m-maji · 2018. 5. 14. · m-maji Katherine Hoffmann, MA Student, IPS, Stanford Sunny Jeon, PhD...

m-maji

Katherine Hoffmann, MA Student, IPS, StanfordSunny Jeon, PhD Candidate, Political Science, StanfordKatherine Hoffmann, MA Student, IPS, StanfordSunny Jeon, PhD Candidate, Political Science, Stanford

PresenterPresentation NotesWe are team ASK, and today we’re going to talk to you about water.

Collaborative effort between Stanford University and the University of Nairobi

Funded by Nokia Africa Research Center

Intersection of mobile technology and health ICT4D

Background: Designing Liberation Technologies

Prof. Joshua CohenProf. Larry DiamondProf. Terry Winograd

Prof. Joshua CohenProf. Larry DiamondProf. Terry Winograd

Prof. Dan OrwaProf. Peter Waiganjo Wagacha

Prof. Dan OrwaProf. Peter Waiganjo Wagacha

Jussi ImpioJussi Impio

Background: Designing Liberation Technologies

Goal: TO IMPROVE HEALTH IN KIBERA

USING MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

• BabyBank Savings by expectant mothers for birth expenses

• SMS Pillcheck Finding malaria medication in Kibera

• PatientMap Increasing transparency of the clinic process

• Mazanick Support and education messages for pregnant women

• mNote Integrated patient information system for community health workers

Health in Kibera

Water sprinkler

PresenterPresentation NotesWhen we talk about water rationing in silicon valley, we mean turning off the lawn sprinklers.

Credit: Sean H

awkley

Salome

PresenterPresentation NotesTo do that, we’re going to meet Salome Avango

http://www.flickr.com/photos/hawkey/387738944/

Kibera overview

Credit: Formae Mentis

One of Africa’s largest informal settlements…

…with no formal water or sanitation system.

PresenterPresentation NotesSalome lives in Kibra

200,000-1 million residents

http://formaementis.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/kibera-nairobi-kenya.jpg

Kibera health statisticsinfant mortality is three times the

Nairobi average

the second most costly cause of under-five mortality is diarrheal disease

Source: Crow (2009), Kyobutungi (2008); Image Credit: Chrissy Olson

PresenterPresentation Notes

Salome lives in Kibera, where infant mortality is THREE TIMEs the Nairobi averageAnd the second most costly cause of under-five mortality is diarrheal disease.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/islandgyrl/2087197766/in/set-72157621669683897/

Buying cholera

Credit: Global Giving

people who buy water joke that they are buying cholera

water may be scarce, costly, uncertain, and

contaminated

Cre

dit:

AFP

/Get

ty Im

ages

/ Rob

erto

Sch

mid

t

PresenterPresentation Notes“When you look at it, this I not surprising: water in Kibera is scarce, costly, uncertain, and contaminated.”

scarce

Credit: Christopher Elam

PresenterPresentation NotesRationing of waterPeriodic shortages in high-demand periods, i.e. summer, Nairobi trade fair

costly

Credit: Catherine Neumann

PresenterPresentation NotesPrices range from 2ksh/can to 30 ksh/can

Water Prices in Kibera

Source: Brocklehurst, Mehrotra, Morel (WB 2005).

uncertain

Source: Water and Sanitation Program; Photo Credit: AFP/ Getty Images/ Roberto Schmidt

PresenterPresentation NotesSamuel is one of 650 vendors,40% of which do not get a constant supply of waterAnd 10% of which get water only once a week

uncertain 40% of vendors in Kibera do not have a constant supply

10% get water only once a week

Source: Water and Sanitation Program; Photo Credit: AFP/ Getty Images/ Roberto Schmidt

PresenterPresentation NotesRationing and shortages are compounded by illegal access to water lines, requiring bribes, etc.

contaminated

Credit: Chrissy Olson

PresenterPresentation NotesOne toilet may be shared among hundreds of people.Women are afraid to exit during the night.During shortage, people may rely on contaminated groundwater for washing vegetables, etc.

contaminated

Credit: Water and Sanitation Program

contaminated

PresenterPresentation Notes

Vendors break into the main line illegally, siphon off the waterOpportunities for contaminationUnpredictability

cook, clean, and do laundry

Credit: Mamen Saura

PresenterPresentation NotesKibera residents use water for everything: to cook, clean and do laundry

every day, Salome looks for water

PresenterPresentation NotesEvery day, Salome looks for water

she looks for water on normal days…

Cre

dit:

