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gy‡Vv‡dvb : 01712 966813, 01713 411631

B‡gBj : abd.jukti@gmail.com

facebook.com/jukti.src

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4

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5

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w`‡Z mvnm hywM‡q‡Q, Avgv‡`i‡K Avkvev`x K‡i‡Q, ¯^‡cœi

cwiwa e„w× K‡i‡Q, bZzb bZzb wPš—vq-fvebvq Av‡jvwoZ

K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i mevi cÖwZ iB‡jv webgª K…ZÁZv|

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KvDwÝj I hyw³Õi Df‡qi `„wófw½MZ wgj cy‡ivUv bv n‡jI

A‡bKvs‡kB i‡q‡Q| Avgiv g‡b Kwi cÖKvwkZ †h †Kv‡bv

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Ges cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q cvVv‡Z cv‡ib| cÖKvk‡hvM¨

n‡j cvV‡Ki wfbœgZ AvMvgx msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiv n‡e| Ges

me‡k‡l AveviI ewj A‡bK †Póvi ciI G msL¨vq wKQy fyj

†_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i, hvi `vq Aek¨B m¤úv`‡Ki| cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q

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ab¨ev` mevB‡K|

Abš— weRq `vk

m¤úv`K, hyw³

B‡gBj : ananta_bijoy@yahoo.com

6

weÁvbgb¯‹ mgvR MV‡b MÖš’1

ARq ivq

†jLvwU wb‡q fve‡Z wM‡q cÖ_‡gB †ek †nuvPU †Ljvg| evsjv

GKv‡Wgx Awfavb, msm`, Pjwš—Kv Ggb wK msm‡`i evsjv-

Bs‡iwR Awfavb †N‡U Ôgb¯‹Õ k‡ãi, weÁvb-gb¯‹ †Zv `~‡ii

K_v mÜvb bv †c‡q hrc‡ivbvB wew¯§Z njvgÑejvB evûj¨|

A_P wK A‡K¬‡k cÖwZw`b ÔweÁvb-gb¯‹Õ, mvwnZ¨-gb¯‹

kã¸wj Avgiv e¨envi K‡i AvmwQ| Avgvi GK ms¯‹…Z Rvbv

cwÊZ eÜz‡K wR‡Ám KijvgÑwZwb cv°v 24 NÈv c‡i

Rvbv‡jb evsjv ev ms¯‹…Z †Kv‡bv Awfav‡bB Ôgb¯‹Õ kãwU

†bB, Z‡e G.wU. †`‡ei evsjv-Bs‡iwR Awfav‡b kãwU i‡q‡Q

1 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ms¯‹…wZ gš¿Yvjq †_‡K Aby‡iva G‡m‡Q

†h GB Aag‡K KjKvZvq Avš—R©vwZK eB‡gjvq Avgwš¿Z

AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z †_‡K evsjv‡`k w`e‡m (4Vv †deª“qvwi,

2012) Av‡jvPbv mfvq Ask MÖnY I cÖeÜ cvV| wb‡Ri

mxgvnxb AÁvbZvi K_v I kvixwiK Ae¯’vi K_v Rvwb‡qI

†invB cvBwbцXwK wMj‡ZB n‡q‡Q| 4Vv †deª“qvwi, 2012,

Zvwi‡L we‡Kj 3-30 wgwb‡U Avš—R©vwZK eB †gjvq m‡¤§jb

n‡j DËvwcZ nq cÖeÜLvwb|

Ges Gi Bs‡iwR A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q Ôpertaining to mindÕ| wZwb

AviI Rvbv‡jb †h m¤¢eZ gbm Gi mv‡_ Kb cÖZ¨q †hv‡M

kãwU ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Zvn‡j e¨vcviwU uvov‡”Q †Kv_vq? Avgiv weÁvb-gb¯‹

gvbyl ej‡Z Kv‡`i †evSve ev wPwýZ Ki‡Z PvB| KviY Zv‡`i

wb‡qB †Zv weÁvbgb¯‹ mgvR M‡o DV‡e ev B‡Zvg‡a¨ M‡o

D‡V‡Q| `xN©w`b a‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GB kãwU m¤ú‡K©

Avgvi g‡b GKwU †`¨vZbvi m„wó n‡q‡Q| Avgvi Kv‡Q Gi A_©

nj †h gvbylwU weÁvbx ev weÁvb mvabv bv K‡iI, weÁv‡bi

ZË¡ I Z_¨ A_v©vr wPš—vfvebvi mv‡_ mg¨K cwiwPZ

n‡qÑ wb‡R †hŠw³K cš’vq wPš—vfvebv K‡ib, hyw³ I †nZzi

wfwˇZ mgm¨v mgvav‡b AMÖmi nbÑZuv‡KB Avgiv

weÁvbgb¯‹ gvbyl ej‡Z cvwi| weÁvbgb¯‹ n‡Z n‡j weÁvbx

n‡Z n‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv K_v bq| Z‡e Zv‡K n‡Z n‡e hyw³ev`x,

gy³eyw×i gvbyl Ges AbymwÜrmycivqY Ges eyw×i gyw³i PP©v

Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡bK weÁvbx Av‡Qb hviv GKB mv‡_ gy³gbv

Ges weÁvbgb¯‹, Avevi A‡bK weÁvbx i‡q‡Qb hviv

weÁvbgb¯‹ bb, hyw³‡K cwinvi K‡i AÜ-wek¦vm‡K cÖkªq

†`b, hwy³i avi av‡ib bvÑcweÎ ag©MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z weÁv‡bi

AvaywbKZg ZË¡ I Avwe®‹vi Lyu‡R cvb| GB †k‡lv³ †kªYxi

weÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb evsjv‡`k GKv‡Wwg Ae mv‡q‡Ýi

7

mfvcwZ wewkó wbDK¬xq c`v_©we` W. kg‡mi Avjx2, i‡q‡Qb

BmjvwgK wµ‡qkwbR‡gi cÖej cÖe³v nvi“b Bqvwnqv cÖgyL

QÙ-ˆeÁvwbK (pseudo scientists), †mŠw` ivRcvwiev‡ii PvKz‡i

R‰bK wLª÷vb Wv³vi gwim eyKvBwj cÖgyL3|

Ab¨w`‡K cÖ_g †kYx‡Z i‡q‡Qb, hviv ïay bvgKiv

ˆeÁvwbK bb, mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© weÁvbgb¯‹ I hyw³ev`x, †hgb

W. †gNbv` mvnv, Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨b †evm, W. Kz`ivr B Ly`v,

KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, cvi‡fR û`fq, ZvwË¡K c`v_©we`

nvi“b-Ai-ikx` cÖgyL| Avevi ˆeÁvwbK bv n‡qI †h

gy³eyw×i aviK I hyw³ev`x nIqv hvq Gi D`vni‡Yi Afve

†bB : fvlvwe` W. ûgvqyb AvRv`, cÖexi †NvlÑwhwb GKK

†Póvq cwðge‡½ hyw³ev`x mwgwZ M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb hviv

wbijmfv‡e †`k †_‡K Kzms¯‹vi, ag©vÜZv Ges AÜwek¦vm `~i

Ki‡Z eªZx n‡q‡Qb| Avgiv G cÖm‡½ XvKvi wkLv †Mvôxi bvg

2 ‘Scientific Indications in the holy Quran’ bv‡gi GKwU QÙweÁvb-

MÖš’ wj‡L‡QbÑcÖ”Q‡` †Kviv‡bi GKwU AvqvZmn Ry‡o

w`‡q‡Qb wWGbG-AYyi GKwU Qwe| †evSv‡Z PvB‡Qb †h

†Kvivb kwi‡d Gme Qwe i‡q‡Q ev Qwei eY©bv i‡q‡Q|

3 ‘Bible, Quran and Science’ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU cy —K wj‡L

GKw`‡K bvg K‡i‡Qb, Ab¨w`‡K gymwjg mgv‡Ri h‡_ó

¶wZ mvab K‡i‡Qb|

Ki‡Z cvwi| MZ kZ‡Ki we‡ki `k‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K g~jZ

XvKv wek¦we`¨j‡qi KwZcq gymwjg Zi“YÑAveyj û‡mb,

KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, †gvZvnvi †n‡mb †PŠayix, Aveyj dRj

cÖgy‡Liv XvKvq cÖwZôv K‡ib Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ (1926)

hvi Av`k© nj Õeyw×i gyw³Õ Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjv| Ôgy³ eyw×i

PP©vÕ-GB msMVbwUi gyLcÎ wQj evwl©K ÔwkLvÕ hv wU‡K wQj 5

eQi (1927-1931) Avi g~j msMVbwUi Avqy®‹vj wQj GK

`kK (1926-1936)| Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ Gi Ab¨Zg

cÖvYcyi“l KvRx Ave`yj I y` G cÖm‡½ Avgv‡`i Rvbv‡”Qb :

Ò(1332 mv‡j) 1926 L„÷v‡ãi m~Pbvq XvKv

wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cwigʇj Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ

bv‡g GKwU mvwnwZ¨K I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¥

nq, Zvi g~j gš¿ wQj Õeyw×i gyw³Õ| K‡qKRb

gymjgvb Aa¨vc‡Ki Dci b¨ — n‡qwQj Gi

cwiPvjbvi fvi| Ôk¦vk¦Z e‡½iÕ †jLK Zv‡`i Ab¨Zg|

Ôeyw×i gyw³Õ A_©vr wePvi eywׇK AÜms¯‹vi I

kv¯¿vbyMZ¨ †_‡K gyw³ `vb| evsjvi gymjgvb mgv‡R

(nq‡Zv ev fvi‡Zi gymjgvb mgv‡R) G wQj GK

Af~Zc~e© e¨vcvi| wKš‘ †mw`‡b we¯§qKi n‡qwQj

evsjvi wkw¶Z gymwjg Zi“‡Yi Dc‡i Gi

cÖfveÑGKwU wRÁvmy I mü`q-†Mvôxi m„wó m¤¢eci

n‡qwQj Gi Øviv|Ó

8

KvRx Ave`yj I`y` Ôeyw×i gyw³Õ‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z AvL¨vwqZ

K‡i‡Qb, ‘Emancipation of the intellect’ bv‡g|

Õgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡RiÕ GB mf¨iv AwP‡iB wkLv

†Mvôx bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q I‡VbÑhvi g~j gš¿ wQj :

ÔÁvb †hLv‡b mxgve×, eyw× †hLv‡b Avoó, gyw³ †mLv‡b

Am¤¢e|Õ

H †h ejv nj, gb¯‹ K_vwUi Bs‡iwR K‡i‡Qb G.wU †`e

pertaining to mind, Zvn‡j wK eySe Bs‡iR-ms¯‹…wZ‡Z weÁvb-

gb¯‹Zv e‡j wKQz †bB? Avgiv eo †Rvo Gi Bs‡iwR ZR©gv

Ki‡Z cvwi Ôconsciousness having scientific thought or mindÕ| wKš‘

ZvI ewj wK K‡i †hLv‡b Avgiv Kvj© mvMvb, cj KzR©, wf±i

†R †÷ª½vi, m¨vg n¨wim, wiPvW© WwKÝ, w÷‡fb I‡qbevM©

cÖgyL weÁvbgb¯‹ I hyw³ev`x weÁvbx‡`i mv¶vr cvB|

AvBb÷vBb, w÷‡db nwKs, evUª©vÛ iv‡m‡ji K_v bvB ev

D”PviY Kijvg| mvwnwZ¨KB nb Avi weÁvbxB nb

weÁvbgb¯‹Zvi g~‡j _vK‡Z n‡e gy³ gb, Avi hyw³ev‡`i

wfwË| Avi G K_vwUB †Rvo w`‡q e‡j‡Qb cvwK —v‡bi Kvq‡`

AvRg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi c`v_©weÁv‡bi myL¨vZ Aa¨vcK

cvi‡fR û`fq (Pervez Hoodbhoy: Islam and science: Religious

Orthodoxy and the battle for Rationality, 1992, Zed Books) :

Ò.. .. Bmjv‡gi ¯^Y©hy‡M weÁvb AMÖMwZ jvf

K‡iwQj KviY Bmjv‡gi Af¨š—‡i ZLb mwµq

wQ‡jb gyZvwRjv bvgavix kw³kvjx hyw³ev`x

HwZ‡n¨i aviK GK`j wPš—vvwe`| ÔmewKQzB c~e©-

wba©vwiZ Ges Av�াni Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©b e¨ZxZ

gvby‡li Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kvb Dcvq

†bBÕÑwbqwZev`x‡`i G gZev‡`i Zxeª wei“×vPviY

K‡i gyZvwRjviv gvby‡li ¯^vaxb B”Qvkw³‡K

cÖvavb¨ w`‡qwQ‡jb| gyZvwRjviv hLb ivR‰bwZK

¶gZvq wQ‡jb, Ávb ZLb mg„w× jvf K‡iwQj|

wKš‘ Øv`k kZvãx‡Z †Mvov Bmjvwg wPš—vwe` Bgvg

Avj-Mv¾vwj hyw³i ¯’‡j ˆ`eevYx Ges ¯^vaxb

B”Qvkw³i ¯’‡j wbqwZ‡K Zz‡j a‡ib| Kvh© I

wµqvi m¤úK©‡K wZwb A¯^xKvi K‡ib GB e‡j

†h, gvby‡li fwel¨r Rvbvi kw³ †bB, †Kej

m„wóKZ©v G wel‡q AeMZ| †h D`vi ms¯‹…wZ M‡o

D‡VwQj Zv wPiZ‡i eÜ n‡q hvq| gymwjg we‡k¦

mwnòyZv, †gav Ges weÁv‡bi g„Zz¨ N‡U|Ó

Gevi weÁvb wb‡q `yÕGKwU K_v ejv hvK| AvBb÷vBb

e‡j‡Qb : It would not be difficult to come to an agreement as to what we understand by science. Science is the century old endeavour to bring together by means of a systematic thought the perceptible phenomena of this world into as thoroughgoing an association as possible. To put it boldly, it is the attempt at the posterior reconstruction of existence by

the process of conceptualization.

9

AvaywbK weÁv‡bi †h msÁv Avgiv AvBb÷vB‡bi Dw³i

ga¨ w`‡q †`evi †Póv Kijvg ZviI Av‡M Bs‡iR `vk©wbK

nve©vU© †¯úbmvi (1820-1903) e‡jwQ‡jb, ÕweÁvb nj

mymsMwVZ ÁvbÕ, Avi DBwjqvg nvw¾wUi fvlvq (1778-

1830) weÁvb n‡”Q ÔKviY‡K Rvbvi Zxeª GlYvÕ| mij K_vq

ejv hvq AvaywbK weÁvb nj GKwU cÖwµqv hvi ga¨ w`‡q

weÁvbxiv `„k¨gvb RMr m¤ú‡K© m‡Z¨ †cuŠQv‡Z †Póv K‡i

_v‡Kb| Avgiv Rvwb †h AvaywbK weÁv‡bi weKvk ïi“ n‡qwQj

M¨vwjwjIÕi nv‡Z hvi cwic~Y©Zv cvq wbDU‡bi †gavq|

ZeyI Ab¯^xKvh© †h weÁvb kãwUi A_© e`‡j‡Q Kv‡ji

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10

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wZwb cvwK¯—vwb Avg‡j cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb, Dciš‘ †Rj-

Ryjyg I AZ¨vPvi wbcxo‡Yi wkKvi n‡qwQ‡jb| Ae‡k‡l cy —

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(1983)|

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11

K‡i †gvU 68 cÖkœ DÌvwcZ I Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| `yÕGKwU

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gb I cÖvY wK GK, cÖv‡Yi mwnZ †`n I g‡bi m¤úK© wK,

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†Kv_vq? Ô ’vbÕ m„wói Av‡M ev wZwb †Kv_vq wQ‡jb mg‡qi

m„wói c~‡e©? Avgv‡`i `vk©wbK wZbwU mij cÖ‡kœi AeZviYv

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wZwb †Kvb kw³ e‡j Ôkw³Õ m„wó Ki‡jb? Dি�wLZ 68wU cÖkœ

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weÁv‡bi AUj †mŠa| wZwb AviI e‡j‡Qb :

RM‡Z Ggb welq Av‡Q, †hme wel‡q `k©b,

weÁvb I ag© GK K_v e‡j bv| Avevi ag© RM‡ZI

gZv‰b‡K¨i Aš— bvB| .. ..A_©vr mZ¨‡K wePv‡ii

gvcKvwV (Criterion of truth) wK? mZ¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi

Dcvq (Test of truth) wK Ges m‡Z¨i iƒc wK (Nature

of truth)?

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gvbyl m‡Z¨ DcbxZ n‡Z cv‡i, Ab¨ †Kvb c‡_ bq| ˆeÁvwbK

c_ wb‡q wZwb Zuvi Abygvb MÖ‡š’ wek` Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|

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Áv‡bi c‡_ AMÖmi nIqv m¤¢e| G cÖm‡½ Zvi e³e¨ ¯úó :

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wKš‘ AwaKvsk ag© Ges a‡g©i Z_¨ AÜwek¦v‡mi

Dci cÖwZwôZ|Õ

12

Zi“Y‡`i Ici Zuvi AMva Av¯’v| wZwb e‡j‡Qb :

gvbe mgv‡R Kzms¯‹v‡ii exR Dß nBqvwQj nvRvi

nvRvi eQi c~‡e©| GLb Dnv cÖKvÊ gnxiƒ‡ni

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eû gbxlx Kzms¯‹viiƒcx gnxiƒ‡ni g~‡j hyw³ev‡`i

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weÁvb wPš—vavivi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡e, hyw³ev`x `k©‡bi

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AbymwÜrmycivqY mgvR M‡o †Zvjv hv‡e bv| Avgv‡`i

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Avgv‡`i eo A ¿ÑZv Avgiv AR©b Ki‡Z cvwi MÖš’cv‡Vi ga¨

w`‡q †PvL-Kvb †Lvjv †i‡L| Gi †Kvb weKí †bB|

cy —K cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Ávb AR©b wel‡q Avwg GLv‡b `yÕRb

we`» gbxlxi K_v cÖm½Z ej‡Z PvB| cÖ_gRb n‡jb

weÁvbvPvh© Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨b †evm| 1924 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m

XvKv wek¦we`¨j‡qi c`v_©we`¨vi Zi“Y wk¶K ÔAv‡jvK KYv I

�¨v‡¼i wewKiY ZË¡Õ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU M‡elYvcÎ wj‡Lb| GB

cÖe‡Üi gva¨‡g Av‡jvK KYvi msL¨vqb m~Î wb‡Ri ARv‡š—B

Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges GB m~‡Îi cÖ‡qv‡M bZzbfv‡e �¨v‡¼i

wewKiY m~Î cÖwZôv K‡ib| †evm M‡elYv cÖeÜwU Rvg©vwb‡Z

AvjevU© AvBb÷vB‡bi Kv‡Q gZvg‡Zi Rb¨ Ges

AvBb÷vBb GwU cÖKvk‡hvM¨ g‡b Ki‡j Rvg©vwbi †Kvb

weL¨vZ c`v_©we`¨vi Rvb©v‡j cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Aby‡iva K‡ib|

13

AvBb÷vBb †ev‡mi wbe‡Ü PgrK…Z n‡jb Ges wb‡R cÖeÜwU

Abyev` K‡i c`v_©weÁv‡bi weL¨vZ Rvb©vj ÔZeits. fur. PhysikÕ-G

cÖKv‡ki e¨e ’v Ki‡jb Ges wbeÜwUi †k‡l GKwU UxKv Ry‡o

w`‡jb, Ô†evm †h c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb Zv AvaywbK weÁv‡bi

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Avwg Ab¨Î M¨v‡mi †Kvqv›Uvg AvPiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|Õ

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I ARvbv, wKš‘ Avcbvi †jLvi gva¨‡g Avgiv mevB Avgiv

Avcbvi QvÎÑhv c‡o Avgiv DcK…Z nB Ges Ávb AR©b

Kwi, Kv‡RB Avcbvi Kv‡Q wjL‡Z Avgvi †Kvb m‡¼vP †bB|Õ

†evm AvBb÷vBb‡K Ô¸i“‡`eÕ (My dear master) e‡j m‡¤^vab

K‡iwQ‡jb| †evm Avwe®‹„Z †dvU‡bi msL¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g

cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj hv †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vq‡bi cw_K…r Ges Ô†evm

msL¨vqbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq, Z‡e cieZ©xKv‡j AvBb÷vBb

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K‡ib| G Kvi‡Y GB msL¨vqb GLb Ô†evm-AvBb÷vBbÕ

msL¨vqb bv‡g AwfwnZ| †hme KwYKv GB msL¨vqb †g‡b

P‡j Zv‡`i ejv nq Ô†evm-KwYKvÕ|

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R©vwZKfv‡e cwiwPZ ivRbxwZwe`, †jLK I mgvRZš¿ev`x

RInijvj †b‡ni“| m¤¢eZ 1956 mv‡j cwÊZ †b‡ni“ we‡jZ

miKv‡ii Avgš¿‡Y jÛ‡b hvb| Zv Rvb‡Z †c‡i RR© evb©vW© kÕ

†b‡ni“‡K Zuvi evmvq Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb mv¶v‡Zi Rb¨|

wKš‘ †b‡ni“ AwZ e¨¯—Zvi Kvi‡Y kÕ-Gi Avgš¿Y i¶v Ki‡Z

cv‡ib wb| c‡i fvi‡Z wd‡i wM‡q †b‡ni“ kÕGi Kv‡Q ¶gv

cÖv_©bv K‡i GKwU PgrKvi wPwV cvwV‡qwQ‡jb hv‡Z gvgywj

¶gv cÖv_©bv QvovI AvaywbK wek¦ Movi Kv‡R kÕ-Gi wecyj

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mgvR `k©b MYZš¿ mgvRZš¿ m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi †jLvi gva¨‡g

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gva¨‡g Ávb AR©b‡K Avwg me mgq AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q _vwK|

fwel¨‡Z nq‡Zv †Kvb w`b Avcbvi mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi my‡hvM

Avm‡e|Õ

GB `yRb e¨w³i K_vq Avgiv †`Ljvg †h MÖ‡š’i gva¨‡g

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K_v¸wj ˆah©¨ a‡i †kvbvi Rb¨|

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mv‡q‡Ým, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, evsjv‡`k|

14

evsjv‡`‡k †gŠjev` I ag©wbi‡c¶ gvbweKZvi

HwZn¨

kvnwiqvi Kwei

1971 mv‡j we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki

Afy¨`q N‡UwQj GKwU ag©wbi‡c¶ MYZvwš¿K ivóª wn‡m‡e|

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eQi AwZµvš— nIqvi Av‡MB evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb ¯’cwZ

RvwZi wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq|

†Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingvb ¶gZvq G‡m msweavb †_‡K

evsjv‡`‡ki g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e M„nxZ ag©wbi‡c¶Zv I evOvwj

RvZxqZvev` gy‡Q †d‡jb Ges ag©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK `j

MV‡bi Dci wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ib| 1975-G e½eÜzi

b„ksm nZ¨vKv‡Êi ci ivRbxwZ I mgv‡Ri †h BmjvgxKiY

cÖwµqv Avi¤¢ n‡q‡Q Zvi P~ovš—iƒc wQj 2001 mv‡j

weGbwci m‡½ †RvU †eu‡a Rvgv‡Z Bmjvgxi ivóª¶gZvi

kwiK nIqv-†h `jwU Õ71-G Bmjv‡gi †`vnvB w`‡q

evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj Ges cvwK¯—vb I

Bmjvg i¶vi Rb¨ cvwK —vwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi m‡½ nvZ

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15

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

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22

†mB mg‡q mZ¨ cxi ev mZ¨bvivqY‡K e›`bv K‡i eû cyuw_

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23

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24

Ilya wb‡q bqQq!

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25

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Ily‡ai A‡hŠw³K cÖ‡qv‡Mi e‡ov Drm n‡jv wPwKrm‡Ki

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K‡i hyw³m½Zfv‡e Ilya cÖ`vb bv Ki‡j †ivMx Ily‡ai

Ace¨enviRwbZ mgm¨vi wkKvi n‡e| wPwKrmK Zvi `vwqZ¡

mwVK I wbf©yjfv‡e cvjb Ki‡jI Ily‡ai wWm‡cb&wms

hyw³m½Z ev mwVK bv n‡j †ivMx ¶wZMÖ — n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K,

†cÖmwµck‡b cÖ`Ë Ilya m¤ú‡K© †ivMx‡K ch©vß I cÖK…Z

Z_¨, civgk© ev Dc‡`k cÖ`vb Kiv bv n‡j, hyw³nxb

e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y †ivMx ¶wZMÖ — n‡q _v‡K| †ivMxi Rb¨

†cÖmwµck‡b Ilya cÖ`v‡b wPwKrmK hZ mZ©KZv, Ávb I

AwfÁZv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb, †ivMx ZZ †ewk DcK…Z n‡e|

†ivMcÖwZKvi I cÖwZ‡iv‡a wPwKrmK‡`i f‚wgKv‡K

†Kv‡bvfv‡eB Lv‡Uv K‡i †`Lvi AeKvk †bB|

Avgv‡`i †`‡k GKwU aviYv cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| wPwKrmK

Avm‡j Ilya QvovB †ivMxi A‡a©K †ivM fv‡jv n‡q hvq| Gi

†cQ‡b ÔˆeÁvwbK mZ¨Õ i‡q‡Q| KviY †iv‡Mi †¶‡Î A‡bK

mgq kixi I g‡bi †hvMm~Î Awfbœ| DbœZ we‡k¦ cÖK…Z

wPwKrmv ïi“i Av‡MB wPwKrmKMY cÖvqkB †ivMx‡K gb —

vwË¡Kfv‡e Pv½v Kivi D‡`¨vM †bb| †ivMx‡K Zvi †ivM m¤ú‡K©

cÖK…Z Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ges wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Ki‡Z

wPwKrmKMY m`v m‡Pó _v‡Kb| G‡Z †ivMxi Av¯’v I

AvZ¥wek¦vm †e‡o hvq| †ivMxI mš‘ó bv nIqv ch©š— Z_¨

Rvbvi Rb¨ wPwKrmK‡K cÖkœ Kivi AwaKvi iv‡Lb| d‡j

†ivM wbY©q I Ilya cÖ‡qv‡M fyj Kg nq e‡j Ily‡ai

Ace¨enviI K‡g Av‡m|

ZviciI †`Lv †M‡Q, wek¦Ry‡o wPwKrmKMY Zv‡`i

†cÖmwµck‡b †hme Ilya wj‡L _v‡Kb Zvi me¸‡jv

hyw³m½Zfv‡e wj‡Lb bv| Ily‡ai GB A‡hŠw³K cÖ‡qv‡Mi

†cQ‡b eûwea KviY KvR K‡i| eû wPwKrmK †ckvMZ Ávb

I AwfÁZvi Afv‡e †ivMx‡K mwVK Ilya cÖ`v‡b m¶g nb

bv| Ávb-weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ I cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gme

wPwKrmK wb‡R‡`i hy‡Mvc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z m‡Pó nb

bv| Gme wPwKrmK mvaviYZ mbvZbx c×wZ‡Z hyM hyM a‡i

†m‡K‡j gvbwmKZv wb‡q wPwKrmv Pvwj‡q hvb e‡j †ivM wbY©q

ev Ilya cÖ`v‡b cÖvqkB fzj nq| Avgv‡`i gZ †`‡k AwZgvÎvq

e¨emvwqK g‡bve„wËi Kvi‡Y †ivMxi cÖPÊ Pvc mn¨ Ki‡Z bv

†c‡i wPwKrmKMY AmZ©KZv I Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y †ivMx‡K

26

mwVK wPwKrmv cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nb| Ab¨w`‡K c„w_ex Ry‡oB eû

wPwKrmK Ilya †Kv¤cvwb KZ…©K cÖfvevwšZ I cÖjyä n‡q

AcÖ‡qvRbxq ¶wZKi Ges m —v Ily‡ai cwie‡Z© `vwg Ilya

†cÖmwµck‡b wj‡L _v‡Kb| Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv Ilya

evRviRvZ Kivi ci Ilya cÖ‡gvk‡b Ôme©kw³Õ wb‡qvM K‡i

_v‡K Zv‡`i Ily‡ai KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨| DbœZ I AbybœZ

†`‡ki Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv Zv‡`i Drcvw`Z Ily‡ai cÖ‡gvk‡b

ivR‰bwZK ÔjwesÕ-G wewjqb wewjqb Wjvi e¨q K‡i _v‡K|

cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e GB e¨qfvi enb Ki‡Z nq wbixn

†µZv ev †ivMx‡KB| Ily‡ai KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ Ilya

†Kv¤cvwb¸‡jvi g~j j¶¨ wPwKrmK| KviY wPwKrmKMY

†cÖmwµck‡b †h Ilya wj‡Lb, †ivMx g~jZ †mB IlyaB wK‡b

_v‡K|

AwaK nv‡i gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv

mvaviYZ UwbK, wfUvwgb, nRgxKviK, eje„w×KviK,

GbRvBg, KdwgKPvi, GjKvjvBRvi RvZxq AcÖ‡qvRbxq I

¶wZKi Ilya Drcv`‡b †ewk Zrci _v‡K| KviY

AZ¨vek¨Kxq Ily‡ai †P‡q Gme Z_vKw_Z Ily‡ai Ici

gybvdvi nvi eû¸Y †ewk| G gybvdvi nvi Av‡iv AwaK ¸‡Y

†e‡o hvq hLb wPwKrmKMY Zv‡`i †cÖmwµck‡b Gme

Ilyabvgavix cY¨ wbwe©Pv‡i MÖn‡Yi wb‡ ©kbv (†cÖmµvBe)

w`‡q _v‡Kb| Ilya †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ Gme Ilya

†cÖmµvBevi‡`i m¤úK© hZUv bv †ckvMZ Zvi †P‡q †ewk

e¨emvwqK| G ai‡bi A‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê we‡k¦i eûRvwZK

†Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv AMÖMvgx n‡jI †QvU-eo, cÖwZwôZ-AcÖwZwôZ

cÖwZwU Ilya †Kv¤cvwb wPwKrmK‡`i †cQ‡b Kg‡ewk A_© e¨q

K‡i _v‡K| weª‡U‡b wPwKrmK wcQy Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv cÖwZ

eQi `yB j¶ UvKv e¨q K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k GB e¨‡qi cwigvY

KZ Zv †K Rv‡b? Z‡e Av›`vR Kiv hvq Avgv‡`i evRvi`‡ii

Zzjbvq †gv‡UB Zv Kg bq!

G †M‡jv A‡_©i K_v| A_© QvovI Ilya-†Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv

wPwKrmK‡`i cÖPzi cwigvY Ilya webvg~‡j¨ m¨v¤új wnmv‡e

Dcnvi w`‡q _v‡K| AwfÁgnj g‡b K‡ib G ai‡bi

webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új Avi Ny‡li g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ AwZ bMY¨|

¯^fveZB cÖkœ Av‡mÑwPwKrmKMY GB webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új

†Kb MÖnY K‡ib ev GB Ilya wb‡qB ev Zviv wK K‡ib?

Gfv‡e webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új †bqv ev †`qv bxwZMZfv‡e ˆea

n‡Z cv‡i bv| Gfv‡e webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új †`qv ev †bqv‡K

wbwl× †NvlYv Kivi mgq G‡m‡Q|

gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi gZ DbœZ †`‡kI †cÖmwµck‡b cÖ`Ë

Ily‡ai cwigvY †bnv‡qZ Kg bq| GK cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv hvq,

wPwKrmKMY e¨e¯’vc‡Î †hme Ilya wj‡L _v‡Kb Zvi g‡a¨

A‡K‡Rv ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ily‡ai cwigvY cÖvq †ZwÎk kZvsk|

d«v‡Ý wewfbœ cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv hvq, †W›Uvj mvR©b KZ…©K

27

cÖ`Ë A¨vw›Uev‡qvwU‡Ki kZKiv 45 fvMB AcÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j

AwfÁgnj gZ †cvlY K‡ib| eq¯‹ †jvK‡`i †ejvq Ilya

cÖ‡qv‡Mi 50 fvM †¶‡Î †Kvb wPwKrmvi bxwZgvjv AbymiY

Kiv nq bv e‡j Ab¨ GK cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv †M‡Q| Gme

AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ilya †me‡bi wb‡`©k †`qvi Rb¨ wPwKrmK‡`i

Ag‡bv‡hvM Ges AÁZv‡K `vqx Kiv nq| weª‡U‡b GK

mgx¶vq †`Lv hvq †h-me gwnjv mš—vb cÖm‡ei Rb¨

nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© nq Zv‡`i A‡bK‡K cÖm‡ei Av‡Mi ivw·Z

Ny‡gi Ilya cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Mf©eZx gv‡q‡`i Gfv‡e Ny‡gi

Ilya cÖ‡qv‡Mi †hŠw³KZv m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ DV‡jI Gi mwZ¨Kvi

Reve cvIqv hvq wb| cÖkœ D‡V‡Q mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© G Ilya Kvi

Rb¨? gv bvwK ev”Pvi Rb¨? bvwK wPwKrmK I †gwWK¨vj

÷vd‡`i Rb¨, hviv ivw·Z kvwš—‡Z Nygv‡Z Pvb?

Z…Zxq we‡k¦i gZ Avgv‡`i †`‡kI me‡P‡q †ewk

Ace¨eüZ Ilya¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK,

wm‡WwUf, A¨vw›UWvqvwiqvj, wfUvwgb, UwbK, KdwgKPvi,

†÷i‡qW, A¨vw›Uwn÷vwgb, A¨v›UvwmW RvZxq Ilya| UwbK

wfUvwg‡bi cÖwZ gvby‡li AK…wÎg `ye©jZv i‡q‡Q| G `ye©jZvi

KviY Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jvi A‰bwZK WªvM cÖ‡gvkb Ges

wPwKrmK KZ…©K Gme Ily‡ai XvjvI cÖ‡qvM| UwbK I

wfUvwgb m¤ú‡K© A‡bK wPwKrmKmn Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv

†hme åvš— aviYv Rbmg‡¶ Zz‡j a‡i Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q UwbK

I wfUvwgb †me‡b bvwK fMœ¯v¯’¨ D×vi nq, eq¯‹‡`i †hŠeb

cÖvwß, wkï‡`i †gav I e‡qvte„w×, Z¡‡Ki kªxe„w×, Pzj cov eÜ

nq BZ¨vw`| Gme e³‡e¨i †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwË bv _vKv

m‡Ë¡I eû wPwKrmK cÖvqkB Gme e ‘ †cÖmwµck‡b wj‡L

_v‡Kb| †ivMx cÖ‡qvRbxq g‡b K‡i cÖPzi A_© e¨‡qi gva¨‡g

Gme Ilya wK‡b _v‡K| G Ace¨vL¨v I Ace¨envi ¯úóZB

cÖeÂbvi kvwgj|

Ily‡ai AccÖ‡qvM I Ace¨env‡ii d‡j †ivMx wewfbœfv‡e

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Avi †KvbwU AcÖ‡qvRbxq ev cÖ`Ë Ily‡ai mv‡_ m„ó †iv‡Mi

Av‡`Š m¤úK© i‡q‡Q wK bv Gme cÖkœ Dc¯’vcb Kivi †hvM¨Zv

I ¶gZv †ivMxiv mPivPi iv‡L bv| d‡j †ivMx †cÖmwµckb

†gvZv‡eK Ilya wKb‡Z I MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| †cÖmwµckb

†gvZv‡eK AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ilya wKb‡j †ivMx Avw_©Kfv‡e

¶wZMÖ — nq| AcÖvmw½K ev ¶wZKi Ilya wKb‡Z †M‡j †ivMx

gvivZ¥K cvk¦©cÖwZwµqvq, welwµqv ev weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi

wkKvi nq| G ¶wZi `vq-`vwqZ¡ †_‡K wPwKrmKMY Ae¨nwZ

†c‡Z cv‡i bv| DbœZ we‡k¦ †ivMx wPwKrm‡Ki fzj wm×v‡š—i

Kvi‡Y ¶wZMÖ — n‡j AvB‡bi Avkªq wb‡Z cv‡i| AbybœZ

†`k¸wj‡Z †ivMx GB myweav ev AwaKvi †fvM K‡i bv| KviY

Avgv‡`i gZ †`‡k g‡b Kiv nq †ivMx Kgbg¨vb Avi

28

wPwKrmKiv mycvig¨vb! ZvB mycvig¨vb‡`i Revew`wnZvi

†¶‡Î `vqe×Zv Lye †ewk cwijw¶Z nq bv|

evsjv‡`‡k WªvM cÖea©‡b †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv †gwWK¨vj

wi‡cÖ‡R‡›UwUf ev WªvM cÖ‡gvkb Awdmvi wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K|

evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ wZbRb wPwKrm‡Ki †cQ‡b GKRb

wi‡cÖ‡Rb‡›UwUf i‡q‡Q Ges G Lv‡Z cÖwZ eQi †KvwU †KvwU

UvKv LiP nq| GB wi‡cÖ‡Rb‡›UwUfMY AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Ilya

we‡klÁ bq Ges †Kvb †Kvb mgq Ily‡ai Ici G‡`i chv©ß

ÁvbI _v‡K bv| hw`I Zv‡`i †Kvb †Kvb mgq WªvM cÖea©‡bi

Ici cÖwk¶Y †`qv n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ WªvM cÖea©‡bi Rb¨ Ilya-

†Kv¤úvwb KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ GB cÖwk¶Y KZUzKz wbi‡c¶

Ges cÖK…Z Z_¨ mv‡c¶ Zv g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Giv

mvaviYZ †Kv¤cvwbi e¨emvwqK ¯^v_©Uv‡K eo K‡i †`‡L Ges

†m †gvZv‡eK wPwKrmK‡K Ilya cÖ‡qvM I WªvM †÷vi¸‡jv‡K

Ilya wKb‡Z cÖjyä K‡i| cÖK…Z cÖ —v‡e †Kvb †iv‡Mi †¶‡Î

Ilya wbe©vP‡b cÖK…Z Z_¨ bv †c‡j wPwKrmK weåvš— nq Ges

d‡j fyj ev ¶wZKi Ilya cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j †ivMx ¶wZMÖ — nq|

ZvB Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv †hb wPwKrmK I †ivMxi Rb¨ cÖK…Z

I chv©ß Z_¨ cÖev‡ni wbðqZv weavb K‡i †m e¨vcv‡i

miKv‡ii „p c`‡¶c †bqv DwPZ|

eZ©gv‡b Ily‡ai †Rvqv‡i Avgv‡`i wPwKrmKMY fvm‡Qb

Avi G‡Zvme Ily‡ai Ici cÖK…Z Z_¨ A‡š^l‡Y wngwkg

Lv‡”Qb| †Kvb †`‡k Ily‡ai msL¨vq mxgve×Zv bv _vK‡j Ges

evRvi cÖ‡qvRbxq ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ily‡a c­vweZ n‡q †M‡j me

Ily‡ai Ici mg¨K aviYv AR©b †Kvb wPwKrm‡Ki GKvi

c‡¶ m¤¢e bq| mywPwKrmvi Rb¨ mxgve× Ily‡ai Ici chv©ß

Ávb, AmsL¨ Ily‡ai Ici Ac~Y© I fvmvfvmv Áv‡bi †P‡q

A‡bK DcKvix| Ily‡ai djcÖm~ I hyw³m½Z cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨

†Kv¤úvwb cÖ`Ë bv‡gi cwie‡Z© Ily‡ai †R‡bwiK bvg e¨envi

Avek¨K| cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡k ¯^v¯’¨e¨e ’vi DbœwZK‡í GKwU

AZ¨vek¨Kxq Ily‡ai ZvwjKv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| mywPwKrmvi

¯^v‡_© wPwKrmK‡`i Rb¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb GKwU Av`k© wPwKrmv

MvBWjvBb| evsjv‡`‡ki gZ GKwU AbybœZ †`‡ki wbixn

Rbmvavi‡Yi my¯^v¯’ wbwðZKi‡Y Gme c×wZ MÖn‡Yi †Kvb

weKí bvB|

Aa¨vcK W. gybxiDwÏb Avng` : dv‡g©wm Abyl`, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Ges

†cÖv-wfwm, B÷ I‡q÷ BDwbfvwm©wU, XvKv|

29

fzqvweÁvb †gjv PvB

gwbi“j Bmjvg

Bs‡iwR‡Z e‡j my‡Wv-mv‡qÝ (pseudoscience), evsjvq †KD e‡j

AcweÁvb, †KD QÙ-weÁvb, †KDev e‡j fzqv-weÁvb| A_©vr

evB‡ii nuvKWvK Avi Avo¤^i †`‡L AvcvZ`„wó‡Z ÔweÁvbÕ

e‡j g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j GUv fvIZvevwR| Avgv‡`i GK

Ô`x¶v¸i“Õ †KŠZyK K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔweÁvb-Av‡›`vjb

Kg©x‡`i †ewkifvM mgq KvUv‡Z n‡e fzqv-weÁvb wb‡q|Õ AvR

A‡bK eQi ci Zuvi K_vi ¸i“Z¡ bZzb K‡i Abyfe KiwQ|

KviY Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡kB †`L‡Z cvw”Q bvbv Ac‡KŠk‡j

†KvwU †KvwU gvby‡li wPš—v-†PZbv‡K weåvš— Ki‡Q bvbv

wKwm‡gi fzqv-weÁvb| gybvdv, Kv‡qgx ¯^v_© Ges

AcivRbxwZi c‡¶ e¨eüZ nevi d‡j A‡bK †¶‡ÎB Gi

MwZ n‡q‡Q AcÖwZ‡iva¨ Ges `vcU n‡q‡Q Amvgvb¨|

dzUcv‡_i ÔK¨vbfvmviÕ†_‡K ïi“ K‡i ag©Zš¿, eûRvwZK

†Kv¤úvwb, Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’v, ivóªxq cÖwZôvb mK‡jB fzqv-

weÁv‡bi Dci fi Ki‡Q bvbv iKg ¯^v_©-wmw×i dw›` †_‡K|

Zv‡`i GB AcZrciZv AZ¨š— mvd‡j¨i m‡½ e¨vcK msL¨K

gvbyl‡K weåvš— K‡i Zv‡`i‡K IB dw›`i duv‡` †dj‡Q|

weÁv‡bi Af~Zce© DbœwZi hy‡M fzqv-weÁv‡bi GB mvdj¨

Agv‡`i fvevq| Gi cwiYwZ wb‡q Avgiv wPwš—Z n‡q cwo|

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hv‡”Q bvwK wcwQ‡q hv‡”Q? G hy‡MI fzqv-weÁvb-Gi `vcU I

†`Šiv‡Z¥i KviY Z‡e wK?

