©, eY©, K…wó, mvwnZ¨, BwZnvm, cÖK…wZ, mgvR, gvbyl, RxebRxweKvi aib, fvlv, wkíKjv, m½xZÑ mewKQy| GB †bwZevPK g‡bvfv‡ei cÖKv‡k Me©‡eva Kiv n‡Zv| Me© cwðg‡Kw›`ªK mewKQy wb‡q; hyw³, mZ¨-wg_¨v, hvPvB-evQvB, we‡ePbv-cybwe©‡ePbv Kivi †Kv‡bv AeKvk †bB| AÜ AbymiY I AbyKiYB n‡q DV‡Zv Z_vKw_Z gWv©b ev AvaywbKÑ evsjv‡`‡k I fvi‡Z| BD‡iv‡Kw›`ªK Jcwb‡ewkK evsjv mvwn‡Zï m~Pbv Dwbk kZ‡Ki ïi“‡Z| wW‡ivwRIi †bZ…‡Z¡ wn›`y K‡j‡Ri ÔBqs †e½jÕ `‡ji †jLK‡ì Rxeb`k©b, mvwnZ¨v`k© I mvwnZ¨m„R‡bi cÖK…wZi gv‡SB AvZ¥cwiPqnxb I †kKoQvov g‡bvfve I fw½ cÖKvwkZ| cwð‡gi mvwnZ¨ gvÎB DrK…ó, fviZxq ev evOvwji mvwnZ¨ gvÎB wbK…ó| KviY kvmK wn‡m‡e †bZ…‡Z¡ e„wUk civkw³| wekvj mvgªvR¨Ñ m~‡h©v`q I m~h©v¯— hvi GKB Rwg‡b| GB kw³‡K cÖfy wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv I †g‡b Pjvi g‡a¨B Av‡Q ÔAv‡jvwKZÕ nevi c_| A_©vr cwðgvKi‡YB gyw³, mg„w×| we-fviZx ev we-evOvwjqv‡bi gv‡SB Dwbk kZ‡K m¤úbœ nq Z_vKw_Z evOvwji ÔbeRvM„wZÕ| cwð‡gi fve, fvebv, `k©b, wk¶v I mvwn‡Zï cÖfv‡e iwPZ n‡q‡Q evOvwj HwZn¨-ms¯‹…wZi ¯v¶inxb, g~j¨nxb mvwnZ¨| ZK© DV‡Z cv‡i: †mB mg‡qi mgv‡R Awk¶v, Kzms¯‹vi I cÖvPxbcwš’Zv‡K eR©b KivB wQ‡jv mwVK wm×vš—| K_v †_‡K hvq: hv wKQy A‡hŠw³K, AgvbweK I ¯’wei Zv‡K eR©b Kiv Ri“wi n‡q c‡o gvbe mgvR‡K GwM‡q †bIqvi R‡b¨| Avevi G K_v mZ¨ †h, me HwZn¨B MÖnYxq ev eR©bxq bq| gvbeg½‡ji wfwË‡ZB Zv MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G †¶‡Î ivg‡gvnb I we`¨vmvM‡ii f~wgKv Aek¨B cÖksmvi †hvM¨| Abïv wKš‘ GB we‡ePbvi cwiPq w`‡Z cv‡ibwb †h, cwð‡gi hv wKQy fv‡jv Zv‡K wb‡R‡ì Rb¨ MÖnYxq I Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv Avi hv wKQy Ag½jKi Zv‡K Z¨vM Kiv| ÔBqs †e½jÕ `‡ji †jLKiv GB KvRwU K‡i‡Q Pigcš’vi gva¨‡g, cwð‡gi XvjvIfv‡e AÜ Abymi‡Y| GB cÖeYZvi avivevwnKZv P‡j‡Q wek kZ‡Ki wZwi‡ki `kK ch©š—| gvSLv‡b iex› ªbv_ A‡bKUv mgš‡qi †Póv K‡i‡Qb cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï| Ab¨w`‡K bRi“j Bmjvg m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Jcwb‡ewkK cÖfvegy³ n‡q RvZxq Rxe‡bi ¯ú›`b I cwiPq‡K aviY K‡i‡Qb cÖv‡Pï BwZnvm I HwZ‡nï exiMv_vi Av‡jv‡K| MYgvby‡li gg©‡e`bv-eÂbv, † ªvn I mvgëv‡ì ¯vaxb D”Pvi‡Y ÔDbœZ wk‡iÕi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb e‡jB K‡jvwbqvj mgv‡jvPKiv Zv‡K ÔAvaywbKÕ ej‡Z wØavMÖ —| Ab¨w`‡K MY‡èZv, † ªvnnxb, ÔbZ wk‡iÕi †jLK‡ì ÔAvaywbKÕ AvL¨v w`‡ZB Mwe©Z| GKB „wó‡Z RmxgD & xbI ïay Ôcj−xKweÕ n‡q Av‡Qb Jcwb‡ewkK mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvq|

2. GB g‡bvfv‡ei †cQ‡b KZ¸‡jv KviY KvR K‡i‡Q| gyNj-cvVvb, cZ©yMxR, Ij›`vR, divwm BZ¨vw` kw³‡K civwRZ K‡i cyuwRev`x wec−‡ei gva¨‡g e„wUk kw³ evsjvq I fvi‡Z kvmb I †kvl‡Yi c_ I cv‡_q ˆZwi K‡i| d‡j RbRxe‡b I fveRxe‡b wech©q m~wPZ nq| K…lK I K…wleë¯’vi aŸsm, f~-¯vgxi D‡”Q`, Zš‘evq‡ì e„wËbvk, †jvKwk‡íi aŸsm

kvk¦wZKx 84

evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK Rxeb Mfxi AÜKv‡i wbg¾xZ nq| B÷BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi ivR¯ Av`v‡q AwZiw³Z evovevwo I cxo‡b K…wl I K…wlwbf©i †jvKwkíx I Zš‘wkíxiv FYMÖ — `vm n‡q hvq| †`kxq ewYKiv ewne©vwYR¨ I Aš—e©vwYR¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i †Kv¤úvwbi `vjvwj wb‡Z eva¨ nq| †h e ¿wkí fvi‡Zi cÖavb wkí wQj, Bsj¨v‡Û hš¿ Avwe®‹vi I †mLv‡b wecyj e¯¿ Drcvw`Z nevi Kvi‡Y wejvwZ e‡ ¿i evRv‡i cwiYZ nq fviZ| XvKv I gywk© vev‡ì g‡Zv eo eo kni i“Mœ n‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e me‡P‡q eo wech©q †b‡g Av‡m gymjgvb mgv‡RÑ Av_©-mgvwRK-ˆkw¶K-ivR‰bwZK Z_v mew`K †_‡K| GKw`‡K me©‡kªYxi gvby‡li Av_©-mvgvwRK Rxeb wech© — n‡q c‡o, Ab¨w`‡K wkí-mvwn‡Zï c„ó‡cvlKZvI eÜ n‡q hvq|

b`x¯fv‡ei g‡Zv Rbmgv‡RiI GK cvo fv‡O †Zv Ab¨ cvo M‡o| e„wUk Dcwb‡ewkK eë ’vq wPi ’vqx e‡›`ve¯— ev —evq‡bi d‡j Avengvb †jvKRxeb, †jvKmvwnZ¨ I †jvKwkí hLb fvO‡b fvO‡b wejxqgvb n‡Z P‡j‡Q, ZLb bZzb GK †kªYx my‡hvM wb‡Z _v‡K| Bs‡i‡Ri `vjvj, gyrmywÏ, ga¨¯Z¡‡fvMx, AbyMÖnRxexiv bZzb Rwg`vi I eëmvqx †kªYxiƒ‡c AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡iÑ kn‡iB Zv‡ì emevm, †jvKRxeb I †jvKms¯‹…wZi m‡½ Zv‡ì m¤úK© †Kvbw`b wQ‡jv bv| Avi wkí-mvwn‡Zï c„ó‡cvlKZvi g‡Zv i“wPI Zv‡ì gv‡S _vKvi K_v bq| d‡j Ôevey †kªYxÕ M‡o I‡V Avi Ôevey wejvmÕ Drhvcb Ki‡Z _v‡K wewfbœ Zij, wbæ i“wPi we‡bv`‡bi gva¨‡g| †`kxq mgvR I ms¯‹…wZi wech©‡q Avi GKwU †kªYxi m„wó nq, †mB kw³kvjx I eo †kªYxwU n‡jv Jcwb‡ewkK wk¶v-`x¶v I fveavivq M‡o IVv ga¨weË †kªYx| 1800 †_‡K 1947 ch©š— GB †kªYxiB Rq RqKvi, Jcwb‡ewkK ga¨we‡Ëi ev evOvwj f ª‡jv‡Ki m„wókxjZv GB mg‡q fifiš—Ñ evOvwji ÔbeRvM„wZÕ| gaym~ b-ew¼g hyM, iex› ª hyM I K‡j−vj hyM GB mg‡qi g‡a¨B m„wó| GB wZb Kv‡ji gv‡S iex› ªbv_, bRi“j, Rxebvb›` I RmxgD & xb Qvov Avi †Kvb †jLK evOvwji AvZ¥cwiP‡qi ¯iƒcwU cÖKvk Ki‡Z m¶g nbwb| evsjvi weivRgvb †jvKRxeb I †jvKms¯‹…wZÑ AwaKvsk gvbyl hvi ga¨ w`‡q engvb, Zvi wkwíZ mvwnwZ¨K cÖKvk Avgiv cvBwb| bv cvIqvB ¯vfvweK, KviY Zviv Jcwb‡ewkK ga¨weË †kªYxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i‡Qb, e„nËi RbRxe‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ibwb ev cv‡ibwb| K‡jvwbqvj wk¶vq ÔAv‡jvwKZÕ †jLKiv Avm‡j cwð‡gi Rvbvjvq †PvL †i‡L cwð‡gi cÖK…wZ, gvbyl, ms¯‹…wZ I HwZ‡nï †cÖ‡g AvKzj n‡Z n‡Z ¯‡`‡ki ewÂZ, †kvwlZ I msMÖvgx Rbmgv‡Ri w`‡K †PvL I gb †div‡Z mgq cvbwb| †KD †KD Rxe‡bi †kl mg‡q N‡i †divi Zvobv Abyfe Ki‡jI gnKvj †mB mgq I my‡hvM Lye GKUv †`bwb| Zviv K‡jvwbqvj wm‡÷‡gi cÖwZ GZUvB Kwg‡UW wQ‡jb †h, †kvwlZ I wbh©vwZZ RbmgvR hLb we‡`ªvn-cÖwZev` K‡i‡Q bvbvfv‡e, fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ¯vaxbZv msMÖvg I wec−e hLb wmcvnxiv m¤úbœ Kivi AvcÖvY †Póv K‡i‡Q m‡e©v”P Z¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g, ZLb Jcwb‡ewkK eyw×Rxex I †jLKe„›` Zv‡K Ôwbõj Db¥ËZvÕ, Ôlohš¿, ÔAb¨vqÕ BZ¨vw` bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb, mg_©b †m †Zv eû `~‡ii K_v| †jLK‡ì Rbwew”QbœZv, `vqnxbZv I my‡hvMmÜvbx gvbwmKZv m„wó‡Z Jcwb‡ewkK eë ’v Kvh©Ki f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|

BwZnv‡mi iƒcvš—i cÖwµqvq c‡bi I †lvj kZ‡Ki ïi“‡Z Av‡gwiKv I fviZ Avwe®‹vi Ges cyuwRev`x †kvlY, kvmb I jyÉ‡bi avivevwnKZvi m~Pbv; fvi‡Z e„‡U‡bi ewYKcyuwR I wkícyuwRi kvmb I †kvl‡Yi mvgªvRëv`x Avwac‡Zï 1947 mv‡j cÖZ¨¶ mgvwß| wKš‘ GL‡bv wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZ-wk‡í c‡iv¶ cÖfve KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q cÖejfv‡e| GL‡bv A‡bK †jLK e‡q

kvk¦wZKx 85

†eovb cwð‡gi mvwnZ¨v`k©, †j‡Lb evsjv fvlvq BD‡iv‡ci-Av‡gwiKvi mvwnZ¨| ÔAvaywbKÕ evsjv mvwnZ¨ n‡q DV‡Q Jcwb‡ewkK mvwnZ¨, e¨wZµg Aek¨B Av‡Q| GB e¨wZµgivB cÖPwjZ e„Ë †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m m„wó K‡i‡Qb DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Zï aviv|

3. evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY e„wUk I cvwK —vbx K‡jvwb †_‡K gy³ n‡Z `yevi ¯vaxbZvi ¯v` Dc‡fvM K‡i| Dcwb‡e‡ki Rvj †_‡K wQbœ n‡Z cÖ‡qvRb ¯vaxb, gy³ I †`ªvnx g‡bvfve| GBme ¸Y AwaKvsk †jL‡Ki bv _vKvi d‡j DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwnZ¨ m„wó‡Z ¯í msL¨K †jLK‡K AMÖmi n‡Z †`Lv hvq| AvZ¥cwiP‡q mg„×, Jcwb‡ewkK cÖfvegy³, †mB kw³i msNv‡Z †`ªvnx, ¯vaxb‡PZv mvwnZ¨‡KB DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwnZ¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| cwð‡gi wecyj cÖfve m‡Ë¡I evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ iex› ªbv_ I Rxebvb›` `vk A‡bKUvB GB avivi m„wó‡Z hZœevb wkíx| Z‡e cy‡ivcywi cÖfvegy³ I ¯vaxb mvwnZ¨m„R‡b mvdj¨ †`Lvb KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg I RmxgD & xb| evqv‡bœvi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bvËi Kv‡j GB aviv‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvb knx yj−vn Kvqmvi, Rnxi ivqnvb, kvgmyi ivngvb, Avj gvngy , Avng` Qdv, gybxi †PŠayix, †mwjg Avj `xb, Igi Avjx, dinv` ghnvi, Avey Rvdi Ievq yj−vn, kv‡n` Avjx, gq~L †PŠayix, Avey nvmvb kvnwiqvi cÖgyL| cÖkœ DV‡Z cv‡i GBme †jLK wK cwð‡gi Øviv cÖfvweZ nqwb ev †mLvb †_‡K wKQy MÖnY K‡ibwb? Aek¨B cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Qb, wKš‘ MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î Zviv ¯KxqZv‡K wemR©b †`bwb| cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb MÖnY, AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask eR©b Ges wbg©v‡Yi †¶‡Î Zviv ¯vaxb, ¯Kxq I AvZ¥wbô †_‡K‡Qb| ¯vaxb fviZel© I ¯vaxb evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi msMÖvg, Av‡›`vjb I hy‡× AskMÖnYKvix, mngg©x, m½x A_ev gvbwmK I ˆbwZK mg_©bKvix †jLKiv DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwnZïPbvq K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb Ges RxweZiv †`Lv‡”Qb| Zvn‡j Abïv wK Ki‡Qb? Abïv cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Zï †Mvjv‡K F× Ki‡Qb| Dcmsnv‡i GKUv cÖkœ DVv ¯vfvweK: DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Zï Mš—e¨ †Kv_vq, KZ`~i, Kxfv‡e? GB avivi mvwnZ¨ †hLv‡b, †hfv‡e, hZ`~i hvIqv, m„wó nIqv ìKvi †mLv‡b, †mfv‡e, ZZ ~i AMÖmi, Mfxi I we¯Z…Z nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| gv‡b ¯vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ ¯vaxb, ¯Kxq I AvZ¥cwiPq mnKv‡i evsjv‡`k‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡e| Avqvij¨vÛ‡K Wwe−D. we. B‡qUm, Av‡gwiKv‡K ûBUg¨vb, ivwkqv‡K gvw·g †MvKx©, Zzi¯‹‡K bvwRg wnKgZ, bvB‡Rwiqv‡K wP‡bvqv Av‡P‡e, wgki‡K bvwMe gvndzR †hfv‡e wi‡cÖ‡R›U K‡i‡Q wkí‡PZbvq I Rxeb¯ú›`‡b; AvgivI PvB G †`‡ki mvwnwZ¨Kiv c~Y©v½ evsjv‡`k‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡e|

cÖ‡Z¨KwU mvwnZ¨v‡›`vjb, mvwnZ¨v`k©, bZzb gZev‡ì Rb¥ nq †mB †`‡ki mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ I ivRbxwZi iƒcvš—‡ii wfwË‡Z| Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv wbf©i K‡i †mB †`‡ki weivRgvb mgvR I mvwn‡Zï †cÖw¶Z we‡ePbv K‡i| wKš‘ †`Lv hvq cwð‡g †Kvb bZzb mvwnZ¨v‡›`vjb ev gZev‡ì m„wói cici Zv wgwWqv gvid‡Z Avgv‡ì †`‡k G‡m nvwRi n‡Z bv n‡ZB PP©v ïi“ n‡q hvq| MÖnY-eR©b, we‡ePbv-cÖkœ-wePv‡ii avi bv a‡i Zv‡K cÖPvi, jvjb I cvjb K‡iB ¶vš— nb bv; Zv †KD bv Rvb‡j, bv eyS‡j ev bv MÖnY Ki‡j cðvrc`, AÁ ev AbvaywbK n‡q hvb mnmv, mn‡R| GBfv‡e cwð‡gi mvgªvRëv`x Jcwb‡ewkK cÖKí ev —evwqZ n‡Z _v‡K mivmwi n —‡¶c QvovB, bxi‡e, wbf„‡Z| cwð‡gi cÖvP¨ZË¡ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z Avi c`vwZK ˆmb¨ †cÖiY Ki‡Z nq bv, Z_¨cÖhyw³i gva¨‡gB Zv ax‡i ax‡i Kvh©Ki n‡Z

kvk¦wZKx 86

_v‡K, GKB cÖwµqvq mvwn‡ZÏ RvqMv K‡i †bq| DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwnZ¨ GB AvMÖvmx †mªvZ‡K ev „wófw½‡K wecixZ w`‡K ev DRv‡b wdwi‡q w`‡Z Pvq| evsjv‡`k ev cÖvP¨‡K †`L‡Z n‡e wbR¯ „wó‡Z; gZev‡ì Pkgvq bq| Mš—‡e¨ hvIqvi c_ mnR I mij bq, eis ew¼g I KuvUvhy³| GB aviv‡K Av‡iv m„wókxj Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wb‡R‡K Rvbv-‡evSv, wb‡Ri BwZnvm, mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ-HwZn¨, gvbylÑcÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© †Lvjv †Pv‡L-g‡b †`Lv-†kvbv I Dcjwä| †mB ev —e RxebvwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Avengvb HwZ‡nï †kK‡oi m~‡Î DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Zï Mš—e¨ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv‡Yi ¯ú›`‡b| my ~i Mš—‡eï c_ ARvbv, A‡Pbv bq; GB c‡_ „p gvBj‡÷vb I Av‡jvwKZ j¨v¤ú‡cv‡÷i mvwi uvwo‡q Av‡QÑ iex› ªbv‡_i Ôi³KiexÕ, ÔAPjvqZbÕ, ÔKvjvš—iÕ; bRi“‡ji ÔAwMœexYvÕ, Ômvgëv`xÕ, Ôg„Zz ¶zavÕ, ÔhyMevYxÕ; Rxebvb‡›ì Ôiƒcmx evsjvÕ, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔcÙv b`xi gvwSÕ, wef~wZf~l‡Yi Ôc‡_i cvuPvjxÕ; Zvivk¼‡ii ÔRxeb‡èZvÕ I ÔKweÕ; A‰`Z gj−eg©‡Yi ÔwZZvm GKwU b`xi bvgÕ; RmxgD & x‡bi Ôb·x Kuv_vi gvVÕ, Ô†mvRbev`xqvi NvUÕ; Avnmvb nvex‡ei Ô yÕnv‡Z yB Avw`g cv_iÕ; kvgmyi ivngv‡bi Ôe›`x wkwei †_‡KÕ, ÔwbR evmf~‡gÕ; ˆmq` kvgmyj n‡Ki Ôcv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvqÕ, Ôbyi“j`x‡bi mvivRxebÕ; Avj gvngy‡ì Ô†mvbvwj KvwebÕ, ÔDovj Kve¨Õ, ÔwØZxq fvObÕ; nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi ÔwegyL cÖvš—iÕ; gybxi †PŠayixi ÔKeiÕ; ûgvqyb Kwe‡ii Ôb`x I bvixÕ; m‡Z¨b †m‡bi Ôwe‡ ªvnx ˆKeZ©Õ; kIKZ Imgv‡bi ÔµxZ`v‡mi nvwmÕ; Avey Bmvnv‡Ki ÔcÙvi cwjØxcÕ; Rwni ivqnv‡bi ÔAv‡iK dvêybÕ; knx yj−vn Kvqmv‡ii Ômv‡iO †eŠÕ I ÔmsmßKÕ; Av‡bvqvi cvkvi ÔivB‡dj †ivwU AvIivZÕ; Avng` Qdvi ÔI¼viÕ; AvmKvi Be‡b kvB‡Li ÔA‡bK Zvivi nvZQvwbÕ; ÔggZvRD & xb Avng‡ì Ô¯vaxbZv Avgvi ¯vaxbZvÕ; †mwjg Avj `x‡bi ÔwKËb‡LvjvÕ, ÔebcvsïjÕ BZ¨vw`| GBme gvBj‡÷vb †`‡L bexb †jLKiv Kzqvkvgq Mš—‡eï cwie‡Z© Av‡jvwKZ gwÄj †`L‡Z cv‡e| m‡½ m‡½ Z_vKw_Z êwk¦K AvaywbKZvi wecix‡Z ’vwbK AvengvbZv‡K wbgv©‡Yi gva¨‡gB AwR©Z n‡e Avgv‡ì wbR¯^ AvaywbKZv ev †jvKR AvaywbKZv|

4. DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Zï Mš—e¨ ’‡j ¯vaxb AvZ¥cwiPqmg„× mvwnZ¨ RvqMv K‡i wb‡Z Pq| wKš‘ c_? mwVK I †mvRv c_: †jvKms¯‹…wZi c_| evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li AvZ¥cwiPq †jvKms¯‹…wZi gv‡S weivRgvb| Dcwb‡ekKv‡j me‡P‡q †ewk aŸsmcÖvß n‡q‡Q †jvKHwZn¨ I †jvKms¯‹…wZ| †h †`‡kB cwð‡gi Dcwb‡ek ’vwcZ n‡q‡Q, †mLv‡bB Zvi webvk‡K Z¡ivwšZ K‡i‡Q| evsjvi †jvKms¯‹…wZi wfwË kZ AvNv‡ZI wejxb nqwb| GL‡bv e„nËi MÖvgxY RbmgvR K…wl, grm, g„r I ZuvZ eë ’vi m‡½ RwoZ; Rxeb-RxweKv cÖK…wZjMœ| bMims¯‹…wZi cÖfve Z…Yg~j ch©vq ch©š— †cuŠ‡Q †M‡jI †e`Lj n‡q hvqwb| dm‡ji Rb¨ Rwgb ˆZwi, exRecb, Pviv cwiPh©v-KvUv-gvovB-msMÖn I exR msi¶Y BZ¨vw` KvR¸‡jv Avengvb c×wZ‡Z A_©vr †jvKweÁv‡b I cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ n‡q _v‡K| ms‡hvM N‡U‡Q jv½‡ji ’‡j Uªv±i, ˆRe mv‡ii e`‡j ivmvqwbK mvi, KxUbvkK I bZzb †mP c×wZ| Kv‡ji hvÎvq weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡K Aek¨B MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡eÑ Z‡e hvPvB-evQvB K‡i| †Kbbv, bZzb cÖhyw³i eënv‡i ev¤úvi djb †hgb n‡”Q, †Zgwb gvwU I cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZ NU‡Q| †gvUK_v, bZzb hy‡Mi weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e ’vwbK cÖK…wZ I cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ mvgÄm¨ i¶v K‡i| †jvKweÁvb I bZzb weÁv‡bi mgš‡qB Avgv‡ì AMÖMwZ wbwnZ|

kvk¦wZKx 87

GKzk kZ‡K ZvB Avgv‡ì we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e †jvKwkí I †jvKweÁvb-cÖhyw³i mØënvi ev h_v_© cÖ‡qvM| KviY, AvengvbKvj a‡i evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy, cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I gvby‡li Dc‡hvMx n‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q GB †UKmB wkí I weÁvb| GB `ywU kvLvi ARmª Dcv`v‡bi A‡bK¸‡jvB AweKjfv‡e †i‡L †Ìqv hvq; Avevi A‡bK¸‡jv‡K ms¯‹vi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb, bKwk Kuv_v‡K AweK…Z Ae ’vq ivL‡Z n‡e, KviY Gi weKí †bB| g„r, `vi“ I Kvmvi wk‡íiI †Kvb AvaywbKvq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Ab¨w`‡K †jvKwk‡íi A‡bK cÖZxK, g‡Wj ev bKkv eo wkí-KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z c‡Yï wWRvB‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq, A‡bK w`b a‡i Zv n‡”QIÑ AvaywbK cÖhyw³ I HwZwn¨K Dcv`v‡bi mgš‡qÑ hv †kK‡oi m‡½ hy³| Gfv‡e †jvKweÁv‡bi A‡bK welq‡KI mgšq Kiv hvq| GB KvRwU Ri“ix, KviY †kKoQvov RvwZi BgivZ †f‡O †h‡Z eva¨|

†jvKmvwn‡Zï welqwU Avjv`v| †Kbbv †jvKmgv‡R m„ó GB mvwnZ¨ †jvKmgv‡RB cÖPvi, cÖmvi I weeZ©b NU‡e| bMi mgv‡R †jvKmvwnZ¨ msM„nxZ n‡q †hUzKz cvV‡Ki nv‡Z G‡m‡Q Zv‡K cwieZ©b NUv‡bv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwnZ¨ wbg©v‡Y †jvKmvwnZ¨ cv‡Vi weKí †bB| RvwZi AvZ¥cwiPq, cÖK…wZ, cÖeYZv, mvs¯‹…wZK m¤Üm~Î I HwZ‡nï ¯iƒc GLv‡bB cvIqv hvq| ZvB †jvKmvwnZ¨ †_‡K ARmª Dcv`vb msMÖn Kiv Acwinvh© `vwqZ¡ n‡q c‡o G †`‡ki GKRb m‡PZb †jL‡Ki Rb¨| Avevi GB mvwn‡Zï widg© ev cybwbg©vYI Kiv hvqÑ kvgmyi ivngv‡bi ÔPuv` m`vMiÕ I Avj gvngy‡ì Ôwg_¨vev`x ivLvjÕ G‡¶‡Î ¯§iYxq „óvš—|

Z‡e †jvKwek¦vm I ms¯‹vi‡K hyw³ I weÁv‡bi wfwË‡Z hvPvB K‡i MÖnY Kiv evÃbxq| cy‡iv‡bv ixwZbxwZ nvRvi HwZn¨ n‡jI Zv hw` mgvR I ms¯‹…wZi Rb¨ ¶wZKi nq, Zvn‡j Aek¨B Zv eR©bxq| GKUv mv‡cfwZ© aŸsmcÖvq cy‡iv‡bv evwo HwZ‡nï Ask n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e Zv Rxebbv‡kiI ûgwK| Zv‡K †f‡O cy‡iv‡bv ’vcZ¨‰kjx‡Z bZzb evwo wbg©vYB HwZn¨ I Rxeb Dfq‡K ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc Kivi mvwgj| ZvB †jvKms¯‹…wZi c‡_ Pj‡Z Pj‡Z cv‡q hw` KuvUv †eu‡a hvq, Z‡e c_e`j K‡i bq, KuvUv Zz‡j GwM‡q hvIqvB n‡e AvZ¥cÖZ¨q I AvZ¥kw³i KvR| GB c‡_B Av‡Q Dcwb‡e‡kvËi ¯vaxb, ¯Kxq, g½jgq, HwZwn¨K Rxeb-mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ I mvwnZ¨| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e: c„w_exi †h †K‡bv fvlvi gnr mvwnZ¨ Kv‡iv GKK m¤ú` bq, mK‡ji; Avcb Kb‡U‡›Ui cÖKv‡k †mB mvwn‡Zï wbgv©Y‰kjx †h †KD MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i wbR¯^ Avw½‡Ki mgš‡q|

DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Zï c_ GK A‡_© AZ¨š— mnR I mijÑ KviY, wb‡Ri K_v wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i ejvi gv‡S †Zv †Kv‡bv RwUjZv ev KwVbZv †bB| Ab¨w`K †_‡K A‡bK `yi“n KvR GwUÑ †Kbbv, K‡qK kZ eQi Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbeë¯’vq †_‡K wb‡R‡K ev AvZ¥Zv‡K nvwi‡q A‡bï †cvkvK c‡i, A‡bï iƒc wb‡q cÖK…Z †Pnviv e`‡j †M‡Q| ZvB Avmj AvZ¥v I kixi Avwe®‹v‡ii KvRwU `¶Zv I wkí ˆbcy‡Yï m‡½ Kivi g‡a¨B GB avivi cÖengvbZv I mvdj¨ wbf©ikxj|

kvk¦wZKx 88

†ejvj †nv‡mb †dvK‡jvi M‡elYvq g‡bvmgx¶Y c×wZ gvbe g‡bi wewfbœ wµqv I AvPi‡Yi g~jvbymÜvbB GK K_vq g‡bvmgx¶Y| †dvK‡jvi †h‡nZz msnZ gvbe mgv‡Ri cÖ vqx I MÖnxZvi dmj †m‡nZz e¨w³ I mgvR gb¯—Ë¡ GLv‡b hZUv cwiùzU Ab¨ †Kv‡bv we`¨vk„•Ljvq Z‡ZvUv bq| G Kvi‡Y g‡bvmgx¶Y e¨ZxZ †dvK‡jv‡ii ¯iƒc wbiƒcY cÖvq Am¤¢e|

Aa¨vcK wmMgyÛ d«‡qW (1856-1939) g‡bvmgx¶Y c×wZi m~ÎcvZ Ki‡jI cieZ©xKv‡j Kvj© ¸¯—vf qys, Kvj© Aveªvnvg, GwiK †d«vg, Av‡b©÷ †Rvb&m, †MRv †iv‡nBg, A‡Uv i¨vsK, eª“‡bv †e‡Uj †nBg cÖgyL g‡bvweÁvbx GB c×wZ wewfbœ we`¨vk„•Ljvq cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| †dvK‡jv‡i G c×wZ cÖ_g cÖ‡qvM K‡ib d«‡qW wb‡RB| †dvK‡jv‡ii †Kv_vq, Kxfv‡e GB c×wZ KvR K‡i, Zv Rvbvi Av‡M g‡bvmgx¶Y welqwU Kx †mwU GKUz Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb e‡j g‡b Kwi|

Collier’s Encyclopedia’q g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q ejv n‡q‡Q : ÔPsychoanalysis is the investigation of the psychological motivation of human behaviour through the study of mental content by a Special technique.’

g‡bvmgx¶‡Y gvbe‡ev‡ai AvPiY, †cÖlY I êwkó¨ Ab¨Zg eywbqv`| cÖvYx wn‡m‡e gvbyl I cï AvPiY I êwk‡ó¨ mgZzjxq n‡jI, †cÖlYMZ êwk‡ó¨ Zviv eZz©j| Avnvi, wenvi, fq I †µva G PviwU mnRvZ cÖe„wË Øviv cÖvYxi Rxeb wbqwš¿Z n‡jI, gvbyl I cïi RxebMZ wKQz cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| G cv_©‡Kï g~‡j i‡q‡Q ÔgbÕ| cï gb w¯’wZkxj wKš‘ gvbe gb MwZkxj|

d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z MwZkxj G gvbe g‡bi wZbwU ¯—iÑ†PZb (Concious), A‡PZb (Pre-

Concious) I Ae‡PZb ev wbÁ©vb (Unconcious)| gb Avevi mq¤¢y bq Zv e¨w³ wbf©i| A_©vr e¨w³mËvi MvVwbK cÖwµqv n‡”Q gb| myZivs d«‡qW e¨w³mËvi Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zv‡KI wZbwU ¯—‡i fvM K‡i‡Qb Ñ A`m (Id), Ans (Ego) I Awakv —v (Super ego)|

cïcvwLi Rxeb Avi gvby‡li Rxeb GK bq| cï cvwLi Rxeb cÖe„wËi g‡a¨B mxgve×| wKš‘ gvby‡li Avkv-AvKv•Lv, PvIqv-cvIqvi †kl †bB| ÔPvwnev gvÎ Bnvi evnK‡K w`‡Z eva¨ _vwK‡eÕi g‡Zv gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~iYxq bq| gvby‡li wnsmv, †Øl, wein, ˆbivk¨, †kvK, Zvc, Kvgbv-evmbv BZ¨vw` †PZb g‡bi wµqv mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ, ag©, ˆbwZKZv-cÖgyL ev —eZvq ewÂZ I wcó n‡q Ae`wgZ (Repressed) AvKv‡i Ae‡PZb g‡b Ae ’vb †bq Ges †m me ewÂZ PvIqv-cvIqv cÖZx‡Ki AvKvi (Symbol) aviY K‡i cybivq †PZb g‡b wd‡i Av‡m| hv ¯‡cœi g‡a¨ ¯úóZ aiv c‡o|

ev —e cwiw¯’wZ‡Z e¨w³mËv ÔA`mÕB Ans Ges Awakv —v‡Z cwiYZ nq| ÔA`mÕ ev —-eZv †g‡b P‡j Ges †m me© v myL cÖZ¨vkx| †m Kvi‡Y d«‡qW ÔA`mÕ-Gi kw³‡K Kvg‡cÖiYv ev Libido e‡j‡Qb| ÔA`mÕ Zvi D‡Ïk¨ PwiZv‡_©i Rb¨ Kvg‡cÖiYvi Øviv ewnR©M‡Zi e¯‘‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| A_©vr wjwe‡Wi cÖKvk Rxeb †cÖg ev fvjevmvq| GUv AvZ¥gywL n‡j

kvk¦wZKx 89

Zvi bvg bviwmwmRg& (narcissism) Avi cigywL n‡j cÖe„wËMZ eske„w×| fvjevmvi GlYvi wecix‡Z g„Zz I aŸs‡mi GlYv| GB `yB GlYv evBbvwi iƒ‡c Ae‡PZb ev wbÁ©vb g‡b wµqvkxj| wjwe‡Wv CwáZ cÖ_g GlYvq e¨_© n‡j wØZxq GlYvq avweZ nq| gvbe Rxe‡b ˆkke †_‡K g„Zy ch©š— wjwe‡Wv weivU f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wkï †_‡K e„× ch©š— mKj gvbylB Pigfv‡e myL cÖZ¨vkx| gvbyl ev cÖvYx G myL Abyfe K‡i ¶zwbœe„wË A_©vr Avnvi I wenvi Øviv| G yÕ¶zavi g‡a¨ gvby‡li we‡kl AvKl©Y _v‡K wenvi ev †hŠb¶zavi cÖwZ| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq :

Avw`gKv‡ji gvbyl †_‡K AvaywbK Kv‡ji DbœZ mf¨ mgv‡Ri †jvK‡ì Kv‡QI cyi“‡li wj½ Ges bvixi †hvwb †Kej A½iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ bq, A½ `ywUi A‡jŠwKK ¶gZvq I gwngvq †jv‡K Awff~Z nq| GB ywU A‡½i ms‡hvRb I wgj‡b myL †eva Ges wb‡R †_‡KB mš—vb Drcv`‡b iƒcvš—wiZ nq, GB êwkó¨B †jv‡K‡ì AvK…ó K‡i| Avnvi ¶zav wbevi‡Y †Kvb wewawb‡la †bB| wKš‘ †hŠb ¶zavi D‡ ªK gvÎB †Mvôxi kvwš— I msnwZ eRvq †i‡L GUv‡K cÖkgb Kivi eû evav-wb‡la BZ¨vw` _vKvq GB ¶zav msµvš— Kvgbv, evmbv ev B”QviB cÖKvk nq †ewk|

Avgiv hLb †R‡M _vwK, ZLb Avgiv bvbv Kv‡R e¨ — _vwK, Avgv‡ì fvebv, wPš—v, Av‡eM, Abyf~wZÑ meB ZLb mRvM _v‡K| Ny‡gi mgq Avgv‡ì Ae‡PZb g‡b Ae`wgZ welq¸‡jv iƒcK ev cÖZx‡Ki Avkªq wb‡q ¯‡ci gva¨‡g †PZbvq †`Lv †`q| G cÖm‡½ d«‡qW e‡j‡Qb : Ô¯^cœ Avgv‡ì B”Qv, Kíbv, aviYv BZ¨vw`‡K weK…Z (distortion) K‡i cÖKvk K‡i|Õ4 ZvB Avgv‡ì Avmj B‡”Qi m‡½ mn‡R ¯‡cœi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv| ZvB ¯^cœ‡K eyS‡Z n‡j ¯‡cœi fvlv iƒcK ev cÖZxK‡K eyS‡Z n‡e|

cÖZxK n‡”Q wbÁv©b ev Ae‡PZb g‡bi M~p A_© cÖKvkK| mvaviYZ ivóªxq, mvgvwRK ev †fŠMwjK wfbœZv m‡Ë¡I cÖZx‡Ki A_© †`k, Kvj, RvwZ, ag© wbwe©‡k‡l cÖvq mgvb| cÖZxK e¨vL¨vq d«‡qW jvwV, Mv‡Qi ¸wo, QvZv, aviv‡jv A ¿ (†hgb Qzwi I `v) BZ¨vw`‡K cyi“‡li †hŠbv‡½i cÖZxK Ges e¨vM, ev·, †÷vf, Szwo BZ¨vw` bvixi †hŠbv‡½i cÖZxK e‡j‡Qb| G QvovI d«‡qW †Uwej, Z³v I †PŠwK BZ¨vw`‡K bvix‡`‡ni cÖZxK Ges †mvRv Lvov †`qvj BZ¨vw`‡K cyi“‡li cÖZxK e‡j‡Qb|

cÖL¨vZ Rvg©vb †dvK‡jviwe` GwiK †d«vg (Erich Fromm) d«‡qWxq g‡bvmgx¶Y Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K wb‡b¥v³ cÖZxK e¨vL¨v Dc¯’vcb K‡ib :

Av¸b aiv‡bv=†hŠbwµqv/Rvj=cÖRbb/jvwV-e„¶-kvej-QvZv-Qwo-†cbwmj=cyi“lwj½/ ¸nv-†evZj-dzj-evMvb-cvwLi bxo-Mnbv=bvixi †hvwb/gv‡Qi †cU-Rjvkq-RvnvR ev †bŠKvi †Lvj=bvixi Mf©‡`k/ jvjUzwc= FZzmªve/ mv`v byb= cyi“‡li exh©/ e ‘we‡k‡li AvK…wZe„w×=wj‡½v”Qvm cÖf„wZ|

cÖZxK eënv‡ii †¶‡Î mv‡c¶ (Condition) cÖwZeZ©K GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †hgbÑ Ô†hvwb I wj‡½i cÖZxKiƒ‡c eëüZ e ‘, DcKiY, Dcv`vbvwì m‡½ mv‡c¶ ¯’vwcZ nq, ZZ¶Y †Kvb e ‘, Dcv`vb, DcKiY cÖf„wZ †hvwb I wj‡½i cÖZxKiƒ‡c eëüZ nq bv| A_©vr †Kvb wKQzi m‡½ mv‡c¶ ¯’vwcZ nIqvi g~‡j Av‡Q AwfÁZv AR©b|

kvk¦wZKx 90

cvfjfZË¡ ÔKbwWkÛ wi‡d¬KvÕ Abyaveb Ki‡j GB mZ¨ Dcjwä Kiv hvq| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk †hŠbZv wbf©i| Zvi g‡Z, cvuP eQ‡ii GKwU wkï cwic~Y© e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix| G e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖPq (Development) †hŠbZvwfwËK| mvaviY A‡_© Avgiv †hŠbZv ej‡Z hv eywS, †mUv d«‡q‡Wi †hŠbZv bq| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z, †hŠb¯’j ïaygvÎ †hŠbv½¸‡jvB bq, cvqy Ges gyLI| hwÌ wZbwU ¯’vbB †gŠwjK †hŠb ’vb ZeyI Abyl½ c×wZ‡Z (Association method) †hŠb Dc‡fv‡Mi †gŠwjK ’vb¸‡jv‡ZB ïay †hŠbZv wbe× _v‡K bv| gvbyl †PvL, nvZ, fvlv, A½fw½ Ges Kíbv‡ZI †hŠbZv Dc‡fvM K‡i _v‡K| Abyl½ c×wZ‡Z †h †Kvb mvaviY wRwbm I †hŠb¯’vb mv „këvPKZvq †hŠbZv cÖvß n‡Z cv‡i| wecixZ wj‡½i †cvlvK-cwi”Q` Ges wecixZ wj‡½i †hŠbZv ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡Z cv‡i Ggb e¯‘ †hgbÑ Kjg, dzj, PvKv BZ¨vwÌ †hŠbZv cÖvß n‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡eB m„wó cÖZx‡Ki|

†dvK‡jvi †h‡nZz gvbwmK Av‡e‡Mi cÖwZdjbRvZ wewkó iƒc †m‡nZz †dvK‡jv‡ii g‡a¨ e¨w³gvb‡mi êwkó¨ I RvZxqgvb‡mi iƒc cÖZ¨¶Yxq| †m Kvi‡Y d«‡qW †dvK‡jvi‡K gvby‡li Ae‡PZb g‡bi AvKv•¶vi cÖZxKx cÖKvk iƒ‡c e¨vL¨v K‡ib : Psychoanalysis, particularly of the Freudian type, interprets myths or Folklore as symbolic expression of man’s Unconscious desires.

Ae`wgZ B”Qv I myß †hŠb‡PZbv †_‡K wg‡_i D™¢e e‡j d«‡qW g‡b K‡ib| wZwb Zvui Interpretation of Dreams (1900) MÖ‡š’ cyivK_v, iƒcK_v, U¨vey, ag©vPvi, ms¯‹vi cÖf„wZ wel‡qi A‡bK D`vniY w`‡q iƒcK_v‡K †jvK¯‡cœi Kvwnbxiƒc Ges cyivK_v ev wg_‡K RvwZMZ ¯^cœwPš—vi Kvwnbx e‡j D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| D`vniY ¯iƒc wZwb ÔBwWcvm Kg‡c−·Õi K_v e‡jb| cÖwZwU wkïi †fZ‡iB myß †hŠb‡PZbv _v‡K| BwWcvm KZ…©K Zvi wcZ…nZ¨v Ges gv‡K we‡q K‡i mš—vb Rb¥ †`qvi cy‡iv e¨vcviwU ARvbvi g‡a¨ AvKw¯§Kfv‡e NU‡jI mgMÖ welqwU ˆkk‡ei Ae`wgZ B”Qvi dj e‡j d«‡qW g‡b K‡ib| myBRvij¨v‡Ûi g‡bvweÁvbx Kvj© ¸ —ve qy sI gvbwmK I AZ…ß †hŠb‡PZbv †_‡K cyivKvwnbxi Rb¥ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki AmsL¨ Qov avauv, wK”Qv-Kvwnbx, m½xZ, MxwZKv g‡bvmgx¶Y c×wZ‡Z we‡k−lY Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †m meI gvbwmK cÖwZwµqvRvZ AZ…ß Kvgbv evmbvi m„wó Ges †m ¸‡jv‡Z iƒcK cÖZx‡Ki Aš—iv‡j †cÖg I †hŠbZvi K_vB ejv n‡q‡Q| K‡qKwU D`vniY GLv‡b Dc ’vwcZ n‡jvÑ

Qov : evsjv Qovq MvQ, dzj, dj; gvb‡eZi cÖvYxi g‡a¨ mvc, evN, nwiY, †ewR, fvj−yK, gvQ, cvwL Ges b`x, Rj, cyKzi, w`Nx, e„wó, Pvu -m~h© BZ¨vw` Abym‡½ †hŠbjxjvi †`¨vZK iƒ‡c cÖZx‡Ki eënvi j¶¨ Kiv hvq| †hgb :

K. mc&bv mc&bv Z¨vRcvZv/ mcbvi we‡q KwjKvZv/ mcbvi hv‡Z c‡i †K?/ Q‡W Ny¸ mvwR‡P/ A¨vWv NyMy gi‡P/ mcbvi †mvwgi Kó †nv‡P|

L. †ewR K‡i wPwKwgwK/ Gb yyi Kv‡U avb/ †ewRi ¸qvi g‡`/ mvc mv›`vB‡jv/ WvKZi W¨v‡K Avb|/ WvKZi M¨v‡P nv‡U/ †ewRi ¸qv dv‡U|/ ZvjZjv evRbv ev‡R/ †ewRi ¸qv wPwjK cv‡i|

evsjv †jvKQovi AwaKvskB we‡q I †hŠbZv wb‡`©kK Abyl½x iƒcK-cÖZx‡K ficyi| Qov †h‡nZz wkï g‡bi m„wó myZivs wkï gb —Ë¡ Qov ¸‡jv‡Z cÖKU| wkïiv †h‡nZz

kvk¦wZKx 91

kvixwiKfv‡e †hŠb¯’v‡bi †hŠbZv cÖ‡qv‡M A¶g myZivs Zviv Zv‡ì Ae`wgZ †hŠbKv•Lv wewfbœ µxov I fvwlK cwi‡cÖw¶Z BZ¨vwì Øviv cÖ‡qvM K‡i gvbwmK Z…wß Abyfe K‡i _v‡K| GKB K_v ejv P‡j e„×‡ì †¶‡ÎI| Z‡e e„×‡ì welqwU ïaygvÎ fvwlK wµqvkxjZvi g‡a¨B mxgve×|

Ic‡ii y‡Uv QovB †Ljvi Qov| A_©vr †Ljvi Q‡j wkïiv G ai‡bi Qov¸‡jv e‡j _v‡K| GKwU †Ljvi Qov Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg †hgb :

1g Rb- KÕ†Zv IB cvi 2q Rb- IB cvi Zq Rb- ¸‡qi g‡` Wye cvi| A_ev 1g Rb- K‡Zv njw` 2q Rb- njw` 1g Rb- ¸qvgvi Rjw`|

G ai‡bi Qovi D‡Ïk¨ cÖ_gRb KZ©„K (cÖkœKvix) wØZxqRb‡K VKv‡bv Ges GKRb AciRb‡K VwK‡q Am¤¢e iKg Avb›` †c‡q _v‡K| †hnZz G ai‡bi Qov¸‡jv kã hy‡×i †Ljv, †m Kvi‡Y ÔAk−xjkãÕ GLv‡b hy×v‡ ¿i f~wgKv MÖnY K‡i‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© d«‡qW e‡j‡Qb : µxovi g‡a¨ wkïi Ae`wgZ AvKv•Lvi hyw³ N‡U|

d«‡q‡Wi GB ZË¡ AbymiY K‡iB m„wó n‡q‡Q ÔK¨v_viwUK w_Iwi Ae †c−Õ ev Ôµxovi we‡iPbZË¡Õ| †Rgm& im (James Ross) GB Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v| G m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb :

gvbyl, we‡klZ wkï Zvi Ae`wgZ Av‡e‡Mi gyw³ Lyu‡R cvq µxovi g‡a¨| †hgb, gvbyl cÖK…wZMZ fv‡eB †hv×v wKš‘ mf¨mgv‡R †mB †hv×v g‡bvfvewU cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM †bB| †mB hy‡×i AvKv•LvB µxov‡¶‡Î i³cvZnxb hy‡×i AbyK…wZ‡Z Z…wßjvf K‡i|

Ic‡ii y‡Uv QovB †Ljvi Qov wKš‘ Qov y‡Uvi welqe ‘ cy‡ivcywi †hŠbZv| Qov¸‡jvi cÖwZKvwqZ kãvbyhy‡× we‡q Ges †hŠbm½‡gi „k¨ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| †ZRcvZv, NyNy cvwL, mvc-†ewRi K‡¤úvwRkb [mvc=cyi“l, †ewR=bvix, †ewRi ¸qvi g‡` mvc mv›`v‡bv=†hvwbi g‡a¨ cyi“lwj‡½i cÖ‡ek, †ewRi wPwKwgwK Ges ZvjZjv evRbv beea~ wb‡`©kK myZivs †ewRi ¸qv dvUv = †hvbm½‡g AbwfÁ beea~i †hvwbi i³cvZ|] BZ¨vw` cÖZx‡Ki cÖ‡qvM wkï g‡bi Ae`wgZ †hŠbvKv•Lvi dmj|

Qovi g‡Zv avuav, we‡qi MxZ, †jvKK_v cÖf„wZI Ae`wgZ †hŠbKv•Lvi cÖKvk| G¸‡jvi nvRv‡iv „óvš— †`qv hvq| Z‡e †m †¶Î GwU bq| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq g‡bvmgx¶Y Qvov †dvKj‡ii ¯iƒc Rvbv Am¤¢e|

kvk¦wZKx 92

GKz‡k eB‡gjv 2011 †ei“‡”Q mvwn‡Zï KvMR kãcv‡Vi PZz ©k msL¨v G msL¨vi m¤¢ve¨ †jLK m~wP‡Z Av‡QbÑ Aw`wZ b›`x, AwgZ PµeZx©, AvKvk A¤i, Avey mvC` Ievq`yj−vn, Ave`yi iDd †PŠayix, Avkivd gvngy , Avng` g‡qR, Bgb miIqvi, Gb RyjwdKvi, Kzj`v ivq, KvRj ikx`, Lv‡j` †nvmvBb, wPÎv †ivRvwiI, †R¨vwZ †cvÏvi, Rq`x e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, Rqbvj wkey, Zvbfxi ivZzj, Zvcm Mv‡qb, Zvjvk ZvjyK`vi, bvwRe Iqv`y , bvRwbb Lwjj, bv‡qg wjUz, wbS©i ˆbtkã¨, cwi‡Zvl nvj`vi, dwKi Bwjqvm, †ejvj Avn‡g`, gvmy v fvwÆ, gywK` †PŠayix, †gvRvd&di †nv‡mb, gywbg wmÏxKx, ivZzj cvj, i“`ª kvqK, kvKzi gwR`, kvnbvR myjZvbv, wkgyj mvjvnDwÏb, mv¾v` mvCd, ˆmq` geby, †mv‡nj gvngy , myeªZ AMvw÷b †Mv‡gR, mywgb kvIb, miwmR Avjxg, nvwg`v AvKZvi, mygb aviv kg©v, mÄq KzÊy, Iqvwj gvngy |

GKz‡k eB‡gjv 2011 †ei“‡”Q mvwn‡Zï KvMR kãcv‡Vi PZz ©k msL¨v

b›`x, AwgZ PµeZx©, AvKvk A¤i, Avey mvC` Ievq`yj−vn, Ave`yi iDd †PŠayix, Avkivd gvngy , Avng` g‡qR, Bgb miIqvi, Gb RyjwdKvi, Kzj`v ivq, KvRj ikx`, Lv‡j` †nvmvBb, wPÎv †ivRvwiI, †R¨vwZ †cvÏvi, Rq`x e‡›`¨vcva¨vq,

ZvjyK`vi, bvwRe Iqv`y , bvRwbb Lwjj, bv‡qg wjUz, wbS©i ˆbtkã¨, cwi‡Zvl nvj`vi, dwKi Bwjqvm, †ejvj Avn‡g`, gvmy v fvwÆ, gywK` †PŠayix, †gvRvd&di †nv‡mb, gywbg wmÏxKx, ivZzj cvj, i“`ª kvqK, kvKzi gwR`, kvnbvR myjZvbv, wkgyj mvjvnDwÏb, mv¾v` mvCd, ˆmq`

†mv‡nj gvngy , myeªZ AMvw÷b †Mv‡gR, mywgb kvIb, miwmR Avjxg, nvwg`v

kvk¦wZKx 93

Aa¨vcK hZxb miKv‡ii mv¶vrKvi 29 wW‡m¤i ivZ 8.30 wgwb‡U gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g mv¶vrKviwU †bIqv nq| cÖ_‡g Avgiv hZxb miKv‡ii evwo hvIqvi Rb¨ Zuvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kwi| wZwb kvixwiKfv‡e fv‡jv †eva bv Kivi ì“b gy‡Vv‡dv‡b mv¶vrKviwU †bIqvi K_v e‡jb| mv¶vrKviwU MÖn‡Y mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ †dvK‡jvi wefv‡Mi mfvcwZ W. Aveyj nvmvb †PŠayix‡K abëv` Rvbvw”Q| Ñ m¤úv`K|

kvk¦wZKx : m¨vi, GB mg‡q kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK fv‡e †Kgb †eva Ki‡Qb ?

hZxb miKvi : Lye †h fv‡jv †eva KiwQ Zv bv, wKš‘ Avwg †Zv GiKgB...| Zzwg e‡j hvI| kvk¦wZKx : evsjv GKv‡Wgxi gnvcwiPvjK Rbve kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb Zuvi GKwU eB‡Z e‡j‡QbÑ

ÔAa¨vcK hZxb miKvi Avgv‡ì Kv‡ji GK Zz‡Lvo cwÊZ, Zx¶è †gav I D™¢vebvgq m„Rbx kw³i AwaKvix †jLK I wPš—vwe` Ges AvKl©Yxq e³v| Avgvi we‡ePbvq Avgv‡ì cÖR‡b¥i wZwbB me©‡kªô wPš—K I mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi fvl¨Kvi|Õ

G gš—e¨ m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi Abyf~wZ Rvb‡Z PvB|

hZxb miKvi : †kv‡bv, GB †h gš—e¨, GUv n‡”Q Avgvi eÜyi gš—e¨| kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb Avgvi eÜz, Kv‡RB GBUv n‡”Q eÜzK…Z¨| GLvb †_‡K e ‘MZ mËv AvniY m¤¢e n‡e bv| GB m¤ú‡K© gš—e¨ bv KivB DwPZ e‡j Avwg g‡b KiwQ| kvk¦wZKx : Avgv‡ì †jvKms¯‹…wZ KZUv mg„×kvjx? †jvKms¯‹…wZi PP©v I PhRb¨ †Kb Ges KZLvwb cÖ‡qvRb e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?

hZxb miKvi : c„w_exi mg — gvby‡li GB †h †jvKms¯‹…wZ, †mB †`‡ki Dc‡hvMx ms¯‹…wZ GUv| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †jvKms¯‹…wZ †Zv Aek¨B mg„w×kvjx Ges Amvgvb¨ mg„w×kvjx| †jvKms¯‹…wZ n‡”Q GKUv RvwZi cÖK…Z ms¯‹…wZ| mg —

Aa¨vcK hZxb miKv‡ii mv¶vrKvi

29 wW‡m¤i ivZ 8.30 wgwb‡U gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g mv¶vrKviwU †bIqv nq| cÖ_‡g Avgiv hZxb miKv‡ii evwo hvIqvi Rb¨ Zuvi mv‡_ hvMv‡hvM Kwi| wZwb kvixwiKfv‡e fv‡jv †eva

bv Kivi ì“b gy‡Vv‡dv‡b mv¶vrKviwU †bIqvi K_v e‡jb| mv¶vrKviwU MÖn‡Y mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ †dvK‡jvi wefv‡Mi mfvcwZ W. Aveyj nvmvb †PŠayix‡K abëv`

kvk¦wZKx : m¨vi, GB mg‡q kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK fv‡e †Kgb †eva Ki‡Qb ? KiwQ Zv bv, wKš‘ Avwg †Zv GiKgB...| Zzwg

kvk¦wZKx : evsjv GKv‡Wgxi gnvcwiPvjK Rbve kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb Zuvi GKwU eB‡Z

ÔAa¨vcK hZxb miKvi Avgv‡ì Kv‡ji GK Zz‡Lvo cwÊZ, Zx¶è †gav I D™¢vebvgq vwe` Ges AvKl©Yxq e³v| Avgvi we‡ePbvq

ms¯‹…wZi fvl¨Kvi|Õ

e¨| kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb Avgvi eÜz, Kv‡RB GBUv n‡”Q eÜzK…Z¨| GLvb †_‡K e ‘MZ mËv AvniY m¤¢e

kvk¦wZKx : Avgv‡ì †jvKms¯‹…wZ KZUv mg„×kvjx? †jvKms¯‹…wZi PP©v I Ph©v GKUv RvwZi

gvby‡li GB †h †jvKms¯‹…wZ, †mB †`‡ki Dc‡hvMx ms¯‹…wZ GUv| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †jvKms¯‹…wZ †Zv Aek¨B mg„w×kvjx Ges Amvgvb¨

| mg — ms¯‹…wZi Drm

kvk¦wZKx 94

g~jB n‡”Q †jvKmvaviY ev gvbyl| Kv‡RB ZvB hw` nq, Zvn‡j †jvKms¯‹…wZi evB‡i Ab¨ ms¯‹…wZi K_v ejv †Zv A_©nxb e¨vcvi n‡q uvovq| mg — ms¯‹…wZi Drmg~j †h‡nZz †jvKms¯‹…wZ †m‡nZz †jvKms¯‹…wZ PP©vi ¸i“‡Z¡i K_v e‡j †kl Kiv hv‡e bv| kvk¦wZKx : Avgv‡ì mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi GKRb we`» fvl¨Kvi wnmv‡e MZvbyMwZK e¨vL¨vi evB‡i, †dvK‡jvi ev †jvKms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© Ggb wKQy ejyb hv‡Z K‡i RvwZ wnmv‡e Avgiv †jvKvq‡Z Av ’vkxj n‡Z cvwi|

hZxb miKvi : †kv‡bv, GB †h Avgvi bv‡gi Av‡M we`»-wU`» jvMv‡”Qv Zv †gv‡UI wVK bv| GKUv K_v Avwg ewj †jvKms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K©, A‡b‡K Avevi †jvKms¯‹…wZ ej‡Z ivwR bv, †dvK‡jvi kã w`‡q cÖwZ ’vwcZ Ki‡Z Pvq, †mB †dvK‡jvi m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì †`‡k †h Av‡jvPbv n‡”Q †mB Av‡jvPbv G‡Kev‡i Ebwesk kZvwã †_‡K n‡q Avm‡Q Ges Zvi g‡a¨ A‡b‡KiB Ae`vb Av‡Q Ñ G wel‡q †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| wKš‘ B`vwbs †jvKms¯‹…wZ ev †dvK‡jv‡ii Av‡jvPbvq cvðvZ¨ cÖfve AZ¨š— †ewk, cÖfveUv †h G‡Kev‡i Lvivc †m K_v Avwg ewj bv| wKš‘ cÖkœ n‡”Q cvðv‡Zï abZvwš¿K `ywbqv, cvðv‡Zï mg — ms¯‹…wZ we‡k−lY Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e GKUv c¶cvwZZ¡ ev LÊZ¡ we`¨gvb| Kv‡RB Avwg g‡b Kwi, cÖK…Z cÖ —v‡e ms¯‹…wZ welqK †h †Kvb wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j †h „wófw½Uv Aej¤b Kiv DwPr †mUv‡K Aek¨B n‡Z n‡e Øvw›ØK e ‘ev`x `„wófw½| GLb †mB Øvw›ØK e —yev`x `„wófw½‡Z wVK Kx iKg Av‡jvPbv Kiv DwPr Ges m½Z e‡j Avgvi aviYv, †mBiKg Av‡jvPbv Avgv‡ì †`‡k Lye KgB n‡”Q e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| Avgv‡ì †`‡k H Av‡gwiKvb †dvK‡jviwe`‡ì wPš—v-PP©vi cÖPjb A‡bK †ewk Ges †mB aviv a‡iB Avgv‡ì †dvK‡jviwe` hviv Av‡Qb Zuviv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z Pvb| G ch©š— †dvK‡jvi wb‡q hZ Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ Avgvi eÜz kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb-Gi Av‡jvPbv h‡_ó cwigvY mg„× Ges Zvi g‡a¨ A‡bK bZzb wKQy Avgiv Luy‡R cvB Ñ GUv eÜyK…Z¨ bq wKš‘| ZviciI ewj, Avgvi K_v Rvb‡Z †P‡qQ †h‡nZz, Z_vMZ Av‡jvPbv ev we‡k−l‡Yi evB‡i hw` Øvw›ØK e ‘ev‡ì wfwË‡Z †jvKms¯‹…wZ Z_v †dvK‡jvi Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j Avwg ej‡ev, e„wUk Øvw›ØK e ‘ev‡ì we‡k−lK Christopher Caudwell-Gi Illusion and Reality eBwU‡K Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †dvK‡jviweìv †dvK‡jvi Av‡jvPbvi Drm wnmv‡e †Kvbg‡ZB we‡ePbv K‡ib bv| wKš‘ Avgvi †Zv g‡b nq GB eBwU‡Z wµ‡÷vdvi KWI‡qj KweZvi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© †h mg„× Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Zvi g‡a¨B Avgiv †dvK‡jvi Av‡jvPbvi cÖK…Z w`kv †c‡q †h‡Z cvwi Ges Zuv‡K AbymiY K‡iB cieZx© Kv‡j RR© Ugmb †h Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb †mB¸wj Avgv‡ì †dvK‡jvi Av‡jvPbvi bZzb w`Mš— D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| Kv‡RB Avgv‡ì hviv †dvK‡jviwe` Av‡Qb Zuv‡ì GB w`‡K `„wó †Ìqv cÖ‡qvRb e‡jI Avgvi aviYv| evOvwji g‡a¨ hviv †dvK‡jviwe` wnmv‡e

kvk¦wZKx 95

L¨vZ Zuv‡ì evB‡i cÖK…Z †dvK‡jviwe` wnmv‡e Avwg eje †èxcÖmv` PÆcva¨v‡qi K_v| †èxcÖmv` PÆcva¨vq-Gi Ô†jvKvqZ `k©bÕ eBwUi cÖ_‡gB RR© Ugm‡bi m‡½ wZwb †h Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb †m K_v¸wj wee„Z K‡i‡Qb, Ges RR© Ugm‡bi KvQ †_‡K Aby‡cªiYv †c‡qB ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †jvKvqZ `k©b‡K bZzb `„wó‡Z wZwb †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb| Kv‡RB GB Ô†jvKvqZ `k©bÕ MÖš’wU‡Z Awfe¨³ Ges Zvic‡i Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ eB‡qi g‡a¨ †èxcÖmv` PÆcva¨vq †h Av‡jvPbv¸wj K‡i‡Qb †m¸wj Avgv‡ì †dvK‡jvi Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ AZ¨š— g~jëvb e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| Avgv‡ì †`‡k hw` h_v_© A‡_©B †dvK‡jv‡ii we‡k−lY Ki‡Z nq, Zvn‡j wµ‡÷vdvi KWI‡qj, RR© Ugmb Ges †èxcÖmv` PÆcva¨vq-Gi Av‡jvPbv‡K we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ †Ìqv DwPZ| kvk¦wZKx : ÔcÖvK…ZR‡bi Rxeb`k©bÕ bv‡g GKLvwb g~jëvb eB wj‡L‡Qb Avcwb| wek¦e¨vcx cyuwRev`x †kvlY, agx©q mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv, DMÖev` BZ¨vw` we‡f`m„wóKvix gvbeZvwe‡ivax cwiw ’wZ †gvKv‡ejvq †jvKvqZ Rxeb `k©b wKsev †jvKa‡g©i f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c ejyb |

hZxb miKvi : Aek¨B †jvKqZ Rxeb`k©b ev †jvKa‡g©i †Rviv‡jv f~wgKv Av‡Q| †hgb Ab¨Zg cÖavb †jvKag© m¤cÖ vq evDjivB †Rviv‡jv cÖwZev` Rvwb‡q‡Qb mv¤cÖ vwqK a‡g©i †f`-we‡f‡ì wei“‡×, †¶vf cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK êl‡gï cÖwZ| †kªYxwef³ mgv‡R myweav‡fvMx †kªYxi fvev`‡k©i cÖPviKiv mvgvwRK êl‡gï b¨vh¨Zv cÖwZcbœ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ag© I Ck¦‡ii †`vnvB w`‡q, wKsev wbæe‡M©i gvby‡li Bn‡jv‡Ki eÂbvRwbZ ytL‡K fywj‡q w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ci‡jv‡Ki Abš— my‡Li Avk¦vm w`‡q| cÖvK…ZR‡bi cÖwZwbwa evDjiv G ai‡bi MYwe‡ivax cÖwZwµqvkxj‡ì wei“‡× cÖwZevgyLi n‡q D‡V‡Qb| kvk¦wZKx : GKRb ivRbxwZ m‡PZb †jLK Ges ms¯‹…wZKg©x wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© gš—e¨ Ki“b :

hZxb miKvi : eZ©gvb †h ivRbxwZ, GUvi Aek¨B A‡bK BwZevPK w`K †hgb Av‡Q †Zgb †bwZevPK w`KI Av‡Q| BwZevPK w`K n‡”Q, Avgiv mk ¿ ¯vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU bZzb ivóª M‡o Zz‡jwQ Ges †mB ivóªwUi Rb¨ GKwU msweavb cÖYqb K‡iwQjvg evsjv‡`k ¯vaxb nIqvi ci ciB| Kv‡RB †mB msweavbwU Avgv‡ì mvg‡b GKwU D¾¡j aª“eZvivi gZ| †mwU‡K j¶¨ K‡iB Avgv‡ì mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †`Lv †M‡Q, ¯vaxbZvi wKQyw`b c‡iB Avgv‡ì ¯vaxbZvi AR©b‡K †K‡o wb‡q †M‡Q jy‡Uiv, awbKiv| GLb GB †`kwU‡Z jy‡Uiv, awbK‡ìB cÖvavb¨| GB jy‡Uiv, awbKiv AvR GB `‡j, Kvj H `‡j †_‡K Avgv‡ì kvmb K‡i hv‡”Q| GB Ae ’vbwUi Aek¨B cÖwZ‡laK cÖ‡qvRb Ges †mBwUi Rb¨B Avgv‡ì RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ AviI bZzb †PZbv, R½x †PZbv RvMÖZ n‡q DV‡e, Zviv GB

kvk¦wZKx 96

†`kwU‡K bZzb ivóª cË‡bi ¯cœ‡K ev —evwqZ Ki‡e e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b wVK †hgbUv Avgiv AvwQ GB Ae ’vi DËiY bv NU‡j †Kvb g‡ZB Avgv‡ì fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© Avgiv Avkvev`x n‡Z cvwi bv| kvk¦wZKx : `xN©w`b Aa¨vcbv K‡i‡Qb Avcwb| evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb wk¶veë ’v I bZzb wk¶vbxwZ‡K Kxf‡e †`L‡Qb ?

