m-maji
Katherine Hoffmann, MA Student, IPS, StanfordSunny Jeon, PhD Candidate, Political Science, StanfordKatherine Hoffmann, MA Student, IPS, StanfordSunny Jeon, PhD Candidate, Political Science, Stanford
PresenterPresentation NotesWe are team ASK, and today we’re going to talk to you about water.
Collaborative effort between Stanford University and the University of Nairobi
Funded by Nokia Africa Research Center
Intersection of mobile technology and health ICT4D
Background: Designing Liberation Technologies
Prof. Joshua CohenProf. Larry DiamondProf. Terry Winograd
Prof. Joshua CohenProf. Larry DiamondProf. Terry Winograd
Prof. Dan OrwaProf. Peter Waiganjo Wagacha
Prof. Dan OrwaProf. Peter Waiganjo Wagacha
Jussi ImpioJussi Impio
Background: Designing Liberation Technologies
Goal: TO IMPROVE HEALTH IN KIBERA
USING MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
• BabyBank Savings by expectant mothers for birth expenses
• SMS Pillcheck Finding malaria medication in Kibera
• PatientMap Increasing transparency of the clinic process
• Mazanick Support and education messages for pregnant women
• mNote Integrated patient information system for community health workers
Health in Kibera
Water sprinkler
PresenterPresentation NotesWhen we talk about water rationing in silicon valley, we mean turning off the lawn sprinklers.
Credit: Sean H
awkley
Salome
PresenterPresentation NotesTo do that, we’re going to meet Salome Avango
http://www.flickr.com/photos/hawkey/387738944/
Kibera overview
Credit: Formae Mentis
One of Africa’s largest informal settlements…
…with no formal water or sanitation system.
PresenterPresentation NotesSalome lives in Kibra
200,000-1 million residents
http://formaementis.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/kibera-nairobi-kenya.jpg
Kibera health statisticsinfant mortality is three times the
Nairobi average
the second most costly cause of under-five mortality is diarrheal disease
Source: Crow (2009), Kyobutungi (2008); Image Credit: Chrissy Olson
PresenterPresentation Notes
Salome lives in Kibera, where infant mortality is THREE TIMEs the Nairobi averageAnd the second most costly cause of under-five mortality is diarrheal disease.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/islandgyrl/2087197766/in/set-72157621669683897/
Buying cholera
Credit: Global Giving
people who buy water joke that they are buying cholera
water may be scarce, costly, uncertain, and
contaminated
Cre
dit:
AFP
/Get
ty Im
ages
/ Rob
erto
Sch
mid
t
PresenterPresentation Notes“When you look at it, this I not surprising: water in Kibera is scarce, costly, uncertain, and contaminated.”
scarce
Credit: Christopher Elam
PresenterPresentation NotesRationing of waterPeriodic shortages in high-demand periods, i.e. summer, Nairobi trade fair
costly
Credit: Catherine Neumann
PresenterPresentation NotesPrices range from 2ksh/can to 30 ksh/can
Water Prices in Kibera
Source: Brocklehurst, Mehrotra, Morel (WB 2005).
uncertain
Source: Water and Sanitation Program; Photo Credit: AFP/ Getty Images/ Roberto Schmidt
PresenterPresentation NotesSamuel is one of 650 vendors,40% of which do not get a constant supply of waterAnd 10% of which get water only once a week
uncertain 40% of vendors in Kibera do not have a constant supply
10% get water only once a week
Source: Water and Sanitation Program; Photo Credit: AFP/ Getty Images/ Roberto Schmidt
PresenterPresentation NotesRationing and shortages are compounded by illegal access to water lines, requiring bribes, etc.
contaminated
Credit: Chrissy Olson
PresenterPresentation NotesOne toilet may be shared among hundreds of people.Women are afraid to exit during the night.During shortage, people may rely on contaminated groundwater for washing vegetables, etc.
