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SADRŽAJ
UVOD.........................................................................................................................................1
1. SERVISI, ARHITEKTURA I FUNKCIJE SISTEMA...........................................................2
2. PODSTISTEMI GSM MREŽE..............................................................................................6
2.1. Podsist! "#$% st#%i&...................................................................................................'
2.2. Podsist! $# (o!)t#&i*) i +)(o#%* GSM !+-o! T/ S0it&/i% #%d M#%#!%t
S)"sst!s SMSS3.................................................................................................................4
2.5. Podsist! $# %#d$o+ i od+-##%* O+#tio% #%d !#i%t%#%& s)"sst! 7 OAMS3....4
5. ADRESIRANJE, NUMERIRANJE I IDENTIFIKACIJA U GSM MREŽI..........................8
5.1. Id%ti9i(#&i*# (o+is%i(# !+-..........................................................................................8
5.2. St+)(t)+# IMSI...............................................................................................................1:
5.5. St+)(t)+# id%ti9i(#&i* $o% ;o&i+#%*#...........................................................................1:
5.. ?#/t*i (# ;#%) %)!+#&i* ) GSM !+-i..................................................................12
5.6. St+)(t)+# MSISDN.........................................................................................................12
5.'. M@)%#+od%# id%ti9i(#&i*# !o"i;% st#%i& IMEI....................................................15
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UVOD
G;o"#; Sst! 9o+ !o"i; Co!!)%itio%s GSM3 +i )t * +dst#;*% 1881. odi% i
%#*+#s+ost+#%*%i*i * diit#;%i !o"i;%i s)st#. U os%oi E)+os(i st#%d#+d $# diit#;%)
!o"i;%) t;9o%i*) (o*i * +i/#=% i+o! si*t#, t#(o d# * d#%#s %#*= (o+it%i !o"i;%i
s)st#.
Ko+isti s ) i od 2:: $!#;*# s# +(o >:: !+-#. GSM !+- ) E)+oi +#d %#
9+(%&i*#!# 8:: MH$ i 14:: MH$, do( s ) S*+%o* A!+i&i i di*;oi!# B#ti%s(
A!+i( i A9+i( (o+ist 9+(%&i* od 4:: MH$ i 18:: MH$.
R#$;i()*!o 5 %+#&i* !o"i;%i/ +#dio !+-#
♦ A%#;o%i !o"i;%i s)st#i, (#o %+. No+di& Mo"i; T;/o% NMT 3 +#
%+#&i*# 3
♦ G;o"#; Sst! 9o+ Mo"i; &o!!)%itio%s GSM 3, Diit#; C;;);#+ Sst!
DCM 3, Diit#; Ad#%&d Mo"i; P/o% Sst! D7AMPS 3 i I%t+i! St#%d#+d
8> IS 8> 3 d+)# %+#&i*# 3 (o*# t#(o@+ )(;*))* o"o;*#%*# GSM7# Hi/
Sd Ci+&)it S0it&/d D#%# HSCSD 3 i G%+#; P#&(t R#dio S+i& GPRS 3.
O# )%#+i*@%*# s *o %#$i#*) i 2 i;i 2.>G %+#&i*#.
♦ U%i+s#; Mo"i; T;&o!!)%itio%s Sst! UMTS 3 t+=# %+#&i*# 3 * *d#%
od !o"i;%i/ (o!)%i(#&i*s(i/ s)st## +#$i*% ) o(i+) ITU +o*(t# o$%#to od
%#$io! I%t+%#tio%#; Mo"i; T;&o!!)%itio%s IMT 2:::.
Mi =!o s ) oo! +#d) %#*i "#$i+#ti %# GSM !+- t =!o s %*i/ d+-#ti ) d#;*%*!
t(st), (#(o %#;#- i s#!# t!#.