hZxb miKvi : GKUv wRwbm Avwg eywS, wk¶vbxwZ‡K mgvRbxwZ †_‡K, mgvReë ’v †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i wPš—v Kiv hvq bv| GKUv wk¶vbxwZ‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e, h_v_©iƒ‡c, mKj gvby‡li Dc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv KwgwUÑKwgk‡bi Kvh© bv, hw` bv mgMÖ mgvR eë ’vUvi cwieZ©b N‡U| Kv‡RB mgvR eë ’vi cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB Avgv‡ì bZzb wk¶v eë ’v M‡o DV‡e Gi AvM ch©š— GB wk¶vbxwZ †mB wk¶vbxwZÑ G¸‡jv †RvovZvwj Qvov Avi wKQyB n‡e bv| Avgiv †Zv †RvovZvwji Aemvb PvB| Avgiv PvB, GKUv h_v_©© bZzb mgvRZvwš¿K †`k| †mwU Kivi Rb¨ GB mgvReë ’v cwieZ©‡bi †h msMÖvg, †mB msMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡qB Avgv‡ì bZzb wk¶vbxwZ cÖwZôvi c_ AevwiZ n‡eÑ GB Avwg g‡b Kwi| kvk¦wZKx : gvK©mev‡ì fwel¨r wK? GKRb gvK©mev`x †jLK Ges wPš—K wn‡m‡e Avcwb Kx g‡b K‡ib evOvjxi mgvRZvwš¿K HwZ‡nï †Kvb c~bR©vMiY NU‡e fwel¨‡Z?

hZxb miKvi : GB gvK©mev` kãUv A‡b‡KB eënvi K‡i, AvwgI Kwi, wKš‘ gvK©mev` kãUv Lye LwÊZ e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| gvK©mev` ej‡Z †evSvq gvK©m hv ej‡jb Zvi g‡a¨B mxgve× _vKv| Avwg g‡b Kwi, gvK©mev‡ì g~j `k©b n‡”Q ÔHwZnvwmK Øvw›ØK e ‘ev`Õ ev historical dialectical materialism| Avwg GB Øvw›ØK e ‘ev` kãUvB gvK©mev‡ì e`‡j eënvi Ki‡Z PvB| GB Øvw›ØK e ‘ev‡ì „wó‡Kvb †_‡KB mg — wKQy Ae‡jvKb Ki‡Z n‡e| GB „wófw½Uv n‡”Q h_v_© weÁvb m¤§Z „wófw½| Kv‡RB †mB weÁvbm¤§Z „wófw½i AbymiY Ki‡j Avgiv Aek¨B eyS‡Z

cvi‡ev, hv‡K Zzwg ej‡Qv gvK©mev‡ì fwel¨r, †mB gvK©mev‡ì fwel¨r †Zv Av‡QB, GUv Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv MwZ bvB, GwU n‡ZB n‡e Ges GwU Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì msNe× n‡Z n‡e| GB msNe×Zvi ga¨ w`‡qB Avgv‡ì †h bZzb mgvR cÖwZwôZ n‡e ZLbB gvK©mev‡ì fwel¨r cÖwZwôZ n‡e| GB e¨cv‡i Avwg A‡bK Avkvev`x| kvk¦wZKx : mvB‡KvjwRK¨vwj gvbyl n‡”Q Aw ’i cÖK…wZi, Ges ¯fveMZ fv‡eB ¶gZv †jvfx I myweavev`x| †gvÏvK_v, gvbyl n‡”Q cvkweK I gvbweK †PZbvi mgšq, GB mgšq †_‡K absolute good wK K‡i Avbv m¤¢e?

hZxb miKvi : †Zvgvi gvbyl m¤ú‡K© †h „wóf½x †mUv‡K Avwg fyj e‡j g‡b Kwi| Avwg Øvw›ØK e ‘ev`x `„wóf½x AbymiY Kwi| GB Øvw›ØK e ‘ev`x g‡bvweÁvb †hUv

kvk¦wZKx 97

M‡o D‡V‡Q †m‡K‡bv Ges cve‡jv‡ei nvZ a‡i, †mB g‡bvweÁvb, Zzwg †h gvby‡li PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Qv †mUv‡K fyj cÖgvwYZ K‡i| gvbyl cvkweK bq Z‡e gvbyl‡K gvbyl n‡q DV‡Z nq; †mB gvbyl n‡q IVvi †h cÖwµqv †mwUB n‡”Q Øvw›ØK e ‘ev`x g‡bvweÁv‡bi welq| Zzwg †h K_v¸‡jv ej‡j †mUv n‡”Q d«‡qWxI ev bqv dª‡qWxI g‡bvweÁvbx‡ì Abymi‡Y| Øvw›ØK e ‘evw` g‡bvweÁvb d«‡qWxI ev bqv d«‡qWxI †Kv‡bv g‡bvweÁvb‡K mwVK g‡bvweÁvb e‡j g‡b K‡i bv| Ges Gi wecix‡Z Av‡Q AvPiYevw` ev behaviorism GB g‡bvweÁvb‡KI †Kvbfv‡e Øvw›ØK e ‘evw` ev cve‡jvexI g‡bvweÁvb Aby‡gv`b K‡i bv| A_P GB cve‡jvexq g‡bvweÁv‡bi h_v_© cÖ‡qvM Avgv‡ì †`‡k ev Avgv‡ì mgv‡R bvB| GB mgMÖ Dcgnv‡`‡k wKsev hw` ewj mgMÖ Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k GB welq m¤ú‡K© h_v_© we‡k−lY ev Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb cwðge‡½i cÖqvZ ax‡i› ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| wZwb `xN©w`b a‡i Ôgvbe gbÕ e‡j GKwU ˆÎgvwmK cwÎKv †ei K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb cve‡jv cwiwPwZ wb‡q PviL‡Êi GKwU eB wj‡LwQ‡jb Ges Zuvi Ôwew”QbœZvi fwel¨rÕ bv‡g yB L‡Êi GKwU eB Av‡Q, GQvovI Av‡iv Av‡iv †jLv Av‡Q †m¸wj co‡j gvby‡li g‡bvRM‡Zi h_v_© iƒc Rvbv hvq, GB iƒc Avgv‡ì gvbyl m¤ú‡K© nZvk n‡Z †kLvq bv| kvk¦wZKx : Avgiv Rvwb, eB co‡Z †Kvb K¬vwš— †bB Avcbvi| mKj welqe¯‘i eB _v‡K Avcbvi cvV ZvwjKvq| eB cov‡K, GKRb cvVK I GKRb †jLK, GB yB RvqMv †_‡K wKfv‡e †`‡Lb?

hZxb miKvi : eB Avwg c‡o G‡mwQ †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB| Z‡e Avwg †gv‡UI †gavex bB| LyeB ¯í †gavi AwaKvix GKRb gvbyl| Kv‡RB GKRb cÖwZfvnxb, AZ¨š— ¯í‡gavi gvbyl wnmv‡e Avwg †h eB wbijmfv‡e cvV K‡i G‡mwQ, †mB eB †_‡K †h h_v_© Ávb Avwg AvniY Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ Ges †jLK wnmv‡e Zvi cÖKvk NUv‡Z †c‡iwQ †mUv Avwg g‡b Kwi bv| Z‡e fwel¨‡Zi cÖwZ Avwg AZ¨š— Av ’vkxj| Avgv‡ì bZzb †jLKiv h_v_© cvVK n‡q bZzbfv‡e wPš—v Ki‡eb Ges Zv‡ì cÖwZfv Av‡Q, †mB cÖwZfvi cwiPq Zviv †`‡eb| Avwg Avev‡iv ejwQ, fwel¨‡Zi cÖwZ Avwg Av ’vkxj| kvk¦wZKx : eZ©gvb mg‡q Avgiv †`LwQ- money determines everything, mg‡qi GB †mªv‡Z mvwn‡Zï cÖ‡qvRbxqZv KZLvwb ?

hZxb miKvi : GB cÖ‡kœi DËi AwZ ms‡¶‡c †Ìqv hvq bv| Z‡e ms‡¶‡c Avwg GUzKz ej‡Z cvwi, A_© †h mgv‡Ri cÖavb welq †mB mgv‡Ri cwieZ©b NUv‡j n‡e bv, †mB mgvR‡K DrLvZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †mB mgvR‡K DrLvZ Kivi Rb¨B Avgv‡ì mvwnZ¨‡K wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z n‡e| mvwnZ¨ ev wk‡íi †¶‡Î ejv n‡q _v‡K, Ôwk‡íi Rb¨ wkíÕ (arts for arts sake) †mUv‡K †Zv Avwg wek¦vm KwiB bv, †mUv‡K Avwg N„Yv Kwi| gvby‡li DËi‡Yi Rb¨B mvwnZ¨ n‡Z n‡e, wkí n‡Z n‡e Ñ GUv Avwg g‡b

kvk¦wZKx 98

Kwi| Ges Gi evB‡i hviv wb‡R‡ì‡K wkíx e‡jb, mvwnwZ¨K e‡jb, Zv‡ì‡K Avwg †gv‡UI wkíx-mvwnwZ¨K e‡j g‡b Kwi bv| kvk¦wZKx : evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb cÖeÜmvwnZ¨ cÖK…Zc‡¶ KZUzKz gbbkxj I gy³eyw×`xß e‡j g‡b K‡ib?

hZxb miKvi : GB cÖ‡kœi Reve Avwg Lye ms‡¶‡c †`‡evÑ mewKQy †h G‡Kev‡i my›ì n‡q hv‡e †mUv n‡Z cv‡i bv| c„w_ex‡Z A‡bK wRwbm ˆZwi nq Zvi g‡a¨ A‡bK AvMvQvI _v‡K| wKš‘ AvMvQv¸wj eo K_v bq, Zvi g‡a¨ mwZ¨Kv‡ii †h dješ— MvQ Av‡Q †mUvi Ici wbf©ikxj n‡Z n‡e| Kv‡RB Avgv‡ì cÖeÜmvwn‡Z¨ nqZ A‡bK AvMvQv R‡b¥‡Q wKš‘ AvMvQvUv eo K_v bq| Avwg ïay cÖeÜmvwnZ¨ †Kb, me ai‡bi mvwnZ¨ wb‡q †ek Avkvev`x| kvk¦wZKx : eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k wkímvwn‡Z¨ GK `j Ab¨`‡ji wei“‡× Kzrmv iUvq, MvwjMvjvR K‡i| wkí I mvwn‡Z¨ GB `jv`wj‡K Avcwb wKfv‡e †`‡Lb ?

hZxb miKvi : `jv`wj me mgq _v‡K| `jv`wji ga¨ †_‡KB, gv‡b cÖvPxb fviZxq `k©‡b e‡j, Ôev‡` ev‡` Mvq‡Z ZË¡‡evaÕ| ev` Ges cÖwZev‡ì ga¨ w`‡qB cÖK…Z ZË¡ ev mZ¨ M‡R© I‡V| Kv‡RB `jv`wj †`‡L fq cvIqvi wKQy †bB| `jv`wji ga¨ †_‡KB †Zv cÖK…Z mZ¨ †ei n‡q Av‡mÑ eiveiB G‡m‡Q, GL‡bv Avm‡Q, AvMvgx‡ZI Avm‡e| kvk¦wZKx : evsjv‡`‡k †jLv‡jwL K‡i RxweKv wbev©n Kiv wK m¤¢e? †jLv‡jwL‡K †ckv wnmv‡e MÖnY Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K Avcwb wKfv‡e †`‡Lb ?

hZxb miKvi : hviv cÖKvkK‡ì AvbyK~j¨ jvf K‡ib, †Kb K‡ib, KviY Zv‡ì eB †hfv‡e †j‡Lb †m¸wj jvL jvL Kwc wewµ nq wKš‘ GB KvRwU mK‡ji Rb¨ Kiv m¤¢e bq| bq e‡jB hviv mwZ¨ mwZ¨ mwVK mvwnZ¨ m„wó Ki‡Z Pvb, gbbkxjZvi cÖKvk NUv‡Z Pvb, Zv‡ì c‡¶ eZ©gvb Ae ’vq †jLv‡jwLi ga¨ w`‡q RxweKv AR©b Kiv Am¤¢e| kvk¦wZKx : Avevi †dvK‡jvi wel‡q wd‡i AvmwQ, †`‡k GKgvÎ ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡q †dvK‡jvi wefvM Av‡Q| Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib Av‡iv wek¦we`¨vjq Ges ¯‹zj-K‡jR ch©v‡qI †dvK‡jvi wel‡q cVb-cvVb nIqv ìKvi?

hZxb miKvi : Aek¨B| †dvK‡jvi m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ wPš—v †PZbv mK‡ji g‡a¨ cwie¨ß K‡i †Ìqvi Rb¨ me©Î †dvK‡jvi wPš—vi êÁvwbK a¨vb-aviYv¸wj cwiwPZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Ges Gi Rb¨ me©ÎB †dvK‡jv‡ii AvaywbK „wó‡Kvb †_‡K ev mgvR cwieZ©‡bi „wó‡Kvb †_‡K †mUv‡K cvV¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|

kvk¦wZKx 99

kvk¦wZKx : †dvK‡jvi wel‡q †Kv‡bv eB †jLvi cwiKíbv Av‡Q wK ?

hZxb miKvi : Avwg eZ©gv‡b AZ¨š— Amy ’| Avgvi eqm cuPvËi Pj‡Q| nVvr K‡iB Amy ’ n‡q c‡owQ Ges Wv³vi †h iKg ej‡Q, cy‡ivcywi my ’ nIqvi m¤¢vebv bvB ej‡jB P‡j| GLb wKQyB †jLvcov Ki‡Z cvwi bv| Kv‡RB bZzb K‡i †Kvb eB-cÎ †jLv m¤¢e bv| †dvK‡jvi m¤ú‡K© Avgvi †h mg — K_v ejvi †gvUvgywU Avwg Avgvi wewfbœ cÖe‡Ü e‡j †d‡jwQ| Avwg †h‡nZz Øvw›ØK e¯‘ev‡` wek¦vm Kwi, Avwg g‡b Kwi mewKQyi †hgb weKvk Av‡Q †Zgb ¶qI Av‡Q| Ges GB ¶qUvI mZ¨| GLb Avwg g‡b Kwi bv Avgvi Rxeb Lye GKUv weKwkZ ch©v‡q Av‡Q †h G mg‡q bZzb wKQy Ki‡Z cvi‡ev| kvk¦wZKx : gvbyl wnmv‡e wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡j Kxfv‡e Ki‡eb|

hZxb miKvi : †Kv‡bv g~j¨vqb †bB| Avwg †h KvR K‡iwQ †mB KvR LyeB AwKwÂrKi| cÖvq wKQyB Avwg Ki‡Z cvwi bvB| Avwg Avgvi mva¨gZ †Póv K‡iwQÑ GB ch©š—B| wKš‘ wb‡Ri KvR m¤ú‡K© wb‡RB Avwg mš‘ó bB| kvk¦wZKx : kvk¦wZKxi m¤úv`Kxq wefv‡M mK‡jB Zi“Y, †Zv Zi“Y‡ì GB †dvK‡jvi wPš—v I D‡`¨vM‡K Avcwb Kxfv‡e †`L‡Qb?

hZxb miKvi : GUv AZ¨š— cÖksmbxq GKUv D‡`¨vM| †Zvgv‡ì D‡`¨vM mdj †nvK, GB KvgbvB Kwi| kvk¦wZKx : m¨vi, Avcbv‡K A‡kl abëv`| `xN© Kg©gq I my ’ Rxe‡bi AwaKvix †nvb|

kvk¦wZKx 100

Kweqvj †gvt Avãyj Rwjj †gvj−vÕi mv¶vrKvi kvk¦wZKxi Rb¨ mv¶vrKviwU wb‡q‡Qb myLb miKvi

[Kweqvj †gvt Avãyj Rwjj †gvj−v, eqm 70 QuyB QuyB| Rb¥ fvi‡Zi gywk© vev‡`| evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm ïi“ K‡ib 1973 mv‡j| wcZv †gvt wekvi DwÏb †gvj−v wQ‡jb gywk© vev‡ì GKRb Kweqvj| eo fvB †gvt RvwKi †nv‡mb †gvj−v evev‡K Qvwo‡q Gcvi, Icvi evsjvi bvgKiv Kweqvj n‡q I‡Vb| ZuviB mnP‡h© †QvUfvB †gvt Avãyj Rwjj †gvj−v Kweqvj wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡ib| eofvB‡qi AeZ©gv‡b 20-22 ermi hver wZwb, ivRkvnx, e¸ov, cvebv, wmivRMÄ, bv‡Uvi, XvKv, Kzwóqv, DËie‡½i Av‡iv wKQy ¯’vbmn evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j I ivRkvnx †eZv‡i KweMvb K‡i‡Qb| eqm I kvixwiK Amy ’Zvi Kvi‡Y Av‡Mi g‡Zv KweMvb Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| m¤cÖwZ KweMv‡bi AZxZ, eZ©gvb, fwel¨rmn G m¤ú‡K© wZwb wewfbœ ai‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb myLb miKv‡ii m‡½| K_v ejvi mgq mnvqZvi Rb¨ cv‡k wQ‡jb Zuvi `xN© w`‡bi m½x KweMv‡bi †`vnvwi †gvt Avãyj †nv‡mb| G mgq myLb miKvi‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb †gvt nvwmeyi ingvb| cvV‡Ki Rb¨ Zuvi mv¶vrKvi wjwLZiƒ‡c Dc ’vcb Kiv n‡jv| G wel‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb †gvt ivqnvbyj Bmjvg| D‡j−L _v‡K †h, Zuvi e³e¨‡K AweK…Z ivLvi ¯v‡_© ï×fvlv eënvi †_‡K weiZ _vKv n‡q‡Q|] myLb miKvi : Avcwb †Zv Kwe Mv‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ, bv? Rwjj †gvj−v : Rx| my.m : Zv KZ w`b RwoZ wQ‡jb ev Av‡Qb? R.†gv : †`k ¯vaxb n‡jv, GB †`‡k G‡mwQ Õ73 wKsev ZviI Av‡M, a‡ib 30 eQ‡ii Kg

n‡e bv| 30 eQi, G w`‡K 73 Zv n‡j 37 Avi mvg‡b 30 †hvM K‡ib KZ n‡jv| my.m : 30 Gi mv‡_ KZ †hvM Ki‡ev? R.†gv : IBw`K 30 eQi Avi Gw`‡K 73 †_‡K KZ n‡jv, 37 Avi Iw`‡K 30 eQ‡i 10

wjj †gvj−v, eqm 70 QuyB QuyB| Rb¥ fvi‡Zi gywk© vev‡`| evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm ïi“ K‡ib 1973 mv‡j| wcZv †gvt wekvi DwÏb †gvj−v wQ‡jb gywk© vev‡ì GKRb Kweqvj| eo fvB †gvt RvwKi †nv‡mb †gvj−v evev‡K Qvwo‡q Gcvi,

P‡h© †QvUfvB †gvt Avãyj Rwjj †gvj−v 22 ermi hver wZwb,

ivRkvnx, e¸ov, cvebv, wmivRMÄ, bv‡Uvi, XvKv, Kzwóqv, DËie‡½i Av‡iv wKQy ¯’vbmn evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j I ivRkvnx †eZv‡i KweMvb K‡i‡Qb| eqm I kvixwiK

y ’Zvi Kvi‡Y Av‡Mi g‡Zv KweMvb Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| m¤cÖwZ KweMv‡bi AZxZ, eZ©gvb, fwel¨rmn G m¤ú‡K© wZwb wewfbœ ai‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb myLb miKv‡ii m‡½| K_v ejvi mgq mnvqZvi Rb¨ cv‡k wQ‡jb Zuvi `xN© w`‡bi m½x KweMv‡bi †`vnvwi †gvt Avãyj

hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb †gvt nvwmeyi ingvb| kvk¦wZKxÕi cvV‡Ki Rb¨ Zuvi mv¶vrKvi wjwLZiƒ‡c Dc ’vcb Kiv n‡jv| G wel‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb †gvt ivqnvbyj Bmjvg| D‡j−L _v‡K †h, Zuvi e³e¨‡K AweK…Z ivLvi ¯v‡_©

R.†gv : †`k ¯vaxb n‡jv, GB †`‡k G‡mwQ Õ73 wKsev ZviI Av‡M, a‡ib 30 eQ‡ii Kg n‡e bv| 30 eQi, G w`‡K 73 Zv n‡j 37 Avi mvg‡b 30 †hvM K‡ib KZ n‡jv|

R.†gv : IBw`K 30 eQi Avi Gw`‡K 73 †_‡K KZ n‡jv, 37 Avi Iw`‡K 30 eQ‡i 10

kvk¦wZKx 101

eQi ev` †`b 20 eQi Avi Avi 37 eQi 50-60 eQi| Avwg wKš‘ †QvU †ejv †_‡K fvB‡qi mv‡_ †`vnvwi KiwQ| 60 eQi a‡ib|

my.m : †`vnvwi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GK mgq Avcwb n‡q DV‡jb Avmj Kweqvj? R.†gv : ûu-ûu-ûu| my.m : †Zv Avcbvi Av‡M Avcbv‡ì `‡j †K Kwe Mvb Ki‡Zb? R.†gv : Avgvi fvB RvwKi †nv‡mb †gvj−v, wiqvR DwÏb miKvi Avi Zvi cvj−v`vi| my.m : Dbvi evwo †Kv_vq wQ‡jv? R.†gv : Dbvi evwo wQj ZLb gywk© vev`, gywk© vev‡ì K_v eyjwQ, Zvic‡i evwo GLv‡b,

GL¨vb _¨v‡K Avevi yÕR‡b cvU©bvi GL¨v‡b Mvb we`vq nq¨v hvIqvi ci Iqv‡n` Avjx miKvi Avi Av‡iK Rb‡K cvU©bvi Zqvi K‡qi‡jv|

my.m : wiqvR Avjx we`vq gv‡b gviv †M‡jb? R.†gv : gv‡b wd‡i Avevi BwÛqvi w`‡K P‡j M¨v‡jv| my.m : I Av”Qv| R.†gv : BwÛqvq P‡j M¨v‡jv eyBR‡jb| ZLb †`L‡jv †h, i‡n` Avjx e‡j Av‡iK Rb‡K

wVKUvK K‡i ˆZwi K‡qi‡jv, I‡K wj‡q PBj‡Z j¨vM‡jv| my.m : Avcbvi eo fvB RvwKi †nv‡mb †gvj−v, Dbvi I —v` †K wQ‡jb? R.†gv : wekvi DwÏb †gvj−v, Avgvi AveŸv| my.m : Avcbvi evev? R.†gv : ûu| my.m : Avcbvi evevI, Zvi gv‡b Avcbvi c~e©cyi“l, Avcbvi `v`vI GUv Ki‡Zb? R.†gv : ûu, Avgvi `v`vI| my.m : Avcbvi `v`vi bvg wK wQj? R.†gv : Kzgvi †gvj−v| Avgvi `v`vK Avwg †`wLwb| MvbI ïwbwb| my.m : Avcbvi ev‡ciUv †`‡L‡Qb? R.†gv : ûu Avgvi ev‡ci Mvb †`‡LwQ| yB w`b †KejgvÎ| yBw`b Avwg Mvb ï‡bwQ Zvi|

Zvi c‡i Zvi Mvb †kl| my.m : Dwb Kx iKg Mvb Ki‡Zb? Avcbvi evev, Avcbvi †`Lv g‡Z... R.†gv : Avgvi †`Lv g‡Z ZLb wQj, GB Kwe MvbUvi bvg wQj Bmjvgx g‡Z †hMvwj

MvB‡Zv, K_vevZ©v eyB‡j ÔVbÕ| my.m : ÔVbÕ? R.†gv : Avi wn›`y kv ¿ gymjgvb kv¯¿ wgwk‡q G‡K Kwe eBj‡Zv Avi Avgvi AveŸvi Avg‡j

IUv †ewk wQj ÔVbÕ bvgUv wQj ÔVbÕ| Av‡ — Av‡ — wgKPvi KB‡i wKQy Kwe, Avwg Avcbv‡K eyBjwQ †Kej `yBw`b Avwg Zvi Mvb ï‡bwQ| Zvici Avi †kvwbwb, Avgvi fv‡qi mv‡_ Avwg eûw`b Mv‡bi mv‡_ _¨v‡KwQ| GI (cv‡k e‡m _vK Zvi `‡ji †`vnvi †K †`wL‡q) A‡bKw`b _¨v‡K †`vnvwi KB‡i‡Q|

my.m : Zvic‡i Avcwb Avm‡jb, KZ eQ‡i Avcwb gyjKwe n‡jb? R.†gv : Avwg ? my.m : GUv Kx evsjv‡`‡k Avmvi c‡i?

kvk¦wZKx 102

R.†gv : ûu ûu, GL¨v‡b Avmvi c‡i| GL¨v‡b Avmvi c‡i| GB‡Zv Mv‡bi wek eQi n‡Z cv‡i| Avgvi Kwe‡Z `vov‡bv wek eQi n‡Z cv‡i|

my.m : Avcbvi wb‡Ri? R.†gv : Avgvi wb‡R wb‡R MvBe¨vi| Avgvi fvB‡qi hLb †kl n‡q †Mj, ZLb Avevi

wb‡RB †Póv KB‡i GB wek eQi| GBfv‡e wek evBk eQi gZ n‡e| my.m : e¨w³MZ fv‡e Avcwb wek eQi hveZ GUv Ki‡Qb? R.†gv : R¡x R¡x, GB (†`vnvwi Aveyj †nv‡mb‡K †`wL‡q) †`vnvwi ev` w`‡q Avi GB †`vnvi

Avgvi GQB ZLb †_‡K G GLb †`vnvwi K‡i Avwg GLb MvB, MvB‡j I †`vnv‡i _v‡K| A‡bK Kwe wQj, BwÛqvi †gjv †jv‡Ki m‡½ Mvb evRbv nq¨v‡Q|

my.m : Avcbvi evevi mg‡q ZLb Avi †K †K wQ‡jb? R.†gv : Avgvi evevi m‡½ Mvb K‡i‡Q A‡bK †jvKB| PgrKvi, †Lv`v ei‡mv, ûgvix

Rvgvb, j¤y ai Zvic‡i H †h, Qqi“wÏb eyBwj GKRb, cvBL‡i eyBwj GKRb, weivU cvwL g¨vi‡Zv wKš‘ KweMvb KBi‡Zv| Zvic‡i RyeŸvix jnwi, GB me ¸Bjv ZLb, A‡bK Kwe ZLb|

my.m : Avcbvi fvB‡qi m‡½ wiqvRyj Bmjvg miKvi MvB‡Zb, Zvici Iqv‡n yj Bmjvg MvB‡Zb Gic‡i ev GQvov Avi †K †K wQ‡jb?

R.†gv : gwdR miKvi, †`‡e›`ªbv_ miKvi, Zvic‡i L‡Mb miKvi, b‡Mb miKvi, Avgvi fvB‡qi m‡½ Giv Mvb Kq‡i‡Q me| Zvic‡i Avcbvi Bqv k¨vg Z¨vIwo VvKzi|

my.m : me gywk©`vev‡ì? R.†gv : gywk© vev‡ì k¨vg my›ì VvKzi| Zvic‡i AviI bvg fyBwj hvwQ †h gy‡b nB‡”Q bv

†`‡Lb| Bq¨v Bq¨v wQj `w¶‡Y bvgUv fyB‡j M¨vjvg, bvgUv gy‡b A¨vm‡Q bv| my.m : Avi evsjv‡`‡k Giv yBRb Qvov Avi †K wQ‡jb? R.†gv : evsjv`¨v‡ki hy‡Ï A¨vBm¨v mvjviv Avi †KD cv †`q wb| A¨v‡ì yÕ Rb‡K wj‡q

Kiv nq‡Q| cvebvq GKevi wM‡q w`ji miKvi eyB‡j cvIqv †Mj| hvqMvi bvg wK w`cPi bvwK?Ñ w`cPi KwUwÂ wØcPi| Dwb eyBj wK †h, Avwg Kwe Kwi| Dbv‡K cvIqv †Mj H GKw`bB Dwb A¨vq‡m Mvb Kwi‡Q| yÕGKw`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| gv‡b †m iKg Kwe bv| wkw¶Z †jvK weG. cvk †jvK| wKš‘K A¨vq‡m eyBj wK †h bv fvB Avgvi Øviv m¤¢e nwe wb, GiKg Kwi cvj−v Kiv| H GK w`bB| ZvQvov G‡`‡k A¨vBmv Avgiv †miKg fvj Kwe cvBwb| nu v nu v ZwRg miKvi wQj †mB e„× gvbyl gB‡i M¨v‡jv wKQy w`b c‡i| IUvI Avgvi AveŸvi QvÎ| Avi Rygvj miKvi eyBwj GKRb wQj †mUvI Avgvi AveŸvi QvÎ|

my.m : Dbvi evwo †Kv_vq? R.†gv : Dbvi evwo gywk© vev`| Avi ZwgR miKvi‡i evwo wQj bnvUv| Dwb GL¨v‡b

AvBmvI wKQyw`b Mvb KBwi‡Q Avgv‡ì m‡½| wKQy w`b c‡i DwbI gviv †M‡Qb eq¯‹ gvbyl wQj ZLb|

my.m : Avcwb hLb g~j Kwe n‡jb, Kweqvj n‡jb ZLb Avcbvi eqm KZ? AvbygvwbK... R.†gv : ZLyb a‡ib cÂvbœÑlvU, GiKgB n‡e|

kvk¦wZKx 103

my.m : Kwe Mv‡bi mv‡_ Avcbvi †h GKUv cvwievwiK BwZnvm wQj, †mUv Qvov Avi wK †Kvb KviY Av‡Q, †h Kwe Mv‡b Avm‡jb?

R.†gv : Ab¨ Kz‡bv KviY bvB| KweMv‡bi gB‡Ï Avmvi Avgvi Ab¨ Kz‡bv KviY bvB| gv‡b GB MvbUv H w`‡K Lye cÖPjb wQj Avi GB Mv‡bi Dci GKUv †bkv wQj H †h GKUv mv` j¨vM‡ZvK| ïBb‡ZI mv`, MvB‡ZI mv` Ñ GB mv‡ì Dc‡iB PB‡j hvIqv Rxeb Avm‡j| Kz‡bv Ab¨ Bqv bvB| ZvQvov Kz‡bv e¨cvi bvB|

my.m : KviY ej‡Z H †h Uvb&Uv, fvj jvMvUv, Avwg †mUvB ïb‡Z Pvw”Q| gv‡b †Kb fvj jv‡M?

R.†gv : †Kb fvj jv‡M, nu v nu v Kwe‡ì gB‡Ï †`‡LwQ A‡bK Mvb ïB‡b‡Qb Avcwb eû Mvb ïB‡bwQ| A‡bK wcwjqvi, A‡bK wcwjqvi MyUv Awfbq K‡i yBR‡b `yBwUv welq †`b `yBc‡¶i nq¨v †MvUv welqUv‡K mviv ivwÎ aBi¨v, w`b `kUv GMviUv ch©š— H wel‡qi Dcy‡i jovB PBj‡Q| GZ eo k³ jovB hvÎvq bvB, w_‡qUvi bvB, wKQy‡ZB bvB| Avwg †`BLwQ‡Zv G‡ì Lye k³ jovB eyB‡S‡Qb| GB †h, 21-22wU wcwjqvi, 6, 12 Rb wcwjqvi hv K‡i Giv yÕR‡b Zv K‡i| †h Kz‡bv welq †`b|

my.m : GUv GKUv fvjjvMvi R¨vqMv... R.†gv : ûu GB GKUv fvjjvMv| my.m : Avi? R.†gv : Avi n‡jv G‡ì gB‡Ï ag© gv‡b kv‡ ¿i wKQy K_v, Zvic‡i evwn¨K K_v| Zv‡Z

kv‡ ¿i mv‡_ wgj _¨vK‡Z n‡e| †m K_v hv‡Z kv‡ ¿i mv‡_ wgj _v‡K| †h K_vUv Avwg MvB‡ev, eyBj‡ev weav‡bi m‡½ †hb wgj nq| wn›`y g‡Z weavb wgj nBK Avi Bmjvgx gymjgvb g‡Zi weav‡b wgj nBK| weav‡bi m‡½ Lvc Lvq| K_vWvi hyw³ _¨vK‡Z n‡e| GBUv evj j¨vMZK eyBS‡jb| LyeB mv` j¨vM‡ZvK| Avi wKQy †Vk cvPvjx Av‡Q, gv‡b, †Vk cvPvjx gv‡b wK, gv‡b Avcb‡K wKQy i‡½i Dcy‡i uBwZ gviv myc¨vwi K_vevZ©v ejv nq, LyeB mv` j¨vMZK, hLb †Q‡j gvbyl L¨v‡j AviI ¯v` j¨vMZK| eyBS‡jb LyeB inm¨ KBwi K_v eyBj‡Q| ¸BwZ gviv wnb w`‡q K_v eyBj‡Q eyBS‡Qb D AvKi DB‡V Zvi RKi KBi‡Q| GB LyeB ¯v` j¨vMZK| Avcbv‡K Avmj K_v eywjQ, g‡b LyeB fvj j¨vMZK Avb›` cvIqv hvBZ| GB fv‡e G‡K AvuKwo aBijvg Avm‡j eyBwS‡Qb| GBUv nB‡jv Avmj K_v| ZvQvov †Kvb Bqv bvB| GUv †h, BbKvg KBi‡ev wK IgyK KBi‡ev, IgyK KB‡ev, GB Kz‡bv K_v bvB| GB Pjvi wKQy MwZ wQj| GB msmv‡i Pjvi wKQy MwZwQj Avi Avgv‡ì ...

my.m : †Kgb †Kgb? MwZUv wK ai‡bi MwZ? R.†gv : MwZ gv‡b msmv‡ii wKQy Rwg RvqMv wQj †Zv ZLb| Lv`¨ Lvbvi Amywe`v wQj bv|

cqmvi wcQ‡b QyB‡U h¨v‡Z n‡e Zvbv, †hLv‡b hv KB‡i Avwm Lvevi wKQy evwo‡Z cvIqv hvq| GB GKUv wQj, `ye©jZv wQj bv| GB fv‡eB Avgvi RxebUv Gw`‡K AvwM‡q †Mj|

my.m : Avcbvi mg‡q G‡m Avcwb Avcbvi cÖwZØw›Ø wn‡m‡e Kv‡ì †c‡jb? R.†gv : iBP miKvi, my.m : iBP miKvi, Avi?

kvk¦wZKx 104

R.†gv : iBP miKvi‡K wj‡q KBijvg Avwg| wKQyw b nB‡j Zvici Avãyi iv¾vK eyB‡j GKRb| my.m : evwo †Kv_vq? R.†gv : evwo evqv| my.m : iBP miKv‡ii evwo †Kv_vq? R.†gv : DbviI evwo evqv| my.m : GQvov? R.†gv : Gw`‡K evqv eyBwj RvqMv Av‡Q| my.m : Avi Avi †K wQ‡jb? R.†gv : Zvic‡i wek¦bv_ eyBwj Zv‡bvi _vbvq, ew`k¦i eyBwj GK †jvK Av‡Q †gvncyi _vbv| my.m wK k¦i? R.†gv : ew`k¦i| ew`k¦i evey| wn›`y GK fÏi †jvK Av‡Q ew`k¦i eyBwj| Zvic‡i cvBj¨vg

AvivK Rbv‡K, Lwjj miKvi eyBwj GKRb A¨vm‡jv, ZvK wj A¨vB‡m KvKb nvU-UvU NyBij¨vg| Lwjj miKvi gBwi wM‡Q| AvgRv` miKvi AvivK Rb wQj, ivRv e¨vwoi dv‡U nvU Av‡Q, ivRv e¨vwo nv‡Ui cv‡kB GKUz wfZi w`‡K MÖvg| AvgRv` miKvi ILv‡b, †evMovI wMjwQ| †evMovI wMjwQ cvUbvi AvgvR` miKvi‡K wj‡q| Zvi c‡i ûu... GB KÕ Rb wj‡qB Avgvi GLv‡b Mvb Kiv n‡q‡Q eyBS‡jb| Gic‡i c‡i Giv mevB we`vq n‡q †M‡Q, mevB gviv †M‡Q| GLb H †Q‡jUv Av‡Q|

my.m : wek¦bv_? R.†gv : wek¦bv_ Av‡Q| Avi †mB w`b nVvr †iwWI‡Z GKUv †cÖvMÖvg KB‡i eB‡m AvwQ| GB

eBm¨v AvwQ| ZLb GKRb m¤§y‡L eB‡m eyBj‡Q PvPv Avcbvi †cÖvMÖvg wQj? Avwg eywjQ nu v evev| †Zv PvPv Avcwb Avgv‡K wPb‡Z c¨vi‡Qb bv? Avcbv‡K Avwg wPb‡Z c¨viwQ| †Z Avwg eyjwQ bv †Zv †mvbv| †Zv Avgvi evwo Bqv‡Z, beveMÄ, Avcbvi fvB‡qi m‡½ Avcwb †`vnvwi KBwi‡Qb, Avcbvi fvB‡qi Mvb ïBwbwQ Lye, GLvb _¨v‡K Avgvi Lye Avb›` R¨vM‡jv, Avwg AvjKvc Mvb KBiZ¨vg| GLb AvjKvc Q¨vwo w`‡q Avwg KweMvb Kwi| †Zv Avwg †Kv‡U Avmv-hvIqv Kwi, eyBwj Gi wVKvbv, †gvevBj bv¤vi-U¨v¤vi GiB MZ gv‡mi Av‡Mi gv‡m w`‡q M¨v‡jv| cÖ_g `¨vLv, wKš‘ Mvb Kv‡b ïwbwb GLy‡bv, Zvi, Avgvi B”Qv Av‡Q I‡K wj‡qI GKevi Mvb Kivi| nq‡Zv †Q‡j fvj nB‡Z cv‡i| K¨vigv miKvi Zvi bvg| †Zv Avi bZzb AvjKvc _¨v‡K †Zv DËvj M¨v‡jv nq‡Zv fvj n‡e| GB †kvbv| Avi wK eyBje GB nB‡jv NUbv|

my.m : Avi GB †h Avcwb Kwe Mvb K‡i‡Qb ev Ki‡Qb, †Zv GB Kweqvwj hvÎvc_ cwiµgvq Kv‡K me‡P‡q †ewk DrKl© Ges fvj g‡b n‡q‡Q, GKRb Kweqvj wn‡m‡e Avcbvi cÖwZØw›`‡ì g‡a¨?

R.†gv : Avwg †hMjv wb‡q KBwiwQ †mMjv wj‡q ewj| Avwg †h KRb wj‡q KBivwQ Ges gB‡Ï gv‡b e³eï gB‡Ï fvj wQj AvgRv`| Zv‡j Kgv wQj Zvj eyB‡j GKUv wRwbm Av‡Q ey‡Sb Avcbviv| Zv‡j Kgv wQj wKš‘ MvqK fvj, fve-fvlv fvj e³e¨ fvj GB fvj wQj| Zvic‡i i‡n` AvjxI fvj wQj| my‡i fvj wQj, i‡n` Avjxi m‡½ Avgvi †ewk Mvb n‡q‡Q| IUv fvj wQj me w`K w`‡qB fvj wQj| GB nB‡jv NUbv|

my.m : iBP miKvi Avi AvgRv` †nv‡mb, AvgRv` †nvm‡bi evwo †Kv_vq?

kvk¦wZKx 105

R.†gv : AvgRv` †nv‡m‡bi evwo nB‡jv Bqv, Avcbvi wK IUv, ivRv evwoi nvU _¨v‡K ¸MMÖvg eB‡j GKUv RvqMv Wvb w`‡K|

my.m : ivRkvnxi g‡a¨? R.†gv : Rx nu v| GB †Mv`vMvwo _vbvi gB‡Ï| Avi iBP miKvi evqv| my.m : GB m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi we‡kl †Kvb ¯§„wZ Av‡Q wK, Zv‡ì wb‡q, †hUv Avcbv‡K GLbI

Pv½v K‡i, †`vjv †`q GiKg †Kvb ¯§„wZ Av‡Q wK? R.†gv : Avwg wKQy Avcbv‡K Mvb bv ïb¨v‡j Avcwb eyBR‡Z c¨vi‡eb bv Avgvi wfZ‡ii

K_v| Avcbv‡K Mvb ïb¨v‡Z n‡e, Avgv‡K Mvb ïb¨v‡Z n‡e Avgv‡K eyBwS‡Qb| wK eyBj‡ev GKUv †Xvj _¨vK‡j|

my.m : Avcbvi †Kvb ¯§„wZ Av‡Q wKbv †hUv Avcbv‡K GLbI g‡b n‡j Lye fvj jv‡M Avcwb H Ae‡PZb g‡b IVvi ga¨ w`‡q P‡j hvb gvbyl †hgb a¨vb K‡i bv, ¯^cœ †`‡L gRv cvq bv IB iKg gRv cvb| GB iKg wKQy ¯§„wZi K_v e‡jb|

R.†gv : GLyb nVvr wKQy Avwe®‹vi nq bv hLyb Avcbvi Ø›Ø _v‡K Ø‡›ì Dcy‡i ZLb fve Av‡m| D wK eyBj‡Q Avi Avgv‡K Reve KBi‡Z n‡e wK, cvj−v`vi wK eyBj‡Q Zvi m‡½ Avgv‡K Ø›Ø KBi‡Z n‡e wK eyBj‡Z n‡e, fve ˆZwi n‡q hvB ZLyb| Xywji m‡½| Avwg GKUv wKQy cqvi Kwi Avwg †hfv‡e Avgv‡ì Mvb P‡j †mB GKUz wKQy ïbvB| GKUv Mvb wKQy †QvU ïbvB Avi Avwg eyBj‡Z Pvw”Q †h, Kwei QuvP Uv wK Dbv‡K Avgvi QuvP Uv wK †mBUv Avwg gy‡b KiwQ| gvB‡K wKQy welq Av‡Q cÖ_‡g uvov‡Z wKQy eyBj‡Z nq| cÖ_‡g GKUv Avm‡i uvov‡j B‡÷‡R uvov‡jv `vwo‡q ZLb wKQy eyBj‡Z nq Qov ¯iƒc|

†n wek¦cwZ Zzwg we‡k¦i MZvMwZ wbt†¯i G bwZ wbI

†n me Qvqv gvqv iƒcx Kvqv

†Kej †Zvgvwi `qv‡Z †n wcÖq

†n w`bvavi Abš— Acvi †Zvgvi Ki“Yvi †kl bvB Kfy

Avwg AwZ nxb WvwK wPi w`b

`x‡b `qv Ki †n cÖf~ AvKvk cvZvj f~wg

me©gq Zzwg mwn m~h© MÖn Ziv

ce‡bv Abj K‡i PjvPj †Kej †ZvgviB wb‡`©‡k Zviv

†n `xbvavi Abš— Acvi †Zvgvi Ki“Yvi †kl bvwn Kf~

kvk¦wZKx 106

Avwg AwZ nxb WvwK wPiw`b

`x‡b `qv Ki †n cÖf~ I‡i Av...q

GiKg my‡ii QuvP Av ... gg gw›`‡i Ki Av‡jv `vb (4 evi)

Avwg Zgv Qbœ n‡q i‡qwQ cwo‡q

Zg Qbœ n‡q i‡qwQ cwo‡q †h‡Z b‡i f‡q †m_vq g‡bvcÖvY

gw›`‡i Ki Av‡jv `vb gg gw›`‡i Ki Av‡jv `vb (2)

nvq yiš— evZv‡m wb‡f M¨v‡Q evwZ gvqv gwiPxKvq nvwi‡qwQ R¨vwZ

I‡i AÁv‡bv wZwg‡i cvBbv c_ c×wZ (2) cwiw¯’wZ µ‡g n‡jv g„qgvb

gw›`‡i Ki Av‡jv `vb gg gw›`‡i Ki Av‡jv `vb

gg gw›`‡i Gevi dzwU‡q †Zvj‡i Avnv gwi gwi dzwU‡q †Zvj‡i

Ii A¼zwiZ Kzmyg gg dzwU‡q †Zvj‡i ...

nvq A¼zwiZ Kzmyg gg dzwU‡Z †Zvj‡i ... G...G... G

Avgvi Kzmy‡giB eb AwZ wbiRb

cik Ki‡Mv Zzwg Avnv

Kzmy‡giB eb AwZ wbiRb

cik Ki †Mv Zzwg I dzj DVyK I dzwUqv

co–K I jywUqv †ZvgviI PiY Pzwg

cÖfy †Zvgvi ci‡k †gvi nik Av‡b

kvk¦wZKx 107

I‡i †ZvgviI ci‡k †gvi nik Av‡b †Zvgvi ci‡k †gvi nik Av‡b G ...

I ZvB wek¦exYvi mKj Zv‡i †Zvgvi gayi bvg ev‡R

†mB wek¦exYvi mKj Zv‡i †Zvgvi gyai bvg ev‡R

m„wó †Zvgvi †Zvgvi gayi bvg ev‡R D”P †Zvgvi Avmb Lvbv mKj Rx‡ei ü` gv‡S wbivwkqvi Avmv Zzwg

AkÖ“ev‡b mvš—¡bv ¯vMZg †Zvgvi c~Rv †ZvgviB nq e›`bv

MMY †Zvgvi feb †Zvgvi AjxK AjxK †Zvgvi ab

I‡i RM RM‡Zi ivRv Zzwg †Zvgvi `qvq Rx‡ei cÖvY fv‡Mi Mov Ryqvi fvUv

†fjwK †Zvgvi ey‡S ‡K (2) mË¡v †Kej gvBb‡m cÖf~ †Zvgvi wecyj KvR †`‡L †Kv_vI Zzwg Rv‡jv Av‡jv

†Kv_vI Ki AÜKvi †Kv_vI Zzwg †dvUvI nvwm †Kv_vI †Zvj nvnvKvi ZvB weivU mgªvU Zzwg

gwngvgq gnvivR mivU weivU mgªvU Zzwg

gwngvgq gnvivR Avgiv Aag Zz”Q †meK mvB‡Z bvwi †KvbB KvR cvwc e‡j wÌbv †d‡j ¶gv K‡iv †k‡li w`b †Lv`v †Mv wf¶zK Avwg †Zvgvi Øv‡i wbt¯^ Avwg

kw³ nxb| †hb ewÂZ Ki bv

Av nv gwi gwi (GUv avjvb †avqv‡bv)

kvk¦wZKx 108

ewÂZ Ki bv †Zvgvi wKwÂZ Ki“Yv `v‡b

ewÂZ K‡iv bv ZvB Avgv‡ì GB Kwei Mvb

g‡b wn›`y gymjgvb evsjvi ¯’vb evsjv fvlvi Qwe

AvR evOvwj wbR¯^ ab KweiMvb Avi wKËb

Avgiv †M‡q †eovB PviY Kwe ZvB evsjvi N‡i N‡i MxZ ev`¨ wkí my‡i

cywZ© fiv evOvwj‡ì cÖvY Z‡e evsjv‡`‡k LyBR‡j wg‡j

kni bMi MÖvgvÂ‡j evsjv fvlvq bvbv my‡ii Mvb

ZvB evsjvi bi-bvix Mvq KZ hvÎv-Rvwi

fvwUqvjx fvIqvBqv myiïwb kywb evD‡jiB AvKyj my‡i cvMjv KvbvB cvMj K‡i jvjbMxwZ †`n ZË¡ ïwb AvR y¤§v`viv mZ¨cxi

fvejwi mb¨vmxi fvmvb hvÎv gbmv g½j

ïwb hvB ¸bvB wewe i“cevb AviI KZ we‡qi Mvb AvjKvc Mvb MvB‡Mi KZRb

wdwiw½ G›Uwb Avgj n‡Z GB PviY Kwe GB evsjv‡Z

A`¨vewa Av‡Q cÖPjb ZvB cy‡Rv cvi&eb ivRìev‡i G Mvb c~‡Rv cve©b ivRìev‡i

mvs¯‹…wZK mO¯‹v‡i evsjvi HwZnëvnx Kwe gnvRb

ZvB Avgvi Kwe Mvb GKUz e‡m e‡m ï‡b hvb (ï‡bb Avi wK eyBje GB)

my.m : Avwg ïb‡Z Pvw”Qjvg Avm‡j GB Mvb Ki‡Z wM‡q Avcbvi Ggb †Kvb ¯§„wZ Av‡Q, †hUv nBj †h, `k©K‡ì m‡½ ev AvqR‡bi †¶‡Î, †hUv Avcbvi g‡b nB‡j H

kvk¦wZKx 109

Av‡qvR‡bi mv‡_ Avcwb m¤ú„³ wQ‡jb IUv Avcbvi fvjjv‡M †mUv `k©K‡ì Kvi‡Y †nvK ev Av‡qvRK‡ì Kvi‡Y †nvK A_ev nBj †h, Avcbvi cwievi †_‡K mn‡hvwMZvi Kvi‡Y †nvK Avcbvi fv‡jv jv‡M GiKg GKUv fvjjvMvi K_v ejwQjvg| GiKg †Kvb ¯§„wZ Av‡Q wK bv?

R.†gv : GLb eû RvqMvq eû iKg fv‡e ‰Zwi nq¨v‡Q †mvbv| Avi †KvbUvi K_v ev wK eyBj‡ev?

my.m : †hUv g‡b Av‡Q, gv‡b fvj jvMv †h iKg, †Kvb RvqMvq †Kvb fvj jvMvUv ˆZwi n‡qwQj? R.†gv : g‡b cBo‡Z‡Q bv| fve ˆZwi n‡q‡Q, eo eo fve, †m fve ¸‡jv Avgvi aiv m¤¢e

nq wb, Ggb Ggb fve ˆZwi nq‡Q Avcbv‡K ewj| Avgvi fvB hLyb Mvb KBwi‡Q ZLyb Avwg, Zv‡bv‡ii K_vB GKUv eywj| GKUv welq wQj| wn›`y gymjgv‡bi cvjv wQj| †m welqU¨vi| ZLb cvwK —vvb wcÖq‡Wi ZvB bv, †Zv c~R¨vi Abyôvb †mLv‡b eyBj †h bv Avgiv wn› y gymjgv‡bi cvjv ïBb‡ev| †Zv fvB eyBj‡jv †h Ø›Ø n‡e| Gwjqv gvivgvwi n‡e, gvby‡li Ø›Ø n‡e| G wn›`y‡K AvNvZ KBi‡e| gymjgvb wn›`y‡K AvNvZ KBi‡e| wn›`y gymjgvb‡K AvNvZ KBi‡e| ZLyb GB cvewj‡Ki gB‡Ï Ø›ØUv gvivgvwi m„wó n‡e| Zv Avcbvi GUv †K eyBj‡e| Zv‡bvi _vbvi Iwm wQj wn›`y| Avi L‡Mb evey wQj HwLKvi ZLyb Rwg`vi| L‡Mb evey eyBj‡jv wK †h Zvn‡j `v‡ivMv evey‡K Avwg `vwqZ¡ w`B| `v‡ivMv evey‡K †MvUv _vbvi cywjk w`q¨v `v‡ivMv evey wjL¨v w`K †Kvb M‡Ûv‡Mvj n‡e bv| w`q¨v ZvB n‡e eyBj¨v cvjv nB‡jv| †Zv †mB cvjvq Mvb n‡q‡Q Avgvi m‡½ bv Avwg bv Avwg ZLyb †`vnviwK Kwi| Avgvi K_v eyB‡j Avwg eyjwQ bv| Avgvi fv‡qi K_v eyjwQ| †kl c‡i †mB MvbB †kl fv‡qi| Zvic‡i Lvov n‡q‡Q| fvB eyj‡jv †h, wiqvR miKvi †K eywj‡jv †h Zywg gymjgv‡bi cvjvB MvI| †Zv civgk© KBwiB KBi‡jv ‡mUv| Avi fvB eyBj‡jv wn›`y c‡¶ Avwg MvB| †Zv †mB MvbUv Ggb A¨v‡m cvjv RBg‡jv eyBR‡jb| †m cvjv ejv hv‡e bv MíB eyjwQ MíB eyjwQ Mv‡bi K_v eB‡j jvf bvB| †Zv Ggybfv‡e cvjv RBg‡jv †mB Mvb n‡Z n‡Z †eva nq †ejv 12 Uv e¨vwR mviv i¨vZB PBj‡Q| †kl ch©š—, Mvb nB‡jv gv‡b GB †`‡k evsjvq gymjgvb bvB| Avi‡e hvI, Avi‡e hvI ‡Zvgv‡ì ’vb Avi‡e| Avgiv wn› yB me RvqMvq| GBfv‡e †m weavb w`q¨v AvBb w`q¨v eyBS‡jb| Ggybfv‡e dzwU‡q ZzBj‡jv ZLyb| wn› yiv ZLyb Lywk‡Z LyeB evM evM, ILv‡b n‡q †Mj, Mvb‡Zv hvB A‡bK †ejvfiB nB‡jv|

my.m : Avcwb Mvb ïi“ Ki‡jb wek-evBk eQi Gi g‡a¨ wK H iKg †Kvb cÖKvi Avcbv‡K wb‡q †Kvb cÖKvi ¯§„wZ Av‡Q wK bv?

R.†gv : GLyb K_v nB‡jv Avwg Avevi wb‡R¯^ wKš‘ evnv ~wi K_v eyBj‡Z Lvivc gy‡bKwi| Avm‡j mZ¨ K_v eyjwQ Avcbv‡K, Mvb nq nq‡Zv †Kvb RvqMvq wKQy mybvg n‡q‡Q| †Kvb RvqMvq nq‡Zv †Kvb e`bvwg n‡q‡Q| Av‡iK R‡b fvj †M‡q‡Q| Avi nq‡Zv Kz‡bv hvqMvq AvwgI GKUz fvj †M‡qwQ| GiKg N‡U gvby‡li Rxe‡b| ‡Zv A¨vLyb Avgvi fvjUvB Avwg Lvwj MvB‡ev Avi Ac‡i Lvivc GUv Avwg cQ›` Kwi bv| mZ¨K_v eyjwQ Avcbv‡K| n¨vu nq| GiKgI NwU‡Q †hgb AvgRv` miKv‡ii mv‡_B a‡ib Mvb nB‡Q, Mvb nB‡jv GB Lv‡b, GB gUi BDwbq‡bi GB Lv‡b a‡ib|

kvk¦wZKx 110

ZvjvBgvwi evm÷¨v‡Ûi IB Lv‡b| Mvb nB‡Q, †Zv GLyb fvjB Mvb PBj‡Q Pig Mvb Avi ILv‡b Avevi WvBfvi‡ì †ewk Avg`vwb nq| gvnvRb WvBfvi me wgj¨v I Mv‡bi dvsmb Kivq| †mLv‡b Mvb nB‡j| Mvb nB‡Z nB‡Z Pig fvjB Mvb n‡q‡Q| Iw`‡K Lywk‡Z evM evM †jvKRb n‡q †h‡q Mv‡b| GB AveyjI (cv‡k e‡m _vKv †`vnvwi) GK m‡½ Avgiv Mvb KwiwQ|

my.m : wK, welqUv wK wQj? R.†gv : welqUv wQj †mUv †eva nq Bqv kªwgK Avi GKUv wK wQj welqUv gvwjK‡K wjq¨v|

†Zv GLyb WvBfvi‡ì c‡¶ GKRb Avi GKRb gvwjK‡ì c‡¶ _¨v‡K| G welqwU Av‡jvPbv n‡Z n‡Z| †Zv Mvwo †Zv gvwj‡Ki Mvwo‡Z jvK U¨vKv `v‡gi gvwj‡Ki| wKš‘ Mvwo Kvi n‡Z WvBfv‡ii nv‡Z| Zvn‡j WvBfvi hw` fvj n‡q MvwoUv‡K RywM‡q KZ jvK UvKvi Mvwo| wWDwU KBi¨v KvR KBi¨v †m wb‡RI Lvq gnvRb‡KD †`q| ZvB‡j me Pvq‡Z †ewk `vwqZ¡ Kvi WvBfvi‡ì evwo Uvwo †ewk KBwi fvj KBwi eyBjwQ| GB ejv‡Z GB WvBfviiv K_vI eywj| Avi GKUz wbkv wgkvI †KB †KD K‡i Iiv, wKQy †jvK Av‡Q, †Zv hvB †nvK GBfv‡e †kl ch©š—, UvKv cqmv yBwo w`qv w`wq UvKv wj‡q hvq‡q †`q Lywk‡Z| I‡ì c‡¶ n‡qwQ I‡ì mybvg nq¨v‡Q GBfv‡e mKvj ch©š— Mvb nB‡jv| c‡i LvIqv `vIqv nB‡jv Zvic‡i LvwkUvwk g¨v‡i me LvIqv `vIqv nB‡jv| †mw`b GKUz fvj nB‡Q mybvg nq‡Q Avi wK| †Zv Avwg †mw`b WvBfvi‡ì c‡¶ wQjvg| Avi AvgvRv` miKvi wQj gvwj‡Ki c‡¶| †mw`b GKUv Pig Avb›` n‡q‡Q|

my.m : Avcwb Avcbvi evevi y‡Uv Mvb †`‡L‡Qb| Avcbvi fv‡qi mv‡_ Mvb K‡i‡Qb| Zvic‡i Avcbvi fvB‡qi Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZØw›Ø‡ì †`‡L‡Qb Avcwb wb‡RI Mvb K‡i‡Qb| GB †h Av‡MKvi Mvb Avcbvi fvB ch©š— hviv Mvb K‡i‡Qb Ges cieZ©x Avcwb G‡m Mvb Ki‡jb| GB Mvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ gv‡b cwi‡ekbvMZ ev êwPÎ¨ Avbvq‡bi †¶‡Î AviI my›ì K‡i Dc ’vc‡bi †¶‡Î wK cv_©KÜv j¶¨ K‡i‡Qb Avcwb?

R.†gv : Avwg ewj Avgvi AveŸvi Avg‡j †h me Mvb wQj Avwg Ávb n‡q †h me ïBwbwQ †Zv ZLybKvi Mvb¸‡jv me GKUz AbïKg wQj K_v evZ©v †Zgyb my›ì bv, wKš‘K K_v wVKB Av‡Q wKš‘ H K_v¸j¨vb my›ìfv‡e eyjv Avm‡j Zv‡ì †e‡i‡b wQj bv| Avgvi fvB G¸jv‡K H K_v‡KB I‡K my›ì KB‡i cwi¯‹vi KB‡i KvU KvU KB‡i, GZfve jvwM‡q M¨vqv‡Q gvby‡li gM‡R ZzBwj aBwi‡Q, AZ my›ì KBi¨v Avi KvD‡K cvB wb| K_v eyBR‡jb? GUv‡K Avevi my›ì Kwi‡Q ¸gvB Rvgvb eB‡j GK †jvK wQj †mI ZLyb AviI Avgv‡ì wfZ‡i Avb›` RvMv‡jv eyBR‡jb| †`vnviwK Kwi eBm¨v eBm¨v| fvB‡qi Avgj _¨v‡KB GMjv ïi“ n‡q‡Q| Avwg fvB‡qi my›ì †K wj‡qB Avgvi hZ hv Kiv| fvB‡qi my›ì †K †`‡L fvB‡qi Pjv wdiv wKfv‡e ‡m Av‡jvPbv Kwi‡Q IB ¸jv‡K †`‡L IB ¸j¨v‡K bKj, mZ¨ K_v eyjwQ| gwdR DwÏb miKvi eyBwj GKRb wQj fvB‡qi mv‡Z 15-16 eQi cvUbvi Lye cwÛZ †jvK, †Zv GZB cwÛZ †jvK wK eyBj‡ev Avcbv‡K Avi GZB Ávbx| †h Kz‡bv wel‡q †mw`b †`L‡e †h fvj †kªvZv eo eo †kªvZv †m w`b fvB‡K eyBj‡e †h Zzwg Aí Aí ej Avgv‡K mgq †ewk `vI| GZ Ávbx †jvK GZ cwÛZ †jvK| Avi Zvi cvwÛZ¨ wK, GB PviY Kwei gB‡Ï LyeB Zx¶è Kwe| c‡bi eQi †m fvB‡qi mv‡_ cvUbvix KBwi‡Q Z‡e Zvi evwo A‡bK `~i,

kvk¦wZKx 111

gxiMÄ| Avgv‡ì ivgbMi _vbv _¨v‡K| wfZ‡i aigcy‡i Zvi evwo wKš‘ ILvb †_‡K †m †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Avi †mB Mvb P‡j| †Zv †mB mgq bvB †kvbv GLyb gvbyl †iwWI wUwf GB me ¸j¨v n‡q hv‡q evB‡ii Mvb ¸jv bvB, †gjv †Ljv †gjv bvB| H †h Kvbmv‡Ui †gjv, gnvivRcyi †gjv, †PŠWvjvi †gjv, PKwKwËi †gjv|

my.m : Zvn‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib †h hw` †gjvi cwigvY ev‡o Zvn‡j †gjv‡K RvKRgK Kivi Rb¨ Avevi †h ¸‡jv Mvb nvwi‡q hv‡”Q †m¸‡jvi cybi“¾xeb NU‡e?