GK_v wVK GKyk kZ‡Ki GB ¶‡Y AvaywbK weÁvb gvbe

RvwZi GKvs‡ki RvMwZK-†eva‡K cwiYwZi GK DbœZ

ch©v‡q wb‡q †M‡Q Ges weÁvb-wbf©i cÖhyw³ Avgv‡`i

A‡bK‡K w`‡q‡Q cÖK…wZ‡K wbqš¿‡Yi GK Af~Zc~e© ¶gZv|

wKš‘ Zvi gv‡b GB bq †h c„w_exi AwaKvsk gvbyl

weÁvb‡PZbv-m¤úbœ n‡q †M‡Q| eis Avgv‡`i KvÊÁvb †_‡K

G K_v eyS‡Z Amyweav nq bv †h †ewkifvM gvbylB

weÁvb‡PZbv †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i i‡q †M‡Q| ïay ZvB bq Avgiv

hw` †ewki fvM gvby‡li K_vB awi Zvn‡j weL¨vZ †jLK I

BwZnvmwe` GBP wR I‡qj‡mi m‡½ AvgivI GKgZ ne|

I‡qjm GK`v e‡jwQ‡jbÑÔG kZ‡Ki †ewki fvM gvby‡li

wPš—vfvebv wZb nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi Avgv‡`i cÖvK-mf¨ ev

Avw`g c~e©cyi“l‡`i gZB|Õ

GRb¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb GKwU KviY nj c„w_exi e¨vcK

AwaKvsk gvbyl A¶iÁvb I AvaywbK wk¶v †_‡K ewÂZ|

hviv A¶iÁvb I wk¶v cv‡”Q ZvivI co‡Q bvbv ai‡bi

Acwk¶v I Kzwk¶vi Ke‡j| Awk¶v I Kzwk¶vi c_ a‡i

30

wU‡K Av‡Q Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ †jvKvPvi, †gŠjev`x ag©xq weavb

Ges wPš—vi ˆ`b¨| cÖhyw³i †PvLauvav‡bv Sjg‡j bvbv

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fzqv-weÁv‡bi `vc‡Ui gv‡S| cÖPwjZ †jvKvPvi I mvgvwRK

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mnR weÁv‡bi QÙ‡e‡k _vKv fzqv-weÁvb‡K †Pbv ZZ mnR

bq| weÁv‡bi QÙ‡e‡k _v‡K e‡jB fzqv-weÁvb mvaviY

gvbyl‡K Lye mn‡RB weåvš— Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviY gvbyl

G¸‡jv‡K ÔweÁvbÕ e‡jB g‡b K‡i Ges bvbvfv‡e cÖZvwiZ

nq| A‡bK fzqv-weÁvbx e‡m Av‡Q Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡kB

gnvweÁvbx †m‡R, Avgiv wPb‡Z cviwQ bv|

†h me wel‡qi Dci gvby‡li fw³, fq, Av¯’v ev cQ›`

_v‡K †m¸‡jvi bKj wRwbm †ei n‡Z †ewk mgq jv‡M bv|

bvbv iKg ¯v_© wmw×i Rb¨ cÖZviK I avÜvevR e¨w³ ev †Mvôx

Gi †gwK cÖwZiƒc ˆZwi K‡i| fzqv Wv³vi, fzqv cywjk, fzqv

Kg©KZ©v, fzqv e¨vsK, fÊ cxi, fÊ `i‡ek, bKj †mvbv,

bKj nxiv BZ¨vw` Avgv‡`i mgv‡R †gv‡UI weij bq| GiKg

A‡bK fzqv I f‡Êi cvkvcvwk AvRKvj fzqvweÁvbI gv_v

Zz‡j `uvov‡”Q e¨vcKfv‡e| ïay Avgv‡`i gZ wcwQ‡q cov

mgv‡R bq, ÔDbœZ wek¦Õ e‡j cwiwPZ †`k I mgv‡RI Gi

cÖ‡Kvc Kg bq, eis w`‡b w`‡b evo‡Q| weÁv‡bi cÖwZ cÖZviK

I avÜvevR‡`i GB AvMÖ‡ni KviY weÁv‡bi cÖwZ mvaviY

gvby‡li Mfxi Av¯’v I wek¦vm| gvby‡li Mfxi Av¯’v I

wek¦vm‡K cyuwR K‡i gybvdv ev Ab¨ †Kvb ¯^v_© AR©‡bi Rb¨

ˆZwi nq bKj ev fzqv-weÁvb|

†Pbv Ri“wi wKš‘ mnR bq

Av‡MB e‡jwQ fzqv-weÁvb †ewki fvM mg‡qB †Kvb bv †Kvb

weÁv‡bi QÙvei‡Y _v‡K| †hgb ÔfvM¨ MYbviÕ Z_vKw_Z

Ô†R¨vwZl kv¯¿Õ _v‡K †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi Avei‡Y| G‡Z A‡b‡K

G‡K †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi ÔkvLvÕ ev Gi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z weÁvb e‡j

g‡b K‡ib| †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi wewfbœ cwifvlv e¨envi Ki‡jI

GB Ôkv‡ ¿iÕ †Kv‡bv ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †bB| GwU GKwU wb‡f©Rvj

fzqvweÁvb| GiKg fv‡e weÁv‡bi bvbv kvLvcÖkvLv †hgb

f~ZË¡, f~‡Mvj, wPwKrmvweÁvb,gbweÁvb, c`v_©weÁvb

BZ¨vw`i QÙvei‡Y D™¢e N‡U‡Q eû ai‡bi fzqv-weÁv‡bi|

31

†ewki fvM gvby‡li c‡¶B fzqvweÁv‡bi IB me Kg©KvÊ

†_‡K cÖK…Z weÁvb‡K Avjv`v K‡i wPb‡Z cviv KwVb n‡q

hvq| Zviv g‡b K‡i G¸‡jv weÁv‡biB kvLv ev ewa©Z †Kvb

Ask| A‡bK mgq cÖK…Z ˆeÁvwbK Kg©Kv‡Êi †Kvb Ask

we‡kl wb‡q Ggb wKQz e¨vL¨v-we��lY nvwRi Kiv nq hvi

†Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †bB| weÁv‡bi A‡bK kvLviB G ai‡bi

A‰eÁvwbK Ask i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv cÖvqB Avgv‡`i weåvš— I

cÖZvwiZ K‡i| †hgb DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g †Zvjv g½j MÖ‡ni wKQz

Qwei gbMov e¨vL¨v †`b wiPvW© wm nMj¨vÛ bv‡gi GK

KíKvwnwb †jLK| g½j MÖn m¤ú‡K© Zvi KvíwbK aviYv¸‡jv

cÖKv‡ki mgq wZwb e¨envi K‡ib MwYZ I †R¨vwZwe©`¨vi

wewfbœ cwifvlv| hvi d‡j mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q Zvi e¨vL¨vi

fzqv-ˆeÁvwbK iƒcwU A‡bKUv Avovj n‡q hvq| GiKg

cwiw ’wZ‡Z †KvbwU weÁvb Ges †KvbwU fzqv-weÁvb Zv †evSv

KwVb n‡q c‡i|

weÁv‡bi m‡½ c„_K K‡i †Pbv †ek KwVb e‡jB

fzqvweÁvb‡K mn‡R AMÖvn¨ Kiv hvq bv| fzqvweÁvb‡K

c„_Kfv‡e wPb‡Z cviv ˆeÁvwbK wPš—vi cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ AZ¨š—

¸i“Z¡c~Y©| AvaywbK hy‡M †hme gbxlx ˆeÁvwbK wPš—v I

weÁv‡bi `k©‡bi mgm¨v wb‡q Mfxifv‡e wPš—v K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i

A‡b‡KB †f‡e‡Qb wK K‡i mn‡R GB c„_KxKiY Kiv hvq|

wesk kZ‡K weÁv‡bi `vk©wbK Kvj© ccvi GB mgm¨v wb‡q

†ek bvovPvov K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Gi bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb Ôthe

Demarcation ProblemÕ ev Ôc„_KxKi‡Yi mgm¨vÕ| ccvi g‡b

Ki‡Zb weÁvb I fzqvweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kivi ¶gZv

†Kej weÁvbx I `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ _vK‡jB Pj‡e bv mvaviY

gvby‡li g‡a¨I _vK‡Z n‡e : ÔKviY weÁvb GZ kw³kvjx I

¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ges fzqvweÁvb GZUvB eûj cÖPwjZ I ¶wZKi †h

G‡K wPb‡Z bv-cviv †h †Kvb gy³ mgv‡Ri c‡¶ eo ai‡bi

¶wZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i|ÕÑccv‡ii GB aviYv wQj AZ¨š—

mwVK|

weÁv‡bi `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ ccviB cÖ_g Lye ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½

weÁv‡bi m‡½ AweÁvb-fzqvweÁvb BZ¨vw`i cv_©K¨ Kivi

GKwU Kvh©Ki c×wZ wbY©‡qi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb| ccv‡ii

c×wZ Abyhvqx †Kvb cÖ —vebv (nvB‡cvw_wmm) ev cÖK‡íi

h_v_©Zv wbf©i K‡i ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ¯—vebvwUi fzj

cÖgvwYZ Kivi (Falsify) m¤¢vebvi Dci| Zvi GB c×wZi g‡a¨

†gŠwjK †h welqwU MÖnY Kiv hvq †mwU n‡”Q A‡bK¸‡jv fzj

cÖ —vebv‡K fzj cÖgv‡Yi gva¨‡g mwVK-cÖ —vebv ev cÖK…Z

mZ¨‡K cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ ccv‡ii GB c×wZ A‡bK †¶‡Î

Kvh©Ki n‡jI A‡bK †¶‡Î weåvwš—i Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| ZvB

ccv‡ii c×wZ cieZ©xKv‡j weÁv‡bi `vk©wbK‡`i

mgv‡jvPbvi wkKvi n‡q‡Q Ges cwic~Y©fv‡e M„nxZ nq wb|

32

weÁvb‡K fzqv-weÁvb †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i †Pbvi Rb¨

weÁv‡bi c×wZMZ GKwU Kwócv_i Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e|

wKš‘ fzqvweÁv‡bi bvbv ai‡bi wewPÎ iKg mvgvwRK Abyl½

I ¯^v‡_©i m‡½ Rwo‡q _v‡K e‡j ïay c×wZMZ Am½wZ bq

Av_©- mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK cwiw ’wZi Abyl‡½ fzqv-weÁvb‡K

†evSvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Av‡MI D‡�L K‡iwQ, weÁv‡bi

wewfbœ cwifvlv, hyw³ I DcKi‡Yi m‡½ wg‡k _v‡K e‡j

fzqvweÁvb‡K †Pbv KwVb nq| ZvB fzqvweÁvb‡K †Pbvi †¶‡Î

Avgv‡`i fzqvweÁvb‡K Avovj K‡i ivLv weÁv‡bi kvLvwUi

cÖK…wZ Ges Gi mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv Ri“wi| ïay

ZvB bq Avgiv hw` †Kvb GK cÖKvi fzqvweÁv‡bi M‡o IVv

Ges gvbyl‡K weåvš— Kivi †¶‡Î Gi mvd‡j¨i KviY eyS‡Z

PvB Zvn‡j AviI wKQz welq m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i ¯úó aviYv

_vK‡Z n‡e| GB welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡”Q hyw³

KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ Ôweåvwš—Ki Dcv`vbÕ (Fallacy) Ges gvbyl

wKfv‡e †Kvb wel‡qi Dci wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i Zvi gb —Ë¡|

weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq †Kvb NUbv ev cÖc‡K e¨vL¨vi

†¶‡Î eY©bv I hyw³ Dc¯’vc‡bi aib Ggb _v‡K †h Zv †_‡K

g‡b n‡Z cv‡i †h Gi g‡a¨ ÔAwZcÖvK…ZÕ wKQz Av‡Q| †hgb hw`

ejv nqÑGB IlyawUi KvR nj i³Pvc Ges eyK aidi Kiv

Kgv‡bv| ÔKvRÕ kãwU Avgv‡`i Abyf‡e m‡PZb GKwU wµqvi

K_v Rvbvb †`q hv Ro e¯‘i c‡¶ Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB Dc‡ii

eY©bv c‡o g‡b n‡Z cv‡i IlyawUi †Kv‡bv A‡jŠwKK ¸Yv¸Y

i‡q‡Q| G iKg Ôg‡b nIqvÕi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o DV‡Z

cv‡i wewfbœiKg fzqv-ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v| Ab¨w`‡K †ewki fvM

fzqv-weÁv‡bi m¤úK© _v‡K mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I

ivR‰bwZK ¯^v_©wmw×i bvbv iKg dw›`-wdwK‡ii m‡½| ZvB

mgvR I ivRbxwZi cwiYZ †eva Qvov A‡bK †¶‡Î fzqv-

weÁvb‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e †evSv hvq bv|

1970-Gi `kK †_‡K fzqvweÁv‡bi ¯^iƒc D‡b¥vP‡bi

j‡¶¨ KvR Ki‡Qb cj _¨vMvW©| 1978 m‡b cÖKvwkZ ÔWhy

Astrology is a PseudoscienceÕ (evsjvqÑÔ†Kb †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ GKwU

fzqv weÁvbÕ?) wbe‡Ü fzqv-weÁvb‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb

fzqvweÁv‡bi GKwU msÁv †`b hv wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ cvV¨cy —

‡K Qvcv nq| GB msÁv AbyhvqxÑÔGKwU ZË¡ ZLbB fzqv-

ˆeÁvwbK e‡j wPwýZ n‡e hw` GwU `xN©mgq a‡i IB cÖc‡K

e¨vL¨v Kivi †¶‡Î weKí ZË¡¸‡jvi Zzjbvq Kg cÖMwZkxj ev

wbw®Œq _v‡K| A_©vr eûiKg AgxgvswmZ mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL

nIqv m‡Ë¡I Gi PP©vKvix Rb‡Mvôx GB mgm¨v¸‡jv

mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î †Zgb †Kvb D‡`¨vM †bq bv, Zv‡`i ZË¡‡K

G wel‡qi Ab¨vb¨ Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡ii †Kvb

D‡`¨vM †bq bv Ges (mZ¨-wg_¨v m¤ú‡K©) wbwðZ nIqvi

†¶‡Î c¶cvZg~jK AvPiY K‡i|Õ

33

cieZ©x mg‡q _¨vMvW© Dcjwä K‡ib Gfv‡e msÁv w`‡q

weÁv‡bi m‡½ fzqvweÁvb‡K c„_K Kivi †P‡q fzqvweÁv‡bi

ˆewk󨸇jv mywbw`©ófv‡e Rvwb‡q w`‡j mvaviY gvby‡li c‡¶

fzqvweÁvb‡K wPwýZ Kiv mnR n‡e| 1988 mv‡j †jLv

ÔComputational Philosophy of ScienceÕ kxl©K eB‡q wZwb weÁvb I

fzqvweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨m~PK ˆewkó¨mg~n‡K mywbw ©ófv‡e

wPwýZ K‡ib| hvi d‡j weÁvb I fzqvweÁv‡bi c„_KxKiY

A‡bK mnR nq| AwZm¤cÖwZ Ab¨ GKwU wbe‡Ü

ˆewk󨸇jv‡K wZwb AviI mg‡qvc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡jb|

_¨vMv‡W©i wPwýZ ˆewk󨸇jv n‡”Q :

1. weÁvb †Kvb welq‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i mywbw`©ó c×wZi

gva¨‡g, fzqvweÁv‡b †Kvb c×wZwbf©i e¨vL¨v _v‡K

bv|

2. weÁvb (welq I e¯‘i) m¤úK© wba©viYKvix wPš—v‡K

e¨envi K‡i, †h wPš—v cÖK…wZi wewfbœ w`K‡K

Avwe®‹v‡ii R‡b¨ cwimsL¨v‡bi c×wZ¸‡jv e¨envi

K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K fzqvweÁvb AvßevK¨ ev w¯’i wek¦vm

ev †MuvRvwgjc~Y© wPš—vi Dci wbf©i K‡i| G ai‡bi

wPš—v †_‡K Zviv Ggb wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nq

†hÑÔRM‡Z e¯‘mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Aímí m¤úK© Av‡Q

KviY Zviv GKB ai‡bi|Õ

3. ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i e¨enviKvixMY me©`vB wewfbœ

weKí ZË¡mg~‡ni wbwi‡L Zvi Z‡Ë¡i h_v_©Zv hvPvB

Ki‡Z AvMÖnx _v‡Kb| Ab¨w`‡K fzqvweÁv‡bi

PP©vKvixMY weKí ZË¡¸‡jv‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i|

4. weÁvb Ggb Z‡Ë¡i AeZviYv K‡i hv RwUj bq

wKš‘ Gi _v‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi wek` ¶gZv| Avi

fzqvweÁvb Ggb Z‡Ë¡i AeZviYv K‡i hvi e¨vL¨v

w`‡Z wM‡q AviI A‡bK wKQz a‡i wb‡Z nq ev bZzb

bZzb (gbMov) cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡K|

5. mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ weÁvb GwM‡q hvq bZyb Z_¨‡K

e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ bZzb ZË¡ wb‡q Av‡m| fzqvweÁvb Zvi

bxwZ I cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î Abo Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K|

Dc‡i D��wLZ weÁvb I fzqvweÁv‡bi cv_©K¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨

me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cv_©K¨ nj weÁvb GKwU mywbw`©ó cÖwµqv

Abyhvqx P‡j, fzqvweÁv‡bi G ai‡bi †Kvb cÖwµqv _v‡K bv|

cÖwµqvi welqwU fzqvweÁvb AMÖvn¨ K‡i| cÖwµqv ej‡Z

†evSvq Ggb GK myywbw`©ó c×wZ †hLv‡b K‡qKwU Dcv`v‡bi

wg_w®Œqvq wbqwgZ GK ai‡bi dj cvIqv hvq| †hgb imvqb

ev ˆRecÖcÂmg~‡ni †¶‡ÎI Avgiv e¨vcb (diffusion) bvgK

GKwU cÖwµqv Avgiv †`wL, †hLv‡b Aa©cwievnx c`©v

(Semipermeable mebrane) †hgb †KvlwSি�i GK cvk †_‡K

Ab¨cv‡k e¯‘KYv Kx nv‡i AwZµg Ki‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i c`©vi

34

`yB cv‡k e¯‘KYvi Nb‡Z¡i cv_©‡K¨i Dci| GB cÖwµqv mKj

A‰Re I ˆRe cÖc‡Â GKBfv‡e wµqv K‡i| e¯‘RM‡Zi

†Kv‡bv wbqg Abyhvqx ev c`v‡_©i †Kvb ag© Abyhvqx G NUbv

N‡U weÁvb Zvi e¨vL¨v mywbw`©ófv‡e w`‡q _v‡K|

fzqvwÁvb Ggb †Kvb cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ hvq bv ev †h‡Z cv‡i

bv KviY Zv‡`i cÖ¯—vebv¸‡jv e¯‘RM‡Zi ch©‡e¶‡Yi Dci

wfwË K‡i M‡o I‡V bv| †hgb Ô†R¨vwZl kv¯¿Õ †hme NUbv

NU‡e ev N‡U‡Q e‡j `vwe K‡i Zvi fvmvfvmv †hvMm~‡Îi K_v

ej‡jI †Kvb mywbw`©ó †Kvb cÖwµqv Av‡Q Ggb wKQz cÖgvY

Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| R‡b¥i mgq AvKv‡ki Zviv¸wji GKwU

we‡kl Ae¯’vb Kx K‡i GKRb gvby‡li e¨w³‡Z¡i

ˆewk󨸇jv wba©viY K‡i †m iKg †Kvb cÖwµqv †`Lv‡Z cv‡i

bv †R¨vwZlkv¯¿| †hme NUbv N‡U‡Q ev NU‡e e‡j Zviv `vwe

K‡i Zvi †Kvb ev —e ch©‡e¶Y, cix¶v-wbix¶v ev

weÁvbm¤§Z cwimsL¨vb i‡q‡Q GgbI †`Lv‡Z cv‡i bv Zviv|

Zvn‡j Avgiv †`LwQ Dc‡i D��wLZ welq¸‡jv ¸i“‡Z¡i

m‡½ j¶¨ Ki‡j Avgiv mn‡RB wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie †KvbwU

weÁvb Ges †KvbwU fzqvweÁvb| wKš‘ ev —e-Rxe‡b Avgv‡`i

Av‡kcv‡k fzqvweÁvb Ggbfv‡e Qwo‡q _v‡K †h Avgiv

A‡bK mgq Zv j¶¨ Kwi bv| cÖvqB †`Lv hvq G¸‡jv _v‡K

weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Abyl‡½i m‡½ wg‡k| weÁv‡bi m‡½

m¤úwK©Z e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb hLb G ai‡bi cÖ‡Póvi m‡½ hy³

nb ZLb Gi Øviv mvaviY gvbyl †Zv e‡UB Ávb-weÁv‡bi m‡½

m¤úwK©Z e¨w³ivI cÖvqB weåvš— n‡q _v‡Kb| G Kvi‡YB

Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡k _vKv bvbv cÖKv‡ii fzqvweÁv‡bi ¯^iƒc

m~²fv‡e ch©‡e¶Y Kiv Ges Gi MwZcÖK…wZ I D‡Ïk¨

m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv _vKv Ri“wi|

Av‡kcv‡k bvbvb †e‡k

weÁvb †gvUvgywU eûj cÖPwjZ Ges RbwcÖq nevi ci †_‡KB

bvbv cÖKv‡ii fzqvweÁv‡biI DrcwË n‡Z _v‡K| Ebwesk

kZK †_‡K Avgiv D��L‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU fzqvweÁv‡bi DrcwË

n‡Z †`wL, †nvwgIc¨vw_ Ges †d«‡bvjwR Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|

†hme fzqvweÁvb h‡_ó RbwcÖq I cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv

j¶¨ Ki‡j Avgiv †`wL †ewkifvM fzqvweÁv‡bi DrcwË

n‡q‡Q weÁv‡bi Avwe®‹…Z Z_¨ I PP©vi m‡½ cÖPwjZ wek¦v‡mi

ÔAwZcÖvK…ZÕ Dcv`vb wgwk‡q| A‡bK †¶‡Î cÖPwjZ †Kvb

e„wËi AwZcÖvK…Z e¨vL¨v ev` w`‡q GKB NUbvi ÔˆeÁvwbKÕ

e¨vL¨v †`Iqv ïi“ nq weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv Avwe®‹v‡ii m‡½

wgwj‡q| †hgb gvby‡li fv‡M¨i Dci MÖ‡ni cÖfv‡ei e¨vcviwU

G‡mwQj KviY cÖvPxbKv‡ji gvby‡li wek¦vm wQj MÖn¸wj GK

GKwU †`eZv, Giv G‡`i ¯fve Abyhvqx gvby‡li Rxe‡bi

Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| wbDUb gnvKl©ZË¡ Avwe®‹v‡ii ci

†`eZv‡`i cÖfv‡ei e`‡j G‡m †M‡Q MÖn-b¶‡Îi AvKl©Y|

35

Gfv‡eB weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi Dci wfwË K‡i bvbv D‡Ïk¨

wb‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi fzqvweÁv‡bi PP©v| Avgiv hw`

mviv c„w_ex‡Z cÖPwjZ me ai‡bi fzqvweÁvb m¤ú‡K©

A‡jvPbv Ki‡Z PvB Zvn‡j †ek K‡qKwU XvDm AvKv‡ii eB

wj‡LI Kzjv‡bv hv‡e bv| GB Av‡jvPbvi ¯^í cwim‡i G¸‡jvi

cÖwZwUi ¯^iƒc Zz‡j aiv m¤¢e bq| Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡k †hme

fzqv-weÁv‡bi PP©v Lye `vc‡Ui m‡½ Avgv‡`i weåvš— Ki‡Q

Zvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwUi K_vB ms‡¶‡c D��L KiwQ| GKUz j¶¨

Ki‡j †`L‡ev gvbyl‡K weåvš— K‡i ¯v_© D×v‡ii R‡b¨ †m-me

welq‡KB †e‡Q †bqv nq †h me wel‡q mvaviY gvby‡li

AvKl©Y ev `ye©jZv i‡q‡Q|

Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡k †hme fzqvweÁvb `vc‡Ui m‡½

RbMY‡K weåvš— Ki‡Q Zvi †ewkifv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ e¨emvwqK|

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwUi D‡Ïk¨ ivR‰bwZK A_©vr ivR‰bwZK dvq`v

†jvUvi R‡b¨ wg_¨v ev weK…Z Z_¨ ev e¨vL¨vi Dci weÁv‡bi

cÖ‡jc w`‡q Gi h_v_©Zv cÖgv‡Yi †Póv Kiv| ag©Zš¿xivI Kg

hvb bv| AvRKvj weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZi Kvi‡Y cÖPwjZ

ag©wek¦vm Ges Gi A‡bK Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK gvby‡li

g‡b ˆZwi n‡”Q bvbv cÖkœ| G¸‡jv A‡bK †¶‡Î ag©wek¦v‡mi

wfZ‡KB bvwo‡q w`‡”Q| GiKg Ae¯’vq ag©wek¦v‡mi bvbv

Dcv`vb‡K ÔweÁvbm¤§ZÕ e‡j cÖgvY Kiv wek¦vm i¶vi Lye

Kvh©Ki †KŠkj| G-iKg me ai‡bi cÖ‡Póvi wb`k©b †LuvRvi

R‡b¨ Avgv‡`i `~‡i †Kv_vI †h‡Z n‡e bv| †Uwjwfk‡bi c`©v ev

cÎcwÎKvi cvZvq we‡klZ weÁvcb¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKv‡jB

Avgiv Gm‡ei fzwifzwi wb`k©b †`L‡Z cv‡ev|

eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi GK weL¨vZ Ô†nj_& wWªsKÕ| Dcv`vb

hv Av‡Q Zv Avgv‡`i Ab¨vb¨ ˆ`bw›`b Lvev‡ii Dcv`v‡bi

†_‡K wfbœ wKQz bq| wKš‘ Zviv `vwe Ki‡Qb GUv †L‡j bvwK

ev”Pviv ÔmvaviY LveviÕ-LvIqv ev”Pv‡`i †P‡q †ewk j¤^v, †ewk

kw³kvjx Ges †ewk eyw×gvb n‡e| GKB Dcv`v‡b wfbœdj

†Kb n‡e Zvi †Kvb Reve G‡`i Kv‡Q †bB| G‡K

Ôgnv‰eÁvwbKÕ cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ AvkÖq †bqv nq cÖZviYv I

wg_¨vPv‡ii| ejv n‡q G¸‡jv bvwK Ô¯Zš¿ M‡elYvq cÖgvwYZÕ|

gvby‡li kix‡ii Dci †Kv‡bv Ilya ev cywó Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve

†`Lvi R‡b¨ †h-me M‡elYv (wK¬wbK¨vj Uªvqvj) Pvjv‡bv nq

†m-me M‡elYv cÖKí †m †`‡ki mswk­ó ˆeÁvwbK KwgwU

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36

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37

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D‡b¥vPb Kivi|

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gvbyl G‡`i duvwKevwR eyS‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv weÁvb‡gjv Kwi,

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Kvq`vi duvwKevwR I KvimvwR¸‡jv mwe —v‡i †`wL‡q w`‡Z

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me‡P‡q ¯úó †evSv hvq| ZvB G-ai‡bi D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g

cÖZviYv I wPš—vi weåvwš— KvwU‡q Avgv‡`i mgvR‡K

gy³‡PZbvi Av‡jvwKZ PZ¡‡i wb‡q hvIqv Av‡iv mnR I

mvejxj n‡e |

mnvqK iPbvejx

1. Massimo Pigliucci, Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk, The University of Chicago Press, 2010.

2. Stanley A Rice, Encyclopedia of Evolution, Infobase Publishing, New York, 2007.

3. Paul R Thagard, Computational Philosophy of Science, MIT Press, USA, 1988.

4. Paul R Thagard, Why Astrology Is A Pseudoscience, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 1978, Volume 1, edited by P.D. Asquith and I. Hacking (East Lansing: Philosophy of Science Association, 1978)

5. gwbi“j Bmjvg, ˆReweeZ©bev` : †`ok eQ‡ii Ø›Ø we‡iva, msnwZ cÖKvkb, 2q gy`ªY,

2010|

6. gwbi“j Bmjvg, weÁv‡bi †gŠjev`x e¨envi, (ms‡kvwaZ I cwiewa©Z) 2q ms¯‹iY, msnwZ

cÖKvkb, 2011|

gwbi“j Bmjvg : †ckvq wPwKrmK| evsjv‡`k ev‡qvjwR Awjw¤úqv‡Wi GKRb m¤§vwbZ D‡`¨v³v| weÁvb

†PZbv cwil`Õi mv‡_ `xN©w`b a‡i RwoZ| cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : ˆReweeZ©bev` : †`okÕ eQ‡ii Ø›Ø we‡iva

(2007, msnwZ cÖKvkb), weÁv‡bi †gŠjev`x e¨envi (2011, msnwZ cÖKvkb) Ges bvix cyi“l ˆelg¨ :

RxeZvwË¡K †cÖ¶vcU (2010, msnwZ cÖKvkb), XvKv

38

weÁvb I AcweÁvb

Zvbfxi nvwbd

†R¨vwZlkv ¿ ev A¨vm‡UªvjwR †Kv‡bv weÁvb bq, GUv‡K

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D™¢e N‡U‡Q Ges `yf©vM¨µ‡g gvbemf¨Zv hLb weÁvb I Gi

`…k¨gvb dmj, hv‡K Avgiv cÖhyw³ ewj, Gi D”PwkL‡i †cuŠ‡Q

†M‡Q Ges GB cÖMwZ Ae¨nZ Av‡Q ZLbI GB AcweÁvb

Z_v AÜ-Kzms¯‹vi KZ©…K j¶ j¶ gvbyl cÖZvwiZ n‡q Pj‡Q|

GB AcweÁv‡bi cÖfve GZUvB gvivZ¥K †h †`‡ki

†ewkifvM cÎ-cwÎKv‡Z wekvj Ask Ry‡o ivwkd‡ji Lei

cÖKvk Kiv nq| wKsev XvDm mvB‡Ri weÁvcb w`‡q cÖPvi Kiv

nqÑÔAvcwb wK nZvk? Zvn‡j wbf©yj fvM¨ MYbvi gva¨‡g

nZvkv gyw³i Rb¨ Agy‡Ki fvM¨-MYbv †P¤^v‡i Avmyb|Õ GB

ai‡bi weÁvcb cÖZviYv Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| ai“b Kv‡iv

nZvkv GZUvB gvivZ¥K ch©v‡q †h wZwb AvZ¥nZ¨vI Ki‡Z

cv‡ib †h †Kv‡bv mgq| G Ae¯’vq Zvi cÖ‡qvRb GKRb

wPwKrmv-g‡bvweÁvbxi kiYvcbœ nIqv| wZwb hw` †mwU bv K‡i

†Kvb †R¨vwZlxi Kv‡Q hvb Ges wKQyw`b ci gvbwmK

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`vqfvi Kvi †bqv DwPr? Gi Rb¨ `vqx †K n‡e? Avw_©K

¶wZi K_v ev`B w`jvg|

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gvby‡li e¨w³Z¡, Zvi fvM¨, Zvi ÔRb¥gyn~‡Z©Õ Puv`, m~h© Ges

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Ae¯’vb¸‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v-we��l‡Yi gva¨‡g MY‡Kiv GK ai‡bi

QK ˆZwi K‡ib, G‡K Zviv e‡jb Kzwô ev ni‡¯‹vc|

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gvby‡li Rxe‡bi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbvmg~‡ni fwel¨ØvYx Ges e¨vL¨v

w`‡q _v‡Kb| e¨w³, cÖwZôvb Ggb wK RvwZi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wm×vš—

wb‡Z Ômvnvh¨Õ K‡i _v‡Kb! †R¨vwZwe©Ávb nj MÖn-b¶‡Îi

MwZ-cÖK…wZi ˆeÁvwbK Aa¨qb-ch©v‡jvPbv| †R¨vwZwe©Ávb

†R¨vwZc©`v_©weÁv‡bi mgZzj¨ ev Gi Ask| A_©vr

†R¨vwZwe©Ávb nj MÖn-b¶‡Îi D™¢e, weeZ©b, MwZ-cÖK…wZi

we`¨v Avi †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ nj gvby‡li Ici G‡`i cÖfve|

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_v‡KÑGgbwK hw` †mwU fyjI cÖgvwYZ nq| wKš‘ hv fyj cÖgvY

Kivi my‡hvM †bB Zv weÁv‡bi ch©v‡q c‡i bv| Av‡jvKZi½

39

PjvP‡ji gva¨g wn‡m‡e ÔB_viÕ bvgK me©e¨vcx GK ai‡bi

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gva¨g cÖ‡qvRbÑKv‡RB Av‡jv hw` Zwor-Py¤^Kxq Zi½ nq

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GKUy e¨vL¨vi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| `yB ai‡bi e³‡e¨i K_v wPš—v

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40

wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| AvBb÷vB‡bi e³e¨wU Avgiv j¶¨ Ki‡Z

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single experiment can prove me wrong.Õ

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(extraordinary) nq Ges wØZxqZ GB `vwe¸‡jvi c‡¶

Abb¨mvaviYfv‡e Ach©vß Z_¨-cÖgvY Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|

m½Z Kvi‡Y GwUi ¸i“Z¡ †gv‡UI Kg bqÑKviY †Kvb ZË¡

hw` ch©vß Z_¨-cÖgv‡Yi Ici cÖwZwôZ bv nq Ges Gi hw`

†Kvb cix¶Yjä cÖgvY bv †_‡K _v‡K Zvn‡j ev —eZvi mv‡_

GwUi †Kv‡bviKg ms‡hvM `vwe Kiv G‡Kev‡i wfwËnxb|

gvwK©b †R¨vwZc©`v_©we` Kvj© mvMvb (1934-1996)

GKevi e‡jwQ‡jbÑÔAbb¨mvaviY `vwei Rb¨ Abb¨mvaviY

mv¶¨-cÖgvY Avek¨KÕ (extraordinary claims require extraordinary

41

evidence)| A_© nj †Kvb `vwe hw` Avgv‡`i wek¦RMZ m¤ú‡K©

B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avgiv hv Rvwb Zvi mv‡_ Zyjbvg~jK wePv‡i Lye

†ewkgvÎvq we¯§qKi ev AmvaviY bv nq Zvn‡j †mB `vwei

c‡¶ Lye †ewk mv¶¨-cÖgv‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡i bv| D‡ëvUvI wKš‘

mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| hw` †Kv‡bv `vwe Avgv‡`i wek¦RMZ

m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Z‡_¨i mv‡_ mvsNwl©K nq Zvn‡j Gi ¯^c‡¶

A‡bK †ewkgvÎvq mv¶¨-cÖgvY Avek¨K| Gi KviY wK?

KviY GB Abb¨mvaviY `vwewU mZ¨ n‡j Avgv‡`i wek¦RMZ

m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges mZ¨ e‡j M…nxZ A‡bK A‡bK Z_¨‡K

Ôwg_¨vÕ e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e| GLb GB M…nxZ Z_¨¸‡jv hw`

Avevi cix¶Y I ch©‡e¶‡Yi mv‡_ Lye fv‡jvfv‡e m½wZc~Y©

nq Zvn‡j `vwewU ÔAbb¨mvaviYÕ-Gi gvÎvq DbœxZ nq Ges

hZ¶Y ch©š— Gi c‡¶ Bw¤úwiK¨vj cÖgvY †mwUi wec‡¶

eZ©gvb Bw¤úwiK¨vj-cÖgvY‡K AwZµg bv K‡i ZZ¶Y G

welqwU MÖnY Kievi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB|

Abb¨mvaviY `vwei GKwU D`vniY wn‡m‡e Avgiv

†nvwgIc¨vw_i K_v ej‡Z cvwi| Gi †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwË ev

Drm †bB| B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avgiv Rvwb n¨vwbg¨vb Zuvi

†nvwgIc¨vw_i m~θ‡jv †Kvb cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡g cvb

wbÑwZwb ïaygvÎ ÔGWnKÕ wfwˇZ †m¸‡jv aviYv K‡i

wb‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi ÔmgZyj¨Zvi m~ÎÕwU aviYv K‡iwQ‡jb

GKwU ch©‡e¶Y †_‡K : wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi Qvj ïuK‡j my¯’

gvby‡li g‡a¨ g¨v‡jwiqvi j¶Y †`Lv hvq ZvB GB MvQ †_‡K

msM„nxZ KzBbvBb g¨v‡jwiqv cÖwZ‡ivaK| Ges GB m~ÎwU

(A_©vr †h ch©‡e¶Y †_‡K cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q GB aviYv)

cybi“rcv`b ev †iwc­‡KU Kiv ev wbwðZfv‡e cÖgvY KivI

m¤¢e nq wb| GB `vwe Abymv‡i Awb`ªv ev Bb‡mvgwbqvi Ilya

nj K¨v‡dB‡bi (hv Nyg bó K‡i) AwZgvÎvq WvBjy‡UW

mjyk¨b| ZijxK…Z wel AvBwf Pvgovi dymKywoi Ilya

wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e KviY Nbxf~Z Ae¯’vq GwU dymKzwoi Rb¨

`vqx, ZijxK…Z SvSv‡jv jvj †cqv‡Ri im †Pv‡Li cvwb cov

eÜ K‡i Ges ZijxK…Z mv‡ci wel kvixwiK AboZv wbivgq

K‡i| †nvwgIc¨vw_K eBcy¯—‡K cÖvqB Ny‡owd‡i GKwU K_v

Av‡m : ÔwbDU‡bi Rb¨ MvQ †_‡K cov Av‡cj ev M¨vwjwjIi

Rb¨ K¨v‡_Wªv‡j †`vjvqgvb evwZi f~wgKv hZUyKy

n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Rb¨ wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi Qv‡ji Ae`vb ZZLvwb|Õ

A_P AvR Avgiv ˆeÁvwbKfv‡e Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi

ÔmgZyj¨Zvi m~ÎÕwU Avm‡j Wvnv wg_¨v| cieZ©xKv‡j Avwe®‹…Z

n‡q‡Q wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi Qv‡ji g¨v‡jwiqv cÖwZ‡ivaK we‡kl

¸Yv¸Y Av‡Q Ges GB cÖwZ‡ivawU wK ai‡bi cÖwµqv‡Z ev

†gKvwbR‡gi gva¨‡g N‡U ZvI cwi®‹vifv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv

n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Gi mv‡_ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Ôwe‡l wel¶qÕ ev

ÔfvBUvwjRgÕ ev ÔWvBbvwgRgÕ BZ¨vw`i †Kv‡bv †hvMm~Î †ei

Kiv hvq wb| wUKvi †¶‡Î gvbe‡`‡n wbw`©ó gvÎv‡Z RxevYy

42

Bb‡R‡±i gva¨‡g cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi gZb wKQyI GwU bq|

†nvwgIc¨vw_i wfwËwU‡K wbwðZfv‡e ¸wo‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q|

AwZ m¤cÖwZ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Ôe¨w³MZÕ AwfÁZv‡K KyBbvB‡bi

cÖwZ Zvi AwZms‡e`bkxjZv wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wm×vš— ‡jv‡K Zvi mg‡qi (Aóv`k kZK)

Rb¨ Lye GKUv †`vl †`qv nqZ hv‡e bv †h-mgq Ilya-c_¨

m¤ú‡K© †ewkifvM aviYvB wQj cÖ_v I †jvKKvwnwbwfwËK|

n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Ôwmwgwjqv wmwgwjqvevm wKD‡iš—viÕ ev we‡l

wel¶‡qi mv‡_ wKš‘ fyWy g¨vwR‡Ki †ek wgj cvIqv hvq| fyWy

ev †jvKR eyRi“wK wPwKrmv ev hv`ywe`¨vi †cQ‡b KvR K‡i

ÔjvBK G‡d±m& jvBKÕ ev mgZzj¨ mgZyj¨‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i

GB wek¦vm| GRb¨ fyWy g¨vwRwkqvbiv wfw±‡gi g‡Zv †`L‡Z

cyZyj ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡Z m~uP †dvUvq| wmb‡Kvbvi Qv‡ji

Kvh©KvwiZv‡K †m-mgq Gi Zxeª Klxq ¯^v` I nRg kw³

e…wׇZ Gi cÖfve w`‡qI e¨vL¨v Kiv nq| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi ev GB

`vwe¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvUvB m‡Z¨i KvQvKvwQI wQj bvÑhw`I

Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †mwU wQj Ggb GKUv hyM hLb

†gwW‡Kj mv‡q‡Ý AvYweK ZË¡, wdwRIjwR, dvg©v‡KvjwR ev

gvB‡µvev‡qvjwR Gm‡ei †Kv‡bvwUiB cÖ‡qvM ïi“ nq wb| Avi

†mRb¨ Gme AÁvbZvcÖm~Z aviYvmg~n‡K ¶gv Kiv hvq|

KvíwbK Aš— ©…wói A ¿-k‡¯¿ mymw¾Z n‡q n¨vwbg¨vb Zvi

mg‡qi wewfbœ ivmvqwbK, ˆRe-ivmvqwbK Avi ˆRe-c`v‡_©i

(hv wewfbœ gvÎvq Ilya ev Gi DcKiY wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv

nZ) mwVK cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb cÖwµqv ïi“ Ki‡jb|

n¨vwbg¨vb cÖwµqvwUi bvg w`‡jb ÔcÖ“wfsm&Õ| GwU‡K

HwZnvwmK wePv‡i cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vbmg~‡ni G‡Kev‡i

cÖ_gw`KKvi wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqvj ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| hw`I Zv

fyjc‡_ cwiPvwjZ wQj| wZwb GB DcKiY¸‡jv wb‡R MÖnY

K‡ib| gRvi welq nj GB cÖ“wfsm&¸‡jv bvwK e¨w³i Dci

wbf©ikxj| n¨vwbg¨vb wb‡Ri cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i‡KI GB

c_¨ MÖnY Kivb| DcKiY¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU (†hgb:

mxmv I cvi`) wQj gvivZ¥K welv³| Avi †m-Rb¨ n¨vwbg¨vb

†kl ch©š— wm×v‡š— Av‡mb G¸‡jv‡K mvaviYfv‡e hZ Kg

cwigv‡Y e¨envi Kiv n‡e †nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya ZZ †ewk

kw³kvjx I Kvh©Kix n‡e| GB wm×vš—wU Zvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨

Avkxe©v` e‡q Avb‡jI †nvwgIc¨vw_i wØZxq m~Î ev

Ô¶y «vwZ¶y`«Õi D™¢U m~‡Îi m~Pbv Kij| †mvRv fvlvq : GKwU

†nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya hZ †ewk WvBjyU ev ZijxK…Z ev cvZjv

Kiv n‡e †mwU ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx n‡e| GRb¨ †nvwgIc¨vw_

Ilya evbv‡bv nq cvwb ev A¨vj‡Kvn‡j GKwU DcKiY wgwk‡q

hv evievi ZijxK…Z Kivi gva¨‡g wKsev SuvwK‡q

(mvKmvkb)| GB D™¢U cÖwµqvwU‡K ejv nq Ô†cv‡UbkvBwRsÕ|

ai“b Avcwb Awb ªvi †nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya evbv‡eb| Avcwb

myuB‡qi WMv K¨v‡dB‡b Quy‡q †Kv‡bv †QvU wUDe ev †evZ‡ji

43

cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q SuvKv‡Z _vK‡eb, Gici Gi wKQy Ask‡K

(A‡a©K Ask‡K) Avevi Av‡iKwU †QvU wUDe ev †evZ‡ji

cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q SuvKv‡Z _vK‡eb Ges GB cÖwµqvwUi

cybive…wË Ki‡ZB _vK‡eb hZ¶Y bv ch©š— Avcbvi Pvwn`v

Abyhvqx WvBjykb bv nq|

†nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya¸‡jv mvaviYZ 1012 †_‡K 1060

gvÎvq WvBjyU Kiv nq Ges †evZ‡j 12C, 30C BZ¨vw` †jLv

_v‡K| Gi A_© wK? 30C gv‡b 1060 (1-Gi ci 60wU k~b¨

em‡e) fvM cvwb‡Z 1 fvM DcKiY wgkv‡bv n‡q‡Q! GUv

gv‡Qi A¨vKywiqv‡gi cvwb‡Z GK †duvUv DcKiY †gkv‡bvi

mgvb bq| eis myBwgs cy‡ji cvwb‡Z GK †duvUv DcKiY

†gkv‡bvi mgvbI bq| †Kv‡bv †j‡Ki cvwb‡Z GK †duvUv

DcKiY †gkv‡bvi mgvbI bq| ZvI Lye †QvU n‡q hvq|

AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡i GK †duvUv cvwb †dj‡j wK 30C

WvBjykb ˆZwi Ki‡e? ZvI Lye †QvU n‡q hvq! GK AYy

Kvh©Kix †nvwgIc¨vw_K DcKiY †c‡Z n‡j mg —

†mŠiRM‡Zi AYyi cÖ‡qvRb co‡e| MuvRvLyিরi mxgvbvI

AwZµg K‡i hvq| weÁvbx A¨v‡fvMv‡W«vi MYbv Abymv‡i

†Kvb `ªeY‡K hw` 1/1023 fvM gvÎvi †ewk ZijxK…Z Kiv nq

Zvn‡j g~j DcKi‡Yi GK AYyI G‡Z _vK‡e bv| g~j

DcKi‡Yi †Kv‡bv AYyi ms¯ú‡k© Avmv cvwbi †Kv‡bv AYyI

G‡Z _vK‡e bv| GgbwK ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© _vKv cvwbi

wbR¯^ AYy¸‡jv ch©š— wehy³ n‡q co‡e!

cÖK…Zc‡¶ †nvwgIc¨v_iv ¯^xKviI K‡ib Zviv Avcbvi

Kv‡Q †h Ily‡ai †evZjwU wewµ K‡ib Zv‡Z GK AYy Kvh©Kix

DcKiYI ‡bB| Zvn‡j GwU wKfv‡e KvR K‡i? Zv‡`i `vwe

Gici AviI Aev —e iƒc aviY K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡Z Ôcvwbi

¯§„wZkw³ Av‡Q Ges g~j DcKi‡Yi ms¯ú‡k© Avmevi ci

cvwb GB DcKi‡Yi ˆewkó¨‡K a‡i iv‡L|Õ wKš‘ GB hyw³‡Z

cvwb‡Zv AviI †KvwU †KvwU wewfbœ `«‡e¨i ms¯ú‡k© wQj|

gvby‡li gj-g~Îmn bvbv A‰Re Dcv`vb| †m¸wji

†nvwgIc¨vw_K cÖfve wK fyWy g¨vwR‡Ki †Rv‡o nvIqv n‡q

wM‡q‡Q? Gi †Kv‡bv DËi Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †bB|

n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wØZxq m~Î Abymv‡i g~j DcKiY‡K

ZijxK…Z Kivi gva¨‡g Gi g‡a¨ mwÂZ Z_¨‡K AviI

evov‡bv nq ev kw³kvjx Kiv nq| GB ZijxKi‡Yi gvÎv

GZB Zxeª †h g~j DcKiY Ges Gi ªveK DfqB

Aw —Z¡nxbZvi mxgvbv‡Z †cuŠ‡Q| G †h m¤¢vebvi AvB‡bi ¯úó

cwicš’x| hvi my¯úó cÖKvk nj Bbdi‡gkb w_Iwi Ges

_v‡g©vWvBbvwg‡·i wØZxq m~Î| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wØZxq m~Î †g‡b

wb‡j Bbdi‡gkb wW‡Ki cvwimsL¨vwbK Pwi‡Îi mycÖwZwôZ

I B‡jKU«wb‡·i GB hy‡M AmsL¨evi cÖwZ wgwj †m‡K‡Û

cixw¶Z mg — `vwjwjK-cÖgvY‡K Wv÷we‡b †d‡j w`‡Z nq|

44

Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb co‡e GKwU wek¦Rbxb AvBb‡K cy‡ivcywi

A¯xKvi Kievi| hv m¤ú‡K© ¯^qs AvBb÷vBb e‡jwQ‡jb :

Ôc`v_©we`¨vi GKgvÎ m~ÎÑAvgvi …p wek¦vm †h G‡K KLbB

Qy‡o †djevi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv|Õ

GB `yBwU †gŠwjK `ye©jZvi (n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Z_vKw_Z `yBwU

wbqg) Kvi‡Y †nvwgIc¨vw_i KvQ †_‡K Gi ¯^c‡¶ Avgiv

Ab¨vb¨ wPwKrmvc×wZi mv‡_ Zyjbvg~jK wePv‡i A‡bK †ewk

kw³kvjx cixw¶Z-cÖgvY `vwe Ki‡Z cvwi| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i

†`qv nq wewfbœ †ivMxi e¨w³MZ Av‡iv‡M¨i AcÖgvwYZ Mí-

BwZnvm Ges c¶cvZg~jK Ôbvb-e­vB‡ÛWÕ cix¶‡Yi

weeiYxi gZb `ye©j cÖgvY| G¸‡jvi †ewkifvM Avevi

†nvwgIc¨vw_÷‡`i †jLv| myôzyfv‡e cwiPvwjZ mg¯— ÔWvej-

e­vBÛ G·‡cwi‡g‡›UÕ (hv‡Z cix¶K Ges cix¶‡Yi gvbexq

DcKiY Df‡qiB e¨w³MZ c¶cvwZZ¡ †_‡K `~i nIqvi

welqwU wbwðr Kiv nq) wbwðZfv‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q

†nvwgIc¨vw_ Ô��াwm‡evÕ Qvov Avi wKQyB bv|

GKBfv‡e †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ ÔAbb¨mvaviYÕ `vwei GKwU

cÖK…ó D`vniY| hw` gnvk~‡b¨i `~ieZ©x MÖn-b¶Î¸‡jv GiKg

`vweK…Z gvÎvq gvby‡li Rxeb I Pwi‡Îi Ici cÖfve we —vi

Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j c`v_©weÁvb, RxeweÁvb I imvq‡bi

B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖwZwôZ g~jbxwZ¸‡jv‡K fyj n‡Z n‡e| Gi A_©

`vwewU ÔAbb¨mvaviYÕ| Kv‡RB `vwewU cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ G‡K

ÔmZ¨Õ e‡j MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© Gi ¯^c‡¶ LyeB D”Pgv‡bi eûmsL¨K

Bw¤úwiK¨vj cÖgv‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| eQ‡ii ci eQ‡ii

M‡elYv‡ZI Ggb GKwUI cÖgvY cvIqv hvq wb| ZvB

†R¨vwZlkv ¿ cy‡ivUvB AcweÁvb nevi my®úó Bw½Zevnx|

IKvgm& †iRi ev IKv‡gi ¶zi ev wgZe¨wqZvi bxwZ

ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ MV‡b eûj e¨eüZ Kvh©Kix GKwU

c_cÖ`k©bKvix bxwZ| GB bxwZi e³e¨ †gvUvgywU GiKg :