AFP

/ Rob

erto

Sch

mid

t

…and on shortage

days

PresenterPresentation NotesShe looks for water on normal days, when the price of water may be 2-3 shillings

this can take an hour

Credit: Ben Crow, UCSC

PresenterPresentation NotesThis can take an hour

three hours

Credit: Professor Ben Crow, Sociology, UCSCCredit: Ben Crow, UCSC

PresenterPresentation NotesThree hours

or a day

Credit: Professor Ben Crow, Sociology, UCSCCredit: Ben Crow, UCSC

PresenterPresentation NotesOr a day

Salome is not alone

Cre

dit:

AFP

/Get

ty Im

ages

/ Rob

erto

Sch

mid

t

PresenterPresentation NotesSalome is not alone

68%

of Kibera residents rely on water kiosks

Source: Birongo and Le (2009); Image Credit: St. Aloysius Gonzaga High School Journalism Club

PresenterPresentation NotesSalome is one of the 68% of Kibera residents who rely on water kiosksAnd on average, residents throughout the slum spend 45 minutes per day searching for water.

Two young girls carry water on the train tracks that run through the Kibera Slum.Nairobi, Kenya.Photo by a member of the St. Aloysius Gonzaga High School Journalism Club.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/newbeatphoto/3726821378/

and they therefore face this problem every day

Credit: Reuters/ Noor Khamis

PresenterPresentation NotesAnd who therefore face this problem every day

meet Samuel

Samuel

PresenterPresentation NotesNow let’s look at another side of the problem. To do that, let’s meet Samuel.

Samuel sells water in Kibera

Credit: Catherine Neumann

Samuel

PresenterPresentation NotesSamuel sells water in Kibera - when he has it.

people are looking

for water and waiting

for water

Credit: Ben Crow, Anthropology, UCSC

PresenterPresentation NotesSamuel knows that all over Kibera, people are looking for water and waiting for water

he needs a way to let people know

that he has water

Credit: AP/Alixa Sharkey

PresenterPresentation NotesAnd when there are shortages he wants to let these people know that he has water

So that he can attract customers who may not know about himattract customers who may

not know about him

Credit: D

aily Nation

PresenterPresentation NotesSo that he can attract customers who may not know about him

or who don’t want to risk

traveling to an empty tap

Credit: M

YS

A S

hootback

PresenterPresentation NotesOr who don’t want to risk travelling to an empty tap to find out.

this problem is complex

but information can help

PresenterPresentation NotesThis problem is complex, but information can help.People lack water, but they do have access to cell phones

this problem is complex

but information can help

PresenterPresentation NotesWe envision a system that uses cell phones to connect Samuel and Salome, And enables them to get what they need.

How It Works

Vendor advertises

• Uses USSD to notify M‐Maji of water

availability,

location, price, and quality

• M‐Maji generates listings of

regularly updated information

Vendor

Buyer

M-Maji

Welcome to

M‐Maji

1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/

feedback

OK Back

Welcome to

M‐Maji1. Sell water2. Buy water3. Complaint/

feedbackOK Back

Buyer requests information

• Dials USSD shortcode and enters

preferences

M-Maji

Vendor

Buyer

Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

Buyer receives information

• Obtains a list of nearby vendors with

location, price, and

quality

• Buyer can then request directions to

preferred vendor

M-Maji

1. 2Ksh John

@ Makonngen

Church, clean

2. 3Ksh Samuel

near

Mashimoni …

OK Back

1. 2Ksh John

@ Makonngen

Church, clean2. 3Ksh Samuel

near

Mashimoni …OK Back

Vendor

Buyer

Buyer provides feedback

• M‐Maji will process and evaluate complaints

to create vendor ratings

• M‐Maji itself will evaluate claims about

water quality through random testing

M-Maji

Vendor

Buyer

Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

Step 1: Access System Using USSD

*1234#

USSD

• Like SMS, but interactive• SMS unidirectional communication vs. USSD “session”

• Allows short messages • 182 characters

• Common application: menu options• Current uses in Kenya

• Mobile banking• “Topping up” cell phone credit

Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your Preferences

Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

WATER BUYERS


Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

1. Find

cheapest

water near me

2. Clean water

only

OK Back

1. Find

cheapest

water near me2. Clean water

only

OK Back

Please choose

a village.

1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East

OK Back

Please choose

a village.1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East

OK Back

Please choose

a landmark.