R.†gv : n¨vu, n¨vu, n¨v wVK eyBwj‡Qb| evB‡i bv nB‡j †Zv Rgv R‡g bv| Avcwb 15 wgwb‡U eyBj‡eb e‡jb †`wL? c‡bi wgwb‡U KZUzK †cÖvMÖvg KBi‡ev? 15 wgwbU mgq ZvB bv, 15 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ `yÕU¨v c¶ Avevi GKRb mvZ wgwbU Av‡iKRb mvZ wgwbU| G‡Z KZUyK Avcwb wK eyBj‡eb, Avi wK dzUv‡eb e‡jb? I‡ì gyj hv D‡Ïk¨ †mUzKz dzUv‡bv hvq hLb 3 N›Uv 4 N›Uv ivwÎ aB‡i PBj‡Q| ZLyb KZ Av‡jvPbv KZ my›ì nB‡”Q| eû `k©K Zv‡Z Avwg g‡b KiwQ †h, evB‡ii MvbUv nB‡jv Avmj K_v, †gjv hw` _¨vKZ ZvB‡j eo Avb›` nB‡Zv|

my.m : Zvi gv‡b welqUv GB `vov‡”Q †h, cÖ_gZ nB‡jv †h †gjv¸‡jv D‡V hv‡”Q wØZxqZ †iwWI wUwf GZ G‡m hvIqv‡Z GB Mvb¸‡jv nvwi‡q hv‡”Q, e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib|

R.†gv : bv nvwi‡q hv‡”Q bv gv‡b K‡g hv‡”Q, Pvwn`vUv g‡b n‡”Q K‡g hv‡”Q| gvbyl GLyb Aí mg‡q GKUz eBm¨v wUwf †`L‡jv GB nB‡jv K_v| Avi Av‡M †h gvbyl mgq bó n‡q‡Q g‡b K‡ib †MvUv ivwÎ †R‡M nq, Mvb ïwb‡Q n¨vu| wKš‘ †jvK D‡V Uz kã K‡i wb| †Kvb gvivgvwi bvB †Kvb MÛ‡Mvj bvB| mviv ivwÎ ï‡b‡Q| mKv‡j Avevi Kv‡R hv‡e †m wPš—vI Av‡Q| wKš‘ ZeyI ïwb‡Q| GLyb †mU n‡q †M‡Q `k wgwb‡U, `k wgwb‡U Avi KÆzK ¯v` _v‡K| `k wgwbU wUwf †`Lj Zvn‡j Avgvi H cvuP wgwbU ïb‡jv I‡Z KZzUzK ¯v` _v‡K| IiKg ¯vÌ Avi _¨vK‡Q bv Pvwn`vI Avi evo‡Q bv gvby‡li gy‡b| Avgvi gy‡b eyBj‡Q GB Kvi‡Y, Avi wKQy¶Y hLb gv‡V eB‡m ï‡b ZvB‡j GKzU a‡i iv‡L gvbyl| Pvwn`vI ev‡o GUvB eyBjwQjvg Avwg| GUv Avgvi gy‡bi wfZiKvi K_v me eyBjjvg Avwg|

my.m : Avwg ejwQ †h, Avm‡j Avcbv‡ì mgq †Zv GKUv RvKRgKc~Y© Ae ’vb wQj, GLb bvB, Gi wcQ‡b KviY ¸‡jv Avcbvi Kx, Kx g‡b nq? †Kb bvB?

R.†gv : KviY nB‡”Q Avi gvbyl gvbyl, mgq w`‡Z c¨vi‡Q bv| gy‡b nB‡”Q Avcbv‡K †hgb ewj †hgb eKzj Avi B eyBj‡jv eiRvb eyBj‡jv †h A‡_©i R‡b¨ gvbyl †QvUvQywU KBi‡Q| A_©AvjvI †QvUvQywU KBi‡Q, Avi hvi A_© bvB †m †Zv KBi‡eB| A_©AvjvI Av‡iv †ewk QyUvQywU KBi‡Q| Giv mgq bó KBi‡Z c¨vi‡Q bv| mgq bó n‡q h¨v‡”Q ZvB gy‡b KBi‡Q| wKš‘ †Zvi civgvq KZUzK, Avgvi cigvqy KZUzK GZ A‡_©i wcQ‡b †QvUvQywU GB wPš—v Lye Kg gM‡R gy‡b nq Avgvi, eywS‡Qb! wKš‘ GB R‡b¨ mgq Avi gvbyl w`‡Z c¨vi‡Q bv ûu w`‡Z c¨vi‡Q bv| H cqmvi wcQ‡bB †QvUvQywU KBi‡Q| Avgvi Ggwb gy‡bi fvswbi K_v eyjwQ Avcbv‡K eyBS‡jb| GLyb AvcbvivB Avgvi †P‡q fvj ey‡Sb , †`‡Lb|

my.m : Avcwb †h c‡_ KvR K‡i‡Qb... R.†gv : Rx

kvk¦wZKx 112

my.m : Avcbvi AwfÁZv †ewk GRb¨B ejwQ, †h Avcwb KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q evavi Ggb †Kvb m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb †h GUv nq bvB, Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb, GiKg †Kvb evav?

R.†gv : bv evav Ggb wKQy bv, evav Ggb wKQy bv nq‡Zv Kz‡bv RvMvq †Kvb RvMvq AcQ›Ì Kwi‡Q Ggyb n‡q‡Q| Ggb Kz‡bv Kz‡bv RvqMv Av‡Q| Avgv‡ì gymjgv‡bi gB‡× Ggb Av‡Q GK iKg †jvK Av‡Q| Zviv evavi m„wó K‡i| GB Mvb-evRbv nvivg, GUv Kiv hv‡e bv| GiKgI NwU‡Q K‡qK RvMvq|

my.m : †Kv_vq N‡U‡Q GiKg? R.†gv : GB †h GLv‡b LoLwo bv, wK GUv, H gvivgvwi jvwV wj nBQ‡jv| gyimyj, gyimyj G

†`‡Lb gyimyj †m gvbyl gvivgvwi gv‡b Mvb n‡Z w`‡e bv| GiKgI wKQy RvqMv, RvqMvq n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Lye Kg|

my.m : gv‡b Avgv‡ì mvgvwRKfv‡e †Kvb cÖKvi gvivgvwi IiKg gvbwmKZv †_‡K HUv nB‡Q? R.†gv : nu v gvbwmKZv †_‡K| my.m : Ggwb AwffveKiv? R.†gv : bv Zviv Zviv †Zv wj‡q †M‡Q Zviv Kz‡bv bvB| Zv‡ì Bqv fvj, Zviv †Zv wj wM‡Q

Avgv‡ì wKš‘K Ab¨, Ab¨ †jvK GiKg KBi‡Z w`‡e bv| †Kb n‡e GKvR| GB GKUv RvMvi K_vB eyjwQ Avcbv‡K, Avgvi NUbv Rvbv| GB n‡q‡Q| Avi GKevi GKUv n‡q‡Q Avcbvi _vbvq, cev _vbvq I‡ì cviwgkb wQj bv, GB R‡b¨ †eva nq|

my.m : Avcbvi wK g‡b Av‡Q Avcwb G ch©š— KZ¸‡jv cvjv K‡i‡Qb, KweMvb K‡i‡Q KZ¸‡jv welq wb‡q?

R.†gv : welq ûu Av‡Q wKQy g‡b| my.m : e‡jb †`wL bvg¸‡jv ej‡jB n‡e| R.†gv : Kg© AwØó n‡q‡Q, K‡g©i c‡¶ GKRb Afw`‡ói c‡¶ GKRb, my.m : Kg© A „ó Avi? R.†gv : Avi bvix-cyi“l| gv-ev, LuvwK-cvwb, gv‡b gvwU Avi cvwb| Zvic‡i n‡q‡Q w`b-ivwÎ| my.m : mvgvwRK Kx Kx n‡q‡Q? R.†gv : wkw¶Z Awkw¶Z nq¨v‡Q| my.m : abx-`wi ª? R.†gv : nu v nu v nu v nu v| my.m : K…lK-kªwgK R.†gv : nu v nu v ... my.m : abx Avi K…lK, gv‡b M„n¯’ kªwgK? R.†gv : nu v n‡q‡Q| my.m : Zvic‡i nBj †h, R.†gv : Avcbvi GLv‡bB n‡q‡Q nwiqv‡b A‡bK w`b Av‡M| my.m : Zvic‡i gvwjK-kªwgK? R.†gv : nu v gvwjK-kªwgK GB †h, gUi BDwbq‡b nq¨v‡Q| my.m : ¯vgx- ¿x? R.†gv : ¯vgx H †Zv Hfv‡e nq¨v‡Q bi-bvix|

kvk¦wZKx 113

my.m : Avi ag©? R.†gv : nu v fvj K_v gy‡b KBi‡j ag©-Aag© nq¨v‡Q| a‡g©i c‡¶ GKRb Aa‡g©i c‡¶ GKRb| my.m : wn› y-gymjgvb? R.†gv : nu v nu v wn›`y-gymjgvb| Bmjvg-mbvZb| my.m : ZvI GiKg KZ¸‡jv welq Av‡Q? AZxZ eZ©gvb wg‡j †gvU wK cwigvY cvjv

K‡i‡Qb? R.†gv : eû welq| Avwg KBwiwQ AíwKQy a‡ib †RMwj eyjby G¸jvB| Avi Avgvi fv‡qi

Avg‡j eû cvjv Avcbv‡K KZ bvg KBi‡ev, eywS‡Qb| my.m : Avcwb Avcbvi fvB‡qi Qvov bZzb cvjv ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb bv... R.†gv : bv, bv H cvjv GKB PBj‡Q wKš‘ K_vevZ©v bZzb wKQy ezBj‡Z nB‡Q| PBj‡Q|

cvjvi H welq H, eyBS‡jb bv| K_vWv eyB‡Sb GK RvMvB †Zv Lvwj Mvb bv, †h HGKUvB welq ZvB bq| GL¨vb GK welq IL¨v‡b Av‡iK welq| Av‡iK RvqMvq Avi GKUv welq nB‡jv GBfv‡e H welq H me welqB| welq GKB wKš‘ K_vevZ©v bZzb KBi‡Z nB‡Q Mvb MvB‡Z nB‡Q bZzb| K_vWv eyBS‡jb|

my.m : Avcwb Ggwb bZzb †Kvb welq K‡ib wb? R.†gv : bv| my.m : bv Avcbvi GB KweMvb wb‡q Avcbvi wK ai‡Yi cwiKíbv wQj? GUv Ki‡j Avcwb

Av‡iv fv‡jv Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb.... R.†gv : K_v nB‡jv Avwg Avgvi wk¶v w`¶v Kg| Avwg eyjwQ Avgvi ye©jZv †Kv_vq wQj

†h, mgv‡R GZ †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q GKUv K_v hw` wmwjc Kq‡i hvB, ZvB‡j †m eo j¾vi welq| GB `ye©jZv Avgvi A‡bK wKQy wQj, ZvQvov Avwg Av‡iv eû Av‡M _¨v‡K eyBwS‡Qb, Avgvi fvB hLb Avm‡i _¨vK‡ZvK, ZLb Avgv‡K Lye fq c¨vZK| Avgvi gy‡b fq c¨vZK fv‡qi mgyLv‡b `vwo‡q wK eyBj‡ev| Dbvi mgy‡L Avwg wK eyBj‡ev| mwZ¨ K_v eyjwQ Avcbv‡K| wKš‘ fvB eyBwj‡Q Avgv‡K wKš‘ Avwg mvnm KBwi DwV ùvwo‡q ewjwb Avcbvi cvj−v Kivi †Póv Kwiwb GKw`b fvB‡iU eyjjvg nB‡jv GKUv K_v, GB M‡¤§›U K‡j‡R GKw`b `v‡q c‡o †Mjvg †mB NUbvq eyBS‡jb| M‡¤§›U K‡jR Mvb †Zv fvB‡qi cvU©bvi Iqv‡n` miKvi Iqv‡n` miKvi Avi fvB MvB‡e| D (Aveyj) Avi Avwg †`vnvwi KBi‡ev| GLb Iqv‡n` miKvi wK Kvi‡Y A¨vm‡jv bv| Mvb‡Zv ïi“ n‡q †Mj| Mvb‡Zv n‡eB| K‡j‡R Mvb M‡¤§›U K‡j‡R ZLb welq wQj wkw¶Z, Awkw¶Z| fvB Avgvi Lye `y ©vš— mvnmx †jvK| Lvwj GKRb wKQy eyBj‡j nq `yBW¨v K_v| yBWv K_v †Rvi w`‡q eyBwj Pvwc‡q w`‡j nq| †m cvi KBwi w`‡e me| K_vWv eyBS‡jb mZ¨ K_v eyjwQ| Lvwj I‡K Pvc w`‡q `yÕ K_v eyB‡j− nq| †m cvi KBwi w`‡e| GZB Ávb i¨vL‡Zv| †m Avgvi c_g Rxe‡b M‡¤§›U K‡j‡Ri K_v eyjwQ †Zv Avgv‡K| Avgv‡ì Avevi †cvlvK wQj aywZ cvÄvwe Avi GKUv †cvkvK _v‡K| Kwe‡ì IUv †Wm| Avm‡j Avcbv‡K eyjwQ †h †cvkv‡Ki wK †h, GKUv nBqv Av‡Q †Xvj †hgb e¨vR‡Q| aywZ cvÄvwe cBwi `vov‡j †gRvR ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e wKQy ejvi R‡b¨| Avj−vncvK Rv‡b, Avwg mZ¨ K_v eyjwQ| †hgb GMjv cwo ùvov‡j Avi †Xvj †hgb ïi“ nB‡jv|

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my.m : IUv †_‡K Av‡iv †cÖiYvUv †c‡jb? R.†gv : ZLb Avi Kz‡bv fq _¨vK‡e bv, Avcbvi ejvi mvûm ev‡o †Kb †h, Avj−v-cvK

Rv‡b, eyBj‡Z c¨vi‡ev bv| my.m : Avwg ejwQjvg †h, Avcbvi cwiKíbvUv †Kgb wQj? gv‡b Avcwb GB †h, KweMvb

GUv‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ cwiKíbv K‡ib wb, †h GUv Av‡iv we¯Z…Z †nvK, Qwo‡q coyK?

R.†gv : Avcbv‡K ejwQ wK, Avwg †Póv KBwiwQ eû eû †Póv KBwiwQ, GKvi KvR bv GUv| G me †jvK gBwi R¨v nvZzi w` e¨vwowQ Avwg, hLb m½ Qvov n‡q hvq| G (Aveyj) Avi Avwg Qvov †Zv Avi bvB| cvUbvi Qvov †Zv nq bv| yÕRb Qvov †Zv nq bv| KZ †c‡ikvb nq¨vwQ QyBU¨v †ewoq¨vwQ Zv Avj−vcvK Rv‡b Avcbv‡K eyS‡bv hv‡e bv|

my.m : GLb wK Avcbvi g‡b nq, GUv DËi‡Yi Rb¨ ev KweMvb Avevi Qwo‡q †Ìqvi Rb¨ ev Kwe Mvb‡K Avevi c~bR©vMi‡Yi Rb¨ Kx Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?

R.†gv : Avwg †Zv gv‡b hv‡L ewj Avcbv‡ì gZb †Qwj‡cwj‡K ev Dchy³ †jvK cvwj Avgvi †Zv mgq bvB Avgvi †Zv †kl n‡q †Mj, Avwg A‡bK Avjvc Kwi GiKg| †hgb Avcwb KBi‡Qb, Avgvi GKUv AvMÖn Avcbv‡K K¨vj‡K eyBjjvg bv †h Avgvi AvMÖn KZ| G‡K Kxfv‡e aB‡i ivLv hvq, G‡K †ewk KB‡i Avevi wKQy we¯—vi nq| Avgiv †Zv †kl n‡q hvw”Q ZvB bv| GLb Kxfv‡e _vKv hvq| GUv nq bv| GLyb Avcbv‡K Avi GK K_vB ewj eKzj Avi H gwbi K_vB ewj| G‡ì‡K wj‡q †Zv Avgvi Lye Avkv| G‡ì myi Ávb Av‡Q, Zvj Ávb Av‡Q| wKQy K_v Avgvi eyB‡S †M‡Q| myiI eyB‡S †M‡Q| wKš‘ Zviv †Zv gv‡b †h, wb‡RB †h, wb‡R AvMÖn KB‡i ùvwo‡q, †h, bv `v`v †Zv KvBj PBwj †M‡j Avgviv Avi cve bv| wKš‘ evB‡i ùvwo‡q ùvwo‡q, Avgiv wKQy Kwi GUvB hv, Avi bvB Avwg Avi wK KBi‡ev †mvbv, mZ¨ K_v eyjwQ Avwg KZ AvQovB|

my.m : Zvn‡j wK g‡b nq, wKQyB Kivi bvB, †Kvb eyw× bvB, †Kvb c_ bvB? R.†gv : c_ Avwg †Zv LuyB‡R cvw”Q bv| KvD‡K †Zv ¸B‡j LvIwq w` n‡e bv, †h ¸Bwj

Ily‡a LvD‡q w`jvg n‡q hv‡e, Zv bv| wKš‘ Avcwb †hgb G‡m eB‡m Av‡Qb, mgq jvMv‡Qb, GUv w`‡Qb| GiKg mgq jvMv‡bvi †Q‡j‡c‡j hw` cvIqv hvq Zv‡L wj‡q eBwm Avwg mgq GK N›Uvi Kv‡Q `yB N›Uv mgq w`‡Z ivwR AvwQ, w`‡q KvR KivB‡Z ivwR AvwQ| Zzwg ùvovI uvwo‡q Avgvi mv‡_ ej KvR Ki wKš‘ †m †jvK cvIqv hvq bv| KZ wkw¶Z †jvK j¨vM‡jv †KD c¨vi‡jv bv| GB †`‡Lb GB DwKj eyBwj, †Lvi‡k` DwKj cuvP Zvjv evwo KBwi‡Q P¨vi eQi NyBwi‡Q Avgvi fv‡qi wcQ‡b P¨vi eQi wKš‘ Kv‡R mvK‡mm n‡Z cv‡iwb|

my.m : Av”Qv GLb‡Zv, AvRvb w`‡”Q Avcwb‡Zv bvgv‡R hv‡eb †Zv Avcwb Avgv‡ì A‡bK mgq w`‡jb... Avcbv‡K abëv`|

R.†gv : Avcbv‡KI abëv`, LyeB fvj j¨vM‡jv Avgvi| fvj _vBK‡eb|

kvk¦wZKx 115

gyn¤§` Ave`yj Rwjj

c_MxwZKv Av‡jvPbvi ïi“‡ZB Ôc_MxwZKvÕi msÁv cÖ vb Avek¨K g‡b Kwi| KviY, MxwZKvi A½‡b G avivi ms‡hvRb GB cÖ_g| G wb‡q B‡Zvc~‡e© Av‡jvPbv-ch©v‡jvPbv wKQzUv n‡jI MxwZKvi †kªYxweb¨v‡m Gi ’vb KLbI Aš—f©y³ nqwb|

evsjvi huviv †jvKKwe mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv †_‡K mgKvjxb NUbv Aej¤‡b mnR-mij fvlvq msw¶ß I MxZvKv‡i †h me Kvwnbx iPbv K‡i Ges hv c‡_ c‡_ myi mn‡hv‡M cwi‡ewkZ nq g~jZ Zv-B c_MxwZKv|

Z‡e †jvKKwe I Av‡jvPK-ch©v‡jvP‡Kiv G †kªYxi iPbv‡K c_MxwZKv bv e‡j Ab¨ wK wK bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i _v‡Kb †m cwiPq cÖ v‡bi c~‡e© G‡K Av‡`Š †jvKmvwn‡Zï Aš—f©y³ Kiv hvq wKbv †m w`KUvB cÖ_g wePvi Kiv Avek¨K g‡b Kwi|

†jvKmvwnZ¨ g~jZ †gŠwLK avivi m„wó| †jvKmvwn‡Z¨ e¨w³cwiPq A‡c¶v mgwói cwiPqB we‡klfv‡e ’vb †c‡q _v‡K| ˆbe ©w³KZv †jvKmvwn‡Zï Av‡iKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ êwkó¨| c_MxwZKvq Gi †Kv‡bvUvB we‡klZ¡ jvf K‡iwb| G K_v me©Rbwew`Z †h, †jvKmvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU welqB cÖ_‡g †gŠwLK avivi g‡a¨ engvb _v‡K| AZtci Zv ch©vqµ‡g mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvR‡bB wjwce× nq| Gi we‡kl „óvš— gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ bv_ MxwZKv Ges Ab¨vb¨ MxwZKv mg~n| †h aviv GK`v †gŠwLK avivi g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj Kvjµ‡g Zv wjwLZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I †jvKmvwnZ¨ Awfavq †Kv‡bv weZ‡K©i m„wó nqwb| GgbwK †jvKKwe cvMjv KvbvB, nvmb ivRv, jvjb muvB‡qi MxZ †gŠwLK aviv †_‡KB †h †jL¨ avivq DcbxZ n‡q‡Q G K_v ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv| †jvKmvwnZ¨ wjwLZ bv †gŠwLK G w`‡q g~j¨vqb Kiv nq bv| g~j¨vwqZ nq g~jZ Zvi KwZcq †gŠwjK êwk‡ó¨| c_MxwZKv †jLävivi m„wó nIqv m‡Ë¡I ¯fve¸‡YB †jvKmvwnZ¨ cèvP¨ nIqvi †hvM¨Zv AR©b K‡i‡Q|

G cÖm‡½ cÖ_‡gB †jvKKwe‡ì †`qv bv‡gi cÖwZB `„wó wbe× Kivi cÖqvm cvIqv hv‡”Q| †jvKKweiv c_MxwZKv‡K ÔKweZvÕ, ÔK_vÕ, ÔKvwnbxÕ, ÔcuvPvjxÕ, Ôcyw_Õ, ÔRvixÕ, Ôwn÷ixÕ BZ¨vw` bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| ÔKweZvÕ e‡j‡Qb Kwe AvgRv` †nv‡mb, †gv.AvwRg DwÏb, †gv.Aveyj Kvjvg cÖgyL| Zv‡ì K_vqÑ

K) KweZv‡Z BwZ w`qv Qvjvg w`qv hvB fyjÎ“wU gvR©bxq †jLv cov bvB| GB KweZv co‡eb m‡e wgbwZ RvbvB, eÜz †n|

L) †jwL KweZv2 ï‡bb k~Zv wn›`y gymjgvb †Kgb K‡i iwP Avwg bvwn Av‡Q Ávb|

M) GB ch©š— BwZ Kwijvg GB KweZv Lvb we`vq Kv‡j Qvjvg wb‡q wn› y gymjgvb nvDm _vK‡j wK‡b wb‡qv yB UvKv Gi `vg|

kvk¦wZKx 116

G‡K ÔK_vÕ e‡j‡Qb Kwe mvnve DwÏbÑ Avj−vi bv‡g ¯§iY K‡i Kwijvg iPbv wjwcivbxi K_v Avwg Kwijvg eY©bv|

Kwe myjvqgvb G‡K e‡j‡Qb ÔKvwnbxÕÑ Kjg jBby nv‡Z †f‡e wbiÄb wegvZvi Kvwnbx wKQz †jwLe GLb|

ga¨hy‡Mi cuvPvjx Kv‡eï Avw½‡Ki w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L G avivi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Kwe G‡K cuvPvjx bv‡gI AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡QbÑ

AvBmv f‡ei c‡i2 dzwZ© K‡i †bkv¸wj LvBqv RxebUv‡Zv †kl Kwijvg cvuPvjx Mvwnqv|

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Kwe G‡K cyw_mvwn‡Zï bvgmv „‡k¨ cyw_ bv‡gI AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| A_P G avivi mvwn‡Zï welqe¯‘, fvlv, Avw½K †Kv‡bvw`K †_‡KB cyw_mvwn‡Zï êwkó¨gwÛZ bq| GZ`m‡Ë¡I Kwe Aveyj Kvjvg G‡K cyw_ bv‡g wPwýZ K‡i‡QbÑ

G ch©š— Kijvg BwZ Ave yj Mwbi `yt‡Li cyw_ fyj _vwK‡j gvd Kwi‡eb fvB|

G‡K ÔRvixÕ bv‡gI AwfwnZ Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| Rvix dvimx kã; A_©ÑÔ†kvKÕ| †jvKKweiv wKš‘ †kvKv‡_© kãwUi eënvi K‡ibwb| GKwU „óvš— w`‡jB welqUv ¯úó n‡e-

Avj−vi bvgwU ¯§iY Kwi wj‡L RvbvB †`‡ki Rvix e‡m e‡m wPš—v Kwi2 GwK AvRe KviLvbv bZzb K‡i †mvbvi evsjv K‡e n‡e e‡jv bv| cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK, ivóªxq Rxe‡bi †h †Kv‡bv NUbv BwZnv‡mi cvZvq ¯§iYxq n‡q

_vK‡Z cv‡i hw` Zv mvwnZ¨ A_ev BwZnv‡mi cvZvq wjwce× nIqvi †MŠie AR©b K‡i| †jvKKweiv ïay mgvR m‡PZb bqÑ h‡_ó BwZnvm m‡PZbI| Zviv Zv‡ì ewY©Z A‡bK NUbv‡K D‡Ïk¨ cÖ‡Yvw`Z fv‡eB BwZnv‡mi gh©v`vq Awfwl³ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Kwe Ave yj Kwig Lv‡biÑ ÔAveŸv‡mi yt‡Li K_vÕ, †gv.†`‡jvqvi †nv‡m‡biÑ Ô¯vgxi nv‡Z ¿x gvjZx ivbxi AcNv‡Z Ly‡bi Ki“Y KvwnbxÕ kxl©K MxwZKvq Gi cÖgvY cvIqv hvqÑ

K) Avj−vi bvgwU ¯§iY Kwi KvMR Kjg nv‡Z awi wjwL wKQz fvweqv †Lv`vq MZ ermi GB wn÷ix Av‡m †gwUªK cix¶vq Gevi Avwg mevi Kv‡QI wjwLqv RvbvBjvg ayqvq|

kvk¦wZKx 117

L) Avj−vi bvg gy‡L e‡j `x‡bi bexi c`Z‡j †bvqvBqv gv_v Avwg †MvbvMvi wjL‡Z GB `yt‡Li wn÷wi bv P‡j Kjg Avgvi SBiv c‡o †Pv‡Li cvwb I Avj−v wK †Ljv †Zvgvi|

GB wewkó avivi iPbv‡K †jvKKweiv hZ wewPÎ bv‡gB AwfwnZ Kiyb bv †Kb msL¨vMwi‡ôi AwfgZ G¸‡jv ÔKweZvÕ| Avi G Kvi‡YB Av‡jvPK‡ì g‡a¨ Aa¨vcK Avjx Avng` G‡K KweZv bv‡gB wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e KweZv bv‡gi c~‡e© Ôc_yqvÕ we‡klYwU eënvi K‡i bvgKiY K‡i‡Qb Ôc_yqv KweZvÕ|

Avw`‡Z KwjKvZv †iwR‡÷ªkb wefvM Gi bvgKiY K‡iwQ‡jbÑ Street Literature.

Giƒc bvgKi‡Yi cðv‡Z †h hyw³ Zviv cÖ k©b K‡i‡Qb Zv wQj GiƒcÑ Intended for very low class man.

weªwU‡ki `vm †iwR‡÷ªkb wefv‡Mi nxbgb¨ Kg©Pvix‡ì GB a„óZvc~Y© Awfav Kv‡bvµ‡gB mg_©b‡hvM¨ bq| Kwe Zv †h gv‡biB †nvKbv †Kb Zv‡K †Kv‡bv Ae ’vq wbgœ‡kªYxi gvbyl wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kivi AwaKvi KviI †bB| m½ZKvi‡YB Zv‡ì †`qv Street Literature bvgwUI mg_©‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

G †¶‡Î evsjv GKv‡Wgx †_‡K 1982 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Ô†jvKmvwnZ¨ msKjbÕ 21Zg msL¨vi m¤úv`K Avmv` †PŠayixi AwfgZ D‡j−L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wZwb G‡K cÖ_‡g ÔfvU KweZvÕ, AZtci Ôwfbœ avivi KweZvÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| KweZv †h Avw½‡KiB †nvKbv †Kb Zvi GKwU wbR¯^ êwkó¨ _v‡K, †mB êwk‡óï Av‡jv‡KB wewkó bvgI AR©b K‡i _v‡K| c_MxwZKv êwkó¨gwÛZ GKwU mvwnZ¨kvLv nIqv m‡Ë¡I m¤úv`K †Kb †h Zvi †Kv‡bv bvgKiY bv K‡i Ôwfbœavivi mvwnZ¨Õ bv‡g wPwýZ Ki‡jb Zv fve‡j AevK n‡Z nq| GQvov GwU ÔfvU KweZvÕI bq| KviY, ga¨hy‡Mi mvgš— ivRmfvq †h ai‡bi i½iwmKZvg~jK KweZv cwi‡ewkZ nZ †m †kªYxi iPbvi m‡½ Gi †Kv‡bv mv „k¨ †bB| G Qvov ÔfvU KweZvÕ Av‡`Š †jvKmvwnZ¨ nIqvi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L wKbv †m cÖkœI †_‡K hvq|

mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j Ôc_bvUKÕ wk‡ivbv‡g bZzb GKwU mvwnZ¨kvLvi D‡b¥l N‡U‡Q| c_MxwZKv‡K hw` †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨kvLvi m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡ZB nq †m‡¶‡Î GKgvÎ c_bvU‡Ki m‡½B n‡Z cv‡i| KviY G‡Z ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi NUbv¸‡jvB mvRm¾vnxbfv‡e AwfbxZ n‡q _v‡K| hv c_Pvix‡ì „wó AvKl©‡Y wfbœgvwÎK Ae`vb iv‡L| g~jZ c_Pvix‡ì AvKl©‡Yi cÖavb w`K Awfbq‰kjxi wfbœgvwÎKZv|

G `y'†Uv mvwnZ¨kvLvi Dc ’vcbvixwZ wfbœZi n‡jI fvemv „‡kï cwiPq j¶¨ Kiv hvq| G cÖm‡½ cÖ_‡gB Ôc_Õ kãwUi cÖwZ `„wó †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|

1. c_bvU‡K c_Pvix‡ì „wóMÖvn¨ Kiv Awfb‡qi gyL¨ welq; Avi c_MxwZKvq c_Pvix‡ì „wóMÖvn¨ K‡i cyw¯—KvwU weµqB gyL¨ wel‡qi ¸i“Z¡ cvq|

2. c_bvU‡K Awfb‡qi Kjv-‡KŠk‡j c_Pvixiv gy» nq; c_MxwZKvq MxwZKvi wfbœgvwÎK my‡ii gvqvRv‡j cw_‡Kiv ¶wYK Kv‡ji Rb¨ †_‡g hvq|

kvk¦wZKx 118

3. c_bvU‡K mgKvjxb NUbvi Dc¯’vcbv `k©K‡ì PgrK…Z K‡i; c_MxwZKvq AvÂwjK NUbvi imv‡jv eY©bvq †kªvZvü`q gy» nq|

Avw½‡Ki w`K †_‡K G y'†Uv avivi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I D‡Ï‡kï AwfbœZvq c_bvU‡Ki m‡½ c_MxwZKvi H‡Kï w`K cÖwZôv cvq| G w`K wePv‡i c_bvUK †hgb mvwn‡Zï welq-‰ewP‡Î¨ beZi avivi m„wó K‡i‡Q †Zgwb c_MxwZKvI MxwZKvi BwZnv‡m ¯Zš¿ gvÎvms‡hvM NwU‡q‡Q|

mvwnZ¨m„wó nq Rxe‡bi ZvwM‡`, mgvR weeZ©‡bi Awbevh©Zvq| †jvKMxwZKv m„wói cðv‡ZI i‡q‡Q Ggwb ZvwM` Ggwb Awbevh©Zv| mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji mvgvwRK, ag©xq, ivR‰bwZK NUbvcÖev‡ni A‡bK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K hv ¶wYK gyn~‡Z©i Rb¨ AÂj we‡k‡li †jvKgvb‡m e¨vcK Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i, Avevi Zv ¯íKv‡ji eëav‡b †jvK‡PZbvi Aš—-iv‡jI P‡j hvq, †`‡ki mKj cÖv‡š—i gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cuŠQvi AeKvkUzKz cvq bv; mgv‡Ri †mB me ¯§iYxq I eiYxq NUbvB †jvKKweiv †`‡ki mKj cÖv‡š—i cw_‡Ki Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`qvi †¶Î cÖ ‘Z K‡i| AvR‡Ki w`‡b m¨v‡UjvBU wgwWqvi Kj¨v‡Y †`‡ki †h †Kv‡bv NUbv gyn~‡Z© mgMª †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`qvi †h myeY©my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q Av‡Mi w`‡b Zv wQj bv| †m mgq †jvKwe`‡ìB MYms‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î gyL¨ f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡Z n‡Zv| hyM cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ G RvZxq iPbvi ¸i“Z¡ K‡g †M‡jI †jvKmgv‡R Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wbt‡kwlZ n‡q hvqwb|

ïay MY‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡ÎB bq Av‡Mi w`‡b cyw_mvwnZ¨ †h fv‡e †jvKgvb‡mi mvwnZïmwccvmv wbe„Ë KiZ eZ©gv‡b c_MxwZKv wKQzUv n‡jI †mB `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i P‡j‡Q| GK †kªYxi cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q c_MxwZKv g~jZ cyw_mvwn‡Zï weKí aviv wn‡m‡eB mgv „Z n‡”Q|

c_MxwZKvi êwkó¨ : c_MxwZKv †h MxwZKvi Ab¨Zg †kªô kvLv êwk‡óï wePv‡iB Zv ¯úóZv cv‡e| êwkó¨¸‡jv n‡jv :

GK. ga¨hy‡Mi cuvPvjx Kve¨, cyw_mvwnZ¨, bv_MxwZKv I †jvKMxwZKvi gZ c_MxwZKvI ïi“ nq e›`bv w`‡q, †hgbÑ

I‡n Kv‡ìMwb2 cÖ_g Avwg †Zvgvq Kwi mvi Zvic‡i e›`bv Kwi bex †gv —dvi| Zvici gvZvwcZv2 e›`x †n_v åvZvfwMœM‡b Zvic‡i e›`bv Kwi †kªvZv‡ì Pi‡Y| Av‡Qb †kªvZv hviv2 fw³ fiv mvjvg RvbvB †`vqv w`‡eb m‡e wg‡j †`kx we‡`kx fvB|

yB. †jvKMxwZvi Abyiƒc †¶Îwe‡k‡l e›`bv QvovB c_MxwZKv ïi“ Kivi cwiPq j¶¨ Kiv hvqÑ

kvk¦wZKx 119

gymjgv‡b wQ wQ e‡j wn› y e‡j ivg ivg RvZ †Mj RvZ †Mj †i fvB †Mj Kzj Avi gvb Mdzi nvRx WyevB‡Q nvRx es‡ki bvg| eÜz †n|

wZb. †jvKMxwZKvi gZ c_MxwZKvI myi mnKv‡i Dc ’vwcZ nq|

Pvi. †jvKMxwZKvi gZ c_MxwZKv‡ZI cqvi wÎc`xi cvkvcvwk ayqv I fvwUqvjxi myi ms‡hvwRZ nq|

cuvP. cyw_mvwn‡Zï Abyiƒc my‡ii avivevwnKZv I Q›`wg‡ji cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Pi‡Yi wØZ¡ cvV nq Ges wØZ¡cv‡Vi PiYwU wØZxqevi bv wj‡L Z` ’‡j A‡¼ Ô2Õ msL¨vwU †jLv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-

Ô†kv‡bb eÜzMb †kv‡bb eÜzMbÕ

bv wj‡L Ô†kv‡bb eÜzMbÕ AskUyKz wj‡L cv‡k A‡¼ Ô2Õ msL¨vwU wj‡L wØZxqev‡ii gZ D”PviY Kiv nq|

Qq. cqvi Q‡›ì Aš— eY©xq aŸwbmv „k¨ I `xN©j‡qi avievwnKZv i¶vi cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Kwe PZz_© Pi‡Yi k~b¨Zv c~i‡Yi †¶‡Î ayqvÑ ÔeÜz †nÕ, ÔAvwg †nÕ, ÔZzwg †nÕ BZ¨vw` evPK cwic~iK kã eënvi K‡i _v‡K| †hgbÑ

fvB‡i bv‡Oi Avkvq fvZvi gv‡i AvRe GB NUbv GB KweZv wjwL‡Z Avgvi g‡b‡Z evmbv gv`vixcyi †Rjvi gv‡S wkeP‡i Zvi _vbv| eÜz †n|

mvZ. †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †jvKKwe m‡¤vabevPK ev‡Kï †¶‡Î ÔAvwg †nÕ, ÔZzwg †nÕ BZ¨vw` cwic~iK kã eënvi K‡i _v‡Kb| †hgbÑ

bvbvb g‡Z eySvBj H Av‡djvi gvI Kqbv K_v †n‡U gv_v gy‡L bvB Zvi ivI| hvBe bv gwi‡Z gv‡Mv wd‡i N‡i hvI| Zzwg †n|

AvU. c_MxwZKvi cÖvq mKj Kwe gymwjg m¤cÖ v‡qi nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡ì iPbvq cyw_mvwn‡Zï Abyiƒc D ©y, wnw›`, Aviwe, dviwm k‡ãi cÖfve cwijw¶Z nq bv| Z‡e G‡`‡k gymwjg mgv‡R ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b †h me Aviwe-dviwm kã eëüZ n‡q _v‡K Zvi wKQzUv cÖfve c_MxwZKvq j¶¨ Kiv hvq| †hgb- msev` Gi cwie‡Z© ÔLeiÕ; me©‡kl Gi ¯’‡j ÔAv‡LwiÕ; B”Qv Gi ’‡j ÔgZjeÕ; m„wó ¯’‡j Ôcq`vÕ; mgMÖ c„w_ex Gi ¯’‡j ÔQv‡i RvnvbÕ BZ¨vw`|

bq. AwaKvsk c_MxwZKvi Kvwnbx bvwZ`xN©| wWgvB mvB‡Ri KvM‡R mvZ-AvU c„ôvi g‡a¨ mxwgZ| e¨wZµgI Av‡Q Z‡e Zvi msL¨v LyeB Kg| G cÖm‡½ D‡j−L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ave`yj Kwig Lv‡biÑÔ ¿x mv‡jnv nZ¨vq ¯vgx BKev‡ji duvwmi KweZvÕ; Kwe AvwRgDwÏ‡bi Ô†bÎ‡KvYv m`‡ii `yN©Ubvi KweZvÕ K_v|

kvk¦wZKx 120

`k. c_MxwZKv m —v QvcvLvbvq, wbDRwcÖ‡›U Ges A‡c¶vK…Z eo ni‡d gyw`ªZ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e cyw_i ni‡di gZ PweŸk A_ev QvweŸk c‡q‡›Ui nid eëüZ nq bv| G‡¶‡Î ev‡iv c‡q‡›Ui ni‡d gy ª‡Yi „óvš—I weij bq|

GMv‡iv. c_MxwZKvi cÖKvkK MxwZ‡jLK wb‡R n‡Z cv‡i A_ev Ab¨‡Kv‡bv evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvbI n‡Z cv‡i|

ev‡iv. AwaKvsk †¶‡Î cÖKvkKv‡ji cwiPq _v‡K bv| †Z‡iv. Kfvic„ôvi we‡klË¡; †hgbÑ

K) †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv c_MxwZKvq Kfvic„ôvq cÖKvkK, cÖPviK, cwi‡ekK, cÖvwß¯’vb, g~j¨, †iwR‡÷ªkb bv¤vi †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq|

L) Kfvic„ôvq KLbI KLbI wPÎZviKv‡ì Qwe †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| we‡kl K‡i cvwK —vb Avg‡j iwPZ c_MxwZKvq DËg mywPÎvi Qwe cÖvavb¨ cvq|

M) †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Kfvic„ôvi kxl©fv‡M Ô†Lv`v fimvÕ, Ôevsjv‡`k wR›`vev`Õ, ÔAvj−vû AvKevi wR›`vev`Õ cÖf„wZ †k−vMvbag©x K_v eënv‡ii cwiPq †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq|

N) †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv c_MxwZKvi Kfvic„ôvq †kªvZv‡ì „wó AvKl©Y Kivi Rb¨ imag©x PiY eënv‡ii cwiPq cvIqv hvq| †hgbÑ

1. ¯vgx Zvi wiKmvIqvjv eD‡qi g‡b eo R¡vjv| 2. GwZ‡gi gvj Mv‡qe K‡i PvPv AvU‡K hvq Ke‡i| 3. †ewZj Muv‡qi Mdzi nvRx fv — v eD‡K Ki‡Q ivRx| 4. †g‡qi mv‡_ †g‡qi weqv †ngjZv I byiy wgqv|

†PŠÏ. c_MxwZKvi †k‡l †jvKKweiv †kªvZv‡ì Kv‡Q ¶gv I Avkxe©v` cÖv_©bv K‡i _v‡Kb| †hgbÑ

K. GLb GB ch©š— Kwi ¶vš— KweZv nBj BwZ †`vqv Kwi‡eb fvB mK‡j KweZvKv‡ii cªwZ| L. we`vqKv‡j Qvjvg RvbvB hZ eÜzMY Avi KZ wjwLe Avwg Kwijvg evib| fyjåvwš— gvd Kwi‡eb AviR mevi Kv‡Q‡Z| M. fyjÎ“wU gvd Kwi‡eb wjwLqv mevB GB Aa‡gi kZ‡KvwU mvjvg RvbvB|

kvk¦wZKx 121

c‡bi. †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †jvKKwe Zvi ewY©Z Kvwnbxi cÖwZ Akª×vkxj e¨w³‡ì fqfxwZ ¯iƒc KwZcq AwfkvcevYx D”PviY K‡i _v‡Kb| †hgbÑ

K_v¸wj g‡b †i‡Lv eû g~jëvb Avgvi K_vq †hB Rb bvwn w`‡e Kvb AKv‡j nviv‡eb wZb †Kv‡ji mš—vb|

†lvj. †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †jvKKwe Zuvi AvZ¥cwiPq cuvPvjxKv‡eï Abyiƒc MxwZKv iPbvi †klcÖv‡š— D‡j−L K‡i _v‡Kb| †hgbÑ

K. fvB‡i bvgwU Avgvi Ave yj Kwig Pik¨vgvBj evox †cv÷Awdm e‡novZjv mevq cÖKvk Kwi| gv`vixcyi wRjv we‡P wkeP‡i †gvi _vbv mevi Kv‡Q wj‡L w`jvg Aa‡gi wVKvbv|

L. e¸ov †Rjvi Kwe Avwg eû †jv‡Ki †Pbv Rb¥f~wg †csnvRvwiK b›`xMÖvg _vbv eZ©gv‡b wmaj _vwK GB Avgvi wVKvbv|

mvwnZ¨ †h mgv‡Ri `c©Y Ges †jvKmvwnZ¨ †h MY‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg †kªô gva¨g c_MxwZKvi êwkó¨ Zvi we‡kl cÖgvY|

c_MxwZKvi †kªYxweb¨vm : c_MxwZKvq g~jZ mgKvjxb NUbvB AwaKZi cÖvavb¨ †c‡q _v‡K| Z‡e Zv‡ì „wó †_‡K Bmjvgx HwZn¨, wKse`š—x, GgbwK mvgvwRK wek¦vm-ms¯‹viI D‡cw¶Z nq bv| wel‡qi w`K †_‡K MxwZKv‡K 13wU cÖavb avivq wef³ Kiv hvq| aviv¸‡jv njÑ

1. †cÖg welqK ; 2. †cÖg I nZ¨vKvÊ welqK ; 3. duvwm‡Z g„Z y Ê welqK ; 4. †hŠZzK welqK ; 5. Aaëmvq welqK ; 6. wKse`š—x welqK ; 7. gš¿-Zš¿ welqK ; 8. ivR‰bwZK NUbv welqK ; 9. cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM welqK ; 10. wek¦vm-ms¯‹vi welqK ; 11. Bmjvgx HwZn¨ welqK ; 12. ¯v‡`wkKZv welqK ; 13. wewea welqK|

kvk¦wZKx 122

†cÖgwelqK c_MxwZKv : GB †kªYxi MxwZKvq cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q gymjgvb hye‡Ki m‡½ wn›`y hyeZxi †cÖg| GQvov AviI †`L‡Z cvIqv hvqÑ RvgvB-kvïwoi †cÖg, †èi-fvexi †cÖg, PvPvk¦ïi-fvwZRv †eŠ‡qi †cÖg, gvIB I cyÎvi †cÖg cÖf„wZ| G me NUbvi ga¨ w`‡q †cÖg †h gvbeü`‡qi †kªôZg AbyfywZ †mB m‡ZïB cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| G ai‡bi c_MxwZKvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ Ave yj Kwig Lv‡bi- ÔnK I jZvi †cÖ‡gi KweZvÕ, ÔeRjy wgqv I Kgjvmy›ìxi †cÖ‡gi KweZvÕ, ÔRvgvB kvïwoi †cÖ‡gi KweZvÕ, ÔK…lvYeÜz ev gqbvgwZi †cÖgKvwnbx KweZvÕ, Ô‡Ìi-fvexi Ac~e© †cÖ‡gi KweZvÕ; †gv.kvnveDwÏ‡bi- Ôwjwcivbx I Av‡bvqv‡ii †cÖ‡gi KweZvÕ, Ôgv‡jK wgqv I iwngvi Ki“Y Kvwnbx KweZvÕ; †gv.AvgRv` †nv‡m‡bi- Ôgv÷vi †gvnb I wgbZxevjvi †cÖ‡gi KweZvÕ, ÔwiKmvIqvjv Rwjj wgqv dyjgvjvi †cÖ‡gi KweZvÕ, †gv.AvwRgDwÏ‡bi- Ôwgjbevjvi †cÖgKvwnbxÕ; †gv. Puv` wgqv mv‡n‡ei- Ô†gvnbcy‡ii Ag~j¨ jvwnoxi †g‡q Av‡djv jvwnoxÕ cÖf„wZ|

†cÖg I nZ¨vKvÐ welqK c_MxwZKv : †cÖg †Kv‡bv êix kw³i Kv‡Q civf~Z n‡Z Pvq bv, eis †mB êix kw³‡K civf~Z I wbwðý K‡i Kvw•LZ e¨w³‡K jv‡fi Rb¨ aviY K‡i wnsmª g~wZ©| cwiYwZ‡Z N‡U hvq nZ¨vi gZ ˆckvwPK NUbv| G avivi c_MxwZKvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- Kwe Aveyj Kvjv‡gi- Ôbv‡Oi Avkvq fvZvi gv‡iÕ, Ôkvïwoi †cÖ‡g RvgvB LybÕ; Kwe mvnviDwÏ‡bi- ÔayKzwoqv †eovi DËi av‡i bv‡Oi Avkvq fvZvi gv‡iÕ; †gv. BmgvBj Lv‡bi- ÔgvIB cyÎvq aiv c‡o‡Q QvMj †eBPv weqv Ki‡Q KweZvÕ; †gv. †g‡Qi Avjxi- ÔAvjZvgwZ I gwR`wgqvi Ly‡bi KweZvÕ; †gv. †`‡jvqvi †nv‡m‡bi- ÔgvjZxivbxi AcNv‡Zi Ly‡bi KweZvÕ; Ave yj Kwig Lv‡bi- ÔmZxi nv‡Z cvcxi g„Z yÕ, ÔwbRvg LybxÕ, ÔKvjy Lybxi cyi®‹vi bM` UvKv GK nvRviÕ cÖf„wZ c_MxwZKv|

duvwm‡Z g„Z y`Û welqK c_MxwZKv : mvaviYZ nZ¨vKv‡Ûi gZ RNb¨ Aciv‡ai Rb¨B duvwmi gZ K‡Vvi `Ê cÖ vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| KLbI †cÖ‡gi Rb¨, KLbI Avw_©K †jv‡fi Rb¨, KLbI ev êix kw³‡K wbwðý Kivi Rb¨B gvbyl nZ¨vK‡g© wjß nq| G ai‡bi NUbv mgv‡R e¨vcK Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i _v‡K| †jvKKweiv G me NUbv wb‡qB Zr¶Yvr c_MxwZKvi gZ KvwnbxKve¨ iPbvq DØy× nq| G RvZxq c_MxwZKvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- Kwe Ave`yj Kwig Lv‡bi-Ô ¿x mv‡jnv nZ¨vq ¯vgx BKev‡ji duvwmi KweZvÕ, Ôevc I †g‡qi duvwmÕ, Ôw`bvRcy‡ii Bqvmwgb Ly‡bi `v‡q yB cywj‡ki duvwmi KweZvÕ, ÔGikv` wkK`v‡ii duvwmi KweZvÕ, ÔQq Rw½i duvwmi KweZvÕ cÖf„wZ|

†hŠZzK welqK c_MxwZKv : evsjvq †hŠZzK cÖ_vi ewj wQj GK mg‡q Kzjxb eªvþY Kb¨viv| Kvjµ‡g GB Awfkß cÖ_v wn› y mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ †kªYx †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i gymwjg mgv‡RI cÖfve †dj‡Z ïi“ K‡i| eZ©gv‡b evsjvi D”P, ga¨, GgbwK wbgœweË I e‡Y©i wn›`y-gymwjg mgv‡RI GB cÖ_v fqven iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i‡Q| G Kvi‡Y cÖwZw`b AvZ¥nZ¨vi gZ AmsL¨ NUbv N‡U hv‡”Q g~jZ †hŠZzK cwi‡kv‡a A¶g M„nea~‡ì| evsjvi †jvKKweiv mgv‡Ri GB N„b¨Zg cÖ_v‡K ïay N„YvB K‡i bv †jvKmgv‡Ri Kv‡Q GB Awfkß cÖ_vi wbeviY Kvgbv K‡iI _v‡Kb| G avivi iPbvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ GKgvÎ gwnjv Kwe Av‡e`v myjZvbvi- Ô†hŠZz‡Ki KweZvÕ; Ave`yj Kwig Lv‡biÑ ÔwZbjvL UvKv †hŠZzK w`qv wb‡Ri eD‡K w`‡Q weqvÕ; Kwe ewkiDwÏ‡bi- Ô‡g‡qi mv‡_ †g‡qi weqv †ngjZv I byi“ wgqvi †cÖgKvwnbxi KweZvÕ cÖf„wZ|

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Aaëmvq welqK c_MxwZKv : Pig fvM¨wech©q, `vwi ª , Avw_©K msKU _vKv m‡Ë¡I wKQz gvbyl `yj©f cÖwZfv I Aaëmv‡qi ¸‡Y D”Pwkw¶Z nq, mgv‡R cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| Ggwb ai‡bi c_MxwZKvi m„wó N‡U‡Q Kwe Aveyj Kvjv‡giÑ `ywLbxi †Q‡j `v‡ivMv; Kwe †gv: †mvjvqgvb AvjxiÑ Mix‡ei †Q‡j kvnvRvnv‡bi KweZv; Ave`yj Kwig Lv‡biÑ AveŸv‡mi yt‡Li KweZv cÖf„wZ|

wKse`š—x welqK c_MxwZKv : ga¨hy‡Mi cÖY‡qvcvL¨vbg~jK KvwnbxKv‡e¨, †jvKKvwnbx‡Z, Ggb wKQz Pwi‡Îi mÜvb cvIqv hvq †hLv‡b cï K_v Kq, gvbyl cvwL‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ nq, RxebKvwVi ¯ú‡k© g„Z e¨w³ Rxeb wd‡i cvq, RxweZ e¨w³ gyn~‡Z© evK¨ nvivq| G‡`‡ki †jvKgvb‡m GLbI Gme A‡jŠwKK NUbv ¸i“Z¡ †c‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi c_MxwZKv n‡”Q- †gvt iRe Avjxi-kvwjK cvwLi KweZv; †gvt †Zvdv¾j †nv‡m‡bi- gvgjvi mv¶x gqbv cvwL; Kwe †g‡Qi Avjxi-GwZ‡gi gvj Mv‡qe K‡i PvPv AvU‡K hvq Ke‡i; Rvgvj Lvb BDmydxiÑ †Q‡ji †c‡U †Q‡j Rb¥ cÖf„wZ|

gš¿-Zš¿ welqK c_MxwZKv : êw`K hy‡M gš¿ wQj mvabvi A½ we‡kl| eZ©gv‡bI g‡š¿i ¸i“Z¡ mgvR †_‡K wbwðý n‡q hvqwb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †iv‡Mi †¶‡Î GLbI †`‡ki bvbv cÖv‡š— †jvKwPwKrm‡Kiv †ivM wbivg‡qi †¶‡Î gš¿-Zš¿, Svo-duyK, gvwUcov, †Zjcov, ZvwePKeP hÎZÎ eënvi K‡i _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i mc© sk‡bi †¶‡Î ¸wYb‡ì AvwacZ¨ c~‡e©i g‡ZvB mwµq i‡q‡Q| gš¿wbf©i c_MxwZKvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ gK‡Q` AvjxiÑ mvcy‡ii †g‡q Rwibv my›ìxi KweZv| GB c_MxwZKvwUi wKQz PiY mviv‡`‡ki †jvKmgv‡R e¨vcK fv‡e cÖPwjZ †`Lv hvq| G MxwZKvi K‡qKwU gbgy»Kvi PiY GiƒcÑ

ewj fvB‡i fvB2 e‡j hvB Avhe GK NUbv mvc †L‡j mvcy‡oi †g‡q bv‡g‡Z Rwibv Rwibvi gv bvB2 evc bvB `v`xi m‡½ †Nv‡i †eûjv j¶xb`‡ii Mv‡b civY cvMj K‡i|

cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM welqK c_MxwZKv : evsjv‡`‡k me© vB eb¨v, c−veb, mvgyw`ªK So, f~wgK‡¤úi gZ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †j‡MB Av‡Q| KLbI KLbI Gme `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Rbc` fqven wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb nq| G RvZxq c_MxwZKvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ cj−xKwe BDmyd Lv‡biÑ †fvjv, wPUvMvs, †bvqvLvjxi me©bvkv eb¨vi bZzb KweZv; cj−xKwe †gvt AvwRgDwÏ‡biÑ †bÎ‡KvYv m`‡ii `yN©Ubvi KweZv cÖf„wZ|

Bmjvwg HwZn¨ welqK c_MxwZKv : cyw_mvwn‡Zï gyL¨ welqB wQj Bmjvwg HwZn¨ †PZbv welqK Kvwnbxi Dc¯’vcbv| Rvix-R½bvgv RvZxq iPbvI ga¨hy‡Mi gymwjg Kwe‡ì †jLbx‡Z h‡_ó cÖvavb¨ cvq| g~jZ ga¨hy‡Mi cyw_mvwn‡Zï avivevwnKZvi dmj G RvZxq iPbv| G cÖm‡½ D‡j−L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i- Kwe Avãyj Kwig Lv‡biÑ nhiZ KzjQzg wewei †gmevwb I nhiZ dvwZgvi Ki“Y Kvwnbx (KweZv), nhiZ wej−v‡ji Ki“Y Kvwnbxi KweZv; Kwe Aveyj Kvjv‡gi- Bgvg nvmvb †nv‡mi Kvievjvi Kvwnbx I GwR` e‡ai KweZv; †gvt †Rv‡e` Avjx †gvj−viÑ Kvjy MvRx P¤úveZxi KweZv cÖf„wZ|

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wek¦vm-ms¯‹vi welqK c_MxwZKv : evsjvi wn›`y-gymjgvb Dfq mgv‡R Ggb wKQz wek¦vm-ms¯‹v‡ii cÖPjb i‡q‡Q hv GLbI bvix Rxeb‡K mgv”Qbœ K‡i †i‡L‡Q| nvRvi eQ‡ii HwZn¨m~‡Î cÖvß Gme wek¦vm-ms¯‹v‡ii cÖfve kv ¿wbô agx©q wek¦vm †_‡KI A‡bK cÖej| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †jvKKwe G ai‡bi Kvwnbx iPbv K‡i AwZ mn‡RB RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i _v‡Kb| G RvZxq c_MxwZKvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- †gvK‡m` AvjxiÑ N‡ii j¶x bvixi AvPi‡Yi KweZv; †gvt iwdKzj Bmjv‡giÑ eZ©gvb Rvgvbvi KweZv; Kwe `wei miKv‡iiÑ †kl Rvgvbvi KweZv cÖf„wZ|

ivR‰bwZK NUbv welqK c_MxwZKv : evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKKweiv n‡Z cv‡ib ¯í wkw¶Z| wKš‘ ivR‰bwZK †PZbvi w`K †_‡K Zviv †gv‡UB cðvrc` bb| Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq AwZ m¤cÖwZ N‡U hvIqv wKQz ivR‰bwZK NUbv welqK c_MxwZKvq| G avivi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ iPbvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ Kwe Aveyj Kvjv‡giÑ †kL nvwmbvi Rbmfvq †MÖ‡bW nvgjvi KweZv; eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii KweZv; kvqL Ave yi ingvb I evsjv fvB‡qi KweZv; Kwe gnwmb AvjxiÑ yB †bÎx †kL nvwmbv I Lv‡j`v wRqvi mv¶vZ n‡e Zv‡ì K_v cÖf„wZ|

MxwZKv evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKmvwn‡Zï GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ aviv nIqv m‡ËI G‡¶‡Î M‡elK‡ì Ae`vb Z‡ZvUv D‡j−L Kievi g‡Zv bq| AwZm¤cÖwZ †ckvMZ cÖ‡qvR‡b †KD-†KD G welq wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ D‡j−L Kiv hvqÑ ˆmq` AvwRRyj n‡KiÑ gqgbwms‡ni MxwZKv : Rxebag© I Kve¨g~j¨ (1990), gvmygv Lvb‡giÑ evsjv †jvKMxwZKvi wkíixwZ gyn¤§` AvmvÏi AvjxiÑ gqgbwmsn MxwZKv ebvg wm‡jU MxwZKv (1997) Ges Ave`yj Lv‡j‡KiÑ ˆggbwmsn MxwZKv : Rxeb I wkíg~j¨ cÖf„wZ MÖš’|

kvk¦wZKx 125

¯‡ivwPl miKvi cÙvi `w¶YvÂ‡ji KweMvb cÙvi `w¶YvÂj ej‡Z h‡kvi, Lyjbv, ewikvj, dwi`cyi cÖf„wZ AÂj‡K †evSvq| †fŠ‡MvwjK Kvi‡Y, we‡klZ cÙvi g‡Zv e‡ov b`xi eëav‡b cÙvi DËi AÂ‡ji †_‡K `w¶Y AÂ‡ji gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZMZ wKQz ZdvZ _vKvq KweMv‡b wKQz ¯vZš¿ m„wó nq| `w¶Y AÂj KjKvZvi wbKUeZx© nIqvq DËi AÂ‡ji Zzjbvq KjKvZv c‡e©i KweMvb Øviv `w¶Y AÂ‡ji KweMvb AwaK cÖfvweZ nIqvI ¯vfvweK|

cÙv b`xi `w¶YvÂ‡ji wek kZKxq KweMvb‡K h‡kv‡ii (bovBj †Rjvi) ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii GKwU kvLv, hv g~jZ dwi`cy‡ii †MvcvjMÄ †Kw›`ªK Ges ewikv‡ji GKwU kvLv, hv g~jZ Sv‡jvKvwV †Kw›`ªK―GB cÖavb `yB kvLvq wef³ Kiv hvq| wKš‘ GB `yB kvLvi †Kv‡bvUvB ¸i“ci¤úivq my úófv‡e KjKvZvi m‡½ m¤ú„³ bq|

†MvcvjMÄ AÂ‡ji KweMvb KjKvZv c‡e©i KweMv‡bi cÖZ¨¶ DËim~wi n‡e, †mUvB ¯vfvweK| †fŠ‡MvwjK ˆbKU¨ †Zgb Abygvb mg_©b K‡i| wKš‘ cÙvi `w¶YvÂ‡ji cÖL¨vZ Kweqvj‡ì ¸i“ci¤úiv we‡k−lY K‡i †mB Abygv‡bi †cQ‡b h‡_ó cÖgvY cvIqv hvq bv| ïay GKwUgvÎ ci¤úivi D‡j−L cvIqv hvq, †hLv‡b KjKvZvi A¨v›Uwb wdwiw½i wkl¨-ci¤úiv PweŸk ciMbv-h‡kvi n‡q †MvcvjM‡Äi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| h_v:

A¨v›Uwb wdwiw½i wkl¨-ci¤úiv

A¨v›Uwb wdwiw½, KjKvZv (1770–1836)

†Mvwe›` ZuvwZ, PweŸk ciMbv (Dwbk kZK)

cuvPz `Ë miKvi, bovBj, h‡kvi (Dwbk kZK)

ivm‡gvnb miKvi, bovBj ivBPiY miKvi, bovBj Ck¦i evjv, †MvcvjMÄ

g_yivbv_ evjv, †MvcvjMÄ (1863–1915) Aw¤Kv evjv, †MvcvjMÄ

bvivqYP›`ª evjv, †MvcvjMÄ (1907–1984) Drm: gnwmb †nvmvBb, Kweqvj weRq miKv‡ii Rxeb I m½xZ (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx,

1994), c„. 20|

kvk¦wZKx 126

†MvcvjMÄ AÂj cÖviw¤¢K ch©v‡q †MvcvjMÄ AÂ‡ji me‡P‡q L¨vwZgvb Kweqvj ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii Rb¥ Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a©―1845 mv‡ji 27†k b‡f¤i kwbevi bovBj †Rjvi Rqcyi MÖv‡g| Zuvi g„Zz nq wek kZ‡Ki m~Pbvq―1914 mv‡ji 15B b‡f¤i g½jevi| GB Kvjc‡e© KjKvZvq KweMvb envj Zweq‡Z Pvjy wQ‡jv| ZLbKvi cwj−e‡½I Zv m¤úªmvwiZ n‡q hvq| ZvB MÖvgvÂ‡j ZLb L¨vZ-AL¨vZ eû Kweqvj KweMvb cwi‡ekb Ki‡Zb| ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii cÖ_g ¸i“ wQ‡jb Zuvi wcZv Kvkxbv_ Kuvovi Ges wØZxq ¸i“ †MvcvjM‡Äi gj−Kvw›` MÖv‡gi g„Zz Äq wek¦vm| ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii eqm hLb 14 eQi ZLb Zuvi wcZvi g„Zz nq| Kvkxbv‡_i Rb¥ ZvB AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K nIqv ¯vfvweK| GB D`vniY †_‡K g‡b nq, Dwbk kZ‡Ki m~Pbvq h‡kvi-Lyjbv-dwi`cyi AÂ‡j KweMvb RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V| ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii wcZ…e¨MY KjKvZvq PvKwi Ki‡Zb| †mB m~‡Î ZviKP› ª †Qv‡Uv †ejvq GK ev GKvwaKevi KjKvZvq wM‡q _vK‡eb| Gi d‡j KjKvZv AÂ‡ji KweMv‡bi m‡½ Zuvi cwiPq NUv m¤¢e|

ZviKP› ª miKvi Zuvi mgKv‡j †hme Kweqv‡ji wec‡¶ KweMvb K‡iwQ‡jb, Zuvi g‡a¨ biwms`xi nwiPiY AvPvh©; †kicy‡ii Avb›` miKvi; †MvcvjM‡Äi †ePvivg miKvi, Avb›` miKvi, weòyc` miKvi, Aw¤KvPiY wek¦vm, iRbx miKvi; wSbvB`‡ni cvMjv KvbvB, B y wek¦vm; gv¸ivi †Mvwe›` ZuvwZ, nvwKgPuv`; bovB‡ji ivBPiY miKvi, dRi Avjx eqvwZ; wc‡ivRcy‡ii ØvwiK wek¦vm; ev‡Minv‡Ui b`xqviPuv` miKvi, gayi †è miKvi cÖgy‡Li bvg we‡kl D‡j−L‡hvM¨| ZviKP› ª miKvi Zuvi wcÖq wkl¨ nwiei miKvi, g‡bvni miKvi cÖgy‡Li wec‡¶I KweMvb K‡i‡Qb, GgbwK, cÖwkl¨ iv‡R›`ªbv_ miKv‡ii wec‡¶I wZwb KweMvb K‡i‡Qb e‡j Rvbv hvq|

ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii mgq †_‡K †MvcvjMÄ AÂ‡j KweMv‡bi A½ wn‡m‡e Uàv-cuvPvwj Acwinvh© n‡q I‡V| Uàv-cuvPvwji g‡a¨ Uàv, ayqv ev ayqvMvb, Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi Qov _vK‡Zv| KjKvZv c‡e©i KweMvb ev Dwbk kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K gqgbwmsn AÂ‡ji KweMv‡b Gi me¸‡jv w`K mgvbfv‡e wQ‡jv bv| KjKvZv c‡e©i †hme Mvb cvIqv hvq, Zv‡Z KweMv‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e †Kv‡bv ayqvMvb cvIqv hvq bv, GgbwK Zv cwi‡ewkZ n‡Zv e‡jI †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cvIqv hvq bv| GKBfv‡e ZviKP‡› ªi mgeq¯‹ gqgbwmsn AÂ‡ji ivgMwZ, ivgy gvjx‡ì mg‡qI QovKvUvKvwU Lye mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y wQ‡jv| ayqvMvb †Zv wQ‡jvB bv, QovKvUvi cÖ‡qvR‡b GK Kwjme© ^ ayqv wQ‡jv, hv H AÂ‡j Ôw`kvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|

KweMv‡bi jni Ask, hv ZviKP‡› ªi mgq †_‡K Uàv-cuvPvwj bvg aviY K‡i, †mwU‡K MV‡bi w`K w`‡q cÖvq cuvPvwj Mv‡bi wbKUeZx© Kivi e¨vcv‡i ZviKP›`ª miKv‡ii f~wgKv _vKv m¤¢e| cuvPvwj Mv‡b mvaviYZ ayqvMv‡bi g‡Zv GKwU Mvb Ges Zvici wewfbœ Q‡›ì c`¨ _vK‡Zv| ZviKP› ª miKvi cwi‡ewkZ KweMv‡bi Uàv-cuvPvwj Ask MV‡bi w`K w`‡q †mB cuvPvwji wbKUeZx©| †MvcvjMÄ AÂ‡j Zuvi wkl¨ci¤úivi mKj‡K †m Av`k© AbymiY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|

kvk¦wZKx 127

XvKvi Kweqvj nwiPiY AvPv‡h©i KweMv‡b gqgbwmsn AÂ‡ji ixwZ Ges ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii ixwZi mw¤§jb NU‡Z †`Lv hvq| A_©vr †hgb wZwb Uàv Mv‡bi c‡i cÖ_g Qov KvU‡Z ïi“ Kivi c~‡e© gqgbwmsn AÂ‡ji g‡Zv Ôw`kvÕ eënvi Ki‡Zb, Avevi wÎc`xi Qov †kl K‡i cqvi Q‡›` cuvPvwj ïi“ Kivi gvSLv‡b ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii g‡Zv cy‡iv GKUv Mvb cwi‡ekb Ki‡Zb| nwiPiY AvPvh© gqgbwmsn AÂ‡j †hgb KweMvb K‡iwQ‡jb, GKBfv‡e Zi“Y eq‡m ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii wec‡¶I KweMvb K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB Gfv‡e Dfq ixwZi mw¤§jb NUv Zuvi Mv‡b ¯vfvweK wQ‡jv| c~e©e‡½i me AÂ‡j Zuvi cÖfve e¨vcK nIqvq me AÂ‡jB Uàv-cuvPvwji GB ixwZ Av`k©-ixwZ‡Z cwiYZ nq| Gfv‡e KweMv‡bi g‡a¨ m¤ú~Y© GKwU ayqvMvb cwi‡ek‡bi †h ixwZ ZviKP› ª miKvi m„wó K‡ib, nwiPi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv me©e½xq MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv cvq| Aa©kZvãxi eëav‡b KweMv‡bi Uàv-cuvPvwj‡Z eëüZ ayqvMvb¸‡jv KweMv‡bi cÖavb AvKl©‡Y cwiYZ n‡q I‡V| wek kZ‡Ki †kl bvMv` Ggb Ae ’v uvovq †h, A‡bK mvaviY †kªvZv g‡b Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡ib †h, ayqvMvb¸‡jvB cÖK…Z KweMvb|

cuvPvwji g‡a¨ ayqvMvb cwi‡ek‡bi KvRwU ¯qs Kweqvj‡K Ki‡Z nq e‡j †h miKv‡ii myi h‡Zv fv‡jv, †mB miKvi Z‡Zv mybv‡gi AwaKvix nb| ¯vfvweKfv‡e myK‡Éi AwaKvix Kweqvjiv G‡Z cÖPzi RbwcÖqZv †c‡q _v‡Kb| wKš‘ c~‡e© †h †KŠk‡j KweMvb cwi‡ewkZ n‡Zv, Zv‡Z Kweqvj‡K myK‡Éi AwaKvix bv n‡jI Pj‡Zv| †Kbbv, Zuviv ïay †`vnvi‡ì †cQ‡b ùvwo‡q Mv‡bi K_v¸‡jv iPbv K‡i e‡j w`‡Zb| myK‡Éi AwaKvix †`vnviMY Zv cwi‡ek‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ cuvPvwji g‡a¨ ayqvMvb cwi‡ek‡bi ixwZ Pvjy nIqvi ci cwiw¯’wZ e`‡j hvq| GB bZzb cwiw¯’‡Z GKevi KÉ e‡m hvIqvq ZviKP› ª miKvi wPwš—Z n‡qwQ‡jb| welqwU wZwb Zuvi Aviva¨ nwiPuv‡ì Kv‡Q Rvbvb| Kw_Z Av‡Q, ZLb nwiPuv‡ì Avkxe©v‡` Zuvi KÉ¯i mywgó nq|

ZviKP› ª miKvi Zuvi Mv‡bi Avm‡i cuvPvwji duv‡K duv‡K †hme ayqvMvb cwi‡ekb Ki‡Zb, Zvi A‡bK¸‡jv wQ‡jv êòexq; A‡bK¸‡jv wQ‡jv nwiPuv‡ì cÖPvwiZ ag©gZ gZzqv Av`‡k©i| GB ayqvMvb¸‡jv wb‡q c‡i wZwb GKwU Mv‡bi eB cÖKvk K‡ib| eBwUi bvg †Ìqv nq ÔkÖxkªxgnvmsKxZ©bÕ (1937)| GBme ayqv Mv‡b gvÎ ywU ZzK _vK‡Zv: wPZvb ev ¯’vqx Ges GKvwaK Aš—iv| †hgb ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii GB ayqvMvbwU :

wPZvb/ ’vqx KvR wK Avgvi gš¿ex‡R| nwiPuv` Qwe iwei wKi‡Y D_wjj gay ürm‡iv‡R \

Aš—iv 1 †h Ag„Z wc‡q wc‡q i‡m WMgM n‡q| †M‡Q AvZ¥vivg gvËv jvwM‡q gb m‡i bv M„nKv‡R \

Aš—iv 2 h‡Zv wQ‡jv êw`K wµqv †m wµqv n‡jv Awµqv| wQ‡jv Aócv‡k gv gnvgvqv †m gv †M‡Q cyÎ Z¨‡R \

Aš—iv 3 h‡Zv wQ‡jv hvMhÁ †m hÁ wQ‡jv AhÁ| K‡jŠ bvgmsKx©Zb gnvhÁ AN© w`jvg Zvwi gv‡S \

kvk¦wZKx 128

Aš—iv 4 fyw³ gyw³ `yB ˆckvPx Zviv n‡jv fw³i `vmx| Avgvi RvZ †g‡i‡Q me©bvkx weeZ© wejvm Luy‡R \

Aš—iv 5 †W‡K e‡j gnvb›` D`qwMwi †Mv‡jvKP› ª| I Zv †`Lwj bv‡i ZviK AÜ iwj Dj~‡Ki ms †m‡R \

cuvPvwji cÖm½vš—‡i A_ev Qovi Q›` cwieZ©b Kivi mg‡q ZviKP›`ª miKvi GB ai‡bi ayqvMvb cwi‡ekb Ki‡Zb Ges †mBme ayqvMv‡bi ’vqxi myi Abyhvqx Aewkó Qovi Q›` I myi wVK K‡i cwi‡ekb Ki‡Zb|

ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii wkl¨-ci¤úivi KweqvjMY wek kZ‡Ki e„nËi h‡kvi, Lyjbv, dwi`cyi I ewikv‡ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib| cieZx© c„ôvi jwZKvq ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii GB ci¤úiv‡K Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv n‡jv:

we‡kl j¶Yxq GB †h, ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii GB wkl¨-ci¤úivi g‡a¨ huv‡ì bvg D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv, Zuviv mK‡jB we‡kl GKwU AÂ‡ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib| Gu‡ì evwo †MvcvjMÄ, ev‡MinvU, bovBj, Lyjbv, ewikvj Ges wc‡ivRcyi| Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© GB AÂj‡K †MvcvjMÄ AÂj ejv n‡q‡Q| GB bvgKi‡Yi wcQ‡b cÖavb hyw³ n‡jv, h‡kv‡ii bovB‡j GB avivi m~Pbv n‡jI GB ci¤úivi AwaKvsk Kweqv‡ji evwo †MvcvjMÄ| GQvov GB ci¤úivi AwaKvsk Kweqvj †MvcvjM‡Äi IovKvw›` nwiPuv` VvKz‡ii Abymvix wQ‡jb, †mwUI we‡eP¨| A‡b‡K GB aviv‡K gZzqv aviv bv‡g wPwýZ K‡i _v‡Kb, ZvI †MvcvjM‡Äi cÖvavb¨ ¯xKv‡ii kvwgj|

eë ’vcbvMZ Zvrch©c~Y© Mfxi wKQz A‰bK¨ _vK‡jI †MvcvjMÄ AÂ‡ji KweMv‡bi welq I cÖKi‡Yi m‡½ Sv‡jvKvwV AÂ‡ji welq I cÖKi‡Yi wgj Nwbô| GB MÖ‡š’i cwiwk‡ó KweMv‡bi †h bgybv cÖ vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv Dfq AÂ‡ji KweMv‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii mgKvjxb wQ‡jb †MvcvjM‡Äi yM©vcyi MÖv‡gi Avb›` miKvi| Avb›` miKv‡ii wkl¨ wQ‡jb ev‡Minv‡Ui êSvwK MÖv‡gi b`xqviPuv` miKvi (1849–1926)| b`xqviPuv` miKvi wQ‡jb AZ¨š— mgvRm‡PZb I ivRbxwZm‡PZb GKRb Kweqvj|

ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii cÖavb wZb wk‡lï bvg †MvcvjM‡Äi yM©vcyi MÖv‡gi nwiei miKvi, g‡bvni miKvi Ges ev‡Minv‡Ui †Rjvi M½Pb©v MÖv‡gi Awk¦bx miKvi| Gu‡ì mgmvgwqK wQ‡jb wc‡ivRcy‡ii iNybv_cyi MÖv‡gi KzÄjvj `Ë| KzÄjvj `‡Ëi ¸i“ wQ‡jb ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii mgKvjxb I cÖwZc‡¶i Kweqvj ev‡Minv‡Ui weayf~lY †è miKvi| wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© huviv KweMv‡b we‡kl mybvg AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb, Zuv‡ì AwaKvskB wQ‡jb GB nwiei miKvi, g‡bvni miKvi Ges KzÄjvj miKv‡ii wkl¨| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ nwiei miKv‡ii wkl¨ iv‡R› ªbv_ miKvi (1892–1974), KzÄjvj miKv‡ii wkl¨ bKz‡jk¦i `Ë (1894–1987), Ges g‡bvni miKv‡ii wkl¨ weRqK…ò miKv‡ii (1903–1985) bvg we‡kl D‡j−L‡hvM¨|

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ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii wkl¨-ci¤úiv

ZviKP› ª miKvi, bovBj (1845–1914)

nwiei, †MvcvjMÄ (1879–1939) g‡bvni, †MvcvjMÄ (1879–1939) iv‡R› ªbv_, ev‡MinvU (1892–1974)

weRqK…ò, bovBj (1903–1985) wbwkKvš—, †MvcvjMÄ (1913–1993)

Kvwgbx miKvi, ev‡MinvU Kvjx`vm, †MvcvjMÄ †MŠic`, ev‡MinvU Áv‡b› ªbv_, ev‡MinvU Abš—, Lyjbv AvmgZ Avjx, ev‡MinvU wØRei, wc‡ivRcyi Abvw`Ávb, ev‡MinvU ax‡i› ªbv_, ev‡MinvU wbZ¨‡Mvcvj, †MvcvjMÄ Ai“Y †MuvmvB, bovBj iv‡R› ª, †Qv‡Uv, †MvcvjMÄ g„Zz Äq miKvi, ewikvj Avï‡Zvl gay, ev‡MinvU ¯iƒ‡c›`y, ev‡MinvU iwmKjvj, ev‡MinvU w¶ZxkP›`ª ei, bovBj ïKPuv`, †MvcvjMÄ w`‡M›`ªbv_, ev‡MinvU niwlZ, †MvcvjMÄ wbwLj, †MvcvjMÄ †bcvj, bovBj webqK…ò, †MvcvjMÄ g‡bviÄb, †MvcvjMÄ iex› ªbv_, ewikvj iwmKjvj, ev‡MinvU kªxwbevm, †MvcvjMÄ

UxKv: GKzk kZ‡Ki m~Pbvq iv‡R› ªbv_ miKvi, weRqK…ò miKvi Ges wbwkKvš— miKv‡ii cÖwklïv evsjv‡`k I cwðge‡½i KweMv‡bi cÖavb avivi Kweqvj, huv‡ì bvg GB ZvwjKvq cvIqv hv‡e bv, Zuv‡ì ¸i“‡ì bvgB ïay GLv‡b i‡q‡Q|

†MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi nwiei miKv‡ii (1869–1951) wcZv Avb›` miKvi ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii wecix‡Z KweMvb Ki‡Zb| gZzqvPvh© ¸i“Puv` VvKz‡ii wb‡`©‡k nwiei miKvi ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| nwiPiY AvPvh© Zuvi Ôe‡½i Kwei jovBÕ eB‡q nwiei miKv‡ii D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| nwiei miKv‡ii K‡qKwU ayqvMvb ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii ÔkªxkªxgnvmsKxZ©bÕ MÖ‡š’ msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| nwiei miKvi fv‡jv M`¨ wjL‡Z cvi‡Zb, m¤úv`bvI Ki‡Zb| ZviKP›`ª miKv‡ii Ôkªxkªxnwijxjvg„ZÕ MÖš’Lvwb Zuvi m¤úv`bvq 1917 mv‡j KjKvZv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| ÔØv`k AvÁvÕ, ÔAóvwaK kZbvgÕ, Ges Ôgnvevi“YxÕ Zuvi †jLv wZbwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ eB| ZviKP› ª miKvi, nwiPiY AvPvh©, b`xqviPuv` miKvi,

kvk¦wZKx 130

g‡bvni miKvi, iv‡R›`ªbv_ miKvi, wbwkKvš— miKvi, weRqK…ò miKvi cÖgy‡Li wec‡¶ Mvb K‡ib| nwiei miKv‡ii wkl¨‡ì g‡a¨ Zuvi fvwM‡bq iv‡R›`ªbv_ miKvi Ab¨Zg|

nwiei miKv‡ii Lyj−ZvZ fvB wQ‡jb g‡bvni (1879–1939) miKvi| nwiei miKv‡ii wcZv Avb›` miKvi Ges g‡bvni miKv‡ii wcZv bvMiPuv` miKvi wQ‡jb Avcb fvB| nwiei miKv‡ii g‡Zv g‡bvni miKv‡ii ¸i“I wQ‡jb ZviKP› ª miKvi| D¾¡j dm©v is I my›ì †Pnvivi Rb¨ mK‡j Zuv‡K ivOv KZ©v bv‡g AwfwnZ Ki‡Zb| cieZx© Kv‡ji AmvaviY RbwcÖq weRqK…ò miKvi Ges wbwkKvš— miKvi wQ‡jb Zuvi cÖavb yB wkl¨|

ev‡Minv‡Ui Awk¦bx miKvi (1877–1927) G‡Kev‡iB wbi¶i wQ‡jb| cÖ_g Rxe‡b ZviKP› ª miKv‡ii `‡j †`vnvi wQ‡jb| wPZjgvix _vbvi KvjxMÄ evRv‡ii Kvjx‡Lvjvq (Aaybvjyß) Av‡qvwRZ KweMv‡bi Avm‡i wec‡¶i Kweqvj gv¸ivi †Mvwe›` ZuvwZi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z ZviKP‡›`ªi wb‡ ©‡k Awk¦bx miKv‡ii Kweqvj Rxe‡bi m~Pbv nq| Z‡e †ewkw`b wZwb KweMvb K‡ibwb| gZzqv ag© cÖPvi n‡q I‡V Zuvi Rxe‡bi cÖavb eªZ| Kweqvj Rxe‡b wZwb gZzqv Av`‡k©i Mvb¸‡jv‡K ayqvMvb wn‡m‡e cwi‡ekb Ki‡Zb| Zuvi GB RvZxq Mv‡bi wkíg~j¨ AmvaviY| Zuvi Mv‡bi evYx Lye mn‡RB Av‡eM m„wó K‡i, gvbyl‡K gy» K‡i| Zuvi eû Mvb jvj‡bi Mv‡bi m‡½ cÖwZZzwjZ nIqvi †hvM¨|

Gu‡ìB mgKvjxb wQ‡jb ev‡Minv‡Ui KzovjZjv MÖv‡gi Kvwgbx miKvi (Dwbk-wek kZK)| wZwb wQ‡jb g‡bvni miKv‡ii cÖ_g w`KKvi QvÎ, ZvB g‡bvni miKv‡ii cÖvq mgeqmx| Av‡jvP¨ Kvjc‡e© cÖvq me miKv‡iiB cvbwm †bŠKv _vK‡Zv; Kvwgbx miKv‡iiI wQ‡jv| Z‡e Kvwgbx miKvi †NvovqI Po‡Zb| Zuvi wbR¯^ †Nvov wQ‡jv| AZ¨š— ¯vaxb‡PZv I AvZ¥gh©v`v‡evam¤úbœ nIqvi Rb¨ eY©wn›`y GK bv‡q‡ei m‡½ Zuvi msNvZ N‡U Ges Awfbœ Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K cÖvq wbt¯^ n‡Z nq| A¯ú„k¨Zv I eY©‰el‡gï we‡ivwaZv Zuvi KweMv‡bi Ab¨Zg welqe¯‘ wQ‡jv|

iv‡R› ªbv_ miKv‡ii KwecÖwZfv wQ‡jv AmvaviY| Zuvi m¤ú‡K© hZxb miKvi wj‡L‡Qb: ÒwZwb †hgb wQ‡jb my ¶ MvqK, ev`¨h‡š¿I Zuvi wQj †ZgbB AwaKvi| m½x‡Zi ivMivwMYx wel‡q Zuvi Ávb wQ‡jv Mfxi, Qov KvUv‡ZI wQ‡jb Kzkjx|Ó iv‡R›`ªbv_ miKvi m¤ú‡K© G gš—e¨ h_v_©| cwj−Kwe RmxgD & x‡bi m‡½ iv‡R› ªbv_ miKv‡ii we‡kl cwiPq wQ‡jv| KjKvZvi gvbyl‡K c~e©e‡½i KweMvb †kvbv‡bvi j‡¶¨ iv‡R›`ªbv_‡K wZwb 1932 mv‡j KjKvZvq wb‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges KjKvZvi A¨vjevU© n‡j KweMv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡iwQ‡jb| hwÌ †m ev‡i KjKvZvq Zuvi KweMvb cwi‡ekb h‡_ó myLKi nqwb| Gici 1937 mv‡ji 25†k †m‡Þ¤i KjKvZvi Avï‡Zvl fe‡b iv‡R›`ªbv_ miKvi Ges weRqK…ò miKv‡ii Kwei jovB nq| GB Mv‡bi welq wQ‡jv bvix I cyi“l| iv‡R›`ªbv_ wQ‡jb cyi“l c‡¶ Ges weRqK…ò miKvi wQ‡jb bvix c‡¶| †mLv‡b †kªvZv wn‡m‡e mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, myKzgvi †m‡bi g‡Zv we`» †jvK Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb| Zuviv GB KweqvjØq‡K Avjv`v ywU cÖksmvcÎ w`‡qwQ‡jb| iv‡R› ªbv_‡K †Ìqv cÖksmvc‡Î Zuviv wj‡LwQ‡jb,

kvk¦wZKx 131

ÒAvgiv kªxhy³ iv‡R›`ªbv‡_i KweZ¡kw³, kv ¿Ávb, evwM¥Zv, Ges msMxZkw³ †`wLqv mvwZkq cÖxwZjvf KwiqvwQ| Zuvnvi gZ my‡hvM¨ KweMvqK †`‡ki me©Î mgv „Z nDK, BnvB Avgv‡ì Avš—wiK Kvgbv|Ó weRqK…ò miKvi‡KI Abyiƒc cÖksmvcÎ †Ìqv n‡qwQ‡jv| KvQvKvwQ mg‡q Zuviv KvwkgevRvi gnviv‡Ri cyÎ kªxk b›`xi evmfe‡b Ges cj−xKwe RmxgD & x‡bi mnvqZvq AvKvkevYx KjKvZv †K‡› ª KweMvb cwi‡ek‡bi my‡hvM †c‡qwQ‡jb|

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K‡Zv g‡ì †bkvq e‡ì `kvq eªvþY Lvq †ek¨vevwoi fvZ| Zv‡Z nq bv RvwZcvZ, gv gv‡Mv, †ek¨vjq wK VvKzi RMbœv_ \ bUxi ûuKvq ZvgvK †L‡q Kzjxb †Kvjvq evwo wM‡q Gme eªvþY‡K bv cÖYvg w`‡q bUxi c‡` †KvwU `Êer \

Kvjxc~Rvq cuvVv ewj †Ìqvi e¨vcviUv‡KI wZwb mg_©b Ki‡Zb bv| mivmwi cÖvYxnZ¨v bv K‡i gv‡qi c~Rvi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K cÖ ‘Z Kivi K_v wZwb Zuvi GKwU weL¨vZ gvjwk‡Z D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| GQvov weaevwnev‡ni mg_©‡b Ges evj¨weev‡ni we‡ivwaZvi K_vI Zuvi KweMv‡bi welq wn‡m‡e D‡V Avm‡Zv|

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iv‡R› ªbv_ miKv‡ii wkl¨‡ì g‡a¨ Zuvi g‡Zv L¨vwZgvb †KD n‡Z cv‡ibwb| Zuvi wkl¨‡ì g‡a¨ ev‡Minv‡Ui †MŠic` miKvi, Áv‡b›`ªbv_ miKvi, iwmKjvj miKvi,

kvk¦wZKx 132

†MvcvjM‡Äi Kvjx`vm miKvi, wbZ¨‡Mvcvj miKvi, ïKPuv` miKvi, niwlZ miKvi, ewikv‡ji g„Zz Äq miKvi Ges wc‡ivRcy‡ii wØRei miKv‡ii bvg we‡kl D‡j−L‡hvM¨| Gi g‡a¨ Kvjx`vm miKvi Ges wØRei miKvi wKQzUv mybvg AR©b Ki‡jI Zuvi wkl¨‡ì g‡a¨ Zuvi g‡Zv cÖwZfvevb †KD wQ‡jb bv|

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kvk¦wZKx 133

Z…ZxqZ, Sv‡jvKvwVi `‡j †`vnv‡ii msL¨v Zzjbvg~jK †ewk _vK‡Zv| KweMv‡b ZLb mvaviYZ PviRb †`vnvi n‡jB Pj‡Zv| wKš‘ Sv‡jvKvwV AÂ‡j `k Rb ch©š— †`vnvi _vK‡Zv: aiZv †`vnvimn cÖ_g mvwi‡Z Pviw`‡K QqRb †`vnvi, Avevi Zv‡ì †cQ‡b Av‡iv PviRb †`vnvi| aiZv †`vnvi gv‡b WvK-gvjwk-e›`bv Mvb †h cÖ_‡g Mvq, c‡i Zvi Mvb ï‡b Ab¨ †`vnviiv Mvq| Sv‡jvKvwV AÂ‡j bvix †`vnvi I cyi“l †`vnvi DfqB _vK‡Zv| Z‡e AwaKvsk †¶‡Î bvix †`vnviB aiZv †`vnv‡ii `vwqZ¡ †c‡Zb| GB †`vnvi‡ì mK‡ji wbw`©ó †cvkvK _vK‡Zv| Zuviv ewW‡KvUmn NvMiv RvZxq †cvkvK ci‡Zb Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv gv_vq ÔRwi`vi UzwcÕ eënvi Ki‡Zb| Sv‡jvKvwVi cyi“l †`vnvi‡ìI wbw`©ó †cvkvK wQ‡jv| Zuviv ci‡Zb DwKj‡ì g‡Zv Kv‡jv MvDb| MvD‡bi Dc‡i `‡ji bvg †jLv _vK‡Zv, †hgb―Av`k© Kwe cvwU©, exYvcvwY Kwe cvwU© BZ¨vw`|

KweMv‡bi m‡½ hy³ bvix‡ì, Zv wZwb gvwjK nb ev †`vnvi nb, RbwcÖq bvg wQ‡jv êòex| bvg †_‡K g‡b nq, Guiv evjweaev wQ‡jb A_ev cÖ_g Rxe‡b †Kv‡bv êivMxi `‡j hy³ n‡qwQ‡jb| Kwei `‡ji cyi“l m`‡mï m‡½ Guiv KL‡bv KL‡bv ¯vgx- ¿xi g‡Zv _vK‡Zb| wKš‘ mvgvwRKfv‡e weevn bv nIqvq ¯¿xi gh©v`v Zuviv †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| Z‡e mvgvwRKfv‡e weevn bv nIqvq Zviv Ab¨ ai‡bi myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| †hgb GB bvixiv ¯vaxbfv‡e wm×vš— wb‡Z cvi‡Zb, ¯vaxbfv‡e A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb, Ges †Kv‡bv GK cyi“‡li wPi¯’vqx `vmx n‡q Zuv‡ì Rxeb KvUv‡Z n‡Zv bv| Sv‡jvKvwV AÂ‡ji Kweqvj ivLvj AvPv‡h©i aviYv Guiv Ô†ek¨vi A‡c¶v A‡bK m¤§vwbZv wQ‡jb|Õ Gi A_© ùvovq cwZZviv mgv‡R m¤§vwbZv, Ges GB êòexiv Av‡iv †ewk m¤§vb †fvM Ki‡Zb| ev —‡e GB ai‡bi Zzjbv cyi“lZvwš¿K| †Kbbv KweMv‡bi m‡½ hy³ bvixiv †`neëmv Ki‡Zb bv| cvkvcvwk ivLvj AvPvh© Aek¨ G K_vI ¯xKvi K‡ib †h, Sv‡jvKvwV AÂ‡ji êòex‡ì g~j †ckv wQ‡jv Mvb-evRbv| Mvb-evRbvq Av‡qi cwigvY fv‡jv _vK‡Zv e‡jB nq‡Zv G‡ì †`neëmv Ki‡Z n‡Zv bv| Mvb-evRbv K‡i Zuviv ZLb cyi“l †`vnvi‡ì †_‡KI †ewk DcvR©b Ki‡Zb|

KweMv‡bi GB Sv‡jvKvwV eë ’vcbv c~e©e‡½i Ab¨vb¨ AÂj †_‡K LvwbKUv Avjv`v wQ‡jv| GB Avjv`v nIqvi †cQ‡b Sv‡jvKvwV‡Z Aew ’Z Ab¨vb¨ wKQz mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`vb Ges Zvi eë ’vcbv cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i| wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K Sv‡jvKvwV n‡q D‡VwQ‡jv wewfbœ †jvKwk‡íi GKwU †K› ªf~wg| Gme †jvKwk‡íi g‡a¨ wQ‡jv hvÎvMvb, KweMvb, RvwiMvb, ivgvqYMvb, KxZ©bMvb, fvmvbhvÎv Mvb, MvwRi Mvb cÖf„wZ| Gme †jvKwk‡íi wkíxiv †hgb GLv‡b G‡m Ro n‡Zb, †Zgwb c~e©e‡½i wewfbœ AÂ‡j huviv Gme Mv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z PvB‡Zb, ZuvivI GLv‡b G‡m Hme Mv‡bi evqbv K‡i †h‡Zb| GB my‡hv‡M wKQz A_©wewb‡qvMKvix e¨w³ GBme `j-msMV‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Zb| Gi d‡j KweMv‡bi eë ’vcbvI hvÎv, KxZ©b BZ¨vwì Abyiƒc n‡q DVwQ‡jv|

wek kZ‡Ki m~Pbvq Sv‡jvKvwV‡Z KweMv‡bi `j wQ‡jv AvU-`kwU| Gi g‡a¨ GKwUi gvwjK wQ‡jb hvwgbxKvš— bÆ| Zuvi `‡ji miKvi wQ‡jb lôxPiY KivZx, c‡i Zuvi wkl¨

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ivLvj AvPvh©| lôxPiY KivZx ewikv‡ji evbvixcvovi wbKUeZx© AvjZv MÖv‡gi evwm›`v wQ‡jb| lôxPiY KivZx biwms`xi weL¨vZ Kweqvj nwiPiY AvPv‡h©i wec‡¶ KweMvb K‡i‡Qb| nwiPiY AvPvh© Zuv‡K we‡kl mgxn Ki‡Zb e‡j Rvbv hvq|

GKwU `‡ji gvwjK wQ‡jb AaigwY êòex| AaigwY êòexi `‡j Kweqvj wQ‡jb wc‡ivRcyi †Rjvi bvwRicyi _vbvi iNybv_cyi MÖv‡gi KzÄjvj `Ë| wek kZ‡Ki weL¨vZ Kweqvj bKzj `Ë wQ‡jb GB KzÄjvj `‡Ëi cvwjZ cyÎ| bKzj `Ë g~jZ wQ‡jb bjwQwU _vbvi myqvKvwV MÖv‡gi †ePvivg `v‡mi cyÎ| KzÄjvj AcyÎK wQ‡jb e‡j bKzj‡K wZwb wbR cyÎiƒ‡c MÖnY K‡ib Ges KweMvb †kLvb| `‡ji gvwjK AaigwYi m‡½ KzÄ `‡Ëi m¤úK© K‡ZvUv Mfxi wQ‡jv Zv †evSv hvq, bKzj `Ë Zuv‡K ÔgvÕ e‡j WvK‡Zb †`‡L| e ‘Z KzÄ `Ë Ges AaigwY ¯vgx- ¿xi g‡Zv emevm Ki‡Zb| bKzj `Ë Zuvi `Ë c`wewU MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb GB ¸i“wcZvi c`we †_‡K|

GKwU `‡ji gvwjK wQ‡jb KzmygKzgvix| wZwb wb‡R Kweqvj wQ‡jb| Zuvi wcZv weayf~lY †è wQ‡jb Sv‡jvKvwVi cÖvPxb Kweqvj| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm wQ‡jv ev‡MinvU †Rjvi dwKinvU _vbvi jvjP›`ªcyi| KzmygKzgvixi `‡ji m‡½ ewikv‡ji wbeviY emyi k‡Li `‡ji KweMvb ï‡b bKzj `Ë KweMv‡bi cÖwZ cÖ_g AvK…ó n‡qwQ‡jb e‡j Rvbv hvq|

ivOv hvwgbx ev hvwgbx êòexi `‡j miKvi wQ‡jb kir êivMx| kir êivMxi Rb¥ ’vb wQ‡jv Sv‡jvKvwV| kir êivMxi KÉ¯i wQ‡jv mygayi| kir êivMx wQ‡jb †Kv‡bv GK êòexi cyÎ Ges Zuvi wcZ…cwiPq AÁvZ wQ‡jv| Zvr¶wYK Reve iPbvi †¶‡Î kir êivMx wm×n¯— wQ‡jb| KweMvb K‡i kir êivMx G‡ZvUv m”Qj n‡qwQ‡jb †h, Sv‡jvKvwV‡Z wZwb wZb-PviwU evwo wbg©vY Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb|

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iv‡R› ªbv_ miKv‡ii Qvqvmw½bx‡Z cwiYZ nb| GK ch©v‡q iv‡R›`ªbv‡_i m‡½ wZwb G‡ZvUv Nwbô nb †h, giïg QvovI wZwb iv‡R›`ªbv‡_i m‡½ _vK‡Zb| GgbwK mvZPwj−‡ki †`kfv‡Mi c‡i iv‡R› ªbv‡_i m‡½ wZwb †`kZ¨vM K‡ib, Avevi K‡qK eQi fvi‡Z KvwU‡q iv‡R› ªbv‡_i m‡½B ZrKvjxb c~e©cvwK —v‡b wd‡i Av‡mb|

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Aveyj nvmvb †PŠayix evDj Mvb : HwZn¨ I nvj nwKKZ evDj evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb †jvKag© m¤cÖ vq| G m¤cÖ v‡qi mvabgv‡M©i Acwinvh© A½ n‡jv †`nwfwËK †hvMPPv© I giwg fvemg„× Mvb— hv evDj Mvb bv‡gB mgwaK cwiwPZ Ges RbwcÖq| G Mvb‡K BD‡b‡¯‹v ÔBb‡UbwRej †nwi‡UR Ae wnDg¨vwbwUÕ †NvlYv K‡i Gi msMÖn I msi¶‡Y Kvh©Kix D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q| evDj Mv‡bi Avw` cvV I myi msi¶‡Yi j‡¶¨ MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ms¯‹…wZ welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi D‡`¨v‡M BD‡b‡¯‹vi Avw_©K mnvqZvq evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx Action plan for the Safeguarding of Baul Songs (Bangladesh) bv‡g GKwU cÖKíI B‡Zvg‡a¨ ev¯—evqb K‡i‡Q| eZ©gvb wbeÜKv‡ii my‡hvM n‡qwQ‡jv Ab¨Zg b¨vkbvj wi‡mvm© cvm©b wn‡m‡e G cÖK‡íi m‡½ hy³ _vKvi| cÖKí PjvKvjxb Avgiv M‡elYvaxb GjvKvq A‡bK cÖexY evDj mvaK I wkíxmn bZzb `x¶vcÖvß mvay-mvuBwR Ges wkíxi m‡½ Aš—i½fv‡e wg‡k,K_v e‡j,Mvb ï‡b cwi¯‹vi eyS‡Z cviwQjvg evDj Mvb Zvi Avw`cvV I myi cy‡ivcywi a‡i ivL‡Z cvi‡Qbv| AZx‡Z GKRb evDj mva‡Ki Kv‡Q Mvb wQ‡jv Zvui mvabvi Acwinvh© A½| †m Mvb †M‡q A_© DcvR©‡bi wPš—v NyYv¶‡iI Zvu‡ì gv_vq Avm‡Zv bv| Avm‡jI Zv GK ai‡bi Aciva e‡j MY¨ n‡Zv| GLbI cÖK…Z mva‡Ki Kv‡Q G Mv‡bi †mB g~j¨gvb A¶zYœ i‡q‡Q| †hgb jvjb mvuBwRi Mvb‡K Zvui f³iv ïay Mvb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib bv; Zviv g‡b K‡ib G n‡jv †Lv`vi Kvjv‡gi e¨vL¨v| e„nËi Kzwóqv Ges DËi evsjvi wewfbœ AÂ‡j Avgiv Ggb jvjbf‡³i mv¶vr †c‡qwQ hviv jvjbMxwZ Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Mvb K‡ib bv| GgbwK †m Mvb MvB‡Z wM‡q hw` †Kv‡bv kã ev c` Qy‡U hvq Zvn‡j Zv‡ì Aby‡kvPbv ev Aciva‡ev‡ai Aš— _v‡K bv| Ab¨w`‡K whwb wbQK GKRb evDj Mv‡bi wkíx wn‡m‡e hkcÖv_x© Zvi Kv‡Q †m Mv‡b wea„Z mvabZ‡Ë¡i we‡kl †Kv‡bv g~j¨ Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nqbv| D³ cÖK‡í KvR Kivi ev —e AwfÁZv †_‡KB evDj Mv‡bi nvj nwKKZ m¤ú‡K© LvwbKUv Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z PvB|

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(Ph©vMxwZ cwiPq/ W. mZëªZ‡`Õ †_‡K)| ivM cUgÄix|| †X›UYcv`vbs|| UvjZ †g‡i Ni bvwn co‡elx| nvoxZ fvZ buvwn wbwZ Av‡ekx|| †eM msmvi eownj RvA| `ywnj `yay wK †e‡›U lvgvA|| aª“|| ej` weAvGj MweAv ev‡Su| wcUv ywnÎ G wZbv mv‡S u||aª“|| †Rv †mv eyax †mŠa wbeyax| †Rv †lv †PŠi †mŠ ylvax|| aª“|| wb‡Z wb‡Z wlAvjv wl‡n lg RySA| †X›UYcvGi MxZ we(wP) i‡ju eySA||aª“||

wUjvq Avgvi Ni, cÖwZ‡ekx bvwn| nvwo‡Z fvZ bvwn, wbZ¨ Av‡ekx (AwZw_) [mgvMg]| †e‡M A_ev e¨v‡Oi [msmv‡ii gZ] msmvi evwoqvB P‡j, A_ev A½nxb msmvi evwoqvB P‡j| †`vqv ya wK euv‡U cÖ‡ek K‡i? ej` cÖme Kwij, Mvfx eÜ¨v, cvÎ †`vnb Kiv nBj GB wZb mÜ¨v| †h eyw×gvb †mB wb‡ev©a, †h †Pvi †mB mvay, A_ev †KvUvj ev Pi| cÖwZw`b k„Mvj wms‡ni mwnZ hy× K‡i| †X›UYcv‡ì MxZ Kg †jv‡KB †ev‡S|

ivM eivox. fymyKzcv`vbs RB Zzg‡n fymyKz A‡nB RvB‡eu gvwinwm cÂRbv| bjYx eb cBm‡š— †nvwnwm GKgYv||aª“|| Rxe‡š— †fjv wenYx gGj YGwY| nY weby guv‡m fymyKz cÙeY cBmwnwY||aª“|| gvAvRvj cmwiD †i ev‡awj gvAvnwiwY| m`¸i“ †ev‡nu eywS †i Kvmy Kw`wb|

hw` Zzwg fymyKz wkKv‡i hvB‡e Z‡e cÃRb‡K gvwiI| bwjbxe‡b cÖ‡e‡k GKgbv nBI| Rxe‡š— cÖfvZ nBj, gwij iRbx| wbn‡Zi gvsm webv, fymyKz, cÙ e‡b cÖ‡ek KwiI bv| gvqvRvj AcmvwiZ nBj, euvav cwoj gvqvnwiYx| m &¸i“‡ev‡a eywS wK‡mi wK Kvwnbx (e„Ëvš—)...

Ph©vc` (cyw_wUi bvg wb‡q weZK© i‡q‡Q) Avwe®‹vi I cÖKv‡ki ci Zv g~jZ evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï Avw` wb`k©b wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nq| wKQz M‡elK G‡K †jvKm½xZ ev †jvKmvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb wb`k©b wn‡m‡eI wPwýZ K‡ib| W. Av‡bvqvi“j Kwi‡gi bvg G‡¶‡Î D‡j−Lbxq| wZwb Ôevsjv‡`‡ki evDj : mgvR, mvwnZ¨ I msMxZÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’i 395 c„ôvq e‡jb, Ò†jvKag©wfwËK mvabm½xZB evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKm½x‡Zi Avw`Zg cÖKvk, Ph©vc` ev Ô†eŠ×Mvb I †`vnvÕ ïay evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï Avw`g iƒ‡ci cwiPq enb K‡i bv, eis G‡`‡ki gvwU I gvby‡li GhverKvj Avwe®‹…Z †jvKag©wbf©i MYgyLx, †jvKm½x‡Zi mv_©K cÖKvk e‡jI Zv ¯xK…ZÓ (eY©vqb, Rvbyqvwi 2002)| ejvevûj¨, Ph©vc`‡K huviv, †jvKm½xZ ev †jvKmvwn‡Zï msKjb wKsev cÖvPxb wb`k©b we‡ePbv K‡ib, Zuv‡ì m¤ú‡K© W. mZëªZ

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†` Zuvi ÔPh©vMxwZ cwiPqÕ MÖ‡š’i cwigvwR©Z PZz_© ms¯‹i‡Yi (Rvbyqvwi 1997, cÖKvwkKv: gÄywjKv fÆvPvh©, 171/1/1 we ivmwenvwi G‡fwbD, KwjKvZv 700019) 99 I 101 c„ôvq e‡jb, ÒPh©vMxwZi Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ A‡b‡KB G¸wj‡K †jvKMxwZ ev †jvKmvwnZ¨ ewjqv D‡j−L Kwiqv‡Qb|... jv¶wYK wePv‡i Ph©vMxwZi †jvKmvwn‡Zï `vwe wØavnxb fv‡e cÖwZôv Kiv P‡j bv| Ph©vMxwZi wKQz wKQz êwk‡óï D‡j−L [Kiv hvq] †h¸wj Bnvi †jvKmvwnZ¨ cèxi cwicš’x|Ó Z‡e GK ch©v‡q wZwb wb‡RI Ph©vc`‡K †jvKm½xZ ev †jvKmvwn‡Zï msKjb we‡ePbv K‡ib wb‡gœv³ e³‡eï gva¨‡g|

ÒGK`v GB m½xZ¸wj RbRxe‡bi cUf~wgKv‡ZI Zvnvi mwnZ Aš—i½ ms‡hv‡M iwPZ nBqvwQj Ges †jvK mgv‡R RbwcÖq wQj, GB hyw³‡Z G¸wj‡K †jvKmvwn‡Zï mgch©vqfy³ ewjqv `vwe KivI GKvš— A‡hŠw³K b‡n| cÖvq mgKv‡j iwPZ gvwR©Z I wkw¶Z i“wPm¤§Z Rq‡`‡ei MxZ‡Mvwe‡›ì mwnZ Zzjbvg~jK wePvi Kwi‡j [GB] `vwe mg_©b Kiv P‡jÓ (c„ôv 101-102)|

`yB. G‡`‡ki †jvKm½x‡Zi KwZcq êwkó¨ Avgv‡ì bR‡i c‡o| K. †jvKmgv‡Ri Rb¨ †jvKmgv‡Ri Ô†jvKÕKZ…©K iwPZ| L. †jv‡Kiv †jvKa‡g©i Abymvix Ges wmsnfvM †jvKm½xZ †jvKag© wbf©i| M. iPwqZvi bvg-cwiPq cvIqv KwVb| N. g~jiƒc Luy‡R cvIqv y®‹i| O. esk ci¤úivq †jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L msiw¶Z n‡q‡Q †h‡nZz wj‡L ivLvi eë ’v wQj bv wKsev wj‡L ivLv yiƒn wQj| P. msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î †Kvb evav wQj bv, A_©vr †jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L Awew”Qbœfv‡e msiw¶Z n‡q‡Q| Q. Gfv‡e msi¶‡Yi d‡j K_vq I my‡i G‡m‡Q cwieZ©b| R. d‡j GKB Mv‡bi wewfbœ iƒc m„wó n‡q‡Q| S. †Kvb †Kvb iƒc Kv‡j-f‡ ª ZvjcvZv cÖf„wZ‡Z bvbv RwUj I KwVb Dcv‡q wj‡L ivLv n‡q‡Q|

[Ph©vc‡ì Ph©v¸‡jv †jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L wQj| Ph©vc` bv‡g AvR Avgiv hv cvB, Zv gyjZ ZvjcvZvq wjwLZ, Ph©vmg~‡ni UxKvi cyw_, UxKvKvi gywb`Ë| cyw_wUi weeiY Giƒc : ÒcÖwZ cvZvi gvc †gvUvgywU 33 †m.wg.×

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1′′ | g~j cyw_‡Z m¤¢eZ 70wU cvZv wQj| eZ©gv‡b LwÛZ cyw_i gv‡Si

K‡qKwU cvZv (35, 36, 37, 38, 66) Ges m¤¢eZ †kl cvZvwU cvIqv hvq bvB| cÖwZ cvZvi Dfq c„ôv‡ZB †jLv Ges cvZvi wfZi wc‡V cÎ msL¨v GKevi Dwj−wLZ| cyw_i cÖwZ c„ôvq 5 csw³ Kwiqv wjwLZ, †Kej e¨wZµg 65 K c„ôv| †mLv‡b Qvo hvIqv wKQz Ask Dc‡i Avi GKwU c~Y©csw³ awiqv wjwLZ| cÖwZ c„ôvi 1g I 5g csw³ cy‡ivcywi †jLv| gv‡Si wZbwU csw³ cvZvi gvSLv‡bi m~ÎcÖ‡ekÑwQ‡ ªi Rb¨ 1 BwÂ cwigvb ’vb, duvK w`qv

kvk¦wZKx 145

`yÕfv‡M wjwLZ| bó cvZv¸wj‡Z wZbwU m¤ú~Y© MxwZ Ges Avi GKwU MxwZi †klvsk wQjÓ (Ph©vMxwZ cwiPq/ W. mZëªZ †`, c„ôv 5)]

1954 mv‡j Avš—R©vwZK †jvKm½xZ ms ’v (B›Uvib¨vkbvj †dvK wgDwRK KvDwÝj) cÖYxZ †jvKm½x‡Zi msÁvq O-R bs êwkó¨ j¶¨ Kivi gZ| W. Av‡bvqvi“j Kwig GB msÁv Abymv‡i †jvKm½x‡Zi êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Zuvi Ôevsjv‡`‡ki evDj: mgvR, mvwnZ¨ I msMxZÕ MÖ‡š’i 393-394 c„ôvq e‡jb, ÒGB †jvKm½x‡Zi msÁv Abymv‡i †jvKm½x‡Zi cÖavb êwkó¨ Zvi cyi“lvbyµwgK †gŠwLK we —vi jv‡fi aviv (Oral transmission), A_©vr †h Mvb cyi“l ev eskci¤úivq †jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L Ny‡i †d‡i| GB Mvb Ggb GK mgv‡Ri m„wó hv‡ì †Kv‡bv cÖ_vMZ wk¶v wQj bv A_©vr hviv Awkw¶Z n‡jI cªK…wZMZfv‡e hviv wQj Áv‡bi AwaKvix| Avgvi Rxe‡b Avwg Ggb A‡bK Awkw¶Z (non-literate) †jvKMxwZi wkíx Ges iPwqZv‡K †`‡LwQ hviv gy‡L gy‡L Mvb iPbv K‡i‡QÑ hvi wfZi A‡bK Áv‡bi K_v, ZË¡ Ges `k©b i‡q‡Q| G‡ì A‡b‡K gymjgvb n‡qI wn› yi a‡g©i K_v Aejxjvµ‡g e‡j †M‡Q hvi GKUvI Zv‡ì ag©vbymv‡i wg_¨v bq| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e ejv P‡j, evsjv‡`‡k Bmjv‡gi Avwef©v‡ei c~‡e©, `xN©Kvj hver wn› y Ges †eŠ‡×i msL¨vwaK¨ Ges AvwacZ¨ wQj| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K †jvKm½x‡Z Rxe‡bi mv‡_ RvwZi K_v cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Bmjv‡gi Avwef©v‡ei ci G‡`‡ki AwaKvsk wbgœ‡kªYxi gvbyl RvwZ‡f`cxwoZ _vKvq gymjgvb n‡q‡Q wVKB, wKš‘ cyi‡bv wek¦vm Ges ms¯‹vi‡K Zviv gy‡Q †dj‡Z cv‡iwb| Avwg Avgvi wK‡kvi Ges Zi“Y eq‡m MÖv‡gi wn› yevwo‡Z m½xZvbyôvb Ges MxZv ivgvqY cvV n‡Z †`‡LwQ| MÖv‡g Avcbvi RbmvaviY wn› y gymjgvb wbwe©‡k‡l Gme Mvb ï‡b‡Q Ges gymjgvb †jvKm½xZ iPwqZv mn‡RB Gme a‡g©i K_v Zv‡ì Mv‡b Aš—f©y³ K‡i‡Q| A_©vr ejv P‡j †m mg‡q MÖv‡g †hgb ms¯‹…wZ m¤‡Ü †R‡b‡Q, ci¯úi mngwg©Zvi Kvi‡Y Ges kªeYkw³i ¸‡Y Zv g‡b aviY K‡i AwZ mn‡RB †mme K_v Zviv Zv‡ì Mv‡bI e‡j‡Q|

GB †jvKm½x‡Zi Aci êwkó¨ nj Gi Awew”QbœZv (Continuity) Ges cwieZ©bkxjZv (Changeability) A_©vr hyM hyM a‡i cyi“l ci¯úivq G Mvb †hgb Awew”Qbœfv‡e gvby‡li gy‡L gy‡L MxZ n‡q‡Q †Zgwb Zv †jvKgy‡L _vKvi Kvi‡Y Mv‡bi k‡ã ev evYx‡Z G‡m‡Q cwieZ©b Ges wewfbœZv (Variation) my‡iI †h cwieZ©b Av‡mwb Zv bq| gvwS‡ì K‡Ú evDj Mvb fvwUqvwj my‡i MxZ n‡q‡Q|Ó

1954 mv‡j Avš—R©vwZK †jvKm½xZ ms ’v cÖYxZ msÁvwU wbgœiƒc:

Folk music is the product of a musical tradition that has been evolved through the process of oral transmission. The factors that shape the tradition are: (i) Continuity which links the present with the past; (ii) Variation which springs from the creative impulse of the individual or the group; and (iii) Selection by the community which determines the form or forms in which the music survives.

The terms can be applied to music that has been evolved from rudimentary beginning by a community uninfluenced by popular and art music and it can likewise be applied to music and it can likewise be applied to music which has originated with an individual composer and has subsequently been absorbed into the unwritten living tradition of a community.

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The term does not cover composed music that has been taken over ready made by a community and remains unchanged, for it is the refashioning and recereation of the music by the community that gives it its folk character.

The Questions of Definition/R.P. Elbrurne, JIFMC Vol.7, 1975. Ontario, Candada.

wZb. †jvKm½x‡Zi K_v DV‡jB g‡b c‡o cj−xMxwZ, Avgv‡ì †`‡k cj−xMxwZ‡K †jvKm½x‡Zi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq| cj−xMxwZi iPwqZv MÖvg¨Kwe| †mvRvmywR ej‡j ej‡Z nq, †jvKm½x‡Zi g‡Zv cj−xMxwZI iPbv K‡ib cj−x ev †jvKm½x‡Zi g‡Zv cj−xMxwZI iPbv K‡ib cj−x ev †jvKmgv‡Ri †jvK| Ggb GK mg‡q cj−xMxwZ m„wó, hLb †KvbwKQz wj‡L ivLv mnR n‡q D‡V‡Q| m„wójMœ †_‡K cj−xMxwZ `yÕDcv‡q msiw¶Z n‡Z ïi“ K‡i wjwLZfv‡e (Av‡iv c‡i gyw`ªZiƒ‡c) Ges †jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L| wjwLZ ev gyw`ªZiƒ‡c msiw¶Z n‡Z wM‡q Zv AvR Awã †gŠwjKiƒ‡c wb‡Ri Aw¯—Z¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| Z‡e †jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L msiw¶Z n‡Z wM‡q wb‡Ri Aw¯—Z¡ †mfv‡e wUwK‡q ivL‡Z cv‡iwb, †jvKm½x‡Zi g‡Zv Zvi g‡aÏ (K_vq I my‡i) cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| d‡j †jvKm½x‡Zi b¨vq ZviI wewfbœ iƒc m„wó n‡q‡Q „óvš— :

1846 mv‡j PÆMÖv‡gi mvZKvwbqv _vbvi cyivbM‡o Rb¥v‡bv Av¯‹i Avjx cwÛ‡Zi GKwU Mv‡bi wjwLZ I gyw`ªZiƒc-

wMZ PvZK web›`| eqvwi evwMwb|| Wv‡jZ jwi Pwi êI PvZwK gqbv, MvB‡j êivwMi wMZ MvBI||ayqv|| A‡i PvZwK gqbv i½ †Zvi Kvjv| †Zvgvi g‡b Avgvi g‡b GK †cÖg Rvjv|| g‡b ˆK‡j PvZwKwb bw›ì cvwb LvBI| dz‡ji gay LvB‡j gqbv gaycy‡i hvBI|| `w¶Y gywL ê‡j gqbv evZvm jv‡M Mvq|| Cwðg gywL ê‡j gqbv î‡` Rwj hvq|| DËi gywL ê‡j gqbv kx‡Z LvBe PvBI| Kzw›` AvB‡m cÖvY eÜzqv Av‡M †gv‡i ‰KI|| Aó Aj¼vi Avwg Zzwjqv w`jyg Mvq| cv‡Ui mvwo wcw›` PvBjg kixi bv Ryivq|| Kq kªx Av¯‹i Avwj GKw`b yw`b c‡i| gvae êivwMi m‡b wgjvB wè †Zv‡i||

(Av¯‹i Avjx cwÛZ : GKwU wejyß Aa¨vq/ kvgmyj Av‡idxb, ejvKv, †deª“qvwi eB‡gjv 2006, c„. 81)

†jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L MvbwU msiw¶Z nIqvq Zvi K_vq I my‡i cwieZ©b N‡U| d‡j Zvi GKvwaK iƒc m„wó nq|

kvk¦wZKx 147

Wv‡j‡Z jwoPwo êI PvZwK gqbv‡i, MvB‡j êivMxi MxZ MvBI| A½ †Zvi Kvjv‡i gqbv, A½ †Zvi Kvjv, †Zvi g‡b Avi Avgvi g‡b GKB †cÖ‡gi R¡vjv| b`xi cvwb LvB‡Z PvB‡j b`xi K~‡j hvBI, dzj-gay LvB‡Z PvB‡j dzje‡b hvBI| `w¶YgyLx nB‡j gqbv evZvm jv‡M Mvq, cwðggyLx nB‡j gqbv †iv‡` R¡wjÕ hvq, DËigyLx nB‡j gqbv kx‡Z LvB‡ev PvBI| †Kvbw`‡K Av‡m cÖvYeÜzqv Av‡M †gv‡i KBI| K‡n nxb Av¯‹i Avjx mgq nB‡j c‡i, gvae êivMxi m‡b wgjvB wè †Zv‡i| (cÖv¸³, c„. 112) Wv‡j‡Z jwoPwo êI PvZwK gqbv‡i, MvB‡j êivMxi MxZ MvBI| I‡i I PvZwK gqbv A½ †Zvi Kvjv, Avgvi g‡b †Zvgvi g‡b GKB †cÖ‡gi R¡vjv| g‡b KB‡j PvZwKbx b`xi cvwb LvBI, dz‡ji gay LvB‡Z PvB‡j gaye‡b hvBI| `w¶YgyLx eB‡j gqbv evZvm jv‡M Mvq, cwðggyLx eB‡j gqbv iB‡` RwjÕ hvq, DËigyLx eB‡j gqbv kx‡Z LvBe PvBI| †Kvb&w`b AvBe civYeÜz Av‡M †gv‡i KBI| Aó Aj°vi Avgvi Mv‡q w`jvg VuvB, mv`v Kvco wc›`vq w`‡j kixi bv Ryovq| K‡n nxb Av¯‹i Avjx mgq nB‡j c‡i, gvae-‰eivMxi m‡b wgjvB w`qg †Zv‡i| (cÖv¸³, c„. 112) 1876 mv‡j PÆMÖv‡gi P›`bvBk _vbvi gyiv`vev` MÖv‡g Rb¥v‡bv Lv‡qi¾gv cwÊ‡Zi GKwU Mv‡bi gyw`ªZ iƒc evbvikx MvgQv Mvq : fwMœi evbvikx MvgQv Mvq Avbv awi mxZv K‡i fwMœ wLjKxi ìRvq| cyi“‡li cvKjv gb‡i gv_vq (gvZvq) P‡¶i Ckvivq| gnbeuvkx Zzjv‡i ivwk ¯vgx bvB N‡i g‡bi gZ iwmK cvB‡j Zv‡i gvZvq a‡i hyeK bvix Kvj− v (Lvwj) evwo K‡Zv iwmK Av‡m-hvq| Ggb †KŠVv bq ìRv ga¨g Zvjv eb (eÜ) †mB Zvjv Lywj‡Z cvi‡j IfvB, †m eo myRb|

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Pvwe cvBZvg Lywj hvBZvg (PvBZvg) †Kvb cvj‡° fwMœ wb`ªv hvq| K‡n wnb Lv‡qi¾vgv : †Kv_vq †M‡j cvB, jvMZ cvBZvg †Kv‡j jBZvg cvb wKwj LvevB cqmv cvBZvg, wKwb wbZvg, myïgv jvMvBZvg Mvq|

(evOjv‡`‡ki †jvKKwe I †jvKmvwnZ¨-cÖ_g LÛ/kvgmyj Av‡idxb, †di“qvix eB‡gjv 2007, ejvKv, c„. 39-40)

†jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L MvbwU msiw¶Z nIqvq ZviI K_vq I my‡i cwieZ©b N‡U| d‡j ZviI GKvwaK iƒc m„wó nq|

†ebviwk eBbi MvgQv Mvq, Avqbv awi wmZv cv‡i eB‡b wLowKi wKbvivq| Avbv wKbjvg, Awb wKbjvg, †Zj wKwbevi n_v (K_v) gbZ bvB|| †gvnb euvkx Zzjv ivwk ¯vgx bvB N‡i, g‡bi gZ iwmK cvB‡j gvZvBqv a‡i †hŠeK bvix LvBj¨v evwo| K‡Zv iwmK AvB‡q hvq|| Ggb †KvVv bq ìRv g‡a¨ Zvjv eb (eÜ), †mB Zvjv †h Lywj‡Z cv‡i †m eo myRb| Pvwe cvBZvg Lywj PvBZvg †Kvb cvjs‡K eB‡b wb ªv hvq|| K‡n nxb Lv‡qi¾vgv, †Kv_vq †M‡j cvB, †`Lv cvBZvg †Kv‡j jBZvg cvbi wKwj LvevB| cqmv cvBZvg, wKwb jBZvg AvZi jvMvBZvg Mvq|| (cÖv¸³, c„. 40) †ebviwk gRyi MvgQv Mvq, Avqbv awi wmZv cv‡i gRy wLjKxi wKbvivq| Avqbv wKbjvg, Awb‡i wKbjvg, †Zj wKwbevi n_v (K_v) gbZ bvB|| †gvnbeuvkx Zzjv ivwk‡i ¯vgx bvB N‡i, g‡bi gZ iwmK cvB‡i, IfvB, gvZvBqv a‡i| Avgvi gRy evevi LvBj¨v evwo, K‡Zv iwmK AvB‡q hvq||

kvk¦wZKx 149

AvU KzUzwi bq ìRv‡i g‡a¨ Zvjv N‡i, †Kvb †KvVv‡Z wb ªv hvq gRy cvj‡½i Dci| (Avwg) Pvwe cvBZvg Lywj‡i PvBZvg †Kvb& cvj‡½ gRy wb`ªv hvq| K‡n nxb Lv‡qi¾gv, nbœZ †M‡j cvB, jvMZ cvBZvg †Kv‡j jBZvg ey‡K eyK wgkvB| wèv wbwk Kvw›`‡i Avwg, †Kvb& RvqMvq iB‡q jyKvB|| Avqbv awi... †ebviwk gRyi MvgQv Mvq Avqbv awi wmZv cv‡i gRy wLjKxi `‡ivRvq| (cÖv¸³, c„. 40-41)

†jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L msiw¶Z n‡Z wM‡q cj−xMxwZi g‡a¨ (K_vq I my‡i) †jvKm½x‡Zi g‡Zv cwieZ©b NUvq, d‡j †jvKm½x‡Zi g‡Zv ZviI wewfbœ iƒc m„wó nIqvq Zv †jvKm½x‡Zi ch©vqfy³ nIqvi `vwe iv‡L, cj−xMxwZ I †jvKm½x‡Zi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †Kej GUzK z: wjwLZ ev gyw`ªZiƒ‡c GKwUi †gŠwjK iƒc Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq, Ab¨wUi cvIqv hvq bv| cj−xMxwZ‡K †jvKm½x‡Zi ch©vqfy³ Ki‡Z ev fve‡Z GB cv_©K¨ ¸i“Z¡nxb| hw` cÖvPxb ev cÖv‰MwZnvwmK Kv‡j KvMR-Kjg I gy ªYhš¿ Avwe®‹vi n‡Zv A_©vr †KvbwKQz wj‡L ivLvi ev gyw`ªZ Kivi e¨vcvi mnR n‡Zv, Z‡e wjwLZ ev gyw`ªZ iƒ‡c †jvKm½x‡Zi †gŠwjK iƒcI Lyuy‡R cvIqv ‡hZ| ejvevûj¨, MÖvg¨Kwei cj−xMxwZ †jvK½x‡Zi ch©vqfy³ nIqvi `vwe ivLv AmgxPxb| Avgv‡ì †`‡k wkw¶Z R‡bi MÖv‡gv‡dvb †iKW© Avwe®‹v‡ii c‡i †jvKm½xZ I MÖvg¨Kwei cj−xMxwZi cÖwZ fvjjvMv, GQvov †iwWI-‡Uwjwfkb-MÖv‡gv‡dvb †iK‡W©i gva¨‡g cÖPv‡ii AvMÖn Zuv‡ì cj−xMxwZ iPbvq GwM‡q Avmvi gyL¨ KviY| AvR Awã wkw¶Z R‡bi cj−xMxwZ Kg iwPZ nqwb| †jvKm½xZ I MÖvg¨Kwei cj−xMxwZi g‡Zv Zuv‡ì iwPZ cj−xMxwZi wel‡qi Drm cj−x ev †jvKmgvR| Z‡e †mB cj−xMxwZ‡Z fvlv MVb, kã-Q›`-Aš— wgj-Dcgv-Dr†cÖ¶v cÖf„wZ cÖ‡qvM mywbcyb I mycwiKwíZ-m¤úyY© AvaywbK| mywbw`©ófv‡e Zv wjwLZ I gyw`ªZ nq| cj−x‡Z cÖPwjZ myi Zv‡Z cÖ‡qvM K‡i G‡Kev‡i †gŠwjK iƒ‡c †iwWI †Uwjwfkb cÖf„wZ‡Z MvIqv nq| †jvKm½xZ ev MÖvg¨Kwei cj−xMxwZi g‡Zv †jvKmgv‡Ri †jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L msiw¶Z n‡q cwiewZ©Z nIqvi my‡hvM Zvi †bB, d‡j Zvi wewfbœ iƒc m„wóiI c_ †Lvjv †bB| cj−x ev †jvKmgvR †_‡K welq avi K‡i cj−xMxwZ bv‡g wkw¶Z R‡biv AvaywbK mvwnZ¨ wbg©vY Ki‡Qb-GK_v Abvqv‡m ejv hvq| G †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq, MÖvg¨Kwei cj−xMxwZi g‡Zv wkw¶ZR‡bi cj−xMxwZi c‡¶, †jvKm½x‡Zi ch©vqfy³ nIqvi `vwe ivLv Am¤¢e ev AmgxPxb| Z‡e GK_v bv ej‡jB bq †h, Avš—R©vwZK fv‡e MÖvg¨Kwei cj−xMxwZ Ges wkw¶Z R‡bi cj−xMxwZ DfqB †jvKm½x‡Zi ch©vqfy³ nIqvi c_ myMg n‡q‡Q, 1954 mv‡j Avš—R©vwZK †jvKm½xZ ms ’v KZ©„K †jvKm½x‡Zi msÁv cÖYxZ nIqvi c_ myMg n‡q‡Q, 1954 mv‡j Avš—R©vwZK †jvKm½xZ ms ’v KZ…©K †jvKm½x‡Zi msÁv cÖYxZ nIqvi ciI †jvKm½x‡Zi KvVv‡gv (form) I Av‡aq wb‡q we‡klÁM‡Yi g‡a¨

kvk¦wZKx 150

HKgZ¨ bv nIqvq we‡klÁM‡Yi Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z 1975 mv‡j †jvKm½xZ (folk music) bv‡gi cvkvcvwk ÔcÖvPxb HwZn¨wfwËK m½xZÕ (Traditional Music) eënv‡i gZvgZ †`qv nq| ïay ZvB bq, Avš—R©vwZK †jvKm½xZ ms ’vi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i International Council

for Traditional Music (I.C.T.M) ivLv nq| d‡j MÖvg¨Kwei cj−xMxwZ Ges wkw¶ZR‡bi cj−xMxwZ DfqB †jvKm½x‡Zi ch©vqfy³ nIqvi c_ myMg nq| Ôevsjv‡`‡ki evDj : mgvR, mvwnZ¨ I msMxZÕ MÖ‡š’i 394 c„ôvq W. Av‡bvqvi“j Kwig e‡jb, Ò...†jvKm½x‡Zi KvVv‡gv (form) Ges Av‡aq wb‡q, we‡klÁM‡Yi g‡a¨ HK¨gZ bv nIqvq mK‡ji myweav‡Z© Avš—R©vwZK ms ’v †jvKm½xZ (folk music) GB bv‡gi cvkvcvwk ÔcÖvPxb HwZn¨wfwËK m½xZÕ (Traditional Music) eënvi K‡i‡Qb, d‡j †jvKm½x‡Zi cwiwa Ges †¶Î e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges Avgiv Ô†jvKÕ bvgK Kw_Z mgv‡Ri mKj m½xZ HwZ‡nï cwiPq jv‡f m¶g nw”Q| Gi d‡j evDj Ges cj−xMxwZ‡KI Avgiv †jvKm½x‡Zi Aš—fy©³ Ki‡Z cviwQÓ ejvevûj¨, ÔcÖvPxb HwZn¨wfwËK m½xZÕ eënv‡ii c‡¶ †h gZvgZ cÖ vb Kiv nq, Zv wbgœiƒc:

