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Norway’s Hydrogen and Ammonia History

Initial Process – Nitric Acid

”Burning air” -> NO + H2O -> HNO3

Early power station dedicated to make fertilizer Ovens with ”standing arcs” to produce NO

In 1928 – Hydro converted to make fertilizer via hydrogen and ammonia

Electrolysers installed at Rjukan 1930, 150 units, 30 000 Nm3/hr, 150 MW

In 1928 – Hydro converted to make fertilizer via hydrogen and ammonia

Electrolysers installed at Rjukan 1930, 150 units, 30 000 Nm3/hr, 150 MW

Hydrogen and nitrogen transported down the valleyto Rjukan and made into ammonia

Ammonia transported 150 miles by rail across inland lakes to theshore at Porsgrunn

Hydro gradually converted to natural gas based ammonia production from the late 60’sKept electrolysers going as a a separate business, sold the fertilizer unit in 2004 (now Yara).

Ammonia Powered Truck - Rjukan

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The Midwest’s H2 and NH3 History

The Midwest’s H2 and NH3 History

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Key Challenge and Opportunity

200?

Wind / Grid energy 6 cents/KWh

NG 12 USD/MMBtu4 cents/KWh as heat8 cents/KWh converted to el

Fossil (NG)

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AnhydrousAmmonia

AnhydrousStorage Reformer

Renewable Hydrogen Research and Demonstration

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Cost of Energy / Ton of NH3 – Single Price

Cost/kWh

NH3 $/t

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*Electrical process….not limited to wind energy!

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