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1. SERVISI, ARHITEKTURA I FUNKCIJE SISTEMA
Os%o%i "#$%i3 t;(o!)%i(#&i*s(i s+isi (o* od+-## GSM !+-# s) odi*;*%i ) di*
+)− s+isi s;)-"i %osi;# %. "#++ s+i&s3 (o*i +%os (o+is%i( i%9o+!#&i* %#
i%t+9*s) (o+is%i(7!+-#, %+. s+is +i*%os# oo+#,
− t;s+is, (o*i )(;*))*) soso"%ost t+!i%#;# d# +$%ti+#*) (+#*%*! (o+is%i()
o*()3 +%i*t i%9o+!#&i*, %+. t;s+is t;9o%i*#.
U$ os%o% s+is GSM !+-# os*d)* i dod#t% %. s);!%t#+3 s+is (o*i
(o!;ti+#*) )s;) !+-.
GSM !+-# s o$)* +i* s# s#
− !+-o! 9i(s% t;9o%i* PSTN3,
− !+-#!# $# +i*%os od#t#(# .2>3, IP,
− diit#;%i! !+-#!# s# i%t+i+#%i! s;)-"#!# ISDN3 i
− d+)i! GSM !+-#!#.
D# "i od+-#;# (o+is%i( s+is GSM !+-# os*d)* i 9)%(&i*# %)!+#&i*),
id%ti9i(#&i*) i si%#;i$#&i*). F)%(&i* GSM !+- s +)i+#*) ) 9)%(&io%#;% %titt i
%*i/o ;oi( $, +i(#$#% %# s;i&i 1, (#o i %# s;i&i 2.
S;i(# 1. A+/it(t)+# GSM !+-
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MS Mo"i;%# st#%i Mo"i; St#tio%3 SS sist! "#$% st#%i& #s St#tio% Sst!3
MSC C%t+#;# !o"i;% t;9o%i* Mo"i; s+i&s S0it&/i% C%t+3
HBR Rist#+ !#ti%i/do!#=i/ (o+is%i(# Ho! Botio% Rist+3
VBR Rist#+ ost)*)=i/ (o+is%i(# Visitd Botio% Rist+3
OMC C%t#+ $# %#d$o+ i od+-##%* O+#tio% #%d M#i%t%#%& C%t+3
EIR Rist#+ id%ti9i(#&i*# o+! E)i!%t Id%tit Rist+3
AUC C%t#+ $# #)to+i$#&i*) A)t/%titio% C%t+3
S;i(# 2. N# d+)i %#i% +i(#$#%# #+/it(t)+# GSM !+-
1.1. Opis pojedinih elemenata GSM mreže
Mobilna stanica T!" Mobil" Station MS#
Mo"i;%# st#%i Mo"i; st#tio% 7 MS3 * )+@#* s# (o*i! (o+is%i( !+- +ist)# i !+-i%*%i! s+isi!#. Mo"i;%# s#d+-i i s;*d= %titt
M@)%#+od%) id%ti9i(#&i*) !o"i;% st#%i& I%t+%#tio%#; Mo"i; E)i!%t Id%tit 7
IMEI3, (o*# * *di%st%# $# s#(i MS %# ;o"#;%o* +#$i%i.
Rist+i+#%i (o+is%i&i !+- i!#*) i !@)%#+od%) id%ti9i(#&i*) !o"i;%o (o+is%i(#
I%t+%#tio%#; Mo"i; S)"s&+i"+ Id%tit 7 IMSI3, (o*# * s#d+-#%# ) !od);) $# id%ti9i(#&i*)
(o+is%i(# S)"s&+i"+ Id%tit Mod); 7 SIM3.
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$o%sist"& ba'n" stanic" (as" Station S)st"& * (SS#
Podsist! "#$% st#%i& #s St#tio% Sst! 7 SS3 o(+i# +#dio si%#;o! *d%) =;i*) i
(o!)%i&i+# s# s#(o! MS (o*# s %#;#$i ) to* =;i*i. SS * odi*;*% ) d# %titt#
− Ko%t+o;o+ "#$% st#%i& "#s st#tio% &o%t+o;;+ SC3 i− Jd#% i;i i +#dio +i!o+d#*%i(# "#s t+#%s&i+ st#tio% TS3.