contaminated
Credit: Water and Sanitation Program
contaminated
PresenterPresentation Notes
Vendors break into the main line illegally, siphon off the waterOpportunities for contaminationUnpredictability
cook, clean, and do laundry
Credit: Mamen Saura
PresenterPresentation NotesKibera residents use water for everything: to cook, clean and do laundry
every day, Salome looks for water
PresenterPresentation NotesEvery day, Salome looks for water
she looks for water on normal days…
Cre
dit:
AFP
/ Rob
erto
Sch
mid
t
…and on shortage
days
PresenterPresentation NotesShe looks for water on normal days, when the price of water may be 2-3 shillings
this can take an hour
Credit: Ben Crow, UCSC
PresenterPresentation NotesThis can take an hour
three hours
Credit: Professor Ben Crow, Sociology, UCSCCredit: Ben Crow, UCSC
PresenterPresentation NotesThree hours
or a day
Credit: Professor Ben Crow, Sociology, UCSCCredit: Ben Crow, UCSC
PresenterPresentation NotesOr a day
Salome is not alone
Cre
dit:
AFP
/Get
ty Im
ages
/ Rob
erto
Sch
mid
t
PresenterPresentation NotesSalome is not alone
68%
of Kibera residents rely on water kiosks
Source: Birongo and Le (2009); Image Credit: St. Aloysius Gonzaga High School Journalism Club
PresenterPresentation NotesSalome is one of the 68% of Kibera residents who rely on water kiosksAnd on average, residents throughout the slum spend 45 minutes per day searching for water.
Two young girls carry water on the train tracks that run through the Kibera Slum.Nairobi, Kenya.Photo by a member of the St. Aloysius Gonzaga High School Journalism Club.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/newbeatphoto/3726821378/
and they therefore face this problem every day
Credit: Reuters/ Noor Khamis
PresenterPresentation NotesAnd who therefore face this problem every day
meet Samuel
Samuel
PresenterPresentation NotesNow let’s look at another side of the problem. To do that, let’s meet Samuel.
Samuel sells water in Kibera
Credit: Catherine Neumann
Samuel
PresenterPresentation NotesSamuel sells water in Kibera - when he has it.
people are looking
for water and waiting
for water
Credit: Ben Crow, Anthropology, UCSC
PresenterPresentation NotesSamuel knows that all over Kibera, people are looking for water and waiting for water
he needs a way to let people know
that he has water
Credit: AP/Alixa Sharkey
PresenterPresentation NotesAnd when there are shortages he wants to let these people know that he has water
So that he can attract customers who may not know about himattract customers who may
not know about him
Credit: D
aily Nation
PresenterPresentation NotesSo that he can attract customers who may not know about him
or who don’t want to risk
traveling to an empty tap
Credit: M
YS
A S
hootback
PresenterPresentation NotesOr who don’t want to risk travelling to an empty tap to find out.
this problem is complex
but information can help
PresenterPresentation NotesThis problem is complex, but information can help.People lack water, but they do have access to cell phones
this problem is complex
but information can help
PresenterPresentation NotesWe envision a system that uses cell phones to connect Samuel and Salome, And enables them to get what they need.
How It Works
Vendor advertises
• Uses USSD to notify M‐Maji of water
availability,
location, price, and quality
• M‐Maji generates listings of
regularly updated information
Vendor
Buyer
M-Maji
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
Buyer requests information
• Dials USSD shortcode and enters
preferences
M-Maji
Vendor
Buyer
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
Buyer receives information
• Obtains a list of nearby vendors with
location, price, and
quality
• Buyer can then request directions to
preferred vendor
M-Maji
1. 2Ksh John
@ Makonngen
Church, clean
2. 3Ksh Samuel
near
Mashimoni …
OK Back
1. 2Ksh John
@ Makonngen
Church, clean2. 3Ksh Samuel
near
Mashimoni …OK Back
Vendor
Buyer
Buyer provides feedback
• M‐Maji will process and evaluate complaints
to create vendor ratings
• M‐Maji itself will evaluate claims about
water quality through random testing
M-Maji
Vendor
Buyer
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
Step 1: Access System Using USSD
*1234#
USSD
• Like SMS, but interactive• SMS unidirectional communication vs. USSD “session”
• Allows short messages • 182 characters
• Common application: menu options• Current uses in Kenya
• Mobile banking• “Topping up” cell phone credit
Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your Preferences
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
WATER BUYERS
Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your Preferences
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
1. Find
cheapest
water near me
2. Clean water
only
OK Back
1. Find
cheapest
water near me2. Clean water
only
OK Back
Please choose
a village.
1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East
OK Back
Please choose
a village.1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East
OK Back
Please choose
a landmark.
1. Imani Jere
Children Ctr
2. Holy Mtn
Worship Ctr…
OK Back
Please choose
a landmark.1. Imani Jere
Children Ctr2. Holy Mtn
Worship Ctr…OK Back
Always
associate this
location w/
this phone #?1. Yes 2. NoOK Back
Always
associate this
location w/ this phone #?1. Yes 2. NoOK Back
ATTITUDES
ABOUT
CLEAN
WATER
WATER BUYERS
ATTITUDES
ABOUT
CLEAN
WATER
Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your Preferences
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
1. Find
cheapest
water near me
2. Clean water
only
OK Back
1. Find
cheapest
water near me2. Clean water
only
OK Back
Please choose
a village.