Ô†Kv‡bv wKQy‡K e¨vL¨v Kievi Rb¨ hZUyKy welqe¯‘ KviY

wn‡m‡e h‡_ó Ges wØavnxbfv‡e mZ¨ ev ev —eZvi mv‡_

mvRyh¨c~Y© Zvi †ewk †Kv‡bv wKQyi Abygvb Kiv hv‡e bv|Õ

GKUv D`vniY †`B| Avcbvi GKwU weovj Av‡Q| Avcwb

iv‡Zi †ejvq GK evwU `ya †Uwe‡j †i‡L Nygv‡Z †M‡jb|

ciw`b mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡V †`L‡Z †c‡jb evwU Lvwj c‡o

Av‡Q| †KD †`‡L wb evwUi `ya †K †L‡q‡Q ev †mwU wKfv‡e

DavI n‡q ‡Mj| G‡¶‡Î `ywU m¤¢vebv Av‡Q : (K) weovjwU `ya

†L‡q‡Q A_ev (L) `ya-cix G‡m `ya †L‡q †M‡Q| IKv‡gi ¶yi

Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j, wØZxq m¤¢vebvwU‡K ev` †`evi Rb¨|

wKfv‡e? wØZxq m¤¢vebvwU‡K we‡ePbv Kievi Rb¨

Avgv‡`i‡K AwgZe¨wqZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| GKwU

m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AcÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^Ë¡v ev `ya-cixi Aw¯—Z¡ Kíbv

Ki‡Z nq| Kíbv ejv n‡jv G Kvi‡Y †h Avgv‡`i ev¯—e

RM‡Z `ya-cixi Aw —‡Z¡i †Kv‡bv cÖgvY †bB| AcÖ‡qvRbxq

45

ejv n‡jv G Kvi‡Y †h Gi hyw³m½Z weKí e¨vL¨vI Av‡Q hvi

Rb¨ `ya-cixi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb c‡i bv| GB weKí e¨vL¨vwU

wK? DËi nj Avgv‡`i wcÖq weovj| hvi Aw —Z¡ Avgv‡`i bZyb

K‡i Abygvb Ki‡Z nq wb| †Lqvj K‡i †`Lyb Lye m~²fv‡e

†`L‡Z †M‡j Abygvb `ywUi DfqB wKš‘ mij| Z‡e weov‡ji

e¨vL¨vwU mijZi GB wn‡m‡e †h †m †¶‡Î Avgv‡`i †Kv‡bv

bZyb AcÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^Ë¡v‡K Abygvb Kievi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|

GiciI hw` Avcwb Ô`ya-cixÕi e¨vL¨vwU wb‡q †Mv a‡ib

Zvn‡j Gi Aw —‡Z¡i ¯^c‡¶ Avcbv‡KB LyeB LyeB kw³kvjx

cÖgvY wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡ wVK Gfv‡eB wKš‘

IKv‡gi ¶z‡ii bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

ˆeÁvwbK `k©‡bi KvVv‡gv‡Z GB bxwZ‡K Av‡iKfv‡e ejv

hvq : GKwU cÖvK…wZK NUbvi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨vL¨v _vK‡j

Ges Zviv hw` GKB wel‡q GKB fwel¨ØvYx K‡i ZLb

mePvB‡Z mij e¨vL¨vwUB n‡e mePvB‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨| D`vniY

wn‡m‡e Avgiv AvBb÷vB‡bi we‡kl Av‡cw¶KZvi Z‡Ë¡i

K_v ej‡Z cvwi| Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M Avgiv Av‡jvi

cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Lye Kg RvbZvg| Z‡e Avgiv RvbZvg Av‡jv

GK ai‡bi Zi½| Zwor-Py¤^Kxq Zi½| †m-mgq Avgiv AviI

Ab¨vb¨ Zi½ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ wQjvg Ges Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki

PjvP‡ji Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi gva¨g cÖ‡qvRb †mwUI

RvbZvg| cvwbi †XD ev Zi½ cvwbi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq,

f~-K¤úb cÖevwnZ nq KwVb c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q, k‡ãi Zi½

evZv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e ZLbKvi w`‡bi weÁvbxiv

fve‡jb Av‡jvI †h‡nZy GK ai‡bi Zi½ hv G‡Kev‡i

evqyk~b¨ ’v‡bi ga¨ w`‡qI ¯^”Q‡›`¨ cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡iÑZvn‡j

Gi PjvP‡ji Rb¨I †Zv †Kv‡bv w¯’i gva¨g (hv me©e¨vcx Ges

evqk~b¨ ’v‡bI e¨ß) cÖ‡qvRb| GB KwíZ gva¨gwUi bvg †`qv

nj ÔB_viÕ| Avgiv Rvwb ch©‡e¶‡Ki mv‡c‡¶ MwZkxj †Kvb

i“jv‡ii ˆ`N©¨ Gi MwZi w`K eivei msKywPZ nq ev MwZkxj

†Kv‡bv Nwoi mgq axi n‡q hvq| weÁvbx j‡i‡Äi ZË¡vbymv‡i

GgbwU N‡U _v‡K ÔB_v‡iiÕ ga¨ w`‡q G‡`i MwZi Kvi‡Y|

AvBb÷vB‡bi ¯’vb-Kv‡ji cvi®úwiK iƒcvš—‡ii

mgxKiYmg~n Ges i“jvi I Nwoi iƒcvš—‡ii Rb¨ j‡i‡Äi

mgxKiY¸‡jv GKB| Avi †m Kvi‡Y we‡kl Av‡cw¶K Z‡Ë¡i

¯’vb-Kv‡ji cvi¯úwiK iƒcvš—‡ii mgxKiY¸‡jv‡K Ôj‡iÄ

U«vÝdi‡gkbÕ (Lorentz Transformation) ejv nq| wKš‘

AvBb÷vBb I †nbwi cqKuv‡i (divwm ZvwË¡K c`v_©weÁvbx)

Dcjwä K‡ib Ôj‡i‡Äi mgxKiYÕ Ges g¨v·I‡q‡ji Zwor-

Py¤^K‡Z¡i mgxKiY¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j B_v‡ii

cÖ‡qvRbxqZv dywi‡q hvq|

`yBRb ch©‡e¶‡Ki K_v wPš—v Kiv hvK Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii

mv‡c‡¶ mg‡e‡M MwZkxj| GB `yB ch©‡e¶K GKwU MwZkxj

†Uwbm ej‡K ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Qb| `yB e¨w³B hw` †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó

46

mg‡q ejwUi ’vbvsK gv‡cb Zvn‡j Df‡qi Rb¨ msL¨vÎq

wfbœ-wfbœ n‡e| Ges msL¨v wZbwUi g‡a¨ m¤úK©I †`Lv‡bv

hv‡e| wbDUbxq ejwe`¨vi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ ¯’vbvs‡Ki GB

iƒcvš—i ÔM¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—iÕ bv‡g weL¨vZ| GB iƒcvš—‡ii

Aax‡b ÔmgqÕ nj cig| Dfq ch©‡e¶‡Ki Rb¨ me©`v GKB|

we‡kl Av‡cw¶KZvi Z‡Ë¡i Av‡M e —ymg~‡ni Av‡cw¶K MwZi

Rb¨ ÔM¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—iÕ e¨envi Kiv nZ| mgm¨v nj

wbDU‡bi ejwe`¨vi mgxKiY¸‡jv ÔM¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—‡iiÕ

Aax‡b AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡jI g¨v·I‡q‡ji Zwor-Py¤^K‡Z¡i

mgxKiY¸‡jv _v‡K bv| wKš‘ c`v_©weÁv‡bi AvBb¸‡jv

ch©‡e¶‡Ki Dci ev ch©‡e¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶YK…Z ¯’vbvs‡Ki

Dci (hv G‡¶‡Î wba©viY K‡i M¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—i) wbf©ikxj

n‡Z cv‡i bvÑ Zv n‡j `yBRb ch©‡e¶K Zwor-Py¤^K‡Z¡i Rb¨

`yB ai‡bi wfbœ AvBb ev mgxKiY cv‡eb| G Rb¨B

AvBb÷vBb Ggb GK ai‡bi iƒcvš—i LuyRwQ‡jb hvi Aax‡b

wbDUb I g¨v·I‡qj Df‡qi m~Îvewj (ev ZLbKvi Rvbv

c`v_©weÁv‡bi mg — AvBb) AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| †mUv wZwb

†c‡jbI| hvi bvg j‡iÄ iƒcvš—i| GUv Avevi j‡iÄ GKwU

fyj e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ D™¢veb K‡iwQ‡jb| gRvi e¨vcvi nj Ôj‡iÄ

iƒcvš—iÕ wb‡q Avm‡j mgq Avi ÔcigÕ _v‡K bv| ¯’v‡bi mv‡_

wgwkªZ n‡q hvq| AvBb÷vB‡bi Av‡cw¶KZvi g~jbxwZ `ywU

nj :

1. c`v_©weÁv‡bi AvBb¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡c‡¶

mg‡e‡M MwZkxj mKj ch©‡e¶‡Ki Rb¨

GKB n‡e (GwU Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j mgqmn

¯’vbvsKmg~‡ni iƒcvš—‡ii Rb¨ Ôj‡iÄ

UªvÝdi‡gkb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e)|

2. k~b¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM ci¯ú‡ii mv‡c‡¶

mg‡e‡M MwZkxj mKj ch©‡e¶‡Ki Rb¨

GKB n‡e|

Ôj‡iÄ iƒcvš—‡iiÕ Aax‡b g¨v·I‡qj mgxKi‡Yi

AcwieZ©bkxjZv †_‡K Avgiv Av‡cw¶KZvi `ywU bxwZ cvB

Ges G bxwZ `ywUi mvnv‡h¨ ÔB_viÕ QvovB i“jv‡ii ms‡KvPb I

mg‡qi axi n‡q hvIqv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e| Kv‡RB

gvB‡Kjmb I gwj©i myweL¨vZ cix¶‡Y †h ÔB_v‡iiÕ ga¨ w`‡q

c…w_exi Av‡cw¶K MwZ k~b¨ †mwU Gi Abw —Z¡‡K

wØavnxbfv‡e cÖgvwYZ K‡i|

GLb Av‡iKwU D`vniY w`‡q †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i K_vq Avmv

hvK| ˆe`y¨wZK evwZi myBP wUc‡j †QvU †QvU cix myBP †_‡K

B‡jKwU«wmwU enb K‡i evj¦ Aewa wb‡q hvq Avi ZLbB

evj¦wU R¡‡j I‡V| GB e³e¨wU ÔAwgZe¨qxÕ KviY G-Rb¨

Avgv‡`i wKQy cixi K_v Abygvb Ki‡Z n‡”Q hv welqwU‡K

e¨vL¨v Kievi Rb¨ G‡Kev‡iB AcÖ‡qvRbxq|

47

†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i Abygvb¸‡jv GKBfv‡e ÔAwgZe¨qxÕ KviY

G-¸‡jv Avm‡j KZK G‡Kev‡i AcÖ‡qvRbxq Kíbv|

†R¨vwZlkv ¿‡K mwVK n‡Z n‡j Ggb wKQy kw³i ev ¯Ë¡vi

Aw —Z¡ _vK‡Z n‡e hviv c…w_exi gvbyl I wewfbœ MÖn-b¶‡Îi

g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| †Kv‡bv m‡›`n bvB G

ai‡bi kw³ Avi hvB †nvK B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖwZwôZ gnvKl© ev

Av‡jvKKwYKv bqÑKviY Zvn‡j G‡`i mivmwi cwigvc‡hvM¨

cÖfve (†R¨vwZlx‡`i `vwei mv‡_ mvRyh¨ †i‡L) B‡Zvg‡a¨ aiv

c‡o †hZ| Zvn‡j G ai‡bi kw³ Avm‡j Avgv‡`i ARvbv

Ab¨ wKQy| mgm¨v nj †R¨vwZlxiv ïaygvÎ GB Z_vKw_Z

kw³mg~n wK Zv ej‡Z A¶g ZvB bqÑGiv wKfv‡e KvR K‡i

ZvI Zviv ej‡Z cv‡i bv| GiciI †R¨vwZlxiv hv wKQy e‡j

_v‡Kb ev hv fwel¨ØvYx K‡i _v‡Kb, Zv‡`i mg — wKQy‡K

ÔAjxK KíbvÕ e‡j Abygvb Kiv Qvov mijZifv‡e e¨vL¨v

Kiv m¤¢eÑLye fv‡jvfv‡e m¤¢eцhgb evibvg G‡d± (barnum

effect ej‡Z †evSvq mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ GKUv

cÖeYZv, hv Zvi c‡¶ hvq ev fv‡jv †kvbvq, Ggb iKg wKQy

mvaviY wKsev A¯úó-fvmvfvmv e³e¨I †m Lye mn‡RB

wek¦vm K‡i †d‡j I mwVK g‡b K‡i), †Kvì wiwWs (†h me

avivevwnK †KŠkj Aej¤^b ev PvjvwK K‡i g‡bvwPwKrmK,

g¨vwRwkqvb, g‡bvwe`iv GKRb e¨w³i gvbwmK Ae¯’v, i“wP,

cQ›`-AcQ›`, eqm, ag©, e¨w³‡Z¡i MVb BZ¨vw` †R‡b wb‡Z

Pvb), BZ¨vw`|

†R¨vwZlkv ¿‡K hw` IKvgm& †iRi ev wgZe¨wqZvi bxwZi

mv‡_ hw` m½wZc~Y© n‡Z nq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K Ggb ai‡bi

Z_¨ I djvdj Drcbœ Ki‡Z n‡e †h¸‡jv m¤ú~Y© bZzb Ges

Abvwe®‹…Z †Kv‡bv kw³i mvnvh¨ Qvov e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq| hv

bvwK GKRb GKK e¨w³i mv‡_ `~i`~iv‡š—i MÖn-b¶‡Îi

ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi Rxeb I Pwi‡Îi Ici cÖfve we —

vi K‡i _v‡K| GwU Avevi †mB e¨w³i R‡b¥i G‡Kev‡i mwVK

gyn~‡Z©i Ici wbf©ikxj| c…w_exi Zver †R¨vwZlxi GB

mgm¨vi Ici nvRvi eQi e¨q Kievi djvdjÑGKwU

e…n`vK…wZ Ak¦wW¤^!

†h †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i mZ¨Zv cix¶‡Yi Ici

wbf©ikxj| wK ai‡bi Ávb, c×wZ Ges PP©v‡K Avgiv

ˆeÁvwbK eje Ges †m¸‡jv wK wK g~jbxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i

`uvwo‡q Av‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© we‡k¦i Zver weÁvbx eûjvs‡k

GKgZ| GKwU nj cybi“rcv`bkxjZv| †h †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK

cix¶‡Yi djvdj¸‡jv Aek¨B cybi“rcv`bkxj n‡Z n‡e

Ges m¤úK©nxb e¨w³iv mKj djvdj‡K wbi‡c¶fv‡e

Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e hvPvB Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb| †Kv‡bv

ˆeÁvwbK cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g ÔKÕ bvgK †`‡ki ÔLÕ bvgK

weÁvbx gnvKl© aª“e‡Ki gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z m¶g n‡jb| Zvn‡j

48

ÔOÕ †`‡ki ÔNÕ bvgK weÁvbx ev ÔPÕ †`‡ki ÔQÕ bvgK weÁvbx

m¤ú~Y© wfbœ miÄvg I c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ gnvKl© aª“e‡Ki GKB

gvb †ei Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb| ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡¸‡jv †hLv‡b

cybi“rcv`bkxj Ges wbqwš¿Z cix¶‡Yi Ici wfwË K‡i

`uvwo‡q Av‡Q †mLv‡b †R¨vwZlkv‡ ¿i gZb ÔAcweÁvbÕ Ggb

me cix¶‡Yi Ici wbf©ikxj ev Ggb me cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g

Gi mZ¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi AccÖqvm K‡i _v‡K †h¸‡jv bv wbqwš¿Z

bv cybi“rcv`bkxj| cÖK…Z weÁv‡bi g~j PwiÎ GB `y'wU welq :

wbqš¿Y I cybi“rcv`bkxjZv|

cybi“rcv`bkxjZvi D`vniY w`‡Z †M‡j Avgv‡`i

A‡civi †mB weL¨vZ wbDwU«‡bv G·‡cwi‡g‡›Ui K_v ej‡Z

nq| wKQyw`b Av‡M †h cix¶vwU wek¦e¨vcx †Zvjcvo Zy‡jwQj|

†mB cix¶‡Yi djvd‡j wbDwU«‡bv bvgK ¯^ífi KwYKvi

MwZ‡eM k~b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi MwZ‡K AwZµg K‡iwQj| wKQyw`b

Av‡M Aek¨ cix¶YwUi miÄvgMZ ΓwU aiv c‡o‡Q Ges

Av‡jvi †P‡q 60 b¨v‡bv-†m‡KÛ c~‡e© wbDwU«‡bvi A‡civi

wW‡U±‡i †cuŠQv‡bv‡K GB ΓwUi ms‡kvab wbf©yj I

m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ~ixf~Z K‡i| hvB †nvK GB fyjwU †ei nevi

A‡bK Av‡M A‡civ KZ©…c¶mn Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbx e‡jwQ‡jb

wbDwU«‡bvi GB cix¶YwU cybi“rcv`bkxj n‡Z n‡e| GKgvÎ

Zvn‡jB Gi djvdj‡K ÔmZ¨Õ e‡j MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

GLv‡b wVK GB †cÖ¶vc‡U cybi“rcv`bkxjZv welqwU‡K GKUy

e¨vL¨v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kwi| cybi“rcv`bkxjZv

gv‡b GB bq GKB ¯’v‡b Ges GKB ˆeÁvwbK miÄvg I

c×wZi e¨env‡i Ges GKB ai‡bi wbqš¿‡Yi Aax‡b GKB

ˆeÁvwbK`j KZ©…K ˆeÁvwbK cix¶vq evievi GKB djvdj

†`‡e| cybi“rcv`bkxjZvi A_© nj Avgiv ïay ÔGKvBÕ †Kv‡bv

cix¶‡Yi djvdj †c‡Z cvwi bv| Ab¨vb¨ cix¶Ywe‡`ivI

¯^Zš¿fv‡e GKB cix¶Y m¤úbœ K‡i GKB djvdj †c‡Z

cv‡ib| GwU hLb ev¯—‡e N‡U ZLb Avgv‡`i ZË¡ AviI

`…pfv‡e cÖwZôv cvq|

g~j A‡civ G·‡cwi‡g‡›Ui cÖvq `ygvm ci mv‡b© GB

cix¶‡Yi djvdj AvcvZfv‡e cybi“rcv`b Kiv nq ev

Av‡iKwU bZyb cix¶Y Pvwj‡q GKB djvdj cvIqv hvq|

GLb †mB GKB djvdj cÖvwßi KviY nj GKB ¯’v‡b GKB

miÄvgvw` e¨envi K‡i GKB cix¶Y wØZxqevi Kiv| Kv‡RB

g~j cix¶‡Yi miÄvgRwbZ ΓwU bZyb cix¶YwU‡KI

cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| Avi †m-Rb¨ †mB mgqI weÁvbxiv

ejwQ‡jb hy³iv‡ó«i MINOS Ges Rvcv‡bi T2K G·‡cwi‡g›U

¯^Zš¿fv‡e GKB djvdj †`q wKbv Zvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Z|

weÁvb cix¶vq Ôwbqš¿YÕ ej‡Z wVK wK eySvq Zv GLb

ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZË¡xqfv‡e Ges Gi ev —e cÖ‡qvM

Dfq‡¶‡ÎB †mB mKj Dcv`vbmg~n‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `~ixf~Z

Kiv m¤¢eci †h¸‡jv wKbv †Kv‡bv cix¶Y‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i

49

_v‡K| G‡Ki ci GK GB cÖfveK¸‡jv `~ixf~Z n‡Z _vK‡j

GKmgq Avgiv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó KviY‡K g~j KviY ev cÖfveK

wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z m¶g nB| aiv hvK, Wv³viMY GKwU

wbw`©ó cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡jb ev Abygvb Ki‡jb g`¨cvb

¯^v¯’ Ki| ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ nj †h †Kv‡bv Abygvb Kievi ci

†mwUi mZ¨Zv cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g hvPvB Kiv| Wv³v‡iiv

cÖKíwU cix¶v Kievi Rb¨ †ivMx‡`i ïay g` w`‡eb bv| mv‡_

mv‡_ Ab¨ wKQy cvbxq w`‡eb hv‡Z g‡`i wKQy wKQy Dcv`vb

Dcw¯’Z| †Kv‡bv †ivMx GB c_¨¸‡jv MÖnY Kievi ci

mePvB‡Z my¯’ wn‡m‡e cÖwZcbœ nb Z‡e myivi †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb

Av‡`Š †m Rb¨ `vqx wKbv †mwUi my¯úó Bw½Zevnx|

†Kvb cix¶‡Yi djvd‡ji weKí (Ges fyj)

e¨vL¨vmg~n‡K `~ixf~Z Kievi Rb¨ wbqš¿Y AZ¨vek¨K|

Avgiv mvaviYfv‡e ej‡Z cvwi †Kv‡bv wKQyi Ici GKwU

wbw`©ó Pj‡Ki cÖfve‡K evwK PjK¸‡jv‡K AcwiewZ©Z

ivLevi gva¨‡g Avjv`v K‡i ch©‡e¶Y Kievi Rb¨ K…Z

cix¶Y‡K Ôwbqwš¿Z cix¶YÕ ejv hvq| wewfbœfv‡e G KvRwU

Kiv m¤¢e| aiv hvK GKRb M‡elK Zuvi M‡elYvMv‡i GKB

eqm, wj½, AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZi 60wU my ’ Bu`yi‡K GKwU

ivmvqwbK wgwóKviK LvIqv‡jb| NÈv we‡kK ci 10wU Bu`yi

g‡i ‡Mj| GLb GB g…Zz¨i KviY H ivmvqwbK c`v_©wU n‡Z

cv‡i A_ev Ab¨ wKQyI| mv‡_ mv‡_ `…wó‡MvPi bq Ggb

Ab¨vb¨ PjKI nqZ cix¶YwU Ges Gi djvdj‡K cÖfvweZ

Ki‡Z cv‡i| GgbUv n‡Z cv‡i g…Z Bu`yi¸‡jv nqZ h‡_ó

cwigv‡Y Lv`¨ ev cvbxq cvq wb A_ev G‡`i‡K mieivn Kiv

Lv`¨-cvbxq †Kv‡bvfv‡e `~wlZ wQj| GgbwUI n‡Z cv‡i Giv

†Kv‡bv ai‡bi g‡bv‰`wnK Pv‡ci wfZi wQj| GLb m¤¢ve¨

mg¯— KviY¸‡jv †_‡K cÖK…Z KviYwU wVK wKfv‡e Avjv`v

Kiv m¤¢e? Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨KwU KviY‡K `~i Kiv

mgqmv‡c¶ Ges `~iƒn welq| GRb¨ cix¶K ev M‡elK hv

Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zv nj m¤ú~Y© cÖwµqvwU‡K we‡kl wbqš¿‡Yi

Aax‡b wb‡q Avmv| †mwU wZwb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Bu`yi¸‡jv‡K `yBwU

`‡j fvM Kievi gva¨‡g : hv‡`i GKwU‡K ivmvqwbKwU †`qv

n‡e, Av‡iKwU‡K n‡e bv| `j yBwU‡K GKB ai‡bi Ae ’vi

†fZi ivL‡Z n‡e Ges GKBfv‡e G‡`i‡K ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z

n‡e| GKgvÎ G ai‡bi wbqš¿‡Yi ci `j `yBwUi ga¨Kvi

g„Zz¨nvi A‡bK †ewk wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi mv‡_ Gi KviY wn‡m‡e

ivmvqwbKwU ev Ab¨ wKQy‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡e|

†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ cybi“rcv`bkxjZv ev wbqš¿Y †Kv‡bvwUB

†Zgbfv‡e Dcw¯’Z bq| †¶Îwe‡k‡l m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Abycw¯’Z|

Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b ev e¨w³i PvwiwÎK ˆewk‡ó¨ MÖn-b¶‡Îi

cÖfve‡K GL‡bv †Kv‡bv wbqwš¿Z cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖgvY Kiv

m¤¢e nq wb Ges G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv cix¶Y ¯^Zš¿fv‡e

cybi“rcv`b KivI hvq wb| wbqš¿Y hw`I KLbIev

50

Av‡mцmwU me©`vB AZ¨š— wkw_j n‡q _v‡K| ZbœZbœ K‡i

ˆeÁvwbK m~²Zv‡K AwZµg K‡i K…ZKvh© nevi wbwg‡Ë hw`

KLbI GB wbqš¿Y‡K hZUv k³ Kiv nq S‡o eK gvievi

evB‡i †R¨vwZlx‡`i ¶gZvi ewntcÖKvk ZZUvB big n‡q

c‡o|

†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ wek¦vmx‡`i Z_vKw_Z †Kv‡bv Avwe®‹vi ev

djvdj‡K ¯^Zš¿fv‡e †Kv‡bv M‡elK ev ch©‡e¶K bKj

Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb ev G‡`i cÖwZwjwc ˆZwi Ki‡Z m¶g nb wb|

Ab¨w`‡K cÖwZwôZ ˆeÁvwbK cix¶‡Yi cÖwZwU djvdj

`ywbqvi †h †Kvb cÖv‡š— ¯^Zš¿fv‡e jvf Kiv m¤¢e| GgbwK ¯^qs

†R¨vwZlxiv Zv‡`i mnKg©x‡`i cÖvß djvdjmg~n‡K

cybi“rcv`‡b m¤ú~Y©fv‡e A¶g n‡q‡Qb| we‡klZ hLb k³

wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q|

ˆeÁvwbK cix¶‡Yi †Kv‡bv djvdj ev weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv

mZ¨‡K wVK wKfv‡e D˜NvUb Kiv n‡q‡Q †mwU Avgiv hw`

Rvb‡Z PvB ev †m m¤ú‡K© wbwðr n‡Z PvB Zvn‡j †m

m¤úwK©Z Z_¨-DcvË `y®cÖvc¨ wKQy bqÑA‡bKmgq Avgiv

wb‡RivB cix¶Y¸‡jv cybivq Kievi gva¨‡g †m¸‡jv‡K

hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z cvwi| D`vniY¯^iƒc Avgiv hw` Rvb‡Z PvB

M¨vwjwjI wKfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb MÖn¸‡jv m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i

cÖ`w¶Y K‡iÑc…w_ex‡K bq Zvn‡j wZwb †Uwj‡¯‹v‡ci gva¨‡g

†fbv‡mi `kv¸‡jv‡K wKfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y K‡iwQ‡jb †m

m¤ú‡K© Avgiv co‡Z †h cvwi| †fbvm hw` m~h©‡K †K›`« K‡i

Ny‡i Zvn‡j wZwb †Uwj‡¯‹v‡ci gva¨‡g hv †`‡LwQ‡jb Avgiv

wVK ZvB †`L‡Z cve| †gvUvgywU ai‡bi †Kv‡bv †Uwj‡¯‹v‡ci

gva¨‡g Avcwb wb‡RB M¨vwjwjIi ch©‡e¶Y‡K cybivq hvPvB

K‡i †`L‡Z cv‡ib|

GKBfv‡e Avcwb hw` Rvb‡Z Pvb wKfv‡e me©cÖ_g

Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM wbY©q Kiv n‡qwQj Zvn‡j Zvn‡j weL¨vZ

W¨vwbk weÁvbx I †R¨vwZwe©` I‡j †ivgv‡ii e„n¯úwZi

DcMÖn¸‡jvi ch©‡e¶Y m¤ú‡K© c‡o †`L‡Z cv‡ib| †ivgvi

ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib e„n¯úwZ MÖnwU hLb c…w_ex †_‡K m‡e©v”P

`~i‡Z¡ _v‡K ZLb me©wbgœ ~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡_ Zyjbxqfv‡e

Gi mePvB‡Z Kv‡Qi DcMÖnwUI e„n¯úwZi †cQb †_‡K 11

wgwbU †`wi‡Z cybivq †`Lv hvq| wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib Av‡jvi

AwZwi³ `~iZ¡ åg‡Yi Rb¨ GB AwZwi³ mgqwU †j‡M‡Q| G

†_‡K wZwb Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM MYbv Ki‡Z m¶g nb| AveviI

Avcwb wb‡RB GB djvdjwU‡K cybi“rcv`b I hvPvB K‡i

†`L‡Z cv‡ib| hw`I AmsL¨ wewfbœ ¯^Zš¿ cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g

Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi djvdjwU wbwðr Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G‡`i

cÖwZwU bw_fy³| wewfbœ A¶vs‡k Qvqvi cwiewZ©Z ˆ`N©¨ †g‡c

†mB 250 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wMÖK weÁvbx Biv‡Uv‡ ’wbm c„w_exi

cwiwa MYbv K‡i †ei K‡iwQ‡jb wKfv‡e Zvi e…Ëvš—I

mnRjf¨|

51

cÖwZwU ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨Ñg¨v·I‡qj Zuvi ZworPz¤^K‡Z¡i

weL¨vZ mgxKiY¸‡jv wKfv‡e cÖwZcv`b K‡iwQ‡jb †_‡K

†Kvqv›Uvg RM‡Zi A™¢~Z e¨envi mywbqwš¿Z cix¶Y I

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52

mwVK wn‡m‡e †c‡qwQ| ms‡kva‡bi A‡hvM¨ Ges cvi¯úwiK

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53

Ki‡e| Ab¨wU nj msjMœZvi m~Î (†nvwgIc¨vw_ GB bxwZ‡Z

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wbðqZv †`qv weÁv‡bi KvR bq|

54

weKí e¨vL¨vi welqwU GKUy cwi®‹vi Kievi cÖ‡qvRb

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Ges GKmgq GB welqwU wbwðý n‡q co‡e|

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wVK gvSLv‡b `uvwo‡q Av‡Qb| GKwU MÖv‡gi †jvK mZ¨ Qvov

55

wKQyB ej‡Z cv‡i bv| Aci MÖvgwUi †jvK wg_¨v Qvov wKQyB

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eZ©gvb wefvMxq cÖavb| Zuvi M‡elYvi welq †Kvqv›Uvg †¶ÎZË¡ I D”Pkw³i c`v_©weÁvb|

56

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Awag‡bvwe`¨v (Metapsychology) e‡j| Kv‡RB Avgv‡`i

wk‡ivbv‡g DÌvwcZ cÖkœwUi GKwU ¯úó bv-†evaK DËi †Zv

†c‡qB †Mjvg| ïi“‡ZB Avi evMwe —v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb wK? wKš‘

g‡bvweÁvb, mvgvwRK weÁvb, wkí-mvwnZ¨ Ges gb —Ë¡

m¤^‡Ü mvavi‡Yi †ev‡a d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖfve e¨vcK| ZvB GKwU

my¯úó ÔbvÕ wee„wZ‡ZB cÖkœwUi DËi mgvß KivUv wVK n‡e bv|

eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Avgiv d«‡q‡Wi Rxe‡bi GKwU †iLvwPÎ

Gu‡K Zvi ZË¡ eY©bv Kie| cici _vK‡e Zvi g~j¨vqb|

Dcmsnv‡i g‡bvweÁv‡bi ˆeÁvwbK avivi D��L Kie, †hb

weÁvbgb¯‹ cvVK Zvi AbymwÜrmv †mLv‡b PvwjZ Ki‡Z

cv‡ib|

2. Rxe‡bi †iLvwPÎ

d«‡qW R‡b¥wQ‡jb †gvivwfqv A‡ji wcÖei-†d«BeyM© kn‡i,

1856 m‡b| AÂjwU ZLb A‡÷ªv-nv‡½ixq mvgªv‡R¨i Aaxb

wQj| eZ©gv‡b Zv †PKcÖRvZ‡š¿i Aš—M©Z| d«‡qWiv Rvg©vbfvlx

Bûw`| Zvi evev †d«Bey‡M©i KviLvbvq PvKzwi Ki‡Zb| 1859

m‡b KviLvbvwU eÜ n‡q †M‡j, wZwb RxweKvi †Luv‡R

mcwiev‡i †d«BeyM© †Q‡o A‡÷ªv-nv‡½ixq mvgªv‡R¨i ivRavbx

wf‡qbv‡Z cvwo †`b| ˆkkeKvj †_‡K cÖvq mvivUv Rxeb

d«‡qW gnv‡`kxq BD‡iv‡ci (Continental Europe) Ab¨Zg

cÖavb mvs¯‹…wZK †K›`ª wf‡qbv‡ZB KvwU‡q‡Qb|

¯‹zj Rxe‡b M¨v‡U (Zvi cÖK…wZwelqK iPbv gva¨‡g) Ges

WviDBb Zv‡K DØy× K‡iwQ‡jb cÖK…wZ-weÁvb Aa¨q‡b|

†mRb¨ wZwb wek¦we`¨vj‡q wPwKrmv kv¯¿‡K †e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡jb|

wek¦we`¨vj‡q Zvi wk¶K wQ‡jb cÖL¨vZ weÁvbx eª“K (Ernst

Brucke)| eª“K weL¨vZ †njg‡nvrm (Helmholtz) Gi mn‡hvMx

wQ‡jb| †njg‡nvrm wQ‡jb d«‡q‡Wi AvBWj| †njg‡nvrm I

Zvi mn‡hvMxiv †mB mgqKvi fveev`x `k©b AbycÖvwYZ

weÁvbx‡`i ÔRxebkw³Õ, ÔfvBUvj BjvbÕ, ÔAvZ¥vÕ BZ¨vw`

cix¶v wbix¶vi Abyc‡hvMx aviYvi wei“‡× wbijm msMÖvg

Pvjvw”Q‡jb| d«‡qW G‡`i cÖfv‡e wbixk¦iev`x I e ‘ev`x n‡q

c‡ob|

1881 m‡b d«‡qW wPwKrmvkv‡ ¿ Gg wW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib|

Zvi AvMÖ‡ni welq wQj mœvqyZš¿| G e¨vcv‡i Zvi A‡bK¸‡jv

M‡elYvcÎ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi welq mylygœv Kv‡Êi

(spinal cord) RvwZRwbK (phylogenic) Ges mylygœv kx‡l©i (medulla

oblongata) e¨w³RwbK (ontogenic) weKvk| d«‡q‡Wi B”Qv wQj

57

M‡elYv‡KB †ckv wnmv‡e †e‡Q †bqv| G‡Z Zvi wcZviI

m¤§wZ wQj| Zvi cwiev‡ii Avw_©K m”QjZv wQj bv| eZ©gv‡b

†hgb, †m mg‡qI †Kvb abx Kb¨vi cvwYMÖnY wQj Avw_©K

mgm¨vi GKwU mgvavb| wKš‘ d«‡qW cQ›` K‡iwQ‡jb GK

wbgœweË N‡ii †g‡q‡K| Gme we‡ePbv K‡i Zvi ïfvbya¨vqx

wk¶K Zv‡K M‡el‡Ki †ckv †Q‡o Wv³vwi cÖ¨vKwUm Ki‡Z

†Rvi civgk© †`b| Zvi civgk© g‡Zv d«‡qW j¨ve‡iUwi †Q‡o

wK¬wbK¨vj †gwWwmb-G †hvM †`b| Gevi Zvi M‡elYvi †¶Î

nq wK¬wbK¨vj welq|

1886 m‡b wZwb e„wË wb‡q c¨vwi hvb ZrKvjxb †kªô

mœvh~‡ivM we‡klÁ kv‡K©v (Jean Martin Charcot)-Gi wK¬wb‡K

cÖwk¶Y wb‡Z| †ckvMZ Rxe‡b Zvi Dci kv‡K©vi cÖfve wQj

me‡P‡q Mfxi| kvixwiK AvNv‡Z mœvqyZ‡š¿i KvR e¨vnZ nq,

GwU wPwKrmvkv‡ ¿ cÖgvwYZ| kv‡K©v j¶¨ K‡ib Ôwnw÷wiqviÕ

†ivMx‡`i †¶‡Î GiKg †Kvb kvixwiK †ivM Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq

bv; eis gvbwmK AvNv‡Zi BwZnvm cvIqv hvq| ZvB

wnw÷wiqvi KviY wnmv‡e kv‡K©v gvbwmK AvNvZRwbZ dynamic

trauma (MwZkxj AvNvZ) Ici ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Zb| wKš‘ Gi ¯iƒc ev

Kg©cÖwµqv wK, Zv Zvi Rvbv wQj bv| aviYvwU d«‡qW‡K

Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i|

wf‡qbvq wd‡i wZwb wkï nvmcvZv‡j †hvM †`b Ges

cÖvB‡fU cÖ¨vKwUm ïi“ K‡ib| G nvmcvZv‡j wZwb KvR K‡ib

1896 mb ch©š—| Zvici cÖvB‡fU cÖ¨vKwUm-B nq Zvi

RxweKv|

d«‡q‡Wi †ivMx‡`i D��L‡hvM¨ AskB wQj wnw÷wiqvi

†ivMx| ewb©‡nBg (Hippolyte M. Bernheim) wnw÷wiqv wPwKrmvq

Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ (hypnotic suggestion) c×wZ e¨envi

Ki‡Zb| G c×wZ †kLvi Rb¨ d«‡qW 1889 m‡b d«v‡Ýi

bvb&wm‡Z hvb| kv‡K©vi wK¬wb‡K KvR Kivi mgqB Zvi

ÔwWbvwgK UªgvÕi Kg©cÖwµqv wnmv‡e g‡bi A‡PZb cÖwµqvi

K_v g‡b G‡mwQj| evb©‡nB‡gi wK¬wb‡K cÖwk¶Y †bqvi mgq

kw³kvjx A‡PZb gvbwmK cÖwµqvi m¤¢ve¨Zvi e¨vcv‡i Zvi

cÖZ¨q Av‡iv „p nq|

Gici wZwb wf‡qbvi wPwKrmK †hv‡md weªDqvi (Josef

Breuer) Gi m‡½ KvR ïi“ K‡ib| weªDqvi wnw÷wiqv wPwKrmvq

†ivMx‡K m‡¤§vwnZ K‡i †ivMxi g‡b †P‡c ivLv K_v cÖKvk

Kivi Awffveb w`‡Zb| †ivMx Pvcv Kó‡K DM‡i w`‡Z cvi‡j

†ivM †m‡i †hZ| Zv‡`i `yR‡bi †hŠ_ M‡elYvi dj 1895

m‡b ‘Studies on Hysteria’ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU d«‡q‡Wi

M‡elYv avivq bZzb euvK| GLv‡bB wZwb mœvqyZ‡š¿i Dci

A‡PZb gvbwmK wµqvi cÖfve wb‡q M‡elYv ïi“ K‡ib Ges

Zvi bZyb wPš—vavivi m~Pbv nq| DcwiD³ iPbvi f~wgKvq

ejv nq gvbwmK kw³ (psychic energy) hw` cÖKv‡ki c_ bv

58

cvq, Zvn‡j Zv g‡bvweKv‡ii Dcm‡M© iƒcvš—wiZ nq| GB

kw³‡K wbR¯^ c‡_ PvwjZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j †ivM DcmM© `~i nq|

weªDqvi Gi m‡½ KvR Kivi mgq d«‡qW Gi Kv‡Q

m‡¤§vnb c×wZ‡Z wPwKrmvi wKQz mgm¨v aiv c‡o| †hgb me

†ivMx‡K m‡¤§vwnZ Kiv hvq bv Ges A‡bK †ivMxi †¶‡Î

Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ Gi cÖfve `xN©¯’vqx nq bv| Gme ΓwU

KvUv‡bvi Rb¨ wZwb D™¢veb K‡ib Aeva Abym½ (free

association) c×wZ| cieZx© Rxe‡b wZwb G c×wZB e¨envi

K‡i‡Qb| Aeva Abym‡½iB A½ wnmv‡e wZwb hy³ K‡ib ¯^cœ

mgx¶Y (dream analysis)| ¯^cœ wb‡q Zvi M‡elYvi djkÖ“wZ

'Interpretation of Dreams' †ei nq 1900 m‡b| GwUB Ôd«‡qWev‡`iÕ

cÖ_g cÖKvk| GLv‡b wZwb M‡elYvi cÖwZwôZ c×wZ, hv wZwb

wbD‡ivjwRK¨vj I wK¬wbK¨vj M‡elYvq cÖ‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb,

Zv †_‡K m‡i G‡m‡Qb| Zvi cieZx© M‡elYvmg~n hv

d«‡qWev‡`i A½, †m m‡eI wZwb G bZyb c×wZ Aej¤^b

K‡i‡Qb| D��L¨ d«‡qW cÖewZ©Z G M‡elYv c×wZ, hv

g‡bvweÁv‡bi mvB‡KvWvBbvwgK (psychodynamic) avivi A½,

GL‡bv cix¶vwfwËK g‡bvweÁv‡b ¯^xK…Z bq|

1887-1902 G c‡e© d«‡qW Zvi eÜz evwj©b Gi wPwKrmK

†d¬m (Witheim Fleiess) Gi mn‡hvwMZvq AvZ¥-mgx¶Y m¤úbœ

K‡ib| c‡i Zvi cÖewZ©Z mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci †_ivwc÷‡`i Rb¨

ÔAvZ¥-mgx¶YÕ GKwU c~e©kZ© iƒ‡c cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| d«‡qW Zvi

ZË¡ MV‡b AvZ¥mgx¶‡Y cÖvß AwfÁZv e¨envi K‡ib Ges

AvZ¥mgx¶‡Yi AwfÁZv‡KB Zvi Z‡Ë¡i mwVKZvi cÖgvY

e‡j MY¨ K‡ib| d«‡qW Gi ZË¡ MV‡b †d¬m Gi f~wgKv

¸i“Z¡c~Y©|

1902 m‡b d«‡qW 'College of Professors of the Faculty of

Medicine'-Gi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g Aw÷ªqvi mgªvU KZ…©K 'Professor

Extra Ordinaries' (Associate Professor) c‡` e„Z nb| Aw÷ªqvi

cvj©v‡g›U Zvi ÔmvB‡Kv-GbvjvBwUKÕ wPwKrmv c×wZ‡K

¯^xK…wZ †`q| 1903 m‡b cÖKvwkZ nq Zvi 'Psychopathology of

Everyday Life' MÖš’| d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡i A‰eÁvwbK cÖK…wZi Rb¨

weÁvbxgn‡j Zvi K`i nq wb| wKš‘ ¯^cœ m¤^‡Ü Ges cÖvZ¨wnK

Rxe‡bi fyjåvwš— m¤^‡Ü Zvi †jLv eB `ywU RbwcÖqZv cvq|

KviY gvby‡li cÖvZ¨wnK AwfÁZv‡K wb‡q mnR‡eva¨fv‡e

Ggb e¨vL¨vg~jK gb —‡Ë¡i eB Zvi Av‡M †KD wj‡Lb wb|

Gme eB‡q wZwb ïay i“Mœ g‡bi K_vB wj‡Lbwb-GKUv

mvwe©K I me©RbMÖvn¨ gvbwmK `k©b cÖYq‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|

wZwb e¨w³ gb †_‡K mgvR-gvbm I weÁvb, mvwnZ¨, wkí

BZ¨vw` me© e¨vcv‡ii gb —vwË¡K KviY wbY©‡q gb w`‡q‡Qb|

GKv‡WwgK c‡`vbœwZ, wPwKrmvq mvdj¨ Ges RbwcÖq

†jLvi Rb¨ d«‡q‡Wi L¨vwZ Qwo‡q c‡o| Zi“Y wk¶v_x©iv Zvi

cv‡k R‡ov nq G avivq M‡elYv Ki‡Z, cÖ¨vKwUm Ki‡Z,

wKsev cÖPvi Ki‡Z| G wkl¨e‡M©i g‡a¨ †Kej Wv³viivB

59

wQ‡jb bv-wQ‡jb wkíx, Kwe, †jLK cÖf„wZ wewfbœ †ckvi

†jvK| Zvi wkl¨ wbDBq‡K©i wPwKrmK weªj (A. Brill) Zvi

Rvg©vb fvlvi †jLv¸‡jv Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib| d‡j Avš—

R©vwZK A½‡b Zvi cwiwPwZi c_ myMg nq|

1905 m‡b cÖKvwkZ nq Zvi bZyb avivi M‡elYv mgx¶Y

'Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory'| 1909 m‡b Av‡gwiKvb

mvB‡KvjwRK¨vj G‡mvwm‡qkb Gi cÖwZôvZv ÷vbwj nj

(Stanly Hall) Gi Avgš¿‡Y d«‡qW wkl¨ Av‡gwiKv hvb K¬vK©

wek¦we`¨vj‡q e³…Zv w`‡Z| Zvi cÖfve Qwo‡q c‡o

Av‡gwiKvq, BD‡iv‡ci †P‡qI †ewkgvÎvq Ges †ewk

¯’vqxfv‡e|

1910 m‡b wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †hme mvB‡KvGbvjvBwUK

†mvmvBwU M‡o D‡VwQj †mm‡ei mgš‡q MwVZ nq ÔAvš—

R©vwZK mvB‡KvGbvjvBwUK G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ|

1911 m‡b Zvi cÖ_g w`KKvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wkl¨ GWjvi

(Alfred Adler) Zvi m½ Z¨vM K‡i wbR¯^ aviv ÔIndividual

Pschology' M‡o †Zv‡jb| Aek¨ GwU d«‡qWxq g~j cÖZ¨q

KvVv‡gvi (paradyme) evB‡i bq|

1913 m‡b cÖKvwkZ nq 'Totem and Taboo'| GLv‡b d«‡qW

Zvi ZË¡‡K b„Z‡Ë¡ I mgvRZ‡Ë¡ we —…Z K‡ib| 1914 m‡b Zvi

Av‡iK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wkl¨ Bqy½ (Carl Gustav Jung) Zvi m‡½ m¤úK©

wQbœ K‡i wbR¯ aviv 'Analytical Psychology' M‡o †Zv‡jb| GwUI

cÖZ¨q KvVv‡gv‡Z d«‡qWxq|

1920 m‡b †ei nq 'Beyond the Pleasure Principle'| GZKvj

Zvi Z‡Ë¡ gvby‡li g~j PvwjKvkw³ wQj 'Libido' ev

†hŠbvKv•¶vÑhv ZË¡ weKv‡ki cieZx© ch©v‡q ÔErosÕ ev

ÔRxebvKv•¶vÕi aviYvq cÖmvwiZ nq| Gevi Zvi Z‡Ë¡ Gj

ÔErosÕ-Gi wecixZ cÖeYZv ÔThanatosÕ ev ÔgiYvKv•¶vÕi aviYv|

RxebvKv•¶v Rxeš— e ‘‡K GK‡Î a‡i ivL‡Z Pvq, giYvKv•¶v

ˆRe e¯‘‡K A‰Re e¯‘‡Z wew”Qbœ K‡i| Av‡MB wZwb

AvMÖvmb‡K (aggression) GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †cÖlYv wnmv‡e wPwýZ