Traditionality should be seen, rather as an emphasis within a wide range of musical activities. Existing definition of folk music founder in making classifications that are too narrowly based of coutent and form. The suggestion is that the concept of traditionality in music proves more fruitful when applied to actual societies than of folk music. [The Questions of Definition/R.P. Elbourne, JIFMC Vol. 7, 1975. Ontario, Canada]

Pvi. MÖvg¨Kwei cj−xMxwZ Ges wkw¶ZR‡bi cj−xMxwZ DfqB Avš—R©vwZKfv‡e †jvKm½x‡Zi ch©vqfy³ nIqvi c_ myMg n‡jI, Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Rb¨ GK_v mZ¨ †h, A‡bKKvj Av‡M †_‡K G‡`‡ki wewfbœ †jvKM‡elK ev cÖwZôvb †PZ‡b Ae‡PZ‡b, we‡kl K‡i MÖvg¨Kwei cj−xMxwZ‡K †jvKm½x‡Zi ch©vqf~³ K‡i msKjb cÖf„wZ cÖKvk K‡i Avm‡Qb| evsjv GKv‡Wgx †_‡K AvR Awã †jvKmvwnZ¨ bvgK GK msj‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv LÊ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| LÛmg~‡n MÖvg¨Kwei ARmª cj−xMxwZ †jvKm½xZ ev †jvKmvwnZ¨ wn‡m‡e Aš—f©~³| Aa¨vcK gyn¤§` gbmyiDÏx‡bi nvivgwYÕi wewfbœ L‡ÛI MÖvg¨Kwei cj−xMxwZ I mvaK g‡bv‡gvnb `Ë (10 gvN 1284-20 Avwk¦b 1316) iwPZ gjqv ev m™¢ve m½xZ-Gi cÖ_g L‡Ûi cvÛywjwc †_‡K wKQz Mvb evsjv GKv‡Wgx XvKv †_‡K dvêyb 1394, gvP© 1988 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nvivgwY beg L‡Û ûeû gyw`ªZ| cvÛywjwci `ywU MvbÑ

ivwMbx Lv¤vR-Zvj GKZvjv WvK †`wL gb WvKvi gZ| WvK ï‡b †m Av‡m wKbv †`Le †i Zuvi `qv KZ|| fw³f‡i gayi ¯‡i, WvK †`‡i Zvq cÖvY f‡i; bv G‡m wK _vK‡Z cv‡i, Zuvwi cÖvY f³MZ| AvKzj cÖv‡Y †W‡K Zuv‡i, †K K‡e wMqv‡Q wd‡i, f³ermj `qv K‡i †`L‡j c‡i AbyMZ||

ivwMbx emš— evnvi-Zvj Svc bvg awiqv WvK‡j, DËi wK Zuvi cvIqv hvq?

kvk¦wZKx 151

K_v wK †m KB‡Z cv‡i, cÖv‡Y huv‡i m`vq Pvq? KLb wK †m ¯iƒc ‡Q‡o Avgvi gZb n‡Z cv‡i, †m Avwg bv n‡j c‡i, wK‡m ev cÖvY Ryovq| †e`vš— K‡i wePvi, ALÊ gÊjvKvi, Abš— ¯iƒc Zuvi a¨v‡b bvwn cvIqv hvq| wedj cÖqvm Z‡e, Zuv‡i †Kv_v cvIqv hv‡e fvey‡K †Kej fv‡e, fv‡e huv‡i cvIqv hvq||

ywU Mvb nvivgwb-beg L‡Êi 19-20 c„ôvq 34 I 36 bs Mvb (ivwMbx I Zvi Gi bvg †bB)|

cÖm½Z D‡j−L¨, cvÊywjwcwU (gjqv ev m™¢ve m½xZ 1g LÊ bv‡g) eªv¶Yevwoqvi mvZ‡gvov MÖv‡gi Avb›` Avkªg †_‡K myaxi P›`ª `Ë KZ…©K 10 gvN 1401, 24 Rvbyqvwi 1995 cÖ_gev‡ii gZ cÖKvwkZ nq| gy ªvKi-nwiPiY †è bv_, b~Zb †cÖm, g‡bvnicyi, Kzwgj−v| D³ Mvb ywU †mLv‡b 11-13 c„ôvq 17 I 19 bq Mvb wn‡m‡e j¶Yxq|

GKz‡k eB †gjv 2011 †Z cÖKvwkZ n‡Z hv‡”Q gynmxb †gvmv‡ÏK ivRywØZxq MíMÖš’ Ges mgc©Y Nb AÜKvi †K‡U †K‡U Av‡jvK ej‡qi †Lvu‡R ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb MíKvi gynmxb †gvmv‡ÏK ivRy, GLb wZwb mgwc©Z n‡q‡Qb| Ges mgc©Y mg‡qi Kv‡Q, cwicv‡k¦©i Kv‡Q, Rxebhš¿Yvi Kv‡Q †e`bvgq mgc©‡Yi MvwíK AvL¨vb| †h AvL¨v‡bi ci‡Z ci‡Z Sj‡m D‡V‡Q †cÖg, †¶vf, `ytmn cÖZx¶v, we¯§q Ges gyw³hy×| Nb AÜKv‡ii †Lvu‡RÕi †fZi w`‡q MíKv‡ii †h ¯úwa©Z Avwef©ve, wØZxq cÖqv‡m wZwb GK cwiYZ I ¯v_©K AvL¨vbKv‡eï i“cKvi|

†ZŠwn` Bgvg

I 36 bs Mvb (ivwMbx I Zvi Gi bvg †bB)|

wjwcwU (gjqv ev m™¢ve m½xZ 1g LÊ bv‡g) eªv¶Yevwoqvi mvZ‡gvov MÖv‡gi Avb›` Avkªg †_‡K myaxi P›`ª `Ë KZ…©K 10 gvN 1401, 24 Rvbyqvwi

nwiPiY †è bv_, b~Zb †cÖm, g‡bvnicyi, Mvb wn‡m‡e j¶Yxq|

gynmxb †gvmv‡ÏK ivRyi

kvk¦wZKx 152

gvhnvi“j Bmjvg Zi“ `yB evsjvi L¨vwZgvb M¤¢xivwkíx I iPwqZv e‡i› ª AÂ‡ji e„nËi ivRkvnx †Rjvq cÖPwjZ GK †kªYxi †jvKmsMx‡Zi bvg ÔM¤¢xivÕ| ÔM¤¢xivÕ kãwUi A_© wbY©‡qi †Póv Kiv n‡jI AvR ch©š— Zvi A_© my úó n‡q I‡Vwb| cwðg evsjvi wewkó †dvK‡jvi M‡elK W. cÖ‡`¨vr †Nvl Zvui †jvKmsMxZ : M¤¢xivÕ kxl©K MÖ‡š’ kãwUi eyrcwËMZ †h A_© wbY©q K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡”QÑ M¤¢xiv (M¤¢xi g~j)

1. cyixav‡g Kvkxwg‡kªi fe‡b ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei evm ’vb wbf„Z Mfxi cÖ‡Kvô, Awj‡›ì ci `vjvb, Zvi †fZ‡i ¶z ª M„n|

ÒM¤¢xiv wfZ‡i iv‡Î bvwn wb`ªv jeÓ (ˆPZb¨ PwiZvg„Z-313) ÒM¤¢xiv‡Z †MvmvwT cÖf~‡K †kvqvBjÓ (ˆPZb¨ PwiZvg„Z-350)

2. RMbœv_ †`‡ei kqb gw›ì M¤¢xi| ÒM¤¢xiv K‡¶ AÜKvi AwZ M¤¢xiv Kzn‡i R¡‡j cÖ xc mš—wZÓ (ˆPZb¨ PwiZvg„Z-350)

3. MÖvg¨ †èZvi ’vb (w`bvRcyi)|

4. wk‡ei gw›ì, MvRb Ni, MvRb Drme|

Aek¨ AÜKvi cÖ‡Kvô ev ¶z ª cÖ‡Kvô m¤ú‡K© Ab¨vb¨ M‡elKI GKgZ| KviY ga¨hy‡Mi A‡bK Kv‡e¨ GB A‡_© ÒM¤¢xivÓ kãwUi A‡bK cÖgvY †g‡j| Z‡e Avgv‡ì Av‡jvP¨ ÒM¤¢xivÓ k‡ãi mv‡_ M„n, gw›ì ev Zv‡ì Aš—tcÖ‡Kv‡ôi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| M¤¢xiv wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Z wM‡q †Kvb †Kvb M‡elK wke gw›ì A‡_©B kãwU MÖnY Kivi c¶cvwZ| KviY wke ev gnv‡`‡ei Aci bvg M¤¢xi| Avi ms¯‹…Z ÔM¤¢xiÕ kã †_‡KB M¤¢xi kãwU G‡m‡Q Zv Abygvb Kiv Am½Z bq| myZivs PwjZ K_vq GB gnv‡`‡ei e›`bv MxZB M¤¢xiv| `xN© mg‡qi eëav‡b M¤¢xiv GLb Avi wkee›`bv ev gnv‡`‡ei g‡Zv m¤ú„³ †Kvb †jvKvPvi‡K †evSv‡bv nq bv| M¤¢xiv ej‡Z GLb GKUv we‡kl RbwcÖq †jvKmsMxZ‡K †evSvq| GB †jvKmsMx‡Zi D‡Ïk¨ wke e›`bv bq, mgvR mgv‡jvPbv| Avi ZvB RvwZ ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l G msMxZ AvR mevi wcÖq|

DrcwË : cÖvPxbKv‡j ÔM¤¢xivÕ c~Rv Drme wn‡m‡eB cÖPwjZ wQj Ges Zvi D™¢e cÖvq †ò nvRvi eQi c~‡e© Abygvb Kiv nq| G c~Rv mvaviYZ wke ev gnv‡è‡K †K› ªK‡iB AbywôZ n‡Zv hv wk‡ei MvRb bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| cwðg evsjvi gvj`n †Rjvi †Kv_vI †Kv_vI GLbI Zvi Aw —Z¡ wU‡K Av‡Q| W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi m‡½ MvR‡bi m¤ú„³Zv ¯xKvi Ki‡Z ivRx bb| Zvui g‡Z, M¤¢xiv Mv‡b `xN©w`b a‡i g~wZ© Dc ’vcb Kivi c‡_ cÖPwjZ wQj| Zey Zvui g‡Z M¤¢xiv †jvKmsMxZ Qvov Avi wKQzB bq| Avi GB †jvKmsMx‡Zi D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b GKUv we‡kl RvwZMZ Ges †fŠ‡MvwjK cwie‡kMZ cÖfve i‡q †M‡Q Zv A¯xKvi Kiv hv‡e bv|

kvk¦wZKx 153

†fŠMwjK w`K w`‡q GB m½xZvÂj DËie½ ev e‡i› ªf~wgi Aš—M©Z| GB AÂ‡ji DËivsk cÖavbZ †KvP RvwZ Øviv Aay wlZ| †KvP RvwZ fvi‡Zi AwZcÖvPxb Avwèvmx, ivp AÂ‡j †h Awaevmx mgvR µ‡g µ‡g wn›`y fvevcbœ n‡q‡Q, Zvi mv‡_ †KvP RvwZi †gŠwjK †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| ivp †`kxq Avw`g Awaevmx cÖavbZ Avw` A ¿vj (Proto-Australiod) †Mvôxfy³, wKš‘ DËie‡½i Avw`g Awaevmx B‡›`v †gv½j‡qW †Mvôxfy³, B‡›`v-†gv½j‡qW Ab¨vb¨ RvwZi g‡Zv cxZeY© bq, eis K…òeY©| hwÌ GiB cvkvcvwk cwjqv‡ì †Pnvivq cwi¯‹vi B‡›`v‡gv½j‡qW Qvc we`¨gvb| GB B‡›`v-†gv½j‡qW RvwZi wewfbœ kvLvi g‡a¨ ÔM¤¢xiv DrmeÕ ev evrmwiK DcRvZxq Awa‡ekb (Tribal Council) Dcj‡¶ m½xZ I b„Z¨ cÖPwjZ wQj| wke‡K Dcj¶ K‡iB mvaviYZ el©weeiYx ev Ôel© ch©v‡jvPbvÕ wn‡m‡e G¸‡jvi cwi‡ekb n‡Zv| Gme n‡ZB M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi DrcwË e‡j W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© g‡b K‡ib| M‡elKe„›` M¤¢xiv m¤ú‡K© †h gZvgZB e¨³ Ki“b bv †Kb mvwe©K w`K we‡k−lY K‡i Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, M¤¢xiv g~jZ c~Rv Drme wn‡m‡eB D™¢yZ n‡q‡Q|

†kªYxweb¨vm : ga¨hy‡M K…wó KvjPv‡ii cÖavb Aej¤b wQj wewfbœ †jŠwKK †è-‡èxi ¸YKxZ©b| wewfbœ mg‡q, wewfbœ ¯’v‡b, wewfbœ †jvwKK †è-‡èx‡K Kíbv K‡i c~Rv Drme n‡Zv| wb‡R‡ì myL- ytL nvwm Kvbœv Afve Awf‡hvM, Avb›`-‡e`bv cÖf„wZ Zv‡ì cv`c‡Ù wb‡e`b K‡i cÖwZKv‡ii Avkvq e‡m _vK‡Zv| GBfv‡e PÊx, gbmv, kxZjv cÖf„wZ †jŠwKK †èZv m¤ú‡K© gvby‡li g‡b wek¦vm M‡o I‡V| ag© VvKz‡ii c~Rv ïi“ nq GB †cÖ¶vc‡UB|

wke I ag©VvKzi Awfbœ KwíZ nIqvq †Kvb †Kvb AÂ‡j Av`¨ bv‡gI cwiwPZ| G Kvi‡Y nwi`vm cvwjZ wk‡ei MvRb‡K ÔAv‡`ï M¤¢xivÕ e‡j D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki e‡i› ª AÂ‡j †Zv bqB, GgbwK cwðg evsjvi e„nËi gvj`n †Rjvi †Kv_vI Av‡`ï M¤¢xivi Aw¯—Z¡ cvIqv hvq bv|

cÖvPxbKv‡j Gme Kvi‡YB M¤¢xiv y‡Uv fv‡M wef³ n‡q c‡o| h_v- 1. wk‡ei MvRb ev Av‡`ï M¤¢xiv 2. cvjv M¤¢xiv ev M¤¢xiv Mvb|

Av‡`ï M¤¢xiv mvaviYZ wn›`y mgv‡Ri cÖPwjZ I †è-‡èxi welq wb‡q iwPZ n‡Zv| Ab¨w`‡K cvjv M¤¢xivq ZrKvjxb msNwUZ we‡kl we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbv ¯’vb †cZ|

M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi weeZ©b : M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi Drm g~jZ Ôel© weeiYxÕ ev el© ch©v‡jvPbv †_‡KB| mviv eQi we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbv ev mgm¨v, Afve-Awf‡hvM G‡Z ¯’vb †cZ Ges ga¨hyMxq mbvZb wek¦v‡m wke‡K myL- yt‡Li wbwe©Kvi cÖZxK iƒ‡c Kíbv K‡i Zvui Kv‡Q wb‡e`b Kiv n‡Zv| A_©vr gvbyl hLbB †Kvb mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q, cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M †`Lv w`‡q‡Q, ZLbB Zvi cÖwZKviv‡_© m½x‡Zi gva¨‡g wk‡ei kiY wb‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì wek¦vm, Gme wKQzB nq wk‡ei B”Qvq| wkeB mKj cÖKvi mvgvwRK I e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi `y‡f©v‡Mi GKgvÎ KviY| GLv‡b GKwU „óv‡š—i gva¨‡g welqwU cwi¯‹vi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-

wke †Zvgvi jxjv‡Ljv Ki Aemvb eywS evu‡P bv Avi cÖvY|

kvk¦wZKx 154

Abve„wó Ki¨v m„wó gvwU Kij¨v bó †n `„wó _vK‡Z K…wó Ki¨v wkó †jv‡Ki Bó gvi¨v Kij¨v †gv‡ì ¸wó Qvov| ïb ewj có Ki¨v Zvic‡i g¨v‡jwiqvq njvg nvjvKvb eywQ evu‡P bv Avi Rvb| Abœ v gv wf¶v †Zvgvi Ki‡e bvwK `vbv †n, mgqKv‡j bv nq¨v Rj Amg‡q djj Kzdj| (I me) gykix KvjvB M¨v‡jv K¨vg‡b awi Mvb eywS evu‡P bv Avi Rvb|

GB MvbwU‡Z cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©‡Mi d‡j m„ó Afv‡ei K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| ejv n‡q‡Q wk‡ei D‡Ïk¨| KviY mij K…lK g‡b K‡i, wke †hgb `wi ª I wbtmnvq, †Zgwb wZwb mKj K…lK mgv‡RI `vwi‡ ª i KviY| wZwb B”Qv Ki‡jB mgv‡Ri GB ytmn ytL `vwi‡ ª i Aemvb Ki‡Z cv‡ibÑ

c¨v‡U‡Z fvZ bvB, I wke, †Mvjv‡Z bvB avb wK w`q¨v evuP‡ev I wke †Qj¨v wcj¨vi Rvb|

I eypv wke `qv K‡iv ci‡Y †Zbv bvB I wke ei‡R bvB cvb|

wK w`q¨v ivwL‡ev I wke gvBq¨v †jv‡Ki gvb I †evKv wke `qv K‡iv|

wbw¯ŒqZv I wbe©yw×Zvi Rb¨ K…lK-Kwei wbKU wke K…cvi cvÎ n‡q‡Qb| ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwnZ¨ †èZvi mv‡_ gvby‡li †h GKUv mnR m¤ú‡K©i cwiPq cvIqv hvq M¤¢xiv Mv‡b Zvi e¨Z¨q N‡Uwb|

wek kZ‡Ki cÖvi‡¤¢ M¤¢xiv Mv‡b wke g~wZ© wZ‡ivwnZ nq| †m ¯’vb `Lj K‡i gvbeiƒcx wke| A_©vr wk‡ei cÖZx‡K GKRb gvbyl‡K `vuo Kwi‡q Zuvi Kv‡Q mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ Dc¯’vcb K‡i dwiqv` Rvbv‡bv n‡Zv| †hgb-

(Zzwg) †Kb D`vmx, Kvkxevmx, I‡n Kvkxk¦i| `ywbqvUv hvq imvZj i¶v Ki ni\

Kvgvi, Kzgvi, QzZvi, Pvlv Qvo‡jv Zvi RvZ eëmv

kvk¦wZKx 155

PvKwi j‡q evey nq¨v fve‡Q K‡Zv eo| Mvu‡qi gvwU Av‡Q LvuwU

K…wl-wkí wkLvI †gv‡ì (Zzwg) †`k‡K Zz‡j ai|

Pvl DbœwZ Ki‡Z n‡j Pj‡e bv Avi cyiv‡bv Pv‡j †`k-we‡`‡ki bZzb wbqg

Avg`vbx me K‡iv| is Zvgvmv UzKxi Mv‡b †èZv Mjvq Djy e‡b

wkLvI †gv‡ì fw³ gš¿ c~Rv-M½vai|

wek kZ‡Ki cÖvi‡¤¢ iwPZ M¤¢xiv †_‡K wkeg~wZ© wZ‡ivwnZ n‡jI ZLb ch©š— Zv‡Z wke c~Rvi cÖfve we`¨gvb _v‡K| cieZ©x mg‡q `yB wek¦hy‡×i fqven aŸsmjxjvi †cÖw¶‡Z mgvR gvb‡m cwieZ©b Av‡m| M¤¢xiv Mv‡bI cwieZ©‡bi †Qvuqv jv‡M| gvbyl m‡PZb nq| Zviv e„wUk miKv‡ii †kvl‡Y AwZô n‡q‡Q `xN©w`b a‡i| ZvB Zv‡ì M¤¢xivq wke Avi gnv‡è bv n‡q, n‡q I‡V weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa| Zvi mvg‡b wkíxiv weªwUk miKv‡ii mvgwMÖK `yb©xwZi K_v Zz‡j ai‡Zb ewjôZvi mv‡_| d‡j M¤¢xiv Mvb el© ch©‡jvPbv ev el© weeiYx Dc ’vcbvi cwie‡Z© n‡q I‡V Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× cÖwZev‡ì Ab¨Zg gva¨g|weªwUk miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbvq gyLi GKwU Mv‡bi wKQz Ask n‡”Q-

Rwg-Rgv Pvl K‡i hv dmj DVvB Z‡n †gv‡ì wK ¯Z¡ bvB|

Zzwg IRb Kwiqv KvMR aivBqv Mvwo K‡iv †evS|

fvi‡Zi AwR©Z wRwbm Zzwg Ki Pvjvb Avgiv fvi‡Zi †jvK †L‡U gwi

evu‡P wKbv Rvb ab¨ Zzwg eyw×gvb|

wk‡ei GB cÖZxKx cwieZ©‡bi †cQ‡b GKUv wPËvKl©K NUbv i‡q‡Q| W. cÖ‡`¨vZ †Nvl Zvui Ô‡jvKms¯‹…wZ t M¤¢xiv MÖ‡š’ NUbvwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| 1920-23 wLª÷v‡ãi †Kvb GK mgq KjKvZv nvB‡Kv‡U©i wePvicwZ m¨vi Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi gvj`n Avmvi K_v wQj| ¯’vbxq cÖL¨vZ M¤¢xiv †jLK I MvqK †gvnv¤§` mydx gvóvi m¨vi Avï‡Zvl A_© vr wk‡ei mvg‡b M¤¢xiv MvIqvi cÖ ‘wZ wbw”Q‡jb| GB D‡Ïk¨ wZwb GKRb cvÎ‡K wke mvwR‡q Avm‡i nvwRi K‡ib|wKš‘ Awbevh© KviYekZ m¨vi Avï‡Zvl gvj`‡n bv Avmvq Zvui GK cÖwZwbwa Av‡mb| ZeyI mydx gvóvi wke‡K Dcw ’Z K‡i Mvb †M‡qwQ‡jb|

kvk¦wZKx 156

MvbwUi Askwe‡klÑ †n `¨vL, †n `¨vL& Kv‡i WvK‡Z

†KWv G‡jv fvB‡i Bwb wK m¨vi Avï‡Zvl?

nvB‡Kv‡U©i RR Mv‡q gvLv †Kb QvB‡i?

G NUbvi ci †_‡K me M¤¢xivq wke Dcw ’Z n‡Z _v‡Kb, me©Kv‡ji †nvZv miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e| myZivs wke PwiÎ‡K mvgš—Zvwš¿K Pwi‡Îi cÖwZf~iƒ‡c M¤¢xivMv‡b Dcw ’Z Kiv Ges Zv‡K RbwcÖq K‡i †Zvjvi g~‡j mydx gvóv‡ii Ae`vb Ab¯xKvh©|

1947 mv‡j †`k wefv‡Mi ci M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi c„ô‡cvlK I Mv‡qbiv gvj`n Z¨vM K‡i G‡`‡k P‡j Av‡mb| d‡j Avw` DrcwË ’j gvj`‡n G Mv‡bi PP©v `vi“bfv‡e K‡g hvq| ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK ’v‡bi ivRkvnx †Rjvi PvucvBbeveMÄ gnKzgvq M¤¢xivi e¨vcK cÖmvi NU‡Z _v‡K| GZ`vT‡j M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi cÖeZ©YKvix‡ì g‡a¨ hvuiv AMÖcw_‡Ki KvR K‡iwQ‡jb Zvu‡ì g‡a¨ †kL mwdDi ingvb ev mywd gvóvi, †gvnv¤§` †mvjvqgvb †gv³vi, †gvnv¤§` †gvnmxb Avjx †gv³vi, †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx, †gvnv¤§` dRjyi ingvb, ˆZqe Avjx, jyrdj nK, gwbgyj gvóvi cÖgy‡Li bvg D‡j−L‡hvM¨|

wefv‡MvËiKv‡j ivRkvnxi M¤¢xiv Mv‡b wk‡ei Aw —‡Z¡i wejywß N‡U Ges †m ¯’vb `Lj K‡i bvbv I bvwZ| bvbv-bvwZ m¤ú‡K©i ga¨ w`‡q hZ im-iwmKZv Pj‡Z cv‡i, ZZUv Ab¨ †Kvb m¤ú‡K© m¤¢e bq e‡jB m¤¢eZ GB cwieZ©b|

†`k wefv‡Mi ci cwðge½ I evsjv‡`‡k yB avivi M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi PP©v Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| cwðge‡½ cvjv M¤¢xiv Ges evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ Wy‡qU M¤¢xiv ( bvbv-bvZxi M¤¢xiv) PP©vq my xN©Kvj a‡i AmsL¨ ¸Yx wkíx I iPwqZv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Qb| Zvu‡ì Ae`v‡b †jvKmvwn‡Zï GB mg„× avivwU µgvMZ AMÖMwZi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü Avwg yB evsjvi †mB L¨vwZgvb M¤¢xiv wkíx I iPwqZv‡ì cwiPq Zz‡j ai‡Z †Póv Ki‡ev|

K…òab `vm †Mv¯vgx (1808-1910): 1808 mv‡j gvj`n †Rjvi AvB‡nv MÖv‡g GK êòe cwiev‡i K…òab `vm †Mv¯vgxi Rb¥| Zvui M¤¢xiv Mvb¸wj mvwnZïm mg„× I HwZnvwmK Z_¨mg„×| †jLvcov bv †R‡bI evj¨Kvj †_‡KB wZwb M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi iPwqZv I myK‡Éi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| eQi eQi Mvb iPbv Kiv Mv‡bi weµqj× A‡_© Zvui Rxeb wbe©vn nZ| GKevi evjK eq‡m êòe †e‡k hLb wZwb wf¶vq †ewi‡qwQ‡jb, ZLb R‰bK ˆfie Zvu‡K †`‡L iwmKwP‡Ë cwiPq wRÁvmv Ki‡j wZwb hLb Zvui Zvr¶wYK iwPZ M¤¢xiv msMx‡Zi gva¨‡g wbgœ Mv‡bi Kwj w`‡q cÖZz Ëi w`‡qwQ‡jb|

nvgvi bvg wKlU `vm, kªxK…‡ò `vm, AvB‡nv MÖv‡g evwo, nvgvi evev RxebK…ò, gvjv P›`bavix

gv †MŠivw½bx, Mf©avwiYx, †g‡q cwZ †mev AwaKvwiYx|

kvk¦wZKx 157

nvgvi eqm eywS AvU, evev cyuw_ K‡i cvV, nvwg em¨v em¨v ïbZzK me, KÕn‡j K_v evev cv‡e e¨_v,

ZvB m`v _vKZzK bxie| evevi Kv‡Q K,L,M,N wkL¨vwQby, GMv‡iv ev‡iv‡Z cyuw_ ai¨vwjby

wkï‡eva co¨v Kiby †kl, evev awiq¨v w`‡j evevwR †ek|

cieZ©xKv‡j K…òab `vm M¤¢xiv Mvb QvovI KweMvb, AvjKvc Mvb I KxË©b Mvb iPbv K‡ib| eo eo Kwe`j‡K Kwehy‡× civwRZ K‡ib|Zvici M¤¢xiv Mvb I AvjKvc Mvb‡K cÖPvi K‡i wbR iPbv ¸‡Y msMxZ RMZ‡K Ggbfv‡e gvwZ‡q †Zv‡jb †h,cwiYv‡g wZwb GKRb AcÖwZØ›Øx M¤¢xiv wkíx I M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi †ckv`vi †jL‡K cwiYZ nb| wZwb M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi weµqjä A_© w`‡q msmv‡ii e¨q wbe©vn Ki‡Zb| 1910 mv‡j wZwb ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|

mZxkP› ª ¸ß Ii‡d mZxk KweivR ( 1882-1975) : cÖL¨vZ M¤¢xiv iPwqZv I wkíx mZxkP› ª ¸ß Ii‡d mZxk KweivR Ii‡d mZxk Wv³vi 1882 mv‡j gvj`‡n Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|Zvui wcZvi bvg ¯Mx©q ivavigb ¸ß| Zvui cÖvwZôvwbK †Kvb wk¶v bv _vK‡jI Zvui MÖš’cvV I we`¨vPP©v wQj AvRxeb RvMiƒK|

mZxk ¸ß hyeK eq‡m Wv³vi KvjxcÖmbœ e¨vbvR©x I Wv³vi ˆeKzÚ gyLvR©xi KvQ †_‡K G¨v‡jvc¨v_x wPwKrmv wk¶v K‡ib| GiB mv‡_ KweivRx wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf K‡ib| GQvov mvevb ˆZix I wewfbœ is ˆZixi cÖwµqv Rvb‡Zb wZwb| Z‡e wPwKrmvB wQj Zvui cÖavb †ckv|

†QvU †_‡KB m½x‡Zi cÖwZ Zvui cÖPÛ AvMÖn wQj| cÖ_‡g c‡ik gvjvKvi Gi hvÎv `‡j wZwb †hvM`vb K‡ib| †m `‡ji hš¿wkíx wn‡m‡e `xN©w`b KvR K‡i‡jI Zvui cÖK…Z mvdj¨ Av‡m M¤¢xiv Mvb iPbvq| wZwb cvjvew›` MvbI iPbv K‡i‡Qb AmsL¨| gvj`‡ni AvÂwjK fvlvq Zvui MvbB me‡P‡q mv_©K| Zvui kã Pqb I Q›` web¨v‡m gywÝqvbv j¶bxq|

GKRb †jvKKwe wn‡m‡e mZxk ¸ß Kve¨iZœvKi Dcvwa jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| 1973 mv‡j Ôm„RbxÕ MÖš’vMvi cÖv½‡b Avš—R©vwZK L¨vwZ m¤úbœ †jvKms¯‹…wZwe` W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© Zvu‡K msea©bv Ávcb K‡ib| cwðge‡½i cÖL¨vZ †jvKm½xZ M‡elK W. cÖ‡`¨vZ †Nvl G msea©bv Abyôv‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib|

wke e›`bv H `¨vL& b¨vsU eypv mOUv mvR¨v XOUv †Kvi¨v Av‡Q †evm¨v| eypv Av — L¨vcv flg j¨vcv ev‡Ni QvjUv co‡Q †Lvm¨v| Av‡Q †evm¨v| 1. eyov lvu‡o †Pvo¨v G¨v‡jv †`vi¨v M¤¢xiv‡Z c~Rv L¨v‡Z| H `¨vL i`‡ev`¨v H evukqv ej` Avm‡Q †i fvB K¨vgb ïul¨v| Av‡Q †evm¨v 2. eyovi gv_vq j¨vcUv Avjv` fvucUv R‡U mvucUv †duvm †duvmv‡Q| Avevi gvBqv GKUv ZvBqv †Kgb, †XD L¨vjv‡Q Av‡Q †ivm¨v| Av‡Q †evm¨v|

kvk¦wZKx 158

3. ayr†Zwi ayZivi dzj wK mL †Kvi¨v †KD `¨vq‡i Kv‡b| {Avevi} ni`g gy‡L eg eg eywj wf¶vi Szwj Kvu‡a †Kvm¨v| Av‡Q †evm¨v| 4. Avevi †fuv †fvu fis fis wk½v Wygi“ evRv‡Q †evm¨v| H `¨vL †evg‡Kk RUvRyU Rv‡j AvKv‡k †hb co‡Q nvuBm¨v| Av‡Q †evm¨v| 5. Avevi Kcvj dzU¨v, Av¸b QzU¨v, mviv ywbqv Ki‡Q Avjv| MvuRvq `g wK w`‡”Q‡i Kg, KjwKi ayuÕqv †di‡Q Pzl¨v| Av‡Q †evm¨v| 6. H `¨vL yw`‡K yUv ûjyKgyLv wmw× NU‡Q Zv‡j Zv‡j| Avevi cv‡j cv‡j KzPbx-eyPbx,fv½-aZiv LvIqvq †Nuvm¨v| Av‡Q †evm¨v| 7. `¨v‡LK Sii-gji Szj‡Q fvm, nv‡oi gvjv fiv Mjv| eyov Zvj †eZv‡j b„Z¨ K‡i ivg bv‡g †nvq¨v †eûuym¨v\ Av‡Q †evm¨v| 8. †f‡i mZxk e‡j c`Z‡j, fw³ e‡j Ry‡oK Avmb| eypvi Ggwb kvmb, h‡gi fvlY Av‡m bv GLv‡b †cvl¨v|

†hvM‡› ªbv_ †PŠayix Ii‡d gUi (1892-1985) : wek kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K cwðge‡½i Agibv_ gÛj I Ave yj gwR` M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi g~j Awf‡bZv wQ‡jb| Gi cieZ©x cÖvq cvuP `kK a‡i ÔM¤¢xiv †jvKbvU¨m¤¢‡eiÕ Awemsevw`Z g~L¨ Awf‡bZv ( DwPZe³v) wQ‡jb †hv‡M› ªbv_ †PŠayix Ii‡d gUi|

gU‡ii Rb¥ 1892 mv‡j gvj`n †Rjvi Bs‡iR evRvi kn‡ii KZzecyi evey cvovq| Zvui wcZvi bvg ¯^Muxq M‡Yk †PŠayix, Zvuiv RvwZ‡Z grm¨Rxex (gnj`vi)| gU‡ii wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv Aógvb, †ckvq wQ‡jb gvj`v †Kv‡U©i gyûix|

M¤¢xiv`‡ji m‡½ RwoZ nIqvi Av‡M gUi gbmvi Mvb ( welnwi Mvb), AvjKvc I L¨vgUvi Mvb Ki‡Zb| M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi AwZ AvMÖnx n‡q cÖ_‡g wZwb Agibv_ gÛ‡ji `‡j †hvM`vb K‡b| cieZ©x‡Z †Mvwe›` †k‡Vi `‡j †hvM`vb K‡ib| wKš‘ `j‡bZvi g„Zz n‡j wZwb ZvuiB RgRåvZv †Mvcxbv_ †k‡Vi `‡j †hvM`vb K‡ib| wKQzw`b ci `‡ji m‡½ gZvš—i NU‡j †mB `j Z¨vM K‡i 1966 mv‡j wZwb wb‡R `j MVb K‡ib|gUi wQ‡jb †Nvi K…òe‡Y©i wekvj ecy wewkó| Zvui A½-fw½gv, Abvqvm-wm× msjvc Zvu‡K RxeÏkvq wKse`š—x-mgvb wkíxiƒ‡c AmvaviY RbwcÖqZvi kx‡l© †cŠu‡Q w`‡qwQj| Zvui Awfbq fw½gv Z_v Comic dance like PµvKv‡i †Nvivi fw½gv cieZ©x M¤¢xiv †jvKbvU¨m¤¢‡ei g~L¨ Avw½K cÖKi‡Yi Aš—f~©³ n‡q‡Q|GLv‡bB gU‡ii K…wZZ¡| gUi †`‡k we‡`‡k cÖvq mnmªvwaK Abyôvb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb myBm eªWKvwós K‡c©v‡ib Bivbxqvb ÷vwWm I †Kvjb wek¦we`¨vjq WKz‡g›Uvix wP‡Î iƒc`vb K‡i‡Qb| jvf K‡i‡Qb BÝwUwUDU Ae †dvKKvjPvi Av‡qvwRZ W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© KZ©„K msea©bv (1981)| fviZxq M¤¢xivi GB wKse`š—xi bvqK wkíx gUi 1985 mv‡j ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|

kvk¦wZKx 159

†gvnv¤§` mwdDi ingvb Ii‡d mywd gv÷vi (1984-1983) : cÖL¨vZ M¤¢xiv iPwqZv I M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi AvaywbK ms¯‹i‡Yi RbK †gvnv¤§` mwdDi ingvb Ii‡d †kL mwdDi ingvb Ii‡d mywd gv÷vi 1894 mv‡j Awef³ fvi‡Zi gvj`n †Rjvi Bs‡iR evRvi _vbvi dzjevwo MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui wcZvi bvg †gvnv¤§` †ekviZ|

mywd gv÷vi gvj`v wRjv ¯‹z‡j cÂg †kªYx ch©š— covïbv K‡ib| covïbv Z¨vM K‡iwQ‡jb bvbvb mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y, Zvici †hvM‡`b WvK wefv‡Mi †cv÷g¨vb c‡`| PvKzixi cvkvcvwk wZwb m½xZ PP©v Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| mywd gv÷vi wQ‡jb ¯fve Kwe| cÖ_‡g wZwb cvjv Mvb, wbgvB mbœvm, ivavi gvbfÄb BZ¨vw` iPbv K‡i‡Qb| GKmgq wZwb gvj`‡ni L¨vZbvgv AvjKvc miKvi AvKei Lwjdvi AvjKvc `‡j †hvM`vb K‡ib| cieZx© mg‡q wK‡kvix †gvnb †PŠayix Ii‡d wK‡kvix cwÊ‡Zi M¤¢xiv `‡j †hvM †`b| †k‡l wZwb wb‡RB M¤¢xiv `jMVb K‡ib| †`k wefvM c~e©Kv‡j Zvui cvjv M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi cÖwZwU PwiÎ wQj e„wUk we‡ivax| Zvui M¤¢xiv Mv‡b ¯vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi †PZbv j¶¨ K‡i e„wUk miKvi mywd gv÷v‡ii gv_vi Rb¨ GK nvRvi UvKv cyi¯‹vi †NvlYv K‡iwQj|

†`k wefv‡Mi mgq 1947 mv‡j wm×vš— †bIqvi AwaKvi evwb‡q †kL mwdDi ingvb gvj`n †_‡K ivRknxi PvucvBbeveMÄ gnKzgvi inbcy‡i G‡m ’vqxf‡e emevm ïi“ K‡ib| GLv‡b G‡m wZwb M¤¢xiv PP©vq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib Ges cvjv M¤¢xiv‡K bvbv-bvwZi f~wgKvq iƒc w`‡b Wy‡qU AvaywbK M¤¢xivq beiƒcvqY K‡ib| GB iƒcvš—i cÖwµqvq wZbRb e¨w³ AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| Guiv n‡”Qb- †mv‡jgvb †gv³vi, Kvjy †gv³vi I cïcwZ †gv³vi|

cvwK ’vbx kvmK‡Mvôx M¤¢xiv Mvb‡K †gv‡UI cQ›` Ki‡Zv bv| ZvB 1948-49 PvucvBbeveM‡Äi ZrKvjxb cvÄv‡e gnKzgv cÖkvmK M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi Dci wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc K‡i| wKš‘ GB wb‡lavÁv‡K mywd gv÷vi D‡c¶v K‡i M¤¢xiv Mvb cwi‡ekb Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb|

M¤¢xiv Mv‡b e›`bv As‡k wke‡K Dcw¯’Z Kwi‡q Zvu‡K miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i mywd gv÷vi †hgb K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb, wVK †Zgwb ¯vax‡bvËi hy‡M ÔAcmbÕ-G PvKzix wb‡q c~e© cvwK —v‡bi (eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k) PvucvBbeveM‡Ä G‡m Bmjvgx cÖfv‡e †èZv wke‡K cwieZ©b K‡i Ôbvbv-bvwZÕ-i cÖPjb Zvui AmvaviY K…wZË¡| A_©vr Awef³ I evsjvi AvaywbK M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi Avw½K cÖKi‡Yi wZwbB mªóv| ZvQvov wn› y-gymwjg Dfq m¤cÖ v‡qi HK¨‡eva RvMi‡Y Zvui D`vi gvbwmKZv we¯§qKi|

mywd gv÷vi iwPZ ÔM¤¢xiv msMxZÕ bv‡g GKwU msKjb gvj`v †_‡K evsjv 1329 m‡b cÖKvwkZ nq| G‡Z wke e›`bv, UvKv I we`¨vi weev`, evOvwj ˆmb¨M‡Yi gnv‡è‡K †mbvcwZ‡Z¡ eiY K‡i hy‡× Avnevb, Pvlvi †Q‡ji ¯‹z‡j fwZ© nevi Kvgbv, e„wUk ˆm‡bï Rq, wejvwZ evey‡ì cÖwZ frm©bv, jvU ìevi †fv‡U weåvU, `yRb MÖvg¨ †jv‡Ki Wy‡qZ BZ¨vw` welq Dc¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj|

M¤¢xiv Mvb iPbvi K…wZ‡Ë¡i ¯xK…wZ wn‡m‡e AmsL¨ cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbv jvf K‡i‡Qb mywd gv÷vi| Zvui Mvb ï‡b Kwi¸i“ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb| 1918 mv‡j Kwe¸i“

kvk¦wZKx 160

Zvu‡K †mvbvi †g‡Wj Dcnvi w`‡qwQ‡jb cvebv mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§j‡b| ï‡f”Qv †c‡qwQ‡jb †`keÜz wPËiÄb `vk I †bZvRx myfvl P› ª emyi wbKU †_‡K| Rxe‡bi †klfv‡M 1978 mv‡j wZwb ivRkvnx †_‡K Ôgv`vi eL&k mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ cyi¯‹viÕ Ges 1977 mv‡j ÔDËiv mvwnZ¨ gRwjm cyi¯‹viÕ jvf K‡ib| AvaywbK M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi iƒcKvi mywd gv÷vi 1980 mv‡j cwiYZ eq‡m PvucvBbeveMÄ †Rjvi inbcy‡i B‡š—Kvj K‡ib|

†kL mwdDi ingvb Ii‡d gv÷v‡ii M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi bgybv : UvKv-we`¨v (ab I we`¨vi Kjn) we`¨v : we`¨vbvg& bim¨‡cvaKs cÖmbœvwn ¸ßabg we`¨v †fvMKvix htmt myLKvix we`¨v ¸i‡e ïi“| we`¨v eÜy we‡`k Mg‡b we`¨vivRmy c~wRZv| bvB abwe`¨v wenxb cï|

UvKv : UvKv ag©t UvKvwn cigs ïi“| hm¨M„‡n UvKv bvw — nv UvKv nv UvKv m`v| UvKvi Rb¨ wejvI MZ¡v, mv‡ne mv‡R Avìs| ayZ¨vw`Z¡vs cwiZ¨³v †KvU c¨v‡›U mvRbg& | nv UvKv nv UvKv Kwi eyR Pvcom& |

Df‡q : fvB‡i UvKv-we`¨vq welg Ø›Ø mfvq wePvi Ki †KWv eo †K fvjg›`|

we`¨v : ¯‡`‡k c~wRZ ivRv| we‡`‡k Lvq cUj fvRv| weØvb †jv‡K RM‡Z c~R¨| †`L we`¨vi gRv|| we`¨v †`q ab, ZzB Qvo UvKvi ab| UvKv Awfgvbx g~L©abx, †PvL _vK‡Z AÜ|

UvKv : UvKv cwihy‡M gvb¨, UvKv ivRv e‡j MY¨, ab¨ ab¨ UvKvq KZ nq ag© c~Y¨| UvKvi †Rv‡i we`¨v wKwb †Zvi UvKv bB‡j cv‡i me wKQz eÜ|

we`¨v : RMrc~R¨ mi¯Zx, weØv‡bi K‡Ú emwZ Avh©fÆ, wbDUb, Kvwj`vm cÖf„wZ| we`¨v †`q Ávb-ab Áv‡b nq nwimvab Zvi ¯v¶x iƒc-mbvZb ¯M©evmx nb| UvKvi gyL GB Kv‡j, ytL cvq ciKv‡j Z‡i hvq we`¨ve‡j hZ f³ e„›`|

kvk¦wZKx 161

UvKv : ïavI gymjgvb wn› y‡K hZ‡b iv‡L wmÜz‡K j²x e‡j c~‡R Avgvq RM‡Zi †jv‡K| UvKv K‡i cvKv, wgDwbc¨vwjwUi †ivW hvq bvjvq M‡Ü| e›`bv 1945 (cwðgv mf¨Zv MÖvm Kivq wke I †è‡èxi Acgvb)

†Zvgvi Giƒc nZeyw× †è, gv_vq MRv‡jv †Kb| †eva nq wmw× ¸ov †Q‡o we‡`kxq myiv K‡iQ cvb|(ni) 1.B›`ªivRvi eRª †K‡o, byimv‡n‡ei w`jv K‡i, ZvB †n †UwjMÖv‡di Zv‡i cvB †gviv cÖgvY|(ni) 2. †`wL P› ª‡è bvB‡U, R¡ B‡jKwUªK jvB‡U| †eu‡a‡Q †ek Av‡a Kvu‡a, bvwn cwiÎvY| (ni) 3. †ÎZvhy‡M cvB †n cÖgvY evj¥xwK †`q Kz‡k cÖvY `vb| 4. †èvw`‡è k~b¨c‡_, †eov‡Zb †n †P‡c i‡_| †mB we`¨vwU †e¨vghv‡b Ki¨v‡Qv †hvM`vb| (ni) 5.ceb g‡`¨ Rvnv‡Ri cv‡j, eiY eva¨ w÷gvi †i‡j, (Avevi) wejv‡Z †Ugm& b`xK~‡j wek¦Kg©vi avg| 6. FK, h yt, AZe©, mvg-Gme †e‡ì ivL‡bv bv bvg| (GLb) wk¶v w`‡”Q ÷zwcW W¨vg, K‡i Bswjkg¨vb| (ni)

B› ª`gb †kV (1905-1980) : cwðge‡½i wewkó M¤¢xiv iPwqZv B›`ª gb †kV 1905 mv‡j gvj`n †Rjvi AvB‡nv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnb K‡ib| Zvui wcZvi bvg bKwo †kV| Zvui wk¶vMZv †hvM¨Zv gvBbi cvk A_© vr eZ©gvb Kv‡ji Aóg gvb| wZwb AvB‡nv AÂ‡j Ki Av`vqKvix wQ‡jb|

evj¨Kvj †_‡KB wZwb m½x‡Zi cÖwZ AbyivMx wQ‡jb| cÖv‡Yi ZvwM‡` wZwb mvgvwRK welqvwš¿Z AmsL¨ M¤¢xivMvb iPbv K‡ib| gvj`vi AvÂwjK fvlvq mZxk¸‡ßi ci Zvui kãPqb I c`web¨vm ¯vZ‡š¿ i `vex`vi | B› ª gb †kV 1980 mv‡j ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|

(evsjvi AatcZ‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z †jLv Mvb) nvq‡i ¯vaxbZvi aviv| nvq‡i ¯vaxbZvi aviv| GLb fv½¨v Pzi¨v Di¨v Di¨v cyi¨v Kzbw`‡K n‡e Lvov| 1. wn›`y †gvm‡jg †Rb Lªx÷vb GK ìRv me n‡j, ‡`L‡Z †`L‡Z Kwji KvÛ †Nvi Kwj‡Z †cvj Iwi g‡a¨ _¨vKv c~e©-cwðge½ nÕj mviv| 2. evOvwj Avi bq evOvwj, AevOvjx †bZv, Zv‡ì Pv‡c, nv‡c `v‡c _yrbx _vuZv, c~e©-cwðg evOvwj GLb wR›`v‡Z Avagiv|| 3.c~e© cwðg evOvwj wgj¨v ¯ivR Avb‡j †cvi¨v nvq‡i †m evOvjx GLb mI nvZ R‡ji Z‡j †cvi¨v,

kvk¦wZKx 162

Avevi AevOvjx evOvjx‡K Ki‡j jmwm Mvov|| 4.we`¨v eyw× Ávb weÁv‡b `ywbqvr wQj †miv, GLb †mB evOvjx †Nvi KvOvjx e¨vov Rv‡j †Niv| PvK&ix PvK&ix †Kvi¨v cv‡q †a¨vi¨v n‡”Q AvZ¥nviv|| 5. †Kv_vq my‡ib, wPËiÄb, †Kv_vq ew¼g, iwe, I‡i ¶zw` Avw` knx‡ìv Avi e‡½i Qwe, †Zv‡ì agbx‡Z Zv‡ì i³ b¨vq bv wK‡i mvov|| 6. RvM& evOvjx Qvo evOvjx, DVv Kvw”P-cvw°, I‡i e½f½ GK †nv‡q hvK, †i‡L ag©mv¶x, bB‡j evOvjxi ’vb bvB fvi‡Z nwj QbœQvov|

ˆmq` †gvnv¤§` †mv‡jgvb Ii‡d †mv‡jgvb Wv³vi (R.1908) : M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi Ab¨Zg iƒcKvi ‰mq` †mv‡jgvb Ii‡d †gvnv¤§` †mv‡jgvb Ii‡d †mv‡jgvb Wv³vi 1908 mv‡ji 18 gvP© Awef³ fvi‡Zi gvj`n †Rjvi cyivZb gvj`vi (Iì gvj`v) Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui wcZvi bvg giûg ˆmq` dvBgywÏb|

†mv‡jgvb Wv³vi cÂg †kªYx ch©š— Aa¨vqb K‡ib| †ckvq wQ‡jb wPwKrmK| cÖ_‡g Bs‡iR evRv‡ii cyovUywj‡Z nvRx Wv³v‡ii Wv³viLvbvq nv‡Z Lwo| GB Wv³viLvbvq G¨v‡jvc¨vw_ I †nvwgIc¨vw_ Dfq IlyaB †`qv n‡Zv| GLv‡b wKQzKvj Ae ’vb K‡i wZwb wPwKrmv †ckvq AwfÁZv AR©b K‡ib| Zvici wPËiÄb evRv‡ii cv‡k †`vKvb †Lv‡jb| †mLvb †_‡KB Wv³vi wn‡m‡e Zvui cwiwPwZ Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| 1962 mv‡j wZwb ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK ’v‡bi (eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k) PvucvBbeveMÄ gnKzgv kn‡i P‡j Av‡mb|

†mv‡jgvb Wv³vi GKRb ¯fve Kwe wQ‡jb| wZwb cÖvq mnmªvwaK M¤¢xivMvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| mvgvwRK welq A‡c¶v †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK welq m¤úwK©Z M¤¢xiv Mvb iPbvq Zvui AwaK AvMÖn j¶¨ Kiv hvq| Zvui iwPZ Mv‡bi AwaKvskB AvR nvwi‡q †M‡Q| wZwi‡ki `k‡K Zvui Mv‡bi weKvk I mg„w× N‡U| cÖL¨vZ wkíx I m½xZ iPwqZv wek¦bv_ cwÊZ Zvui `‡j wQ‡jb, c‡i Df‡qi g‡a¨ gZvš—i nIqvi ci wek¦bv_ cwÛZ c„_K `j MVb K‡ib|

wek¦hy‡×vËi hy‡M a‡g©i eÜb gyw³ Z_v ivRbxwZ welqK M¤¢xiv Mv‡b mywd gv÷v‡i m‡½ †mv‡jgvb Wv³vi GK ¯§iYxq bvg| ZvQvov Aaybv evsjv‡`‡k G‡m PvucvBbeveMÄ AÂ‡j M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi cÖPvi-cÖmv‡i Zvui Ae`vb kª×vi m‡½ ¯§ibxq| †mv‡jgvb Wv³vi cwiYZ eq‡m PvucvBbeveMÄ kn‡i ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| Zvui Mv‡bi bgybv wb‡gœ bgybv cÖ Ë n‡jv|

(†Q‡ji evev I †g‡qi evev) †Q‡ji eve : Av‡M mvgjv wb‡Ri evox w`m& c‡iwc †`vl, n‡q †e‡nuvm †g‡q †i‡L avox| 1 †g‡qiB, ¸Y, Kvbv †e¸b †R‡bI Zvi gvZv|

kvk¦wZKx 163

N‡i e‡m AvUv wc‡m n‡q †XuwK huvZv| †KD ej‡Z †M‡j, fvRv †Z‡j Zvwi fv‡½ nvuwo|| 2 †mvbvi Pzwo nv‡Z Nwo Pkgv Gu‡U| †LvcviB Pzj, Rwo‡q dzj evu‡a †XD †K‡U| I Ny‡i gZje K‡i, d¨vmvb a‡i I c‡i gvK©v gviv kvox|| 3 UwK †`‡L, bvP Mvb wk‡L AviI KZ wK| cÖvY †X‡j Kvu‡` †d‡j Lvq gvLb wN| †eovq †bŠKvq P‡o, ¸Y a‡i mgy‡`ª †`q cvwo|

†g‡qi evev : hvB †Zvi K_vi ewjnvix mvdvB †S‡o, gv_v †b‡o †`LvI †`vl Avgvwi|| 1 †Q‡jiv AvR †c‡q ¯ivR †m‡R ag©v lvuo| mvay †e‡k N‡i G‡m Lyu‡R gayi fvuo| †L‡j Zvm cvkv, j‡q Avkv K‡i AvÇv Rvwi| gvwm wcwm, †h hvi Lywk m¤Ü †c‡Z, Av‡m hvq, ï‡l Lvq i‡½‡Z †g‡Z| P‡j DRvb fvUv, fy‡j NvUv †m‡R eª¶Pvix|| 2 †jLv cov, we‡q Kiv wk‡K‡Z Zz‡j, D‡o Svu‡K Svu‡K, Pvu‡ì dvu‡K

kvk¦wZKx 164

dzUš— dz‡j Ny‡i wejvwmZvq, Pig gvÎvq n‡q †e‡ivR Mvox|

wek¦bv_ cwÊZ (1920-2001) : gvj`‡ni cÖL¨vZ M¤¢xiv iPwqZv wek¦bv_ cwÛZ 1920 mv‡j gvj`n †Rjvi Bs‡iR evRvi _vbvi nvU‡Lvjv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui wcZvi bvg Ag„Zjvj| cye©cyi“‡li Avwèvm wenvi n‡jI cÖvq `y‡kv eQi Av‡M gvj`vq Zvu‡ì cwiev‡ii AvMgb N‡U|

wek¦bv‡_i cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v bv _vK‡jI, wZwb wQ‡jb ¯wkw¶Z| Zvui †ckv wQj g~jZ g„rwkí| cÖwZgvwkíx, cyZzj mm& I I‡qj †cw›Us-G wQj Zvui AmvaviY `¶Zv| wZwb ˆZix Ki‡Zb wewPÎ AvKv‡ii gvwUi cyZzj I †Uiv‡KvUv cyZzj|

Mvb wQj wek¦bv_ cwÛ‡Zi i‡³ cÖengvb| hLb Zvi eqm 7/8 eQi wVK ZLbB Zvui Mvb ï‡b gy» nb M¤¢xivi Ab¨Zg iƒcKvi †gvnv¤§` mwdDi ingvb I Ii‡d mywd gv÷vi| cÖ_‡g K…òhvÎvi Awf‡bZv wn‡m‡e m½xZv½‡b c`PviYv ïi“ Ki‡jI Zvui weKvk N‡U mydx gv÷v‡ii `‡j †hvM`v‡bi d‡j| 1937 mv‡j wek¦bv_ wb‡RB GKwU `j MVb K‡ib|

wek¦bv_ cwÊ‡Zi M¤¢xiv `‡ji Mvb †jLK (M¤¢xiv iPwqZv) wQ‡jb †Mvcvj `vm| cieZ©xKv‡j †mv‡jgvb Wv³v‡ii MvbI Zvui `‡j cwi‡ekb Kiv n‡Zv| †kl ch©v‡q wZwb wb‡RB m½xZ iPbv ïi“ K‡ib| 1960-62 mvj ch©š— Zvui wbR¯^ `‡ji Abyôvb n‡Zv|

cwðge‡½i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b M¤¢xiv Mvb cwi‡ekb K‡i L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib wek¦bv_| 1948 mv‡j KjKZvq MYbvU¨ ms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M AbywôZ M¤¢xiv Drm‡e wZwb †mv‡jgvb Wv³v‡ii e›`bv w`‡q Avmi ïi“ K‡ib| Zvui Mvb L¨vwZgvb Pjw”PÎKvi FwË¡K NUK, Awf‡bZv Drcj `Ë, wkíx †ngv½ wek¦vm cÖgy‡Li AKzÉ cÖksmv jvf K‡ib| 1993 mv‡j wZwb Zvui †hvM¨Zvi ¯xK…wZ¯iƒc cwðge½ miKvi KZ©„K Ôjvjb cyi¯‹v‡iÕ f~wlZ nb| 1944 mv‡j gvj`vn AbywôZ †Rjv M¤¢xiv Drme I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Avm‡i wZwb mfvcwZ W. cÖ‡`¨vZ †Nvl I †Rjv kvmK KZ©„K m¤§vbbv jvf K‡ib| fviZ miKv‡ii Z_¨ I ms¯‹…wZi `ßi Zvui Ae`v‡bi ¯xK…wZ ¯iƒc mviv Rxeb evwl©K ev‡iv nvRvi UvKv K‡i Aby vb gÄyi K‡i e‡U| wKš‘ Zvui g„Zz i 3/4 w`b ci †m †NvlYvcÎ Zvui cyÎ‡ì nv‡Z Av‡m|

wek¦bv_ cwÊZ Abb¨ kÖ“wZai Ges ¯§„wZaiI e‡U| Mv‡bi ZvwË¡K I cÖv‡qvwMK w`‡K Zuvi cvwÊZ¨ G ch©š— iv‡R¨ †g‡jwb| wek¦bv_ cwÊ‡Zi Mv‡bi bgybv-

Av‡gi Mvb ( yB Avg we‡µZv-GKRb †Q‡j, Ab¨Rb †g‡q) †g‡q : evey, ewj †Zvgvi Kv‡Q, Iav‡i †hI cv‡Q GLv‡bI Av‡Q, bvgKiv Avg| (Zzwg) jvIbv †`L¨v ïb¨v wb‡Ri nv‡Z ¸b¨v GKUvI cvev bv LyuR¨v, miv cuPv (†Kev‡i cuPv) Avg

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†Q‡j : evey eo Kó KBiv, Mv‡Qi Ici PBi¨v Gb¨vwQ cvBiv¨v, gvj`Bqv Avg| (Zzwg) jvIbv bv jvI, PvBLv †`BLv hvI G‡K G‡K ïbvB KZ iKg bvg| ¶xi‡gvnb, gwZSziY, w`jmvR, ¶ximvcvwZ, e„›`vebx, †Mvcvj‡fvM, ywaqv, fviZx †jvnvRs, †eMgevnvi, yaKz‡gvi , Kzqvcvnvov, AviRvbv, wgQwiKb, myigvdRjx, wN KvÂY, †gvnbfvM, j¤¢vfv yiv, PKPKv, ¸wUwm›`yiv, †ej~qv, †Kj~qv, AvKjygvwU, RvwjevÜv, wnj&mv‡cwU, mxZv‡fvM, eb`v‡mvbviv ivgcwmb, wRjvwcK¨viv, †ev¤vB, meRv, †kŠj&X&Kv i“wngyÛv, †PvOv, ûK&Kv, Kvjvcvnvo, gywbiv, w`jevnvi, dzwbqv, †ZvZvgywL, wkqvjLvDwK, j¨vsov, †MvjvgcRvg|| (ayqv) LyUvwiqv, †avKwiqv, bvKzqv, ZvevKeymb Kijv`vwM, wKlvY‡fvM, †MvjvcLvm, ZvjKzb, gwYKvÂb, Kv”PvwgVv, KzgovRvwj, imybcvZv, wPwbP¤úv, †gvnbevuwk, Kvjyqv`vMx, ev‡ivgvwm Rvgvwbqv, mvIwbqv, KvDqvwWw¤^, gÛvwbqv Avwk¦bv , Kg©v, gayPywK wMa&bx nvM&Mv cvwb jUwK ivLvj‡fvM, Rûwiqv beve cwmb, Kcywiqv Ag„Z‡fvM, †KvwnZzi †MŠowRwZ, †gvwZPzi wngmvMi, †Pvimv, iOevnvi, evZvm wPovwfRv, †KvmvKvÂb, jL&bv, cwZivg|(ayqv)

†`vKwo †PŠayix (1927) : Bs‡iRevRv‡ii evukevwoi †`vKwo †PŠayix wQ‡jb GKRb M¤¢xiv msMxZ iPwqZv I MvqK wkíx| hvu‡ì Rb¨ M¤¢xiv msMwZ GLb I gvj`‡n Avmb †c‡Z e‡m Av‡Q Zvu‡ì DËim~ix n‡”Qb †`vKwo †PŠayix| 1965 mv‡j †hv‡M› ªbv_ †PŠayix (gUi) hLb KzZzecyi M¤¢xiv `j †Q‡o bZzb `j ˆZwi K‡ib, ZLb †èbv_ iv‡qi (nvejv) m‡½ wZwbI wQ‡jb gUi `‡ji M¤¢xiv msMxZ iPwqZv| M¤¢xiv msMxZ iPwqZv I MvqKwkíx wn‡m‡e wZwb gvj`‡ni

kvk¦wZKx 166

gvby‡li Kv‡Q AwZcwiwPZ| wZwb GLb M¤¢xiv msMxZ‡K nvwZqvi K‡i mvgvwRK Ab¨vq, AwePvi I cxo‡bi wei“‡× jovB K‡i P‡j‡Qb| †`vKwo †PŠayix iwPZ M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi bgybv :

wK Lvwe‡U ewnb cv°v Avg ayqv ivL& myqv‡ì †PvcvLvb| nvgiv gvj‡`vi †jvK, wMjwQ‡U †XvK wek UKv wK‡jv Av‡gi `vg mgeQi Av‡gi w`‡b, Kzwo‡q KvËv Avg evMv‡b evM`yi PvL¨v wkqvj LvDwK, L¨vqv‡Q mv‡c †cvKv e¨v‡O AvBR DMjvD wg‡j bv ewnb bv PvLyb GKbv miv Avg| gvKB ev`v‡gi QvZzqv, L¨v‡q wQjvg gvwLq¨v †R¨vwó Av‡lvp, kvIb fvÏi, L¨vqvwQ iwkq¨ †`‡Lwb fvZi“wUi gyL, nvq †i wK myL G¨vLyb L¨v‡P wgwb÷vi, †Pqvig¨vb| ZvB Kwn ewnb‡U Avg †cwe Avi Kzb‡V Mvwo Mvwo Pvjvb †M‡Q we`¨v‡ki evRv‡i nv‡U fvB`vi Avmbv, †mI c¨vmbv wjmbv gy‡L Avi Av‡gi bvg|

wbg©j `vm Ii‡d wbi“ ( 1929-2005) : cwðge‡½ cÖPwjZ cvjv M¤¢xivi Ab¨Zg cÖavb PwiÎ g~L¨ Awf‡bZv (DwPZ e³v) wn‡m‡e hvuiv Abš—Kvj a‡i ¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡eb Zvu‡ì g‡a¨ wbg©j`vm Ii‡d wbi“ Ab¨Zg|

wbg©j`v‡mi Rb¥ gvj`n †Rjvi Bs‡iRevRvi _vbvi M‡qkcyi MÖv‡g 1929 mvj| Zvui wcZvi bvg A‡Nvibv_| lô †kªYx ch©š— covi ci wZwb gvj`n †Kv‡U©i gyûix wn‡m‡e Kvh©µg ïi“ K‡ib|