1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East4. GatwekeraOK Back
Please choose
a village.1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East4. GatwekeraOK Back
Please choose
a landmark.
1. Imani Jere
Children Ctr
2. Holy Mtn
Worship Ctr…
OK Back
Please choose
a landmark.1. Imani Jere
Children Ctr2. Holy Mtn
Worship Ctr…OK Back
Always
associate this
location w/
this phone #?1. Yes 2. NoOK Back
Always
associate this
location w/ this phone #?1. Yes 2. NoOK Back
VILLAGE
WATER BUYERS
Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your Preferences
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
1. Find
cheapest
water near me
2. Clean water
only
OK Back
1. Find
cheapest
water near me2. Clean water
only
OK Back
Please choose
a village.
1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East
OK Back
Please choose
a village.1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East
OK Back
Please choose
a landmark.
1. Imani Jere
Children Ctr
2. Holy Mtn
Worship Ctr…
OK Back
Please choose
a landmark.1. Imani Jere
Children Ctr2. Holy Mtn
Worship Ctr…OK Back
Always
associate this
location w/
this phone #?1. Yes 2. NoOK Back
Always
associate this
location w/ this phone #?1. Yes 2. NoOK Back
LANDMARKATTITUDES
ABOUT
CLEAN
WATER
VILLAGE
WATER BUYERS
Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your Preferences
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
1. Find
cheapest
water near me
2. Clean water
only
OK Back
1. Find
cheapest
water near me2. Clean water
only
OK Back
Please choose
a village.
1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East
OK Back
Please choose
a village.1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East
OK Back
Please choose
a landmark.
1. Imani Jere
Children Ctr
2. Holy Mtn
Worship Ctr…
OK Back
Please choose
a landmark.1. Imani Jere
Children Ctr2. Holy Mtn
Worship Ctr…OK Back
Always
associate this
location w/
this phone #?1. Yes 2. NoOK Back
Always
associate this
location w/ this phone #?1. Yes 2. NoOK Back
ATTITUDES
ABOUT
CLEAN
WATER
VILLAGE LANDMARK STORE
PREFERENCES
?
WATER BUYERS
Step 3: Receive Information
1. 2Ksh John
@
Makonngen
Church, clean
2. 3Ksh
Samuel near
Mashimoni …
OK Back
1. 2Ksh John
@
Makonngen
Church, clean2. 3Ksh
Samuel near
Mashimoni …OK Back
On backside of
Makonngen
Church facing
mobile re‐
charge station.
1. SMS info…OK Back
On backside of
Makonngen
Church facing
mobile re‐
charge station. 1. SMS info…OK Back
SMS:John on backside
of Makonngen
Church facing
mobile recharging
station.
0701456654
SMS:John on backside
of Makonngen
Church facing
mobile recharging
station.
0701456654
OPTIONS DETAILS
BASED ON
LOCATION
AND
PREFERENCES
…
SAVE
LOCATION
WATER BUYERS
SAVE
LOCATION
Step 3: Receive Information
1. 2Ksh John
@
Makonngen
Church, clean
2. 3Ksh
Samuel near
Mashimoni …
OK Back
1. 2Ksh John
@
Makonngen
Church, clean2. 3Ksh
Samuel near
Mashimoni …OK Back
On backside of
Makonngen
Church facing
mobile re‐
charge station.
1. SMS info…OK Back
On backside of
Makonngen
Church facing
mobile re‐
charge station. 1. SMS info…OK Back
SMS:John on backside
of Makonngen
Church facing
mobile recharging
station.
0701456654
SMS:John on backside
of Makonngen
Church facing
mobile recharging
station.
0701456654
OPTIONS DETAILS
BASED ON
LOCATION
AND
PREFERENCES
…
WATER BUYERS
Step 3: Receive Information
1. 2Ksh John
@
Makonngen
Church, clean
2. 3Ksh
Samuel near
Mashimoni …
OK Back
1. 2Ksh John
@
Makonngen
Church, clean2. 3Ksh
Samuel near
Mashimoni …OK Back
On backside of
Makonngen
Church facing
mobile re‐
charge station.
1. SMS info…OK Back
On backside of
Makonngen
Church facing
mobile re‐
charge station. 1. SMS info…OK Back
SMS:John on backside
of Makonngen
Church facing
mobile recharging
station.