K‡iwQ‡jb| Gevi ej‡jb ÔAvMÖvmbÕ Gi g~‡j i‡q‡Q

ÔgiYvKv•¶vÕ|

1920 m‡b wZwb ÔProfessorÕ c‡` K…Z nb| Zvi cieZx© iPbv

'Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego' †ei nq 1921 m‡b|

G‡Z wZwb g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi wfwˇZ MwVZ e¨w³ gb¯—‡Ë¡i

aviYvi mvnv‡h¨ MÖ“c Ges mvgvwRK gb —Ë¡ e¨vL¨vi †Póv

K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, Avš—-e¨w³ Av‡eMMZ eÜb

Ômgwó gb¯—‡Ë¡iÕI mvigg©|

Zvi ZË¡xq K‡g©i †kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© eB 'The Ego and the Id',

cÖKvwkZ nq 1923 m‡b| G‡Z wZwb Id, Ego, Superego msewjZ

cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi ZË¡MZ wfwËwU m¤úbœ K‡ib| Superego

D™¢‡ei cÖwµqvwUI G‡Z weKwkZ K‡ib wZwb| G eQiB Zvi

60

†Pvqv‡j K¨vÝv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_g Acv‡ikb nq| G Rb¨ Zvi †gvU

23 evi Acv‡ikb n‡q‡Q|

d«‡qW 1930 m‡b cÖKvk K‡ib 'Civilization and Its

Discontents'| G‡Z Zvi 'Eros-Thanatos' ؇›Øi ZË¡wU‡KB mf¨Zvi

BwZnvm e¨vL¨vq e¨envi K‡ib|

1933 m‡b wØZxq wek¦hy× c~e© BD‡iv‡c hy× cÖwZ‡iv‡a

MwVZ eyw×Rxex ms‡Ni c‡¶ AvBb÷vB‡bi AvnŸv‡b Ôhy× †Kb

nqÕ G e¨vcv‡i Zvi gZ Rvwb‡q GKwU wbeÜ wj‡Lb| ms‡Ni

c¶ †_‡K AvBb÷vB‡bi wPwV Ges d«‡q‡Wi DËi 'Why War'

bvgK cyw —Kv AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq| Zvi g‡Z g‡bi Aš—

wb©wnZ giYvKv•¶vB hy‡×i KviY| GwU gvbe-cÖK…wZi

Awe‡”Q`¨ AskÑZvB gy‡Q †djv m¤¢e bq| †KejgvÎ mf¨Zv-

ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb NwU‡q, giYvKv•¶vi wecixZ cÖe„wË

RxebvKv•¶v‡K cyó K‡i Ges gvby‡li AvZ¥‡ev‡ai we —vi

NwU‡qB hy× e‡Üi Avkv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

1938 m‡b bvrwmiv Aw÷ªqv `L‡ji ci d«‡q‡Wi

cÖKvkbvjq m‡gZ mg — m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß K‡i| Zv‡K e›`x

K‡i †N‡Uv‡Z iv‡L| Avš—R©vwZK mvB‡KvGbvjvBwUK

G‡mvwm‡qkb d«‡q‡Wi gyw³i Rb¨ Zxeª Av‡›`vjb K‡i| †gvUv

As‡Ki gyw³c‡Yi wewbg‡q bvrwmiv d«‡q‡Wi cwievi‡K

jÛ‡b hvIqvi AbygwZ †`q| d«‡qW Zvi Pvi †evb‡K m‡½ †bb

wb wKsev wb‡Z cv‡ib wb| bvrwmiv Zv‡`i‡K M¨vm †P¤^v‡i nZ¨v

K‡i|

1939 m‡b jÛ‡bB d«‡q‡Wi g„Zz¨ nq| Zvi RxweZve ’vq

cÖKvwkZ †kl MÖš’ 'Moses and Monotheism' cÖKvwkZ nq 1939

m‡bB| G‡Z wZwb Zvi ZË¡xq Ae¯’vb †_‡K mvaviYfv‡e a‡g©i

DrcwË Ges we‡klfv‡e Bûw` G‡Kk¦iev‡`i DrcwË wb‡q

Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| GwU Zvi 25 ermi Av‡M cÖKvwkZ 'Totem

and Taboo' MÖ‡š’iB m¤cÖmviY| Zvi Rxe‡bi †kl †jLvwU

Am¤ú~Y©| GwU Zvi g„Zz¨i ci 'An Outline of Psychoanalysis' bv‡g

cÖKvwkZ nq|

3. d«‡qW ZË¡

d«‡qW Zvi ZË¡ M‡o‡Qb g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi (psychoanalysis)

gva¨‡g †ivMx wPwKrmvq AwR©Z AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ| wZwb Zvi

Kg©Rxeb ïi“ K‡ib ÔcÖ¨vKwUwms Wv³viÕ wnmv‡e| 41 ermi

eqm †_‡K evwK Rxe‡b ÔcÖvB‡fU cÖ¨vKwUmÕ-B nq Zvi †ckv|

Zvi †ivMxiv evqy‡iv‡Mi (neurotic disorder) Ges wnw÷wiqvi

(dissociative disorder) †ivMx| Zvi wPwKrmv c×wZ g‡bvmgx¶Y|

wPwKrmvi cÖ‡qvR‡bB wZwb Gme †iv‡Mi KviY Ges Gme

wbivg‡qi Dcvq †ei Kivi †Póv KiwQ‡jb| Zvi mg‡q G

†¶Î¸‡jv wQj m¤ú~Y© ARvbv GK ivR¨| GRb¨ Zv‡K gvby‡li

e¨w³Z¡, e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk, e¨w³‡Z¡i †cªlYv Ges e¨w³i

61

weKv‡ki mgm¨v-hv †ivM AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq, Gme m¤^‡Ü

GKwU mvwe©K ZË¡ M‡o Zzj‡Z nq| ZË¡ M‡o †Zvjvi ci G

ZË¡‡K wZwb wPwKrmvi MwʇZ mxwgZ bv †i‡L cÖ‡qvM K‡ib

b„ZË¡, ag©, mgvRZË¡ÑGme mvgvwRK wewfbœ wel‡qi e¨vL¨vi

Kv‡R| Avgiv Zvi c~Y© weKwkZ ZË¡wU‡K eY©bv K‡i Zvi

cÖ‡qvM eY©bv Kie|

3.1 —iwfwËK gb

cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK m‡PZbZvi †cÖw¶‡Z g‡bi Kv‡Ri

wefvR‡bi welqwU| g‡bi wKQz KvR m¤^‡Ü Avgiv m‡PZb

Ges wKQz KvR m¤^‡Ü Am‡PZb| g‡bi Kv‡Ri m‡PZb

Am‡PZb fvM eû cyiv‡bv I me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| wKš‘ d«‡qW

c~e©eZx© g‡bvweÁv‡bi M‡elYvq g‡bi Am‡PZb w`KwU ¸i“Z¡

cvq wb| d«‡qW g‡bi Kv‡Ri GB m‡PZb I Am‡PZb w`K‡K

g‡bi —i wnmv‡e Kíbv K‡ib| wZwb g‡bi Am‡PZb KvR‡K

Avevi yfvM K‡ib, A‡PZb Ges cÖvK‡PZb| A‡PZb ZvB,

†Póv K‡iI hv m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb nIqv hvq bv| Avevi cÖvK‡PZb

Zv, hv m¤^‡Ü Avgiv Am‡PZb _vK‡jI †Póv Ki‡j m‡PZb

n‡Z cvwi| Gfv‡e d«‡q‡Wi Z‡Ë¡ gb wZb —i wewkó, A‡PZb

(Unconscious), cÖvK‡PZb (Preconscious) Ges m‡PZb

(Conscious)| d«‡qW ïay A‡PZb gb‡K M‡elYvq wb‡q Av‡mb

wb, wZwb G‡K gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi P~ovš— wba©vi‡Ki f~wgKvq

ewm‡q‡Qb| g‡bvweÁv‡bi Ab¨ avivq g‡bi Am‡PZb Kv‡Ri

¸i“Z¡ ¯xK…Z, wKš‘ Gi P~ovš— wba©viK f~wgKv ¯xK…Z bq|

3.2 cÖ‡KvôwfwËK gb

d«‡qW gvbyl‡K GKwU

RwUj kw³Zš¿ (complex

energy system) wnmv‡e

Kíbv Ki‡Zb| Zvi

aviYv, Lv‡`¨ mwÂZ kw³

wecvK cÖwµqvq kvixwiK

kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq| †mB

kvixwiK kw³ Avevi

iƒcvš—wiZ nq gvbwmK kw³‡Z| B & (Id) nj kvixwiK kw³i

gvbwmK kw³‡Z iƒcvš—‡ii ’vb|

d«‡qW wek¦vm Ki‡Zb evB‡ii RMZ †hgb, Aš—R©MZI

†Zgwb Kvh©KviY wbqgvaxb| wZwb evB‡ii RMZ‡K ej‡Zb

e¯‘MZ ev —eZv (material reality) Ges Aš—R©MZ‡K gvbwmK ev —

eZv (psychical reality)| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †fŠZ weÁv‡bi

KvR †hgb evB‡ii RM‡Zi wbqg Avwe®‹vi, †Zgwb

g‡bvweÁv‡bi KvR Aš—R©M‡Zi wbqg Avwe®‹vi| wKš‘ wZwb

evB‡ii RMZ I Aš—R©M‡Zi cvi¯úwiK ev Øvw›ØK

m¤úK©wU‡K ev` w`‡q, †KejgvÎ Aš—R©M‡Zi g‡a¨B

62

Aš—R©M‡Zi wbqg AbymÜv‡b iZ nb| Zvi g‡Z Aš—R©M‡Zi

wbqg Avwe®‹v‡i Ôev —‡ei †evaÕ I ÔKíbvÕ Dfq‡KB mgvb

wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡bvRM‡Zi Kvh©KviY wbqg‡K

wZwb gvbwmK wba©viYev` (psychic determinism) e‡j AvL¨vwqZ

K‡ib|

d«‡q‡Wi ZË¡ iPbvi m~ÎcvZ —iwfwËK g‡bi Kíbvi Dci|

Zvici wZwb hy³ K‡ib cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi aviYv| cÖ‡Kvô

wZbwU, B & (Id=It), B‡Mv (Ego=The me) Ges mycviB‡Mv

(Superego=The Conscience)| —iwfwËK gb Ges cÖ‡KvôwfwËK

gb Gi Avš—tm¤úK©wU †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g wee„Z Kiv hvK|

B`& g‡bi A‡PZb —‡i Aew¯’Z| GwU g‡bi PvwjKvkw³,

gvbwmK kw³i (psychic energy) Avavi| GLvb †_‡KB gvbwmK

kw³ Ab¨ cÖ‡Kv‡ô PvwjZ nq| B & G gvbwmK kw³ wewfbœ

†cÖlYvi (motivation) AvKv‡i mwÂZ _v‡K| B & Gi †cÖlYv ev

AvKv•¶v c~iY bv n‡j g‡b †h cxob (tension) †`Lv †`q, Zv

`~i Kivi Rb¨ B & wb‡gœv³ `ywUi GKwU cÖwµqv †e‡Q †bq|

civeZ© wµqv (reflex action) †hgb wkïi gv‡qi —be„š— †Pvlv;

wKsev Kíbvi gva¨‡g B”Qvc~iY (primary process thinking)| B &

Gi Kg©bxwZ ÔmyL cvIqvÕ (pleasure principle)| d«‡qW mnRvZ

†cÖlYv wnmv‡e GKwU †cÖlYv‡KB wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv

†hŠbvKv•¶v (libido)| Zvici wZwb Av‡iKwU †cÖlYvi cÖ —ve

K‡ib, Zv AvMÖvmb (aggression)| ZË¡ weKv‡ki cieZx© ch©v‡q

wZwb †hŠbvKv•¶v‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡ib RxebvKv•¶vq (eros) hv

cÖwZwU Rxe‡Kvl‡K †eu‡P _vKvi †cÖiYv †hvMvq| Avi AvMÖvmb

iƒcvš—wiZ nq RxebvKv•¶vi wecixZ giYvKv•¶vq (thanatos)|

†h AvKv•¶v ˆRe e ‘‡K A‰Re e¯‘‡Z iƒcvš—wiK Ki‡Z Pvq|

d«‡qW e¨vL¨v †`b, giYvKv•¶v wb‡Ri w`‡K avweZ n‡j B‡Mvi

AvZ¥i¶v †KŠk‡j Zv ¯’vbvš—wiZ nq A‡b¨i cÖwZ AvMÖvm‡b|

B‡Mvi we —vi g‡bi †PZb, cÖvK‡PZb I A‡PZb —i Ry‡o|

B`& Gi AvKv•¶v c~i‡Yi †h `ywU cÖwµqv i‡q‡Q Zv Rxeb

avi‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| me Lv`¨B ¯—be„‡š—i g‡Zv

mnRjf¨ bq; Kíbvq †cvjvI †L‡jI †cU f‡i bv| ZvB

B‡Mvi cÖ‡qvRb ev —ewfwËK wPš—v (secondary process thinking)| hv

B‡`i AvKv•¶v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki c_ w ’i Ki‡e, Avevi

mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZi m‡½ gvbvbmBI n‡e| nq †L‡U LvIqvi

UvKv †RvMvo Ki‡e, bq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji wgwQ‡j †hvM w`‡q

†cvjvI Lv‡e| ZvB B‡Mvi Kg©bxwZ ev —eZvi bxwZ (reality

principle)| B`& Gi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z B‡Mv †h ev —e Kg©bxwZ

MÖnY K‡i, Zvi cÖwµqv P‡j g‡bi m‡PZb ¯—‡i| Gme †gUv‡Z

wM‡q mgvavb A‡hvM¨ Ø›Ø †`Lv w`‡j B‡Mv †h AvZ¥i¶v

†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i, Zvi Ae¯’vb g‡bi cÖvK‡PZb ev

A‡PZb —‡i|

mycvi B‡Mvi we¯—viI g‡bi †PZb, cÖvK‡PZb Ges

A‡PZb ¯—‡i| ÔwK Kiv AbywPZÕ mvgvwRK G wk¶v‡K AvZ¥¯’

63

K‡i †h we‡eK‡eva M‡o D‡V Ges ÔwK Kiv DwPZÕ mvgvwRK

G wk¶v‡K AvZ¥¯’ K‡i ÔAv`k©‡evaÕ M‡o D‡V; G `y‡qi

mgvKj‡bB mycvi B‡Mv MwVZ|

3.3.1 g‡bi wKsev e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk

d«‡qW wek¦vm Ki‡Zb eq‡mi wewfbœ ch©v‡q kix‡ii wewfbœ

¯’v‡b †ewkgvÎvq †hŠbcxob Abyf~Z nq Ges †m cxob

wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ Hme ¯’vb‡K DÏxwcZ Kivi Zvobv Rv‡M|

Gme †hŠbcxobeûj AÂj¸‡jv‡K †hŠbcxob AÂj

(eratogenas zone) e‡j| e¨w³i weKv‡ki wewfbœ ch©vq‡K

wPwýZ Kivi nq, †m mg‡qi cÖavb †hŠbcxob A‡ji bvg

Abyhvqx|

gyL ch©vq (oral stage) : Rb¥ †_‡K AvVv‡iv gvm eqm ch©š—|

ZLb wkï Pz‡l ev Kvgwo‡q Z…wß cvq|

cvqy ch©vq (anal stage) : †`o †_‡K wZb Pvi eQi eqm ch©š—|

ZLb wkï gj AvU‡K †i‡L ev B”Qvbyhvqx Z¨vM K‡i Z…wß

cvq|

wkkœ ch©vq (phallic stage) : wZb Pvi †_‡K cuvP eQi eqm ch©š—|

e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡k GwU me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ch©vq| G ch©v‡q cxob

AÂj †hŠbv½| wkïiv ZLb G AÂj g`©‡bi gva¨‡g Z…wß cvq|

wKš‘ Gi †P‡qI ¸i“Z¡c~Y©, wkï Pvq Zvi wecixZ wj‡½i wcZv

ev gvZvi m‡½ †hŠb m¤úK© Ki‡Z| ZLb †m mgwj‡½i wcZv

ev gvZv‡K Zvi AvKv•¶v c~i‡Yi evav wnmv‡e †`‡L| ZvB †m

Zv‡K kΓ †f‡e mwi‡q w`‡Z Pvq| wcZv ev gvZv nZ¨v Kvgbvi

Rb¨ Zvi g‡b Avevi Aciva‡evaI †`Lv †`q|

†Q‡j‡`i G RwUj †evawU‡K e‡j BwWcvm Kg��· Avi

†g‡q‡`iwU‡K B‡j±ªv Kg��·| †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ ZLb

Aciva‡ev‡ai m‡½ Ggb fq Rb¥vq †h, wcZv eywS Zv‡K

†LvRv evwb‡q †`‡e| GwU Castration Complex| †g‡q‡`i G fqwU

†bB| wKš‘ Zv‡`i †Q‡j‡`i g‡Zv wkkœ †bB e‡j i‡q‡Q

†Q‡j‡`i cÖwZ GK ai‡bi Cl©vÑ Penis Envy| B & RvZ

AvKv•¶vi g‡ZvB Gme Kg��·I A‡PZb| wkï Amva¨

KvgbvwU mvab Ki‡Z bv †c‡i mgwj‡½i wcZv ev gvZvi m‡½

GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i AvswkK cwiZ…wß cvq| GRb¨ mgwj‡½i

wcZv ev gvZv‡K Av`k© wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡`i ˆewkó¨vejx

AvZ¥¯’ K‡i| Gfv‡eB Zvi e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖv_wgK wfwË ¯’vwcZ

nq|

cÖ”Qbœ ch©vq (latency period) : cuvP eQi †_‡K †hŠb m¶gZv

AR©b ch©š— Kvj| ZLb B`&-Gi Zvobvi cÖkgb N‡U| wkï Zvi

cwi‡ek †_‡K wk¶vjvf K‡i|

Rb‡bw› ªq ch©vq (genital stage) : eqtmwÜKv‡j Avevi

†hŠbvKv•¶v RvMÖZ nq| ZLb B & Gi AvKv•¶v‡K c~i‡Yi Rb¨

64

ev —‡ei `vve Ges mvgvwRK wk¶vq B‡Zvg‡a¨ MwVZ

mycviB‡Mv, G `y‡qi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weavb Ki‡Z B‡Mv‡K cÖPÊ

Pv‡c _vK‡Z nq| Gfv‡eB µ‡g c~Y©v½ e¨w³Z¡ M‡o D‡V|

3.3.2 weKvk Aei“‡×i aviYv (the concept of fixation)

weKv‡ki †Kvb ch©v‡q wkïi AvKv•¶v AZ…ß _vK‡j ev

AwZZ…ß n‡j Zvi e¨w³Z¡ weKvk †m ch©v‡q Aei“× n‡q hvq|

e¨w³‡Z¡i Aei“× `kvwUi Qvc c‡o Zvi cwiYZ e¨w³‡Z¡|

†Kvb ch©v‡q weKvk Aei“× n‡j e¨w³Z¡ †Kgb n‡e Gi GKwU

ZvwjKv w`jvg|

gyL ch©vq : Avkvev`x, wbf©ikxj, D`vi, bv‡Qviev›`v, KzwUj|

cvqy ch©vq : k„•LjvcivqY, wgZe¨qx, mgqvbyeZx©, GK¸u‡q,

we‡ ªvnx|

wkkœ ch©vq : Mwe©Z, AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx, `vw¤¢K, fxZz, jvRyK|

GK ch©v‡q weKvk Aei“×Zvi Rb¨ GZ wfbœiKg dj nq

†Kb, Zv d«‡qW e¨vL¨v K‡ib wb|

e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡k ˆkk‡ei ¸i“Z¡ ÔweKvk g‡bvweÁv‡bÕ

(Developmental Psychology) ¯^xK…Z| wKš‘ weKvk g‡bvweÁv‡bi

†Kvb avivB d«‡qW Gi g‡WjwU MÖnY K‡i wb| d«‡qWxq avivi

g‡bvweÁv‡bI weKvk g‡WjwU wfbœ|

3.4 B‡Mvi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj (Ego defense mechanism)

g‡bi G ai‡bi Kg©cÖwµqv‡K Avwe®‹vi Ges wjwce× K‡ib

wewfbœ mvwnwZ¨K| d«‡qW Gme‡K m~Îe× K‡i Zvi Z‡Ë¡i A½

K‡ib| Gme‡K c×wZe× iƒc †`b Zvi †g‡q Avbv d«‡qW,

1936 m‡b 'Ego and the Mechanism of Defense' eB‡q|

ev —‡ei `vwe wgwU‡q, mycviB‡Mvi bRi`vwi‡K Gwo‡q, B &

Gi Kvgbv‡K Z…ß Ki‡Z wM‡q, B‡Mv hv‡Z AwZwi³ D‡ØM,

Aciva‡eva, †µva, Ø›Ø cÖf„wZ‡Z fvivµvš— bv n‡q c‡o,

†mRb¨ B‡Mv wbgœewY©Z AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i|

Gme †KŠkj e¨w³ Am‡PZbfv‡eB e¨envi K‡i| Z‡e

AvZ¥mgx¶Y wKsev mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci gva¨‡g Zv‡K G e¨vcv‡i

m‡PZb Kiv hvq| wb‡P wKQz AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj ewY©Z nj|

AvPiY‡K wfbœLv‡Z PvwjZ Kivi †KŠkjmg~n (Behaviour-

Channeling Defense)

GKvZ¥‡eva (identification) : weKv‡ki wkkœ ch©v‡q wkï wKfv‡e

Zvi mgwj‡½i wcZv ev gvZvi m‡½ GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i wcZv ev

gvZvi cÖwZ Zvi N„Yv I fq‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i, Zv e¨w³‡Z¡i

weKvk cÖm‡½ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| cwiYZ eq‡mI gvbyl Zvi †P‡q

†hvM¨ e¨w³i cÖwZ Cl©v †eva‡K A‡PZ‡b cvwV‡q w`‡q

m‡PZbfv‡e Zvi cÖwZ GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i wb‡Ri g‡a¨ Gme

¸‡Yi weKvk NUvq|

65

¯’vbvš—iKiY (displacement) : D‡`vi wcwÊ ey‡avi Nv‡o Pvcv‡bv|

†hgb Avcbvi AvZ¥xq gviv †M‡j †`vl Pvcv‡jb Wv³v‡ii

Ae‡njvi Dci| Avcwb †h G e¨vcv‡i h_vh_ g‡bv‡hvM †`b

wb †mUv g‡b Ki‡Z PvB‡jb bv|

D`&MwZ (sublimation) : †hgb †hŠbvKv•¶v I AvMÖvmx

g‡bvfve‡K mvgvwRKfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ wPÎKjv I †Ljva~jvq

iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv|

cÖ_g ch©v‡qi ev —e weK…ZKvix †KŠkjmg~n (Primary Reality

Distorting Defense) : †Kvb D‡ØM D‡`ªKKvix Abyf~wZ ev NUbv

m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb bv nIqvB Gi j¶¨|

Ae`gb (repression) : g‡bi †hme Kvgbv we‡e‡Ki Kv‡Q

MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq wKsev †hme ¯§„wZ we‡eK‡K cxwoZ K‡i †mme

Kvgbv I ¯§„wZ‡K g‡bi m‡PZb —i †_‡K A‡PZ‡b Pvjvb

K‡i †`qvB Gi KvR|

A¯xK…wZ (denial) : ewntev —‡ei †hme welq D‡ØM D‡`ªK K‡i,

†mme‡K g‡bi A‡PZb —‡i cvwV‡q †`qv| †hgb, Wv³vi

†NvlYv Kivi ciI Avcwb A¯xKvi Ki‡jb Avcbvi eo

†Kvb AmyL n‡q‡Q|

wØZxq ch©v‡qi ev —e weK…ZKvix †KŠkjmg~n (Secondary Reality

Distorting Defense) : G †KŠkjmg~n g‡bi ؛ظ‡jv‡K A‡PZ‡b

Pvcv w`‡qB ¶vš— nq bv; Gi Dci Av‡iv bZyb †KŠkj hy³

K‡i|

cÖZ¨ve„wË (regression) : weKv‡ki c~e©eZx© ch©v‡qi AvPi‡Yi

ai‡b wd‡i hvIqv| †Zgb †KD Pv‡c co‡j ev”Pv‡`i g‡Zv

ciwbf©ikxj AvPiY K‡i|

Awf‡¶c (projection) : G †KŠk‡j wb‡Ri Aš—w¯’Z wb‡RiB

AevwÃZ ˆewkó¨vejx‡K ïay A¯xKvi Kiv nq bv-Zv

Av‡ivc Kiv nq A‡b¨i Dci| †hgb ev¯—‡e Avcwb Ab¨‡K

Cl©v K‡ib, wKš‘ Abyfe K‡ib A‡b¨ Avcbvi cÖwZ Cl©vwš^Z|

cÖwZwµqv msMVb (reaction formation): g‡bi AMÖnY‡hvM¨

AvKv•¶vi wecixZ KvR †ewk gvÎvq Kiv| †hgb wb‡Ri

†hŠbvKv•¶v wb‡Ri Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡”Q bv, ZLb †e‡Q

wb‡jb K‡Vvi c`©v|

hy³vf¨vm (rationalization): A‡hŠw³K AvPiY‡K hyw³ w`‡q

mvgvwRKfv‡e Ges wb‡Ri Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ Kiv| nq‡Zv

KvD‡K Avcwb AvµgY Ki‡jb †µvavÜ n‡q| wKš‘ hyw³ `uvo

Kiv‡jb, G kvw — Zvi cÖvc¨|

d«‡qW B‡Mvi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjmg~n m~Îe× K‡iwQ‡jb

e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk I g‡bv‡iv‡Mi KviY e¨vL¨vq| Gme †¶‡Î Zv

djcÖm~ nq wb| Z‡e †KŠkjmg~n Pv‡c cov gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b

AvPiY eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| A_©vr ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ aviYvwU

66

cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ B &, B‡Mv, mycviB‡Mv G wZb cÖ‡KvôwfwËK gb

Ges B`&w¯’Z †hŠb wKsev AvMÖvmx AvKv•¶vi m‡½ mycviB‡Mvi

Ø›Ø Kíbvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| g‡bi Aš—؛ة ev evB‡ii Pvc †_‡K

D™¢~Z †bwZevPK Av‡eM wbim‡b e¨w³i Zvr¶wYK ¯^qswµq

Am‡PZb cÖwZwµqv eyS‡Z ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ aviYvwU cÖ‡qvM

Kiv hvq|

3.5 mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc

wbD‡ivwUK I wnw÷wiqvi †ivMx‡`i mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc Ki‡Z

wM‡qB d«‡qWxq ZË¡ M‡o D‡V Ges mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡ZB Zvi

cÖ_g cÖ‡qvM N‡U| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z †ivMj¶Ymg~n †ivMxi g‡bi

A‡PZb —iw¯’Z AmgvwaZ ؇›Øi cÖKvk| B`&w¯’Z

AvKv•¶vmg~n mycvi B‡Mvi Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨ bv nIqvi B‡Mv

Zvi ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ cÖ‡qv‡M Gme A‡PZb —‡i Pvcv

w`‡q‡Q| Gme Ø›Ø Avwe®‹vi K‡i Gm‡ei wbim‡bi gva¨‡g

†ivMx‡K †ivMj¶Ygy³ Kiv m¤¢e| m‡PZb gb-B hLb Gme

؛؇K Pvcv w`‡q †i‡L‡Q, ZvB m‡PZb wKsev hyw³hy³ wPš—vi

gva¨‡g A‡PZbw¯’Z Gme ؇›Øi mÜvb cvIqv m¤¢e bq| gb

†h‡nZz gvbwmK wba©viYev`x (psychic deterministic) bxwZ †g‡b

P‡j, ZvB Avgv‡`i K_vevZ©vi fyjPz‡K, fy‡j hvIqvi, ¯‡cœ

wKsev †ivMj¶‡Yi g‡Zv A‡hŠw³K, A_©nxb welq¸‡jvi

wcQ‡bI g‡bi Kvh©KviY wbqgwU Kvh©Ki| A_©vr DcwiD³

AvcvZ A_©nxb, hyw³nxb, D™¢U wKsev Zz”Q welq¸‡jvI

A_©en| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Gm‡ei gva¨‡gB A‡PZb AvKv•¶v

QÙ‡e‡k m‡PZb cÖnix‡K duvwK w`‡q evB‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| ZvB

A‡PZb ؛؇K wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ Gme AvcvZ A_©nxb,

Pzw³nxb, D™¢U, Zz”Q welqvejx‡K we��lY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G

KvR mgvavi Rb¨ d«‡qW D™¢veb K‡ib Aeva Abym½ (free

association) I ¯^cœ mgx¶Y (dream analysis) c×wZ| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z

DcwiD³ welq¸‡jv‡Z hv cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv cÖZxKx| Gi Aš—

‡i GKwU M~p A_© _v‡K| Gme cÖZxK we��lYI d«‡qWxq

c×wZi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K| Ô¯cœ mgx¶YÕ As‡k Zv

Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|

d«‡qW hLb mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc ïi“ K‡ib| ZLb Gi c×wZ

wQj Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ (hypnotic suggestion)| Gi ywU

mxgve×Zv wQj| me †ivMx‡KB m‡¤§vwnZ Kiv hvq bv Ges

A‡bK †ivMxi †¶‡Î m‡¤§vnb Awffveb Gi dj `xN©¯’vqx nq

bv| ZvB m‡¤§vn‡bi weKí LyuR‡Z wM‡q d«‡qW D™¢veb K‡i

ÔAeva Abyl½Õ Ges Ô¯^cœ mgx¶YÕ c×wZi| Gme c×wZi

gva¨‡g Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ Gi mgm¨v¸‡jvi A‡bKUv

mgvavb n‡jI Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ Gi Kvh©Ki w`KwUi c~Y©

cÖwZ¯’vcb †h m¤¢e nq wb, G †eva d«‡q‡Wi †kl Rxeb ch©š—

envj wQj|

67

Aeva Abym½ c×wZ‡Z †ivMx GKwU Avivg †K`vivq ï‡q

Zvi g‡b hv Av‡m ZvB eY©bv Ki‡Z _v‡Kbцhgb Zvi ¯§„wZ,

¯^cœ Kíbv, Abyfe| †_ivwc÷ „wó‡iLvi evB‡i cv‡ki †Pqv‡i

e‡m Gme g‡bv‡hv‡Mi m‡½ †kv‡bb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †bvU †bb|

†_ivwc÷ j¶¨ K‡ib, †Kvb welq eY©bvq †ivMx evav

(resistance) †eva Ki‡Qb| †_ivwc÷ a‡i †bb †ivMxi A‡PZb

gvbwmK Ø›ØwUi nw`m GLv‡bB cvIqv hv‡e| GLv‡bB wZwb

Zvi AbymÜvb‡K †K›`ªxf~Z K‡ib| mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci mgq

†_ivwc÷ eyS‡Z cv‡ib, †ivMx †_ivwc÷‡K †ckvMZ

m¤ú‡K©i evB‡iI Ab¨ GKwU m¤ú‡K© m¤úwK©Z Ki‡Z

PvB‡Q| †ivMx †_ivwc÷ Gi g‡a¨ Zvi AZxZ AwfÁZvi Ab¨

†Kvb e¨w³Z¡‡K Av‡ivc Ki‡Q; †hgb wcZv, gvZv ev

†cÖgv¯ú`| mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci fvlvq GwU cvÎvš—iY

(transference)| †_ivwc÷ GwUI eyS‡Z cv‡ib wZwb wb‡RI

†ivMxi Dci Zvi wb‡Ri AwfÁZvi KvD‡K Av‡ivc Ki‡Qb|

GwU cÖwZ-cvÎvš—KiY (counter transference)| †_ivwc÷ Zv‡`i

cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©wU we��lY K‡i †ivMxi AZxZ m¤ú‡K©i

aib I Zvi AvPi‡Yi ΓwUmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb

g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi GB AwfÁZv‡K d«‡qWxq ZË¡ I cÖZxKv‡_©i

mvnv‡h¨ eySvi †Póv K‡ib| Gfv‡e Zvi g‡b †ivMxi e¨w³‡Z¡i

weKv‡ki evav¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü Ges †ivMxi eZ©gvb mgm¨v¸‡jvi

M~p A_© cÖm‡½ GKwU Aš— „©wó Rb¥vq| †_ivwc÷ G Aš— „©wói

Av‡jv‡K †ivMxi wbKU Zvi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki mgm¨v Ges

GiB cÖKvk eZ©gvb mgm¨vmg~‡ni GKwU e¨vL¨v (interpretation)

nvwRi K‡ib| e¨vL¨vwU †ivMxi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡j †ivMx Zv

MÖnY K‡ib| ZLb Df‡q wg‡j G †_‡K DËi‡Yi †KŠkj

wba©viY Kiv nq| †ivMx Zvi mgm¨v mgvav‡b Gme cÖ‡qvM

K‡ib| Gfv‡e †_ivwci D‡Ïk¨ wm× nq|

d«‡qWxq Z‡Ë¡ †hgb ewnR©MZ I Aš—R©MZ wew”Qbœ Ges

wew”Qbœ Aš—R©MZ wb‡qB ZË¡ Mov n‡q‡Q; †Zgwb d«‡qWxq

†_ivwc‡ZI †_ivwc‡÷i bRi †ivMxi Aš—©Ø‡›Øi cÖwZ,

cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ bq| myZivs cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b †_ivwci

D‡Ïk¨ bq, D‡Ïk¨ Aš—Ø©›Ø gy³ n‡q cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ gvwb‡q

†bqv| Ab¨ fvlvq ej‡j, hš¿Yvi evB‡ii KviYwU‡K `~i K_v

bq, eis hš¿Yvi †evawU‡K †fuvZv K‡i †`qv|

d«‡q‡Wi mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc c×wZ `xN©‡gqv`x| me †ivMxI

G‡Z Ask †bqvi Dchy³ bb| ZvB cieZx©‡Z ¯^í‡gqvw`

c×wZi weKvk N‡U‡Q| Gm‡e d«‡qW ZË¡ QvovI GB avivi

Ab¨ ZË¡ hy³ n‡q‡Q| Gme †_ivwc‡Z mgMÖ Rxe‡bi PvB‡Z

eZ©gvb mgm¨vi cÖwZB g‡bv‡hvM †K›`ªxf~Z Kiv nq| Gme

cwieZ©‡bi ciI d«‡qWxq avivi mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc eZ©gv‡b

mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci g~j aviv bq| ÔAvš—te¨w³ mvB‡Kv‡_ivwcÕ

(interpersonal psychotherapy) ÔÁvbvZ¥K-AvPiYev`x †_ivwcÕ

(cognitive behaviour therapy)ÑGmeB eZ©gv‡b †ewk e¨eüZ nq|

68

mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡Z d«‡q‡Wi cw_K…‡Zi f~wgKv ¯^xK…Z| Zvi

D™¢vweZ wewfbœ cÖKiY cwiewZ©Z iƒ‡c eZ©gv‡bI e¨envi Kiv

nq|

3.6 ¯^cœ mgx¶Y

Rxe‡bi †iLvwP‡ÎB Avgiv †`‡LwQ ¯cœ mgx¶Y d«‡qWxq

Z‡Ë¡i cÖ_g ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖKvk| d«‡qWxq avivi †jLvq GKwU eo

Ask ¯^cœ mgx¶Y| g‡bvweÁv‡b d«‡qWB cÖ_g ¯^‡cœi ¸i“Z¡

m¤^‡Ü `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib| d«‡qWxq Z‡Ë¡ ¯^‡cœi D‡Ïk¨

ÔB”Qvc~iYÕ| hw`I Avgv‡`i AwfÁZv, †ewkifvM ¯^cœB

ÔB”Qvc~i‡Yi ¯cœÕ bq| G m¤^‡Ü ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜvbI

†`wL‡q‡Q, gvby‡li ¯‡cœi mvgvb¨ AskB B”Qvc~i‡Yi ¯cœ|

d«‡qW Gi g‡Z B`& Gi †h Kvgbvmg~n mycviB‡Mvi

bRi`vix Gwo‡q g‡bi †PZb —‡i D‡V Avm‡Z cv‡i bv,

ZvivB Nygš— mycviB‡Mvi bRi Gwo‡q ¯cœ AvKv‡i †`Lv †`q|

GRb¨ d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z Ô¯^cœ A‡PZ‡b †cuŠQv‡bvi m`i iv —vÕ|

¯^‡cœI B`& Gi †h KvgbvwU cÖKvwkZ nq Zv †Lvjv‡gjv bq,

QÙ‡ekx| ZvB cÖwZwU ¯^‡cœiB i‡q‡Q GKwU ÔcÖKvwkZ iƒcÕ

(manifest content) Ges GKwU ÔcÖ”Qbœ gg©K_vÕ (latent content)|

¯^‡cœi cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡c GKwU Kvwnwb GKwU ev —e NUbvi g‡Zv

Ô¯’vb-Kvj-cvÎÕ G wZbwU welq Øviv mgwšZ iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ

nq bv| †mLv‡b GK NUbvi m‡½ Ab¨ NUbv RU cvwK‡q hvq,

¯’vb I Kvj hvq D‡ëcv‡ë RU cvwK‡q| d«‡qWxqiv Z‡Ë¡i

Av‡jv‡K G¸‡jv‡K ¸wQ‡q †bb| Gfv‡e KvwnwbwU cybtwbg©v‡Yi

ciI hv `uvovq Zv cÖZxKx gvÎ| cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡ci cÖZxK¸‡jvi

e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡gB ïaygvÎ ¯^‡cœi cÖ”Qbœ gg©K_v eySv m¤¢e|

¯^‡cœi †Kvb cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡ci cÖZxKx Zvrch© wK, G m¤^‡ÜI

d«‡qWxq‡`i wbR¯^ D™¢veb i‡q‡Q-hv Zv‡`i ZË¡ wb‡`©wkZ|

mvaviYfv‡e ¯^‡cœ †`Lv cÖZxK¸‡jv d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z †hŠbv½

ev †hŠbKv‡h©i cÖZxK| `ywbqvi hv wKQz j¤^v k³ wRwbm †hgb

QvZv, jvwV, †cwÝj, Kjg--meB cyi“lv‡½i cÖZxK| Zx¶è

aviv‡jv wRwbm, Qzwi, ek©v, Z‡jvqvi; AvNvZ Kivi ¶gZv

Av‡Q hv wKQzi †hgb e›`yK wc —j--meB cyi“lv‡½i QÙ‡ek|

G‡iv‡c­b, i‡KU G¸‡jv AwfKl©‡K Zz”Q K‡i AvKv‡k DV‡Z

cv‡i, myZivs G¸‡jvI H †Mv‡Î c‡o| `ywbqvi me gvQ I

mixm„c GB AvIZvq c‡o| evwo cyswj½, wKš‘ evwo‡ZB hw`

evi›`v BZ¨vw` _v‡K Z‡e †mUv ¯¿xwj½| Ab¨w`‡K, wkwk‡evZj,

LvbvL›`, ev·‡cuUiv, AwjMwj, ¸nv, †bŠKv, RvnvR-¯¿x

†hŠbv‡½i cÖZxK| cv‡cj, cxP BZ¨vw` KZz©jvKvi dj

bvixe‡¶i cÖZxK| j¨vÛ‡¯‹‡ci `„k¨ ¯¿x A½ wb‡`©kK| Avevi

RwUj hš¿cvwU cyi“lv‡½i cÖZxK| cÖZxK¸‡jv Avevi

myweavg‡Zv A`je`j Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖZxK¸‡jvi †Kvb

cix¶vg~jK cÖgv‡Yi †Zv m¤¢vebvB †bB; Dciš‘ Gm‡ei

wcQ‡b †Kvb GKK hyw³I Kvh©Ki bq| d«‡q‡Wi wjwe‡Wv ZË¡

69

†_‡K cÖZxK¸‡jv D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi cÖZxK¸‡jv‡K ¯^cœ

mgx¶‡Y e¨envi K‡i wjwe‡Wv ZË¡ cÖgvY Kiv nq| GwU

e„ËvKvi hyw³i (circularity of logic) †`v‡l `yó|

¯^cœ‡K cybwbg©v‡Yi ci cÖZxKv‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ †h e¨vL¨v

`uvovj ZvB h_vh_ wK bv, Gi e³v wbi‡c¶ (objective)

gvcKvwV Kx--Gi DËi d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡ †bB| d«‡qW ¯^‡cœi

cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡ci eY©bv cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, ¯^‡cœi NUbvmg~n ev¯—e

NUbvi Zzjbvq AwZwi³ cÖmvwiZ ev ms‡KvwPZ, weK…Z ev

¯’vbvš—wiZ Gme cwiewZ©Z iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ nq| ¯^‡cœi G

cÖcÂg~jK (phenomenal) eY©bvwU h_vh_| ¯‡cœi KviY wnmv‡e

wZwb e‡j‡Qb ¯^cœ B”Qvc~iY K‡i| GWjvi e‡j‡Qb ¯^cœ ev —e

Rxe‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi mnvqK| Bq~½ e‡j‡Qb ¯^cœ gvbwmK

fvimvg¨ Av‡b| ¯^‡cœi Kvh©KvwiZv cÖm‡½ Zv‡`i G aviYv¸‡jv

†Kvb †Kvb ¯^‡cœi †ejvq mZ¨; me ¯^cœ cÖm‡½ mvaviY mZ¨

bq| Zv‡`i Gme aviYv GKÎ Ki‡jI ¯^cœ msMV‡b wµqvkxj

mvaviY cÖwµqvi †Kvb nw`m †g‡j bv| ¯^cœ‡K Nygš— gw¯—‡®‹i

we‡kl cÖwµqv wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡jB †Kej G mvaviY

cÖwµqvi nw`m wgj‡Z cv‡i| ¯^cœ wb‡q ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv

cvfj‡fi cÖ`wk©Z G c‡_B AMÖmi n‡”Q|

4.1 g~j¨vqb : Drm

4.1.1 Drm : A‡PZb

cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK g‡bi Am‡PZb w`KwU cÖm‡½| d«‡qWc~e©

g‡bvweÁv‡b g‡bi Am‡PZb w`KwU D‡cw¶Z wQj| d«‡qW

ïaygvÎ Gi ¸i“Z¡‡K Zz‡j a‡ib wb; G‡KB gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi

wba©vi‡Ki Avm‡b ewm‡q w`‡q‡Qb| G e¨vcv‡i g‡bvweÁv‡b bv

_vK‡jI, `k©‡b Zvi c~e©m~wi i‡q‡Qb| Aóv`k kZ‡K

†jBewbR (Leibniz) g‡bi Am‡PZb KvR‡K Zvi `k©‡bi

Av‡jvP¨m~wP‡Z wb‡q Av‡mb| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z ÔA‡PZb

A‡hŠw³K B”QvÕ‡KB gvby‡li PvwjKvkw³i Avm‡b ewm‡q †`b

†kv‡cbnvIqvi (Schopenhauer) Ges bxU‡k (Nietzsche)| mß`k-

Aóv`k kZKx BD‡ivcxq `k©‡b Ôm‡PZb †hŠw³K gbÕ-Gi

Rq RqKvi| Ebwesk kZ‡K G‡m Zv ÔA‡PZb A‡hŠw³K

gbÕ-Gi weRq †NvlYvq ch©ewmZ nq| Gi Mfx‡i

Av_©mvgvwRK KviY i‡q‡Q| DcwiD³ cÖ_g `yB kZK wQj

cyuwRev‡`i weKvk Ges mvgš—ev‡`i wei“‡× Zvi weR‡qi Kvj|

wKš‘ Ebwesk kZ‡K weRqx cyuwRev‡`i Af¨š—ixY Ø›Ø

msK‡Ui iƒc wb‡Z _v‡K, hv cÖKvwkZ nq mvgvwRK Am‡š—vl

I Av‡›`vj‡b| cyuwRev` µ‡gB mvgš—ev‡`i wei“‡× msMÖv‡g

AwR©Z RbM‡Yi MYZvwš¿K AwaKvimg~n‡K ms‡KvwPZ K‡i

ˆ¯^ivPvix iƒc wb‡Z _v‡K| wek kZ‡Ki bvrwm Rvg©vwb‡Z

bxU‡ki `k©bB n‡q `uvovq cÖvavb¨kxj `k©b| D��L¨, g‡bi

70

Am‡PZb Kv‡Ri cÖwZ ¸i“Z¡ vbKvix DcwiD³ wZb

`vk©wbKB Rvg©vb| d«‡qW wb‡RI Rvg©vbfvlx| Zvi Rxeb

AwZevwnZ n‡q‡Q Rvg©vb ms¯‹…wZ ej‡q|

4.1.2 Drm : cÖ‡Kvô wfwËK gb

g‡bi wZb cÖ‡Kv‡ôi aviYv BD‡ivcxq `k©‡b AwZ cyivZb|

��‡Uv Zvi ÔwicvewjKÕ MÖ‡š’i 4_© cy —‡K gvbmmËv‡K wZbwU

¯vaxb As‡k fvM K‡i‡QbÑdesiring, reasoning Ges spiritual| A_©vr

GKwU ÔAÜ-KvgbvÕ, GKwU ÔwePvi-we‡eKÕ Ges Av‡iKwU

ÔmsMÖvgxÕ| msMÖvg gv‡b, †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ GKvš—B hv KiYxq,

ZvB| `xN© ZK© Zz‡j ��‡Uv cÖgvY Ki‡Z PvB‡Qb G wZbwU Ask

¯vaxb I ¯qsm¤ú~Y©| wZbwU As‡ki g‡a¨ cÖej we‡iva I Ø›Ø|

we‡ivaUv Aek¨ me‡P‡q Zxeª IB AÜ-Kvgbv Avi wePvi-

we‡eK Gi g‡a¨B| msMÖvgx AskUv‡K ZvB cÖvqB G we‡iv‡ai

ga¨¯’Zv Ki‡Z nq| Avgiv hw` ��‡Uvi g‡bi G wZbwU

Ask‡K h_vµ‡g B &, mycviB‡Mv Ges B‡Mv Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ

Kwi, Zvn‡jB d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi aviYvwU †c‡q

hvB|

G cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi m‡½ gw¯—‡®‹i Kg©vÂj I Kg©

cÖwµqvi m¤Ü Kx, Zv d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡ Aby��wLZ| ZvB Zvi gbwU

AvcvZ gw —®‹wfwËK g‡b n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡¶ Aej¤^bnxb|