Ko&+tacis-i c"nta &obiln" t"l"/oni" T!" Mobil"*s"0ic"s Sitc!in2 C"nt" MSC#
Ko!)t#&i*s(i &%t#+ !o"i;% t;9o%i* osi)+## s+is GSM !+- $# s (o+is%i( (o*i s
%#;#$ ) %*oo* $o%i o(+i#%*#. MSC osi)+## !o"i;%ost (o+is%i(# +)(o#%*! +#dio
+s)+si!# sist!#, #-)+i+#%* t+%)t% ;o(#&i* (o+is%i(# i /%do++)$i!#%* #(ti%o
o$i# %# d+)i +#dio (#%#;, TS, SS i;i MSC3. MSC t#(o@+ osi)+## )!+-##%* s#
d+)i! !+-#!# d+)# GSM !+-#, PSTN, ISDN3.
R"2ista &ati3ni! -oisni-a T!" Ho&" 4ocation R"2ist" H4R#
Rist#+ !#ti%i/ (o+is%i(# s#d+-i i%9o+!#&i* o (o+is%i&i!# (o*i s) +ist+i+#%i ) !+-i to
GSM o+#t+#. Osi! os%o%i/ i%9o+!#&i*# o (o+is%i() HBR os*d)* i%9o+!#&i*) doo;*%)
d# s +)ti+# do;#$%i o$i (# (o+is%i(). HBR os*d)* s;*d= i%9o+!#&i*− M@)%#+od%) id%ti9i(#&i*) !o"i;%o (o+is%i(# T/ I%t+%#tio%#; Mo"i; s)"s&+i"+
Id%tit 7 IMSI3,
− ISDN+t;#t%i(i3 "+o* !o"i;% st#%i& T/ Mo"i; st#tio% ISDN N)!"+ 7 MSISDN3 i
− Ad+s) VBR, ) (o*o* s %#;#$i id%ti9i(#&i*# t+%)t% ;o(#&i* !o"i;% st#%i&.
R"2ista 2ost++5i! -oisni-a T!" Visito 4ocation R"2ist" V4R#
VBR s#d+-i i%9o+!#&i*) o t+%)t%o* ;o(#&i*i !o"i;%o (o+is%i(# (o*i * +i*#;*% ) !+-i.
Bo(#&i*# (o+is%i(# s id%ti9i&i+# t#(o to * $o%# o(+i#%*# &i*; !+- odi*;*%# %# $o%
;o&i+#%*# ;otio% #+#3. N# os%o) t+%)t% id%ti9i(#&i* $o% ;o&i+#%*# +i s +)ti+#%*
do;#$%o o$i#.
K#d# s (o+is%i( %#;#$i ) L+o!i%) !+-# # +ist+i+# t#(o to !) dod*;*)* +i+!%i
L+o!i% "+o* Mo"i; S)"s&+i"+ Ro#!i% N)!"+ 7 MSRN3 i o% s )# ) VBR. VBR
s#d+-i s;*d= od#t(
− Ro!i% "+o* !o"i;%o (o+is%i(#, $# ost)*)= (o+is%i( Mo"i; St#tio% Ro#!i% N)!"+ 7 MSRN3,
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− P+i+!%) id%ti9i(#&i*) !o"i;%o (o+is%i(# T!o+#+ Mo"i; S)"s&+i"+ Id%tit
TMSI3, (o*# s (o+is%i() dod*;*)* +i;i(o! );#s(# ) !+-) d+)o o+#t+#,
− Id%ti9i(#&i*) $o% ;o&i+#%* ) (o*o* s t+%)t%o %#;#$i !o"i;%# st#%i i $# !#ti% i $#
ost)*)= (o+is%i(, i
− Pod#t( o dod#t%i! )s;)#!# (o* s) %# +#so;##%*) (o+is%i().
C"nta 'a na%'o i +6a0lan" O6"ation an% Maint"nanc" C"nt" OMC#
Ko+ist=i 9)%(&i* i od#t( OMC o+#t+ !+- +i %#d$o+ i )+#;*#%* !+-o!.