0701456654
SMS:John on backside
of Makonngen
Church facing
mobile recharging
station.
0701456654
OPTIONS DETAILS SAVE
LOCATION
BASED ON
LOCATION
AND
PREFERENCES
…
WATER BUYERS
Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your Product
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
WATER VENDORS
Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductWATER VENDORS
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
Please enter
your name,
village, and a
5‐word
description of
your kiosk.
OK Back
Please enter
your name,
village, and a
5‐word
description of
your kiosk.OK Back
Please
describe your
location in 160
characters.
OK Back
Please
describe your
location in 160
characters.
OK Back
Do you
purify/treat
your water?
1. Yes2. No
OK Back
Do you
purify/treat
your water?1. Yes2. No
OK Back
VENDOR
ACCOUNT
John, thanks
for subscri‐
bing. You are
selling clean
water in
Gatwekera
at
the kiosk next
to St.
Michael's
church.
OK Back
John, thanks
for subscri‐
bing. You are
selling clean
water in
Gatwekera
at
the kiosk next
to St.
Michael's
church.OK Back
Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductWATER VENDORS
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
Please enter
your name,
village, and a
5‐word
description of
your kiosk.
OK Back
Please enter
your name,
village, and a
5‐word
description of
your kiosk.OK Back
Please
describe your
location in 160
characters.
OK Back
Please
describe your
location in 160
characters.
OK Back
Do you
purify/treat
your water?
1. Yes2. No
OK Back
Do you
purify/treat
your water?1. Yes2. No
OK Back
VENDOR
ACCOUNT
John, thanks
for subscri‐
bing. You are
selling clean
water in
Gatwekera
at
the kiosk next
to St.
Michael's
church.
OK Back
John, thanks
for subscri‐
bing. You are
selling clean
water in
Gatwekera
at
the kiosk next
to St.
Michael's
church.OK Back
LOCATION
Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductWATER VENDORS
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
Please enter
your name,
village, and a
5‐word
description of
your kiosk.
OK Back
Please enter
your name,
village, and a
5‐word
description of
your kiosk.OK Back
Please
describe your
location in 160
characters.
OK Back
Please
describe your
location in 160
characters.
OK Back
Do you
purify/treat
your water?
1. Yes2. No
OK Back
Do you
purify/treat
your water?1. Yes2. No
OK Back
VENDOR
ACCOUNT
John, thanks
for subscri‐
bing. You are
selling clean
water in
Gatwekera
at
the kiosk next
to St.
Michael's
church.
OK Back
John, thanks
for subscri‐
bing. You are
selling clean
water in
Gatwekera
at
the kiosk next
to St.
Michael's
church.OK Back
LOCATION QUALITY
QUALITY
Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductWATER VENDORS
Welcome to
M‐Maji
1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedback
OK Back
Welcome to
M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/
feedbackOK Back
Please enter
your name,
village, and a
5‐word
description of
your kiosk.
OK Back
Please enter
your name,
village, and a
5‐word
description of
your kiosk.OK Back
Please
describe your
location in 160
characters.
OK Back
Please
describe your
location in 160
characters.
OK Back
Do you
purify/treat
your water?
1. Yes2. No
OK Back
Do you
purify/treat
your water?1. Yes2. No
OK Back
VENDOR
ACCOUNT
John, thanks
for subscri‐
bing. You are
selling clean
water in
Gatwekera
at
the kiosk next
to St.
Michael's
church.
OK Back
John, thanks
for subscri‐
bing. You are
selling clean
water in
Gatwekera
at
the kiosk next
to St.
Michael's
church.OK Back
LOCATION CONFIRMATI
ON
ADVERTISEM
ENT TYPE
Step 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityWATER VENDORS
Welcome
John!
1. Continue2. Not John3. Add
account
OK Back
Welcome
John!1. Continue2. Not John3. Add
accountOK Back
Please select a
kiosk:
1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera
OK Back
Please select a
kiosk:1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera
OK Back
1. New
advertisement
2. Update
advertisement
OK Back
1. New
advertisement2. Update
advertisement
OK Back
VENDOR
RECOGNITIO
N
Please enter
water price in
Ksh per 20
liter jerry can.
OK Back
Please enter
water price in
Ksh per 20
liter jerry can.
OK Back
LOCATION PRICE
ON A
REGULA
R
BASIS…
Thanks for
using M‐Maji!
You are selling
pure
water at
4 Ksh
per jerry
can.