†QvU‡ejv †_‡K M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi cÖwZ Zvui AvMÖn j¶¨ Kiv hvq| cÖ_‡g wZwb †èbv_ ivq Ii‡d nvej Ges wek¦bv_ cwÊ‡Zi wbKU wk¶v MªnY K‡ib| Zvici †Mvcxbv_ †k‡Vi `‡j †hvM`vb K‡ib| `‡ji cÖavb Awf‡bZv †hv‡M›`ªbv_ †PŠayix Ii‡d gU‡ii mn‡hvMx bvix Pwi‡Î AmvaviY Awfbq K‡ib| gUi evey c„_K `j Ki‡j wbi“ †Mvcxbv‡_i `‡ji g~L¨ Awf‡bZv wn‡m‡e KvR ïi“ K‡ib| wZwb my xN© cÂvk eQi M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi m‡½ RwoZ wQ‡jb| gUi eveyi mgmvgwqK hy‡M Ab¨Zg Ges gUi cieZ©x wbi“B cwðge‡½i †kªô M¤¢xiv Awf‡bZv G‡Z m‡›`n †bB|

wbi“ KjKvZv ~i`k©b, AvKvkevYxi wkíx wn‡m‡e `xN© xb a‡i M¤¢xiv cwi‡ekb K‡ib| GQvov wewfbœ Abyôv‡b Zvui Dcw ’wZ wQj mie| Bbw÷wUDU Ae †dvKKvjPvi, gvj`n m‡¤§jb I KjKvZv ¯§viK m¤§vb mn wewfbœ I msea©bv wZwb jvf K‡ib| wbg©j `vm (wbi“) eZ©gv‡b gvj`vq Bs‡iRevRvi _vbvq KzZzecyi bqvMÖv‡g ’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Qb|

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Wv. †ècÖmv` mvwUqvi (1931-2005) : cÖMwZkxj M¤¢xivwkíx I iPwqZv Wv. †ècÖmv` mvwUqvi 1931 mv‡j Awef³ evsjvi gvj`n †Rjvi Bs‡iR evRvi _vbvi †MvjvcwÆ‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui wcZvi bvg ¯^M©xq k¼ix cÖmv`| Zvuiv Pvi cyi“l a‡i †MvjcwÆ‡Z emevm K‡i Avm‡Qb|

†ècÖmv‡ì wk¶v Rxe‡bi m~Pbv gvj`n kn‡i| 1948 mv‡j g¨vwUªKz‡jkb cvm K‡i KjKZvi e½evmx K‡j‡R AvB. Gm. wm.†Z fwZ© nb| AvB.Gm.wm cv‡mi ci KjKvZv †gwW‡Kj K‡jR †_‡K 1956 mv‡j Gg.we.we Gm cvk K‡ib| KjKvZv wc.wR nvmcvZv‡j `yÕeQi nvDm ÷vd wn‡m‡e KvR Kivi ci wZwb gvj`n wd‡i Av‡mb| 1958 mvj †_‡K wZwb Bs‡iRevRv‡i †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ nb|

†ckvq wPwKrmK n‡jI †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB m½x‡Zi cÖwZ wQj Zvui Amxg AvMÖn| gvj`n M¤¢xivi †K› ªf~wg ZvB ‰kke †_‡KB wZwb M¤¢xivi AvenvIqvq cÖwZcvwjZ nb| KjKvZv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R Aa¨vqbKvjxb mg‡q wZwb eû Abyôv‡b M¤¢xiv Mvb cwi‡ekb K‡ib| Bs‡iR evRv‡ii GB L¨vwZgvb wPwKrmK †h‡Kvb Abyôv‡b M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi Avgš¿Y †c‡j Zv mvb‡›` MÖnY Ki‡Zb| GKmgq wZwb GKwU M¤¢xiv `jI MVb K‡ib|

Wv. †ècÖmv` M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi Ôwke †nÕ bv‡gi GKwU K¨v‡mU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Zvui 8 wU RbwcÖq Mvb ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| M¤¢xiv QvovI 1997 mv‡j jNy m½x‡Zi msKjb MÖš’ Ôm½xZvÄwjÕ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|

cÖwZfvi ¯xK…wZ ¯iƒc †ècÖmv` †c‡q‡Qb A‡bK cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbv| 1994 mv‡j wZwb †RjvwfwËK M¤¢xiv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Abyôv‡b msea©bv I AvB.Gg.G (I.N.A) gvj`vi ¸Yx msea©bv jvf K‡ib|

Wv. †ècÖmv‡ì Mvb AZ¨š— e¯—wbô| Zvui Mvb mim A_P wbf©xK, GgbwK wb‡Ri †kªYxwPÎ (Wv³vi †kªYx) †KI AvµgY wZwb n‡Zv`¨g weiZ nbwb| 2005 mv‡j wZwb ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| Wv. †ècÖmv‡ì mvwUqv‡ii M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi bgybv|

KjKvZv `k©b 1360 e½vã (MÖvg¨ †Ucix ev‡ci KjKvZv `k©‡bi Awfjv‡li K_v) 1. Pj †Ucxi gv, nvgiv yRbv Nyi¨v Avwm KjKvZvq| †ij Mvoxr †Pvov¨v, hv‡ev †`vo¨v mva wQj g‡b evovB| 2. cvš—vfv‡Z byb wcuqvR w`q¨v eu vav †j ZzB MvgQv‡Z wjq¨v IB‡V c‡_-wec‡_ wfb-Mvu‡q‡Z wK Lv‡ev fy‡Li R¡vjvq| 3. IB‡V c‡_ ¸bWv Kov †Rvi| cv‡Q cv‡V j¨vM‡Z cv‡e †Zv| ivwLm Kov bRi, ivL& eu vav †Zvi| IB LyuÆv nvgvi LyuUvq| 4. IB‡V KvjxNv‡U Av‡Q RvMvb Kvjx, gvbZ Ki¨v wè cuvVv ewj|

kvk¦wZKx 168

ej‡ev †PvL Zzj¨v Pv gv Kivjx bBj esk Lvwj _¨vKv hvq| 5.IB‡V iv —v w`qv P‡j †Uivg Mvox BbwRb bvB, auyqvi bvB ZviB| Lvwj wUw° w`q¨v Zv‡i Zv‡i †Kg‡b Ki¨v AvMvq-cvQvq| 6.IB‡V gi`-gvBqvi †Kvb Zdvr bvB| GKB m‡½ †nj‡Z- yj‡Z hvq| †Zv‡KI †Kvi‡ev gW©vY nv‡ji d¨vkvb nvZ ai¨v Lv‡ev nIqvq|

KyZzeyj Avjg (1936-1999) : evsjv‡`‡ki M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi wKse`š—xi wkíx KzZzeyj Avj‡gi Rb¥ 1936 mv‡ji 23 Ryb PvucvBbeeMÄ kn‡i| Zvui wcZvi bvg AvjnvR¡ kvgmyi ingvb, we.G. wU wZwb GRb¨ wk¶vwe` I miKvix Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb|

KzZzeyj Avjg we.G ch©š— co‡jI cix¶vq AskMÖnY K‡ibwb| Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek K‡ib 1965 mv‡j| cÖ_‡g mwPevj‡q wiwjd GÛ wen¨vwewj‡Ukvb wefv‡Mi wbgœgvb mnKvwi c‡` PvKzwi K‡ib| 1963 mv‡j K…wl Z_¨ ms ’vq gnKzgv ch©v‡q gvV msMVKÕ c‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1967 mv‡j PvucvBbeveMÄ e`jx n‡q Av‡mb| Zvici wewfbœ †Rjvq PvKzwi Kivi ci mnKvix K…wl m¤cÖmviY Kg©KZ©v n‡q Aemi MÖnY K‡ib|

GKRb Awf‡bZv wn‡m‡e Zvui mvs¯‹…wZK Rxe‡b m~Pbv| Awfbq K‡i‡Qb AmsL¨ bvU‡K| Pjw”P‡ÎI Zuvi N‡U‡Q mie c`PviYv| M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi nv‡Z Lwo 1949 mv‡j| HwZnëvnx nwi‡gvnb miKvwi D”P we`¨vj‡q mßg †kªYxi QvÎ _vKvKvjxb mg‡q wZwb cÖ_g M¤¢xiv K‡ib| 1974 mvj †_‡K Avg„Zz wZwb evsjv‡`k †eZvi I †Uwjwfk‡b M¤¢xiv K‡ib|M¤¢xiv Mv‡b ÔbvbvÕ wn‡m‡e Awfbq cÖwZfvq RxeÏkvq wZwb cÖev` cÖwZg| jvf K‡i‡Qb AmsL¨ cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbv| Gme cyi¯‹vi g‡a¨ ivRkvnx m½xZ feb, cÙv w_‡qUvi, evsjv‡`‡ki †dvK‡jvi †K›`ª KZ©„K cÖ Ë m¤§vbbv D‡j−L‡hvM¨ | wZwb †`‡ki evB‡iI M¤¢xiv cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb| 1994-1995 mv‡j wZwb fvi‡Zi w`j−x, KjKvZv, ea©gvb, njw`qv, WvqgÛ nvievi cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡b M¤¢xiv cwi‡ekb K‡ib| M¤¢xivi GB cÖev`cÖwZg wkíx 1999 mv‡ji 14 wW‡m¤i XvKvq ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|

iwKeyÏxb (1442-2005) : evsjv‡`‡ki M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi Ab¨Zg RbwcÖq wkíx (bvwZ) iwKeyÏx‡bi Rb¥ fvi‡Zi cwðge½ iv‡Rï gvj`n †Rjvi dzjKzwo MÖv‡g 1942 mv‡j| Zvui wcZvi bvg mv‡ei Avjx| †`k wefv‡Mi ci wZwb wcZvi m‡½ gvj`n †_‡K PvucvBbeveMÄ P‡j Av‡mb|

iwKeyÏx‡bi wcZv wQ‡jb weL¨vZ M¤¢xiv iPwqZv (bZzb Avw½‡Ki M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi iƒcKvi) †kL mwdDi ingvb Ii‡d mywd gv÷v‡ii fvB| wZwb M¤¢xiv `‡ji m‡½ hy³ wQ‡jb| wcZvi Aby‡cÖiYv Zvu‡K M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi cÖwZ Abyi³ K‡i †Zv‡j| GKK_vq ejv hvq M¤¢xivMvb DËivwaKvi m~‡Î iwKeyÏx‡bi i‡³ wg‡k Av‡Q|

kvk¦wZKx 169

iwKeyÏxb cÖvwZôvwbK `kg †kªYx ch©š— c‡o‡Qb nwi‡gvnb miKvwi D”P we`¨vj‡q| QvÎve ’v †_‡KB wZwb †Lqvj, Vygwi BZ¨vw` Mvb MvB‡Zb, cvkvcvwk Awfbq Ki‡Zb bvU‡K| 1972 mv‡j ZrKvjxb mgevq gš¿x gwZDi ingvb PvucvBbeveMÄ G‡j Zvui m¤§v‡b M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| †mB M¤¢xivq cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv bvwZ wn‡m‡e Avwef~©Z nb iwKeyÏxb| Zvici Avi wcQ‡b wd‡i ZvKv‡bv bq| 1972 mvj †_‡KB evsjv‡`k †eZv‡i M¤¢xiv cwi‡ekb ïi“ K‡ib| 1974 mv‡j evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi wkíx, KjKvZv, ea©gvb, njw`qv, WvqgÛ nvievi G M¤¢xiv cwi‡ekb K‡ib| KzZzeyj Avj‡gi g„Zz i ci wZwb ch©vqµ‡g ex‡i› ªbv_ †Nvl, gvneyeyj Avjg I mvB yi ingvb‡K bvbv K‡i `j MVb K‡ib| wZwb 6 b‡f¤i 2005 PvucvBbeveMÄ kn‡ii evmywbqvcwÆi wbR evmfe‡b B‡š—Kvj K‡ib|

ê`¨bv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1942-2004) : cwðge‡½i RbwcÖq M¤¢xiv iPwqZv I w©kíx ê`¨bv_ e‡›`vcva¨vq| Zuviv ’vqxfv‡e gvj`‡ni PvuP‡j emevm K‡i Avm‡Qb|

M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi cÖwZ ê`¨bv‡_i AvMÖn ˆkke †_‡KB| †mB Abyiv‡Mi Kvi‡Y wZwb †hv‡M› ªbv_ †PŠayix (gUi) I wbg©j `vm (wbi“) Gi wbKU wk¶v MÖnY K‡ib| lv‡Ui `kK †_‡KB wZwb Av‡kcv‡ki wewfbœ †Rjv †_‡K M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi Avgš¿Y †c‡Z _v‡Kb| gvj`vi AvÂwjK fvlvq M¤¢xiv Mvb iPbv I bZzb Avw½‡Ki mªóv wn‡m‡e L¨vwZgvb ê`¨bv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1984 mvj †_‡K wkïwkíx‡ì M¤¢xiv Mvb iPbvi Zvwjg †`qv ïi“ K‡ib| Zvui nv‡Z Mov wkïwkíx FK& PµeZ©x 1997 mv‡j AbywôZ gvj`n †Rjv M¤¢xiv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq eo‡ì m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i mvwe©K Awfb‡qi Rb¨ †kªô cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi aviv cÖevn‡K Pjgvb ivLvi †¶‡Î D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ae`vb ivLvq 1997 mv‡j gvj`n †Rjv Z…Zxq M¤¢xiv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Abyôv‡b wZwb msea©bv jvf K‡ib| M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi GB L¨vwZgvb wkíx I iPwqZv 2004 mv‡j ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| ê`¨bv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi bgybv :

wke-e›`bv G †Kvb e¨v‡k‡Z G¨vmv‡Qv bvbv|| †KvU-c¨v›UI c‡ivwb UvUv my‡gv P‡ovwb lvu‡o P¨‡o G¨vm‡Qv bvbv evN-QvjUv wcb¨v‡Qv AvLvi QvBUv g¨v‡L‡Qv wÎk~j nv‡Z G¨v‡m‡Qv bvbv|

Zzwg m¨v‡K‡jB _¨v‡K M¨v‡j bvbv| `¨v‡L e`‡j w`‡”Q †h Rvgvbv||

gvóvi‡ì wjL‡Z n‡e cÖvB‡fU cov‡ev bv bB‡j Avi †eZb cv‡e bv|

kvk¦wZKx 170

G wbqg m¤§v‡bi bv Am¤§v‡bi gM‡R/GUvB-†Lj‡Q bv| Zzwg Kcvj-†PvLUv Ly‡j a¨v‡Lv bvbv| G‡ì f¯§ Kivi hvq wKbv? bB‡j Q¨vPvB cvjUv‡e ywbqv|

wmivRyj Bmjvg (R.1942) : evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg L¨vwZgvb M¤¢xiv iPwqZv †gvt wmivRyj Bmjvg 1942 mv‡j Awef³ fvi‡Zi gvj`n †Rjvi (eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki PvucvBbeveMÄ †Rjv) beveMÄ _vbvi eviNwiqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| beveMÄ kn‡ii nwi‡gvnb BÝwUwUDkb †_‡K g¨vwUªKz‡jkb, beveMÄ K‡jR †_‡K B›UviwgwW‡qU I wWMÖx Ges ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Gg.G wWMÖx jvf K‡ib| 1965 mv‡j iscyi †Rjvi MvBevÜv _vbvi cjvkevox wWMªx K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv ïi“ K‡ib| Zvici wewfbœ mg‡q wkeMÄ gwnjv K‡j‡Ri Aa¨¶ wn‡m‡e Ges kvn& †bqvgZzj−vn K‡j‡Ri Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e PvKzix K‡ib| wZwb evsjv‡`k †eZvi iscyi I ivRkvnxi wkíx wn‡m‡e L¨vwZgvb| eZ©gv‡b wZwb ivRkvnx †eZv‡i †¯úkvj †MÖ‡Wi iex›`ª msMxZ wkíx| wZwb wZb kZvwaK M¤¢xiv Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wmivRyj Bmjvg iwPZ M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi bgybv :

(XvKvq AbywôZ mvK© m‡¤§jb‡K †K›`ª K‡i) †n bvbv mv‡K©i G Avm‡i †n Avm¨vwQ nvgiv KqRbv M¤¢xiv Mvb w`qv GLb Kie yÕK_v Av‡jvPbv| 1. knx` ivóªcwZ wRqvB fve‡jb `w¶Y Gwkqvq mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi Z‡e Kv‡R bvg‡jb D‡V c‡o Agi _vK‡jb wek¦evmxi wnqvq|| 3.fviZ kªxjsKv fyUvb gvjØxc †bcvj cvwK —vb Pj‡ev †gviv m‡e wg‡j mv_x n‡q GK wgwQ‡j Zz‡j m‡eGKZvi †k−vMvb|| `vwi ª Awk¶vi kÎ“ G me bv nVvB‡j Pj‡e bv|| 3. mvZfvB P¤úv †gviv hZ _vK‡ev Avcb fv‡qi gZ myLx cvi“j WvK‡e †k‡l GwM‡q hve fvj‡e‡m cvi nBe evav kZ kZ mvK© Pwj‡e Av‡jv nv‡Z †`LvB‡e mwVK wbkvbv|

kvk¦wZKx 171

gvneyeyj Avjg (R.1952) : evsjv‡`‡ki M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi eZ©gvb mg‡qi RbwcÖq wkíx bvbv gvneyeyj Avjg| PvucvBbeveMÄ †Rjvi mì Dc‡Rjvi ~M©vcyi MÖv‡g 1952 mv‡ji 8 RyjvB wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZvi bvg mv`vZzj Bmjvg|

gvneye Avjg PvucvBbeveMÄ miKvwi K‡jR †_‡K 1983 mv‡j we.G cvk K‡ib| Zvici kvn& †bqvgZzj−vn K‡j‡R MÖš’vMvwiK wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z 1996 G MÖš’vMvi I Z_¨ weÁvb wel‡q wW‡c−vgv K‡ib|

gvneye QvÎ Rxeb †_‡K ms¯‹…wZ AbyivMx| hLb wZwb 4_© †kªYxi QvÎ ¯‹z‡j M¤¢xiv Mvb K‡i mevB‡K gy» K‡ib| Z‡e M¤¢xiv Mvb Abykxjb ïi“ K‡ib 1984 mvj †_‡K| kn‡ii wewkó AvjKvc wkíx ex‡i› ªbv_ †Nvl‡K bvwZ evwb‡q wZwb M¤¢xiv MvIqv ïi“ K‡ib| 1986 mvj Zvui `j evsjv‡`k †eZvi ivRkvnxi ZvwjKvf~³ nq| ex‡ib †Nvl‡K wb‡q wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx, evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxmn wewfbœ RvZxq ch©v‡q cÖwZôv‡bi Avgš¿Y M¤¢xiv Mvb cwi‡ekb K‡ib|

ex‡ib †Nv‡li g„Zz i ci wKQzKvj wZwb iwKeyÏx‡bi m‡½ M¤¢xiv RywU ev‡ab| cieZ©x mg‡q 2000 mv‡j wZwb dvBRyi ingvb gvwb bv‡g Zi“Y GK wkíxi m‡½ RywU evu‡ab Ges A`ëwa Zvui `jwU †Rjvi kxl© ’vbxq `j wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡”Q|

gvneye-Gi M¤¢xiv, G ch©š— Qq kZvwaK M¤¢xiv cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Q, AR©b K‡i‡Q e¨vcK cÖksmv| wewfbœ cÖwZôvb KZ…©K jvf K‡i‡Qb cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbv| Gme m¤§vbbvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q RvZxq mvwnZ¨ cwil` cyi¯‹vi, †ivUvix K¬ve mb`, KzZzeyj bvbv ¯§„wZ msm` m¤§vbbv| gvneye M¤¢xiv QvovI wewfbœ ai‡Yi AvÂwjK Mvb cwi‡ekb K‡i B‡Zvg‡a¨ e¨vcK cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb|

nwi‡gvnb KzÊ : cwðge‡½i mvnvcy‡ii cÖL¨vZ M¤¢xiv Kwe nwi‡gvnb KzÊ| Zvui iwPZ Pvlxiƒ‡c wke GKwU Ava¨vwZ¥K M¤¢xiv| GLv‡b D³ wkee›`bvwU DØ„Z Kiv nj|

(wkee›`bv (Pvlxiƒ‡c wke) Zzwg n‡q Pvlx Kvkxevmx †Kb Kvkxk¦i? †Zvgvi Kg©‡¶Î GB eª¶vÊ †¶Î Ze ni|| eª¶v whwb weòzKzgvi, exReybvbx gRyi †Zvgvi, KZB †h exR nqwb mymvi, I‡n M½vai| gb AvZ¥v yB ej` †eu‡a, Kg© †Rvqvj Pvwc‡q Kvu‡a gvqvi¾y bvmvq †Qu‡` KZB bv Avi Zvo|| myL ytL yB k³ †hvav †mB †Rvqv‡j Av‡Q ‡_vZv| (Zzwg) AvkvjvwV w`”Q †MvuZv I‡n wM`¤i| m„wó n‡Z jq ch©š—, Pv‡li wK n‡e bv Aš—? (Zzwg) wKÂ`wc nIqv ¶¨vš—, I‡n we‡k¦k¦i| Ze †¶‡Î G msmvi, w`‡b w`‡b n‡”Q Amvi nwi‡gvnb e‡j I mvivrmvi, mviweZiY Ki|

kvk¦wZKx 172

kirP› ª `vm : kirP› ª `vm cwðe‡½i gvj`n †Rjvi Bs‡iRevRvi GjvKvi GKRb L¨vwZgvb M¤¢xiv iPwqZv| Zvui iwPZ GKwU M¤¢xivi cÖwZwU ¯—e‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q ZrKvjxb gvj`‡ni K‡qKRb wewkó e¨w³i D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kvh©Kjv‡ci wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b †mB MvbwUi K‡qKwU —eK D×„Z Kiv nj :

K‡jiv G‡m kn‡i †`Lv w`j cÖvq N‡i N‡i KZ evuPj KZ ˆgj †K Zvi †LvuR K‡i| GB K‡jivq nvwi‡qwQ fvB cÖv‡Yi ivwaKviÄb gnv — ej‡ì wMwi wb‡Ri myL cwinwi, GbU¨vÝ ¯‹zj Ki‡Z w`‡Z PvB‡j `vjvbevwo KZ©„c¶ n‡q ¯c¶ Ki‡eb wK Avkv c~iY? PvuP‡ji ivRv evnv yi K‡i‡Qb KZ †`‡ki Afve ~i bMwiqv ¯‹z‡j A_© cÖPzi (Avevi) wn› y-gymjgvb cvq ivRvi `vb K‡i‡Qb wZwb cÖRviÄb| iRbx cwÊZ gkvq gvj`‡ni DbœwZi Avkvq mvwnZ¨ mfv Mo‡j wZwb G e„× `kvq| cÖexb †c‡q‡Qb Zvi miKvix bexb KvjxiÄb| `‡ki Z‡i wfLvix nvgv‡ì wewcb wenvix K…wl wkí wk¶v w`‡Z hZ¥ K‡i fvwi||

evgbwenvix †Mv¯vgx : evgbwenvix †Mv¯vgx †MuvmvBevwoi eskRvZ GKRb D”P‡kªYxi †MuvmvB evgyb, ag©civqY e¨w³ Ges GKRb bvgKiv M¤¢xiv Kwe| Zvui M¤¢xiv msMx‡Zi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q GKUv Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi Qvc| GKv‡b Zvui iwPZ AvbygvwbK 1903 mv‡ji GK M¤¢xiv msMx‡Zi wkee›`bv D×„Z Kiv nj :

Rq Rq RMËviY k¤¢y, wk‡e MiRZ M½v A¯y myPvi“ KÉ whwb myK¯y jw¤Z Zv‡n i“ ª gvj| wKev Ai“Yvai Kz›` e`b, nvmë`b †kvwfZZ fvj| jw¤Z RUv jUv cU wk‡i bqb hyMj Xyjy Xyjy K‡i aKaK R¡‡i fvj †m Abj| wKev KwU‡Z †ewóZ †kvfv evNv¯i- wÎfyeb whwb MwZ gš’i, Zwi‡Z Acvi fe mvMi evgb gvwM‡Q I c` †Kej||

kvk¦wZKx 173

GLv‡b cwðge½ I evsjv‡`‡ki L¨vwZgvb K‡qKRb M¤¢xivwkíx I iPwqZvi msw¶ß cwiPq I Zvu‡ì m„wóK‡g©i bgybv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv| GQvovI AmsL¨ M¤¢xiv wkíx I iPwqZv cwðge½ I evsjv‡`‡k wQ‡jb Ges Av‡Qb| GLv‡b Zvu‡ì bvg Zz‡j aiv †h‡Z cv‡i-cwðge‡½i Agibv_ gÊj, Avï‡Zvl †Nvl, nwi‡evj mvnv, wKby nvj`vi, Kvjyqv, weïqv, ex‡ib †Nvl, Zvivc` miKvi, wegj ¸ß, eªRjvj cmvix, wewcb Lwjdv, kkx Wv³vi, Bgir †nv‡mb †PŠayix, f~‡cb mvnv, Rxeb nvj`vi, g„YvjKvwš— ivq, nvRvix emvK, ag© vm gÊj, †Mvô wenvix evwYR¨v, bxjKÉ `vm, M`vai gÊj, kgxi Lwjdv, weòz cÖmv` bvMi, abK…ò AwaKvix, g„Zz Äq nvj`vi, myavKi `vm, Zvivc` jvwnox, nwi`vm, ivavbv_ KzÊy cÖgyL| evsjv‡`‡ki M¤¢xiv iPwqZv I wkíxiv n‡”Qb cïcwZ †gv³vi, dRjyi ingvb †gv³vi, A¶qKzgvi cvj (j¶xcvj), bvBgyj nK, gKeyj †nv‡mb, †kL jvj †gvnv¤§` , AvdRvj †nv‡mb, Aa¨vcK Ave yj MwY, bvwRg DÏxb bvRy, dvBRyi ingvb gvwbK, ex‡i› ª bv_ †Nvl, mvB yi ingvb, LvBi“j Avjg, wkk †gvnv¤§`, Igi dvi“K, Av‡qk DÏxb, wRj−vi ingvb, ey×z Wv³vi, gwbgyj nK, bRi“j Bmjvg, ZvwRg miKvi, Kvgi“j nK, Ave ym mvjvg, Ave`yi ingvb miKvi, mÄq Kzgvi, Lvwei DÏxb, Avãyi iv¾vK, kvnRvgvj, gywbi Lvb, iv‡njv LvZzb, mvwebv Bqvmwgb, kvgxgv †nv‡mb, kvgmyi ingvb wgjb, kwidzj Avig Ry‡qj, kvgxDj nK kvIb, †gvRv‡¤§j nK, G.†K.Gg.AvwmK BKevj cv_©, ¯^cb Kzgvi cÖgyL D‡j−L‡hvM¨|

HwZnëvnx †jvKm½xZ M¤¢xiv Mv‡bi wkíx I iPwqZv‡ì wb‡q GLb ch©š— †Zgb †Kvb M‡elYv nqwb| A_P GB K…Zx wkíxiv my xN©Kvj a‡i GB m½xZ PP©v Z_v Abykxjb K‡i †`k I RvwZi mgm¨v I m¤¢ebvi K_v Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| A‡bK mgm¨vi mgvavb I n‡q‡Q Zvu‡ì cÖwZev`x m½x‡Zi Av‡e`‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z| ZvB nvwi‡q hvevi Av‡MB GB †jvKKwe-wkíx‡ì Rxebx I m„wóag©x msMÖn eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb|

kvk¦wZKx 174

b›`jvj kg©v nvmb ivRvi Mv‡bi fyeb ZzwK© weR‡qi c~‡e© evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvg ag© cÖPvi ïi“ n‡jI ZzwK© weR‡qi ci Zv eûj we¯Z…wZ jvf K‡i| GKB m‡½ Biv‡bi mywd gZev` GLv‡b cÖPvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K| wm‡j‡Ui gvbyl GLvbKvi wbm‡M©i cÖfv‡e Av‡eMcÖeY, AZxw›`ªq kw³‡Z wek¦vmx I avwg©K| mywdZ‡Ë¡i †gŠwjK ¸Y I a‡g©i mv‡_ G‡`‡ki gvby‡li gvbm‡jv‡Ki i‡q‡Q GK Avðh©Zg GKvZ¥‡eva| †m R‡b¨B giwg m½xZ jnix GLvbKvi gvbyl‡K K‡i †Zv‡j D`vmx| nhiZ kvnRvjvj (iv.)-Gi mvab‡K› ª wn‡m‡e wm‡j‡Ui GK we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ I Zvrch© i‡q‡Q|

wm‡jU kªx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei wcZ…f~wg| ˆPZb¨RxebxKvi gyivwi¸ßmn A‡bK ˆPZb¨ c`KZ©v wm‡j‡Ui Awaevmx wQ‡jb| êòemvwn‡Z¨ wm‡j‡Ui Ae`vb Ab¯xKvh©| ÒAZGe êòe †cÖg ag© I fw³ev`x mvabvi aviv †h wm‡j‡Ui g„wËKv Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i wn›`y gymjgvb fveyK wPš—K gvbe †cÖwgK gigxqv mvaK‡ì Avc−yZ K‡iwQj Zv‡Z wew¯§Z nIqvi wKQz †bB| GwU gnr HwZ‡nï cÖwZ kª×v I fv‡jvevmviB cÖZxK| GLv‡b a‡g© bvbv †f`-we‡f` †bB| d‡j wm‡j‡U GK D`vi I mgšqev`x ag© ms¯‹…wZi aviv M‡o I‡V| †MŠoxq êòe mvabvi weL¨vZ †K› ª wm‡j‡U nhiZ kvnRvjvj (i.) I Zuvi m½x‡ì cÖfv‡e Bmjv‡gi mywdev‡ì ü`‡qi is‡qiI †Qvc jv‡M| e ‘Zc‡¶ eZ©gvb e„nËi wm‡j‡U ga¨hyM †_‡K GKvj ch©š— †MŠivÏ gnvcÖfyi cÖwZ kª×vkxj gymjgvb Ges mywdmvaK evev kvnRvjv‡ji cÖwZ Avc−yZ wn›`yi msL¨vI †eïgvi| Ab¨w`‡K cÖL¨vZ cxi gywk© , ì‡ek, mvay-mš— Ges †jŠwKK avivi AMYb eyRM© mvaK, †jvK MvqK, Kwe I gigxqv fvey‡Ki mvabfRb I fvecÖKv‡ki ’vb wnmv‡eI wm‡j‡Ui L¨vwZ Abb¨| GB mvs¯‹…wZK Ave‡ni d‡j (kãwU GLv‡b LyeB mycÖhy³ g‡b Kwi) †MvUv wm‡jU AÂ‡j †h mvs¯‹…wZK fveRMr M‡o I‡V Zv we‡kl Zvrch©c~Y©| GB mvs¯‹…wZK DËivwaKv‡i ag©g‡Zi wfbœZv †Kv‡bv evav ev we‡iv‡ai m„wó K‡iwb|Ó (kvgmy¾vgvb 2009 : 127-128) wm‡j‡U ga¨ hy‡M I AvaywbK hy‡M A‡bK giwg Kwe Rb¥MÖnY K‡i giwg Kve¨fyeb Av‡jvwKZ K‡i‡Qb| mvabv I msMx‡Zi GB aviv wm‡j‡U GLbI mRxe|

evsjv giwg msMxZ mvgªv‡R¨ GKwU D¾¡j bvg nvmb ivRv Ñ Rwg`vi †Ìqvb nvmb ivRv †PŠayix| wZwb Agi n‡q Av‡Qb Zuvi Mv‡bi ZixÕi Rb¨| nvmb ivRvi (1854-1922) `ywU Mv‡bi eB cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj Ñ ÔnvQb D`vmÕ (1914, 2q ms¯‹iY 1926) I Ô†mŠLxb evnviÕ| cieZ©xKv‡j Zuvi Mv‡bi wewfbœ msKjb cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ nj †Ìqvb †gvnv¤§` ZvQvIqvi ivRv m¤úvw`Z ÔnvQb ivRv mgMÖÕ (2000, wØZxq gy ªY 2009) Ges ÔnvQb ivRvi m½xZ gvjvÕ (1999)|

gyivwiPuv` K‡j‡Ri (wm‡jU) D”P gva¨wgK weÁvb †kªYxi QvÎ cÖfvZ Kzgvi kg©v (1905-1988; mvZvËi eQi eq‡m Ôiex›`ªbv_ Ges Bs‡iwR fvlv I mvwnZ¨Õ Awfm›`f© iPbv K‡i KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K W±‡iU wWwMÖ jvf) K‡jR evwl©Kx‡Z (1924; AógLÊ, cÖ_g I wØZxq msL¨v) Ôgiwg Kwe nvmb ivRvÕ bv‡g GKwU cÖeÜ wj‡Lb| Ôwm‡jU

kvk¦wZKx 175

µwbKjÕ cwÎKvq cÖeÜwU cÖkswmZ n‡j cÖfvZKzgvi DrmvwnZ nb| wZwb 1925 mv‡ji †g gv‡m nvmb ivRvi AvUwU Mvb wb‡q kvwš— wb‡KZb hvb Ges iex› ªbv‡_i nv‡Z †`b| c‡i wZwb ÔnvQb D`vmÕ †_‡K Av‡iv 75wU Mvb Kwc K‡i iex› ªbv‡_i Kv‡Q cvVvb|

1925 mv‡ji 19 wW‡m¤i KjKvZvq AbywôZ BwÛqvb wdjmwdK¨vj Ks‡MÖ‡mi cª_g Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZi Awffvl‡Y iex› ªbv_ VvKzi nvQb ivRvi bvg D‡j−L bv K‡i mywPwš—Z gš—e¨mn Zuvi Mv‡bi D×„wZ cÖ vb K‡ib| fvlYwU wZwb Bs‡iwR‡Z w`‡qwQ‡jb GB fvl‡Yi e½vbyev` 1332 e½v‡ãi (1926) gvN msL¨vq gvwmK cÖevmx‡Z cÖKvwkZ nq| Abyev`wU iex› ªbv‡_i Aby‡gvw`Z n‡jI Abyev`‡Ki bvg Aby‡j−wLZ wQj| iex› ªbv_ Zuvi fvl‡Y e‡jwQ‡jbÑ

Òc~e©e‡½i GKwU MÖvg¨ Kwei Mv‡b `k©‡bi GKwU eo ZË¡ cvB Ñ †mwU GB †h, e¨w³ ¯iƒ‡ci mwnZ m¤Ü m~‡ÎB wek¦ mZ¨| wZwb MvB‡jb :

gg AvuwL nB‡Z cq`v Avmgvb Rgxb kix‡i Kwij cq`v k³ Avi big Avi cq`v Kwiqv‡Q VvÛv Avi Mig bv‡K cq`v Kwiqv‡Q Lykeq eèq|

GB mvaK Kwe †`wL‡Z‡Qb †h kvk¦Z cyi“l ZuvnviB wfZi nB‡Z evwni nBqv Zuvi bqbc‡_ Avwef©~Z nB‡jb| êw`K FwlI GgbBfv‡e ewjqv‡Qb †h, †h cyi“l wZwbB Avw`Z¨ gÊ‡j AwawôZ :

iƒc †`wLjvg †i bq‡b, Avcbvi iƒc †`wLjvg †i Avgvi gvSZ evwni nBqv, †`Lv w`j Avgv‡i||

GB me ZË¡ m½x‡Zi we‡klZ¡ GB †h, Bnv MÖvg¨ mvavi‡Yi fvlvq wjwLZ Ges wbZvš— AgvwR©Z ewjqv D”P mvwnZ¨ KZ…©K AeÁvZ|Ó

1930 mv‡j iex› ªbv_ A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡q The Religion of man kxl©K wnevU© †jKPv‡i cÖvq GKB fvlvq nvmb ivRv m¤ú‡K© gš—e¨ K‡ib I †mB ywU D×„wZ †`b| Ôgg AvuwL nB‡Z cq`v Avmgvb RgxbÕ MvbwU Øviv AbycÖvwYZ n‡q Kwe¸i“ †kl eq‡m Ôk¨vgjxÕ (1936) Kve¨MÖ‡š’i weL¨vZ Avwg KweZvq wj‡LbÑ

ÔAvgviB †PZbvi i‡O cvbœv nj meyR Pzwb DVj ivOv n‡q| Avwg †PvL †gjjyg AvKv‡kÑ R¡‡j DVj Av‡jv cy‡e cwð‡gÕ

ZLb Avm‡j nvmb ivRvi gZB Dcjwä fvlv cvq| dy‡ii e`bLvwb wR‡b KvÂv †mvbv Avcbvi iƒc †`wLqv Avcwb nBjvg dvbv Avcbvi iƒc †`wLqv Avcwb cvMj

kvk¦wZKx 176

wÎfyeb Qvwoqv iƒc K‡i Sjgj P›`ª m~h© bvB Hiƒ‡ci mgvb AB iƒc †`wLqv Avgvi euv‡P bv civb|

mgKvjxb Ab¨vb¨ K‡qKwU KweZvqI nvmb ivRvi cÖfve j¶¨ Kiv hvq|

Ònvmb ivRvi Mvb m¤ú‡K© †KŠZ~nj I AvMÖ‡ni m~ÎcvZ cÖfvZ Kzgv‡ii †QvU cÖeÜ w`‡q Ges Zuvi mvwnwZ¨K I `vk©wbK g~j¨vq‡bi P~ovš— ¯xK…wZ iex›`ªbv‡_i Awffvl‡Y| Gw`K w`‡q nvQb ivRv Ôiex› ªbv‡_i Avwe®‹viÕ ej‡j AZz w³ n‡e bv| AL¨vZ MÖvg¨ Kwe †c‡jb GK wek¦e‡iY¨ Kwei ¯xK…wZ|Ó (g„ yj 1992:14)

KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi 1949 mv‡j jxjv e³…Zvq (1993 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Ôevsjvi evDjÕ bvgK cy —K) wek¦fviZxi mv‡eK DcvPvh© AvPvh© w¶wZ‡gvnb †mbkv ¿x nvmb ivRvi K‡qKwU Mv‡bi K_v D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| wZwb we‡k−lY K‡i e‡j‡Qb, GB Mv‡b e¨³ g‡bvfveB n‡”Q evDj‡ì g~jgš¿| †mB g‡Z Avgvi me©PivPi G‡m‡Q Avgvi ÔAvwg †_‡KÕ, Avgvi g‡bi gvbyl ev cyi“l †_‡K| LK&‡e‡Ì GB fv‡ei cÖKvk Av‡Q| Zv‡K ejv n‡q‡Q cyi“l gy³| giwgqv evDj Kwe‡ì Ñ †hgb nvmb ivRv Ñ A‡bK Mv‡b GKB fv‡ei iƒc †Ìqv n‡q‡Q wewfbœ iƒc‡Ki gva¨‡g| (AwgZvf 2009 : 119) myL¨vZ `vk©wbK my‡i› ªbv_ `vk¸ßI nvmb ivRvi giwg Mv‡bi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb|

Kwei †`ŠwnÎ RvZxq Aa¨vcK †Ìqvb †gvnv¤§` wj‡L‡Qb †h Ônvmb ivRv cÖ_‡g kwiq‡Zi AvBb Kvbyb ev¯—eRxe‡b iƒcvq‡Yi Rb¨ gywgb gymjgvb‡ì Avnevb K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x ¯‡i wZwb †cÖ‡gi gva¨‡g Zuvi wcÖqZg‡K jvf Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| me©‡kl ¯—‡i wZwb `vk©wbK iƒ‡c Zuvi wb‡Ri g‡a¨B †m wcÖqZ‡gi mv¶vr †c‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Zuvi gvbm weKv‡ki G ch©vq¸‡jv we‡k−lY Ki‡j ¯úóB cÖZxqgvb nq †h wZwb Bmjvgx ms¯‹…wZØviv cÖfvevwšZ n‡qwQ‡jb|Õ (†Ìqvb 2009 : 44)|

nvmb ivRv‡K wewfbœ cwÊZ wewfbœ Awfavq wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| iex› ªbv_ VvKzi e‡j‡Qb ÔMÖvg¨ KweÕ, AvPvh© w¶wZ‡gvnb †mbkv ¿x e‡j‡Qb ÔevDjÕ, gyn¤§` gbmyi DÏxb e‡j‡Qb Ô†jvK KweÕ, cÖfvZ Kzgvi kg©v e‡j‡Qb ÔLuvwU giwg KweÕ, ˆmq` gyZ©vRv Avjx e‡j‡Qb Ô¯fve KweÕ, iYwRr Kzgvi †mb e‡j‡Qb Ôc~e© e‡½i KweÕ, cÖfvZP› ª ¸ß e‡j‡Qb ÔMv‡bi ivRvÕ, †Ìhvb †gvnv¤§` AvRid I gynv¤§` Ave`yj nvB (nvQb cQ›`) e‡j‡Qb Ôgiwg KweÕ, W. Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix e‡j‡Qb Ôgiwg mvaK KweÕ Ges W. Zcb evMPx e‡j‡Qb Ô†jvK `vk©wbKÕ Ñ nq‡Zv me¸‡jv AwfavB mZ¨| KviY †Kv‡bv Kwe‡K wbw`©ó GKwU Awfav Øviv memgq wPwýZ Kiv m¤¢eci nq bv| nvmb ivRv wb‡R‡K KLbI ÔevDjÕ, KLbI ÔcvMjÕ, KLbI Ôev½vwjÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|

1. evDj †K evbvBj‡i nvmb ivRv‡i evDjv †K evbvBj †i| evbvBj evbvBj evDjv Zvi bvg nq †gŠjv †`wLqv Zvi iƒ‡ci PUK nvmb ivRv nBj AvDjv|

kvk¦wZKx 177

2. Avwg †Zvgvi Kv½vwj †Mv ivav Avwg †Zvgvi Kv½vwj †Mv| †Zvgvi jvwMqv Kvw›`qv wd‡i nvmb ivRv ev½vwj †Mv|| 3. †Zvgvi Kv½vj nvmb ivRv e‡j ûZvm nBqv `~‡i ivL‡j gi‡e Kv½vj M‡j Qzwi w`qv| 4. nvmb ivRv AvDjv n‡q WvK‡Z Av‡Q †gŠjv ewj‡q bvP‡Z Av‡Q dvjvB‡q, nB‡q †cÖg wcqvmxi gviv| 5. Avwg nB‡Z Avj−v imyj Avwg nB‡Z Kzj cvMj nvmb ivRvq e‡j Ñ Zv‡Z bvB fyj|

huviv fvem½xZ iPbv K‡ib, Zuv‡ì mvaviYfv‡e evDj ejv n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ Avm‡j Zuviv mevB evDj bb| êòexq ev kw³ Av`‡k© wek¦vmx bv n‡qI A‡b‡K, gymjgvb, Ggb wK wn› y KweI, êòe ev kw³ c` iPbv K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ Zuviv êòe ev kw³ bb| ZvB evDj c` huviv iPbv K‡i‡Qb Zvuiv mK‡jB evDj bb| e ‘Z wm‡jU AÂ‡j cÖK„Z evDj †bB| nvmb ivRv wb‡R‡K KLbI KLbI evDj ej‡jI wZwb †ekiv evDj wQ‡jb bv| evDjiv wn›`y ev gymjgvb bq, evDj| evDj‡ì c‡¶ cÖPwjZ kixq‡Zi weavb I mswnZvi Av‡`k m¤ú~Y©fv‡e A¯xKvi K‡iB †m m¤cÖ vqfy³ n‡Z nq| Zuv‡ì Nivbvq †`Lv hvq wn›`y (ag©Z¨vMx) evD‡ji ¸i“ gymjgvb (ag©Z¨vMx) ev Zvi wecixZµg| nvmb ivRv evDj wQ‡jb bv, ag© wek¦v‡m gymjgvb wQ‡jb| wZwb ÔwPkwZqv ZixKvi ˆmq` gvngy Avjx e‡j cvÄve †_‡K AvMZ GK cxi mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q gyix` n‡hwQ‡jb Ges AvRxeb Zuvi `xbvwZ`xb f³iƒ‡c Zuvi PiY †mev K‡i‡Qb| (†Ìqvb 2009:45) nvmb ivRv wQ‡jb giwg I fveyK Kwe ev †cÖwgK Kwe| G cÖm‡½ yÕRb cÖvÁ M‡el‡Ki AwfgZÑ

1. êòe ag© I Bmjvg mydx a‡g©i cÖfv‡e kªxnÆ GK`v evDj-fvwUqvj-gvidZx Mvb iPbvi GKwU we‡kl †K›`ªf~wg‡Z cwiYZ nq| gymjgvb mvaK I dwK‡iivB †mB mvs¯‹…wZK wgkª‡Yi myievYx iƒc‡K Zuvnv‡ì iwPZ MxZ¸‡”Qi g‡a¨ awiqv ivwLqvwQ‡jb| †h mg — mvaK dwKi GB êòe-Bmjvg-mydx ag©‡K Zuvnv‡ì Mv‡b iƒc w`qvwQ‡jb, Zuvnviv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB gigx mvaK, Abyf~wZi GB wbweoZv Ges my‡Li Avš—wiKZvi Rb¨B Zuvnv‡ì MxZvejx RbwcÖq nBqv‡Q| (wbg©‡j›`y 1966 : 25)

2. wm‡j‡Ui †jvKKwe I mva‡Kiv ZvB †eŠ×, êòe, mywd, evDj cÖf„wZ wPš—v †PZbvi cš’v‡K wgwj‡q wgwk‡q MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| mywdcš’v gvwidZ ev giwg fveavivi g‡a¨ †MŠoxq ‰eòe ag© cÖfvweZ evDj ag© GK bZzbZi cÖKvk c_ Luy‡R †c‡q‡Q| d‡j ZË¡Ávbg~jK mywdev‡ì m‡½ †hvMwµqvg~jK evDj a‡g©iI wgkªY N‡U †M‡Q| Zvi m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q †eŠ× bv_cš’x‡ì †`nvZ¥ev`x Zvwš¿K mvabvi aviv| GB ai‡bi wgjb †h m¤¢e Zv Avgiv ga¨hy‡Mi gymjgvb iwPZ evsjvKv‡e¨ Ges IB mg‡qi †jvKmvwn‡Z¨ we¯—i cwigv‡b cvB| AB aviv cieZ©x Kv‡jI engvb †_‡K‡Q| (kvgmy¾vgvb 2009 : 131)

kvk¦wZKx 178

nvmb ivRvi Mv‡b Zuvi cÖv‡Yi AvwZ© aŸwbZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi Mv‡b K…wÎgZv †bB, Av‡Q mijZv, cÖv‡Yi Av‡eM| AaxZ we`¨v ev fvlvi evnv ywi †bB, Av‡Q Aš—‡ii AvwZ©| wZwb kwiqZ †g‡b Pj‡Zb| Bmjv‡mi Abykvmb †g‡b †bIqvi Rb¨ wZwb D`vË AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb Ñ

bgvR co bgvR co fvB gwgb bgvR co| GKg‡b cwoI bgvR wPË Kwi‡q ò|| KvZi nBqv bgvR cwoI GK g‡b gvey Avj−v RvwbI †h †Zvgvi mvg‡b|| bgvR co †ivRv ivL Ki Gev`Z gwgb gymjgv‡bi fvB g~j GB c_|

†Kv‡bv evDj bvgvR covi Dci ev †ivRv ivLvi Dci Ggb ¸i“Z¡ †`b bv| nvmb ivRv g‡b cÖv‡Y Bmjvg‡K †g‡b wb‡qwQ‡jb e‡jB Zuvi c‡¶ ejv m¤¢e n‡q‡QÑ

gwgb Av‡i fvB| Bgvb ivwLI ò| Bgvb bv _vwK‡j gwgb wK‡mi bgvR co||

I Bgvb ivwLI ò||

nvmb ivRvi mKj iPbv Bmjv‡gi Av`‡k© iwPZ bq| Zuvi ÔMv‡b Avgiv Bmjvgx welq, wn›`y a‡g©i wek¦vm-ms¯‹vi-cyivb, mywdev`, êòe ag©xq Abyl½,evDjcš’v cÖf„wZi wgkªY †`wL| Avm‡j kv ¿xq a‡g©i KwVb wewawe‡la Gwo‡q mvs¯‹…wZK gy³avivi GKwU c_ w`‡qwQj mywdev`| kªx‰PZb¨‡`‡ei †MŠoxq êòe †cÖga‡g©i MYgyLx we¯—v‡ii g‡Zv mywd fveaviv evOvwj gymjgvb‡ì mvs¯‹…wZK gyw³i Ges mv‡eK wfbœag©x c~e©cyi“l‡ì HwZn¨ i¶vq mnvqZv K‡iwQ‡jv| mywdev` †mB A‡_© gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ MYgyLx ag©xq mvs¯‹…wZK mvabvi wecyj my‡hvM m„wó G‡b †`q|Õ (kvgmy¾vgvb 2009 : 143)

nvmb ivRvi cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v wQj bv| Mv`v Mv`v eBI wZwb c‡obwb| wKš‘ Bmjv‡gi g~j myi wZwb Zuvi Mv‡b dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| mgvbfv‡e wZwb êòe ev kw³cÌ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| fve‡Z AevK jv‡M êòe ev kv ¿ m¤ú‡K© Ggb Ávb Zuvi Kx K‡i nj!

wZwb wj‡L‡Qb Ñ 1. `qvj KvbvB! `qvj KvbvB ‡i cvi Kwiqv †Ì Kv½vjx‡i fewmÜz cvi nBevi cqmv Kwo bvB `qv Kwi cvi Kwiqv †Ì evox P‡j hvB| 2. Avwg ivav Avwg Kvby Avwg wkek¼ix Aaiv Puv` nB Avwg Avwg †MŠinwi| 3. †Mvwe‡›ì jvwMqv ivavi Ry‡i yB bqvb M Gm e„‡›` kªxK…ò ewjqv ivav nvq nvq Kwiqv Kv‡›` M| nvmb ivRv mywd, êòe, kw³ I evDjfvebv meB AvZ¥ ’ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb|

kvk¦wZKx 179

ÔwZwb wQ‡jb GKRb m„wókxj Kwe I giwgqv fveyK| Zuvi wPš—vi †gŠwjKZv I fveMfxiZvi Rb¨B wZwb Avgv‡ì kª‡×q|...evOvwji `vk©wbK I gigxqvev`x avivq wbR¯^ fvefvebv‡K web¨¯— K‡i‡Qb| d‡j HwZnvwmKfv‡e weKwkZ evOvwj wPš—vaviv Zuvi KweZvq iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q|Õ (kvgmyRvgvb 2009: 140) GRb¨B evsjvi gvwU‡Z m„ó evDj gZev‡ì MvbI wZwb wj‡L‡Qb|

nvmb ivRv weËevb Rwg`vi wQ‡jb| †hŠe‡b †fvMwejvm K‡i‡Qb| †fvMwejvm gvbyl‡K h_v_© Z„wß `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ÔZuvi g‡a¨ cÖ”Qbœfv‡e êiv‡Mï exR Dß wQj| ZvB cwiYZ eq‡m gnvgwZ wjI Uj÷‡qi gZ Rxeb im‡K AvKÚ cvb K‡iB Zvi cÖwZ wZwb weiƒc n‡qwQ‡jb|Õ (†Ìqvb 2009:46) †fvM wejv‡mi g‡a¨ †_‡KB Zuvi c‡¶ Dcjwä Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQjÑ

GKw`b †Zvi nB‡e giY †i nvQb ivRv GKw`b †Zvi nB‡e giY gvqv Rv‡j †ewoqv giY, bv nBj ¯§iY‡i nvQb ivRv GK w`b †Zvi nB‡e giY||

cÖ_g Rxe‡b wZwb m½xZ‡K †fvM wejv‡mi Ask g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| µ‡g †mB m½xZB Zuv‡K welq weevMx K‡i †Zv‡j| cvw_©e myL †h Amvi I AwbZ¨ GB †eva Zuvi g‡a¨ Rv‡M| Rxe‡bi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Zuv‡K fvwe‡q †Zv‡j| wZwb wb‡R‡K Rvbvi Rb¨ m‡Pó nb| welq Avk‡qi g‡a¨ _vK‡jI wZwb welqgy³ nb| AvZ¥gyw³i mnR c_ AbymÜv‡b wZwb eªZx nb| wb‡R‡K Rvbvi †Póv K‡ib| msmv‡ii AwbZ¨Zv Zuv‡K cxwoZ K‡iÑ

`ywbqvi jvwM Kvw›`qv wdi ywbqvwb hvBe m‡½ m‡½ wK eywSqv ewmqv AvQ ¿xcy‡Îi m‡½| Kvi jvwMqv Kv›` Ziv `ywbqvi jyK jyK nvQb ivRvq †`LZ Pvq bv ywbqv`v‡ii gyL|

nvmb ivRv eyS‡Z cv‡ib ciKv‡ji KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| Zuvi Ava¨vwZ¥KRxeb AvPviwbó wQj bv| Aš—‡i ï×vPvix bv n‡j evwn¨K AvPvi Abyôvb K‡i †Lv`v‡K cvIqv hvq bv| †Lv`v‡K cvIqvi c_ †cÖ‡gi c_| ZvB wZwb e‡j‡QbÑ

Ly v wg‡j †cÖwgK nB‡j cv‡ebv cv‡ebv Ly v bvgvR i“Rv KB‡j Ly v hw` ai‡Z PvI Zvi m‡½ wcwiZ evovI wgwj‡e wgwj‡e Ly v †cÖ‡g Zuvi gwR‡j|

nvmb ivRv †h †cÖ‡g g‡RwQ‡jb Zv gvbweK †cÖg bq, fMer †cÖg| wZwb msmv‡ii †fvM wejv‡mi g‡a¨ †_‡KI wQ‡jb weevMx, ivRwl©, msmvi m¤ú‡K© wbwj©ß I wbivm³| G Rb¨ wZwb my›ì NievwoI ˆZwi K‡ibwb| KviYÑ

fvj Kwi Ni evbvBqv Kq w`b _vKe Avi Avqbv w`qv PvBqv †`wL _vKbv Pzj Avgvi||

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GB fvweqv nvQb ivRvq Ni `yqvi bv ev‡›` †Kv_vq wbqv ivLev Avj−vq Gi jvwMqv Kv‡›`||

hLb †Kvbv mva‡bi Dcjwä‡Z GB cig mZ¨ evYxiƒ‡c D™¢vwmZ n‡q I‡V †h ÔAvi Zvi ¶q †bB, wejq †bB| A¶q Ae¨q cÖvY kw³‡Z gvbweK Aa¨vZ¥‡ev‡ai Aš—ix‡¶ †m wPimÂvigvb _v‡K Ges †hvM¨ Avavi †c‡j ¯’vb Kv‡ji eëavb‡K AwZµg K‡i Abvqv‡m evisevi Zvi cÖKvk N‡U Ab¨Zg gvby‡li wPË‡jv‡K| we`¨v Ávb‡hv‡Mi c‡_ bq, mnRvZ Dcjwäi mvabvq nvmb ivRv Aa¨vZ¥RM‡Zi cig m‡Zï DËivwaKvi jvf K‡i wQ‡jb| Zuvi wPË‡jvK wQj wek¦Rbxb mZ¨`k©‡bi Dchy³ aviKhš¿|Õ (cÖfvZP›`ª 2009 : 91)

nvmb ivRv mvaK Kwe wQ‡jb e‡jB Zuvi Av‡Z¥vújwä n‡qwQj| AaxZ we`¨v bq, cÖK…wZ I Aš—i †_‡K wZwb Áv‡bi iv‡R¨ AeMvnb K‡i wmw× jvf K‡i‡Qb| cÖfvZKzgvi kg©v nvmb ivRvi Mv‡b wZbwU mZ¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb Ñ †cÖg, êivM¨ I D”Pvbyf~wZ| wZwb †Lv`v †cÖ‡g gk¸j wQ‡jb e‡jB Zuvi g‡b wQj êivM¨| msmv‡i _vK‡jI msmv‡ii a~wjgvwU Zuv‡K ¤−vb K‡iwb| Zuvi Aš—i wQj Avqbvi gZ ¯”Qj| G‡Z wZwb wb‡R‡K wPb‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi D”P —‡i Av‡ivnY K‡ib †cÖg I êivM¨ Øviv| d‡j Zuvi g‡b D”Pvbyf~wZ m„wó n‡q‡Q| Zuvi Av‡Z¥vcjw× n‡q‡QÑ

AvwgB g~j, AvwgB †Kvj, Avwg me©VuvB Avwg we‡b G msmv‡i Avi wKQz bvB|

mvabvi †kl —‡i G‡m hš¿ I hš¿xi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv| ˆØZfve wZ‡ivwnZ nq| Avwg I Zzwgi Ø›Ø Ny‡P hvq| Ò†Kej Avwg AvwQ Avi wKQz bvB| GB wek¦eªþvÊ Avgv nB‡ZB m„wó nB‡Z‡Q, Avgv‡ZB ¶q cÖvß nB‡Z‡Q| AvwÌ Avwg, Aš—I Avwg|.... mvabvi †kl mxgvq †cŠuwQ‡Z cvwi‡j, GB me©kw³gvb, me©e¨vcx AvwgÕi Dcjwä m¤¢e nq| mvabvi GB Ae ’vi bvgB gyw³ ev wba©vY jvf Kiv|Ó (†gvnv¤§` 2009 : 113) G ch©v‡qB nvmb ivRv e‡j‡QbÑ

Avwg nB‡Z Avj−v imyj Avwg nB‡Z Kzj cvMjv nvmb ivRvq e‡j Zv‡Z bvB fyj| Avwg nB‡Z Avmgvb Rwgb Avwg nB‡Z me Avwg nB‡Z wÎRMr Avwg nB‡Z ie|| Avwg AvDqvj, Avwg Av‡Li Rv‡ni I evwZb bv eywSqv †`‡ki †jv‡K fv‡e †gv‡i wfb||

nvmb ivRv m¤ú‡K© GB Dw³¸‡jv h_v_© :

1. wZwb wn›`y ms¯‹…wZi ev gymwjg ms¯‹…wZi E‡×© GKwU Awfbe ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb †m K_v A¯xKvi Ki‡Z cvwi‡b| (†Ìqvb 2009 : 45)

2. nvmb ivRvi Rxeb `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgMÖ gvbe Rxe‡bi Zvrch© Zuvi wbR¯^ fw½‡Z cwiùzwUZ n‡q‡Q| wb‡Ri Rxeb‡KI wZwb G-cUf~wgi m‡½ Mfxifv‡e mshy³ K‡i‡Qb| (ew`DRRvgvb 2009 : 153)

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3. Zuvi Mv‡bi g~j myi n‡jv fMer †cÖg I †mB †cÖgv¯ú` cigvZ¥vi m‡½ wgj‡bi Zxeª AvKv•Lv| (wbg©j 2009 : 175)

4. Mvb Avi my‡ii gnvwgjb nvmb ivRv| nvmb ivRv wQ‡jb GKRb m„wókxj gvbyl| wZwb wQ‡jb GKwU `k©‡bi AwaKvix| GKRb kw³kvjx MxwZKvi| GKRb †kªô †jvKKwe| (†gveviK 2009 : 166)

nvmb ivRv g‡b cÖv‡Y GKRb evOvwj wQ‡jb, GKRb mvaK Kwe wQ‡jb| evsjv‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z jvwjZ `k©bB Zuvi Rxeb `k©b| nvRvi eQ‡ii evOvwj †h ms¯‹…wZ jvjb Ki‡Q Zvnvmb-gvbm MVb K‡i‡Q| mvgmy¾vgvb Lv‡bi gZ AvgivI wek¦vm Kwi Ônvmb ivRv GK Amvgvb¨ mvaK wnmv‡e w`b w`b D¾¡j †_‡K D¾¡jZi n‡q D‡V‡Qb| Zvu‡K wN‡i Avgv‡ì mvs¯‹…wZK wPš—v GK bZzb kw³ I m¤¢vebv AR©b Ki‡Q| (kvgmy¾vgvb 2009

ivRkvnx †_‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q P›`b Av‡bvqvi m¤úvw`Z Mí I Mífv‡lï Aa©evwl©Kx MíK_vÕi cÖ_g msL¨v

†hvMv‡hvM 01716-195717

[email protected]

Zuvi Mv‡bi g~j myi n‡jv fMer †cÖg I †mB †cÖgv¯ú` cigvZ¥vi m‡½ wgj‡bi

jb nvmb ivRv| nvmb ivRv wQ‡jb GKRb m„wókxj gvbyl| wZwb wQ‡jb GKwU `k©‡bi AwaKvix| GKRb kw³kvjx MxwZKvi| GKRb †kªô

nvmb ivRv g‡b cÖv‡Y GKRb evOvwj wQ‡jb, GKRb mvaK Kwe wQ‡jb| evsjv‡`‡ki i eQ‡ii evOvwj †h ms¯‹…wZ jvjb Ki‡Q Zv-B

gvbm MVb K‡i‡Q| mvgmy¾vgvb Lv‡bi gZ AvgivI wek¦vm Kwi Ônvmb ivRv GK Amvgvb¨ mvaK wnmv‡e w`b w`b D¾¡j †_‡K D¾¡jZi n‡q D‡V‡Qb| Zvu‡K wN‡i Avgv‡ì

v GK bZzb kw³ I m¤¢vebv AR©b Ki‡Q| (kvgmy¾vgvb 2009 : 147)

ivRkvnx †_‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q P›`b Av‡bvqvi m¤úvw`Z Õi cÖ_g msL¨v

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Ave`yj−vn Avj Avwgb gigx mvaK AvRv` kvn I Zuvi c`vejx evDj I mywd cÖeZ©bvi AMÖMY¨ gigx mvaK I PviY Kwe AvRv` kvn 1995 mv‡j (9-†cŠl 1322 e½vã) Awef³ b`xqv †Rjvi †ZnÆ _vbvi nwicyi MÖv‡g GK m¤£vš— gymwjg cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui wcZv Rgv`vi wek¦vm wQ‡jb m”Qj K…lK| Rwgbv LvZzb AvRv` kv‡ni ¯¿xi bvg| 1947 mv‡j fviZ wefv‡Mi ci AvRv` kvn I Zvui cwievi nwicy‡ii ˆcwÎK wf‡Uevox Z¨vM K‡i †g‡nicyi †Rjvi Mvsbx _vbvi mvnvievXx MÖv‡g P‡j Av‡mb| wZwb AvÂwjK êwkó¨ wb‡q Rb¥ MÖnY Ki‡jI wZwb AvÂwjK wQ‡jb bv; wZwb wQ‡jb jvjb kvn, cvÄy kvn, yÏy kvn-Gi DËim~ix| MÖv‡gi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq ch©š— †jLvcov Rvb‡Zb, wKš‘ ag©, `k©b, mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© wQj Zuvi Mfxi Ávb| wZwb wQ‡jb D”Pgv‡bi Ava¨vZ¥ mvaK| kwiqZ, gvidZ, nwKKZ, ZwiKZ, êòe mvwnZ¨, mbvZb eªþZË¡, AeZviev`, †`nZË¡, ¸i“ev` Rb¥vš—iev` BZ¨vw` wel‡q Zvui Ávb wQj AMva| wZwb 1987 mv‡ji 27 AvM÷ (10 fv ª, 1394 evOjv) mvnvievUx MÖv‡g Zvui f³ iwk` dwK‡ii evox‡Z †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| †kl we`v‡qi mgq Zvui g„Zz kh¨vi cv‡k Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb Zvui wkl¨ I AmsL¨ f³ AbyivMx| Zuvi g„Zz i A‡bK Av‡MB Zvui ¿x Rwgbv LvZzb †`nZ¨vM K‡iwQ‡jb|