Avgiv ˆRe I A‰Re c`v‡_©i cv_©K¨ m~PK ˆewkó¨ Rvwb|

hw`I ˆRe c`v_© A‰Re c`v_© w`‡qB MwVZ, Zey MVb web¨v‡m

RwUjZvi Rb¨ †mLv‡b Ggb wKQz ¸‡Yi D™¢e nq hv ˆRe

ˆewkó¨ wnmv‡e wPwýZ| bZyb ¸‡Yi D™¢e NU‡jI ˆRe c`v‡_©i

wfwˇZ wKš‘ imvqb I c`v_© we`¨vi wbqgvejx Kvh©Ki _v‡K|

GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨ imvqb I c`v_© weÁv‡bi m¤ú‡K©i

†ejv‡ZI| A_©vr e¯‘ wewfbœ —‡ii msMV‡b web¨ — nq, iƒcvš—

wiZ nq| msMV‡bi cÖwZwU —‡ii ˆewkó¨m~PK wKQz ¸Yvejx

_v‡K| Avevi msMV‡bi A‡c¶vK…Z mijZi I RwUjZi

ch©v‡qi m‡½ Zvi GKwU m¤úK©I _v‡K| g‡bi wKQz ¸Yvejx

i‡q‡Q hv ˆRe-c`v‡_©i ¸Yvejx †_‡K wfbœ I bZyb| wKš‘ G

¸Yvejxi m‡½ gw —‡®‹i Kg©cÖwµqvi GKwU m¤^ÜI i‡q‡Q|

KviY gb gw —‡®‹i Kg©cÖwµqvi cÖKvk| Avgiv †`Ljvg G

m¤ÜwU d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡ Abycw¯’Z| c¶vš—‡i d«‡qW cÖwZwU

Rxe‡Kv‡li Rxeš— mewKQz‡K GK‡Î a‡i ivL‡Z PvIqvq Ges

Rxeš— e ‘i A‰Re e¯‘‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ nIqvi cÖeYZvq g‡bi

`yB wecixZgyLx PvwjKvkw³i mÜvb K‡i‡Qb| Gme `vk©wbK

`~i Kíbvi cÖKvk-ˆeÁvwbK AbyKí (hypothesis) bq| Avgiv

GwUI j¶¨ K‡iwQ, e¨w³ gbmg~‡ni wg_w¯Œqv‡Z D™¢~Z

mgwógb ev mgvRgb —‡Ë¡ †h bZyb ¸‡Yi D™¢e N‡U, †m

aviYvI d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡ Abycw¯’Z| wecix‡Z d«‡qW e¨w³ gb —Ë¡

w`‡qB mgwógb —Ë¡ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|

71

4.1.3 Drm : †cÖlYv

d«‡q‡Wi ch©‡e¶‡Yi welq wQj wbD‡ivwUK †ivMx‡`i AvPiY|

Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj Gme A¯vfvweK AvPi‡Yi KviY wbY©q Ges

wPwKrmv Kiv| Zv Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb †h ZË¡ M‡ob Zv‡KB wZwb

cÖmvwiZ K‡ib me hy‡Mi me gvby‡li mvaviY gb —‡Ë¡| GRb¨

wZwb Zvi ch©‡e¶Y‡K wkï‡`i jvjb cvjb Ges gvby‡li

cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b we —…Z K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb ZË¡ iPbvq ¯^xKvh©

wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb †m mg‡qi cÖK…wZweÁvb I b„Z‡Ë¡i

cÖPwjZ wKQz aviYv‡K| Gevi Avgiv G w`KwU‡Z bRi †`e|

Zvi mgq cÖK…wZ-weÁv‡b †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK kw³i aviYv

mycÖwZwôZ wQj| GB y‡qi AbyKi‡Y RxeweÁv‡bI ÔcÖvYkw³Õi

aviYvwU ZË¡ cÖ¯—ve AvKv‡i Pvjy wQj| c‡i GwU cwiZ¨³ nq|

d«‡qW Gm‡ei AbyKi‡Y ÔgvbwmK kw³Õi (psychic energy)

Kíbv K‡i G kw³i PjbcÖwµqv (psychodymics) wb‡qB ZË¡

iPbv K‡ib| g‡bvweÁv‡b Zvi cÖewZ©Z avivwU

ÔmvB‡KvwWbvwgKmÕ bv‡gB cwiwPZ| wKš‘ G gvbwmK kw³i

cÖK…wZwU Kx, Zv wZwb KL‡bvB e¨vL¨v K‡ib wb|

ZË¡ iPbvi cÖ_g ch©v‡q d«‡qW GKwUgvÎ †cÖlYv‡K

wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb, GwU †hŠbvKv•¶v (libido)| ïaygvÎ GKwU

†cÖlYv w`‡q me gvbweK AvPiY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q, wZwb

wjwe‡Wv-ZË¡‡K me©iwZev` (pansexualism) ch©v‡q wb‡q

wM‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi g‡Z, jv½j w`‡q Rwg Pvl Gi g~j

PvwjKvkw³, ¶zav wbevi‡Yi j‡¶¨ Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi m‡PZb

B”Qv bq; Zv BwWcvm Kg‡��· ev gv‡qi m‡½ m½g K‡i

Zv‡K Mf©eZx Kivi A‡PZb AvKv•¶v| d«‡qW †h G D™¢U ZË¡

cÖYq‡b mvnmx n‡qwQ‡jb, Gi wcQ‡b ïay Zvi

mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡Z jä AwfÁZvB KvR K‡i wb; KvR K‡iwQj

RxeweÁv‡b WviDBb Z‡Ë¡i mdjZvi D`vniY| WviDB‡bi

cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ZË¡‡K cÖRbb mdjZvi fv‡l¨I cÖKvk Kiv

hvq| †h Rxe hZ †ewk cÖRbb mdj A_©vr hZ †ewk eskai

†i‡L †h‡Z cv‡i, cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡b Zvi eskvYyi wU‡K _vKvi

m¤¢vebv Z‡ZvwaK| G ZË¡wU †_‡K d«‡qW A‡PZb

†hŠbvKv•¶v‡K gvby‡li GKgvÎ PvwjKvkw³ wnmv‡e Kíbvi

mvnm †c‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Ô†fŠZ kw³Õi aviYvwU‡K †hgb

ÔgvbwmK kw³Õi aviYvq iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv hvq bv, †Zgwb

RxeweÁv‡bi †Kvb ZË¡‡K mivmwi g‡bvweÁv‡b Av‡ivc Kiv

hvq bv|

†hŠbvKv•¶vi ci d«‡qW Av‡iv GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †cÖlYv‡K

wPwýZ K‡ib, Zv AvMÖvmx g‡bvfve (aggression)| ZË¡ weKv‡ki

cieZx© ch©v‡q wZwb †hŠbvKv•¶v‡K RxebvKv•¶v (eros) Ges

AvMÖvmb‡K giYvKv•¶v (thanatos) e‡j wPwýZ K‡ib|

RxebvKv•¶v aviYvwU mvaviYfv‡e ¯xK…Z, wKš‘ giYvKv•¶vi

ZvwË¡K Drm wK? GwU Zvi mg‡q kvixiweÁvb-G (Physiology)

72

cÖPwjZ w¯’iZvi bxwZ (Constany Principle)| G bxwZ Abyhvqx

mKj Rxeb cÖwµqvB A‰Re RM‡Zi w¯’iZvq cÖZ¨veZ©b

Ki‡Z Pvq| Avgiv Rvwb A‰Re RMZI w¯’i bq| e ‘Z †Kvb

RMZB w¯’i bq| w ’iZvi bxwZI AvR cwiZ¨³|

4.1.4 Drm : weKvk

Gevi Avmv hvK e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Z‡Ë¡| weKv‡ki gyL, cvqy I

wkkœ ch©vq Kíbvi g~‡j wKQz ch©‡e¶Y wbðqB i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g

†`o eQi PzlY Ges Kvgov‡bv wµqvwU wkïi cÖavb wµqv

e‡jB †Pv‡L c‡o| †`o †_‡K wZb/Pvi ermi eq‡m bvMwiK

mgv‡R wkï‡K gjg~Î Z¨v‡Mi mvgvwRK wbq‡g Af¨¯— Kiv‡bv

nq| Pvi/cuvP eq‡m wkïi wk‡kœi cÖwZ †KŠZ~nj Rv‡M| G

mg‡q wkïi e¨w³‡Z¡i wKQz j¶YI †`Lv †`q| wKš‘ G

e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk †h G c_ a‡iB AMÖmi nq, Zv wbwðZ nIqv

hvq wK K‡i? d«‡qW e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki ZË¡ iPbvq, G

AbygvbwU AvniY K‡i‡Qb GKwU ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡cÖ¯—ve Ges

GKwU b„ZvwË¡K wg_ †_‡K|

†m mgq Rvg©vb RxeweÁvbx Avb©÷ †n‡Kj (Ernst Haeckel)

Gi GKwU ZË¡cÖ —ve Pvjy wQj| weeZ©b mg_©K G ZË¡cÖ —vewU--

Ôe¨w³Rwb‡Z RvwZRwb cybive„Ë nqÕ (ontogeny recapitulates

phylogen y)| A_©vr †Kvb cÖvYx å“Y ch©v‡q, Zvi cÖRvwZwU

weeZ©‡bi †hme ch©vq AwZµg K‡i G‡m‡Q †mme AwZµg

K‡i| †hgb GKwU gvbewkï å“Yve¯’vq cÖ_‡g GK‡Kvlx,

Zvici eû‡Kvlx †MvjvKvi, Zvici grmvKvi, Zvici

†jRwewkó mixm„cvKvi, Zvici evbivKvi Ges †k‡l

gvbylvKvi aviY K‡i| G Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ wgj †i‡L gb¯—Ë¡ I

mgvRZ‡Ë¡ GKwU aviYv Pvjy wQj| Ôgvbe wkï gvbwmK

weKv‡ki cÖ_g ch©v‡q, gvbyl Zvi BwZnv‡m †hme ch©vq

AwZµg K‡i G‡m‡Q, †mme ch©vq¸‡jv AwZµg K‡i|Õ

d«‡q‡Wi fvlvq, cÖwZwU e¨w³ Zvi e„w× weKv‡ki mgq

Kg‡ewk Zvi RvwZi e„w× weKv‡ki ch©vq¸‡jv AwZµg K‡i,

cybive„wË NwU‡q c~Y©v½ cÖvß nq| d«‡q‡Wi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki

Z‡Ë¡i wfwË GB Abygvb|

†n‡Kj Z‡Ë¡i AvcvZ `„k¨gvb wKQz cÖgvY _vK‡jI, Mfxi

ch©‡e¶‡Y Gi AmviZv aiv c‡o Ges cwiZ¨³ nq|

g‡bvweÁvb I mgvRweÁv‡bI †n‡Kj Z‡Ë¡i Abymi‡Y iwPZ

ZË¡wU cÖgvYvfv‡e cwiZ¨³| GKwU wkï Rb¥vq cy‡ivcywi

ciwbf©i n‡q| R‡b¥i ci ïay —b †kvlY Qvov, Rxeb avi‡Yi

Ab¨ †Kvb Kv‡RB †m AcviM| `xN© mvgvwRK jvj‡bB †m

¯^wbf©i gvbyl n‡q D‡V| c¶vš—‡i gvbemgvR KL‡bvB

ciwbf©i bq| D™¢‡ei mgq †_‡K Aw —‡Z¡i msMÖv‡g Rqx n‡qB

†m eZ©gvb mgq ch©š— wU‡K Av‡Q| ZvB gvbemgv‡Ri weKvk

I e¨w³i weKvk Zzjbxq bq|

73

Gevi Avmv hvK gvbe mgv‡Ri BwZnv‡mi cwie‡Z©,

d«‡qW †h b„ZvwË¡K wg_‡K Aej¤^b K‡i Zvi weKvk ZË¡

iPbv K‡i‡Qb †m cÖm‡½| G wg_ wZwb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb ievU©mb

w¯§_ (Robertson Smith) Gi KvQ †_‡K| eZ©gv‡bi †Kvb

b„ZË¡we`B G‡K mZ¨ g‡b K‡ib bv| G‡Z d«‡qW wbe„Ë nb wb|

Zvi Z‡Ë¡i Rb¨ hv gvbvbmB ZvB MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| 'Moses and

Monotheism' G wZwb wjL‡Qb, ÔÔAvgvi eB‡qi (Totem and

Taboo) cieZx© ms¯‹i‡Y Avgvi AwfgZ cwieZ©b Kwi wb e‡j,

Avgv‡K K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbvi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡q‡Q| KviY

m¤cÖwZ b„ZË¡we`iv webv e¨wZµ‡g ievU©mb w¯§‡_i ZË¡mg~n

cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Qb Ges h‡_ó wfbœiKg ZË¡ Øviv Gm‡ei

AvswkK cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ m‡e©vcwi, Avwg b„ZË¡we`

bB| Avwg GKRb g‡bvmgx¶K| g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b

b„ZË¡ †_‡K Avgvi cÖ‡qvRbgZ Z_¨ wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi

Avgvi i‡q‡Q| gb¯—vwË¡K wel‡qi we��l‡Y w¯§‡_i Z_¨mg~n

Avgv‡K g~j¨evb ms‡hvMm~Î †hvMvq| Zvi we‡ivax‡`i †jLv

m¤^‡Ü Avwg GUv ej‡Z cvwi bv|ÕÕ

w¯§_ Kw_Z wg_wUi d«‡qWxq fvl¨ GiKg -- A‡bK

A‡bKw`b Av‡M cÖv‰MwZnvwmK gvbyl wbg©g AZ¨vPvix

`jcwZi K‡Vvi kvm‡b w`b KvUvZ| †Mvôx M‡o D‡V wb,

†Uv‡Ug Pvjy nq wb, U¨veyi evjvB †bB| `‡ji mg¯— †g‡q‡`i

GKgvÎ †fvM ¯^Ë¡vwaKvix `jcwZ ev wcZv| †Q‡j‡`i eqm

evovi m‡½ m‡½B Zviv `j †_‡K weZvwoZ nZ; cv‡Q wcZvi

†fvM`L‡j Zviv evav m„wó K‡i| gvbegb †mmgq cï g‡bi

g‡ZvB AmsMwVZ| †PZb ZLbI A‡PZb †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q

hvq wb, mycviB‡Mvi Avfvm †bB, g‡bi g‡a¨ KZ©e¨-AKZ©e¨,

DwPZ-AbywPZ, b¨vq-Ab¨vq wb‡q †Kvb Ø›Ø †bB| Av`k© e‡j

†Kvb K_vB ˆZwi nqwb| cÖe„wËi AÜ Av‡eM‡K evav †`evi ev

Ae`g‡bi †Kvb Avš—g©vbwmK wewa e¨e¯’vB †bB| cÖe„wË Avi

Av‡eM‡K ekxf~Z Ki‡Z cv‡i GKgvÎ `jcwZi kvmb| gb

ALÊ Awef³-Ro RM‡Zi m‡½ GKvZ¥| gvbwmK Ø›Ø-

msNl© ARvbv| hv wKQz Ø›Ø, evB‡ii| msNl© jovB wb‡R‡`i

g‡a¨ A_ev cïi m‡½| Aš—Ø©›Ønxb GB hyM‡K d«‡qW AjxK

wek¦v‡mi hyM e‡j‡Qb| Zvici Hme †Lw`‡q †`Iqv †Q‡ji `j

GKw`b `j †eu‡a wd‡i Gj| `jcwZ wcZv‡K nZ¨v K‡i

AZ¨vPv‡ii cÖwZ‡kva wbj| ïay ZvB bq, Zvi gvsm w`‡q Kij

weivU †fv‡Ri e¨e¯’v| G‡ZB g‡b cÖ_g cvc‡ev‡ai mÂvi

NUj gvbeg‡b| B & Avi B‡Mvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g cuvwPj Avw`g

cvc‡eva| GB cvc‡eva Rb¥ w`j †mÝi mycviB‡Mvi| b¨vq

Ab¨vq, cvcc~Y¨ BZ¨vw`i wePvi ïi“ nj gvby‡li g‡b|

Ae`gb n‡q DVj kw³kvjx gbb wµqv| G n‡jv

cÖ‡KvôwfwËK gb D™¢‡ei Kvwnwb| Av`‡gi ¯^M©Pz¨wZi Kvwnwbi

m‡½ Gi cv_©K¨ ïay welqe¯‘‡Z|

74

d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z wkï Zvi weKv‡ki mgq gvb‡ewZnvm‡K

ms‡¶‡c cybive„wË K‡i| weKv‡ki gyLce© ¯^‡MvÎ †fvRbKvix

gvbwmKZvi Awfe¨w³ —i, cvqyce© c~e©cyi“‡li wnsmªZv I

DMÖZvi —i, Avi wkkœce© †Zv ÔBwWcvmÕ I ÔB‡jKUªvÕ bvgvw¼Z

wMÖK UªvwRK Kvwnbx‡Z wea„Z †cŠivwYK —‡ii cybive„wË|

d«‡q‡Wi ÔweKvk i“×ZvÕi aviYvI Ôcybive„wË Z‡Ë¡iÕ

Abywm×vš—| †n‡Kj Z‡Ë¡i G Abywm×vš—wUI ª“ZB RxeweÁvb

I mgvRweÁv‡b Qwo‡q c‡o, mvwnZ¨I G‡Z cÖfvweZ nq|

nve©vU© †¯úbmvi (Herbert Spencer) cÖ¯—vweZ mvgvwRK

WviDBbev` (Social Darwinism) †hgb cÖwZwµqvkxj I

mvgªvR¨ev`x‡`i nvwZqvi n‡q D‡VwQj, weKvk i“×Zvi

aviYvwUI ZvB n‡q DVj| GK †kªwYi RxeweÁvbx †NvlYv

Ki‡jb, gvbe cÖRvwZi c~Y©v½ weKwkZ iƒc †k¦Zv½ cyi“l|

†kZv½ ¯¿x‡jvK Ges wkï Gi c~e©eZx© —i| gvbe weKv‡ki

wbgœZg —‡i AvU‡K i‡q‡Q K…òv½iv|

Avgiv d«‡qW ZË¡ eY©bvq e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki mgq weKvk

i“×Zvi djvdj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| g‡bv‡iv‡Mi e¨vL¨vi

Rb¨I d«‡qW Ôcybive„wËÕ Ges ÔweKvk i“×ZviÕ ZË¡ e¨envi

K‡i‡Qb| d«‡q‡Wi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi Ab¨Zg Nwbô m½x nv‡½ixq

†d‡iwÂi (Sandor Ferenczi) m¤úv`bvi nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vjq

†_‡K cÖKvwkZ eB 'A Phylogenetic Fantasy'-†Z Gm‡ei eY©bv

i‡q‡Q| 1915 m‡bi 12B RyjvB wjwLZ wPwV‡Z d«‡qW

†d‡iw‡K wj‡L‡Qb, ÔÔB`vbxsKv‡j evqy‡ivM ej‡Z Avgiv hv

†`wL, Zv GKmgq gvbemgv‡Ri BwZnv‡m gvbexq AvPiY

wQj| evqy‡ivM nj gvbe mf¨Zvi gvby‡li g‡bi weKv‡ki

mv¶x|ÕÕ e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki mgm¨vi †ejvq ïaygvÎ ÔweKvk

i“×ZvBÕ `vqx| my ’ e¨w³i gvbwmK †ivM nIqvi wcQ‡b,

AvZ¥i¶v †KŠk‡ji cÖZ¨ve„wË (regression) cÖwµqvwU Kvh©Ki|

A_©vr G‡¶‡Î e¨w³i weKv‡ki Av‡Mi —iwU‡Z Aebgb nq|

†n‡K‡ji cybive„wË ZË¡wU‡K RxeweÁv‡bi evB‡i G‡b,

gvby‡li g‡bi weKv‡ki †¶‡Î cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨, jvgv‡K©i

(Lamarck) ZË¡wU ¯xKvi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| A_©vr ¯^xKvi Kiv

cÖ‡qvRb, gvby‡li AwR©Z ˆewkó¨, A_©vr gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZI

eskMwZ‡Z ¯’vbvš—wiZ nq| bZzev gvbe BwZnvm wKfv‡e

e¨w³i weKv‡ki mgq cybive„Ë n‡e? ZvB d«‡qW ÔÔPhylogenetic

FantasyÕÕ-†Z wj‡L‡Qb, ÔÔAvgiv mwVK hyw³i wfwˇZ `vwe

Ki‡Z cvwi, †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi RxebKv‡j AwR©Z ¸Yvejx

eskMwZ‡Z Zvi mš—vb-mš—wZi gvidZ cÖevwnZ K‡i|ÕÕ hw`I

Avgiv Rvwb, d«‡qW hLb GmKj ZË¡ iPbv Ki‡Qb, ZLb

RxeweÁv‡b jvgv‡K©i ZË¡ cwiZ¨³ n‡q‡Q| 1935 m‡b

eskMwZ Ges WviDBb Z‡Ë¡i ms��l‡Y ÔweeZ©‡bi ms��wlZ

ZË¡Õ cÖKvwkZ n‡q ª“ZB cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q| Zey d«‡qW

1939 m‡b cÖKvwkZ Moses and Monotheism eB‡Z wj‡L‡Qb,

ÔÔAwR©Z ¸Yvewj cÖvwYi eskMwZ gvidZ mÂvwiZ nq, GB

75

ZË¡ evwZj K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ mg — wKQz we‡ePbv K‡i

Avgvi g‡b nq, RxeweÁv‡bi e„w×-weKv‡ki cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z G

ZË¡wU evwZj Kiv DwPZ bq|ÕÕ

4.2 g~j¨vqb : c×wZ

Avgiv †`Ljvg, †fŠZ-Rxe-b„ G wZbwU weÁv‡bi KZK¸‡jv

AcÖgvwYZ I c‡i cwiZ¨³ aviYvi Dci wfwË K‡i d«‡qW

Zvi ZË¡ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Kv‡RB †hŠw³K wePv‡i Zv fyj n‡Z

eva¨| wKš‘ GKwU Z‡Ë¡i cÖK…wZwU ˆeÁvwbK wK bv, Zv ZË¡wUi

fyj wKsev mwVKZv Øviv wbwY©Z nq bv| GKwU Z‡Ë¡i cÖK…wZ

ˆeÁvwbK wK bv, Zv wbwY©Z nq ZË¡wU iPbvq ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ

Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q wK bv Gi Øviv| GKwU ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡

(theory) †Kvb NUbvi Aš—iwbwnZ KviY wKsev wewfbœ NUbvi

g‡a¨ Aš—ijxb m¤úK© wel‡q GKwU wee„wZ| GKwU AbyKí

iwPZ nq Gme NUbv ch©‡e¶Y/cix¶‡Y (observation/

experiment) cÖvß hvPvB‡hvM¨ Z_¨/Dcv‡Ëi (fact/data) Dci

wfwË K‡i| ZË¡cÖ¯—ve †_‡K Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z †hme AbycÖ —ve

(inferance) MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e, hw` †m me ch©‡e¶Y/cix¶‡Y

mZ¨ cÖgvwYZ nq, Z‡e AbyKíwU Z‡Ë¡i gh©v`v cvq|

GB wbwi‡L d«‡q‡Wi ZË¡ wePvi Kiv hvK| d«‡qW

mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci mgq Aeva Abym‡½ Kw_Z †ivMxi ¯§„wZ,

wPš—v, Abyfe, ¯cœ †ivMxi cv‡k e‡m ïb‡Zb| †_ivwci ci

wZwb Zvi kÖ“Z welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hme Z_¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© g‡b nZ

Zv Uz‡K ivL‡Zb| †ivMxi ÔcÎvš—wiZÕ AvPiY‡K we��lY K‡i

ZvI wZwb bw_fy³ Ki‡Zb| myZivs Zvi msM„nxZ Z_¨ KZUzKz

Zvi ch©‡e¶Y, KZUzKz Zvi e¨vL¨v, Zv wbwðZ nIqv †hgb

m¤¢e bq, †Zgwb m¤¢e bq Gme Z_¨ hvPvB K‡i †`Lv| d«‡qW

Zvi msM„nxZ Z_¨ †_‡K wKfv‡e Zvi Z‡Ë¡ †cuŠ‡Q‡Qb Zvi

eY©bv †`b wb| ZË¡ †_‡K wKfv‡e AbyKí Uvbv hv‡e Ges †mme

wKfv‡e hvPvB Kiv hv‡e, †mmeI Zvi †jLvq Abycw¯’Z|

d«‡qWxqiv, †hme Z_¨ †_‡K d«‡qW-ZË¡ iPbv Ki‡Qb,

†mme‡KB Z‡Ë¡i cÖgvY wnmv‡e nvwRi Ki‡Z Pvb| GwU e„Ëve×

hyw³i †`vl`yó| Kv‡RB c×wZMZ we‡ePbvq d«‡qWZË¡ †Kvb

ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ bq|

d«‡qWZË¡ weÁvbm¤§Z bv n‡jI g‡bvweÁvb weKv‡k GwU

¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| weÁv‡bi cÖwZwU †gŠwjK kvLv

weKv‡kiB wZbwU ch©vq i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gwU `k©bg~jK ev

Awawe`¨K (metaphysical), wØZxqwU ¸YvZ¥K ch©‡e¶Yg~jK

(qualitative observational), Z…ZxqwU cwigvYvZ¥K cix¶vg~jK

(quantitative experimental)| g‡bvweÁvb GLb wØZxq Ges Z…Zxq

—‡i wµqvkxj| ZvB GLb d«‡q‡Wi Awawe`¨K ZË¡‡K

ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i gh©v`v †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

76

GRb¨ weªwUk Oxford Text Book of Psychiatry d«‡qWZË¡‡K

ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ bv e‡j mvwnZ¨ wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Q|

Zv‡`i g‡Z mvwnZ¨ †hgb gvby‡li PwiÎ m¤^‡Ü Avgv‡`i Aš—

`„©wó †hvMvq, d«‡qWZË¡I ZvB| weÁv‡bi ZË¡ †hgb NUbvi

Kvh©KviY‡K wee„Z K‡i, GwU Ggb bq| Ab¨w`‡K Av‡gwiKvb

Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry d«‡qW cÖewZ©Z

g‡bvmgx¶Y avivwU‡K 'Science of Psychoanalysis' bv‡g AwfwnZ

K‡i| wKš‘ cÖPwjZ weÁv‡bi m‡½ GB we‡kl weÁvbwUi m¤Ü

wK Zv e¨vL¨v K‡i bv| d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖfve Zvi DrcwË ’j

BD‡ivc †_‡K Av‡gwiKv‡ZB †ewk we —…Z n‡qwQj| American

Psychiatric Association Gi gvbwmK †iv‡Mi †kªwYwefvM msµvš—

eB 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual' Gi cÖ_g `ywU ms¯‹i‡Yi

ZvwË¡K wfwË wQj d«‡qWZË¡| wKš‘ GwU ev —‡e K‡g©vc‡hvMx bv

nIqvq Z…Zxq ms¯‹iY †_‡K d«‡qWev‡`i cwie‡Z© Gi wfwË

nq AwfÁZvev` (empiricism) | cieZ©x ms¯‹iY¸wj‡ZI G

aviv Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q|

d«‡qW hLb Zvi mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc ïi“ K‡ib, ZLb gvbwmK

†iv‡Mi †Kvb Kvh©Ki †fŠZ wPwKrmv (†hgb, Ilya, ECT) wQj

bv| wKš‘ 1950 Gi `kK †_‡K †fŠZ wPwKrmvi my‡hvM evovi

m‡½ m‡½, †fŠZ cÖYvjxB g‡bv‡ivM wPwKrmvq cÖ_g ¯’vb `Lj

K‡i wb‡q‡Q| mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡ZI wewfbœ ZË¡wfwËK

mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc Pvjy n‡q‡Q| d‡j eZ©gv‡b g‡bv‡ivM wPwKrmv

d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i ¯’vb cÖvš—xq| GL‡bv mviMÖvnx (eclectic)

GKv‡WwgwkqvbMY g‡b K‡ib d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvRb dzwi‡q

hvq wb| †Kvb M‡elK Zvi ZË¡ iPbvi d«‡qWZË¡ †_‡K †Kvb

Aš— „©wó †c‡ZI cv‡ib| wKš‘ Zvi ZË¡‡K ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i

ch©v‡q DbœxZ n‡Z n‡j, Zv‡K Aek¨B ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ †g‡b

ZË¡ iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

Avgiv ÔRxe‡bi †iLvwP‡ÎBÕ †`‡LwQ, d«‡qW cÖ_g Rxe‡b

ˆeÁvwbK avivi M‡elYvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb| myZivs

Zvi ZË¡ †h ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ n‡q D‡V wb, GUv wZwb Rvb‡Zb|

Zey wZwb †h Avg„Zz¨ G Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ iB‡jb, Gi mg_©‡b

Zvi hyw³ ÒAvwg g‡b Kwi, m„wókxj Kíbv Qvov g‡bvweÁv‡bi

g‡Zv weÁv‡bi weKvk n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB Avwg GBme

m„wókxj Kíbvi †Ljv †L‡jwQ, hv‡Z wbiš—i MVbg~jK

mgv‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡q Avmj mZ¨Uv †ewo‡q Av‡m|ÕÕ wKsev,

ÔÔgvbwmK †¶ÎwU‡K ˆRweK wfwËnxb evqy‡Z fvmgvb welq

wnmv‡e †i‡L †`qvi †Kvb AwfcÖvq Avgvi †bB| wKš‘ G

(ˆRweK wfwË- we.iv) m¤^‡Ü Avgvi G wek¦vmUzKz Qvov †Kvb

ZË¡xq ev wPwKrmv msµvš— Ávb †bB| Kv‡RB Avgv‡K Gfv‡e

AvMv‡Z n‡q‡Q, †hb Avgvi mvg‡b ïay gvbwmK †¶ÎB

i‡q‡Q|ÕÕ d«‡q‡Wi mvdvBwU AvswkK mZ¨| d«‡q‡Wi ZË¡ iPbvi

Kv‡jB, cvfjf gw —‡®‹i D”PZi wµqvKjvc m¤^‡Ü Zvi

M‡elYvi dj cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| d«‡qW †h A‡PZb gvbwmK

77

†cÖlYv‡KB gvby‡li cÖavb PvwjKvkw³ wnmv‡e MÖnY

K‡iwQ‡jb, Zvi wcQ‡b wµqvkxj Rvg©vb `k©‡bi GKwU avivi

K_v Avgiv Av‡MB D��L K‡iwQ| ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ ev` w`‡q

†h wZwb ZË¡ iPbvq AMÖmi n‡q‡Qb, Zvi wcQ‡bI GKwU

Rvg©vb fvev`k© wµqvkxj| †mwU Hermeneutic| †m avivq ejv nq,

Kvh©KviY m¤úK© bv cvIqv †M‡j, m„wókxj Kíbvkw³ w`‡q

BwZnv‡mi cybwb©g©vY Ki‡Z n‡e|

4.3 g~j¨vqb : cÖ‡qvM

†ivM wPwKrmvq d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM Gi g~j¨vqb Avgiv

mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc Ges ¯^cœ mgx¶Y Aa¨v‡q K‡iwQ| gvbwmK

†ivMx‡`i wPwKrmvi cÖ‡qvR‡b d«‡qW ZË¡ iPbv Ki‡jI, Zvi

ZË¡‡K wZwb cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb gvby‡li cÖvZ¨wnK AvPiY †_‡K

ïi“ K‡i ag©ZË¡, b„ZË¡, mgvRZË¡ cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB| e¨w³g‡bi

Kvh©cÖYvwj GKevi wVK Kivi ci, wZwb ïay Gi gva¨‡g mg —

gvbweK welqvejx‡K e¨vL¨vi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| wPi

A‡PZbw¯’Z AÜ †cÖlYvB e¨w³i PvwjKvkw³, mgvR e¨w³i

ˆeix, A‡PZb m‡PZ‡bi Ø›Ø D`&MwZi gva¨‡gB mf¨Zvi

D™¢eÑGB n‡”Q Zvi cÖZ¨q KvVv‡gv|

†iLvwP‡Î Ôhy× †KbÕ cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbv‡ZB Avgiv †`‡LwQ,

hy‡×i wcQ‡b e¨w³i gbw ’Z G ؇›Øi evB‡i, †Kvb KviYB

wZwb †`L‡Z cvb bv| Gfv‡e d«‡qW gvby‡li fwel¨Z m¤^‡Ü

Avkvev`x n‡Z cv‡ib bv| KviY gvby‡li PvwjKvkw³ A‡PZb

†cÖlYv Ges mgv‡Ri Ø›Ø mbvZbÑAZx‡Z †hgb wQj,

fwel¨‡ZI †Zgb _vK‡e| Zvi djkÖ“wZ‡Z `ywU m¤¢vebv cÖKU,

nq mgv‡Ri Pv‡c e¨w³ wbD‡ivwUK n‡e, bZzev e¨w³i AvMÖvmx

f~wgKvq mgvR jÊfÊ n‡e| GKwUgvÎ ¶xY Avkvi †iLv

Av‡Q, G ؛؇K D˜&MwZi gva¨‡g mf¨Zv wbg©v‡Y ev i¶vq

wb‡qvwRZ Kiv| wKš‘ GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZwU e¨w³i

g‡bvmgx¶Y| Zv wK ev¯—evqb †hvM¨? d«‡qWB ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb,

GwU ev —evqb †hvM¨ bq| wZwb Civilization and Its Discontents eB‡q

wj‡L‡Qb, ÔÔmvgvwRK DØvqyZvi cÖLiZg we��lY-B ev wK

Kv‡R jvM‡e, hLb mgvR‡K †m †_ivwc wb‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Z

cv‡i, Ggb ¶gZv Kv‡iv †bB|ÕÕ Avi g‡bvmgx¶YI wK Lye

Kvh©Ki `vIqvB? d«‡q‡Wi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wkl¨ Ges Avš—R©vwZK

mvB‡KvGbvjvBwUK mwgwZi GK mg‡qi mfvcwZ †Rvb&m (E.

Jones) nZvk K‡ÉB ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb, Òc¶cvZnxb ch©‡e¶K

GB wePwjZKvix Z_¨ Øviv AvnZ bv n‡Z cv‡ib bv †h, eyw×i

e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î, g‡bvmgx¶K I mgxw¶Z e¨w³i m‡½

Amgxw¶Z e¨w³‡`i cv_©K¨ we¯§qKifv‡e bMY¨|ÕÕ

d«‡qW hLb Zvi ZË¡‡K gvbemgv‡Ri BwZnvm e¨vL¨vq

e¨envi K‡ib, ZLbI Zv nZvkve¨ÄK| hw`I b„ZË¡we`MY

Zv‡`i M‡elYvq d«‡qW ewY©Z G e¨vL¨vi mg_©b cvb bv|

b„Z‡Ë¡ d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM m¤^‡Ü b„ZvwË¡K †gwjbd&w¯‹

78

(Malinowski) gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÔÔd«‡qW Zvi LyeB AvKl©Yxq wKš‘

DrKvíwbK Z‡Ë¡, GKwU Avw`g bi‡Mvôx‡K (Ebwesk

kZvãxi) BD‡ivcxq ga¨weË cwiev‡ii me ai‡bi cÖeYZv,

Amgš^qZv Ges e`‡gRv‡R mvwR‡q, cÖv‰MwZnvwmK R½‡j

†Q‡o w`‡q‡Qb|ÕÕ wj›Ub (Linton) gxW (Mead) cÖgyL K…wóev`x

mvB‡KvGbvwj÷iv d«‡q‡Wi eû gZ LÊb K‡i‡Qb| Avw`g

†Mvôxi g‡a¨ M‡elYv K‡i A‡bK g~j¨evb Z_¨ I DcvË

msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Zviv d«‡qWxq c¨vivWvBgwU Z¨vM Ki‡Z

cv‡ib wb| ZvB Zv‡`i M‡elYv mxwgZ i‡q‡Q wkï‡`i —

b¨cvb, —b¨cvb Z¨vM, gjg~Î Z¨v‡Mi Af¨vm BZ¨vw`

K‡qKwU mvgvwRK wµqvi g‡a¨| G‡Z Zv‡`i Z‡_¨i

Dc‡hvwMZv n«vm †c‡q‡Q, mvgvwRK b„ZË¡ ev gb —‡Ë¡i †Kvb

me©RbMÖvn¨ ZË¡ M‡o D‡V wb|

d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z mvgvwRK msnwZi KviY mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i

G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ GKvZ¥‡eva| m`m¨iv †h ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ

GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i Zvi KviY, cÖ‡Z¨‡KB mgv‡Ri GKwU ÔwcZ…-

PwiÎÕi cÖwZ GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i| A_©vr mvgvwRK msnwZi g~‡j

i‡q‡Q GKwU me©Rb gvb¨ wcZ…-PwiÎ| mvgvwRK HK¨ I

mvgvwRK †bZ…‡Z¡i g~jm~Î GwU| d«‡qW j¶¨ K‡ib, Zvi

mgmvgwqK mgv‡R HK¨ weavqK I †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix Ggb

wcZ…-PwiÎ †bB| G mgv‡Ri m`m¨iv ïaygvÎ wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨

GKvZ¥‡ev‡a msMwVZ| d«‡qW g‡b K‡ib mgmvgwqK mgv‡Ri

Am‡š—v‡li Ab¨Zg KviY GwU| GKwU wcZ…-PwiÎi

cÖ‡qvRbKvgx Z‡Ë¡i dj AwP‡iB dj‡jv; Z‡e ZË¡iPwqZvi

Rb¨ ey‡givs n‡q| wcZ…-PwiÎ Ôdz‡qiviÕ wnUjv‡ii DÌvb nj|

G wcZ…-PwiÎi gva¨‡g msMwVZ mgvR d«‡qW‡K Zvi

AvR‡b¥i evm¯’vb †_‡K weZvwoZ Kij, Zvi Pvi †evb‡K

nZ¨v Kij|

4.4 `vk©wbK wePvi

BD‡iv‡c AvaywbK weÁvb I `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg cw_K…r †i‡b

†`KvZ© (Rene Descartes)| wZwb wek¦‡K `yfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb,

e¯‘i RMZ Ges AvZ¥vi RMZ| e —yi RM‡Z hvwš¿KZvi wbqg

(mechanism), Avi AvZ¥vi RM‡Z ÔAwfÁZv Dש hyw³ev‡`Õi

(rationalism) wbqg Kvh©Ki| AwfÁZvDש hyw³ev` g‡b K‡i,

†Kvb wel‡q M~p Ávb AvZ¥vq eZ©gvb i‡q‡Q| mÁv (intution)

Gi gva¨‡g G Ávb jvf Kiv m¤¢e| G Rb¨ †Kvb

cÖvK&AwfÁZvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| mÁvjä Ávb †_‡K Ae‡ivnx

hyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Avgiv Ab¨ e¨envh© Áv‡b †cuŠQv‡Z cvwi|

†`Kv‡Z©i wek¦vm, ¯’vbv‡¼i aviYvwU Zvi mÁvjä| wZwb G

aviYvwU †_‡K Ae‡ivnx hyw³ cÖ‡qv‡M ¯’vbv¼ R¨vwgwZ iPbv

K‡i‡Qb, hv AwfÁZvi `ywbqvq Kv‡R jv‡M| †`Kv‡Z©i g‡Z

AvZ¥v ïay gvby‡liB i‡q‡Q, gvby‡li gbb wµqvq Zv cÖKvwkZ|

Ab¨ cÖvwYiv RwUjZi hš¿gvÎ| gvby‡liI AvZ¥v wfbœ gw —®‹

79

m‡gZ kixi cÖvwY‡`i g‡ZvB hš¿er| ZvB gvby‡li gw —‡®‹I

hvwš¿KZvi wbqg Kvh©Ki| gw¯—‡®‹i Kg©cÖwµqv wnmv‡e civeZ©

(reflex) Gi aviYvI †`Kv‡Z©i D™¢veb| Zvi g‡Z †`‡ni m‡½

AvZ¥vi ms‡hvM N‡U gw —®‹w¯’Z wcwbqvj MÖwš’‡Z (pleal gland)|

Gfv‡e †`KvZ© e¯‘i RMZ m¤^‡Ü hvwš¿K e¯‘ev` (mechanical

materialism), AvZ¥v ev g‡bi RMZ m¤^‡Ü fveev` (idealism)

Ges G `ywU RMZ‡K ci¯úi wew”Qbœ ¯^vaxb mËvi ¯^xK…wZ

w`‡q, `vk©wbK Øqev` (dualism)Ñ G wZbwU `vk©wbK aviv

mg_©b K‡ib| AvaywbK BD‡ivcxq `k©‡b bZyb Avw½‡K Pvjy

Kiv G w·ebx †`KvZx©q `k©b-B AvR ch©š— cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri

cÖavb `k©b|

Gi m‡½ d«‡q‡Wi aviYv wgwj‡q †`L‡Z cvwi| d«‡qWI ev —

eZv‡K Ôe¯‘MZ ev —eZvÕ I ÔgvbwmK ev —eZvÕ G `yfv‡M fvM

K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z ÔkvixwiK kw³Õ B`& G ÔgvbwmK kw³‡ZÕ

iƒcvš—wiZ nq| hw`I d«‡qW †`Kv‡Z©i g‡Zv gw —‡®‹i †Kvb

AÂj‡K wb‡ ©k K‡ib wb, wZwb kw³i iƒcvš—‡ii K_v

e‡j‡Qb Ges g‡bi wbqg wnmv‡eI e¯‘RM‡Zi wbqg

hvwš¿KZv (mechanism) †K e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr wZwb Øqev`x

bb, AØqev`x (monist)| wKš‘ wZwb ev¯—‡ei aviYv Ges

Kíbv‡K mgZzj¨ we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb, cÖZxK I wg_ Gi h‡_”Q

e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e cÖ‡qvM‡¶‡Î g‡bi wbqgwU‡K

e¯‘RM‡Zi wbq‡gi g‡Zv e³v wbi‡c¶ (objective) bv †i‡L

e³v mv‡c¶ (subjective) K‡i †d‡j‡Qb| d‡j Zv †`Kv‡Z©i

AwfÁZv Dש hyw³ev‡`i g‡ZvB fveev`x iƒc wb‡q‡Q|

`vk©wbK we‡ePbvi d«‡qWZË¡ ˆRe wba©viYev`x (biological

deterministic)| G‡Z Rb¥jä A‡PZb ˆRweK †cÖlYvB gvby‡li

GKgvÎ PvwjKvkw³| mvgvwRK wk¶v G‡Z cwieZ©b Avb‡Z

cv‡i bv| GwU GKB m‡½ LÊZvev`x (reductionist) gvby‡li

wewPÎ RwUj mvgvwRK AvPiY‡K Zv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Q mgmË¡

(homogeneous) `ywU ˆRweK †cÖlYv w`‡q| g‡bi Aat —i gw —‡®‹i

Mo‡b e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| A_©vr Rb¥MZfv‡e

e¨w³MY AmgmË¡ (heterogeneous)| mvgvwRK wk¶vq e¨w³i

g‡a¨ bZzb ¸‡Yi D™¢e N‡U| GKvwaK e¨w³i mgvKj‡b MwVZ

mgwó gb ev mgvR gb —‡Ë¡I bZzb ¸‡Yi D™¢e N‡U|

d«‡qWev‡` G ¸YMZ cwieZ©‡bi aviYvwU Abycw ’Z| hw`I

d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡ cÖ‡KvôwfwËK gbwUi Avavi †h gw —®‹ Zv a‡i

†bqv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ Gi m‡½ gw —‡®‹i kvixi¯’vwbK-kvixie„wËK

m¤úK© wK Zv ewY©Z nq wb| GwU Aej¤^bnxb, inm¨gq|

Gfv‡e Zvi ZË¡wU ˆRe wba©viYev`x n‡qI e¯‘m¤úK©nxb

fveev`x (idealist)|

d«‡qWev` BD‡iv‡ci †P‡q Av‡gwiKvq †ewk cÖfve we —vi

Kij †Kb? GRb¨ wewfbœ KviY `vqx| Avwg `vk©wbK KviYwU

we‡ePbv Kie| Av‡gwiKvq d«‡qWev` Avg`vwbi Av‡MB

cÖvwZôvwbK g‡bvweÁv‡bi PP©v ïi“ n‡q‡Q| ïi“‡Z Zv wQj

80

WviDBb Ges BDwjqvg †Rgm (William James) cÖfvweZ

Kvh©ev`x (functionalist) avivq| µ‡g Zv AvPiYev`x (beheviourist)

avivq iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q‡Q| Av‡gwiKv‡Z AvPiYev` I

d«‡qWev‡`i cÖmvi N‡U‡Q mgZv‡j| `vk©wbK wePv‡i G `ywU

aviv ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ n‡qI ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK|

AvPiYev` AwZgvÎvq welqwbô (objective)| Zviv gb‡K

mivmwi cÖZ¨¶ Kiv hvq bv e‡j gb (mind) ev welqx‡K

(subject) †K Av‡jvP¨m~wP †_‡K ev` w`‡q w`‡q‡Q| c¶vš—‡i

d«‡qWev` AwZgvÎvq welqxwbô (subjective)| GLv‡b gvbwmK

RMZ‡K e¯‘i RMZ †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †djv n‡q‡Q| Ges Zv

M‡elYv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q welqxwbô Aš— ©k©b

(introspection) c×wZi|

Avgv‡`i gvbweK RMZ †Zv welq (e¯‘) Ges welqxi

(e¨w³i) Øvw›ØK H‡K¨B Aw¯—Z¡gvb| Kv‡RB e¨w³‡K ev` w`‡q

e¯‘ wKsev e¯‘‡K ev` w`‡q e¨w³ wb‡q M‡elYv Kiv †Zv

GK‡c‡kwg| GB GK‡c‡kwg KvUv‡ZB Av‡gwiKv‡Z

AvPiYev` I d«‡qWev` ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK n‡q‡Q| e¯‘

(welq) I fv‡ei (welqxi) Øvw›ØK H‡K¨i cÖwZdjK †Kvb

`k©b I c×wZ †mLv‡b M‡o D‡V wb| ZvB M‡elKiv nq hvwš¿K

e¯‘ev`x (†hgb AvPiYev`x) wKsev fveev`x (†hgb

d«‡qWev`x) g‡Wj e¨envi K‡ib| cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvR‡b

GKv‡WwgK we‡klÁiv mviMÖvnx c×wZ‡Z `yÕavivi mvigg©

wb‡q †U·U eB iPbv K‡ib|

Gfv‡e Av‡gwiKvi GKv‡WwgK gn‡j hvwš¿K e¯‘ev`x ev

fveev`x (DfqB GKB m‡½ LÊZvev`xI e‡U), Ges

wk¶v‡¶‡Î mviMÖvnx fveaviviB cÖvavb¨| wKš‘ mvgvwRK †¶‡Î

cÖvavb¨kxj `k©b Kvh©wmw×ev` (pragmatism)| A_©vr †Kvb

gZev‡`i mZ¨Zvi gvcKvwV, Zv w`‡q Kvh©wmw× nq wK bv Zv|

ZvB kvmKiv RbMY‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z †hgb AvPiYev`x