1. Imani Jere

Children Ctr

2. Holy Mtn

Worship Ctr…

OK Back

Please choose

a landmark.1. Imani Jere

Children Ctr2. Holy Mtn

Worship Ctr…OK Back

Always

associate this

location w/

this phone #?1. Yes 2. NoOK Back

Always

associate this

location w/ this phone #?1. Yes 2. NoOK Back

ATTITUDES

ABOUT

CLEAN

WATER

WATER BUYERS

ATTITUDES

ABOUT

CLEAN

WATER


Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

1. Find

cheapest

water near me

2. Clean water

only

OK Back

1. Find

cheapest


only

OK Back

Please choose

a village.

1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East4. GatwekeraOK Back

Please choose

a village.1. Lindi2. Kianda3. Soweto East4. GatwekeraOK Back

Please choose

a landmark.

1. Imani Jere

Children Ctr

2. Holy Mtn

Worship Ctr…

OK Back

Please choose




Always

associate this

location w/


Always

associate this


VILLAGE

WATER BUYERS


Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

1. Find

cheapest

water near me

2. Clean water

only

OK Back

1. Find

cheapest


only

OK Back

Please choose

a village.


OK Back

Please choose


OK Back

Please choose

a landmark.

1. Imani Jere

Children Ctr

2. Holy Mtn

Worship Ctr…

OK Back

Please choose




Always

associate this

location w/


Always

associate this


LANDMARKATTITUDES

ABOUT

CLEAN

WATER

VILLAGE

WATER BUYERS


Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

1. Find

cheapest

water near me

2. Clean water

only

OK Back

1. Find

cheapest


only

OK Back

Please choose

a village.


OK Back

Please choose


OK Back

Please choose

a landmark.

1. Imani Jere

Children Ctr

2. Holy Mtn

Worship Ctr…

OK Back

Please choose




Always

associate this

location w/


Always

associate this


ATTITUDES

ABOUT

CLEAN

WATER

VILLAGE LANDMARK STORE

PREFERENCES

?

WATER BUYERS

Step 3: Receive Information

1. 2Ksh John

@

Makonngen

Church, clean

2. 3Ksh

Samuel near

Mashimoni …

OK Back

1. 2Ksh John

@

Makonngen

Church, clean2. 3Ksh

Samuel near


On backside of

Makonngen

Church facing

mobile re‐

charge station.

1. SMS info…OK Back

On backside of

Makonngen

Church facing

mobile re‐

charge station. 1. SMS info…OK Back

SMS:John on backside

of Makonngen

Church facing

mobile recharging

station.

0701456654


of Makonngen

Church facing

mobile recharging

station.

0701456654

OPTIONS DETAILS

BASED ON

LOCATION

AND

PREFERENCES

…

SAVE

LOCATION

WATER BUYERS

SAVE

LOCATION


1. 2Ksh John

@

Makonngen

Church, clean

2. 3Ksh

Samuel near

Mashimoni …

OK Back

1. 2Ksh John

@

Makonngen


Samuel near


On backside of

Makonngen

Church facing

mobile re‐

charge station.


On backside of

Makonngen

Church facing

mobile re‐



of Makonngen

Church facing

mobile recharging

station.

0701456654


of Makonngen

Church facing

mobile recharging

station.

0701456654

OPTIONS DETAILS

BASED ON

LOCATION

AND

PREFERENCES

…

WATER BUYERS


1. 2Ksh John

@

Makonngen

Church, clean

2. 3Ksh

Samuel near

Mashimoni …

OK Back

1. 2Ksh John

@

Makonngen


Samuel near


On backside of

Makonngen

Church facing

mobile re‐

charge station.


On backside of

Makonngen

Church facing

mobile re‐



of Makonngen

Church facing

mobile recharging

station.

0701456654


of Makonngen

Church facing

mobile recharging

station.

0701456654

OPTIONS DETAILS SAVE

LOCATION

BASED ON

LOCATION

AND

PREFERENCES

…

WATER BUYERS

Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your Product

Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

WATER VENDORS

Step 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductWATER VENDORS

Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

Please enter

your name,

village, and a

5‐word

description of

your kiosk.

OK Back

Please enter

your name,

village, and a

5‐word

description of

your kiosk.OK Back

Please

describe your

location in 160

characters.

OK Back

Please

describe your

location in 160

characters.

OK Back

Do you

purify/treat

your water?

1. Yes2. No

OK Back

Do you

purify/treat

your water?1. Yes2. No

OK Back

VENDOR

ACCOUNT

John, thanks

for subscri‐

bing. You are

selling clean

water in

Gatwekera

at

the kiosk next

to St.