AvRv` kvn wQ‡jb gvbeZË¡ I ¸i“ev‡` wek¦vmx GK RvZ evDj| jvjb, cvÄy, yÏy, g`b, MMY-Gi gZ wZwbI g‡b Ki‡ZbÑ Ôkv‡¯¿i †P‡q mZ¨ eo, weav‡bi †P‡q gvbyl eo|Õ wZwb Ôgvbyl ZË¡Õ†K mZ¨ †g‡b b`xqv †Rjvi †ZnÆ _vbvi B”QvLvjx MÖv‡gi Ava¨vZ¥mvaK AviRvb kv‡ni Kv‡Q evqvZ ev `x¶v MÖnY K‡ib| AviRvb-AvRv` mvuB Gi kvwRiv m~‡Î Rvbv hvq, AvRv` mvuB wQ‡jb wPkwZqv †bRvwgqv ZwiKvÕi mvaK| L„÷xq Øv`k kZvãx‡Z DËi fvi‡Z m~wPZ m~wd mvabvi aviv weKwkZ n‡q evsjvq G‡mwQj wfbœ iƒ‡c, wfbœ i‡m| m~wdev`x Nivbvq wPkwZqv ZwiKv jvjb kv‡ni mvab fw³gv‡M©i †Qvuqvi Avi GK beZi iƒc jvf K‡i| jvjb kv‡ni fw³i‡m wm³ GB beZi wPkwZqv ZwiKvi mvaK wQ‡jb dwKi AvRv` kvn| wPkwZqv ZwiKvÕi AMÖ ~Z m~wd mvaK LvRv gCb DÏxb wPkwZ AvR‡gixi (1142-1236) fveim `k©b AvRv` kvn‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| Zvui Mv‡b Av‡Q :

ÔwPkwZqvi Awj gayi eywj Rq K‡i‡Q AvRwg‡i,/ wQj `vb‡ei k¥kvb, GLb cweÎ ’vb-ï‡q Av‡Q Ke‡i|/ †Zvgvi gayi evYx ZwiK wPkwZqv, cÖPvi nj wek¦ e¨vwcqv,/ †Zvgvi

†cÖg AvkK nBqv, hvB‡Q mevB ìev‡i|/ †Zvgvi ZwiKvq †h nq `v‡Lj, †m †Kvbw`b nqbv Mv‡dj,/ `qv K‡i Ki Kv‡gj, †`L ing‡Zi bR‡i|/ mevi cÖwZ nI `qvevb, `qvq ewÂZ AvRv` AÁvb,/ G cvcx‡i `vI wè¨Ávb, c‡o AvwQ eû ~‡i|Õ

G K_v Ø¨_©nxbfv‡e ejv hvq, mvaK AvRv` kvn wQ‡jb evDj êÂe I m~wd cÖeZ©bvi GKRb ewjô mvaK I †jvKMxwZ Kwe| wZwb M„nx evDj n‡jI †mB A‡_© msmvix wQ‡jb bv| msmvi wQj Zvui Kv‡Q Amv‡ii gZ| msmv‡i welq‡gvn KL‡bvB Zvu‡K AvUwK‡q ivL‡Z cv‡iwb| mvab-fRb, AvuLov-Avkª‡g Mvb I ZË¡ †kvbv; Av‡jvPbv Kiv Ges c`vejx iPbv Kiv wQj Zvui GKgvÎ eªZ| wZwb cÖvq wZbkÕi gZ Mvb I c` iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zvui GB

kvk¦wZKx 183

g~jëvb Mvb I c`vejxi K_v I myi ï× I AweK…Zfv‡e msMÖn I msi¶Y Kiv hvq wb| hw` G¸‡jv msi¶Y Kiv †hZ Z‡e Avgiv Av‡iK jvjb kvn, g`b evDj, cvMjv KvbvB, cvÄy kvn‡K Lyu‡R †cZvg|

Aa¨vcK gbymi DÏxb jvj‡bi Mv‡bi gg©evYx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb: ÒjvjbMxwZi we‡kl êwkó¨ GB †h, GKwU cwi”Qbœ mvabvi gg© K_v iƒcKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q G Mvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨| G mvabv †`n‡K †K› ª K‡i| gvbe‡`n bk¦i I aŸsmkxj| mvabvi Øviv GB aŸsmkxj †`‡ni wfwË‡Z Awebk¦i I ’vqx BgviZ ˆZix Kiv hvq| GwU jvjb MxwZi g~j myi|Ó AvRv‡ì Mv‡bI i‡q‡Q †`nZË¡, gvbeZË¡, ¸i“ev`, iƒc-AiƒcZ‡Ë¡i K_v| Zvui Mv‡bi ZË¡ we‡k−lY Ki‡j †evSv hvq †h, Bmjv‡gi m„wóZË¡, m~wdev` cybR©b¥ev`, eªþZË¡, AeZviev`, †`nZË¡ ev cÂZË¡ cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© Zvui AMva Ávb wQj| Zvui wPš—vaviv e¨vL¨v Ki‡j Rvbv hvq, wZwb Gme `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgšq mva‡bi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb nRiZ gynv¤§` (mt), kªxK…ò ev ˆPZb¨‡è‡K Avj−vn ev eª‡þi AeZvi e‡j MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|

evDjZË¡ `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© êwkó¨ nj ¸i“ev`| evDj a‡g© ZË¡ `k©b A‡c¶v Kg©‡hvM, fw³‡hvM I mvabvZ‡Ë¡i Dci †ewk ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc Kiv nq| ¸i“ ej‡Z gigxiv wè¨Ávb m¤úbœ cwiï× AvZ¥vi Kv‡gj gvbe ¸i“‡K †evSvb| Avevi GB gvbe ¸i“‡K fw³gv‡M© AeZvi ev ivmyj; Ges Ck¦i iƒ‡c Kíbv Kiv nq| jvjb kvn Zvui Mv‡b e‡j‡Qb: Ô¸i“ Zzwg cwZZ cveb cig Ck¦i/ ALÊ g¸jv Kis e¨vßs †hb PivPi|/ dwKi AvRv` kvn ¸i“‡K ÔKíZi“Õ Kíbv K‡i e‡j‡Qb: ÔG‡mv ¸i“ KíZi“ KvOv‡ji ab|/ Avgvi bvB‡Kv Avkªq, ivL‡ev †Kv_vq,/ em‡Z wè ü`q AvmbÕ|

evDj I êòe `k©‡b gvbe †`n‡K cigab wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kiv nq| †`n‡K †K› ª K‡i Zvu‡ì mvabvZË¡ cwiPvwjZ nq, gigxi mvaKiv g‡b K‡ib, gvbe †`n‡ZB cigeªþ, Av‡jK mvuB, Ôg‡bi gvbylÕ i‡mi gvbyl, mvuB wbiÄb, fv‡ei gvbyl-Gi Awaôvb| evDj g‡Z Ôhvnv bvB fv‡Ê, Zvnv bvB eªþv‡ÊÕ| A_©vr gvbe †`‡ni evB‡i Avi wKQz bvB| g°v, gw`bv, Kvev, Kvkx e„›èb gvbe †`n‡ZB Aew ’Z| jvj‡bi fvlvq ejv hvq: ÔAv‡Q Avw` g°v gvbe †`‡n †`Lbv‡i gb †f‡q|/ †`k-†`kvš— †`Š‡o Gevi gi‡Qv †Kb nvuwc‡q|

gvbe †`‡ni g°v-gw`bvq Ck¦‡ii jxjv †Ljv wewPµiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q| Ô†`‡ni mvab me©mviÕ K‡i wbR‡K wPb‡Z cvi‡jB A‡Pbv‡K †Pbv hvq, ARvbv‡K Rvbv hvq| AvRv‡ì Mv‡b †kvbv hvq: ÔAvgvi G †`‡ni wfZi GK AvRe kni,/ ïwb Lei †`L‡Z bv cvB|/ †K †Kv_vq emZ K‡i, Avgvi N‡i, Avwg Zv‡i wPbjvg bv‡i|Õ

evD‡ji mvabv g~jZt †`n †Kw›`ªK| †`n gw›`‡i cÖv‡Yi VvKzi A‡šlYB evD‡ji mvabvi mvi| gigx mvaKiv gvbe †`‡n AwawôZ cigvZ¥v‡K g‡bi gvbyl, Av‡jK mvuB, Rxeb †èZv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| †`‡ni mvabv ØvivB g‡bi gvby‡li mÜvb cvIqv hvq| jvjb mvuBRx Zvui Mv‡b e‡j‡Qb: ÔfR gvby‡li PiY ywU/ wbZ¨ e¯‘ cv‡e LvuwU/ g‡j n‡e mKj gvwU/ Z¡ivq G †f` jI †R‡b|Õ

kvk¦wZKx 184

jvj‡bi gZ AvRv` kvn †M‡q‡Qb: Ògvbyl wPb‡j gvbyl wg‡j, GB gvby‡lB gvbyl Av‡Q|/ Ômevi Dci gvbyl mZ¨,Õ GB gvbyl Avw`-Aš—,/ gy‡Q †dj AvRv` g‡bi åvš—, AviRv‡bi Dc‡`kÓ|

whwb gvbylZË¡‡K mZ¨ e‡j g‡b K‡ib, wZwb Ab¨ †Kvb ZË¡ gv‡bb bv| wZwb wUwK-Uzwc-wZjK, kv¯¿-g~wZ© wek¦vm K‡ib bv| kv ¿-a‡g©i MwÊi evB‡i AvwZ¥K gyw³i mvabv K‡ib wZwb| mvaK AvRv` kvnÕi gvbeZ‡Ë¡ wQj cÖMvp fw³| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb, gvbe Rbg `yj©f Rbg, Ggb Rbg Avi n‡e bv| Rxe‡bi †kl w`b ch©š— gvby‡li cÖwZ Av ’v nvivb wb| G Rb¨ mnR gvbyl f‡R †`Lvi K_v wZwb evievi D”PviY K‡i‡Qb| †mB mnR gvbyl g~jZt gvZ…‡hvwbm¤¢~Z n‡jI A‡hvwb gvbyl, whwb Rb¥-gyZz i Aaxb bq| G gvbyl nj weï× AvZ¥vi Ava¨vwZ¥K Dcjw× m¤úbœ gvbyl ¸i“| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb, GB gvbeiƒcx Mi“i gva¨‡g ivmyj‡K cvIqv hvq| Avi ivmyj‡K cvIqv †M‡j Zvui gva¨‡g Avj−vni w``vi jvf jvf Kiv hvq| KviY: Ôwhwb gyiwk` ivmyjyj−v/ Qv‡e` †Kvivb Kvjyj−v/ Av‡kK ewj‡j Avj−v/ ZvI nq †m|Õ G Rb¨ wZwb ¸i“‡K ÔcÖfy Avgvi, wcÖq Avgvi, cig ab †nÕ wn‡m‡e D‡j−L K‡i e‡j‡Qb- ÔZzwg G‡mv `qvj, †`L †envj/ KvOvj e‡j Avgvq †dj bv|/ mevB wMqv‡Q P‡j Avgvq †d‡j/ gvbe K~‡j †KI wbj bvÕ|

AvRv` kvn g‡b Ki‡Zb, gvbyl cÖe„wË m¤úbœ †`nMZ Rxe| †gwKqv‡fwj, Ugvm ne‡mi gZ `vk©wbKivI e‡j‡Qb, gvbyl ¯fvZB †jvfx, kV, cÖeÂK, ¯v_©ci I AK…ZÁ| jvjb kvn e‡j‡Qb, ms¯‹vi gvbyl n‡”Q Ômvgvb¨ gvbylÕ| gvbe †`‡n i‡q‡Q Avnvi, wb ªv, ˆg_yb, fq Gi gZ cï-¯fve| cï ¯fve ~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb : Mfxi wPš—v, Amxg âh©, GKvMÖ mvabv I AvZ¥kyw×| Avi GB m¤úwK©Z `x¶v gy³ nIqvi K_v e‡jb| ZvB AvRv` kvn Zvui Mv‡b gb‡K wicygy³ n‡q mnR gvbyl ( wmivZzj gy —vwKg) n‡q IVvi Avnevb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| GKwU c‡` Av‡Q : ÔAv‡M †Zvgvi gbUv Ki LvuwU/ evwni-wfZi nI cwi¯‹vi, †iLbv Avi KzwUbvwU|Õ

AvRv` kvn wQ‡jb †`ng‡b ï× dwKi| dwKi kãwU †d, Kvd, Bqv, †i-G PviwU k‡ãi mgš‡q MwVZ| dwKi n‡”Qb wZwb, whwb Avj−vni Kvd, kw³ AR©‡b wbweó wPË _v‡Kb| dwKi kãwUi g‡a¨ †h ÔKvdÕ nid i‡q‡Q Zvi A_© nj gnvcyi“‡li gnv¸Y ev gnvkw³| welq evmbv gy³ nIqvi AcÖwZ‡iva¨ I Aciv‡Rq kw³‡K Kvd kw³ ev gnv kw³ ejv nq| jv Gi Ávb AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Kvd kw³ AwR©Z nq| Kvd kw³ ZË¡ I dwKix Z‡Ë¡i gg© K_v AvRv‡ì GKwU Mv‡b e¨³ n‡q‡Q : ÔdwKi nevi hvi Av‡Q evmbv|/ n‡e bv dwKix Kv‡gj gyikx` webv|/ †d, Kvd, †i Bqv-Pvi ni‡di gv‡b wbqv,/ gyikx‡ì Av‡`k gvwbqv Ki fRb mvabv|Õ

kªx ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei (1486-1533) Ávb, fw³, gvbeZvi evYx Aej¤‡b M‡o D‡VwQj ga¨ hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï †kªô m¤ú`-‰eòe c`vejx| êòe c`vejxi †cÖg fw³im evOvwji giv Mv‡O †Rvqvi G‡bwQj| êòe ag© I `k©‡bi mvivrmvi ZË¡ mvaK AvRv` kvn‡K Mfxifv‡e fvweZ K‡iwQj| êòe Kwe‡ì gZ AvRv` kvn ivav-K…‡òi jxjviƒ‡c Zvui Mv‡b cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| êòe‡ì gZ wZwbI g‡b K‡ib, cigmËv K…ò wb ©Y cigeªþ bq, wZwb Ggb GK †cÖggq, Avb›`gq cyi“l whwb †cÖgv¯ú‡ì wcÖq mLv| êÂe‡ì Kv‡Q

kvk¦wZKx 185

K…ò Áv‡bi e¯‘ bq, †cÖ‡gi e¯‘| wZwb Avw`‡Z wQ‡jb GK wKš‘ Rxebjxjv Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ wZwb m„wó‡K wb‡Ri †_‡K c„_K K‡i cwiYZ nb eû‡Z| im¯iƒc cigcyi“l kªxK…ò Avcb jxjviƒc Av¯v`b Kivi Rb¨ wbR †`n †_‡K ivav‡K wew”Qbœ K‡ib| K…ò ¯wbf©i I ¯qsm¤úbœ n‡jI ivavi mv‡_ jxjv Qvov wZwb wb‡Ri Avb›ìƒc I imiƒc Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| AvRv‡ì c`vejx‡Z ivav, K…ò I mLxM‡Yi †cÖg-fw³, e¨vKzjZvi K_v bv›`wbK fv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q| ivavi mLxe„›` K…ò‡K ej‡Q : ÒZzwg hvI †n nwi, G KyÄ Qvwo ivB wK‡kvixi Av‡`k nq|/ GLv‡b Avi †_‡Kvbv `vuov‡q, †Zvg‡K w`qvwQ we`vq|Ó

Avevi K…òI DË‡i ej‡Q : ÔAvwg fvwe m`v, †Q‡o ivav _vK‡Z cvwibv|/ Avwg †h Zvi †m †h Avgvi nj welg hš¿Yv|/ Avwg ivavi mv‡_ †cÖg K‡i, e„›`ve‡b _vwK c‡o,/ †Mv‡ci †abyi ivLvj n‡q ZeyI Avgvi ytL nqbv|Õ

K…ò hLb ivav‡K †Q‡o P‡j hvb, ZLb K…‡òi wei‡n ivav †Ku‡` D‡V Mvq : Ô†Zviv ej mLxM, Avgvi gZb,/ ytLx †K Av‡Q|/ Avwg my‡Li Avkvq K‡i cÖYq/ wbôzi wb`q †Q‡o †M‡Q|Õ

AvRv` kv‡ni Rb¥ I wZ‡ivavb e„nËi b`xqv‡Z| bw`qv AvDj-evDj-dwKi-êòe‡ì †`k| GB AÂj gigx mvabvi Zx_©‡¶Î wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| evDj g‡Zi DrcwË GB AÂ‡jB e‡j cwÊZ‡ì AwfgZ| e„nËi b`xqvi Kzwóqv I †g‡nicyi †Rjvq evDj I gigx‡ì msL¨v D‡j−L Kivi gZ| jvjb dwKi I †MuvmvB †Mvcvj-Gi gZ evDj-êòe‡ì evm I mvab †¶Î Kzwóqv| Pvu cwZ, AviRvb kvn, So– kvn, KwjgyÏxb kvn, AvZvnvi kvnÕi gZ evDj mvaK I Kwe‡ì mvab fR‡bi ¯’vb nj †g‡nicyi| Kzwóqv-‡g‡nicyi AÂj n‡ZB GB fveaviv cvk¦eZ©x †Rjvq Qwo‡q c‡o Ges A‡bK gymjgvb I wn›`y evD‡ji D™¢e nq| evDj HwZ‡nï wewfbœ w`K j¶¨ K‡i Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© e„nËi Kzwóqv‡K Ôevsjvi evD‡ji jxjvf~wgÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| evD‡ji jxjvf~wg‡ZB R‡b¥‡Qb evDj mvabvi AMÖMY¨ cyil jvjb kvn I MMY niKiv| Avi jvjb, MMY, cvÄy kvnÕi gigx avivi DËim~ix AvRv` kvn evDj ag© I ZË¡ mvabv‡K RbwcÖq Ki‡Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Qb| wZwb GB fve mvabvi †¶Î‡K †cÖg-fw³ i‡m wm³ K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZi ¯iƒc, evOvwji AvZ¥cwiP‡qi mÜvb cvIqvi Rb¨ †hgb jvjb-nvmvb-MMY‡ì wPb‡Z n‡e †Zgwb wPb‡Z n‡e AviRvb kvn, †Mvjvg So– kvn, AvRv` kvn‡ì| GKz‡k eB‡gjvq cÖKvwkZ n‡Z hv‡”Q evsjv I evsjv fvlvi KvMR mZx_© (3q msL¨v)| _vK‡Q KweZv, Mí, cÖeÜ BZ¨vw`| †LuvR ivLyb... †hvMv‡hvM : 01728675288 [email protected]

kvk¦wZKx 186

†mŠwgÎ †è nvQb ivRv I Avgv‡ì †jvK mvwnZ¨

mybvgMÄ kni| myigv b`xi cv‡o gvby‡li wfo| †bŠKvi eni| †Kvjvnj| mewKQz Qvwc‡q Avgvi Kv‡b G‡jv GK gayi Mvb- Ô†bkv jvwMj †i, euvKv yÕbq‡b †bkv jvwMj †iÕ †`Ljvg GK Avwèvmx evjK cÖvY Ly‡j GB Mvb MvB‡Q| Zvi nv‡Z euvwk| Mjvq µzk| †Q‡jwUi m‡½ K_v ejjvg| Ii bvg mvsgv| Rv‡Z Mv‡iv| †jLvcov K‡iwb †ewk ~i| MvbI †k‡Lwb †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b| wKš‘ †QvU‡ejv †_‡K ï‡b ï‡b GB Mvb Zvi gyL — n‡q †M‡Q| myiI P‡j G‡m‡Q Avq‡Ë| GKB Ae ’v mybvgM‡Äi el©xqvb wkíx Ave yj jwZ‡diI| wZwb 80 eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq a‡i nvQb ivRvi Mvb Ki‡Qb| nvQb ivRvi Mv‡bi K_v I myi wbqš¿Y ev msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb cÖwZôvb †bB| Zey wZwb IB Mv‡bi AweK…Z myi a‡i †i‡L‡Qb Zvi K‡É|

Gfv‡eB nvQb ivRvi Mvb I KweZv Avgv‡ì †jvK mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| †jvK mvwnZ¨ gv‡b RbM‡Yi mvwnZ¨, †mUv ïaygvÎ cwÊZ I wkw¶ZR‡bi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| Z‡e Awkw¶Z RbM‡Yi †fZ‡iI `k©b wQj| W. mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq e‡jb, GKw`‡K wm×v‡ì Ph©vc`, Ab¨w`‡K giwgqv evDj I êòe m½xZ- mydx‡ì cÖfv‡e †h wec−e mvwaZ n‡jv Zvi †_‡K †KDB †invB †c‡jv bv| cieZ©x ARmª gvidZx †`nZ‡Ë¡ ZviB †jvKvqZ aviv bvbv Zi½ f‡½ cÖevwnZ| [Rvb©vj Ae GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU Ae †e½j, fjy¨g 14 (1948)]

†m Kvi‡Y nvQb ivRv †hgb Mv‡bi ivRv †Zgwb †jvK mvwn‡ZïI ivRv| K…wlwfwËK I MÖvgxY c~e© evsjvq mvgvwRK AMÖMwZi ¯−_ aviv Ges kn‡ii m‡½ mvaviY gvby‡li wew”QbœZv wQj êwkó¨c~Y©, ZvB kvmKKzj ev ivRkw³ Zv‡ì Ici ìevix ms¯‹…wZ ev Av`k© Pvwc‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib| eis cÖavb kv¯¿xq ag© MYgvby‡li cÖPwjZ Rxeb †PZbvi Pv‡c †jŠwKK iƒc wb‡q‡Q| evsjvq we‡kl K‡i c~e©-evsjvq Rxebe›`x ms¯‹…wZ MV‡b mywd‡ì cÖfveRvZ †jŠwKK Bmjvg I ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei †MŠoxq êòe a‡g©i Rb mskª‡ei wecyjZv eo iK‡gi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i- we‡kl K‡i êòe fve-Av‡›`vjb Ggb ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q †h Zv‡Z ejv nq, Ôe½‡`‡k, Kvby Qvov MxZ bvBÕ| Gi m‡½ †eŠ× a‡g©i †hvM Zš¿mn cÖengvb Ab¨vb¨ Av`vb‡Zv wQjB, d‡j Avgiv GK kw³kvjx gvbweK, eûZ¡ev`x (Paralistic) I mgwšZ †jŠwKK ms¯‹…wZ avivi weKvk cÖZ¨¶ Kwi, GgbwK ga¨ hy‡Mi wkw¶Z AwfRvZ gymjgvb KweivI gvZ…fvlvi Kve¨ iPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q G‡`‡ki gvby‡li we‡kl K‡i be¨ gymjgv‡bi c~e© cyi“‡li HwZn¨ I gvbm cÖeYZv Abyhvqx Kve¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb, cÖL¨vZ Kwe ˆmq` myjZvb Zvi gnvKvwe¨K Ôbex es‡kÕ eªþv, weòz, g‡nk¦i, nwi ev K…ò‡K AeZvi ev bexiƒ‡c wPwÎZ K‡iwQ‡jb Ab¨w`‡K Zvi ÔÁvb †PŠwZkvÕ I ÔÁvb cÖ xcÕ †hvM Kj›ì RvZxq MÖš’, G‡Z mywd mvab-ZË¡ I mbœ vmxi †hvM mvab cš’vi wgjb N‡U‡Q e‡j W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK Zvi Ôgymwjg evsjv mvwnZ¨Õ(1966) MÖ‡š’ D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb, Ab¨w`‡K gvidZx Mv‡b wZwb ÔZË¡ÁvbÕ cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb, KviY Kwei g‡Z, hvnv ZË¡Ávb ZvnvB gvidZx| †kL dqRyj−vni Ô†Mvi¶ weRqÕ I GB †jŠwKK mgšqev`x aviviB Kve¨|

kvk¦wZKx 187

W. Avn¤§` kixd G‡ì g~j¨vqb K‡ib Gfv‡e : kvn gyn¤§` mMxi, †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb‡ì a‡g©i Avivabvi K_v e‡jb, †kL dqRyj−vn cxi, gxi ˆmq` myjZvb, nvRx †gvnv¤§`, †kL Puv`, Avjx iRv cÖf„wZ Ava¨vZ¥ mvabvi bv‡g †eŠ× eRª mnhvb ¯xKvi K‡ib| Ab¨Î wZwb e‡jb, Ô...mybœx-†gvj−v-KvRx †Lv›`Kvi †gŠjfx gyqvw¾b †ckvq...m½x DwKj ZvivB c~e© cyi“‡li HwZn¨ I gvbm cÖfv‡e ÔmydxÕ bv‡gi †`kx †hvMZš¿ wfwËK Kvqv mva‡b I †`nvZ¥ev‡` Avk¦ —‡eva K‡i| G‡ì iPbvq †jvKvqZ wek¦vm I †jvK ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve Mfxi I e¨vcK (W: Avn¤§` kixd evOvjx I evOjv mvwnZ¨ c„: 331)

nvmb ivRv K‡Zv Mvb iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi mwVK wn‡me cvIqv hvq bv| Z‡e Zv cÖvq Pvi-cuvPk n‡e e‡jB Abygvb| A‡bK Mvb wm‡jU-mybvgM‡Äi †jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L Av‡Q, Kv‡ji wbq‡g wKQz nvwi‡qI †M‡Q| nvmb ivRvi ywU MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj- ÔnvQb D`vmÕ (1907) I Ô†mŠwLb evnviÕ| ywU MÖš’B GLb `y®cÖvc¨| cÖ_g gy ª‡Yi ci ÔnvQb D`vmÕ bv‡g K‡qKwU eB‡qi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| wm‡j‡Ui ÔAvj-BmjvnÕ cwÎKvq nvm‡bi A‡bK Mvb cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| nvmbmn wm‡jU AÂ‡ji Ab¨vb¨ giwg Kwei Rxebx I Mvb msMÖn I cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î GB cwÎKvi f~wgKv we‡kl D‡j−L‡hvM¨| ÔnvQb D`vmÕ-G †ek wKQz Mvb msKwjZ nq| GB MÖ‡š’i f~wgKv wn‡m‡e cÖfvZ Kzgvi kg©vi GKwU `xN© cÖeÜ ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| †eva Kwi nvQb m¤ú‡K© GwUB cÖ_g iPbv| nvQ‡bi Mvb ZË¡g~jK, mK‡jB †h Gi im MÖn‡Y m¶g Zv wZwb fv‡ebwb| GKwU Mvb nvQb Rvbv‡”Qb:

Avwg Kwi †i gvbv, A‡cÖwgK Mvb Avgvi ïb‡e bv wKiv †`B †mB KQg †`B Avgvi eB nv‡Z wb‡e bv|

nvQ‡bi Aci MÖš’ Ô†mŠwLb evnviÕ m¤ú‡K© ˆmq` gyZ©vRv Avjx e‡j‡Qb, ÔeBLvwbi Av‡jvP¨ welq ¯¿x‡jvK, †Mvov I ÔKzovÕ cvwLi AvK…wZ †`‡L cÖK…wZ wePvi| eBLvwb e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv †_‡K †jLv| GB e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv MÖvg¨Zv I †hŠbvPvi i‡m RvwiZ e‡j A‡b‡Ki aviYv|Õ

nvQ‡bi Mv‡b Ck¦ivbyiw³, bk¦i c„w_ex, AwbZ¨Zvi msmvi I mvab-fR‡b A¶gZvi †L‡`vw³- GB welq¸‡jvB cÖavb| Zvi Mv‡b cÖavbZ wm‡j‡Ui AvÂwjK kã I wµqvc‡ì eûj eënvi j¶¨ Kiv hvq| Z‡e GB Mv‡bi myi I fv‡ei Avš—wiKZv I ¯Ztù‚Z©Zv wfbœ AÂjevmxiI im MÖn‡Y euvavi m„wó nq bv| nvQ‡bi Mv‡b fwYZv-eënvi `ywU êwkó¨ †Pv‡L c‡o| GKB Mv‡b GKvwaKevi fwYZv-cÖ‡qvM Ges eû Mv‡bi cÖ_g Pi‡YB fwYZv-eënvi| Ab¨vb¨ giwg Kwei †ejvq mvaviYZ †`Lv hvq fwYZv GKeviB eënvi Kiv nq Ges Zv cÖvqkB Mv‡bi †kl Pi‡Y|

nvQ‡bi Mv‡bi Zvi Rxeb-`k©b I gvbm cwiPq cÖwZdwjZ| Zvi Mv‡b wZwb KL‡bv ÔevDjÕ KL‡bv ev ÔcvMjÕ e‡j wb‡Ri cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb mvab-fR‡bi w`K w`‡q AvbyôvwbK evDj bv n‡jI a¨v‡b-aviYvq evDj‡ì mgvbag©v wQ‡jb| Rxeb I RM‡Zi giwg iƒcKvi wn‡m‡e wZwb jvjb muvB‡qi m‡½ ZzwjZ n‡Z cv‡ib| wK Rxeb wK wk‡í wZwb wQ‡jb me©gvbweK Av`‡k©i cÖwZ‡cvlK, mv¤cÖ vwqKZvi D‡×© wQj Zvi ¯’vb| Zvi ciKg©-mwnòzZvi K_v wm‡jU-mybvgM‡Äi †jvK GL‡bv ¯§iY K‡i _v‡Kb| wZwb †ek wKQz ivavK…ò welqK cÌ iPbv K‡ib|

kvk¦wZKx 188

G e¨vcv‡i †jvK-M‡elK W. Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix wj‡L‡Qb, nvQb wQ‡jb mbœ vmx-ivRv, ivRwl©| †hŠe‡b D”Q„•Lj Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡jI DËiKv‡j wZwb mshgx n‡qwQ‡jb| wejvm-evmb Z¨vM K‡i AwZ mvaviY Rxebvemvb Ki‡Zb| Zvi Nievwo, Avmevec‡Îi Ae ’vI wQj AZ¨š— `xb| GB wel‡q †KD Aby‡hvM Ki‡j wZwb MvB‡Zb Zvi GB weL¨vZ MvbwU :

†jv‡K e‡j †i Nievwo fvjv bvq Avgvi| wK Ni evbvBgy Avwg k~‡bïI gvSvi||

fvjv Kwi Ni evbvBqv Kqw`b _vKgy Avi| Avqbv wbqv PvBqv †`wL cvKbv Pzj Avgvi|| GB fvweqv nvmb ivRvi Ni- yqvi bv ev‡Ü|

†Kv_vq wbqv ivL‡ev Avj−vq Gi jvwMqv Kv‡›`||

nvQ‡bi GB Mvb AvaywbKKv‡ji GKRb Kwe‡KI DØy× K‡i‡Q, cÖvwYZ K‡i‡Q KweZv iPbvq| †mB Kwe mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq, Zvi ÔnvQb ivRvi evoxÕ KweZvq e‡j‡Qb:

KI †Zv nvQb ivRv, wK e„Ëv‡š— evbvB‡j †n g‡bvni evox? wkq‡i kgb, Zzwg Qq N‡i emvB‡j Rvbvjv- †PŠLycwc evMv‡b GZ evÃvKíZi“ †Kqvwi

`ywbqv AvÜvi Zey †Zvgvi wbev‡m KZ wcwÏ‡gi gvjv!

GB AwbZ¨Zvi msmv‡i, nvQb Rv‡b, Rxeb yÕw`‡bi; GB Av‡Q GB †bB| Zey †Zv gb i½i‡m w`b KvUv‡Z Pvq, c‡ii fvebv fv‡e bv| wKš‘-

hLb gwiqv hvBev gvwUZ nBe evmv ZLb †Kv_vq iB i‡½ ivgcvkv|

wPiKvj †Zv wKQzB _v‡K bv| g„Zz i ci †Kvb ¯Z¡B Avi envj _v‡K bv| GB femsmv‡i gv_vq gË n‡q m„wóKZ©vi KiYxq KvR wKQzB Kiv n‡jv bv| g~p gvby‡li †Pv‡L civ‡bv _v‡K msmvi-i‡½i Vywj| AvZ¥M−vwb nvQb‡K wenŸjv K‡i †Zv‡j|

Avkvq-welq cvBqv nvQb Zzwg Ki Rwg`vix wPiw`b _vK‡ewb nvQb ivRv j²YwQwi|

Rxeb-mvqv‡ý G‡m nvQ‡bi Av‡¶c Rv‡M g‡b, cig cyi“‡li mvab-fRb †h wKQzB n‡jv bv| †kvPbv`» nvQb e‡jb:

w`b †M‡j †n‡j- y‡j ivwÎ †Mj wb‡›`, dR‡i DwVqv nvQb nvq nvq Kwi Kv‡›`|

Gi m‡½ Zzjbxq iex›`ªbv‡_i GKwU cOw³| mKvj Avgvi †Mj wc‡Q, we‡Kj †h hvq Zvwi wc‡Q †Mv|

†n‡m †L‡j w`b P‡j †M‡jv, muvS‡ejv‡Z cv_iNvUvq e‡m Av‡Q nvQb| Zvi y ©kvi R‡b¨ Zvi QÕRb M„nkÎ“B wK Kg `vqx! nvmb †Kgb K‡i Ô†mvbv e‡ÜÕi bvg †b‡e, mgq †Kv_vq, †Kb bv|

kvk¦wZKx 189

¯¿x nBj cv‡qi †ewo cyÎ nBj wLj †Kg‡b Kwievi nvQb e‡Üi m‡b wgj|

nvQ‡bi Avi †`vl wK, †m †Zv Ô†gŠjvi nv‡Z WywiÕ Zv‡K †hgb †divq †Zgb †m †d‡i| A „k¨ GK cyZzj bv‡Pi KvwiMi m`vB Ô†LBo †LjvqÕ nvQb ivRv‡K w`‡q|

cÖ_g Rxe‡b nvQb ivRvi PwiÎ‡`vl †`Lv w`‡qwQj| bvix m¤ú‡K© Zvi we‡kl AvMÖn wQj| Z‡e e‡qve„w× I Ava¨vwZ¥K DbœwZi m‡½ m‡½ Zvi Pwi‡Îi GBme öjb-cZb µgk `~i n‡q hvq| nvQb ivRv wQ‡jb Lye †mŠwLb| †Nvov †Kbv I cvwL †cvlv wQj Zvi cÖavb kL| wZwb wQ‡jb †Lqvwj gvbyl| GKevi GK Bs‡iR mv‡ne‡K Zvi Rwg`vwi G‡÷‡Ui g¨v‡bRvi wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb| GRb¨ Zv‡K †ek Kó I ¶wZ mvab Ki‡Z nq| †cvkvK-cwi”Q‡ì nvm‡bi †mŠwLb ¯fv‡ei cwiPq cvIqv †h‡Zv| ˆmq` gyZ©vRv Avjxi eY©bvq, ÔnvQb ivRv KL‡bv KL‡bv RgKv‡jv †cvkvK ci‡Z fvjevm‡Zb| ågYKv‡j gKg‡j cvRvgv, RixLwPZ iw½b †PŠMv, PvcKvb I cvMwo eënvi Ki‡Zb| nvQb ivRv KL‡bv KL‡bv gvby‡li Kuv‡a P‡o Pjv‡div Ki‡Zb e‡jI Rvbv hvq|Õ

mKj giwg Mv‡bi g‡a¨B GKwU Awfbœ myi aŸwbZ nq| c_ hvB †nvK, j¶¨ GK, †PZbvI ZvB GKm~‡Î euvav| jvj‡bi ÔAwPb cvwLÕ-B nvm‡bi Ôgqbv cvwLÕ| GB iƒc‡Ki Avov‡j mvabvi M~p ZË¡B cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| jvjb e‡j‡Qb:

LuvPvi wfZi AwPb cvwL K¨vg‡b Av‡m hvq| ai‡Z cvi‡j gb-†ewo w`Zvg Zvnvi cvq||

†cÖwgK nvQbI e‡j‡Qb: gvwUi wcwÄqvi gv‡S e›`x nBqv †i Kv‡›` nvQb ivRvi gb-gwbqv †i||

wKš‘ KB nvQ‡bi †h gyw³-cY †`‡e| fe-KvivMv‡i ew›` nvQb ivRv ZvB e¨vKzj my‡i e‡j: gv‡q ev‡c e›`x KBjv Lykxi gvSv‡i

jv‡j ejvq e›`x nBjvg wcwÄivi gvSv‡i|

GB wcwÄiv fvOvi cÖqvm I AvKzwZB giwg mvabv I m½x‡Zi g~j welq| Avi GB m½xZ mg„× K‡i‡Q Avgv‡ì †jvK mvwn‡Zï aviv|

kvk¦wZKx 190

†kL Lvqi“j evkvi ivRy ÔwKËb‡LvjvÕi gbvB evDj I Zuvi Mvb mv¤cÖwZK evOjv bvU¨-mvwnZ¨ I bvU¨PP©vi BwZnv‡m †mwjg Avj `xb GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ bvg| evOjv bvU¨RMr weL¨vZ GB gbxlv wb‡RB wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb GKwU bvU¨v‡jvK| Avi Zuvi wbR¯^ bvU¨ fye‡bi GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ wb`k©b n‡”Q wKËb‡Lvjv| AvPvh© †mwjg Avj `xb iwPZ wKËb‡Lvjv bvUK cÖm‡½ bvU¨Kvi wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb, ÒwKËb‡Lvjv c‡e© wZwb gvwbKMÄ AÂ‡ji †jvKvqZ Rxeb-ms¯‹„wZ Ges Gi Ac~e© wbm‡M©i m‡½ cwiwPZ nb|Ó

ÔwKËb‡LvjvÕ bvU‡Ki cUf~wg n‡”Q gvwbKMÄ †Rjvi DËi cwðg AÂj, Uv½vBj †Rjvi wKq`sk I hgybv b`xi c~e©Zxi †Nu‡l we —xY© f~-fvM wb‡q| Avi Gi Kvwnwb web¨ — n‡q‡Q ZvjyK bMi Mªv‡gi AvRvnvi eqvwZi gvNx †mjv‡K †K› ª K‡i| AvRvnvi eqvwZi gvNx †gjv G bvU‡Ki wKËb‡Lvjvi †Ljv| hvÎvMvb, Kwei bvovB, Lv‡j‡Ki cyuw_cvV I kvgmj eqvwZi Mvb gvwbKMÄ †Rjvi wPiš—b †jvKvqZ Rxe‡bi Abyl½|

ÔwKËb‡LvjvÕ bvU‡K bvU¨Kvi wKËb‡Lvjvi †gjv cÖm‡½ gbvB evD‡ji fwbZvq †h Mvb mg~n cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb Zv cÖK…Zc‡¶ AvRvnvi eqvwZi iPbv, hv bvU‡Ki cvÙxKvq bvU¨Kvi wb‡RB ¯xKvi K‡i‡Qb| AvRvnvi eqvwZi c~Y©bvg L›`Kvi AvRvnvi Avjx eqvwZ| Zvuui eskMZ m~Î †_‡K Rvbv hvq, Zuvi Rb¥ Bs‡iwR 1865 Avi g„Zy mvj n‡”Q 1960|

ZvjyKbMi AvRvnvi eqvwZi evwo n‡jI Zvi Rb¥ ’vb wQj Uv½vBj †Rjvi bvMicyi Dc‡Rjvi webvbBiPi MÖv‡g| Zvi wcZvi bvg L›`Kvi bvCgywÏb| gvÎ Pvi eQi eq‡m wcZ…nxb AvRvnv‡ii jvjb cvj‡bi fvi †bb Zvi PvPv eRiK Avjx L›`Kvi | GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ cvwievwiK Kj‡ni wkKvi n‡q AvRvnvi gvZv Bidvb wewe wkï cyÎmn ZvjyKbMi Mªv‡g ev‡ci evwo P‡j Av‡mb|

gyn¤§` gybmyi DwÏb ÔnvivgwbÕi mßg L‡Ê wj‡L‡Qb AvRvnvi eqvwZi ¸i“i bvg PÊx VvKyi| wKš‘ Zvi ¸i“i bvg PÊx VvKzi bq, †bvqvB dwKi| †bvqvB dwKi Uv½vB‡ji bvMicyi Dc‡Rjvi ev‡`‡envjx MÖv‡gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| AvRvnvi eqvwZ Zvi A‡bK Mv‡b †bvqvB dwK‡ii K_v e‡j‡QbÑ

1. †bvqvB Puv` Kq AvRvnvi‡i/ givi Av‡M gi bv| 2. AvRvnvi Rv‡b bv †f` †bvqvB Pv‡›ì PiY aiv \ 3. †f‡e Kq kvn AvRvnvi †bvqvB Pv‡›ì PiY ¸‡Y \

L›`Kvi AvRvnvi Avjxi bvg †jvKgy‡L AvRvnvi eqvwZ, muvB AvRvnvi ev AvRvnvi †MvmuvB n‡jI evDj wb‡R‡K kvn AvRvnvi e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb Zvi Mv‡bÑ

1. kvn AvRvnvi Kq, †LuvR gwbcyi \ 2. †f‡e Kq, kvn AvRvnvi n‡Z nq wR‡Z giv \ 3. †f‡e Kq kvn AvRvnvi, hvwe b`xi cv‡o‡Z|

kvk¦wZKx 191

kvn AvRvnvi Kwe Mvb QvovI wePvi Mvb, evDj Mvb, Rvwi Mvb, we‡”Q` Mvb, fRb, gvBRfvÊvix cÖf„wZ Mv‡bi Avm‡i gy‡L gy‡L iPbv Ki‡Zb Ges MvB‡Zb| Zuvi iwPZ ayqv ev ayBqv Mvb I myweL¨vZ| GQvov wZwb †Kvb welq NUbv ev cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM wb‡qI Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| bvMicy‡ii Rwg`vi evwo‡Z Zvi Mv‡bi wbqwgZ Avmi emZ| Rwg`vi‡ì KZ©„K LbbK…Z bvMicyi Dc‡Rjvi DcK‡É Aew ’Z myweL¨vZ D‡c›`ª m‡ivei wb‡qI Zvi iwPZ Mvb i‡q‡Q| ˆmKZ AvmMi m¤úvw`Z gvwbKMÄ †Rjvi †jvKmvwnZ¨ bvgK MÖ‡š’ Zvi iwPZ Mvb msL¨v yB nvRv‡ii AwaK e‡j D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†Lv`vZË¡, Av`gZË¡, bexZË¡, kixqZ I gv‡id‡Zi †f`ZË¡, ¸i“ZË¡, †`nZË¡ cªf„wZ wel‡q Zuvi iwPZ Mvb¸‡jv fvlvi w`K wb‡q †hgb cÖvÄj, †Zgwb evDj mvabv I gigxqv Z‡Ë¡i w`K †_‡K ¸i“Z¡en I Zvrch©c~Y©| Zvi Mvb¸‡jv msMÖn K‡i MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvk Ki‡j evOjv †jvKmvwn‡Zï GKwU bZzb w`Mš— cvVK I M‡elK‡ì m¤§y‡L D‡b¥vwPZ n‡e| cvVK‡ì D‡Ïk¨ Zvi K‡qKwU Mvb GLv‡b †Ìqv nj|

1. G‡mv †n cÖf~ wbiÄb fe Zi½ †`‡L AvZ‡¼‡Z hvq Rxeb \

Zzwg fw³, Zzwg gyw³ Abvw` gg Av`¨kw³| †`‡n Avgvi fw³i kw³ †hb cÖvwß nq kxZj PiY|

Ávb P‡¶ †Zvgv‡K †`wL, Zzwg mLv Avwg mwL, Avgvi ü`q gw›`‡i _vwK `qvj K‡iv kw³ mÂvjb||

wÎ¸‡Y m„wR‡j msmvi, jxjv †`‡L Kq AvRvnvi Qvìv‡Zvj †gvbZvnvi Dci Ki‡j b~i Zv‡¾jv bvg aviY| G‡mv †n cÖf~ wbiÄb, fe Zi½ †`‡L AvZ‡¼‡Z hvq Rxeb \

2. I‡Mv Av‡jgyj Mv‡qe bvg †Zvgvi Zywg m„wóKZ©v cvjb wcZv, wÎ-RMZ †Zvgvi AwaKvi \

†Zvgvi B”Qv nq hv‡i fRb Ávb Zvi g‡b c‡o| wè¨ Áv‡b cvq †Zvgv‡i mvab wmw× nq Zvi| †m †h B›`ª wicy Rq K‡i‡Q B”Qvi ek nq msmvi \

Rx‡ei cvZK nq hL‡b Av‡MB Rv‡b †Zvgvi g‡b Ávb w`‡q wdivI bv †K‡b I‡n g~jvavi| ïwb †n`v‡q‡Zi nv`x Zzwg myiv Aviv‡d Av‡Q mgvPvi \

Beªvwng AvMy‡b cyoj Zv‡i ‡Zvgvi `qv nBj Zuvi ckg bv cywoj Kz i‡Z †Zvgvi wbRvg DwÏb Lybx wQj Zv‡i Ki‡j AvDwjqvi m ©vi \ Avwg AwZ g~p gwZ bv Rvwb fRb —ywZ

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iq ‡hb H c‡` gwZ wgbwZ Avgvi| †Zvgvi PiY Av‡k Kv½vj ‡e‡k c‡_ c‡o Av‡Q AvRvnvi||

3. †P‡q †`‡Lv b`xi K~‡j AvRe jxjv †mB Nv‡Ui Dci| †`‡L GK †envj gvbyl †nvmbv †eûm iƒ‡c Av‡jv nq †cÖg m‡ivei \

c~wb©gvi †Rvqvi G‡m †cÖg m‡ivei †f‡m hvq| H †hv‡M †e‡M wZb wè‡m †envj gvbyl †XD †Ljvq| KZ †hv‡M›`ª †gv‡n› ª †hvMx KZ Rb nq M„nZ¨vMx| nBqv‡Q AbyivMx e‡m Av‡Q awi‡Z Aai \

wØZxqevi †hvM Avwm‡j mnR gvbyl fuvUv Lvq LvwbK¶Y wej¤ Ki‡j †Mvc‡b GK †Lv`v nq †mw`b iƒc †`‡LB ¯iƒ‡c‡Z f‡³i cÖvY wbôv Ki‡Z GK we›`y ci‡k‡Z kgb Rvjv _v‡K bv Avi \

iwmK hviv Rv‡b Zviv, ZvivB †cÖ‡gi g~j KvbvB Aiwm‡Ki nq AvZ¼ Zvi K‡g© N‡U bv ZvB| KZRb ai‡e e‡j ‡a‡q hvq b`xi K~‡j Kg©d‡j b`xi K~‡j Ny‡i ‡eovq kvn AvRvnvi \ 4. †Pbvj gvbyl †Kb wPb bv AvZ¥ZË¡ bv Rvwb‡j cigZË¡ cvBev bv \

g`b ev‡Y AvKl©‡Y P› ª Kjv ‡U‡b Av‡b †Mv g`b `gb †h Rb Rv‡b Zvi Kjv Avi c‡o bv \

gnv Kvjxi gÊye N‡i, AvoMvovq GK ewj c‡o †Mv| êòe c~Rv †h Rb Rv‡b Zvi ewj Avi jv‡M bv \

P¶z bvB †m „wó K‡i, c` bvB †m †b‡P †d‡i †Mv | gyL bvB †m Avnvi K‡i, gv_v gyov †mB Rbv \

c~Rv Kivi B”Qv nq hvi, Kv‡g‡Z wb®‹vg Ki mÂvi †Mv I ZvB `x‡bi Aaxb Kq AvRvnvi Kvg kw³i Ki AP©bv \ 5. e„›`ve‡b †h‡Z g`b iwZ †iL gb i‡_ †m i‡_ Av‡ivnY K‡i hvwe mn‡Ri c‡_ \

Kiwe hw` mn‡Ri KiY ¸i“ iwZ Avivd K‡iv wbôv K‡iv gb| D×© †iZv nB‡j †m_v mvab n‡e wVK g‡Z \

kvk¦wZKx 193

wÎ‡ebx‡Z wZbwU aviv iq, B¯‹Qv‡`Kx Zvi ga¨ Øv‡i nq| I Zvi cÖ_g Øv‡i wcQjv c‡i gvbyl g‡i PcKv‡Z \

Av‡Q mnR †`‡k mn‡Ri Kvievi †hgb wkï _v‡K gv‡qi †Kv‡j Kvgkw³ bvB Zvi `x‡bi Aaxb Kq AvRvnvi g` †LIbv g°v‡Z \

6. Pvi M‡f© iq GK Rbv, Zv‡i ‡Kn wP‡b †Kn wP‡b bv \

Zvi n — c`, P&¶z, KY© bvB, Zvi wfZ‡i‡Z Av‡Q Av‡jK muvB| †m †h nvIqvi P‡µ Ny‡i m`vq, RMr ¯vgx †mB Rbv \

Rxe ci‡g †h K‡i‡Q jq, ¸i“ wkl¨ A‡f` AvZ¥v nq †mB Rbv †m gvbyl ai‡Z cvq, Kvg R¡vjv Zvi _v‡K bv \

†m †h Rx‡Z giv AUj bvg a‡i f‡ei gv‡S Zv‡i †K ai‡Z cv‡i bIqvB kvn Kq AvRvnvi‡i, giv LvB‡j g‡i bv \

7. Kq wP‡R nq bvgvR cq`v ivQyjyj−vni N‡i| Kq gyQwj− bvgvR c‡o ARy gvSv‡i \

bvgv‡R‡Z †K uvovBj †Kev Zvi ZKwei w`j myiv †Kev `vBi Kwij, †Kev †mR`v K‡i \

†Kvb Rb †e`xb wQj, †Kvb Rb gymjgvb nBj †Kvb gmwR‡` bvgvR coj, †Kvb †gvKvg c‡i \ AÜKvi Ni n‡j c‡i †mR`v nq bv RvqbvgvR c‡i gywk© Pvb Kq AvRvnvi †i †mB bvgvR Kv‡qg Ki \

8. kwiqZ wVK ivwL‡j mKj Rvb‡Z cv‡i| cuvP gymwj− bvgvR c‡o ARy gvSv‡i \

†`j nq bvgv‡R Lvov, Zb nB‡Z ZKwei cov diR nB‡Z †KivZ Kiv, i“û †mR`v K‡i \

Rev‡b‡Z nq gymjgvb gb gymj−x Av‡Q †gvKvg †`‡ni g‡a¨ Kvevi wbkvb †ckvbxi Dc‡i \

Zvi GK N‡i gvbyl cuvP Rbv, gvS Lv‡b b~‡ii KviLvbv| AvRvnvi Kq, wVK K‡iv cv wg¤‡ii Dc‡i \

kvk¦wZKx 194

mgi cvj Ksmgvgv cÖev`K_v cÖev` cÖeP‡bi Aš— †bB Avgv‡ì †`‡k| AmsL¨ cªev`K_vi g‡a¨ GKwU we‡kl cªev`g~jK K_v n‡jv Ksmgvgv| †Kv‡bv wbKURb hw` Kv‡iv wei“‡× cªej we‡Øl †cvlY K‡i Ges Zvi Pig ¶wZmva‡bi †Póvq iZ _v‡K Z‡e †mB ¶wZKi wbKURb Ksmgvgv Awfavq AwfwnZ nq Avgv‡ì mgv‡R| K…‡òi gvgv nIqv m‡Ë¡I g_yivi ivRv Ksm fv‡Mœi aŸsm-mva‡b hZ RNb¨ Ac‡KŠkj, AbvPvi I lohš¿ Aej¤b K‡i‡Qb Zv we¯§qKi| cªev‡ì Dr‡m ZvB Ksm Ges kªxK…ò n‡jb Ks‡mi Awi ev Ksmvwi| Ksm‡K civwRZ I wbnZ Kivi Kvi‡Y Zvi Ab¨ bvg KsmwRr, KsmRqx Ges Ksmnv|

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GKmgq DMª‡m‡bi FZymœvZv ¯¿x‡K †`‡L †mŠf‡`‡ki ivRv ª“wgj AZ¨š— KvgvZyi n‡q c‡ob| DMª‡m‡bi Abycw¯’wZi my‡hvM wb‡q Zvi QÙ‡e‡k ª“wgj KY©xi mv‡_ m½‡g cªe…Ë nb| c‡i KY©xi m‡›`n n‡j DMª‡mbiƒcx ª“wgj‡K wZwb wR‡Ám K‡ib, ÔKm¨ Z¡s?Õ A_©vr Zywg †K? cÖK…Z cwiPq cvevi ci KY©x ª“wgj‡K Zxeªfv‡e wZi¯‹vi K‡ib| ª“wgj e‡jb †h, A‡bK gvby‡li ¯¿x e¨vwfPvi K‡iB †èZvi g‡Zv cyÎ Drcv`b K‡i‡Qb| AZGe G‡Z †Zgb †Kvb †`vl †bB| †mŠfcwZ AviI e‡jb, ÔZywg Avgv‡K Km¨ Z¡s e‡j cªkœ K‡iwQ‡j| †m Kvi‡Y †Zvgvi Mf©RvZ cy‡Îi bvg n‡e Ksm| †m n‡e cªej civµvš— ivRv|Õ

gMaivR Rivm‡Üi yB †g‡q Aw¯— I cªvwßi mv‡_ Ks‡mi we‡q nq| k¦ï‡ii mnvqZvq wcZv DMª‡mb‡K wmsnvmbPy Z I e›`x K‡i g_yivi ivR¶gZv `Lj Ki‡jb wZwb| H mgq Zvi wcZ…e¨ †è‡Ki Kb¨v †èKxi mv‡_ emy‡`‡ei we‡q nq| we‡qi mgq Dcw¯’Z Ksm ˆèevYx ïb‡Z cvb †h, †èKxi Aóg Mf©RvZ cy‡Îi nv‡Z Zvi giY n‡e| †èKx I Ksm ci¯úi R¨vVZy‡Zv-LyoZy‡Zv fvB‡evb| G wn‡m‡e kªxK…ò n‡”Qb Ks‡mi fvwMbv Avi Ksm kªxK…‡òi gvgv|

b„ksm Ksm g_yivi KvivMv‡i e›`x K‡i iv‡Lb emy‡è I †èKx‡K| KvivMv‡i Rb¥ †bqv †èKxi ci ci QqwU mš—vb‡K wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv‡jb Ksm| mßg mš—vb Rb¥Kv‡jB webó nq| Ae‡k‡l fv ªgv‡mi kªxK…òvógx wZw_‡Z gvSiv‡Z †èKxi Mf©RvZ cyÎ kªxK…ò Rb¥ wb‡jb Ks‡mi KvivMv‡i| H iv‡Z g_yivi Aci cv‡i †MvKyj Mªv‡g b›`‡Mv‡ci ¿x h‡kv`vi Mf©RvZ bxj cÙcvcwoi g‡Zv Kb¨v †hvMgvqv f~wgô nq| †hvMgvqvi A‡jŠwKK gvqvq †mB iv‡Z †MvKy‡ji mevB wQj Ny‡g A‡PZb|

Ks‡mi KvivMvi †_‡K emy‡è my‡KŠk‡j beRvZ K…ò‡K Soe…wói g‡a¨ Mfxi iv‡Z b›`vj‡q †i‡L h‡kv`vi KvQ †_‡K †hvMgvqv‡K wb‡q G‡jb KvivMv‡i †èKxi wbKU| NUbv

kvk¦wZKx 195

†Ui †cj bv Avi †KD| †fvi‡ejv Ks‡mi Kv‡Q msev` †Mj KvivMv‡i †èKxi Kb¨vmš—vb n‡q‡Q| fwel¨revYx wQj †h †èKxi cy‡Îi nv‡Z n‡e Ks‡mi webvk| Zey kÎyi †kl ivL‡Z †bB †f‡e Ksm †mB Kb¨v‡KI nZ¨vi wb‡`©k w`‡jb| †hvMgvqv‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z AvQvo †`qv n‡jv cv_‡ii Ici| wbw¶ß †hvMgvqv AógnvfyR-wewkó me©-A¯¿mw¾Z-iƒ‡c A`…k¨ n‡Z n‡Z Ks‡mi D‡Ï‡k ej‡jbÑ Ô†Zvgv‡i ewa‡e †h, †MvKy‡j evwo‡Q †m|Õ

G NUbvi ci Kvivgy³ n‡jb emy‡è I †èKx| b›` I h‡kv`vi wbR mš—v‡bi g‡Zv Zv‡ì cyÎ cwiP‡q eo n‡”Qb kªxK…ò| mevB Rv‡b †h K…ò Zv‡ì mš—vb| wKš‘ Ksm Avk¦ — n‡Z cvi‡Qb bv wKQy‡ZB| Pviw`‡K AbyPi I ¸ßNvZK cvVv‡”Qb wZwb| K…ò‡K Lyu‡R †ei K‡i nZ¨v Ki‡ZB n‡e| wKš‘ mevB K…‡òi nv‡Z wbnZ n‡”Q G‡K G‡K| K…‡òi cªK…Z Ae ’vb I kw³i mÜv‡b gwiqv Ksm †KŠk‡ji ci †KŠkj Aej¤b Ki‡Qb|

emy‡`‡ei Av‡iK ¿x †ivwnYxi Mf©RvZ mš—vb ejivg| Ks‡mi f‡q †ivwnYx I ejivg‡K ivLv n‡qwQj †MvKy‡j b‡›ì evwo‡Z| ejiv‡gi Ab¨vb¨ bvgÑ m¼l©Y, njai, ejf`ª I ej‡è| K…ò I ejivg GKmv‡_ eo n‡”Qb| we`¨v I kw³‡Z cªej n‡”Qb| mv›`xcwb gywbi Kv‡Q Zviv GKmv‡_ †e`we`¨v, Kjvwe`¨v, aby‡e© , ag©kv¯¿, Avqy‡e© , bxwZ`k©b BZ¨vw` eû wel‡q cvi`k©x n‡q DV‡Qb| M`vhy× I gj−hy‡×I `yÕfvB AcªwZØ›Øx n‡q D‡V‡Qb| Pviw`‡K Zv‡ì L¨vwZ Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| Ks‡mi Kv‡QI †cŠu‡Q †M‡Q Zvi Pig kÎyi msev`| wKQy‡ZB ¸ßNvZK w`‡q `gb Kiv hv‡”Q bv K…ò‡K| ZvQvov mivmwi hy‡×i Av‡qvRbI Kiv hv‡”Q bv hyw³hy³ ARynvZ bv _vKvq|

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kvk¦wZKx 196

K…ò-ejivg †Kvb jovB cª —ywZ wb‡q hvbwb g_yivq| Ks‡mi †KŠk‡j Ges mg‡eZ MY¨gvb¨ `k©K‡ì Aby‡iv‡a gj−hy‡× Ask wb‡Z eva¨ n‡jb Zviv| Ks‡mi Pµv‡š— Zvi weL¨Z I cªej gj−‡ì mv‡_ cª —ywZ QvovB jovB Ki‡Z bvg‡jb `yÕfvB| ZrKv‡j †Kvb †hv×v ev cv‡jvqv‡bi Rb¨ jovB Kivi AvnŸvb cªZ¨vL¨vb Kiv gv‡bB wQj A‡MŠi‡ei I j¾vi| myZivs jovB‡qi P¨v‡jÄ wb‡ZB n‡jv| †e‡R DV‡jv gj− y›`ywf| D‡ËRbvq `k©Ke…›` Aw¯’i| cªPÊ kw³gvb PvY~‡ii wei“‡× K…ò Ges gywó‡Ki wei“‡× ejivg AeZxY© n‡jb kw³-cix¶vq| fvMe‡Zi eY©bv G iKgÑ

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NUbvi AvKw¯§KZvq Ksm †hb w`‡knviv n‡q †M‡jb| µy× n‡q †mB gyn~‡Z© K…ò I ejvivg‡K wbe©vm‡b cvVv‡bvi Av‡`k w`‡jb| b›`‡K Zr¶Yvr e›`x Ki‡Z Ges emy‡è I e›`x wcZv DMª‡mb‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡jb| Av‡`k nevi mv‡_ mv‡_ AZ¨vPvix Ksm‡K AvµgY K‡ib K…ò| wmsnvmb †_‡K †d‡j w`‡jb Zv‡K| Ks‡mi AvU fvB evav w`‡Z G‡j ejiv‡gi nv‡Z Zviv wbnZ nq| AZtci e›`x ivRv DMª‡mb‡K D×vi K‡i Zvi AbyMZ‡ì mnvqZvq Zv‡K g_yivi wmsnvm‡b emv‡jb K…ò|

ivRv DMª‡m‡bi fvB †è‡Ki mš—vb †èKx| †èKxi mš—vb kªxK…ò| gvgv n‡q Ksm ¶gZvi `‡¤¢ fvM‡b‡K mg~‡j webvk Ki‡Z h_vkw³ wb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb hv wbKUR‡bi Øviv mvaviYZ N‡U bv| G Kvi‡Y †Kvb wbKUvZ¥x‡qi Øviv kÎyZvg~jK AvPiY Kiv n‡j e¨½v‡_© Zv‡K Ksmgvgv e‡j _vwK Avgiv| GB Kvwnbxi †hvMgvqv Ksm‡K †h Bw½Z w`‡q A`…k¨ nb Zv n‡jvÑ

†Zvgv‡i ewa‡e †h †MvKy‡j evwo‡Q †m|

KviI AZ¨vPvi, AbvPvi I wbcxob Amnbxq n‡q DV‡j mgv‡Ri ye©jZi gvby‡liv fwel¨‡Zi Ici b¨vq wePv‡ii fvi w`‡q GB cvcvZ¥vi kvw¯— Kvgbv K‡i Ges g‡b g‡b e‡jÑ Ô†Zvgv‡i ewa‡e †h, †MvKy‡j evwo‡Q †m|Õ y‡ói `gb †h GKw`b n‡eB-G Bw½ZB enb K‡i Avgv‡ì Av‡jvP¨ cªev`K_v|

kvk¦wZKx 197

Ave`yj Inve †PŠayix †g‡nicyi AÂ‡ji †jvKms¯‹„wZ mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨ evsjv‡`‡ki †`kR †PZbvi GK Ag~j¨ Drm| gvbyl I ms¯‹„wZ gvwUi m‡½ IZ†cÖvZfv‡e m¤ú„³| gvwU †_‡K D™¢yZ ms¯‹…wZi aviK gvbyl| ZvB gvby‡li K‡Ú gvwUi †mvu vMÜ wgwkªZ †mB MvbB SsKvi †Zv‡j| Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZi GB ewjô aviv Avengvb Kvj †_‡K cÖengvb| b`xi †mªv‡Zi gZB ms¯‹…wZi GB aviv e‡q P‡j‡Q| b`xi‡mªv‡Zi Uv‡b †Kvb AveR©bv †hgb R‡g _vK‡Z cv‡i bv, mg„× I MwZgq ms¯‹…wZi †¶†ÎI †m mZ¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| Ava¨vwZ¥K mvaK †g‡ni“j−vni c~Y¨gq ¯§„wZ weRwoZ Ges ZvuiB bv‡g bvgvw¼Z HwZnëvnx †g‡nicyi| G AÂjwU evDj mg„× AÂj| G AÂ‡ji gvwU I gvby‡li mv‡_ evD‡ji myi wg‡k Av‡Q| wg‡k Av‡Q †jvKKvwnbx, Qov, avuav I cÖev` cÖePb|