Acv‡i›U KwÛkwbs (operent conditioning) e¨envi K‡ib, †Zgwb

e¨envi K‡ib ÔKvgbvi Awe‡”Q`¨ KvivMv‡i e›`x gvby‡li

Amnvq‡Z¡iÕ d«‡qWxq aviYvi| `xN©KvjB kvmK‡`i mnvq,

agx©q wbqwZev`| hv RbMY‡K cÖPwjZ e¨e¯’v †g‡b wb‡Z

cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i| eZ©gv‡b RbM†Yi GKUv D��L‡hvM¨ As‡k

a‡g©i cÖfve K‡g Avmvq, agx©q wbqwZev‡`i ¯’jvwfwl³

n‡q‡Q ˆRe wba©viYev`|

†Kb ïay Av‡gwiKv‡ZB bq, mg — cyuwRev`x `ywbqv‡ZB

hvwš¿K e¯‘ev`, fveev`, LÊZvev`, mviMÖwnZv, Kvh©wmw×ev`Ñ

Gme `vk©wbK aviv¸‡jvi cÖvavb¨? Gi DËi `k©‡b wgj‡e bv|

Gi DËi wgj‡e mgv‡R| Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi Dci

e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ Mov, gybvdvRxex I kªgRxex GB

`yB fv‡M Mfxifv‡e wef³ G mgv‡R, †Kvb HK¨e× `k©b

81

cÖvavb¨jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Dc‡i ewY©Z AvcvZwe‡ivax Gme

`vk©wbK aviv GK‡Î G mgv‡R w¯’Zve¯’v eRvq iv‡L|

4.5 d«‡qWev` RbwcÖq †Kb?

d«‡qWZË¡ GKv‡WwgK gn‡j ¯^xK…wZ cvIqvi Av‡MB mvavi‡Y¨

Av‡jvob Zz‡j‡Q| †m mgq cÖvwZôvwbK g‡bvweÁvb PP©vi m‡½

cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi †Kvb †hvM wQj bv| d«‡qWB cÖvZ¨wnK

Rxe‡bi mgm¨vÑ Zv †nvK †ivMwPwKrmv wKsev e¨w³i

AvPi‡Yi AbyavebÑZvi Av‡jvPbvq wb‡q Av‡mb| Zvi iPbv

bxim GKv‡WwgK wbe‡Üi g‡Zv bq; mim mvwnZ¨¸Y mg„×|

G‡Z ˆeÁvwbKZvi NvUwZ _vK‡jI mvwn‡Z¨i NvUwZ †bB|

wkí, mvwnZ¨, cyivY, cÖvZ¨wnK w`bhvcb, Gm‡ei Ac~e©

ms��l N‡U‡Q Zvi iPbvq| ïay GKv‡WwgK gnj bq, mK‡ji

D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖPvwiZ Zvi iPbvq, †m mg‡qi cÖPwjZ g~j¨‡ev‡ai

cÖwZ GKwU P¨v‡jÄI wQj| d«‡qW †hme g~j¨‡ev‡ai we‡ivwaZv

K‡iwQ‡jb (†hgb †hŠbZv wel‡q AwZwi³ evavwb‡la), †mme

wQj ZrKvjxb ag©cÖfvweZ mvgš—ev`x ms¯‹…wZi Ae‡kl| hw`I

Zvi Z‡Ë¡I Gi wKQz wPý eZ©gvb (†hgb cyi“lZvwš¿KZv)| Zey

w¯’Zve¯’vi mg_©Kiv G‡Z i“ó nq| d«‡qW ZË¡

cwieZ©bKvgx‡`i cÖwZev‡`i fvlv hywM‡q mvgvwRK Av‡jvob

m„wó K‡i|

d«‡qWev‡`i †m we�ex ch©vq eû c~‡e©B AewmZ|

GKv‡WwgK I kvmK gn‡j Zvi ¯^xK…wZ †Rv‡U †M‡Q A‡bK

Av‡MB| ZeyI Zv mvavi‡Y¨ RbwcÖq wK Kvi‡Y? cÖ_‡gB ejv

`iKvi, mvavi‡Y¨ g‡bvweÁv‡bi Ab¨ aviv¸‡jv cwiwPZ bq|

ZvB A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q g‡bvweÁvb Ges d«‡qWZË¡ mgv_©K| Ab¨

GKwU KviY d«‡qWev‡`i mnR‡eva¨Zv| wicy (Kvg †µva †jvf

BZ¨vw`) Avgv‡`i Zvobv K‡i| we‡eK Avgv‡`i myc‡_ Pj‡Z

e‡j| Avgv‡K †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e Avwg †Kvb c‡_ hve| GmeB

Avgv‡`i agx©q I ˆbwZK wk¶vi mvirmvi| Gi m‡½ d«‡q‡Wi

B`&, mycviB‡Mv Ges B‡Mv‡K wgwj‡q †`Lyb| Avgv‡`i agx©q

wbqwZev‡`i m‡½ d«‡qWxq ˆRe-wba©viYev‡`iI mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|

B‡Mvi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj¸‡jv Avgiv GKUz AvZ¥-ch©‡e¶‡Yi

gva¨‡g mn‡RB Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi| d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i Gme

DcKiY mv¶vr †evaMg¨ n‡q †M‡j, Zvi A‡PZb g‡bi

wµqvKjvc‡K ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨ e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z AvcwË _v‡K

bv| Avgv‡`i g‡bi †h GKUv Am‡PZb w`K i‡q‡Q, ZvI †Zv

Avgiv Dcjwä Kwi| Gfv‡e G mgv‡Ri gvbyl d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡ †hb

Zvi wb‡Ri cÖwZ”Qwe †`L‡Z cvq| GKevi d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i

KvVv‡gvUv AvqZ¡ n‡q †M‡j, wb‡R‡K g‡bvwe` fve‡ZI

Amyweav nq bv| KviY ZLb g‡b nq, Avgiv †h †Kvb gvbweK

welq‡KB Gi Øviv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi| ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ I

ÔcÖZxKÕ Gi h‡_”Q e¨env‡ii D`vniY †Zv d«‡qWxqivB †i‡L

82

†M‡Qb| ZviciI hv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv, Zv A‡PZ‡bi wµqv

e‡j Pvwj‡q w`‡jB n‡jv|

G ÔmnR-hvbÕ Gi weKí c_wU KwVb| G Rb¨

g‡bvweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I Z‡_¨i PP©v Avek¨K| Gme Z‡Ë¡i

Av‡jv‡K †Kvb welq‡K e¨vL¨v K‡iB mš‘ó _vKv hvq bv|

†`L‡Z nq Zv ev —‡ei m‡½ wg‡j wK bv| wKš‘ mZ¨ me mgqB

KwVb| mv¶vr Dcjwä m‡Z¨i wbðqZv †`q bv| m~h© †h c~‡e©

Dw`Z n‡q cwð‡g A¯— hvq, G mv¶vr Dcjwä Avgv‡`i

cÖwZw`bB nq| Zey Zv mZ¨ bq| c„w_ex †h wbR A‡¶i Pvicv‡k

Ny‡i, GUv KL‡bv Dcjä bv n‡jI mZ¨| GKBfv‡e Aš—

`©k©‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv g‡bi †hme welq Dcjwä Kwi, ZvI

AvswkK mZ¨ gvÎ| hv Aš— ©k©‡b Dcjä n‡”Q bv, Zv g‡bi

A‡PZ‡b Ges Rvbv hv‡e bv, Ggb fvevI wVK bq| ˆeÁvwbK

c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M ZvI Rvbv m¤¢e| g‡bvweÁv‡bi eZ©gvb Ae ’vi

Lei wb‡j Rvbv hv‡e Avgiv Gme KZUzKz Rvwb|

mnRZvi KviY QvovI mvavi‡Y¨ d«‡qWev` wU‡K _vKvi

Av‡iv KviY i‡q‡Q| w¯’Zve¯’vi mg_©Kiv me mgq cÖPvi

K‡ib, gvbyl cÖK…wZMZfv‡e AÜ A‡hŠw³K Av‡eM PvwjZ

Rxe| Kv‡RB gvby‡li c‡¶ cwiKwíZ b¨vqvbyM mgvR Mov

m¤¢e bq| hviv cÖPwjZ e¨e¯’vq Amš‘ó, ZvivI cwieZ©‡bi

w`kv wKsev mvnm bv †c‡q, w ’Zve¯’vi mg_©K‡`i cÖPvwiZ

Avßev‡K¨ Av¯’v †i‡L mvš—¡bv Lyu‡Rb| wkí-mvwnZ¨ iPbv wKsev

ms¯‹…wZ-mgv‡jvPbvq (Cultural Criticism) d«‡qWev‡`i RbwcÖqZv

cÖm‡½ ÔmnRhvbÕ Ges Ômvš—¡bvÕ ZË¡ AvswkK Kvh©Ki|

fvev`k©MZ msMÖv‡gi G †¶Î¸‡jv‡Z kvmK‡kªwYi cÖwZwbwaiv

d«‡qWev`‡K m‡PZbfv‡eB cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|

5. Dcmsnvi

d«‡qW D™¢vweZ mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci wKQz cÖZ¨q d«‡qWZË¡

wbi‡c¶fv‡e mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡Z M„wnZ n‡q‡Q| Zvi m~ÎvwqZ

ÔB‡Mv AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕI Zvi ZË¡ wbi‡c¶fv‡e g‡bvweÁv‡b

A½xK…Z| g‡bvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m d«‡q‡Wi f~wgKv LyeB

¸i“Z¡c~Y©| wZwb g‡bvweÁv‡bi Rb¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© A‡bK¸‡jv

mgm¨v‡K mvg‡b wb‡q Av‡mb; †hgb A‡PZb †cÖlYv, ¯^fvex

I A¯fvex gvbwmK wµqvi m¤úK©, g‡bi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj,

†hŠbZvi f~wgKv, eq¯‹‡`i AvPi‡Y ˆkk‡ei gvbwmK

AvNv‡Zi cÖfve, e¨w³‡Z¡i RwUj MVb Ges e¨w³i gvbwmK

KvVv‡gvi Af¨š—i¯’ Ø›Ø msNvZ| wKš‘ Gme mgm¨vi mgvavb

Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb †h ZË¡cÖ —ve K‡ib, Zv‡Z a‡i †qv n‡q‡Q,

gb mgvR wehy³ ˆRe cÖK…wZi Aaxb Ges †PZb I A‡PZb

ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZØ›Øx (antagonistic)| G ywU aviYvB wewfbœ

M‡elYvq cÖvß Z‡_¨i m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq| Zvi ZË¡cÖ —v‡e

83

d«‡qW Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e e¨vL¨vZ GKwU gvbwmK wbY©vqK (factor),

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Rxe‡bi wba©vi‡Ki (determinant) f~wgKvq ewm‡q w`‡q‡Qb|

gvbe mgv‡Ri BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ‡KI †m wbY©vq‡Ki Aaxb

K‡i, d«‡qW gvby‡li †cÖlYv Ges gvbe mgv‡Ri BwZnvm

Dfq‡KB inm¨ve„Z K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e Zvi ZË¡ cÖwZwµqvkxj

fvev`‡k©i mnvqK n‡q‡Q|

cyivY, `k©b, weÁvbÑG meB mvgvwRK †PZbvi cÖKvk| G

me¸wj‡ZB ev —eZvi GK ai‡bi cÖwZdjb N‡U| wKš‘ m‡Z¨i

gvcKvwV‡Z meB Zzj¨g~j¨ bq| d«‡q‡Wi AvKv•¶v g‡bi

ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ iPbv| wKš‘ †h c×wZ‡Z wZwb Zv iPbv K‡i‡Qb

Zv ˆeÁvwbK bq| d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i eqvbwUI †cŠivwYK| g‡bi

wewfbœ KvR‡K wZwb wZbwU †kªwY‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qb| Zvici G

wZb †kªwYi KvR‡K wZwb wZbwU PwiÎiƒ‡c Kíbv K‡i, g‡bi

MwZwe`¨v‡K G wZb Pwi‡Îi bvUKiƒ‡c Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|

Aš—ie ‘i w`K w`‡q GwU cyivY-AvwkªZ `k©b| ZvB g‡bvweÁvb

weKv‡k d«‡qWZË¡ GKwU HwZnvwmK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡jI

g‡bvweÁv‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq Zv Kvh©Ki ZË¡ bq|

g‡bvweÁv‡b d«‡qWxq avivi evB‡iI A‡bK aviv i‡q‡Q|

†mm‡ei cwiPq g‡bvweÁv‡bi †U·U eB‡q cvIqv hvq| GKwU

avivi D��L †mLv‡b †bB| †mwU ÔØvw›ØK-e ‘ev`Õ wfwËK

g‡bvweÁv‡bi aviv| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b Gi m~Pbv I weKvk

n‡qwQj| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi wewfbœ †K‡›`ª G avivq g‡bvweÁvb

PP©v Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| G avivi wZbwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖ¯’vb¯’j, 1.

cvfjf (I. P. Pavlov) Ges Zvi Abymvix‡`i g‡bi Aat¯—i gw —

‡®‹i, D”PZi Kvh©Kjvc M‡elYvi aviv| G avivi GKRb

¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖwZwbwa †Zcjf (B. M. Teplov)| cvðv‡Z¨i †U·U

eB‡qi Kj¨v‡Y cvfjf e¨enviev`x (behaviourist) e‡j

cwiwPZ| G aviYv fyj| e¨enviev`xiv cvfjf Avwe¯‹…Z

mv‡c¶ civeZ© (conditioned reflex) Kv‡R jvMvq gvÎ| Zviv

cvfj‡fi mvgwMÖK M‡elYvi aviv I „wófw½i m‡½ mngZ

bq| 2. fvBMU&w¯‹ (L. S. Vygotsky) I Zvi mnKgx© jywiqv (A. P.

Luria) Ges wjIbwZ‡qf (A. N. Leontyev) m~wPZ wkï weKvk I

e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki aviv| G avivi mwµqZvi ZË¡ (Cultural

Historical Activity Theory) eZ©gv‡b e¨vcKfv‡e PwP©Z ZË¡| 3.

g‡bi Am‡PZb KvR wb‡q DRbv`&‡R (D. Uznadze) Ges Zvi

Abymvix‡`i ¯‹zj| DRbv`&‡R-i ÔSet TheoryÕ me©Rb¯^xK…Z|

Avkv Kwi hviv K…wÎg in‡m¨ eyu` n‡q bv †_‡K g‡bi

mwZ¨Kvi inm¨ D˜NvU‡b AvMÖnx, hviv g‡bvweÁvb‡K

e¨envwiK Rxe‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡Z Pvb, Zviv g‡bvweÁv‡bi

ˆeÁvwbK avivi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡eb|

84

cwiwkó :

Bqys (Jung), GWjvi (Adler), d«g (Fromm), jvKuv (Lacan) cÖgyL

g‡bvmgx¶YMY †NvwlZ ev A‡NvwlZfv‡e d«‡qW †_‡K ¯^Zš¿

n‡q Zv‡`i ZË¡ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †h g‡bv‡ivM wPwKrmvi Rb¨

d«‡qWev‡`i Rb¥, †mLv‡b Zvi Ae¯’vb cÖvš—xq| wKš‘ b„ZË¡-

mgvRZË¡, wkí-ms¯‹…wZ-mgv‡jvPbv Gme fvev`k©MZ †¶‡Î

d«‡qWev` GL‡bv cÖfvekvjx| G K_vwU DcwiD³

g‡bvmgx¶K‡`i cÖm‡½ d«‡qW †_‡KI †ewk mZ¨| wb‡R‡`i

¯^vZš¿¨ m‡Ë¡I c×wZMZ I `vk©wbK wePv‡i DcwiD³

Ad«‡qWxqiv d«‡qWev‡`i evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡ib wb| Avgvi

cÖKvwkZe¨ ÔAd«‡qWxq d«‡qWev`xMYÕ cÖe‡Ü G‡`i m¤^‡Ü

Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|

Z_¨m~Î :

1. Textbook of Psychology, Andrew B Crider et el, Scott, Foresman and Company, USA, 1983.

2. Sigmund Freud, An exhibition of Goethe Institute, Munich, 1972.

3. Theories of Personality, Hall and Lindzey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1970.

4. Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 1989.

5. Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry, 10th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.

6. Psychology In The Soviet Union, A. Petrovsky, Progress Publishers, 1990.

7. Christopher Caudwell, A Study in Bourgeois Psychology: Freud, In ‘The Concept of Freedom’, Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1965

8. cvfjf cwiwPwZ, Wv: ax‡i› ªbv_ M‡½vcva¨vq, cvfjf

BÝwUwUDU, KjKvZv, 2000|

9. d«‡qW cÖm‡½, †`excÖmv` P‡Ævcva¨vq, Abyózc cÖKvkb,

KjKvZv, 1994|

10. mZ¨ ZvB hv iwP‡e Zzwg, evmy‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq, gvbegb 46Zg

el©, 1g msL¨v, 2007|

11. fvBMUw¯‹ cwiPq, evmy‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq, cvfjf BÝwUwUDU,

KjKvZv, 2012|

12. g‡bvwe`¨vi Awfavb, evmy‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq, cvfjf BÝwUwUDU,

KjKvZv, 2011|

weiÄb ivq : †ckvq g‡bv‡ivM wPwKrmK| Aa¨q‡bi welq cÖK…wZ I gvbyl Ges weÁv‡b,

`k©‡b, wk‡í Zvi cÖwZdjb| mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vj‡b hy³| cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : †PZbvi

weÁvb : mvgvwRK †PZbvi gb —Ë¡, (2010, b¨vkbvj cvewj‡Kkb), XvKv|

85

weÁv‡bi Av‡jvq Ô†nvwgIc¨vw_Õ

KvRx gvneye nvmvb

“If homeopathy works, then obviously the less you use it, the stronger it gets. So the best way to apply homeopathy is to not use it at all”--Phil Plait "The findings of currently available Cochrane reviews of studies of homeopathy do not show that homeopathic medicines have effects beyond placebo.”--Edjard Ernst

cÖvK&K_b

2009 mv‡ji 20 AvM÷ wewewm I‡qe mvB‡U cÖKvwkZ

wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi (WHO) GKwU mZK©evYx w`‡q †jLvwU ïi“

KiwQ| wek¦¯^v¯’ ms¯’v GK †NvlYvq Rvwb‡q‡Q : Ôh¶v,

GBPAvBwf, g¨v‡jwiqvi, Bbd¬z‡qÄv, wkï‡`i Wvqwiqv g‡Zv

†ivM¸wj †nvwgIc¨vw_i gva¨‡g †gv‡UI wbivgq nq bv| GBme

†ivM †_‡K †nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya¸‡jv †jvKRb‡K i¶v Ki‡Z

cv‡i bv, wPwKrmv w`‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸wj‡Z

†gwW‡Kj ¯v¯’¨‡mevi e`‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_i cÖmv‡ii Kvi‡Y

¯v ’¨ †¶‡Î RbRxe‡bi wbivcËv SuywK A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q|Õ

ms¯’vwUi h¶v wbivgq wefv‡Mi cwiPvjK W. gvwiI

ivwfMwjIwb (Dr. Mario Raviglione) e‡jb, ÔAvgv‡`i ms¯’vi

h¶v wPwKrmvi Avš—R©vwZK gvbm¤úbœ ¯^xK…Z †h

wPwKrmve¨e ’v i‡q‡Q Zv‡Z †nvwgIc¨vw_i †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †bB|Õ

wkïiv Wvqwiqvq Avµvš— n‡j we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡kB †nvwgI-

wPwKrmv MÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wek¦¯^v¯’ ms¯’vi wkï-

wK‡kvi‡`i ¯v¯’¨ I Dbœqb wefv‡Mi gyLcvÎ e‡jb,

†nvwgIc¨vw_i gva¨‡g wkï‡`i Wvqwiqv cÖwZ‡iva ev wbivg‡qi

†Kv‡bv cÖgvY †bB| Bsj¨v‡Ûi i‡qj wjfvicyj BDwbfvwm©wU

nvmcvZv‡ji msµvgK †ivM we‡klÁ W. wbK wewPs e‡j‡Qb,

Ôg¨v‡jwiqv, GBPAvBwf, h¶v BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv msµvgK †ivM

wbivg‡qi †¶‡Î †nvwgIc¨vw_i †_‡K †Kv‡bv ˆbe©¨w³K cÖgvY

cvIqv hvq wb| eis GBme †iv‡Mi †¶‡Î †nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya

e¨env‡i †ivMxi Rxeb AviI g„Zz¨-SuywKi g‡a¨ †V‡j †`q|Õ

(`ªóe¨ : http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8211925.stm)|

wPwKrmv‡mev wb‡q hviv GKUz †LuvR Lei iv‡Lb, Zviv

mevB Rv‡bb we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k †nvwgIc¨vw_i

weÁvcb¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZwbqZ `vwe Kiv nq K¨vÝvi, g¨v‡jwiqv,

h¶v, GBPAvBwf, Wvqwiqv BZ¨vw` g‡Zv †ivM¸wj Abvqv‡m

mviv‡bv hvq †nvwgIc¨vw_i gva¨‡g| ïay ZvB bv wewfbœ ai‡bi

RwUj I cyivZb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvI bvwK Kiv hvq

†nvwgIc¨vw_ w`‡q| wek¦¯^v¯’ ms¯’vi g‡Zv GKwU e„nr Avš—

R©vwZK wPwKrmv †mev ms¯’v †nvwgIc¨vw_i Kvh©KvwiZv‡K

86

AZ¨š— hyw³m½Z Kvi‡Y ÔcÖgvYnxYÕ Ges ÔA‰eÁvwbKÕ wnmv‡e

wPwýZ K‡i evwZj K‡i w`‡q‡Q g~javivi wPwKrmv‡mev

wnmv‡e Gi bvbv A‡hŠw³K `vwe¸‡jv‡K| wKš‘ GiciI we‡k¦i

cÖPzi †jvK †R‡b wKsev bv-†R‡b cÖwZw`bB †nvwgIc¨vw_i

Øvi¯’ nb G‡`i Z_vKw_Z wPwKrmv‡mev MÖn‡Yi Rb¨| G‡Z

†ivM wbivgq †Zv `~‡ii K_v, A‡_©i †hgb AcPq n‡”Q

ïayïay, †Zgwb †ivMxi RxebI µ‡g SuywKi g‡a¨ c‡o hv‡”Q|

†nvwgIc¨vw_ wb‡q weÁvbwfwËK Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨

AvR‡Ki GB cÖe‡Üi m~ÎcvZ| A‡b‡K †nvwgIc¨vw_‡K

Ô¸iZ¡c~Y©Õ †ivMDckgKvix Ilya-e¨e ’v g‡b Ki‡jI Av`‡Z

Gi †Kv‡bv ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †bB| eis GwU Avm‡j QÙweÁvb ev

my‡Wvmv‡q‡Ýi Aš—f©y³ GKwU c×wZ, hv `xN©w`b a‡i mn‡R

wek¦vmx gvbyl‡K †evKv evwb‡q Avm‡Q| †nvwgIc¨vw_i

g~jbxwZ, GB msµvš— bvbv M‡elYv¸‡jvi djvdj I

†nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmv-c×wZ ev c¨vUv‡b©i Dci Av‡jvPbv

we —„Z n‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_i ÔQÙweÁvbxq PwiÎÕ cwi®‹vifv‡e

dz‡U DV‡e|

BWRvW© Avb©÷ (Edzard Ernst)-Gi

†ek wKQy M‡elYv-wbe‡Üi Dci wfwË

K‡i Avgvi GB cÖeÜwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q,

†m Kvi‡Y Avb©‡÷i cwiPq m¤‡Ü

AwMÖg wKQy e‡j ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †eva

KiwQ| Rvg©vb es‡kv™¢~Z BWRvW© Avb©÷ †nvwgIc¨vw_mn bvbv

weKí wPwKrmv-c×wZ‡Z cÖwk¶Y MÖnY K‡i Zvi †ckvMZ

Rxeb ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb wgDwb‡Li GKwU †nvwgIc¨vw_

nvmcvZv‡j| c‡i 1999 mv‡j wZwb weªwUk bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY

K‡ib Ges G‡·Uvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kw¤ú­‡g›Uvwi

†gwWwm‡bÕi Aa¨vcbvi `vwqZ¡ wb‡qwQ‡jb (D��L¨ G wel‡q

†Kv‡bv wek¦we`¨vj‡q GUvB wQj cÖ_g †Kvb Aa¨vc‡Ki c`)|

Avš—R©vwZKfv‡e mgv`„Z `yBwU wPwKrmvwelqK M‡elYv

Rvb©v‡ji m¤úv`bvi mv‡_ RwoZ wQ‡jb wZwb| GQvov `xN©w`b

a‡i M‡elYv I †jLv‡jwLi gva¨‡g Aëvi‡bwUf I

Kw¤ú­‡g›Uvwi †gwWwm‡bi bvbv `vwe ˆeÁvwbK cÖgvY wbf©i

wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi Av‡jv‡K e¨e‡”Q` K‡i Avm‡Qb| Zvi

mgv‡jvPbvc~Y© bvbv M‡elYv wbeÜ cÖKv‡ki ci †_‡KB weKí

wPwKrmvi mg_©Kiv (we‡kl K‡i †nvwgIc¨v_ Nibvi

†jv‡Kiv) Zv‡K ÔweKí wPwKrmvi Rb¨ AwfkvcÕ wnmv‡e

wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|

2005 mv‡j A_©bxwZwe` wµ÷dvi ¯§jDW weªwUk

ivRcwiev‡ii m`m¨ wcÖÝ Pvj©m-Gi e¨w³MZ c„ô‡cvlKZvq

cÖKvwkZ GKwU wi‡cv‡U© (Ô¯§jDW wi‡cvU©Õ bv‡g hv cwiwPZ)

weªwUk b¨vkbvj †nj&_ mvwf©‡m †nvwgIc¨vw_mn bvbv weKí

wPwKrmv‡K hy³ Kiv‡K Ôe¨emvkªqxÕ wnmv‡e gZvgZ †`b| GB

wi‡cvU© ˆZwii Kv‡Ri ïi“‡Z Avb©÷ mn‡hvMx wnmv‡e

87

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wi‡cvU©wU covi ci| wZwb `vwe K‡ib ¯§jDW †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK

cÖgvY ev M‡elYv wbeÜ ch©v‡jvPbv QvovB we‡kl wKQz weKí

wPwKrmv‡K mg_©b K‡i †M‡Qb| Zvi GB Ae ’v‡bi K_v Zvi

¯^fvemyjf ¯úóevw`Zvq cwÎKv‡Z wPwV wj‡L Rvwb‡q †`b|

wKš‘ wPwVwU cÖKvwkZ n‡j Avb©÷‡K †ek mgm¨vq co‡Z nq|

cÖfvekvjx‡`i Pv‡c G‡·Uvi wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Zv‡K

GKiKg eva¨ Kiv nq c`Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨| Zvi M‡elYvi mg —

Aby`vbI cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bqv nq| Ae‡k‡l 2008 mv‡j wZwb

wmgb wms‡K wb‡q †hŠ_fv‡e †j‡Lb †ek Av‡jvob m„wóKvix

GKwU M‡elYv MÖš’ ÔTrick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on

TrialÕ| GB eB‡q †jL‡Kiv weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖwZ eQi 500

wgwjqb cvDÛ ÔAcÖgvwYZ wPwKrmv c×wZÕ‡Z Ace¨q Kivi

welqwU wb‡q †Rviv‡jv cÖkœ Zz‡jb| eBwU Avevi gRv K‡i

DrmM© Kiv n‡q‡Q wcÖÝ Pvj©m‡K, weªwUk ivR cwiev‡ii g‡a¨

†nvwgI-wPwKrmvi cÖwZ whwb we‡klfv‡e Abyi³|

†nvwgIc¨vw_mn wewfbœ weKí wPwKrmvi Z_vKw_Z Aev¯—e

weåvwš—Ki cÖZviYvg~jK `vwe¸‡jvi cÖwZ Avb©÷ I wmg‡bi

wb‡g©vn AbymÜvb I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c×wZMZ ch©v‡jvPbv¸‡jv

wbtm‡›`‡n †nvwgIc¨vw_i Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q m‡›`nev`x‡`i

Rvbvi †¶ÎwU cÖmvwiZ K‡i‡Q A‡bKUzKz| Avb©‡÷i eB †_‡K

GKwU D×…wZ w`‡q †kl KiwQ GB AskwU :

ÒIf homeopathy is correct, much of physics, chemistry, and

pharmacology must be incorrect.... To have an open mind about homeopathy or similarly implausible forms of alternative medicine (eg, Bach flower remedies, spiritual healing, crystal therapy) is therefore not an option. We think that a belief in

homeopathy exceeds the tolerance of an open mind.Ó

hw` †nvwgIc¨vw_ mwVK nq, Z‡e c`v_©we`¨v,imvqb Ges

Ilya weÁvb Gi cÖgvwYZ A‡bK wKQz Zvn‡j mwVK bq;

†nvwgIc¨vw_ wKsev GKB ai‡bi Am¤¢e ai‡bi wKQz weKí-

wPwKrmv (†hgb, evL d¬vIqvi †i‡gwW, w¯úwiPz¨qvj wnwjs,

wµ÷vj †_ivwc) m¤^‡Ü †Lvjv gb ivLv †m Kvi‡Y m¤¢e bq|

Avgiv g‡b Kwi †nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z wek¦vm GKwU †Lvjv g‡bi

mnb‡hvM¨ mxgv‡KI AwZµg K‡i|

f~wgKv

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ev fvi‡Zi mbvZb wPwKrmv-c×wZ¸‡jv †_‡K †nvwgIc¨vw_

wKš‘ Zzjbvg~jK mv¤cÖwZK mg‡qi GKwU Avwe®‹vi| cÖvq 200

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(FDA) †nvwgIc¨vw_ Ôwbivgq `ªe¨¸wjÕ‡K cÖkªq w`‡q Avm‡Q

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wbe©vwPZ Ily‡ai weeiY Av‡Q| wVK †Kvb AmyL ev Dcm‡M©i

Rb¨ †Kvb IlyawU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e †mUv †mLv‡b wKš‘ †jLv

†bB| GUv wbf©i K‡i †nvwgI-wPwKrmK ev Ilya cÖ¯‘ZKvi‡Ki

Dci| myZivs †nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya bv‡gi ewo, ¸ov ev Zij

94

c`v_©¸‡jv‡K ÔIlyaÕ e‡j `vwe Kiv n‡jI Av`‡Z G‡`i ÔIlyaÕ

e‡j ¯xK…wZ †`evi †Kvb AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv †bB|

wgqvRgv :

1828 mv‡j n¨vwbg¨vb ÔwgqvRgÕ (Miasm ev Miasma) aviYvwU

cÖ —ve K‡ib A‡bK cwiwPZ †iv‡Mi g~j KviY wnmv‡e| GB

k‡ãi DrcwË wMÖK fvlv †_‡K, hvi A_© `~lY ev `~wlZ Kiv|

†nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z wgqvRgv n‡”Q Avgv‡`i g~j cÖvY kw³ ev Vital

force-Gi Amy ’Zvi KviY| n¨vwbg¨vb wbw ©ó Amy‡Li mv‡_

wgqvR‡gi KviY hy³ K‡ib, Ges GKB wgqvRg‡K wPwýZ

K‡ib bvbv †iv‡Mi KviY wnmv‡e| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi g‡Z cÖvq mKj

`xN©‡gqv`x Amy‡Li KviY n‡”Q wgqvRgv| Zvi g‡Z cÖ_g hLb

wgqvRgvi gy‡LvgywL nq Avgv‡`i kixi GwU ’vbxq DcmM©

†hgb Pg©‡ivM, †hŠb‡ivM m…wó K‡i| GB DcmM© ‡jv hw`

Ilya w`‡q wPwKrmv Kiv nq †P‡c ivLvi Rb¨, †hgbUv cÖPwjZ

wPwKrmvq Kiv nq, Z‡e Zv e¨_© n‡e| KviY GwU wU‡K _vK‡e

kix‡ii Mfx‡i, `xN©‡gqv`x Amy ’Zv wnmv‡e| †mB Mfxi

AmyLUv‡K Av‡M wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e, Avgv‡`i fvBUvj

†dvm©‡K Zvi Av‡Mi Ae ’vq wdwi‡q Avb‡Z n‡e|

cÖv_wgKfv‡e n¨vwbg¨vb wZbwU wgqvRgvi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb|

hvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖavb n‡jv ÔPsoraÕ ev †mviv (wMÖK kã, hvi

A_© PzjKvwb)| G‡K A‡bK †iv‡Mi KviY e‡j n¨vwbg¨vb

wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| †hgb g„Mx‡ivM, K¨vÝvi, RwÛm BZ¨vw`|

n¨vwbg¨v‡bi DËim~wiiv cieZ©x‡Z Av‡iv wewfbœ ai‡bi

ÔwgqvRgvÕi cÖ¯—ve K‡i‡Qb, Ggb Kx hLb †ivM m„wói KviY

m¤‡Ü mgmvgwqK wPwKrmvweÁvb †ek wKQyUv AMÖmi n‡qwQj

ZLbI| n¨vwbg¨vb cÖewZ©Z wPwKrmv-c×wZ AvcvZ`„wó‡Z

Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Kv‡Q ÔAvaywbKÕ g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb †ivMx

Abyhvqx bvwK †iv‡Mi Rb¨ mwVK IlyawU Lyu‡R †ei K‡i

wPwKrmv †`qv nq †nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z| wKš‘ ïf¼‡ii duvwK n‡”Q,

n¨vwbg¨vb cÖewZ©Z †nvwgI wPwKrmv-c×wZ n‡”Q DcmM©¸‡jvi

(†ivM-j¶Y) ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx wPwKrmv Kivi GKwU †Póv,

wKš‘ †h g~j Amy‡Li Kvi‡Y DcmM©¸‡jv m„wó (gv‡b †ivM-

j¶Y ˆZwi n‡”Q kix‡i) n‡”Q †m Abyhvqx wPwKrmv †`qv nq

bv| GB welqwU AvR‡Ki AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK wPwKrmv-c×wZi

mv‡_ †nvwgIc¨vw_i GKUv eo cv_©K¨| GKUv D`vniY †`qv

†h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb †Kv‡bv ai‡bi fvBivm ev RxevYyi Avµg‡Y

Avgv‡`i †`‡n wewfbœ ai‡bi †ivM-j¶Y †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| R¡i

nIqv, †cU e¨v_v, ewg ewg fve, wKsev kix‡i A¨vjvwR©mn

hš¿Yv, BZ¨vw`| GLb GBme †ivM-j¶Y‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v

we‡ePbv K‡i †ivM wbivg‡qi †Póv Pvjv‡j mwVK dj cvIqv

hv‡e bv| hw`-bv †ivMx‡K fv‡jvfv‡e Wvqv‡Mvbwmm K‡i IB

¶wZKviK RxevYy wPwýZ K‡i Zvi cÖwZ‡laK kix‡i †`qv nq|

95

Avm‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z AvaywbK wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi AZ¨š—

¸i“Z¡c~Y© ÔRxevYy-ZË¡Õ (Rvg© w_Iwi) e‡j wKQy †bB|

¶z`ªZg gvÎv I A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªv msL¨v :

cÖ_g w`‡K n¨vwbg¨vb cÖ“wfs Kivi mgq cÖPwjZ Ily‡ai

AígvÎvi †WvR †meb Ki‡jI cieZ©x‡Z †mBme c`v_©

AwZgvÎvq ZijxKiY K‡i jNy Nb‡Z¡i ev nvjKv `ªeY ˆZwi

Kiv ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi GB wm×v‡š—i ¯^c‡¶ wZwb `vwe

K‡ib, ÔhZ †ewk nvjKv Nb‡Z¡i Zij n‡e ev `ªe‡Y ªexf~Z

†mB `ªewUi (†nvwgIc¨v_‡`i Ilya) cwigvY hZ Kg n‡e G‡Z

bvwK Ily‡ai Kvh©Kix cÖfve ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx n‡e|Õ GwU

n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Av‡iKwU cÖ¯—vebv, hv †nvwgIc¨vw_i ¸iZ¡c~Y©

Av‡iKwU g~jbxwZ| cÖ —vebvwU ÔLaw of infintsimalÕ wnmv‡e

cwiwPZ| ejv wb®cÖ‡qvRb, †nvwgIc¨vw_i we¯§qKi GB m~ÎwU

ev n¨vwbg¨v‡bi GB cÖ —vebvwU G hverKv‡j my¯úófv‡e

cÖgvwYZ AvaywbK weÁvb wKsev dvg©v‡KvjwRÕi cÖwZwôZ

Ô†WvR †imcÝÕ (Ily‡ai gvÎv I Gi cÖfve) m¤ú‡K©i

G‡Kev‡iB wecixZ| Ges m½Z Kvi‡YB GB A‰eÁvwbK

bxwZwU †nvwgIc¨vw_i me‡P‡q weZwK©Z welq hv GLbI

†nvwgIc¨v_iv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb|

†nvwgIc¨vw_i ÔLaw of infintsimalÕ m~Îvbyhvqx ÔcÖ —vweZ

†nvwgI-Ilya wnmv‡e wPwýZ †Kvb mwµq Dcv`vb `ªe‡Yi

mv‡_ hy³ Kivi ci ªeYwU‡K avivevwnKfv‡e hZB jNyKiY

ev nvjKv Kiv †nvK bv †Kb (mvaviYZ 1t10 ev 1t100 ªve¨

I `ª‡ei AbycvZ Kiv nq avivevwnKfv‡e), ªexf~Z Dcv`vbwU

Zvi Kg©¶gZv nviv‡e bv|Õ GB A™¢yZ `vwei ¯c‡¶ n¨vwbg¨vb

Aek¨ †Kv‡bv cÖgvY †`evi cÖ‡qvRb †eva K‡ib wb| Zvi

wb‡Ri Ôwek¦vmÕB G‡¶‡Î h‡_ó g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| my¯úófv‡e

hw`I n¨vwbg¨vb cÖ_g GB KvRwU ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb cÖ“wfs

cÖwµqvi mgq wewfbœ e¯‘i welv³Zv ev ¶wZKi cÖwZwµqv n«vm

Kivi Rb¨ Z‡e c‡i wZwb Gi ¯c‡¶ `vwe K‡ib GUv Avm‡j

GKai‡bi †cv‡UbvB‡Rkb (Potenization) cÖwµqv hv

Dcv`vbwUi g~j mËv ev w¯úwiU ev cÖvYkw³‡K †ei K‡i Av‡b

`ªe‡Yi g‡a¨| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi GB aviYv Pig A‰eÁvwbK

cÖgvwYZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zvi AbyivMx-Abymvixiv weÁv‡bi me

ai‡bi g~jbxwZ‡K D‡c¶v K‡i GL‡bv cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ †Póv

K‡i hv‡”Qb| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Rxe‡bi †k‡li w`‡K gwjKzjvi

WvBjykb ev AvYweK jNyKi‡Yi mxgv wb‡ ©kKvix

A¨v‡fvMv‡W«vi msL¨v Avwe®‹vi nq| wKš‘ ZZw`‡b c…w_exe¨vcx

†nvwgIc¨v_iv `vwe K‡i G‡m‡Qb ÔA¨v‡fvMv‡W«vi msL¨v

A‡c¶vI Kg ZijxKi‡Y m„ó †nvwgI-Ilya bvwK Kg©¶gZv

nvivq bv|Õ GB GKwU Aev¯—e `vwei d‡jB †nvwgIc¨vw_ I

96

Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q †h †Kv‡bv weÁvbgb¯‹-hyw³ev`x gvby‡li

g‡b gvivZ¥K m‡›`n-msk‡qi Rb¥ wb‡Z cv‡i|

†nvwgIc¨vw_‡K AjxK-weåvwš—Ki wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨vLvb Kivi

Rb¨ GB GKwU e³e¨B h‡_ó|

†nvwgIc¨vw_i †i‡gwW¸‡jv mvaviYZ ˆZwi Kiv nq

LwbR-†flR ev Ab¨vb¨ ˆRe-A‰Re Dcv`vb w`‡q| hw` cÖ —

vweZ g~j Dcv`vbwU `ªve¨ nq Z‡e Zvi GK (1) Ask, (9)

Ask ev wbivbeŸB (99) Ask wWw÷ì ev cvwZZ cvwb wKsev

A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ †gkv‡bv nq Ges †ek †Rv‡i †Rv‡i

SuvKv‡bv nq| hv‡K ejv nq Succussion Kiv| Avi hw` `ªve¨ bv

nq Z‡e †mwU mgcwigvY cvDWvi ev ¸ov j¨vK‡Uv‡Ri

(Lactose n‡”Q `y‡ai kK©iv) mv‡_ †gkv‡bv nq| Gici GB

`ªeY/wgkÖYwU‡K avivevwnKfv‡e Av‡iv jNyKiY ev nvjKv Kiv

nq hZ¶Y bv chš— GwU †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i Z_vKw_Z Kvw•¶Z

Nb‡Z¡ bv †cuŠQvq| 1 †_‡K 10 gvÎvi jNyKiY‡K

mvs‡KwZKfv‡e †ivgvb nid X w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb 1x

= 1/10, 3x = 1/1000, 6x = 1/1000000| Avevi 1 †_‡K

100 ZijxKiY‡K mvs‡KwZKfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq C w`‡q|

†hgb 1C = 1/100, 2C= 1/10,000, 3C= 1/1000000|

†nvwgIc¨vw_i †ewki fvM †i‡gwW ev wPwKrmv mvaviYZ 6X

†_‡K 30X-Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K| Z‡e †nvwgIc¨v_iv Ô`vweÕ K‡ib

30C ev Zvi †_‡KI †ewk jNyK…Z Ilya-I bvwK evRv‡i cvIqv

hvq!