Michael's

church.

OK Back

John, thanks

for subscri‐

bing. You are

selling clean

water in

Gatwekera

at

the kiosk next

to St.

Michael's

church.OK Back


Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

Please enter

your name,

village, and a

5‐word

description of

your kiosk.

OK Back

Please enter

your name,

village, and a

5‐word

description of

your kiosk.OK Back

Please

describe your

location in 160

characters.

OK Back

Please

describe your

location in 160

characters.

OK Back

Do you

purify/treat

your water?

1. Yes2. No

OK Back

Do you

purify/treat


OK Back

VENDOR

ACCOUNT

John, thanks

for subscri‐

bing. You are

selling clean

water in

Gatwekera

at

the kiosk next

to St.

Michael's

church.

OK Back

John, thanks

for subscri‐

bing. You are

selling clean

water in

Gatwekera

at

the kiosk next

to St.

Michael's

church.OK Back

LOCATION


Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

Please enter

your name,

village, and a

5‐word

description of

your kiosk.

OK Back

Please enter

your name,

village, and a

5‐word

description of

your kiosk.OK Back

Please

describe your

location in 160

characters.

OK Back

Please

describe your

location in 160

characters.

OK Back

Do you

purify/treat

your water?

1. Yes2. No

OK Back

Do you

purify/treat


OK Back

VENDOR

ACCOUNT

John, thanks

for subscri‐

bing. You are

selling clean

water in

Gatwekera

at

the kiosk next

to St.

Michael's

church.

OK Back

John, thanks

for subscri‐

bing. You are

selling clean

water in

Gatwekera

at

the kiosk next

to St.

Michael's

church.OK Back

LOCATION QUALITY

QUALITY


Welcome to

M‐Maji


feedback

OK Back

Welcome to


feedbackOK Back

Please enter

your name,

village, and a

5‐word

description of

your kiosk.

OK Back

Please enter

your name,

village, and a

5‐word

description of

your kiosk.OK Back

Please

describe your

location in 160

characters.

OK Back

Please

describe your

location in 160

characters.

OK Back

Do you

purify/treat

your water?

1. Yes2. No

OK Back

Do you

purify/treat


OK Back

VENDOR

ACCOUNT

John, thanks

for subscri‐

bing. You are

selling clean

water in

Gatwekera

at

the kiosk next

to St.

Michael's

church.

OK Back

John, thanks

for subscri‐

bing. You are

selling clean

water in

Gatwekera

at

the kiosk next

to St.

Michael's

church.OK Back

LOCATION CONFIRMATI

ON

ADVERTISEM

ENT TYPE

Step 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityWATER VENDORS

Welcome

John!

1. Continue2. Not John3. Add

account

OK Back

Welcome

John!1. Continue2. Not John3. Add

accountOK Back

Please select a

kiosk:

1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera

OK Back

Please select a

kiosk:1. Lindi 12. Lindi 23. Gatwekera

OK Back

1. New

advertisement

2. Update

advertisement

OK Back

1. New

advertisement2. Update

advertisement

OK Back

VENDOR

RECOGNITIO

N

Please enter

water price in

Ksh per 20

liter jerry can.

OK Back

Please enter

water price in

Ksh per 20

liter jerry can.

OK Back

LOCATION PRICE

ON A

REGULA

R

BASIS…

Thanks for

using M‐Maji!

You are selling

pure

water at

4 Ksh

per jerry

can.

OK Back

Thanks for

using M‐Maji!

You are selling

pure

water at

4 Ksh

per jerry

can.OK Back

CONFIRMATI

ON

System Overview

PresenterPresentation NotesPart of why it can take so long for Salome to find water is that shortages are common, but not predictable

PresenterPresentation NotesOn some days, shortages are concentrated near Salome

PresenterPresentation NotesOn other days, there are shortages in other places

PresenterPresentation NotesThe important question for Salome is, “where is water today?” But it’s a hard question to answer

PresenterPresentation Notesand the way she answers it now is through trial and error

PresenterPresentation NotesIf she knew where water was available today, she could avoid wasting her time. But she’s not the only one this information would help.

PresenterPresentation NotesSamuel’s got water today, and he wants everyone to know

PresenterPresentation NotesSo we want to connect buyers like Salome with sellers like Samuel.

Why it Works

1. MARKET DISTORTED, BUT NOT COORDINATED

Source: Crow and Odaba (2007).