Awef³ evsjvi b`xqv †Rjv wQj evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi cÖvY‡K›`ª| †MŠiegq †mB DËivwaKvi †g‡nicyi †RjvI enb K‡i P‡j‡Q| GLv‡bi †jvKms¯‹…wZ I MÖvgxY HwZn¨ mycÖvPxb| †jvKmvwnZ¨ I †jvKm½x‡Z †g‡nicy‡ii GKwU ’&vqx Avmb i‡q‡Q| D‡j−L¨ †h, Av‡jv”¨ cÖe‡Ü evDj Rxeb I Mvb e¨vcK Av‡jvPbvi ZvwM‡` †jvKms¯‹…wZi wKQy kvLv Av‡jvPbvq Avbv m¤¢e n‡e bv|

G †Rjvi evDj m½x‡Zi mg„× HwZ‡nï L¨vwZ †`‡ki g‡a¨ I †`‡ki evB‡i `~i `~iv‡š— Qwo‡q Av‡Q| gyw©k© x, gvidwZ, hvÎv, fvmvb, KweMvb, KxZ©b, RvwiMvb, MvRxi MxZ, MvR‡bi Mvb, gv`vicx‡ii Mvb, †g‡qjxMxZ, we‡qi Mvb, K…l‡Ki †g‡VvMvb cÖf„wZ GK mgq Mªvg¸‡jv‡K gyLwiZ K‡i ivLZ| bvbv Drme †hgb- Mvw¯ Drme, bevbœ, c‡njv êkvL, e„wó AvnŸvb, nvjLvZv, MvRb Abyôvbvw`‡Z MÖvgRxe‡bi cÖvYPvÂj¨ †Ui cvIqv †hZ|

†g‡nicy‡ii evDj Rxeb I Mvb : †g‡nicyi †Rjvi BmvLvjx MÖv‡g 1885 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib evDj Kwe AviRvb kvn| Zvi wcZvi bvg †gvUb wek¦vm I gvZvi bvg Q‡bv LvZzb| wZwb wPkwZqv ZwiKvi mvaK wQ‡jb| Zvi ¸i“ Pvu cwZ| wZwb gy‡L gy‡L Mvb iPbv Ki‡Zb Ges Zvi wkl¨MY Zv gyL ’ A_ev LvZvq wj‡L ivLZ| Zvi cªexY wkl¨ wQj Mvsbx _vbvi mvnvievwUi AvRv` kvn| AvRv` kvn‡K mv‡_ wb‡q wZwb wewfbœ AÂ‡j wePvi Mvb †M‡q‡Qb| Mv‡bi Rb¨ wZwb Rbmgv‡R GZ mgv`„Z I Rbwcªq wQ‡jb †h, Zvi Mvb †kvbvi Rb¨ kZkZ bvix cyi“l wfo RgvZ| mvivivZ †R‡M Zvi Mvb ky‡b‡Qb gvbyl| Gme Mv‡b mvaviY gvbyl wPËwe‡bv`‡bi m‡½ ag© I Rxeb‡eva m¤úK©xq bvbv Ávb wccvmv wgwU‡q‡Qb|

wZwb cvuPk evDjMvb wj‡L‡Qb, hv ZË¡ K_vq ficyi| ¸i“ ev gywk© †h, G RM‡Z cig m¤ú` Ges fMevb †h ¸i“ i“‡c wkl¨‡K mvab c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i‡Qb GwUB mva‡Ki wek¦vm| Kwe A‰`Zev‡` wek¦vmx, m„wó I mªóv‡K A‡f` Kíbv K‡ib| ¸i“‡K cig mËv ev g‡bi gvbyl wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡ib| gvbe ¸i“i cÖwZ fw³wbôv bv n‡j m‡ev©”P Mi“ fMev‡bi AbyMÖn jvf nq bv| gvbe ¸i“ †mB cig ¸i“iB cÖwZwbwa| †mB gvbe ¸i“ gywk©‡ì Pi‡Y wb‡R‡K mgwc©Z Ki‡jB Rxe‡bi Avuavi Ny‡P hv‡e| evDjKwe AviRvb kvn

kvk¦wZKx 198

Zvi Mv‡b e‡jbÑ ¸i“ eªþv ¸i“ weòz, ¸i“ ¸i“ g‡nk¦i ¸i“ ag© ¸i“ Kg©, ¸i“ Pvi hy‡Mi mvi\ AÁvb Z‡gvg‡a¨ ÁvbvÄb kjvKvq P¶z Db¥xjb Kivq ¸i“ myÁvb †`Lvq\

Kwe AviRvb kvni g‡Z ¸i“B c‡_i w`kvix| ¸i“ e¨ZxZ fRb mvab e„_v| ¸i“‡K Giv mvuB e‡jb| Giv Aiƒc †Lv`v‡K iƒcgq ¸i“‡K †Lv`vi“‡c fRbv K‡ib| GB gvbe †`‡nB †Lv`v Av‡Q, GB gvbyl †_‡K †Lv`v bq Ry v| Kwe AviRvb kvn Zvi Mv‡b e‡jbÑ

gvby‡l gvbyl wg‡k‡Q †`‡Lv‡i gb bR‡i Av‡Q AvZ¥viy‡c cigvZ¥v †P‡bv ¸i“ a‡i \ †gvKvg gwÁj wP‡bv Av‡M‡Z, †Lv`v ev›`v gyn¤§` hyMj GK mv‡_ \

Kwe gvbe †`n‡K gmwR` e‡j g‡b K‡ib| GB gmwR` ev gvbe †`‡ni cweÎZv i¶v Ki‡Z ¸i“e ‘ ev exh© i¶vi weKí †bB| GB exh© n‡”Q gvbe †`‡ni PvwjKv kw³|GB exh© AUj †i‡L †`n wgj‡bi mvabvi K_v e‡j‡Qb wZwb| AUj mvabv‡K mva‡Kiv iwZwb‡iva mvabv ev we›`y mvabv bv‡gI AwfwnZ K‡ib| AwZwi³ we› y ¶‡qi d‡j gvbe †`n ax‡i ax‡i ¶q cÖvß nq| Avqy ‹vj K‡g hvq| †`n †ivMvµvš— nq| ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK kw³ †jvc cvq| ZvB evDj mvabvq AUj mvabv Acwinvh©| Zvi Mv‡b Ava¨vZ¥ev` †`n ZË¡ I ¸ß ZË¡ bvbv cÖZxKx e¨Äbvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| AviRvb kvn 1958 mv‡j †`n Z¨vM K‡ib|

AvRv` kvn : evDj Kwe AvRv` kvn 1915 mv‡j Awef³ b`xqv †Rjvi †ZnÆ _vbvi nwicyi MÖv‡g GK m¤£vš— gymwjg cwiev‡i Rb¥MªnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv Rgv`vi wek¦vm wQ‡jb GKRb ¯”Qj K…lK| wZwb nwicyi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q 5g †kªYx ch©š— c‡ob| wZwb AZ¨š— †gavex cÖK…wZi wQ‡jb Ges MÖv‡gi GK †gŠjexi wbKU †_‡K Aviwe dviwm fvlvq we‡kl Ávb jvf K‡ib| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB wZwb MvbwcÖq wQ‡jb| Mv‡bi Avm‡ii K_v ïb‡jB gvB‡ji ci gvBj cv‡q †nu‡U Mv‡bi Avm‡i †hvM w`‡Zb Ges gvidwZ Mvb wkL‡Z _v‡Kb| Mv‡bi ZË¡ K_v Zv‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| wZwb D`vmxi gZ b`xqv †Rjvi wewfbœ LvbKv I AvLov Ny‡i †eovb| Zv‡K NigyLx Kivi Rb¨ evev b`xqv †Rjvi †ZnÆ _vbvi KvbvBbMi WvKN‡ii ivRvcyi MÖv‡gi Av‡iR wek¦v‡mi KY¨v Rwgbv LvZz‡bi mv‡_ we‡q †`b| AvRv` kv‡ni yB mš—vb, h_vµ‡g Znwgbv I Ave yj gwR`|

1947 mv‡j fviZ wefv‡Mi ci AvRv` kvn I Zvi cwievi nwicy‡ii ‰cwÎK wf‡Uevwo Z¨vM K‡i †g‡nicyi †Rjvi Mvsbx _vbvi fvUcvovKzwV WvKN‡ii mvnvievwU MÖv‡g ¯’vqx emwZ M‡ob| AvRv` kvn †g‡nicyi †Rjvi BmvLvwj MÖv‡gi evDj Kwe AviRvb kv‡ni wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wPkwZqv ZwiKvi GKRb mvaK wQ‡jb| wZwb A‡bK †`n ZË¡ Mvb wj‡L‡Qb| Zvi Mv‡bi msL¨v cÖvq cvuPk|

mva‡Kiv gj, g~Î, iRt, exh© webv wØavq mvabvi A½ wn‡m‡e f¶Y K‡ib| igYxi

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FZzmªv‡ei cÖ_g wZbw`b †mB AUj gvbyl g¯—K †_‡K †b‡g G‡m i‡Ri mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q g~jvav‡ii AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡ib| PZz_© w`‡b wZwb g¯—‡K wd‡i P‡j hvb| mva‡Kiv GB wZbw`b gxbiƒcx muvB‡K aivi wbwg‡Ë wÎ‡eYxi Nv‡U wkKvixi g‡Zv e‡m _v‡Kb Ges GB wZbw`b‡K mvaKMY gnv‡hvM I cÖ_g w`b‡K Agvek¨vi Kvj e‡j _v‡Kb| G mgq c~Y© P‡›`ªi D`q nq| A‡bK mvaK iRtmªv‡ei cÖ_g w`b cÖ_g el©‡Yi we›`y cvb K‡ib| KviY Riv g„Zy i nvZ †_‡K i¶v †c‡q AgiZ¥ jvf Ki‡Z n‡j we›`ycvb Aek¨B Ki‡Z n‡e| mvaK‡K GB wÎ‡eYx ev wÎ-†gvnbvi †mªv‡Zi aviv ey‡S mvabvq wjß _vK‡Z nq| Kwe AvRv` kvn Zvi Mv‡b e‡jbÑ

fvMxi_x Zx_© b`x M‡o‡Q wewa f~gÊ‡j R‡j mœvb K‡i‡Q mevB, †KD evwK bvB H Zx_© b`xi mv‡o wZb‡kv ‡µvk b`xi mxgvbv wfZ‡i Av‡Q wÎ‡gvnbv bv †R‡b bv‡g †h Rbv, c‡o hvq †m AZj Z‡j| ïKvqbv b`x e‡n aviv, wZb‡kv DbwÎk w`b _v‡K i‡m fiv QwÎk w`b e‡n ‡mªv‡Zi aviv,R‡ji †XD Qvwc †h P‡j, evi gv‡m evi †hvM Av‡m, †hvM aivi Avkvq mvaK _v‡K e‡m, †hvM †c‡j g‡bi Dj−v‡m †hv‡Mi Rj †bq Zz‡j| AviRvb e‡j AvRv`‡K †W‡K b`x‡Z mœvb Kwim ZzB †hvM †`‡L|

GB wÎ‡eYx ev ¯¿xi †hŠbv‡½i av‡i gxbiƒcx mvuB Gi Avbv‡Mvbv nq| gvwmK †kl nevi ci wZb w`b a‡i hLb ¿x †hvwb c‡_ †k−lvRvZxq c`v_© _vK‡j Ges ZLb ˆ`wnK wgjb NU‡j ïµKxU wW‡¤i mv‡_ wg‡k †M‡j ¯¿x mš—vb m¤¢vebv n‡q _v‡K| †hvwbc_ ï®‹ _vK‡j mš—vb m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv| ZvB mva‡Ki aviv ey‡S mvabvi c×wZ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| mvab c×wZ bv †R‡b bvixi Kv‡Q †h‡Z gvbv K‡i‡Qb| Kwe AvRv` kvn Zvi Mv‡b e‡jbÑ

†jv‡f fy‡j bvix K‡j cwombv Kwi gvbv| KZ exi eyw×gvb,Ávbx weØvb gviv hv‡”Q KZ Rbv Kj cvZv Av‡Q wPiw`b KZ gvbyl gi‡jv K‡j wVK Kiv KwVb, cyiv‡bv bZzb n‡”Q K‡ji Mob, m„wóKZ©vi KviLvbv| K‡ji wewPÎ Mob, †`L‡j †Pv‡L fyjvq Zv‡K, Ggwb AvKl©Y AvKl©‡Y Kv‡Q Uv‡b ai‡j Zv‡K Qv‡o bv hvi Av‡Q ¸i“ ej †m ek K‡i‡Q Kj, B‡”Q gZ Pvjvq e‡m, euv‡P wPiKvj, AviRvb e‡j AvRv` bv wkwL‡j,

kvk¦wZKx 200

H K‡ji nv‡Z euvPwe bv| evDj mvabvq †`n‡K me©vwaK ¸i“Z¡ cÖ vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges †m Kvi‡Y GB mvabvq

¸i“i cÖvavb¨| ¸i“ e¨wZ‡i‡K GB mvabvq mdjZv Avm‡e bv| gyiwk` †hgb Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©, †Zgwb mvabvi Rb¨ -†PZb ¸i“ ev bvix mvwaKv Acwinvh©|

Bqv` Avjx kvn : 1912 mv‡j †g‡nicyi †Rjvi eywo‡cvZv BDwbq‡bi evwo euvKv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Bqv` Avjx kvn| Zvi wcZvi bvg †neyRywÏb kvn, gv m‡gbv wewe| eQi eq‡m wZwb †g‡nicy‡ii emš—cy‡ii †KvwKj kvnÕi wbKU eqvZ nb| wZwb A‡bK evDj Mvb wj‡L‡Qb| wZwb fvi‡Zi mZxgvi ìevi, A½`xc jvjb kvni Avkªg, Kzwóqvi †QuDwoqv, PzqvWv½vi dwKi evMvb, AvgSzwc †Mvjvg kvnÕi evwo, ivRvcyi †PivK kvnÕi evwoi Ii‡k Mvb †M‡q‡Qb| mvaK e‡j‡Qb: bdmvbx †ivRv n‡jv g~j mvabv| bd‡mi RyjgZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K weiZ ivLv| mªóv cÖ Ë Ava¨vwZ¥K kw³ wb‡Ri g‡a¨ ˆZwi Kiv| hvi Rb¨ nhiZ gyn¤§` (m.) †niv ce©‡Zi ¸nvq e‡m a¨vbgMœ _vK‡Zb| mvabvi c‡_ eo euvav Qq wicy| Qq wicy wel‡q Bqv` Avjx kvnÕi GKwU Mv‡b e‡jb :

ej †Kvb gvbyl weivR K‡i Avgvi GB †`n gw›`‡i, ej Kq wP‡R G †`n cq`v †Kvb wP‡R †Kvb bvg a‡i| Avwg bv †R‡b G †`n ZË¡ †Kg‡b nq ¸i“ e ‘, GLb `qv K‡i e¨vL¨v K‡i KI Avgv‡i| Qq wicy `k B› ªxq‡i, Bnv _v‡K †Kvb kn‡i, ej Abygv‡b wK e ‘ gv‡b, e‡jv mwVK K‡i| Aaxb Bqv`vjx †f‡e e‡j Avgvi w`b e‡q hvq †Mv‡jgv‡j| `qvj †KvwKj Puv` AvR ü`q Ly‡j eySv‡q ej Avgv‡i\

mvaK cÖkœvKv‡i ZË¡K_vi Bw½Z w`‡q‡Qb Zvi Mv‡b| †Kvb gvbyl, †Kvb AwPb cvwL †`n gw›`‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Zv‡K evwn‡i LuyR‡j cvIqv hv‡e bv| Qq wicy `gb K‡i `k B›`ªx‡qi gva¨‡g ai‡Z n‡e| mvaK Kwe cÖvq wZbk †`n ZË¡ Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| 1400 m‡bi 31 Avlvp wZwb †`n Z¨vM K‡ib|

gvZzkvn : †g‡nicyi †Rjvi, Mvsbx _vbvi kvnovZjv MÖv‡g 1324 m‡bi 16 gvN gvZzkvn bvbvi evwo‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi evevi bvg Gjvnx eK&k wek¦vm, evevi evwo Mvsbx _vbvi AvKecyi MÖv‡g| gvZzkvn †QvU‡ejv †_‡K Mvb wcÖq wQ‡jb| cÖ_g wZwb AvBRywÏb dwK‡ii wbKU Mvb †k‡Lb| 18 eQi eq‡m wZwb Kzwói Dwèvwo MÖv‡gi gbQzi kvni wbKU wPkwZqv ZwiKv †gvZv‡eK eqvZ nb| wZwb A‡bK evDj Mvb wj‡L‡Qb| cx‡ii KvQ †_‡K †LjvdZ †c‡q A‡bK f³ gywi` ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb| AvRxeb wZwb Kzwóqv, †g‡nicyi, PzqvWv½v, h‡kvi, Lyjbvi wewfbœ AÂ‡j Mvb K‡i‡Qb| Zvi iwPZ Mv‡bi msL¨v cÖvq GKk| 1415 m‡bi 28 AMÖnvqb GB mvaK Kwe †`n Z¨vM K‡ib|

iwdK cxi : 1961 mv‡ji 16 Rvbyqvwi †g‡nicyi †Rjvi †Mvfxcy‡ii Kvg‡ècyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib iwdK cxi| wZwb eo n‡q AvZ¥vi gyw³i Rb¨ Kv‡gj gywk©‡ì mÜvb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| 26 eQi eq‡m †g‡nicy‡ii KzZzecy‡ii kvnmywd †bqvgZzj−vn Avj wPkwZi wbKU

kvk¦wZKx 201

eqvZ nb| GK ch©v‡q Gj‡g ZvQvD‡di meK MÖnY K‡ib| me© v mvabvq wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡Zb| GLb wZwb evwo‡Z _v‡Kb bv| Kvg‡ècyi gv‡Vi g‡a¨ Zvi LvbKv i‡q‡Q| G AÂ‡j Zvi A‡bK f³ gywi` Av‡Q| ¸i“i †`qv meK Abyhvqx mvabv K‡ib Ges †m ZË¡K_v Mv‡bi gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡ib| wZwb cÖvq GKk giwg m½xZ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| mvaK e‡jb: m„wói g~j Drm b~‡i †gvnv¤§`x Avj−vi RvwZ byi GB by‡i †gvnv¤§`x, cÖwZwU m„wói g‡a¨B ieiƒ‡c, AbycÖweó n‡q Dnvi m„wóKvix, cvjbKvix Ges aŸsmKvixiƒ‡c AveZ©bkxj wµqv K‡i P‡j‡Qb| GB byi gvbe †`‡n weivRgvb, GB by‡ii AcPq eo cvc| mvaK GKwU Mv‡b e‡jb :

†h byi nq cÖ_g m„wó, †mB b~‡ii GLb †Kv_vq emwZ ej Zvnvi wK AvK…wZ, †`L‡j kxZj nq civY| ivLZvg hw` †bvKZvi Lei, P‡¶‡Z Avi eB‡Zv bv †di, njvg †bvKZv nviv cvMj cviv, Luy‡R Luy‡R njvg nqivb|

evwQqv †eMg : †g‡nicyi †Rjvi Mvsbx gwnjv K‡jR cvovi evwm›`v evwQqv †eMg| Zvi ¸i“ g‡dR muvB| wZwb 50wU evDj Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi iwPZ GKwU Mvb :

N›Uv covi Av‡M, Avcbcv‡o Avcwb jI‡m‡i, cv‡oi Kwo bv _vwK‡j, cvo Kwi‡e †K‡i \ w`b _vwK‡Z Ki Av‡qvRb, kgb N›Uv eywS evwRj KLb, _vK‡i gb m`v me©¶Y, ûm K‡i \ †P‡q †`L Wywej †ejv, mv½ nj Rxeb †Ljv, Wye‡jv eywS mv‡ai Rxeb †fjv, Ae‡njvq‡i\ Nyi‡Q †hgb Nwoi KvUv, mgq n‡j co‡e N›Uv, g‡dR muvB Kq evwQqv, †`L Zvi cÖgvY bR‡i\

Ave`yj Mdzi gybmx : †g‡nicy‡ii ev‡Mvqvb MÖv‡g evDj Kwe Ave yj Mdzi gybmx 1881 mv‡j Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZvi bvg dqRyj−vn gybmx| Mdzi gybmx †ckvMZ w`K w`‡q GKRb K…wlRxex wQ‡jb| wZwb GKRb fvj MvqK wQ‡jb, Avevi AmsL¨ ayqvRvix, gvidZx, evDjMxwZ, cvjvMvb I KweMvb iPbvK‡iQb| GKkZ eQ‡ii AwaKKvj a‡i Zvi iwPZ Mvb †g‡nicy‡ii cÖvq cÖwZwU MÖv‡gB f³R‡bi gy‡L gy‡L Av‡Q| Zvi iwPZ Mvb¸‡jv G ch©š— cÖKvkbvi wmuwo‡Z Av‡ivnY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Zvi evDj Mv‡bi msL¨v cÖvq wZbk| Avj−vi b~‡i gyn¤§‡ì m„wó, gyn¤§‡ì b~‡i mv‡i Rvnvb| bexi b~i m„wó‡Z wg‡k Av‡Q| evDj Kwe †Mvdzi gyÝx Zvi Mv‡b e‡jbÑ

b~‡i‡Z wb‡iv mv‡i Rvnvb m„wó nq| jËn cvK bvgvwejKvZz&&j−v Zvq \ bexi kv‡b †`L waqv‡b mKjB‡Z wg‡k iq bex Qvov j¶x Qvov †Mv wKQyB nevi bq \ bexi kv‡b AvZ¡‡j‡Z cvwb nq cvwbi weQb †mwn RMrgq \

kvk¦wZKx 202

cvwbi we‡Q bq‡i wg‡Q, Lvw` Avw` cq`v nq| cvwbi Dci fvm‡Q LvwK †Mv GB †`‡j `wiqvq ey‡S †`L fyj bv‡Kv gbivq | cvwb n‡Z gvbe R¤§Zvq \

Iwj`v` gybmx : †g‡nicy‡ii ev‡Mvqvb Mªv‡g 1904 mv‡j Iwj`v` gybmx Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZvi bvg Mdzi gybmx| †ckvMZ w`Kw`‡q wZwb AÎ AÂ‡ji ZrKvjxb Rwg`vi bdicvj †PŠayixi bv‡qe wQ‡jb| GKB mv‡_ wZwb `xN©Kvj ZrKvjxb b`xqv †Rjvi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †mwbUvix B‡bm‡cKUi wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wcZvi DËimyix wnmv‡e A‡bK evDj Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Ges †m mg — Mvb MÖv‡g MÖv‡g †M‡q †ewo‡q‡Qb| Zvi Mv‡bi msL¨v cÖvq †òk| wZwb 1986 mv‡j 60 eQi eq‡m †`n Z¨vM K‡ib|

wbgvBZzj−vn wek¦vm : †g‡nicyi †Rjvi DËi Rbc‡ì wePvi Mvb I Rvix Mv‡bi GKKv‡ji AwZ L¨vwZgvb eqvwZ wQ‡jb wbgvZzj−vn wek¦vm Ii‡d wbqvgZ| G †Rjvi KzZzecyi MÖv‡gi gmwR` cvovq 1885 mv‡j wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb AmsL¨ Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi Mv‡bi †Kvb cÖKvkbv nqwb, Z‡e eqvwZiv Zvi Mvb mgvw`Z K‡i †i‡L‡Q †kªvZv‡ì Kv‡Q| 1965 mv‡j wZwb †`n Z¨vM K‡ib| Zvi Mvb ¸‡jv Mfxi ZË¡g~jK| wZwb e‡jbÑ

1. GK †Q‡j ywbqvq cq`v n‡q‡Q evi ermi M‡f© †_‡K‡Q cÖme Kv‡j †Rvwb †K‡U mš—vb evwni K‡i‡Q| Ggb mš—vb †Kov ? e‡jv †Mv AvR `‡kiB Kv‡Q \ 2. Avi Kn mgvPvi wZb M‡f© GK †Q‡j Mf© n‡Z Wv‡K gvÕe‡j Rb¥ n‡q c‡ii †Kv‡j gvbyl wZwb n‡q‡Q c‡ii gv‡K gv ewjqv †Mv \

†KvwKj wek¦vm: †g‡nicy‡ii Mvsbx _vbvi hywM›`v MÖv‡gi evDj mvaK I Kwe †gvt †KvwKj wek¦vm| Zvi g‡Z bvixi we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ I m¤§vb Av‡Q| aiYxi i‡m bvix, ZviB kª×v fw³ Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvi g‡Z bvix cyi“l `yÕRb mgvb n‡jI ZË¡MZfv‡e bvixB †kªô| bvix `x¶v wb‡j †m ¸i“i m¤úwË e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| Ges ¯vgxi m‡½ Zvi gvZ… m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq| evDj ¯vgx ¿x‡K cÖYvg K‡i| ¯¿x ¸i“i m¤úwË| Zv‡K i¶bv‡e¶‡bi AwaKvi ¯vgxi Av‡Q| wKš‘ h‡_”Q eënv‡ii AwaKvi ¯vgxi †bB| Mvwj †`qv ev ¯¿x‡K gviv evDj Z‡Ë¡ Mwn©Z Aciva| bvix‡K fRbv Kivi, gvb¨ Kivi, Zvi AaxbZv ¯xKvi K‡i Zv‡K cÖmbœ Kivi ZË¡ ¸i“ wkl¨‡K Rvbvb| bvix Avw` kw³| wZwb Aa©†PZb cyi“l kyK&ª‡K wbR mËv‡K wgwjZ K‡i cÖvY mÂvi K‡ib Ges †`nxi Rb¥ †`b| bvix ev gv‡qi RvZxi kª×v mevi Dc‡i| Kwe e‡jb,

gv RM‡Zi wk‡ivgwY gv RM‡Zi wk‡ivgwY gv n‡jv cig `vZv, wk‡ei Rxeb AvZ¥v wkï cvjb KZ©v, gv Rbbx

kvk¦wZKx 203

gv n‡jv H cig ¸i“, f‡ei KíZi“ \ †R‡ni †kL : †g‡nicyi †Rjvi AvgSzwc MÖv‡gi Awaevmx giwg Kwe †R‡ni †kL|

wZwb A‡bK cvjvMvb, KweMvb I giwg Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi Mv‡bi g‡a¨ A‡bK dviwm k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq| wZwb 1965 mv‡j B‡š—Kvj K‡ib| KweZvi Mv‡b †gv‡gb gymjgvb‡ì †Nvi Zydv‡b Cgvb wVK ivLvi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| †hgbÑ

co i‡e ej Avjvwgb, Ruvnv gwgb gymjgvb wVK †i‡Lv Bgvb, msmvi me mv‡iv mv‡iv NU‡e †Kvb w`b Zzdvb, fq †i‡Lv fq †i‡Lv I fvB gv‡jK †Qvenvb, evey Acvi gwngv wZbvi nvBqv‡Z Ki‡b Iqvjv Kz iwZ evnvi|

gybQyi †kL : wZwb †g‡nicyi †Rjvi AvgSywc MÖv‡gi gxicvovq 1894 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb GKRb ¯fve Kwe wQ‡jb| wewfbœ cvjvMvb, kv ¿Mvb gy‡L gy‡L iPbv Ki‡Zb| wZwb 1994 mv‡j 70 eQi eq‡m g„Zz eiY K‡ib| Kwe Zvi Mv‡b gvÕ†K wb›`v Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| gv AwZ kª×vi cvÎ| gnvi‡½ gv‡qi m‡½ †Lv`v GK mgq wQ‡jb| Kwe Zvi Mv‡b e‡jbÑ

1. gv‡qi wb›`v I †eû`v Kwj− wK‡mi Kvi‡Y †mivKv‡i ciqv‡i †f‡mwQj wbivÄ‡b gnvi‡½ gv‡qi m‡½ †Mv, †Lv`v wQj †mBLv‡b \

2. fvm‡jb †Lv`v Ri wRqv`v, w`‡q‡Q gv‡qi Z‡i gv‡qi cvÎ ’vb nBj ewmj Zvnvi c‡i Kz i‡Z Kj LvUvBj †Mv Igv kw³i †Rv‡i \

3. gv‡qi cÖwZ RMr cwZ fvi w`j †lvj Avbv Lykx ‡`‡j gv †evj e‡j w`‡q‡Qb cÂ`vbv ev›`vi i“wR gv‡qi nv‡Z †Mv cvjb K‡i †`L bv \

4. Lei ïwb Rjv wKwb AvKvi mvKvi gv wQj †Kvb is a‡i ciqv‡i gv‡K gv e‡j wQj ? \

nvwej wek¦vm : †g‡nicy‡ii AvgSzwc BDwbq‡bi †ejZjvcvov MÖv‡g 1815 mv‡j nvwej wek¦vm Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb GKRb Kweqvj I MvqK wQ‡jb| wZwb A‡bK cvjvMvb, kv ¿Mvb I gvidwZ Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Kwe Zvi Mv‡b e‡jb gv Rbbx cuvP i‡½ †Ljv K‡i, †m †Ljvq gIjv DRvjv nq| †hgbÑ

1. Lei ïwb gv Rbbx cvuP i‡½ K‡i †Ljv Rv‡b †mB gv‡jK I gIjv Igv wQj DRvjv †`‡q iwZ RMrcwZ NvUvBj byi ZvwRj−v g‡qi bv‡g Muv_v gvjv †Mv, Rv‡e‡i Ze R¡vjv \

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2. †h mgq RvwZi fv‡e gv Rbbx e‡m iq, cuvP i‡½ AvKviI †`Lvq|

3. I ZvB ey‡S †`L fvB Qvc meyR jvj bxj wQqv cuvPwU is nq| cuvP i‡½‡Z gvi m‡½‡Z Av‡c †Lv`v ‡g‡Z iq|

4. †kvb eqvwZ n‡e KwZ, AvwR wRÁvwm gvZv Avgvi jvMvq †cÖg iwm Zv‡Z bvB‡Kv gv ywl ZLb †Kvb †cÖ‡g‡Z gv‡qi mv‡_ Av‡c †Lv`v D`vmx †Kvb †cÖ‡g‡Z gv ‡evj, e‡j wbivÄb wèv wbwk \

5. Rvb hw` wbiewa ej †Mv †lvj Avbv, †Kvb i‡½ evevi MVb, Avwg ïbe Zvi webv | †Kvb i‡½ KviLvbv MwVj evix iveŸvbv , nvwej e‡j I‡i †eKze gv‡qi wb›`v K‡iv bv \

iv‡gk¦i `vm : †g‡nicy‡ii Mvuovevwoqv I Kzjevwoqv AÂ‡ji Rwg`v‡ii †Mvg —v wQ‡jb iv‡gk¦i `vm| Mvovevwoqv MÖv‡g Zuvi Avw` wbevm wQj| Rwg`vix †m‡i —vi LvRbv Av`vq Kivi †ckvq RwoZ _vKvKvjxb wZwb wn›`y a‡g©i Dci QovMvb, ivav K…‡òi cvjvMvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi Rb¥-g„Zz i mb ZvwiL Rvbv hvq wb| Kweqvj, eqvwZ wnwZgcvov MÖv‡gi `v‡qg wek¦v‡mi cy&Î †gvt igRvb Avjxi wbKU iv‡gk¦i `v‡mi nv‡Z †jLv AmsL¨ QovMvb, cvjvMvb m¤wjZ `yÕLvbv cvÊywjwc cvIqv hvq| iv‡gk¦i `vm iwPZ Mvb¸‡jv Zvi g„Zy i c‡i ûeû AvKv‡i wjwce× K‡ib Muvovevwoqv MÖv‡gi `v‡iK ¯Y©Kvi| iv‡gk¦i `vm Zvi RxeÏkvq cÖvq 700 QovMvb Ges wn› y kv ¿ Aej¤‡b wewfbœ ayqv I cvjvMvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb|GKwU Qovq wZwb e‡jb Ñ

eyS‡j bv ey‡S gb, PÂjZv me©¶Y ybqb f~‡j‡Q †eûm i~‡c| †Mvcb K‡i ivL‡Z PvB ; g‡i ïK †Rvbvq VuvB †h cvB Rj _v‡K bv †Kvb i“‡c \

cwÊZ BQvi DwÏb : cwÊZ BQvi DwÏ†bi wcZv gvae kvn| Mvsbx _vbvi †ZivBj MÖv‡gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| wZwb GKRb L¨vZbvgv Mv‡qb I eqvwZ wQ‡jb| KwjKvZvq wewfbœ DuPzgv‡bi hvÎv`‡ji mv‡_ mswk−ó _vK‡Zb| Zvi †jLv wewfbœ ai‡Yi Mvb Mvsbx GjvKvi MÖvgvÂ‡ji eqvwZ‡ì Kv‡Q mgv „Z i‡q‡Q| †hgb Zvi GKwU MvbÑ

†Mvcvj †Mvó Avi hv‡e bv, †Mv‡ó Kók‡ó _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Mvcvj †Mv‡ó‡Z we`vq, I‡i ejvB

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†mevi A‡bK Aviva‡b, †cjvg nviva‡b, Rxeb †avb‡K †ev‡j w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avgvi A‡eva Aeyjv, I‡i ejvB, Avgvi A‡eva A‡evjv Qg‡b Ki‡e †Ljv, †Kv‡ci Kvjv gv‡V b‡q †hI bv †Lv` BQviDwÏ Kq I‡i ejvB, †Lv` BQviDwÏb Kq gv n‡q we`vq, cÖv‡Yv ab‡K †evj w`‡Z cvi‡e bv \

BqvwQb Nivwg : †g‡nicyi mì _vbvaxb `vwiqvcyi BDwbq†bi we`¨vcyi MÖv‡gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| 1875 mv‡j wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1945 mv‡j wbR evwo‡Z g„Zy eiY K‡ib| we`¨vaicyi MÖv‡gi PKcvovq Zvi evwo wQj| †ckvMZ w`K w`‡q BqvwQb L‡ov N‡ii Nivwg wQ‡jb| AZ¨š— myiwmK GB BqvwQb Nivgx L‡oi N‡ii Pvj QvIqv Ges euvav Ae ’vq Pv‡ji Dci e‡m Mvb ˆZix Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| mgKvjxb cÖm½ wb‡q Zvr¶wbK Mvb iPbv Kiv Zvi GK ai‡bi †bkv wQj| cÖvq QÕk ayqv Rvix gvidwZ Mvb iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| `ywf©¶ wb‡q †jLv Zvi GKwU Mvb njÑ

mb n‡jv 1336 mvj n‡jv fxlY AvKvk UvKvq 8 KvVv avb Rx‡ei euv‡P wK‡m cÖvY yÕAvbv gRyix w`‡q LvUvq w`bgvb | yÕgy‡Lv H †kKvjx nq bv eySvB _v‡K Lvjx Pi c‡o bv Kv`v evwj wK RÄvj mb 1336 mvj nj fxlY AvKvj|

`v‡qg wek¦vm : evsjv 1304 mv‡j †g‡nicyi mì _vbvaxb KzZzecyi BDwbq‡bi wnwZg cvov MÖv‡g Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| †ckvMZ w`K †_‡K `v‡qg wek¦vm ZrKvjxb mg‡q AÎ AÂ‡ji Rwg`vi‡ì LvRbv Av`v‡qi KvR Ki‡Zb| wZwb AmsL¨ ayqv RvixMvb, cvjvMvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi cy&Î igRvb Avjx wcZvi DËivwaKvi wnmv‡e AmsL¨ Mv‡bi cvÊywjwc mh‡Zœ †i‡L‡Qb| `v‡qg wek¦vm 1394 m‡b wbR MÖv‡g g„Zz eiY K‡ib| †hgb Zvi iwPZ GKwU MvbÑ

bvgvR Avwg cwoe fvB †Kg‡b Avgvi wVK n‡jvbv Cgv‡b Cgvb wVK nq bv Avgvi gyiwk` we‡b \ gyiwk‡ì †`Lv †hw`b cve \ GB bvgv‡Ri †f` †f‡½ wbe \ Rvqbvgv‡Ri wVK n‡jv bv bvgvR

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†Kvb RvqMvq cwVe †`‡ni gv‡S KqRb Av‡Q bvgvwR Zviv †bK Kv‡g‡Z bq ivwR Zvi †fZ‡i e‡m Av‡Q eo nvwR \ kqZvb cv‡Q cv‡Q †Nv‡i g‡bi gqjv G‡Kev‡i \

AvKvjx wek¦vm : AvKvjx wek¦v‡mi wcZv gvae wek¦vm| †g‡nicyi mì _vbvi Aš—M©Z Avg`n MÖv‡gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| wZwb Avg`n GjvKvi ZrKvjxb mg‡qi Rwg`vi wcqvi †gvnb e‡›`vcva¨v†qi Rwg`vix †m‡i —vi GKRb LvRbv Av`vqKviK wQ‡jb| †ckvMZ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wZwb AmsL¨ cvjvMvb, QovMvb I gvidwZMvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wb‡R GKRb fvj Mv‡qb Ges L¨vwZgvb eqvwZ wQ‡jb| Mv‡bi `j cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| Zvi iwPZ Mv‡bi AskÑ

†kvb‡i †`vm&Z, †n‡`‡i †`L nvev‡Z ZzB wb‡R †evKv Rvwb‡i| ivóª GB msmv‡i XvK‡j XvKv hv‡e bv gb †ev‡S †`‡Lv bv| D¯—vw` evwoI bv-†i wPwb †Zv‡i †Zvi cvZzB wb‡RB ØxbKvbv | †Zvi Avwì Lei Avgiv fvj Rvwb cwiPq ZzB wb‡RI †evg‡e‡U †m‡R Rvwb G mfvq \

†gvt gm‡jg wgi : gm‡jg wg‡ii wcZv cvZz wgi| Zvi Rb¥ 1322 m‡bi 10B fv ª gywk© vev` †Rjvi Auv‡`vj †ewo MÖv‡g| wZwb †g‡nicy‡ii ev‡Mvqvb MÖv‡g 1947 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K fviZ †_‡K G‡m emevm ïi“ K‡ib| ev‡Mvqvb MÖv‡g `xN©Kvj emevm Kivi mgq wZwb AmsL¨ gvidwZ I †`nZË¡ Mvb iPbv K‡ib| gm‡jg wgi Gi AmsL¨ Mvb †g‡nicy‡ii cÖZ¨š— MÖvgvÂ‡j A†b‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ wQj| Zvi A‡bK Mvb msi¶‡bi Afv‡e Kv‡ji M‡f© nvwi‡q †M‡Q| wZwb GKRb Mv‡‡qb I eqvwZ wQ‡jb| 1382 mv‡j wZwb ev‡Mvqvb MÖv‡g g„Zz eiY K‡ib| wZwb Zvi gvidwZ Mv‡b e‡jbÑ

†m mgv‡Z AÜKvi wQj, `‡ji AvKvi cÖKviY wQj nv‡i Avmgvb Rwgb bv wQj e‡jv, bexRx ciqv‡i MvBwe AvIqvR ïbv‡jv I‡i AvKv‡i Avb‡jv| GK by‡ii gqyi Kwi‡jb ‰Zqvi †eiv`vi ïb‡Z cvB ej| wbR Kz i‡Z wbR, ieŸvbv,GK wìvK Kj− hvq ïbv †KD wQjbv gvÎ `yB Rbv \ I‡i ûKzg f‡i bexRx†i †mB wìvKvi gvRLvbv \

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e‡m iBj `x†bi †Ìqvbv Zvnvi c‡i Kz iZ ‡Rv‡i †Mv, gqy‡ii m¤§y‡L Avqbv Avw` wcZv Avqbvi cv‡b PvB, wb‡RiÑ Kz i‡Z †`L‡Z cvB kig, †c‡q Kw¤úZ ü`q| `k dzUv byi S‡i c‡jv `kUv wRwbm ZvB‡Z nq, Avik Kzik jûgvndzR nq Avmgvb Rwgb P›`ª m~h© †Mv gm‡jg Kq evevi ØvivB \

gvwbK DÏxb Avnv¤§` : gvwbK DÏxb Avnv¤§` 1918 mv‡ji w`‡K †g‡nicy‡ii ivRvcyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZvi bvg †Mvjvg iveŸvbx| wZwb evDj we‡ivax Kweqvj I eqvwZ wQ‡jb| wZwb A‡bK cvjvMvb, QovMvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Iwj`v` gyÝxi wkl¨ wQ‡jb| 1983 mv‡ji 24 RyjvB 65 eQi eq‡m wZwb gviv hvb| Zvi iwPZ GKwU Mv‡b wZwb e‡jbÑ

Av`‡g evbvBqv †Lv`v ûKzg K‡i †d‡i —v ci H Av`g‡K †mR`v K‡iv †Zvgiv m‡e eivei \ me †d‡i —v †mR`v w`‡jv †Mv AvRvwRj Kwie Qei| AvRvwRj w`‡jv bv †mR`v †m LeiI †kvbv hvq c„_K N‡i †i‡L Av`g AvRvwRj‡K †h‡Z nq| cv PvjvBqv †`q AvRvwRj †Mv hv Av‡Q cwiPq Zvi Av‡M kqZvb wQj bv ïb‡Z hvnv cvIqv hvq AvRvwR‡j †Kvb kqZvb †avKv‡Z †dj‡j ZvB| gvbe K_v ü`q e¨v_v †Mv gvwbK mfv‡Z RvbvB \

MixeDj−vn kvn : wZwb 1892 mv‡j †g‡nicy‡ii Mvsbx _vbvi Kv_yjx MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZvi bvg Lv‡Zi Avjx wek¦vm| wZwb GKRb evDj Kwe wQ‡jb| AmsL¨ evDjMvb, QovMvb I gvidwZ wZwb Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wbR evwoi mv‡_B M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb evDj Avkªg| A‡bK wkl¨ f³ I AbyivMx m„wó K‡i‡Qb wZwb| 4_© †kªYx ch©š— †jLvcov K‡i‡Qb Mixeyj−vn| Zvi ˆZix A‡bK Mvb GLb †g‡nicy‡ii cÖZ¨š— MÖvgvÂ‡ji eqvwZiv cÖvY DRvo K‡i †M‡q †eovb| wZwb Zvi iwPZ gvidwZ Mv‡b e‡jb :

cvMj gb‡i Avgvi Kx ab †c‡q fy‡j AvQ f‡e| my‡Li weQvbvq kqb K‡i Nygv‡”Qv wbi‡e \ cyÎ cwiRb †Kn bq Avcb m‡½ wK †KD hv‡e? `vjvb †KvVv evwo mKjB i‡e cwo

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Pj& ej‡jB †h‡Z n‡e \

AvwRRyj nK wPkwZ : †g‡nicyi mì _vbvi KzZzecyi BDwbq‡bi †kvjgvix MÖv‡gi evwm›`v| Zvi wcZvi bvg Rvgvb Avjx †kL| wZwb †Kvivb mybœvn †gvZv‡eK †`nZË¡ Mvb I cvjvMvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †m ¸‡jv wewfbœ Avmi I Rjmvq wb‡RB †M‡q _v‡Kb|

gvZnve wPk&wZ : gvZnve wPk&wZ †g‡nicyi †Rjvi Mvsbx _vbvi AvKzecyi MÖv‡gi Awaevmx| Zvi wcZvi bvg nvRx Gjvnx eK&k wek¦vm| Zvi c~e©cyi“‡liv mywd gZev‡` wek¦vmx| wZwb evj¨Kv‡jB cvwievwiK cÖ_v Abyhvqx Kzwóqvi gbmyi Avjx wPkwZi Kv‡Q `x¶v MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb A‡bK gvidwZ I †`nZË¡ Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zvi Mv‡b e‡jbÑ

mvaK Kq G‡m, †hŠeb Avi hv‡e bv e„× n‡j iqbv †hŠeb Af‡³i GB aviYv †hŠeb DRvb fvwU K‡i wfZ‡i GB Z_¨ hw` †KD eyS‡Z cv‡i Zvi †hŠeb Avi hv‡e bv‡i †m givi N‡iI g‡i bv \ †hŠeb _vK‡j Avwg _vwK ZLb Avgv‡K Avwg †`wL Avwg hw` †hŠeb ivwL, †Kb i‡e bv \ hZw`b GB †`n eZ©gvb ZZw`b iwn‡e †hŠeb cvB‡j mÜvb gvZnve mveavb Ki †hŠe‡bi a¨vb \

†jvKKvwnbx : eû cÖvPxb Kvj a‡iB evsjv †jvKms¯‹…wZi GKwU we‡kl Avmb `Lj K‡i †i‡L‡Q †jvKKvwnbx| we‡kl K‡i Mí ejv I Mí †kvbvi †iIqvR AZxZ Kvj a‡i P‡j Avm‡Q| †g‡nicyi AÂ‡j †jvKKvwnbx m„wó n‡q‡Q †mB Avengvb Kvj a‡i P‡j Avmv wewfbœ AÂ‡ji †jvKKvwnbxi m¤ú„³Zvq Ges mn‡hvwMZvq †jvKKvwnbx ej‡Z ïay †mB me Kvwnbx‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q hv M‡`¨ wea„Z n‡q‡Q wKš‘ wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ HwZ‡nï gva¨‡g hyM hyM a‡i n —vš—wiZ n‡q GK cyi“l †_‡K Avi GK cyi“‡l †cŠ‡Q| bgybv ¯iƒc GKwU †jvKKvwnbx wea„Z nj|

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Qov : Qov AwaKnv‡i eëüZ n‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì mgvRRxeb Ges msmvi Rxe‡b| mvwn‡Zï wekvj RM‡Z Qovi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| †g‡nicyi AÂ‡j cÖPwjZ Qovi bgybv wb‡gœ †Ìqv n‡jv :

1. Avq‡i Avq Puv` gvgv, wUc w`‡q hv| Puv‡ì Kcv‡j Puv` wUc w`‡q hv|

2. MvB weqv‡j ya †è, gvQ gvi‡j gy‡ov †è| avb fvb‡j Kz‡ov †è, Nyg cvovwb gvmx wcwm, †gv‡ì evwo G‡mv LvU †bB, cvjs †bB, †PvL †c‡Z e‡mv | evUv f‡i cvb †è, Mvj f‡i LvI, †gv‡ì †LvKvi †Pv‡L Nyg w`‡q hvI|

3. wbg wZ‡Zv wbwm›`v wZ‡Zv, wZ‡Zv gvKvj dj, Zv n‡Z AwaK wZ‡Zv, KY¨v †evb-mZx‡bi Ni|

4. øvb K‡i †h bvix Kvco wP‡c cvwb †`q cvq, nvZ a‡i mvZ cyi“l‡K bi‡K wb‡q hvq|

5. mÜ¨vKv‡j †h igYx N‡i bv †`q evwZ, N‡i j¶x †Q‡o hvq Kcv‡j w`qv jvw_|

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(1) GKwU Lvwb Mv‡Q, ivOv eDwU bv‡P| (gwiP) (2) gvgyivB iv‡au-ev‡o, gvgyivB Lvq, Avgiv †M‡j N‡i yqvi †`q| (kvgyK) (3) mvM‡i Rb¥ Zvi †jvKvj‡q evm, gv‡q Qy‡j cy&Î g‡i GwK me©bvk| (jeb) (4) gvwUi Zjvq _v‡K †ewU,

kvk¦wZKx 210

†Zbv wc‡›` AvwU AvwU, bvwc‡Z bv †Qvq †avcvq bv †avq ZeyI †ewU Qvc Qvc iq| (imyb) (5) ivRvi evwoi †Lvov GK weqv‡bB eyov| (KjvMvQ) (6) evwo‡Z Av‡Q Kv‡Vi MvB, eQi eQi ya Lvq| (†LRyiMvQ) (7) gqvgvwi‡Z Av¸b †j‡M‡Q, †g‡nicyi n‡Z ayqv †ei n‡”Q| (ûKv) (8) nvZ †bB cv †bB †`‡k †`‡k †Nv‡i Zvi Afve n‡j †jvK Abvnv‡i g‡i| (UvKv)

cÖev`/ cÖePb cÖev` cÖePb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GK Ab¨Zg †kªvZaviv wb‡q we`¨gvb| cÖev` cÖePb g~jZt cÖwZwbqZ eënvi n‡q _v‡K wbZ¨ w`‡bi K_v evZ©vq| G¸‡jv ¸Yx Ges cwÛZ Rb‡ì Øviv AwaKvsk m„wó n‡q‡Q| d‡j Zv †ek Av`‡i †jvK mgv‡R M„nxZ n‡q Avm‡Q Ges gh©v`vi `vex`vi| †g‡nicy‡i †jvKRxe‡b cÖev` cÖeP‡bi h‡_ó eënvi i‡q‡Q| G AÂ‡ji wKQy wPËvKl©K cÖvev` cÖePb GLv‡b D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv:

1. MvB‡Z MvB‡Z Mv‡qb, Avi evRvB‡Z evRvB‡Z ev‡qb|

2. AwZ eo my›ìx bv cvq ei, AwZ eo Nibx bv cvq Ni|

3. Av‡M `k©b avix, c‡i ¸b wePvix|

4. gv‡Qi g‡a¨ Lqiv, KzUz‡¤i g‡a¨ fvBiv|

5. gv‡Qi ivRv Bwjk, PvKwii ivRv cywjk|

6. evwo bó K‡i eywo, †cU bó K‡i gywo|

7. †jvnvq †jvnvq GK n‡e, Kvgvi kvjv ci n‡e|

8. cv‡ibv muyP Mov‡Z,

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GKz‡ki eB‡gjv 2011 cievm cÖKvkbxi eB

LwbR fy‡ji Kv‡Q Rgv ivwL R‡ji †gvni Mynvi `wiqv †_‡K fv‡m m~h©‡gNAvey gKmy dwKi Bwjqvm

†kv‡bv, GBLv‡b el©vKv‡j e„wó nq e„wói exRc¶ wbS©i ˆbtkã¨ KvRj ikx` cievm cÖKvkbx 175 Replingham Road, Southfields, London SW18 5LY

Mynvi `wiqv †_‡K fv‡m m~h©‡gN

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[email protected] myLb miKvi evsjv‡`‡ki Pjw”P‡Î MÖvgxY Rxeb I ms¯‹…wZi Dc¯’vcbv Ôeënv‡i es‡ki cwiPqÕ wKsev Ôe„‡¶i cwiPq d‡jÕ evK¨Øq eûj cwiwPZ| êwkó¨ cÖKv‡ki bv‡g myweav Av`v‡qi cÖeYZvq D³ evK¨ ywUi A‡bK eënvi j¶¨ Kiv hvq| Ggb evK¨ cÖK…Z A‡_© eëüZ nq wb, Zv ejv hvq bv| h_vh_ eënvi Avkvbyiƒc bv n‡jI bvbvb cÖwZeÜKZvq GKwU ch©v‡q DcbxZ n‡q‡Q| G ch©v‡qi wewfbœ ¯—‡i we‡k−lY mv‡c‡¶ mylg cÖ‡qvM m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡Póv jw¶Z nq| evOvwj mgv‡Ri Rxeb I ms¯‹…wZ PP©v I Ph©vi wbwg‡Ë evsjv‡`‡ki Pjw”PÎ gva¨‡g Kg©KvÛ, †Zgb Ab¨Zg cÖ‡Póv| evOvwji †eva, wek¦vm, Dcjw×, Abyf~wZ, wPš—v`k©‡bi cÖKvk N‡U AvPvi AvPiY I Kvh©Kjv‡c| ïay wfwËMZ welqB bq, AvPvi-AvPiY I Kvh©Kjv‡ci aiY Ges Zv cÖKv‡ki wewPÎ gvÎvI cÖv‡qvwMK cÖ‡Póvi A½xf~Z| G‡nb cÖ‡Póvq evsjv‡`‡ki Pjw”P‡Î evOvwj MÖvgxY Rxeb I ms¯‹…wZi ˆkwíK Dc¯’vcbvMZ Kvh©µg wbtm‡›`‡n ¸i“Z¡c~Y© I AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c| †Kbbv, evOvwji cwiPq cÖKvk Ges MÖvgxY Rxeb I ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡k Pjw”PÎ AZ¨š— kw³kvjx GKwU gva¨g| evOvwji fv‡jvevmv RvZ †jvK-Kvwnbxi Mvb I bvU¨gq PP©vmn ms¯‹…wZi Ab¨vb¨ w`K Ges Rxeb-hvc‡b mvgvwRK Ae ’vMZ wPÎ AvR G gva¨‡g iƒcvwqZ| iƒcvqY m¤úwK©Z Kvh©µ‡g, G wel‡qi Pjw”PÎ wbg©vZvMY KZUzKy wbôvevb, m‡Pó I mdj Zv Av‡jvPbv mv‡c¶| ZvB, Av‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvR‡b wSbyKgvjv, i½xb iƒcevb, †e‡ì †g‡q †Rvm&bv, Lvqi“b my›ìx I myRb mLx Pjw”PÎ cuvPwU mnvqK wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Q| Kvwnbx I wbgv©Y m¤úwK©Z welq‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q, MÖvgxY Rxeb I ms¯‹…wZ, Pjw”PÎ gva¨‡g cÖKvk I weKv‡ki gvÎv AbymÜv‡bi cÖ‡Póvq G Av‡jvPbvi cÖqvm| wSbyKgvjv †jvKmgv‡R emevmiZ cÖvš— úkx© gvby‡li Rxebv‡jL¨ ¯úóiƒ‡c wSbyKgvjv Pjw”P‡Î cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †`‡jvqvi Rvnvb S›Uz wbwg©Z Kvwnbx‡K cwiPvjK Avãym mvgv` †LvKb mh‡Zœ Pjw”P‡Î iƒc w`‡q‡Qb| G‡Z gvZeŸi cyÎ wSbyK Ges evDj Kb¨v gvjv ˆkkeKvj †_‡K wfbœ wfbœ MÖv‡g †e‡o I‡V| †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡bvËi cwiPq Ges cwiw¯’wZMZ Kvi‡Y Df‡qB Df‡qi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvq Rwo‡q hvq| AZtci wgj‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì †cÖ‡gi mdj cwibwZ N‡U| GB g~j Kvwnbxi mgvš—iv‡j DcKvwnbx QvovI wKQy kvLv Kvwnbx I wew”Qbœ-Awew”Qbœ wµqv-cÖwZwµqv dzwU‡q †Zvjvi gva¨‡gB G Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb cwiPvjK|

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kvk¦wZKx 233

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†dvK‡jvi wefv‡Mi hyMc~wZ© evsjv‡`‡ki Avbv‡P-Kvbv‡P Qwo‡q wQwU‡q i‡q‡Q evOvwji †jvKms®‹„wZi ARmª Dcv`vb| wKš‘ kn‡ii AÆvwjKvq e‡m wKsev eQ‡ii ci eQi MÖv‡g emevm K‡iI Avgiv eyS‡Zbv Kx wekvj Hk¦h© jywK‡q Av‡Q Gi ci‡Z-ci‡Z| Avi GB Ag~j¨ Hk¦h©‡K, evOvwji RxebMv_v Z_v ms¯‹…wZ‡K †kKomn Zz‡j G‡b bZyb cÖvY w`‡Z wbijm KvR K‡i hv‡”Q ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †dvK‡jvi wefvM| evsjv‡`‡k GKv‡WwgKfv‡e †dvK‡jvi PP©vi †K›`ªwe›`y ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GB †dvK‡jvi wefvM cÖwZwôZ nq 1998 mv‡j 2iv wW‡m¤i| G eQiB c~Y© n‡jv Zvi AMÖhvÎvi GK hyM| Ô†dvK‡jvi RbM‡Yi agbxi ¯ú›`bÕ †k−vMvb‡K mvg‡b †i‡L bvbv Drme Av‡qvR‡bi ga¨ w`‡q 11 I 12B wW‡m¤i yBw`b e¨vcx AbywôZ n‡q †Mj Gi GKhyMc~wZ© Drme|

Drm‡ei cÖ_g w`b mKvj mv‡o AvUUvq †ejyb-†d÷zb Dwo‡q AvbyôvwbKZvi ïf

D‡Øvab †NvlYv K‡ib ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gvbbxq DcvPvh© cÖ‡dmi Gg. Avãym †mvenvb| Drm‡ei kyi“‡Z GK eY©vX¨ i¨vwji Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| mgMÖ Abyôv‡bi cÖavb AwZw_ ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mv‡eK DcvPvh© I KzBÝ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eZ©gvb DcvPvh© cÖ‡dmi Gg. Ave yj Lv‡jK Ges we‡kl AwZw_ evsjv GKv‡Wgxi gnvcwiPvjK Rbve kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb i¨vwji D‡Øvab †NvlYv K‡ib Ges i¨vwj‡Z AskMÖnY K‡ib| G mgq i¨vwj‡Z wefvMxq wk¶v_©xiv Avengvb evsjvi †jvK I Avwèvmx ms¯‹…wZmn evsjv ms¯‹…wZi wewfbœ †gvwUd I welqe ‘ Zz‡j a‡i|

Gici wSbvB`n †_‡K Avmv AvwRei mi`v‡ii jvwV †Ljvi `j †dvK‡jvi PZ¡‡i RbwcÖq jvwV †Ljv cÖ k©b K‡ib| evOvwj ms®‹„wZi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask GB jvwV‡Ljv‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K evOvwji exi i‡mi †Ljv| Gi ciciB Drm‡e AskMÖnYKvix Drme ¯§viwYKv I Dcnvi mvgMÖx Zz‡j †Ìqv nq|

Kvbv‡P Qwo‡q wQwU‡q i‡q‡Q evOvwji †jvKms®‹„wZi ARmª Dcv`vb| wKš‘ kn‡ii AÆvwjKvq e‡m wKsev eQ‡ii ci eQi MÖv‡g emevm K‡iI Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi

ci‡Z| Avi GB Ag~j¨ Hk¦h©‡K, evOvwji RxebMv_v Z_v ms¯‹…wZ‡K †kKomn Zz‡j G‡b bZyb cÖvY w`‡Z wbijm KvR K‡i hv‡”Q ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †dvK‡jvi wefvM| evsjv‡`‡k GKv‡WwgKfv‡e †dvK‡jvi PP©vi

¨vj‡qi GB †dvK‡jvi wefvM cÖwZwôZ nq 1998 mv‡j 2iv wW‡m¤i| G eQiB c~Y© n‡jv Zvi AMÖhvÎvi GK hyM| Ô†dvK‡jvi RbM‡Yi agbxi ¯ú›`bÕ †k−vMvb‡K mvg‡b †i‡L bvbv Drme Av‡qvR‡bi ga¨ w`‡q 11 I 12B wW‡m¤i yBw`b e¨vcx

†d÷zb Dwo‡q AvbyôvwbKZvi ïf D‡Øvab †NvlYv K‡ib ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gvbbxq DcvPvh© cÖ‡dmi Gg. Avãym †mvenvb| Drm‡ei kyi“‡Z GK eY©vX¨ i¨vwji Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| mgMÖ Abyôv‡bi cÖavb

h© I KzBÝ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eZ©gvb DcvPvh© cÖ‡dmi Gg. Ave yj Lv‡jK Ges we‡kl AwZw_ evsjv GKv‡Wgxi gnvcwiPvjK Rbve kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb i¨vwji D‡Øvab †NvlYv K‡ib Ges i¨vwj‡Z AskMÖnY K‡ib| G mgq i¨vwj‡Z wefvMxq wk¶v_©xiv Avengvb evsjvi †jvK I Avwèvmx ms¯‹…wZmn evsjv I evOvjx

Gici wSbvB`n †_‡K Avmv AvwRei mi`v‡ii jvwV †Ljvi `j †dvK‡jvi PZ¡‡i RbwcÖq jvwV †Ljv cÖ k©b K‡ib| evOvwj ms®‹„wZi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask GB jvwV‡Ljv‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K evOvwji exi i‡mi †Ljv| Gi ciciB Drm‡e AskMÖnYKvix mKj‡K hyMc~wZ©

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mKvj mv‡o GMviUvq Ô†dvK‡jvi: wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GKv‡WwgK welq wnmv‡e Aš—f©y³ nIqv †Kb Acwinvh©Õ wk‡ivbv‡g KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg wgjbvqZ‡b †mwgbvi AbywôZ nq| †mwgbv‡i mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib †dvK‡jvi wefv‡Mi mfvcwZ W. †gv. Aveyj nvmvb †PŠayix| g~j cÖeÜ Dc ’vcb K‡ib evsjv GKv‡Wgxi gnvcwiPvjK Rbve kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb| wZwb e‡jb, ms®‹„wZi c~Y©v½ GKv‡WwgK PP©vq `¶ †Kvb we‡klÁ evsjv‡`‡k †bB| GB Ac~Y©Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ Awej‡¤^ wek¦we`¨vjq mg~‡n †dvK‡jvi wefvM †Lvjv Acwinvh©| †mwgbv‡i cÖavb AwZw_ wnmv‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb KzBÝ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh© cÖ‡dmi Gg. Ave yj Lv‡jK| wZwb †dvK‡jv‡ii mvgvwRK weÁvb wfwËK M‡elYvi Dci ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib Ges †dvK‡jvi wefvM‡K mvgvwRK weÁvb Abyl‡` Aš—f©y³ Kivi Av‡›`vjb I Zvi cwieZ©b‡K we‡k¦i mvg‡b Abb¨ bwRi wnmv‡e D‡j−L K‡ib| GQvovI G‡Z we‡kl Av‡jvPK wnmv‡e Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK cÖ‡dmi W. gy. Ave yj Rwjj, fvi‡Zi b_©wnj BDwbfvwm©wUi mv‡eK Aa¨vcK †mŠ‡gb †mb, fvi‡Zi cwðge½ iv‡Rï wewkó evDj M‡elK kw³bv_ Sv, iex› ª fviZx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK myiÄb wg`&‡`, Kj¨vYx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †jvKms¯‹…wZ wefv‡Mi ixWvi KvKjx aviv gÊj I wkï GKv‡Wgx Kzwóqvi mv‡eK cwiPvjK Rbve g. gwbi“¾vgvb| †mwgbv‡i cwVZ cÖe‡Ü RvZxq wk¶v cvV¨µ‡g †dvK‡jv‡ii g‡Zv welq‡K Aš—f©y³ Kivi †Rvi `vwe DÌvcb Kiv nq| Ab¨vb¨ Av‡jvPKMYI †`‡ki cÖwZwU wek¦we`¨vj‡q †dvK‡jvi wefvM cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g D”PZi M‡elYvi my‡hvM m„wói Avnevb Rvbvb|

ga¨vý †fvR‡bi ci weKvj wZbUvq ïi“ nq ¯§„wZPviY ce© | wefvMxq mfvcwZ W. Aveyj nvmvb †PŠayixi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ G c‡e© cÖavb AwZw_ wnmv‡e Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK I †dvK‡jvi wefv‡Mi cÖwZôvZv mfvcwZ cÖ‡dmi gy. Ave yj Rwjj| cÖv³b I eZ©gvb QvÎQvÎxiv Zv‡ì QvÎ Rxe‡bi Avb›`-†e`bvi ¯§„wZPviY K‡ib|

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ivZ mv‡o bqUvq ˆbk‡fvR MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Drm‡ei cÖ_g w`‡bi mgvwß †NvlYv Kiv nq| yBw`b e¨vcx AbywôZ Drm‡ei wØZxq w`b mKvj mv‡o GMviUvq ÔbvMwiK †jvKms¯‹…wZÕ wk‡ivbv‡g †mwgbvi AbywôZ nq| †mwgbv‡i mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mv‡eK DcvPvh© cÖ‡dmi Gg. Ave yj Lv‡jK| g~j cÖeÜ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib fvi‡Zi b_©wnj BDwbfvwm©wUi Aa¨vcK W. †mŠ‡gb †mb| †mwgbv‡i e³vMY bMi Rxe‡b †jvKms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Dc ’vcb K‡ib| bvMwiK Rxe‡b †jvKms¯‹…wZi cÖfveI Av‡jvPbvq D‡V Av‡m| †hgb AvR‡Ki M¤¢xivq MÖvgxb mgv‡Ri wPÎ QvovI D‡V Avm‡Q

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