†nvwgIc¨v‡_i fvl¨vbymv‡i 30X Gi A_© n‡”Q †h g~j

Dcv`vbwU‡K Ggb gvÎv jNyKiY ev nvjKv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h

†mwU 1030 gvÎvq i‡q‡Q| hw` aiv hvq GK Nb †mw›UwgUv‡i

15 †duvUv cvwb _v‡K Z‡e Ggb GKwU wekvj msL¨vi cvwbi

†duvUvi Rb¨ RvqMv jvM‡e c…w_exi †P‡q AvKv‡i 50 ¸Y eo

GKwU cvÎ| Gevi wPš—v Ki“b GK †duvUv jvj iO Ggb †Kv‡bv

eo †Kv‡bv cvwbi cv‡Î †djv n‡jv GB Avkvq †h GwU

mgvbfv‡e wgwkªZ n‡e cy‡iv `ªe‡Y| †nvwgIc¨vw_i ÔLaw of

infintsimalÕ `vwe Ki‡Q hv Zv n‡jv A‡bKUv GiKg : GB cvÎ

†_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GK †duvUv cvwb msMÖn Kiv †nvK bv †Kb,

†mB †duvUvwU IB jvj iO Gi g~j mËv ev G‡mÝ aviY K‡i

ivL‡e| Av‡gwiKvi wdwRK¨vj †mvmvBwUi cÖL¨vZ

c`v_©weÁvbx wiPvW© Gj cvK© D��L K‡iwQ‡jb †h‡nZz †Kv‡bv

`ªe‡Y me‡P‡q Kg cwigvYwU n‡”Q g~j mwµq Dcv`v‡bi

Kgc‡¶ Aš—Z GKwU AYyi Dcw ’wZ, A_©vr †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i

`vwe Kiv GKwU 30C `ªe‡Y Kgc‡¶ 1060 (1-Gi ci 60wU

k~b¨ em‡e) cvwbi AYy‡Z GK AYyy g~j Dcv`vbwU ªexf~Z

_vK‡Z n‡e, Zvn‡j GB `ªeY avi‡Yi Rb¨ c„w_exi †P‡q 30

wewjqb eo AvKv‡ii cvÎ cÖ‡qvRb| Av‡iKwU D`vniY †`qv

†h‡Z cv‡i Gfv‡e 1 wgwjwjUvi ªeY hv‡K 30C gvÎvq

97

jNyK…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv MvwYwZKfv‡e 1054 NbwgUvi cvwb‡Z

1 wgwjwjUvi ªei GKwU `ªeY, hvi AvqZb n‡e 1018 wgUvi

cÖwZ cv‡k, hv cÖvq 106 Av‡jvKe‡l©i mgvb, hLb †MvjvKvi

nq, Zvn‡j GwUi e¨m n‡e 131.1 Av‡jvKel©; Avi †m Kvi‡Y

†nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya¸‡jv mvaviY †cv‡UwÝ ev gvÎvq †Kvb

m‡›`n †bB cvwb ev A¨vj‡Kvnj, ev myMvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ Ilya

bq Ggb Dcv`vb Qvov Avi wKQzB _v‡K bv|

Occillococcinum n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Z_vKw_Z †nvwgI-Ilya

hv Bbd¬z‡qbRvÕi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡Z bvwK

i‡q‡Q 200C Dcv`vb| GB Ily‡ai Rb¨ †h ÔjNyKiYÕ Kiv nq

e‡j `vwe Kiv nq Zv Av‡iv we¯§qKi| IlyawUi Z_vKw_Z

mwµq Dcv`vbwU ˆZwi Kiv nq m`¨ RevB Kiv nuv‡mi KwjRv

I ürwcÊ hv 40 w`b ch©š— K…wÎg Zv‡c (BbwKD‡eU) †i‡L

†`qv nq| GLvb †_‡K †h ZijwU cvIqv hvq Zv‡K cwiï×

K‡i Avevi wngvqb Kiv nq| VvÊvq fv‡jv K‡i R‡g †M‡j

Gici cvwb‡Z †gkv‡bv nq Ges evievi ZijxK…Z K‡i wPwbi

mv‡_ †gkv‡bv nq| hw` nuv‡mi KwjRv I ürwc‡Êi GKwU

AYy‡K GB ZijxKiY cÖwµqvq wU‡K _vK‡Z nq Z‡e Gi

NbZ¡ n‡e cÖwZ 10400 (A_©vr 1-Gi ci 400 k~b¨) AYy‡Z

1wU| GB msL¨vwU (10400) hv mg¯— gnvwe‡k¦ †h cwigvY AYy

(cÖvq 1 ¸Mj A_©vr 1-Gi ci 100wU k~b¨) Av‡Q e‡j aviYv

Kiv nq, Zvi‡P‡qI A‡bK A‡bK †ewk, myZivs Am¤¢e

GKwU e¨vcvi| hy³iv‡ó«i wbDR A¨vÛ Iqvì© wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx

eQ‡i Occillococcinum Ilya ˆZwi Ki‡Z gvÎ 1wU nuvm RevB

Ki‡jB P‡j| 1996 mv‡j GB IlyawUi †gvU wewµi cwigvY

wQj cÖvq 20 wgwjqb Wjvi| cwÎKvwU †mB nZfvMv nuvmwUi

bvg w`‡qwQj Ô20 wgwjqb Wjvi WvKÕ|

imvq‡bi m~Î ej‡Q jNyKi‡Yi GKUv mxgv Av‡Q Gici

†mB ªe‡Y `ª‡ei Dcw ’wZ Avi _vK‡e bv| GB mxgv

A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªvi msL¨v e‡j cwiwPZ| hv †nvwgI ZijxKi‡Yi

12C ev 24X-Gi mgZzj¨| imvq‡b `¶ n¨vwbg¨vb wKš‘ wVKB

eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb Zvi AwZgvÎvi Gme jNyK…Z ÔIly‡aÕ

mwµq Dcv`v‡bi †Kvb Aw —Z¡ _vKv m¤¢e bv| Zey wZwb wek¦vm

Ki‡Zb Lye fv‡jv K‡i SuvKv‡bvi (Succussion) mgq (†i‡gwW

hw` Zij bv nq Z‡e Lye …pfv‡e G‡K ¸ov Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡K

e‡j Trituration) mwµq Dcv`vbwUi w¯úwiU ev G‡mÝ ev g~j

mËvwU ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wg‡k hv‡e| A_©vr †kl `ªe‡Y hw` †Kv‡bv

AYyI bv _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î Gi KvR Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv Amyweav n‡e

bv| ªveK Zij wVKB g‡b ivL‡e †mB Dcv`vbwU‡K, hv‡K

ejv nq †g‡gvwi Ae IqvUvi ev cvwbi ¯§„wZ| ZvB hw` n‡Zv

Zvn‡j `ªveK Zi‡ji (†hgb cvwb) ms¯ú‡k© Avmv me

Dcv`vb‡KB g‡b ivLvi K_v Ges wbðqB †mUv AcÖZ¨vwkZ

cÖfve †dj‡e mwµq †nvwgI Dcv`vbwUi Kv‡R| c`v_©weÁvbx

cv‡K©i g‡Z †KD hw` †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i 30X †Kvb wcj ev ewo

98

†_‡K GK AYy Z_vKw_Z mwµq Dcv`vb MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvb

Zvn‡j Zv‡K cÖvq 2 wewjqb wcj †L‡Z n‡e| hvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb

cÖvq nvRvi Ub bvbv Aweï× Dcv`vbmn j¨vK‡UvR|

†nvwgI-mg_©K‡`i A‡b‡K GB wPwKrmv¸‡jvi mv‡_

f¨vw·b ev UxKvi Zyjbv K‡ib wKš‘ ZyjbvwU †gv‡UI wVK bv|

KviY f¨vw·‡b mwµq Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY A‡bK †ewk Ges

†mLv‡b Kx cwigvY mwµq Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q Zv cwigvc‡hvM¨|

GQvov †h cÖwZ‡laK i‡³ A¨vw›UewW m„wó K‡i Zvi NbZ¡

cwigvc Kiv hvq| wKš‘ AwZgvÎvi jNyK…Z †Kv‡bv †nvwgI-

Ilya¸‡jv †Kvb ai‡bi cwigvc‡hvM¨ cÖwZwµqv ˆZwi K‡i bv|

nwjRg Ges DcmM© ‡jvi †gvU ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wba©vwiZ

wPwKrmv :

†nvwgIc¨vw_i Av‡iKwU g~jbxwZ n‡jv †nvwgI-Ilya bvwK

me‡P‡q †ewk KvR K‡i hLb †Kv‡bv †ivMxi DcmM©¸‡jvi

mvwe©K ev †gvU ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx (†iv‡Mi ˆewkó¨m~PK

DcmM©vbyhvqx bv) Zv‡`i wPwKrmv Kiv nq| †hgb †Kv‡bv

†ivMx hvi cÖavb DcmM© n‡”Q †PvL w`‡q cvwb cov, †PvL jvj

n‡q R¡vjv‡cvov Kiv, bvK w`‡q cwi®‹vi cvwbi gZ wbtmiY,

G‡¶‡Î †ivMx‡K wPwKrmv †`qv nq †cuqv‡Ri (Allium cepa)

wbh©vm †_‡K ˆZwi wbivgq w`‡q| Avevi hw` †Kv‡bv †ivMx,

Ggb DcmM© wb‡q Av‡m †hgb Nb nj‡` i‡Oi bv‡Ki mw`©

†`Lv w`‡q‡Q, hvi ¶yav-Z…òv K‡g †M‡Q Ges VvÊv cwi®‹vi

evZvm hvi Kvg¨, †mB †ivMxi wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e cvc©j

(Purple cone) †Kv‡bv dy‡ji wbh©vm w`‡q (Pulsatilla)| `yRb †ivMxi

†ivM wKš‘ GKB, ïay wfbœ Dcm‡M©i Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i wPwKrmv

Kiv nq wfbœ wfbœ †nvwgIc¨vw_K wPwKrmv cÖwµqvq| welqwU

†nvwgIc¨vw_ msµvš— †h †Kv‡bv wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqv‡j mgm¨v

ˆZwi K‡i| KviY cÖPwjZ wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqv‡ji gZ

mywbw ©ófv‡e wbe©vwPZ ˆewkó¨ mvaviY †nvwgI Uªvqvj¸‡jvq

_v‡K bv| Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡Zv K‡i U«vqv‡j AskMÖnYKvix

†ivMx‡`i evQvB Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv wbw ©ó gvbwbqš¿Y cÖwµqv

eRvq bv †i‡LB MZ yB kZvãx a‡i AmsL¨ g¨vwPs (DcmM©,

AmyL I †nvwgI-Ilya) cÖwµqvi D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb

†nvwgIc¨v_iv|

AwZ gvÎvq jNyK…Z hyw³ :

†nvwgIc¨vw_ Ilya‡K ÔKvh©KiÕ `vwe Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i KvR

Kivi GKwU ˆeÁvwbKfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ cÖwµqv _vK‡Z n‡e|

wKš‘ GL‡bv ch©š— †nvwgIc¨vw_ Ilya¸‡jv wKfv‡e KvR K‡i

†mB welqwU Rvbv hvq wb| hw` Avgiv †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i `vwe

Abyhvqx †g‡b †bB Zv‡`i GB Ilya¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Q Zvn‡j

Zviv Aek¨B c`v_©we`¨v, imvqb, Ges dvg©v‡KvjwRi mKj

cÖwZwôZ ˆeÁvwbK m~·K e„×v½ywj †`wL‡q KvR Ki‡Q ev

99

Zv‡`i KvR Kivi Dcvq Ggb †Kv‡bv wKQy hv GLbI Kv‡iv

c‡¶ Avwe®‹vi Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| †nvwgIc¨vw_i GKRb

mgv‡jvP‡Ki fvlvqÑÔhw` n¨vwbg¨vb wVK nb Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i

weÁvb Ges we��lY c×wZ me fyj, Avi hw` wZwb fyj nb

Zvn‡j Zvi gZev` A_©nxb|Õ

†Kvb mwµq Dcv`vb‡K avivevwnKfv‡e jNyKiY Kiv n‡j

Lye `ª“Z GwU AZ¨waK ZijxK…Z `ªe‡Y Zv cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i|

Avevi ZijxKiY Zvi †kl mxgvq hLb †cuŠ‡Q hvq ZLb

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nq| GB Mv‡Qi evKj †_‡K A¨vmwcwi‡bi mwµq Dc`vbwU

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n‡jv Cox-2 inhibitors| GB hvÎvq Ae`vb AmsL¨ M‡elK-

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111

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i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b Gi †P‡q hyw³m½Z e¨vL¨v Avi †bB| hw`

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112

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wKsev A¶g GwU‡K Kvh©Kix cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq

mwVK c×wZMZ Uªvqvj I M‡elYv Kivi †¶‡Î?

Z_¨m~Î Edzard Ernst (wikipedia) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edzard_Ernst (weKí wPwKrmv

wb‡q Av‡b©‡÷i GKwU mvBU : http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/edzardernst) Syed Masud Ahmed, Md Awlad Hossain, Ahmed Mushtaque Raja Chowdhury, Abbas

Uddin Bhuiya. The health workforce crisis in Bangladesh: shortage, inappropriate skill-mix and inequitable distribution., Human Resources for Health 2011, 9:3 (http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/9/1/)

Syed Masud Ahmed, Department of Public Health Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Explorong the health seeking behaviour of disadvantaged populations in Rural Bangladesh,

Wayne B. Jonas, Ted J. Kaptchuk, and Klaus Linde, A Critical Overview of Homeopathy. Ann Intern Med. 4 March 2003;138(5):393-399

Barrett S. Homeopathy: Much Ado about little or nothing. Nutrition forum (1997);15.3 (May-June 1998):p17

Edzard Ernst, Ted J. Kaptchuk, Homeopathy Revisited. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(19):2162-2164.

Barrett S. Homeopathy: the ultimate fake, Quackwatch, Quackwatch, retrieved 2007-07-25 David W. Ramey, Mahlon Wagner, Robert H. Imrie, Victor Stenger. Homeopathy and

Science: A closer look. (To be published in The Technology Journal of the Franklin Institute) http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vst enger/Medicine/Homeop.html)

Irvine Loudon. A Brief History of Homeopathy. J R Soc Med. 2006 December; 99(12): 607–610.

Maddox J, Randi J, Stewart WW. “High-dilution” experiments a delusion. Nature. 1988; 334; 287-91

Ernst E. Homeopathy: what does the "best" evidence tell us? Med J Aust. 2010 Apr 19;192(8):458-60.

Ernst E. Homeopathy, past present future. Br J Clin Pharmacol.1997; 44: 435–437. Linde, K., et al. Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of

placebo-controled trials. The Lancet 1997; 350: 834-843 Ernst E, Pittler MH. Re-analysis of previous meta-analysis of clinical trials of

homeopathy. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53: 1188 (letter). E. Ernst.A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy; Br J Clin Pharmacol

54, 577–582 Barnes J, Resch KL, Ernst E. Homeopathy for postoperative ileus? A meta-analysis. J Clin

Gastroenterol. 1997; 256; 28-33 Barnes J, Resch KL, Ernst E. Homeopathy for Postoperative Ileus. J Clin Gastroenterol

1997; 25: 628–633. Vickers AJ, Smith C. Homeopathic oscillococcinum for preventing and treating influenza

and influenza–like syndromes. Cochrane Library 2001; 1: 1–10. Baum M, Ernst E (November 2009). Should we maintain an open mind about homeopathy.

Am. J. Med. 122 (11): 973–4. Homeopathy (Homeowatch) (http://www.homeowatch.org/index.html) Homeopathy (Wikiperdia) (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy) Homeopathy (Rational Wiki) (rationalwiki.org/wiki/Homeopathy)

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Dcv`v‡bi µg¸‡jvi g‡a¨ msiw¶Z _v‡K| wVK †hfv‡e

Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv †_‡K GKvwaK e‡Y©i wbw`©ó µg mvwR‡q

GKwU mywbw`©ó ÔA_©‡evaK kãÕ cvIqv hvq| †Kv‡li g‡a¨Kvi

†h hš¿¸‡jv ivmvqwbK wewµqv (wecvKwµqv) NUvq Zv‡`i

g‡a¨ ÔGbRvBgÕ (evsjvq hv‡K e‡j ÔDr‡mPKÕ) i‡q‡Q|

GbRvBg¸‡jv g~jZ GK ai‡bi †cÖvwUb| Giv cÖvq wbLyuZfv‡e

ivmvqwbK wewµqv NUv‡Z cv‡i| Ges mwZ¨ ej‡Z gbyl¨-m„ó

†h †Kvb h‡š¿i †P‡qI `ª“Z MwZ‡Z wewµqv NwU‡q †dj‡Z

cv‡i| Avevi †cÖvwUb n‡”Q wekwU wewfbœ iK‡gi Dcv`v‡bi

j¤^v Zš‘ w`‡q ˆZwi hv‡`i‡K ÔA¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmWÕ ejv nq|

GKwU Rxe‡Kv‡l A‡bK ai‡bi Dcv`vb Av‡Q †hgb

i‡q‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi nvRv‡iv GbRvBg| G¸‡jv AZ¨š—

Ô`¶ZvÕ I Ôˆbcy‡Y¨iÕ mv‡_ AmsL¨ ivmvqwbK wewµqv

cwiPvjbv K‡i| GB GbRvBg¸‡jvi A‡b‡K Avevi

ivmvqwbK wewµqvi avc¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e wba©viY K‡i †`q|

†Kv‡li Af¨š—ixY GB ivmvqwbK Kvh©µg‡K wP‡Îi mv‡_

Zz‡j ai‡Z PvB‡j Zv AZ¨š— RwUj Ges e„nr Rv‡ji g‡ZvB

†`Lvq| †hgb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi mvwe©K †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi

GKwU mvgwMÖK wP·K †hfv‡e †`Lv hv‡e| Av‡gwiKv‡Z i‡q‡Q

Avš—tcÖ‡`kxq Ges cÖv‡`wkK moK-gnvmoK, me ai‡bi

Avbylvw½K moK, weKí moK, WªvBfI‡q I ms‡hvM moK|

G‡`i mv‡_ AviI †hvM n‡e †Z‡ji Lwb, †Zj †kvabvMvi I

M¨vm-†÷kb, †gvUiMvwo, UªvK, †gvUimvB‡Kj I Ab¨vb¨

hvbevnb Ges KviLvbv¸‡jv †hLv‡b G¸‡jv ˆZwi Kiv nq|

AviI i‡q‡Q b`x, Rjc_, mgy`ªe›`i Ges me ai‡bi †bŠKv

I wegvbe›`i, AvKvkc_, E‡ovRvnvR Ges G‡`i wbg©vYKvix

115

KviLvbv| Av‡gwiKvi AZ¨š— RwUj GB †hvMv‡hvMe¨e¯’v

wbtm‡›`‡n †Kv‡li Af¨š—ixY ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb I

cÖwµqv¸‡jvi we¯—xY© RvwjKv †_‡K †ewk RwUj bq|

GLb gvwK©b

hy³iv‡óªi

†hvMv‡hvMe¨e¯’vi m~ÎcvZ

wKfv‡e NU‡jv, GB

cÖkœwUi DËi wPš—v Ki“b|

m¤¢eZ Avgiv cÖ_‡g wPš—v

Ki‡ev MÖv‡gi mvaviY

†g‡Vvc‡_i K_v, †h¸‡jv

cieZ©x‡Z cï I gvjevnx

Mvwo PjvP‡j Dc‡hvMx

KuvPvcvKv iv —vq cwiYZ

n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ AvR‡Ki hy‡M GUv nq‡Zv wbw`©ó K‡i ejv KwVb

n‡e me©cÖ_g †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv †Kv_vq ˆZwi n‡qwQj, †Kvb †Kvb

MÖvg ev kni¸‡jv‡K G¸‡jv mshy³ K‡iwQj Ges G‡`i

Ab¨vb¨ ˆewk󨸇jv wK wQj? Avgiv GUv Rvwb DËi

Av‡gwiKvi cÖ_gw`‡Ki †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv ˆZwi n‡qwQj K‡qK

nvRvi eQi c~‡e©| Aciw`‡K c„w_ex‡Z Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ

N‡UwQj nvRvi wgwjqb eQi c~‡e©| myZivs wKfv‡e Rxe‡bi

m~ÎcvZ N‡UwQj Zv wba©viY Kiv Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk KwVb

KvR|

Rxe‡bi D™¢e wKfv‡e n‡jv Zv eyS‡Z †M‡j Avgv‡`i‡K

cÖ_‡g mij cÖv‡Yi MVbKvix Avw`g Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K kbv³

Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡M †hgbUv ejv n‡q‡Q G‡¶‡Î Avgv‡`i ÔwWg

Av‡M bv gyiwM Av‡MÕ bvgK mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq|

Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb wWGbG-AviGbGÕi g‡Zv Z_¨enbKvix

AYy, †h¸‡jv †Kvb GbRvBg‡K ms��l Ki‡Z n‡e Ges

wKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e †m ÔZ_¨Õ gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K f~wgó‡Kv‡l

enb K‡i wb‡q hvq| wKš‘ GB wWGbG ev AviGbG

AYy ‡jv‡K ms��l‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb| hvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb

wecvKwµqv Ges Rxeš— ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv|

Kw¤cDUv‡ii Dcgvq Avevi wd‡i hvIqv hvK| ev¯—‡e

GKwU Kw¤cDUvi ˆZwii wb‡`©kbv mdUIq¨v‡ii g‡a¨

msiw¶Z _v‡K, wKš‘ GB mdUIq¨vi (a‡i wbjvg ÔeskMwZi

Dcv`vbÕ) Avevi Kw¤cDUvi (a‡i wbjvg ÔwecvKwµqv

cwiPvjbKvix hš¿Õ) Qvov cwiPvwjZ nIqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB

GKevi Kw¤cDUvi Aw —Z¡kxj n‡q †M‡j Avi †Kv‡bv mgm¨v

_v‡K bv| mgm¨vUv n‡jv cÖ_g Kw¤cDUviwU‡K wKfv‡e cvIqv

hv‡e|

1953 mv‡j wkKv‡Mv BDwbfvwm©wUi imvqb wefv‡Mi

mœvZKel©xq QvÎ ÷¨vbwj wgjvi GKwU evqywb‡ivaK Kvu‡Pi

cÖv‡Yi Drm wb‡q ÷¨vbwj wgjv‡ii

116

cv‡Î c„w_exi Rb¥j‡Mœi cieZ©x mgqKvi Abyiƒc GKwU

K…wÎg cwiw ’wZi AeZviYv K‡ib| wZwb G‡Z wKQz A‰Re

†hŠM †hgb, A¨v‡gvwbqv, wg‡_b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm I

Rjxqev®ú †hvM K‡ib Ges we y¨r ¶i‡Yi gva¨‡g

eRªwe y¨‡Zi m„wó K‡ib| GK mßvn ci cÖvK…wZKfv‡e

GKgvÎ Rxe‡`‡n cÖvß A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW Ges BDwiqvi g‡Zv

Dcv`vb GB cix¶vm¤cbœKvix 5 wjUv‡ii KuvPcv‡Î cvIqv

†Mj| G †_‡K wgjvi `vwe Ki‡jb GbRvB‡gi cÖfve QvovB

ˆRe-†hŠM ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| Avw`g c„w_exi mv‡_ Av‡iv

mv`„k¨c~Y© cwiw ’wZ ˆZwi K‡i Pvjv‡bv cieZ©x cix¶v¸‡jv

wbwðZ K‡i‡Q †h, mvaviY ˆRe-†hŠMmg~n ¯Ztù‚Z©fv‡e ˆZwi

n‡Z cv‡i| AmsL¨ cix¶vi ci GB m¤¢vebvwU eZ©gv‡b ¯^xK…Z

n‡q‡Q| Gi wcQ‡b AviI KviY n‡jv c„w_ex‡Z AvNvZKvix

DévwcÊ, a~g‡KZz Ges gnvRvMwZK a~wj‡g‡NI GB mvaviY

ˆRe-†hŠM¸‡jvi Aw —Z¡ cvIqv wM‡q‡Q|

†h cÖkœwU i‡q †Mj Zv nj, GB MVbKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jv

wKfv‡e GKwÎZ n‡q GbRvBg, wWGbG, mRxe‡Kv‡li g‡Zv

Av‡iv RwUjZi AYy‡Z cwiYZ n‡jv| GKwU myweavRbK

wPÎKí n‡jv †h, c„w_ex h‡_ó VvÊv n‡q gnvmvMi m„wó nevi

Dc‡hvMx n‡q D‡V| wgjvi Ges Ab¨vb¨‡`i cix¶vq ˆRe-

AYyi GK ai‡bi my¨c (Avw`g my¨c) ˆZwi nq| G‡K hw`

h‡_ó mgq cÖ`vb Kiv nq (wgwjqb eQi mgq nv‡Z wQj),

Zvn‡j AYy‡`i wKQz wbw`©ó ms‡hvM m„wó n‡e| G‡`i

A‡bK¸‡jv Avevi Ab¨‡`i Zzjbvq †ewkw`b wU‡K _vK‡Z

mdj n‡e| Gi d‡j ¯^xq cÖwZwjwcKi‡Y m¶g wKQz MV‡bi

m„wó n‡e hv‡`i †_‡K Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ n‡qwQj e‡j AvR

Avgiv Rvwb|

wWg Ges gyiwMi mgm¨vwU GLbI i‡q †Mj| Rxe‡bi

avivevwnKZv A_©vr eskMwZi Dcv`vbmg~n †h¸‡jv

GbRvB‡gi ms��lY wb‡ ©kbvi gva¨‡g cÖvY avi‡Yi

cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i, GbRvBg m„wói c~‡e© G‡`i‡K

Avgiv wKfv‡e †cjvg| 1980 mv‡j GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© AMÖMwZ

NU‡jv hLb _gvm Avi. †PK Ges wmWwb Avëg¨vb

c„_Kfv‡e Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb †h, wKQz AviGbG-AYyi

ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv AbyNU‡bi m¶gZv i‡q‡Q hviv Avevi

wb‡R‡`i ms��lY NUv‡ZI m¶g| G Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ Zviv

1989 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹v‡i f‚wlZ nb| GB Avwe®‹viwU ÔwWg

I gyiwMÕi mgm¨vi mgvav‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv †i‡LwQj| GLvb

†_‡K Rvbv †M‡Q, AviGbG AYy¸‡jv ivB‡ev‡mv‡g cwiewZ©Z

n‡q eskMwZ Ges wecvKwµqv DfqB m¤cbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i

†h¸‡jv wKbv g~jZ `ywU wfbœ AYy wWGbG I †cÖvwUb Øviv

eZ©gvbKv‡ji Rxe¸wj‡Z m¤cbœ n‡q _v‡K| A‡bK weÁvbxB

GLb wek¦vm K‡ib †h, cÖvY GKwU AviGbG-cÖfvevaxb

mg‡qi ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg K‡i‡Q hv‡K ÔAviGbG-wek¦Õ ejv

117

n‡q _v‡K| GwU eZ©gvb wWGbG RM‡Zi c~e©mywi, †hLv‡b

ˆRweK eskMwZ wWGbG AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨B me©`v msiw¶Z

_v‡K|

Avw`g c„w_ex‡Z ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi f‚wgKv cvjbKvix

AviGbG AYy¸‡jv wKfv‡e ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e MwVZ n‡q

AviGbG RM‡Zi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q Zv wb‡q mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q †Rvi

M‡elYv Pj‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ AviGbG-AYy¸‡jvi g‡ZvB

ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi A, C, G, U Øviv wb‡`©wkZ Pvi ai‡bi

wbDwK¬IUvBW i‡q‡Q hv‡`i K_v c~‡e©B E��L Kiv n‡q‡Q|

ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi Lye mxwgZ msL¨K wbDwK¬IUvBW i‡q‡Q, `yB

WR‡bi g‡Zv| wKš‘ wbDwK¬IUvBW¸‡jvi wb‡R‡`i MVb Avevi

mij bq| Giv wZbwU AvYyex¶wYK Dcv`vb Øviv ˆZwi| GKwU

ivB‡evm myMvi, dm‡dU Ges Ab¨wU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em| GB

bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †emB GKgvÎ Dcv`vb †hwU wbDwK¬IUvBW †f‡`

wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| Pvi ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv A,

C, G, U wbDwK¬IUvBW¸‡jv‡K wb‡ ©k K‡i _v‡K| weÁvbxiv

mv¤cÖwZKmg‡q †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, ivB‡evm myMvi wKfv‡e

¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e C Ges U bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †e‡mi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb

Ki‡Z cv‡i, †hwU me‡P‡q ÔKwVb avcÕ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|

AviGbG AYy¸‡jv †h¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i cÖwZwjwc ˆZwi K‡i

eskwe —vi Ki‡Z cv‡i, bZzb AviGb AYy¸‡jvi ms��l‡Yi

†¶‡Î Giv wKQz †¶‡Î ÔfzjÕ K‡i _v‡K, hv‡K Avgiv

wgD‡Ukb e‡j _vwK| G‡¶‡Î cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb N‡U hv AviI

e¨vcK AvYweK RwUjZv ˆZwii gva¨‡g †Kv‡li Rb¥ †`q,

cÖ_‡g e¨vK‡Uwiqvq cÖvß mij †Kvl Ges cieZ©x‡Z cÖvYx,

Dw™¢` Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖK…Z‡Kvlx Rx‡ei A‡c¶vK…Z DbœZ

†Kvl| cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb n‡jv eskMwZi weKí cÖKiY¸‡jvi

(variant) c„_K eske„w×| Avw`g †Kvl¸‡jv hLb eske„w×i

m¶gZv AR©b Ki‡jv, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wKQz †Kvl Ab¨‡`i

Zzjbvq AviI wbLyuZfv‡e cÖRbb Ki‡Z jvM‡jv| A‡c¶vK…Z

Kg wbLyuZfv‡e cÖRbbKvix †Kvl‡`i wejywßi wecix‡Z GB

wbLyuZfv‡e cÖRbbKvix †Kvl¸‡jvi ˆewk‡ó¨i e„w× cv‡e| Gi

†cQ‡bi hyw³ nj †h, †mme †Kvl †ewk wbLyuZfv‡e cÖRbb

Ki‡Z cvi‡e hv‡`i mwVK eskMwZ i‡q‡Q Ges hviv Av‡iv

`¶fv‡e wecvKwµqv NUvq|

myZivs Avgiv wK Rvwb, wKfv‡e Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ

n‡qwQj? bv, Avgiv Rvwb bv| Avgiv hv Rvwb Zv n‡jv cÖv‡Yi

Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Avw`g c„w_exi m¤¢ve¨ cwi‡e‡k ¯^Ztù‚Z©

ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq ˆRe-c`v‡_©i D™¢e NU‡Z cv‡i hv‡`i

A‡bK¸‡jv Rxe‡bi †gŠwjK MVbKvix Dcv`vb| G‡`i g‡a¨

i‡q‡Q wbDwK¬wqK GwmW hviv eskMwZ aviY K‡i Ges

wecvKwµqvi Rb¨ `vqx GbRvBgmg~n| D`vniY¯iƒc

†cÖvwUb¸‡jv ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq AbyNU‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb

K‡i mKj Rxeš— cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡K mPj iv‡L| cÖv‡Yi D™¢e

118

†cQ‡b †Kvb ÔA‡jŠwKK mËvÕ cÖ‡qvRb n‡qwQj, GwU fvevi

†Kvb KviY †bB|

†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi D`vni‡Y Avevi wd‡i hvIqv hvK|

Avgiv GLb Rvwb, cÖ_gw`‡Ki †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv wKfv‡e ˆZwi

n‡qwQj Ges DbœZ iv —v¸‡jv G‡`i †_‡K wKfv‡e weKwkZ

n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Avgiv Rvwb bv cÖ_gw`‡Ki †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv †Kv_vq

ˆZwi n‡qwQj wKsev Zviv wVK wKfv‡e ˆZwi n‡qwQj| Avgiv

Av‡iv Rvwb c„w_ex‡Z Rxe‡bi D™¢e GKeviB N‡UwQj, A_ev

hw` G‡Ki AwaKevi D™¢e n‡q _v‡K, Z‡e GKwU ev‡` evwK

me¸‡jvB wejyß n‡q wM‡q‡Q|

Avgiv Rvwb mKj RxweZ cÖvYxB GKB mvaviY Drm

†_‡K weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| KviY c„w_ex‡Z eZ©gv‡b emevmKvix

cÖwZwU Rxe KZ¸‡jv Awfbœ mvaviY †gŠwjK cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡Z

Rxeb aviY K‡i, †h¸‡jv ïaygvÎ GKwU Drm †_‡KB D™¢e

n‡Z cv‡i| e¨vK‡Uwiqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvYyex¶wYK Rxe †_‡K

ïi“ K‡i cÖvYx, Dw™¢` Ges QÎvK Z_v mKj Rxe KZ¸‡jv

Awfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix| GB ˆewk󨸇jvi ZvwjKv wekvj

Ges wfbœ AvK…wZMVb jv‡fi ciI mKj Rx‡eB G‡`i g‡a¨

HK¨ we`¨gvb|

Avgiv GB ZvwjKvwU ïi“ Ki‡Z cvwi mKj Rx‡eB

we`¨gvb eskMwZi Dcv`vb wWGbG w`‡q| Ab¨vb¨

wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi ivmvqwbK m¤¢ve¨Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Giv me©`vB

Awfbœ PviwU wbDwK¬IUvBW Øviv MwVZ nq| cÖwZwUi Rxe‡`‡ni

nvRv‡iv msL¨K ˆewPΨc~Y© †cÖvwUb¸‡jv wekwU A¨vgvB‡bv

Gwm‡Wi ˆ`‡N¨©i cÖKiY Abymv‡i wfbœ wfbœ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi

ga¨ w`‡q ms‡k­wlZ n‡q‡Q| mKj †cÖvwUb Ges mKj Rx‡e

GB A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW¸‡jv Awfbœ| hw`I cÖK…wZ‡Z Av‡iv

kZvwaK A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi Aw —Z¡ i‡q‡Q| †h RwUj hš¿vw`i

gva¨‡g eskMwZi Z_¨¸‡jv wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K †Kv‡li g~j

†`‡n †cuŠQvq, Zv mKj Rx‡ei †¶‡Î GKB| wWGbG‡Z

Aew¯’Z wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi µg¸‡jv c~i‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjbKvix

AviGbGi cÖwZwjwc µ‡g cwiYZ nq (messenger RNA), hv

A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi wbw`©ó wKQz µ‡g ÔAbyevw`ZÕ nq, †h-

¸‡jv Rxe‡bi cÖwµqvq cwiPvjbKvix †cÖvwUb Ges

GbRvBg¸‡jv ˆZwi K‡i| GB Abyev‡` wbw ©ó msL¨K

AviGbG-AYy (transfer RNA) Ges AviGb †cÖvwUb †hŠMmg~n

(ribosome) e¨eüZ nq, †h¸‡jv wek¦Rbxbfv‡e Awfbœ|

†R‡bwUK †h kãfvÊvi wWGbG µg †_‡K A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW

µg‡K Abyev` K‡i †`q, †mwUI wek¦Rbxbfv‡e Awfbœ|

Rxe‡bi wek¦Rbxbfv‡e Awfbœ ˆewk󨸇jv‡K AviI

m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Rxe‡bi HK¨ †_‡K mKj Rx‡ei

eskMwZi µgvšwqKZv I GKB mvaviY Drm †_‡K D™¢‡ei

cÖgvY †g‡j|

119

†mŠiRM‡Z m¤¢eZ c„w_exB GKgvÎ MÖn †hLv‡b eZ©gv‡b

cÖv‡Yi Aw¯—Z¡ weivRgvb| Avgv‡`i Qvqvc‡_ cÖvq 100 wewjqb

b¶Î i‡q‡Q, hv‡`i A‡bK¸‡jvi wbR¯^ †mŠiRMZ i‡q‡Q|

GQvov mgMÖ gnvwe‡k¦ cÖvq 100 wewjqb M¨vjvw· i‡q‡Q| d‡j

Lye m¤¢eZ gnvwe‡k¦i Ab¨ †Kv_vI cÖv‡Yi Aw¯—Z¡ i‡q‡Q| hw`

ZvcgvÎv, ivmvqwbK wgkªY Ges Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx

Ab¨vb¨ ˆewkó¨ †_‡K _v‡K Z‡e mgMÖ gnvwek¦ Ry‡o wKQz MÖ‡n

cÖv‡Yi Aw —Z¡ i‡q‡Q, nq‡Zv Zviv msL¨vq AmsL¨| M¨vjvw·,

b¶Î Ges MÖ‡ni Acwi‡gq msL¨v †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j Zv m¤¢e

e‡jB g‡b nq| c„w_ex‡Z cÖv‡Yi D™¢e N‡U KviY Avgv‡`i MÖ‡n

cÖv‡Yi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek i‡q‡Q| Abyiƒc cwi‡e‡k Ges A‡bK

hyM c‡i, Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡nI m¤¢eZ cÖv‡Yi D™¢e NU‡e|

Ab¨ †Kv_vI hw` cÖv‡Yi Aw —Z¡ †_‡K _v‡K, Z‡e Zv Dc‡i

ewY©Z ˆewk󨸇jvi AwaKvix n‡e bv, hv †_‡K †evSv hvq

c„w_ex‡Z cÖv‡Yi D™¢e ¯^Zš¿ I AwØZxq| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h

†gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jvI wfbœ| Kve©b QvovI wmwjKb †gŠjwUI

nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb Ges Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q

Rxe‡bi cÖv_wgK Dcv`vb¸‡jv M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i| GgbI

NU‡Z cv‡i †h, K‡qK `kK wKsev K‡qK kZvãx c‡i

Avgv‡`i fwel¨r cÖRb¥ gnvwe‡k¦i Ab¨ †Kv_vI cÖv‡Yi Aw —Z¡

Avwe®‹vi Ki‡e| wbwðZfv‡e Zviv ZLb c„w_ex‡Z ¯^Kxq

ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix cÖv‡Yi D™¢e wKfv‡e NUj †m m¤c‡K©

Avgv‡`i †_‡K Av‡iv †ewk Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|

d«vwÝm‡Kv †R. Avqvjv : Av‡gwiKvi K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi

cÖwZ‡ek I weeZ©bxq RxeweÁv‡bi Aa¨vcK|

wcGBP.wW K‡i‡Qb cÖwm× RxeweÁvbx

w_I‡Wvwmqvm WeSvbw¯‹i Aax‡b| weÁvbx gn‡j

Aa¨vcK Avqvjv ÔWviDbxq weeZ©‡bi †i‡bmuvm

gvbylÕ e‡j cwiwPZ| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi RxeweÁv‡bi

cvV¨m~wPi Rb¨ †jLv‡jwL Qvov mvaviY gvby‡li

Kv‡Q weeZ©b‡K mnR‡eva¨ fvlvq †evSv‡bvi Rb¨

cÖPzi msL¨K eB wj‡L‡Qb wbijmfv‡e| Av‡jvP¨

cÖeÜwU A¨vcK AvqvjvÕi eB ÔAm I a Monkey?: Six

Big Questions about EvolutionÕ-Gi (2010) cÂg

Aa¨v‡qi Abyev`| [cÖeÜwU Abyev‡` Aa¨vcK

Avqvjv I cÖKvkK `¨v †RvÝ ncwKÝ BDwbfvwm©wU

†cÖm KZ©„c¶ AbygwZ cÖ`vb Kivq we‡kl K…ZÁZv

cÖKvk KiwQ|]

wm×v_© Kzgvi ai : wk¶v_©x, kvnRvjvj weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq|

m`m¨, weÁvb I hyw³ev`x KvDwÝj|

120

cÖeÜ

nvi“b Bqvwnqv : PKPK Ki‡jB †mvbv nq bv!

Abš— weRq `vk

1.

WviDBb hLb (1859 mv‡j) RxeweeZ©‡bi ÔcÖvK…wZK

wbe©vPbÕ ZË¡ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡jb, ZLb nq‡Zv wZwb wb‡RI

Kíbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb Kv‡ji cwiµgvq Zvi GB ZË¡wU

G‡ZvUv weK…wZ Avi wb›`vi gy‡L co‡Z cv‡i| hw`I

i¶Ykxj‡`i Avµg‡Yi gy‡L ÔAwiwRb Ae w¯úwmRÕ eB‡qi

wØZxq ms¯‹i‡Yi f~wgKvq AvZ¥c¶ mg_©b K‡i wj‡LwQ‡jb :

ÒG eB‡q ewY©Z „wófw½ †Kb GKRb e¨w³i

ag©vbyf~wZ‡Z AvNvZ Ki‡e Zvi †Kv‡bv Dchy³

KviY Avwg Luy‡R cvB bv| wKš‘ GUvI Rvwb

gvbemf¨Zvi me‡P‡q D��L‡hvM¨ Avwe®‹v‡ii

g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg (wbDU‡bi) ÔAwfKl© m~‡ÎÕi

we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb divwm `vk©wbK

jvBewbR| Zuvi fv‡l¨ GwU bvwK ÔHkxev`x

a‡g©i wei“‡× bvkKZvÕ| ...Ó

AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB cÖKv‡ki †`ok eQi AwZµvš—

n‡q‡Q| WviDB‡bi cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ZË¡wU B‡Zvg‡a¨ eûfv‡e

cÖgvwYZ| weMZ kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K RxeweÁvb †evSvi

†¶‡Î ÔweeZ©bÕ GKwU Avewk¨K welq n‡q D‡V‡Q| Z_vwc

wewfbœ †`‡k ÔweeZ©bxq RxeweÁvbÕ‡K weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi

gZ MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv M‡o D‡V wb mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨|

Gi GKUv Ab¨Zg KviY n‡”Q ag©xq wek¦vm‡ev‡ai cÖwZ

K~cgyÊyK `„wófw½ Avi RxeweeZ©b wb‡q `ywbqv Ry‡o

weÁvbwe‡ivax‡`i wg_¨v cÖPviYv| weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv †hgb

ZvwË¡K c`v_©weÁvb, wbDwK¬qvi wdwR·, †Kvqv›Uvg

†gKvwb·, Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ, ˆRecÖhyw³, cÖwZi¶vLv‡Zi

weÁvb I Gi ev —eZv BZ¨vw` welq MÖnY Kivi †¶‡Î †Zgb

GKUv AvcwË †`Lv hvq bv, wKš‘ weeZ©bxq RxeweÁv‡bi

Avwe®‹vi I Gi ev —eZv †g‡b wb‡Z A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ AvcwË

dz‡U D‡V|

WviDBbxq RxeweeZ©b m¤ú‡K© hviv AeMZ Av‡Qb Zviv

Rv‡bb weÁv‡bi Avi †Kv‡bv kvLv ev wel‡qi cÖwZ ag©ev`x‡`i

WviDB‡bi Rb¥wØkZ evwl©Kx Ges AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB‡qi

†`ok eQi c~wZ© Dcj‡¶ Aemi cÖKvkb †_‡K Abš— weRq `vk

m¤úvw`Z WviDBb : GKzk kZ‡K cÖvmw½KZv Ges fvebv (2011)

eBwU ªóe¨|

121

G‡ZvUv we‡Øl-N„Yv-Kzrmv iUbv j¶¨ Kiv hvq bv| hw`I mZ¨

n‡”Q weeZ©‡bi mv‡_ a‡g©i †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| Ø›ØI †bB

mivmwi| GwU wbDUbxq wdwR· wKsev †Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwb‡·i

g‡Zv weÁv‡bi GKwU welq| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i Rxeb-RM‡Zi

mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GB weÁvb‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q

†evaMg¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z Px‡bi cÖvPx‡ii gZ †`qvj Zz‡j `uvwo‡q

Av‡Q weÁvbwe‡ivax KwZcq †Mvôx| WviDB‡bi mgqKvj

†_‡K GB cÖeYZv wKQy i¶Ykxj wLª÷v‡bi g‡a¨ _vK‡jI

weMZ K‡qK `kK a‡i wn› y-gymwjg Dfq Rb‡Mvôxi

i¶Ykxj ag©ev`x‡`i g‡a¨I Zv dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

2.

wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cieZ©x mgq n‡Z weÁvb I cÖhyw³i †hgb

DˇivËi Dbœqb Avi cÖmvi NU‡Q wVK GKB mg‡q Avgiv

j¶¨ Kwi weÁvb-we‡ivax cÖPviYv Avi QÙweÁv‡bi KvimvwR

wewfbœ iƒ‡c nvwRi Kiv n‡”Q| G †hb cÖ`x‡ci wb‡P AÜKvi!

wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸wji g‡a¨ Av‡gwiKv‡Z weeZ©‡bi wei“‡× †Rvi

†cÖvcvMvÛv Pvjvq wLª÷vb †gŠjev`xiv| BD‡iv‡c Giv G‡ZvUv

kw³kvjx bq| MZ kZvãxi 80-Gi `kK †_‡K gymwjg

we‡k¦I GB ai‡bi ZrciZv ïi“ n‡q‡Q| cÖRvwZi DrcwË ev

weeZ©b wb‡q ˆeÁvwbK Ávb PP©v †Zgb GKUv wQj bv gymwjg-

cÖavb †`k¸wj‡Z| Gme †`‡ki wk¶ve¨e ’vq ev RxeweÁvb

msµvš— eyw×e„wËK M‡elYvq welq wn‡m‡e ÔWviDBbxq

weeZ©bÕ Dn¨B wQj ejv hvq| Ges kZ eQi a‡i cvV¨µ‡g

m„wóev`x aviYvi cÖvavb¨ wQj †ewk|

WviDB‡bi AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB‡qi cuvPwU Aa¨vq

cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Aviwe‡Z Abyev` K‡ib wgk‡ii (Kvq‡iv)

BmgvBj gvRnvi (mn‡hvwMZvq BqvKze †mi“Dd) 1918

mv‡j| c‡ii PviwU Aa¨vq Abyev` K‡i wØZxq ms¯‹iY

cÖKvwkZ nq 1928 mv‡j; Ges 1964 mv‡j c~Y©v½ Abyev‡`

Aviwe‡Z ÔAwiwRb Ae w¯úwmRÕ eBwU cÖKvwkZ nq Kvq‡iv

†_‡K|

Avgiv hw` GKUy †cQ‡bi w`‡K ZvKvB Zvn‡j †`wL eû

c~‡e© wZD‡bkxq es‡kv™¢~Z gbxlx Be‡b Lv‡j`yb (1332-

1406) RxeRMr D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b weeZ©bxq aviYvi K_v wKQyUv

fvmv fvmv n‡jI Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb| wZwb m„wóKZ©vi Ae`v‡bi

K_v ¯^xKvi K‡iI e‡j‡Qb Rxe‡bi DrcwË n‡q‡Q LwbR

Dcv`vb †_‡K| Gici weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Dw™¢`ivwR Ges †mLv‡b

†_‡K cÖvYxKzj|

Lv‡j`y‡bi fvlvq :

Ò It should be known that we— May God guide you and us—

notice that this world with all the created things in it has a certain order and a solid construction. It shows nexuses between causes and things caused, combinations of some parts of creation with others, and transformations of some existent things into others, in a pattern that is both remarkable and endless. ...Each one of the elements is prepared. It started out from minerals and progressed,

122

in an ingenious, gradual manner, to plants and animals. The last stage of minerals is connected with the first stage of plants...The last stage of plants is connected with the first stage of animals. ... The word "connection" with regard to these created things means that the last stage of each group is fully prepared to become the

first stage of the next group...Ó [`ªóe¨ : Ibn Khaldun AR. The

Muqaddimah. An introduction to history, vol 1. Rosenthal F,

translator. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967, pp 194-5]

ga¨hy‡Mi ¸wUK‡qK `vk©wb‡Ki g‡a¨ Be‡b Lv‡j`yb

GKRb, whwb gvby‡li DrcwË ÔGcÕ (bievbi) †_‡K n‡q‡Q

e‡j gZcÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb : The animal world then widens, its species become numerous, and in a gradual process of creation, it finally leads to man, who is able to think and to reflect. The higher stage of man is reached from the world of monkeys, in which both sagacity and perception are found, but has not reached the stage of actual reflection and thinking. At this point we come to the first stage of man after the world of monkeys. This is as far as our physical observation

extends. [m~Î : c~‡e©v³, c„ôv 195]|

WviDBb hy‡M Bmjvwg wPš—vwe` Avj-AvdMvwb (1839-

1897) cÖ_‡g weeZ©b Z‡Ë¡i we‡ivwaZv Ki‡jI cieZ©x‡Z

ÔKhatirat Jamal ad-Din al-AfghaniÕ eB‡q cÖv‡Yi DrcwË, RxeRM‡Z

weeZ©‡bi ¸i“Z¡ †g‡b wb‡qwQ‡jb| gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZI AvnŸvb

Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb ZvivI †hb GB ZË¡wU ey‡S †bq| Z‡e gvby‡li

weeZ©b m¤ú‡K© Zuvi g‡a¨ AvcwË wQj| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb

gvby‡li AvZ¥v Av‡Q Ab¨ cïcvwL‡`i †mUv †bB| ZvB

cïcvwLiv weewZ©Z n‡jI gvbyl weeZ©‡bi dmj bq|

hv‡nvK, Avj-AvdMvwbi g‡Zv mK‡ji †mŠfvM¨ wQj bv|

1873 mv‡ji w`‡K ZzwK© mvsevw`K I †jLK Avn‡g` wgZnvZ

B‡dbw` Zuvi †jLvq WviDB‡bi weeZ©b wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ

K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡Z ¶zä n‡q gymwjg ag©xq †bZviv B‡dbw`i

wei“‡× d‡Zvqv †`b| Ôbvw¯—KÕ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡ib|

wesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m ivóª e¨e ’vi Dci †_‡K ag©xq

†bZv‡`i cÖfve I wm×vš— cÖ`v‡bi ¶gZv A‡bKvs‡k K‡g

†M‡Q| Zvi e`‡j RvqMv wb‡q‡Q ˆeÁvwbK Ávb I cwðgv

ivóªbxwZi aviYv| Z_vwc A‡bK Bmjvwg †bZv wek¦vm

K‡i‡Qb RxeRM‡Z ÔweeZ©bÕ cÖwµqvi Avm‡j †Kv‡bv Aw —Z¡

†bB| GKgvÎ Hkx wb‡ ©k e¨ZxZ Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv weKvk N‡U

bv| †Kvivb kwi‡d Ôwe‡kl m„wóev‡`Õi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|

mywbw ©ó K‡i gvby‡li m„wó wb‡q ejv n‡q‡Q| cÖRvwZi

DrcwËi ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v‡K Zviv cy‡ivcywi fyj g‡b K‡ib|

A‡bK gymwjg wPš—vkxj e¨w³i Kv‡QÑÔWviDBbxq weeZ©b

GKUv fyj w_Iwi| GUv ag© I ˆbwZKZv aŸs‡mi cwðgv

lohš¿|Õ

3.