OK Back
Thanks for
using M‐Maji!
You are selling
pure
water at
4 Ksh
per jerry
can.OK Back
CONFIRMATI
ON
ADVERTISEM
ENT TYPE
Step 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityWATER VENDORS
Welcome
John!
1. Continue2. Not John3. Add
account
OK Back
Welcome
John!1. Continue2. Not John3. Add
accountOK Back
Please select a
kiosk:
1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera
OK Back
Please select a
kiosk:1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera
OK Back
1. New
advertisement
2. Update
advertisement
OK Back
1. New
advertisement2. Update
advertisement
OK Back
VENDOR
RECOGNITIO
N
Please enter
water price in
Ksh per 20
liter jerry can.
OK Back
Please enter
water price in
Ksh per 20
liter jerry can.
OK Back
LOCATION PRICE
ON A
REGULA
R
BASIS…
Thanks for
using M‐Maji!
You are selling
pure
water at
4 Ksh
per jerry
can.
OK Back
Thanks for
using M‐Maji!
You are selling
pure
water at
4 Ksh
per jerry
can.OK Back
CONFIRMATI
ON
ADVERTISEM
ENT TYPE
Step 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityWATER VENDORS
Welcome
John!
1. Continue2. Not John3. Add
account
OK Back
Welcome
John!1. Continue2. Not John3. Add
accountOK Back
Please select a
kiosk:
1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera
OK Back
Please select a
kiosk:1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera
OK Back
1. New
advertisement
2. Update
advertisement
OK Back
1. New
advertisement2. Update
advertisement
OK Back
VENDOR
RECOGNITIO
N
Please enter
water price in
Ksh per 20
liter jerry can.
OK Back
Please enter
water price in
Ksh per 20
liter jerry can.
OK Back
LOCATION PRICE
ON A
REGULA
R
BASIS…
Thanks for
using M‐Maji!
You are selling
pure
water at
4 Ksh
per jerry
can.
OK Back
Thanks for
using M‐Maji!
You are selling
pure
water at
4 Ksh
per jerry
can.OK Back
CONFIRMATI
ON
ADVERTISEM
ENT TYPE
Step 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityWATER VENDORS
Welcome
John!
1. Continue2. Not John3. Add
account
OK Back
Welcome
John!1. Continue2. Not John3. Add
accountOK Back
Please select a
kiosk:
1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera
OK Back
Please select a
kiosk:1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera
OK Back
1. New
advertisement
2. Update
advertisement
OK Back
1. New
advertisement2. Update
advertisement
OK Back
VENDOR
RECOGNITIO
N
Please enter
water price in
Ksh per 20
liter jerry can.
OK Back
Please enter
water price in
Ksh per 20
liter jerry can.
OK Back
LOCATION PRICE
ON A
REGULA
R
BASIS…
Thanks for
using M‐Maji!
You are selling
pure
water at
4 Ksh
per jerry
can.
OK Back
Thanks for
using M‐Maji!
You are selling
pure
water at
4 Ksh
per jerry
can.OK Back
CONFIRMATI
ON
ADVERTISEM
ENT TYPE
Step 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityWATER VENDORS
Welcome
John!
1. Continue2. Not John3. Add
account
OK Back
Welcome
John!1. Continue2. Not John3. Add
accountOK Back
Please select a
kiosk:
1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera
OK Back
Please select a
kiosk:1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera
OK Back
1. New
advertisement
2. Update
advertisement
OK Back
1. New
advertisement2. Update
advertisement
OK Back
VENDOR
RECOGNITIO
N
Please enter
water price in
Ksh per 20
liter jerry can.
OK Back
Please enter
water price in
Ksh per 20
liter jerry can.
OK Back
LOCATION PRICE
ON A
REGULA
R
BASIS…
Thanks for
using M‐Maji!
You are selling
pure
water at
4 Ksh
per jerry
can.
OK Back
Thanks for
using M‐Maji!
You are selling
pure
water at
4 Ksh
per jerry
can.OK Back
CONFIRMATI
ON
System Overview
PresenterPresentation NotesPart of why it can take so long for Salome to find water is that shortages are common, but not predictable
PresenterPresentation NotesOn some days, shortages are concentrated near Salome
PresenterPresentation NotesOn other days, there are shortages in other places
PresenterPresentation NotesThe important question for Salome is, “where is water today?” But it’s a hard question to answer
PresenterPresentation Notesand the way she answers it now is through trial and error
PresenterPresentation NotesIf she knew where water was available today, she could avoid wasting her time. But she’s not the only one this information would help.