PresenterPresentation NotesAt any given time, we observe multiple different production structures

Variation

Source: MapKibera Project

BIG FIVE(CARTEL) MOST DESTITUTE

300 HOUSEHOLDS SHARE ONE WATER POINT

REGULAR SUPPLY

ONLY 5 MAIN CONNECTIO NS

NGOS

2. INFORMATION ASYMMETRY EXISTS THAT IS NOT SOLVED BY INFORMAL

NETWORKS

• Supplements existing social networks and word-of-mouth information-gathering

• Enhances existing water search strategies

Credit: Ben Crow, UCSC

3. M-MAJI IS NEEDS-DRIVEN

• VENDORS

• Advertising for little-known vendors

• Increased returns to investments in tanks and water storage

• Increased returns to purification

• Cooperative outcomes through transparency and accountability

3. M-MAJI IS NEEDS-DRIVEN

4. M-MAJI IS COST-SENSITIVE AND LOW-TECH

• Free for users

• Requires only a SIM card and access to a basic GSM phone

• Mobile penetration in Kenya is on the rise

Mobile Phone Adoption

• 21 million mobile users in Kenya (World Bank)• Within three years, M‐Pesa reached 40% of

adult Kenyans (Mas & Radcliffe, WB 2010)

Source: World Bank

5. M-MAJI IS UNIQUE

• Rather than directly increasing water supply, it works to improve allocation of existing resources

• Broadly applicable

• Easily scalable

• System improves with increase in usership

6. EVIDENCE• BETTER WATER INFORMATION CAN IMPROVE CLEAN

WATER UPTAKE (Jalan

and

Somanathan

2008;

Luoto

2009;

Madajewicz

et al. 2007).

• DEMAND FOR WATER ELASTIC AT LOW PRICES BUT INELASTIC AT HIGH PRICES

(Ashraf

et al. 2007; Berry et al. 2008; Kremer et al. 2009).

• THE POOR ARE WILLING TO PAY SLIGHTLY MORE “WITH THEIR FEET”

FOR CLEAN WATER

(Kremer et al. 2009).

• MOBILE PHONES CAN IMPROVE MARKET EFFICIENCY (Aker 2010; Jensen 2007).

m-majiBackground: Designing Liberation TechnologiesSlide Number 3Background: Designing Liberation TechnologiesGoal: �TO IMPROVE HEALTH IN KIBERA �USING MOBILE TECHNOLOGYHealth in KiberaWater sprinklerSalomeKibera overviewKibera health statisticsBuying cholerawater may be scarce, �costly, uncertain, and contaminatedscarcecostly Water Prices in Kiberauncertainuncertaincontaminatedcontaminatedcook, clean, �and do laundrySlide Number 21she looks for water on normal days…this can take an hourthree hoursor a daySalome is not alone68% of Kibera residents� rely on water kiosksand they therefore face this problem every daymeet SamuelSamuel sells water in Kiberapeople are looking for water and waiting for waterhe needs a way to let people know that he has waterSo that he can attract customers who may not know about himor who don’t want to risk traveling to an empty tapthis problem is complexthis problem is complexHow It WorksVendor advertisesBuyer requests informationBuyer receives informationBuyer provides feedbackStep 1: Access System Using USSDUSSDStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your PreferencesStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your PreferencesStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your PreferencesStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your PreferencesStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your PreferencesStep 3: Receive InformationStep 3: Receive InformationStep 3: Receive InformationStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductStep 2: Identify Yourself and Your ProductStep 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityStep 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityStep 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityStep 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilityStep 3: Advertise Price and AvailabilitySystem OverviewSlide Number 63Slide Number 64Slide Number 65Slide Number 66Slide Number 67Slide Number 68Slide Number 69Slide Number 70Why it WorksMARKET DISTORTED, BUT NOT COORDINATEDVariationINFORMATION ASYMMETRY EXISTS THAT IS NOT SOLVED BY INFORMAL NETWORKSM-MAJI IS NEEDS-DRIVEN3. M-MAJI IS NEEDS-DRIVEN4. M-MAJI IS COST-SENSITIVE AND LOW-TECHMobile Phone Adoption5. M-MAJI IS UNIQUE6. EVIDENCE

m-maji · 2018. 5. 14. · m-maji Katherine Hoffmann, MA Student, IPS, Stanford Sunny Jeon, PhD...

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Transcript of m-maji · 2018. 5. 14. · m-maji Katherine Hoffmann, MA Student, IPS, Stanford Sunny Jeon, PhD...