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Ôag©we‡ivaxÕ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Avðh©RbK

n‡jI mZ¨ A‡bK¸‡jv Rwic †_‡K †`Lv

†M‡Q A‡a©‡Ki †P‡q †ewk Av‡gwiKvb

123

wek¦vm K‡ib Ôgvbyl weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g D™¢~Z nq wb| gvÎ `k

nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvbyl Zvi eZ©gvb KvVv‡gv‡ZB m„wó n‡q‡Q|Õ

RxeweÁvb m¤ú‡K© Av‡gwiKvi MY‡PZbvq wekvj NvUwZi

my‡hv‡M i¶Ykxj wLª÷v‡biv evB‡ejxq m„wóev`x aviYv‡K

weÁv‡bi Dci Pvwc‡q w`‡Z Pvb, Ges WviDBbxq weeZ©b‡K

Z_vKw_Z ÔˆbwZKZv-weaŸsmxÕ e‡j cÖPviYv Pvjvb|

mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j G iKg Ae¯’v gymwjg †`k¸wj‡ZI j¶¨

Kiv hv‡”Q| we‡kl K‡i Zzi‡¯‹| we‡k¦i nv‡Z ¸bv K‡qKwU

†mKz jvi I MYZvwš¿K gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Zzi¯‹ n‡”Q

Ab¨Zg| gymwjg †`k¸wji g‡a¨ me‡P‡q AvaywbK, wk‡ívbœZ

I BD‡ivc‡Nulv e‡j hvi cwiwPwZ Av‡Q| Zzi‡¯‹i 99 fvM

hw`I gymjgvb wKš‘ we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi gZ

ÔA‡_©vW·Õ Bmjv‡gi PP©v Zzi‡¯‹ †`Lv hvq bv| ga¨cÖv‡P¨i

A‡bK †`‡k †hgb kwiqv AvBb ejer i‡q‡Q wKsev ivóª I

ag©‡K GK K‡i †djv n‡q‡Q mvsweavwbKfv‡e ivóªag© †NvlYv

K‡i| wKš‘ Zzi‡¯‹ eis mvsweavwbKfv‡e wbwl× i‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv

ai‡bi ag©xq AvBb miKvi I mgv‡Ri Dci Pvwc‡q †`qv

hv‡e bv| BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †mKz¨jvi †`k¸‡jvi gZ Zzi‡¯‹I

ivóª I ag©‡K c„_K ivLv n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i msweav‡bi AvwU©‡Kj-

2 aviv Abymv‡i [ms‡kvwaZ 1982]|

cÖ_g wek¦hy× cieZ©x mg‡q ZzwK©i ag©Zvwš¿K Dmgvbxq

mvgªv‡R¨i cZb N‡U| †gv —dv Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i †bZ…‡Z¡

cÖRvZš¿x miKvi MwVZ nq 1923 mv‡j| bZzb cÖRvZš¿x

miKvi cyiv‡bv ag©Zvwš¿K e¨e ’v‡K nwU‡q w`‡q ms¯‹vi KvR

ïi“ K‡i| ivóªe¨e ’v cwiPvjbv †_‡K ag©xq-cÖfve `~i Ki‡Z

bvbv D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| †hgb bvixi mgvb AwaKvi i¶vq

AvBb Kiv nq| wk¶ve¨e¯’vq ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ c~‡e©i

eva¨Zvg~jK ag©xqwk¶v‡K evwZj Kiv nq| cvV¨cy —K †_‡K

Bmjvwg m„wóev‡`i eY©bv ev` †`qv nq| RxeweÁv‡b ÔweeZ©bÕ

Aa¨vq mshy³ Kiv nq| AvZvZzK© wb‡R gva¨wgK ¯‹z‡ji

RbwcÖq cvV¨eB BwZnvm Ges mf¨Zvi ÁvbÕi (Tarih ve Medeni

Bilgiler) Rb¨ K‡qKwU Aa¨vq wj‡L w`‡qwQ‡jb| 1928-1948

mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡k¦i Ávb-weÁv‡bi mgmvgwqK hZ cÖwm× eB

i‡q‡Q †hgb †Kvqv›Uvg w_Iwi, Av‡cw¶KZv ZË¡, weeZ©b,

wek¦mvwnZ¨, AvaywbK I wPivqZ wk‡íi eB¸‡jv‡K ZzwK©

fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq| DbœZ cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨ Zzi‡¯‹i

eyw×Rxex, AvBbRxex, weÁvbx, ivRbxwZwe`‡`i BD‡iv‡c

(we‡kl K‡i d«vÝ I Rvg©vwb‡Z) †cÖiY Kiv nq| cÖwk¶Y †k‡l

Zviv †diZ G‡j †`‡ki ˆe�weK cybM©V‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvM

†`qv nq| cÖv_©bvi mgq †Kvivb cv‡Vi Rb¨ Aviwe fvlv

e¨env‡ii cÖPjb DwV‡q wbR¯ fvlvq (ZzwK© fvlvq) covi

wbqg Pvjy Kiv nq hv‡Z mvaviY RbMY eyS‡Z cv‡i Zviv wK

cvV Ki‡Q| KÆicš’x wKQy ag©xq wk¶vcÖwZôvb‡K G mgq

wbwl× Kiv nq| c~‡e©i ag©wfwËK AvBb¸‡jvi cwieZ©b K‡i

124

BD‡ivcxq †mKz¨jvi I MYZvwš¿K Av`©‡ki wfwˇZ bZzb

AvBb cÖPjb Kiv nq| gvÎ 10 eQ‡ii gv_vq †`kwUi Awfbe

cwieZ©b N‡U| wek¦Ry‡o bZzb cwiwPwZ, bZzb Av`k©| 1938

mv‡j Kvgvj AvZvZzK© hLb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib B‡Zvg‡a¨

Zzi‡¯‹i miKvwi, mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK wekvj cwieZ©‡b

A‡bK `~i GwM‡q hvq| ej‡Z †M‡j 1950 mvj ch©š— G hvÎv

Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| cieZ©x mg‡q Wvbcš’x i¶Ykxj ivR‰bwZK

`j I ag©xq †bZviv †RvU ev‡ab| ag©Zvwš¿K Dmgvbxq

mvgªv‡R¨i Kw_Z Ô¯^Y©hy‡MÕ wd‡i hvevi Avkvq Zviv kw³ mÂq

ïi“ K‡ib| 1980-Gi w`‡K ¶gZvq Av‡mb i¶Ykxj

mvgwiK Rvš—v †Kbvb Bf‡ib| ivóªcwZ c` AwaMÖnY K‡ib

wZwb| Zzi‡¯‹i ivR‰bwZK A½‡b †gŠjev`x Ges

Bmjvgcš’x‡`i Rb¨ GB mgqUv GKUv gvBj djK wn‡m‡e

we‡ewPZ nq| 1983 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i cÖavbgš¿x nb nvwjj

Zzi¸Z IRvj| IRvj wb‡R KÆicš’x Bmjvwg msMV‡bi

mwµq Kg©x wQ‡jb GKmgq| (1989 mv‡j †cÖwm‡W›U Bf‡ib

c`Z¨vM Ki‡j bZzb ivóªcwZ nb IRvj| 1993 mvj ch©š—

GB c‡` wQ‡jb wZwb|) G mgqKv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i ag©wfwËK

`j¸‡jvi †cvqvev‡iv Ae¯’v ˆZwi nq| `xN©w`b c‡i

ivóª¶gZvi ØvicÖv‡š— †cuŠ‡Q hvq Zviv| †mKy¨jvi ivR‰bwZK

`j¸‡jvi mv‡_ msNl© ev‡a †gŠjev`x `j¸‡jvi| G mgq

wfbœgZvej¤^x nvRvi-nvRvi mvsevw`K, weÁvbx, †ckvRxex,

mvaviY RbZv wbcxwoZ nq †gŠjev`x Bmjvwg `j¸‡jvi

nv‡Z|

weMK K‡qK `kK a‡i Zzi‡¯‹ weÁv‡bi RM‡Z ag©xq n —

‡¶‡ci NUbvq ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ gymwjg †`k †hgb

†jevbb, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, cvwK¯—vb, wgk‡ii ag©evwZKMÖ —

†jvK‡`iI Av‡jvwoZ Ki‡Q| DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q GKB ai‡bi

Kvq`vKvbyb Abymi‡Yi| cwð‡gi †hme †`‡k AwaKmsL¨K

Awfevmx gymjgvb evm K‡ib (†hgb hy³ivR¨), ZvivI

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m„wóev` cov‡bvi `vwe Zzj‡Qb|

D��L¨ gymwjg †`k¸‡jv‡Z Qwo‡q cov Bmjvwg m„wóev`

Avm‡j Bûw`-wLª÷vb‡`i evB‡ejxq m„wóev‡`iB Ôgymwjg

fvm©bÕ| †Kvivb wb‡R Bûw`-wLª÷vb‡`i ag©MÖ‡š’i Hkxevw`Zv

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Av`g-nvIqvi we —„Z eY©bv †Kviv‡b †bB| evB‡e‡ji gZ

†Kviv‡b 6 w`‡b AvKvk, c„w_ex, cÖvY m„wói K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| (

`ªóe¨ : myiv AvÕivd (7), AvqvZ 55, myiv BDbym (10),

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K‡ib, Zvici cvnvo-ce©Z, Av‡jv, cïcvwL Ges †k‡l

Av`g| ( ªóe¨ : myiv wnRi (15), AvqvZ 26-29, myiv Rygvi

125

(39), AvqvZ 6, myiv Zvnv (20), AvqvZ 116-119, myiv

evKviv (2), AvqvZ 31-36, myiv Avivd (7), AvqvZ 19)|

†Kviv‡bi eY©bv Abyhvqx Av`g‡K gvwU w`‡q Av�াn ˆZwi

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m„wóev`x‡`i g‡a¨ GB wek¦vm wKQzUv Kg †`Lv hvq| Zviv

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eqm m¤úwK©Z cwic~Y© †Kv‡bv aviYv †Zgb cvIqv hvq bv|

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4.

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138

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Awdm, †mbvevwnbxi m`i `ßi, cywjk m`i `ßi, miKvwi

139

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IwRqvi ZzwK©i wmwfj Av`vj‡Z gvbnvwbi gvgjv K‡i| 1999

mv‡ji †g gv‡m Av`vjZ dvD‡Ûk‡bi wei“‡× ivq †`q Ges

cÖ‡Z¨‡K ev`x‡K 6 nvRvi Wjvi K‡i ¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi wb‡ ©k

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wei“‡× Ôbvw —KZvÕi Awf‡hvM Zz‡j cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z

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cÖcvMvÛv Pvjv‡bv Ges bvw —K¨ev` cÖPv‡ii Awf‡hvM Av‡b|

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140

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Zvn‡j Avwg wK AKZv‡ii †NvwlZ 10 wUªwjqb wjiv wR‡Z

†Mjvg? bv, †mB my‡hvM †bB| AKZvi Lye m‡PZbZvi mv‡_

cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q‡Qb gvbe weeZ©‡b †Kv‡bv ai‡bi µgiƒcvš—

‡ii ev weKv‡ki Qvc †bB| Zuvi m„wói gvbwPÎ eB‡qi GK`g

†k‡li w`‡K gvbe weeZ©‡bi dwm‡ji cÖgvY wb‡q wKQy e³e¨

w`‡q‡Qb| GB e³‡e¨i cy‡ivUvB wLª÷vb m„wóev`x‡`i KvQ

†_‡K avi Kiv| cÖZœb„weÁvb‡K wZwb AvµgY K‡i‡Qb g~jZ

PviwU c‡q‡›U| (Avi GLv‡b Av`bvb AKZvi ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb

ïf¼‡ii duvwK!)

(1) wcëWvDb gvbe dwmj GKUv †auvKvevwR| A‡bK

cÖwZwôZ weÁvbx GB dwmj wb‡q cÖZviYv K‡i‡Qb|

Avevi A‡bK cÖwZwôZ weÁvbx G‡ci LwÊZ dwmj‡K

fyjfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, †hgb ivgvwc‡_Kvm

(Ramapithecus)| Ggb Kx †cKvwi ev eb¨ k~Ki‡KI

(Hesperopithecus) gvby‡li c~e©cyi“l e‡jI wPwýZ

K‡i‡Qb| ZvB cÖwZwôZ weÁvbxiv †K wK ej‡jb

G¸‡jv‡K G‡Zv ¸i“Z¡ †`qvi wKQy †bB|

(2) A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm (wP‡Î B I C Lywj) ïayB Gc

wQj, †hgb eZ©gvb mg‡qi Gciv m¤ú~Y©B Gc|

Gc‡`i g‡Zv A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm‡`i wQj `xN© evû Avi

†QvU cv| GQvov Gc-m`„k AviI A‡bK ˆewkó¨I

Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wQj| d‡j Zviv †Kv‡bvfv‡e gvby‡li mv‡_

m¤úwK©Z bq|

(3) †nv‡gv †nwewjm (D) Ges †nv‡gv

i“‡Wvj‡dbwmmivI (E) eû‡¶‡Î Gc-m „k wQj|

A‡bK cÖwZwôZ weÁvbx G‡`i †nv‡gv wRbv‡mi (MY)

Aš—f©y³ bv K‡i A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm wRbv‡mi Aš—f©y³

K‡i‡Qb| d‡j A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm‡`i Ges AvR‡Ki

hy‡Mi Gc‡`i g‡Zv ZvivI g~jZ Gc wQj|

(4) †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi (F) Ges †nv‡gv B‡iKUvm

(G) `y‡UvB GK Ges Gi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv mwZ¨Kv‡ii

wmwgqvb ˆewkó¨ wQj bv| GUv cy‡ivcywi gvbylB wQj|

Lye †ewk Gc-m „k †nv‡gv cÖRvwZ †nv‡gv †nwewjm (D)

I †nv‡gv i“‡Wvj‡dbwmm (E) Gi GKB mgqKv‡j

†nv‡gv BiMvmUvi (F) evm Ki‡Zv| ZvB G‡`i‡K

A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm Ges †nv‡gvÕi ga¨eZ©x (UªvwÄkbvj)

dwmj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq bv| A_©vr Dcmsnvi

n‡”Q gvbyl me©`vB gvbyl wQj Ges Gciv me©`vB Gc

wQj|

AKZv‡ii eB‡qi Ab¨vb¨ Av‡jv‡P¨i g‡Zv GB

e³e¨¸‡jv Aek¨ wg_¨v ev‡bvqvU fvl‡Y ficyi bq| GLv‡b

ïay fyj e³e¨ †`qv n‡q‡Q| d‡j G¸‡jv Lye mn‡R LÊb Kiv

hvq| cÖ_g c‡q›U †_‡K ïi“ Kiv hvK| GLv‡b ïay `~i †_‡K

159

gvbe weeZ©b wb‡q ˆeÁvwbK e³‡e¨i HK¨g‡Zi we‡ivwaZv

Kiv n‡”Q| wKš‘ GUv †Kv‡bv †Mvcb e¨vcvi bq wKsev we¯§qKi

wKQyI bq, Avi cÖvq mevi g‡Zv weÁvbxivI A‡bK mgq fyj

Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GUv ¯vfvweK NUbv| (wcëWvDb gvbe dwmj

wb‡q Bsj¨v‡Û MZ kZvãxi wØZxq `k‡Ki ïi“ †_‡K

fuvIZvevwRi NUbv N‡U Ges GwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c aiv c‡o cÖvq

Pি�k eQi c‡i| GB RvwjqvwZi mv‡_ Bsj¨v‡Ûi A‡ckv`vi

GK dwmj msMÖnKvix Pvj©m W¨vmb‡K g~j Kzkxje wn‡m‡e

m‡›`n Kiv nq| m½x wn‡m‡e m‡›`n Kiv nq K‡qKRb

L¨vwZgvb b„weÁvbx‡K| hviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K B‡”QK…Zfv‡e A_ev

†Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e weåvš— n‡q weÁv‡bi cÖwZ

A‡ckv`vimyjf g‡bvfve wb‡q wcëWvDb gvbe dwmj wb‡q

†Rv”Pzwii NUbvq RwoZ wQ‡jb|ÑAbyev`K)| wKš‘ Av`bvb

AKZvi Zuvi GB e³‡e¨ †h mZ¨ †Mvcb K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡”Q

dwmj msµvš— GBme mywbw`©ó fyj¸‡jv wPwýZ Ges ms‡kvab

K‡i‡Qb GKgvÎ weÁvbxivB| (G Kv‡R m„wóev`x‡`i †Kv‡bv

f~wgKv †bB|) weÁvbxiv wb‡RivB DrmyK n‡q Luy‡R †ei

K‡i‡Qb, RbM‡Yi mvg‡b cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i c~e©m~wi ev

mnKg©x KZ©„K K…Z †Mvcb fyj¸‡jv|

wØZxq c‡q‡›Ui Z‡_¨i Drm LuyR‡Z wM‡q †`Lv †Mj

AKZvi †mB Pি�k eQi cyiv‡bv †mvwj RvKvig¨v‡bi (1904-

1993) †m‡K‡j wbe‡Üi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| RvKvig¨vbB

me©‡kl Gwel‡q AewnZ weÁvbx wQ‡jb whwb Ab¨ weÁvbx‡`i

mv‡_ wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡i ej‡Zb A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvmiv

gvby‡li †P‡q Avwd«Kvb Gc‡`i mv‡_B †ewk Nwbôfv‡e

m¤úwK©Z| (Ashton and Zuckerman 1950; Zuckerman 1966)|

AKZv‡ii g‡Zv RvKvig¨vbI g‡b Ki‡Zb

A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvmiv eûw`K †_‡KB Gc-m`„k| ga¨eZ©x

cÖvYx‡`i g‡a¨ GiKg ˆewkó¨ †`L‡Z cvIqvi Avkv Avcbviv

Ki‡ZB cv‡ib| weÁvbxiv GLb †gvUvgywU GKgZ †h (wP‡Î

D��wLZ) Lywj (C) †_‡K A‡bK †ewk Gc-m`„k ˆewkó¨

i‡q‡Q Lywj (B)-G| Avevi Lywj (C) A‡bK †ewk Gc-m`„k

Lywj (D) I Lywj (E) †_‡K| Lywj (E) Avevi Lywj (F) I Lywj

(G) †_‡K †ewk Gc-m`„k| Lywj (H) †_‡K Lywj (G) †ewk

cwigvY Gc-m „k Ges Gfv‡e P‡j‡Q| Z‡e weÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨

gZwfbœZv i‡q‡Q Lywj (D) gv‡b †nv‡gv †nwewjm I Lywj (E)

gv‡b †nv‡gv i“‡Wvj‡dbwmm cÖRvwZ wb‡q| G‡`i‡K

A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm bvwK †nv‡gv wRbv‡mi Aš—f©y³ Kiv n‡e G

e¨vcv‡i ˆeÁvwbK weZK© i‡q‡Q| ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq G `ywUi

dwmj bgybv‡Z Dfq wRbv‡mi cÖPzi ga¨eZ©x ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q|

RwR©qv †_‡K GKB mgqKv‡ji Lywj I nvo cvIqv †M‡Q,

hv‡`i‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv b„weÁvbx †nv‡gv †nwewjm (D)

cÖRvwZi e‡j †kªYxweb¨ — Ki‡Z Pvb Avevi †KD †KD

G¸‡jv‡K †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi (F) cÖRvwZi mv‡_ †kªYxweb¨ —

160

Ki‡Z Pvb| dwmj¸‡jvi ˆ`wnK MVbvK…wZ‡Z ga¨eZ©x ˆewkó¨

_vKvi Kvi‡YB GB weZ‡K©i D™¢e| hw` GBme dwm‡ji g‡a¨

†Kv‡bv ai‡bi UªvwÄkbvj ev ga¨eZ©x MVb ˆewkó¨ bv _vK‡Zv,

Z‡e GB weZK© A‡bK Av‡MB dzwi‡q †hZ|

†evSv hv‡”Q AKZvi I Zuvi mnKvix-†jLKiv cÖvPxb-

gvbe wb‡q wjL‡Z wM‡q wKQyUv cÖ ‘wZg~jK KvR Av‡MB

†m‡i‡Qb| mgZj c„w_exi e³viv †hgb †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wfwË

QvovB RxeweeZ©b‡K A¯xKvi K‡i _v‡Kb †mB Zzjbvq

AKZvi‡`i GB e³e¨¸‡jv A‡bK †ewk †KŠkjx I

Z_¨vwfÁ| wKš‘ Av`bvb AKZvi‡`i A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm I

†nv‡gv m¤ú‡K© `vwe¸‡jv A‡bKUv GiKgÑÔmKj K”QcB

Awfbœ KviY mK‡jB †Zv K”Qc!Õ Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q

A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kv‡mi K¼vjZ‡š¿i †h gvbe-m „k ¯^vZš¿m~PK

ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq KviY GUv †Zv †kl ch©šÍ

GKUv Gc-B! Avevi Lywj (F) ev †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi-Gi Lywji

g‡a¨ †h cÖvK-gvbweK (subhuman) ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q †hgb Lywj I

gyLgʇji eo AvKvi Ges I cÖmvwiZ evB‡ii w`K BZ¨vw`

†mme Zv‡`i Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| KviY (Zv‡`i g‡Z) GUvI

†kl ch©šÍ GKUv gvby‡li Lywj Qvov wKQy bq! Avmj K_v

n‡”Q Av`bvb AKZvi Zuvi AvKvw•¶Z Dcmsnvi Av‡MB

†U‡b †i‡L‡Qb| Zuvi Av‡iKwU e³e¨ n‡”Q †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi

(F) KL‡bv †nv‡gv i“‡Wvj‡dbwmm (E) †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡Z cv‡i

bv KviY `ywU Lywji †WwUs‡q GKB eqm †`Lv‡”Q| Av`bv‡bi

GB e³e¨Uv A‡bKUv GiKg hyw³ nvwRi Ki‡Q †h gvwK©b

†cÖwm‡W›U evivK Ievgv †Kwbqv‡Z emevmKvix Zuvi `vw`i

es‡kv™¢~Z n‡Z cv‡ib bv KviY Df‡qB †Zv GL‡bv RxweZ

Av‡Qb!

AÜZ¡ †gvPb

m„wói gvbwPÎ eB‡q cÖPzi my›`ifv‡e iw¶Z dwm‡ji Qwe

e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z G‡`i wewfbœ Ask¸‡jv mn‡R †`‡LB

Avgv‡`i g‡b GB aviYv nq- Qwei GB Rxe¸‡jv my² I

wbLyuZ Askmg~‡ni mgš^‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q| Qwe¸‡jv †`‡L †hb

Avgiv GB wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nB - me©kw³gvb Ck¦i mKj

Rxe‡KB cwic~Y© I wbLyuZ iƒ‡c m„wó K‡i‡Qb| †hgb GKUv

e³e¨ n‡”Q Avgv‡`i †PvL bvwK AZ¨š— wbLuyZ wWRvB‡b ˆZwi|

wLª÷vb m„wóev`x‡`i Kv‡Q GB e³e¨wU AZ¨š— cQ‡›`i|

†ifv‡iÛ DBwjqvg c¨v‡j Ck¦‡ii ˆZwi m„wó‡Z wbLuyZ

wWRvB‡bi cÖgvY `vwe K‡i GB e³e¨wU Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb|

(Paley 1802)| wKš‘ †Pv‡Li MV‡bi PgrKvi weeZ©bxq e¨vL¨v

i‡q‡Q| cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi Av‡jv‡K weeZ©b Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv

Awf‡hvRbB wbLuyZ bq|

cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb cÖwµqvwU cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i

(eskMwZi m~‡Î cvIqv) c~e©cyiy‡li eskvbyµwgK GB

161

ˆewkó¨vejxi Dci, hv mgmvgwqKKv‡j Rx‡ei eZ©gvb

Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Av`k© bq| cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖPzi D`vniY i‡q‡Q

hv Avgv‡`i mvg‡b ev‡R (Acwic~Y©) cwiKíbvi bgybv Zz‡j

a‡i| hvB †nvK, ev‡R cwiKíbv kãØq Avgv‡`i gv‡S weåvwš—

m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB weåvwš— wKš‘ ev‡R kãwU _vKvi Kvi‡Y

bq, eis Gi g~j KviY n‡”Q cÖK…wZ‡Z Avm‡j †Kv‡bv

wWRvBb (cwiKíbv) †bB|

GiciI yf©vM¨ Avgv‡`i, gvbyl wKfv‡e welqwU‡K †`L‡Q

Zv GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Av‡jvP¨| mixm„c, cvwL‡`i (GKwU

mywbw ©ó `ªó‡e¨i w`‡K) `„wó wbe× Kivi †KŠkj gvby‡li †P‡q

A‡bK Kvh©Kix I DbœZ| gvby‡li †PvL mvaviY cÖ‡qvRb

c~i‡Yi Dc‡hvMx n‡jI †gv‡UI we‡klfve `¶Zvc~Y© bq| 40

eQi eq‡mi ciB †`Lv hvq gvby‡li †Pv‡Li Kvh©KvwiZv Av‡¯—

Av‡ — K‡g hvq, d‡j †Kv‡bv wKQy cvV Ki‡Z ev †`L‡Z evav

m„wó nq wKsev Avgiv Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Z nB|

Avgv‡`i †Pv‡Li MVb Ggb KviY (AvR‡Ki AwaKvsk —

b¨cvqx‡`i g‡ZvB) Avgiv †h Avw`g —b¨cvqx cÖvYx †_‡K

D™¢~Z n‡qwQ hv‡`i wQj †QvU †PvL Ges †mB †Pv‡Li `„wó

wbe× Kivi mvg_©¨ †Zgb DbœZ wQj bv| cieZ©x‡Z Avgv‡`i

†Pv‡Li †dvKvm †KŠk‡j †QvU †QvU cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q

cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb wµqvkxjZvi Kvi‡Y| wKš‘ GLb GB

welqwU‡K hw` (me©kw³gv‡bi) cwiKíbv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv

Kwi Zvn‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Avgv‡`i †Pv‡Li �wU I mxgve×Zv

Ck¦wiK ¶gZvi A‡a©K wedjZv wn‡m‡e Zvui mybvgnvwb NUvq|

wKš‘ G‡K hw` Avgiv cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi Drcv`b wn‡m‡e

†`wL Z‡e G‡K PgKcÖ` mvdj¨ e‡jB g‡b nq| [cÖK…wZ‡Z

†hme †gi“`Êx-A‡gi“`Êx cÖvYxi †PvL i‡q‡Q, Zv‡`i †Pv‡Li

MVb I Kvh©KvwiZvi w`K w`‡q A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|

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†Pv‡Li MVb I Kvh©KvwiZv AZ¨š— `ye©j| Gi gva¨‡g GUv

†evSv hvq ûU K‡i GK`g cwic~Y© †PvL cÖvYx‡`‡n D™¢~Z nq

wb| `xN©w`‡bi µgweKvkg~jK cÖwµqvq GKUz GKUz

f¨vwi‡qk‡bi wfZi w`‡q cÖvYx‡`‡n †PvL MwVZ n‡q‡Q|

cÖvYxRM‡Z gvbyl n‡”Q †gi“`Êx cÖvYx‡`i —b¨cvqx †kÖYxi|

c„w_ex‡Z cÖvY‰ewP‡Î¨i †h eqm-mxgv i‡q‡Q (cÖvq mv‡o wZbk

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†_‡K GK j¶ eQi gvÎ)| A_©vr gvbyl Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e

AvaywbK| gvby‡li †Pv‡Li MVb I Kvh©KvwiZvi †P‡q †Ku‡Pv

RvZxq A‡gi“`Êx cÖvYx d¬¨vUIqvg©‡`i †Pv‡Li MVb I

Kvh©KvwiZv A‡a©‡Ki †P‡qI Kg| d¬¨vUIqvg©‡`i †`‡n ïay

Av‡jvKms‡e`x ¶z`ª ¶z`ª `vM i‡q‡Q| mvgyw ªK cÖvYx bwUjv‡mi

(Nautilus) GKUz DbœZ MV‡bi †PvL i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Zvi †Pv‡Li

MV‡bi mv‡_ gvby‡li †Pv‡Li MV‡bi cv_©K¨I i‡q‡Q|

d¬¨vUIqvg© I gvby‡li †Pv‡Li MV‡bi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q

162

bwUjv‡mi †Pv‡Li MVb| cÖvYxweÁvbxiv †`‡L‡Qb bwUjv‡mi

wcb‡nvj K¨v‡givi g‡Zv †Pv‡Li †h MVb Zv

Av‡jvKms‡e`bkxj| †Kv‡bv e¯‘i w`‡K ZvKv‡j Qvqv ˆZwi

n‡e (wWg jvB‡Ui Av‡jv‡Z †`L‡Z †hiKg jv‡M) wKš‘ e¯‘i

c~Y©v½ Qwe Zvi `„wó‡Z ˆZwi nq bv| bwUjv‡mi †Pv‡Li Zzjbvq

d¬¨vUIqv‡g©i †Pv‡Li MVb Av‡iv `ye©j| Zvi †Pv‡L †Kv‡bv e¯‘i

c~Y©v½ Qwe ˆZwi nq bv, QvqvI ˆZwi nq bv| ïay Av‡jvi cÖwZ

Gi mœvqy¸‡jvi wKQy cÖwZwµqv ˆZwi nq| Avw`g A‡gi“`Êx

cÖvYx †_‡K ïi“ K‡i eZ©gvbKv‡ji cÖvYx‡`i †Pv‡Li MV‡bi

Ges Kvh©KvwiZvi †h wfbœZv I ˆewPΨ cÖvYxRM‡Z

i‡q‡QÑG¸‡jv wbðqB †Kv‡bv A‡jŠwKK eyw×`xß mËvi ax‡i

ax‡i `¶Zv e„w× Avi µgvš^‡q DbœwZi dj wn‡m‡e †KD `vwe

KivUv †hŠw³K n‡e bv|ÑAbyev`K]

wiPvW© WwK‡Ýi I‡qe mvBU eÜ K‡i †`qvi AvwR© Rvwb‡q

AKZv‡ii AvBbRxex ZzwK© Av`vj‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb WwK‡Ýi

Amf¨ AvPiY Av`bvb AKZv‡ii g‡Zv m¤§vwbZ Ges gvwR©Z

e¨w³i mybvgnvwb NwU‡q‡Q| Zuvi g‡°j Av`bvb AKZv‡ii

†jLv wewfbœ wel‡qi wZbkZ MÖš’ i‡q‡Q, GBme eB‡q wewfbœ

wel‡q cÖPzi gZvgZ i‡q‡Q wKš‘ G¸‡jvi †Kv_vI GKUvI

Am¤§vbRbK kã Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv| Ggb Kx Zuvi GK

WR‡biI Dci I‡qe mvBU i‡q‡Q †mLv‡bI Ggb GKwU

kãI †bB| (`ªóe¨ : http://bit.ly/16e44CA)| Avwg Aek¨ wZbkZ

eB‡qi me¸‡jv c‡o †`wL wb| wKš‘ †h¸‡jv c‡owQ Zv‡Z

weÁvbx, e ‘ev`x Ges m‡e©vcwi Pvj©m WviDB‡bi wei“‡× cÖPÊ

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gvbwPÎ eB‡qi cÖ_g w`‡K WviDBb‡K evwZj K‡i †`evi

AwfcÖv‡q wj‡L‡Qb :

Pvj©m WviDB‡bi `vwei Aek¨B †Kv‡bv

weÁvbm¤§Z cÖgvY ev wfwË †bB| wKš‘ hLb

†_‡K ˆeÁvwbK Ávb Ges cÖhyw³i DbœwZ NU‡Z

_vK‡jv GK`g cÖv_wgK gvÎvq †mB mgq

†_‡KB WviDB‡bi nvm¨Ki Ges Aev¯—e

`vwe¸‡jv w`‡bi Av‡jvi mvg‡b Avi wU‡K

_vK‡Z cvi‡jv bv| (c„ôv 14)|

Avgvi †ek g‡b a‡i‡Q AKZvi Zuvi cÖ_g ev‡K¨ ÔAek¨BÕ

kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Qb! †KD hw` WviDB‡bi AwiwRb Ae

w¯úwmR MÖš’wU Lye Mfxifv‡e cvV bv K‡iI ïay `ª“Z cvZv

Dwë‡q hvq Zey †m †Ui cv‡e WviDBb Zuvi e³‡e¨i mg_©‡b

Kx Mfxi cwigvY I `xN© AbymÜvb Kvh© Pvwj‡q‡Qb| wKš‘

Avgvi G e³e¨ w`‡q Aek¨ cÖgvwYZ nq bv WviDBb mwVK

wQ‡jb| wKš‘ AKZvi m¤ú~Y© a„óZvi mv‡_, †evKvi g‡Zv I

wKQyUv JׇZ¨i mv‡_ `vwe K‡i‡Qb ÔWviDB‡bi w_Iwi

Aek¨B †Kv‡bv ai‡bi ˆeÁvwbK cÖgvY e¨wZ‡i‡K ˆZwi

n‡qwQj|Õ Zuvi GB e³e¨ ïay fyj bq eis cy‡ivcywi m‡Z¨i

163

wecixZ| A‡bKUv GiKgfv‡e ejv hvq †h Zuvi wb‡Ri eBwUI

ÔAek¨BÕ †Kviv‡bi cÖwZ Akª×vkxj|

hw` (AKZvi †hgbUv e‡j‡Qb) RxeweeZ©‡bi AbyKíwU

cy‡ivcywi fyj, wek¦ m¤ú‡K© Avw`g `„wófw½ Avi AvaywbK

ˆeÁvwbK cÖhyw³i NvUwZi Dci wfwË K‡i GwU M‡o DV‡Zv|

Zvn‡j Avgiv Avkv Kwi weÁvbxiv G‡Zvw`‡b Av‡iv gvwR©Z

cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i, fv‡jv w_Iwi I cÖPzi Z_¨-DcvË w`‡q

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Avjv`v kvLv wn‡m‡e weewZ©Z n‡q wM‡qwQj| G‡`i g‡a¨

Ab¨Zg wQj 280 eQi Av‡Mi me‡P‡q eo Lv`K (predator)

Dimetrodon Gi †XD‡qi gZ wcV, ev”Pv‡`i Kv‡Q †Ljbv

WvB‡bvm‡ii Kvi‡Y †ek cwiwPZ, hw`I GUv Av‡`Š

WvB‡bvmi wQj bv| Dimetrodon Gi eo I avivj †Q`b `vuZ Ges

—b¨cvqx‡`i gZ LywjI wQj|

cieZ©x 80 wgwjqb eQ‡i Synapsida iv ভা�ক Ges †bK‡oi

gZ wkKvix cÖvYxi cvkvcvwk k~K‡ii gZ Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvYx‡ZI

weewZ©Z nq| GB mg‡q Zviv —b¨cvqx‡`i AviI A‡bK

ˆewkó¨ jvf K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ D��L‡hvM¨ nj †Pvqv‡ji evowZ

†cwk hv wPev‡bvi Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i; gy‡Li wfZ‡i AwZwi³

Zvjy hv Zv‡`i GKB mv‡_ †L‡Z Ges k¦vm wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

GKvwaK ¯—‡i mw¾Z Pe©b `vuZ hv Lv`¨ mivmwi wM‡j †djvi

Av‡M wPev‡bvi Kv‡R jv‡M; eo gw — ‹ Ges h_vh_ k¦vm-

170

cÖk¦v‡mi Rb¨ cuvR‡ii Pvicv‡ki †cwk| G‡`i †`‡n †jvg

_vKvi cÖgvY ch©š— cvIqv ‡M‡Q, hv wbwðZfv‡eB —b¨cvqx‡`i

ˆewkó¨| Pxb, `w¶Y Avwd«Kv I †U·v‡m cvIqv 200 wgwjqb

eQi Av‡Mi mwZ¨Kv‡ii —b¨cvqx cÖvYxi dwm‡jI Dcw¯’wZi

gva¨‡g Synapsida-†`i NUbv †kl nq|

wewfbœ cÖvYxi wb‡Pi †Pvqv‡ji dwmj ch©‡e¶‡Yi Øviv

—b¨cvqx‡`i weeZ©‡bi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cwieZ©b¸‡jv j¶¨

Kiv hvq| mixm…c I Avw` Synapsida-†`i evg I Wvb

Dfqcv‡ki wb‡Pi †Pvqvj¸‡jv nvo Øviv MwVZ, hvi †Kv‡bvwU

Avevi `vuZ‡KI a‡i iv‡L| Synapsida-†`i weeZ©‡bi mv‡_

†Pvqv‡ji nvo¸‡jv eo n‡Z _v‡K Ges †k‡l gv_vi Lywji

mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| mixm„c‡`i †Pvqv‡ji GKwU nvo

m¼ywPZ n‡Z n‡Z G‡Kev‡i wejyß n‡q hvq| Ab¨ nvo `ywU

mi‡Z mi‡Z ga¨K‡Y© P‡j hvq †hLv‡b Zviv †bnvB I nvZywoi

gZ KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zviv Kv‡bi c`©vq kã Drcbœ K‡i hv

w÷ivc nvo n‡q Aš—tK‡Y© †cŠu‡Q hvq| Avcbviv hw`

mixm…c‡`i kã †kvbvi cÖwµqv m¤‡Ü bv Rv‡bb Z‡e

nvo¸‡jvi Kv‡Ri Ggb cwieZ©b Avcbv‡`i Kv‡Q A™¢yZ

jvM‡Z cv‡i| mixm…c‡`i †¶‡Î kã wb‡Pi †Pvqvj †_‡K

gv_vi Lywji ga¨ w`‡q Aš—tK‡Y© †cŠuQvq| Kv‡bi c`©vq Gmgq

†h K¤úb Abyf~Z nq Zv †Kv‡bv e¯—y‡K hvPvB Kivi Rb¨

AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|

Ab¨vb¨ †Mvôxi †¶‡ÎI GLb A‡bK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ôwgwms

wj¼Õ †`Lv hvq| A‡bK cÖRvwZi dwmj GLb Wvq‡bvmi †_‡K

cvwLi weeZ©‡bi wPÎwU AviI ¯úó K‡i| 150 wgwjqb eQi

cyiv‡bv RyivwmK hy‡Mi dwmj †iK‡W© cvIqv Archaeopteryx-Gi

D`vniY GLv‡b †`Lv‡bv hvq| Px‡bi Lower Cretaceous †_‡K

cvIqv 140 eQi cyiv‡bv dwm‡jI cvwLi ˆewkó¨ †`Lv hvq|

†hgb Sinornis Gi fuvR Kievi gZ Wvbv wQj, _vev w`‡q

aievi Dc‡hvMx cv wQj, †j‡Ri nvo¸‡jv me GKmv‡_ wg‡k

GKwU nv‡o cwiYZ n‡qwQj| `vuZwenxb †VuvU Avgiv cÖ_g

†`wL Confuciusornis-G| †¯ú‡bi cÖvq 130 wgwjqb eQi cyi‡bv

Lower Cretaceous wkjv †_‡K cvIqv hvq Iberomesornis, hvi †ek

gReyZ ey‡Ki nvo wQj hv Dovi Rb¨ e¨eüZ †cwk‡K AvU‡K

ivLZ| GB cÖvYxwUi Avevi Wvq‡bvm‡ii gZ Avw`g cÖK…wZi

†gi“`ÊI wQj|

GB ai‡bi cvwL‡`i dwmj¸‡jv‡K GLb AvKv‡k D‡o bv

Ggb Wvq‡bvmi‡`i ZvwjKvq †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Microraptor ev

Caudipteryx-Gi dwmj¸‡jv‡Z †ek DbœZ ai‡bi cvjK †`Lv

‡M‡Q| G †_‡K †evSv hvq I¸‡jv Doevi Dc‡hvMx nIqviI

A‡bK Av‡M AviI wfbœ wfbœ Kv‡R e¨eüZ nZ| [ †`Lyb

ÔBird's-eye ViewÕ by Matthew T. Carrano and Patrick M. O'Connor,

Natural History; May 2005, Vol. 114 Issue 4, p42]|

171

Av‡iKwU cUcwieZ©b hvi c‡¶I GLb h‡_ó

Z_¨cÖgvYvw` cvIqv †M‡Q Zv nj DfPi cÖvYx‡`i Wv½v weRq

(Awf‡hvRb)| `k‡Ki ci `kK a‡i gvQ I DfPi‡`i

ga¨eZ©x GKgvÎ dwmjwU wQj wMÖbj¨v‡Û cvIqv 360 wgwjqb

eQi cyi‡bv †Wfwbqvb hy‡Mi Ichthyostega| DfPi cÖvYx‡`i

mv‡_ Ichthyostega †`i bvbv mv`„k¨ †hgb myMwVZ cv, Kvu‡a

c~Y©v½ KwUeÜ, †gi“`‡Êi mv‡_ hy³ wbZ‡¤^i nvo _vKv m‡Ë¡I

G‡`i gy‡Li Dci cvwbi wfZ‡ii e —yKYv wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨

gv‡Qi gZ Kvb‡Kv wQ ª Ges gv‡Q‡`i gZB cvLbvIqvjv j¤^v

†jR wQj|

mv¤cÖwZK Avwe®‹vi¸‡jv †hgb GKB A‡j cvIqv

Acanthostega, GB wPÎwU‡K AviI RwUj I AvKl©Yxq K‡i

Zy‡j‡Q| Acanthostega Gi Kv‡bi nvoI wQj hv cvwbi wfZ‡i

kã †kvbvi Dc‡hvMx wQj| Ichthyostega A‡c¶v eo cvLbvhy³

†jR Acanthostega Gi †`‡n †`Lv hvq| DbœZZi Kvb‡Kvi

Kvi‡Y Acanthostega, Ichthyostega Gi †P‡q AviI †ewk Avw`g I

AviI †ewk RjR ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix wQj| Acanthostega †`i

Pvi cv‡qi cÖwZwU‡Z 5wUi ¯’‡j 8wU K‡i AvOyj wQj hv

Avw`gKv‡ji PZy®ú`x cÖvYx‡`i †¶‡Î Av`k© wQj| Gi

Dcv½¸‡jv muvZvi KvUvi cvkvcvwk Rjvk‡qi Zj‡`‡ki Dci

w`‡q nuvUvi Dc‡hvMx wQj, Wv½vq nvuUvi Dc‡hvMx bq|

DfPi‡`i cv weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Wv½vq PjvP‡ji Rb¨ (Lv‡`¨i

bZyb Dr‡mi mÜv‡b), cÖPwjZ Ggb Kvwnwbi mv‡_ GUv

mvsNwl©K cv weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q cvwbi wbP w`‡q nuvUvi R‡b¨

(†ewkifvM m¨vjvg¨vÛviiv AvRI hv K‡i P‡j)| Zvici Zviv

Wv½vq Pjvi Dc‡hvMx n‡q D‡V KviY †mB ¶gZv Zviv †c‡q

wM‡qwQj|

GLb †mB weeZ©‡bi K_vq Avwm hv Avgv‡`i cÖRvwZ

Homo sapiens MV‡b f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| wKQyw`b Av‡MI

gvbe‡Mv‡Îi dwm‡ji msL¨v AZ¨š— mxwgZ wQj| 1912 mv‡j

wcëWvDb g¨vb bv‡g cwiwPZ GK cÖeÂbvg~jK dwm‡ji

Kvi‡Y mewKQy‡ZB AwbðqZv I weå‡gi GK gvqvRvj ˆZwi

nq| wKš‘ MZ wZb `k‡K mKj Avwe®‹viB Av‡jv‡Z wb‡q

G‡m‡Q| Avwd«Kvi Pv` cÖRvZš¿ †_‡K 6 †_‡K 7 wgwjqb eQi

cyi‡bv Sahelanthropus Gi dwmj Avwe®‹…Z nq| Bw_‡qvwcqvq 2

†_‡K 5 wgwjqb cyi‡bv †iK‡W© bZyb MY Ardipithecus I

Australopithecus-Gi bZyb `yBwU cÖRvwZi (A. Anamensis I A.

Bahrelghazali) dwmjI †ei Kiv m¤¢e nq| Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i

cÖvq 2 wgwjqb eQi cyi‡bv MY Homo GiI †ek wKQy cÖRvwZ

wPwýZ n‡q‡Q|

ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq gvby‡li dwmj †iKW© GLb A‡bK †ewk

mg…× I m¤ú~Y©| bZyb D×viK…Z bgybv¸‡jvi A‡bK¸‡jv

Avevi †ek we¯§qKi| †hgb cyi‡bv b…weÁvbx‡`i K_vi

we‡ivwaZv K‡i dwmj¸‡jv Avgv‡`i †`Lvq `yB cv‡q `uvov‡bvi

172

NUbvUv gw¯—‡®‹i AvKvi e…w×i Av‡MB N‡U‡Q| gvbe weeZ©‡bi

A‡bK c‡ii ch©v‡q gw¯—‡®‹i AvKv‡ii e…w× N‡U‡Q|

†gi“`Êx‡`i DrcwËi e¨vcv‡i dwmj †iK‡W© GKmgq

nZvkvRbK duvK i‡q wM‡qwQj| RxeweÁvbxiv wewfbœ RxweZ

cÖvYx‡KB (†hgb, lancelets, sea squirts) A‡gi“`Êx I

†Pvqvjwenxb gv‡Qi ga¨Kvi ms‡hvM e‡j cix¶v Pvjv‡Zb|

hZw`b bv 480 wgwjqb eQi cyi‡bv A‡W©vwfwmqvb hy‡Mi

ïi“i w`‡Ki †ek Kvh©Ki wKQy dwmj Avwe®‹…Z nq| Z‡e

†m¸‡jv ïay wKQy fv½v nvo Avi ��U Qov‡bv Ae¯’vq wQj|

Z‡e Pxb †_‡K cvIqv 510 wgwjqb †_‡K 500 wgwjqb

eQi Av‡Mi ga¨ K¨vgweªqvb hy‡Mi wKQy dwmj lancelet Gi

c~e©m~wi wn‡m‡e ïay we‡ewPZ nq wb, big kix‡ii AviI wKQy

bgybv cÖ_gw`‡Ki †gi“`Êx cÖvYx wn‡m‡eI wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| Gi

gva¨‡g †gi“`Êx‡`i c`v¼ †mB K¨vgweªqvb hy‡MI cvIqv hvq,

hLb AvaywbK cÖvYxRM‡Zi wewfbœ kvLvi m…wó n‡qwQj|

WviDB‡bi AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB‡qi hLb †`ok eQi

†cwi‡q hv‡”Q, cÖvß dwm‡ji wb`k©b¸‡jv †`L‡j g‡b nq

WviDB‡bi g‡b `ytL ev Aciva‡eva bq, eis †MŠie †eva

Ki‡Zb| weeZ©bxq-RxeweÁvbxiv GLb Av‡iv wKQy Avwe®‹v‡ii

w`‡K ZvKv‡Z cv‡ib| hvi KZ¸wj †QvU gw —‡®‹i `y †c‡q

†nvwgwbW‡`i gZ we¯§q RvMv‡e, Avevi KZ¸wj weeZ©‡bi

NUbv m¤‡Ü dwmjwe`‡`i aviYvi †gvo Nywi‡q †`‡e| ZvB

dwmj †iKW© RxeweeZ©b e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ WviDB‡bi mg‡qi gZ

GLb Avi weo¤bvi KviY bq|

†Wvbvì †cÖv‡_‡iv : Av‡gwiKvi Aw·‡W›Uvj K‡j‡Ri f~ZË¡we`¨vi

Aa¨vcK| ÔThe fossils say yes!Õ wk‡ivbv‡gi cÖeÜwU †jL‡Ki

AbygwZµ‡g Natural History g¨vMvwRb (2005, 114 (9):

52-56) †_‡K msM„nxZ|

AfxK `vm : weÁvb I hyw³ev`x KvDw݇ji m`m¨| wk¶v_©x, kvnRvjvj

weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq, wm‡jU|