PresenterPresentation NotesSamuel’s got water today, and he wants everyone to know
PresenterPresentation NotesSo we want to connect buyers like Salome with sellers like Samuel.
Why it Works
1. MARKET DISTORTED, BUT NOT COORDINATED
Source: Crow and Odaba (2007).
PresenterPresentation NotesAt any given time, we observe multiple different production structures
Variation
Source: MapKibera Project
BIG FIVE(CARTEL) MOST DESTITUTE
300 HOUSEHOLDS SHARE ONE WATER POINT
REGULAR SUPPLY
ONLY 5 MAIN CONNECTIO NS
NGOS
2. INFORMATION ASYMMETRY EXISTS THAT IS NOT SOLVED BY INFORMAL
NETWORKS
• Supplements existing social networks and word-of-mouth information-gathering
• Enhances existing water search strategies
Credit: Ben Crow, UCSC
3. M-MAJI IS NEEDS-DRIVEN
• VENDORS
• Advertising for little-known vendors
• Increased returns to investments in tanks and water storage
• Increased returns to purification
• Cooperative outcomes through transparency and accountability
3. M-MAJI IS NEEDS-DRIVEN
4. M-MAJI IS COST-SENSITIVE AND LOW-TECH
• Free for users
• Requires only a SIM card and access to a basic GSM phone
• Mobile penetration in Kenya is on the rise
Mobile Phone Adoption
• 21 million mobile users in Kenya (World Bank)• Within three years, M‐Pesa reached 40% of
adult Kenyans (Mas & Radcliffe, WB 2010)
Source: World Bank
5. M-MAJI IS UNIQUE
• Rather than directly increasing water supply, it works to improve allocation of existing resources
• Broadly applicable
• Easily scalable
• System improves with increase in usership
6. EVIDENCE• BETTER WATER INFORMATION CAN IMPROVE CLEAN
WATER UPTAKE (Jalan
and
Somanathan
2008;
Luoto
2009;
Madajewicz
et al. 2007).
• DEMAND FOR WATER ELASTIC AT LOW PRICES BUT INELASTIC AT HIGH PRICES
(Ashraf
et al. 2007; Berry et al. 2008; Kremer et al. 2009).
• THE POOR ARE WILLING TO PAY SLIGHTLY MORE “WITH THEIR FEET”
FOR CLEAN WATER
(Kremer et al. 2009).
• MOBILE PHONES CAN IMPROVE MARKET EFFICIENCY (Aker 2010; Jensen 2007).
m-majiBackground: Designing Liberation TechnologiesSlide Number 3Background: Designing Liberation TechnologiesGoal: �TO IMPROVE HEALTH IN KIBERA �USING MOBILE TECHNOLOGYHealth in KiberaWater sprinklerSalomeKibera overviewKibera health statisticsBuying cholerawater may be scarce, �costly, uncertain, and contaminatedscarcecostly Water Prices in Kiberauncertainuncertaincontaminatedcontaminatedcook, clean, �and do laundrySlide Number 21she looks for water on normal days…this can take an hourthree hoursor a daySalome is not alone68% of Kibera residents� rely on water kiosksand they therefore face this problem every daymeet SamuelSamuel sells water in Kiberapeople are looking for water and waiting for waterhe needs a way to let people know that he has waterSo that he can attract customers who may not know about himor who don’t want to risk traveling to an empty tapthis problem is complexthis problem is complexHow It WorksVendor advertisesBuyer requests informationBuyer receives informationBuyer provides feedbackStep 1: Access System Using USSDUSSDStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your PreferencesStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your PreferencesStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your PreferencesStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your PreferencesStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your PreferencesStep 3: Receive InformationStep 3: Receive InformationStep 3: Receive InformationStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductStep 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityStep 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityStep 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityStep 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityStep 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilitySystem OverviewSlide Number 63Slide Number 64Slide Number 65Slide Number 66Slide Number 67Slide Number 68Slide Number 69Slide Number 70Why it WorksMARKET DISTORTED, BUT NOT COORDINATEDVariationINFORMATION ASYMMETRY EXISTS THAT IS NOT SOLVED BY INFORMAL NETWORKSM-MAJI IS NEEDS-DRIVEN3. M-MAJI IS NEEDS-DRIVEN4. M-MAJI IS COST-SENSITIVE AND LOW-TECHMobile Phone Adoption5. M-MAJI IS UNIQUE6. EVIDENCE
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