R"2ista i%"nti/i-acia -oisni3-" o6"&" T!" E7+i6&"nt I%"ntit) R"2ist" EIR#
S#d+-i *d%o$%#% id%ti9i(#&i* (o+is%i( o+!. Mo"i;%# st#%i s id%ti9i&i+# so*i!
IMEI I%t+%#tio%#; Mo"i; E)i!%t Id%tit3. IMEI * *d%o$%#%# id%ti9i(#&i*# !o"i;%
st#%i& %# ;o"#;%o! %io). IMEI s )tis()* i MS ) +o&s) +oi$od%*, od st+#%
+oi$o@## st#%i&.
M+-%i o+#t+ !o- (;#si9i&i+#ti +i*#;*% MS %# s;*d=i %#i%
− "i*;# ;ist# !o"i;% st#%i& (o* !o) d# (o+ist !+-),
− &+%# ;ist# !o"i;% st#%i& (o* % !o) d# (o+ist !+-), i
− si# ;ist# !o"i;% st#%i& (o* !o) d# (o+ist !+-), #;i s %*i/oi o$ii +#t.
Kanali na a%io int"/"s+ 8SM &"9"
GSM +#dio i%t+9*s (o+isti di* t/%i( !);ti;(si+#%*# 9+(%&i*s()F+)%& Diisio%
M);ti; A&&ss 7 FDMA3 i +!%s() Ti! Diisio% M);ti; A&&ss 7 TDMA3.
F+(%&i*s(i !);ti;(s GSM 8:: !+- ;o&i+# 12> 9+(%&i*s(i/ (#%#;# $# s#(i od
s!*+o# +i*%os# MS7TS, TS7MS3. S!*+ MS7TS (o+isti os 48:781> MH$, # TS7
MS os 85>786: MH$. F+(%&i*s(i (#%#;i s) !@)so"%o +#$!#(%)ti $# 2:: (H$, #
+#$;i(# i$!@) (#%#;# dodi*;*%# *d%o! o$i) );i%(do0%;i%(3 * MH$. S#(i
9+(%&i*s(i (#%#; * dod#t%o +!%s(i !);ti;(si+#% %# 4 (#%#;#, t+#*#%*# :.>'' !s. its(#
"+$i%# s#(o (#%#;# * 22.4 ("its, # +%os s si%#;% i%9o+!#&i* i oo+. N);ti (#%#; s
% (o+isti $"o i%t+9+%&i* s# d+)i! sist!i!#, # i!# )()%o 12
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:. $ODSTISTEMI 8SM MREŽE
Podsist!i GSM !+- s)
− odsist! "#$% st#%i& #s St#tio% Sst! 7 SS3,
− odsist! $# (o!)t#&i*) i +)(o#%* S0it&/i% #%d M#%#!%t S)"sst! 7 SMSS3, i
− odsist! $# %#d$o+ i )+#;*#%* O+#tio% #%d M#i%t%#%& S)"sst! 7 OMSS3.
2.1. Podsistem bazne stanice
SS )(;*))* 9)%(&i* 9i$i(o s;o*# OSI !od;# ) !o"i;%o* st#%i&i i odsist!) "#$%
st#%i&. N# +#dio i%t+9*s) i$!@) SS i MS +#$;i()*) s di* +st ;oi(i/ (#%#;#
− S#o"+#=#*%i (#%#;i T+#99i& &/#%%;s TCH3, i
− Si%#;%i (#%#;i.
S#o"+#=#*%i (#%#;i s;)- $# +i*%os (o+is%i(i/ i%9o+!#&i*# i oo+#, # osto* di* +st
s#o"+#=#*%i/ (#%#;#
− S#o"+#=#*%i (#%#;i )% "+$i% 9);; +#t TCHF3 i
− S#o"+#=#*%i (#%#;i s# o;# "+$i% /#;97+#t &/#%%;s TCHH3.
Si%#;%i (#%#;i s) odi*;*%i %#
− di9)$%i (o%t+o;%i (#%#; "+o#dst &o%t+o; &/#%%;s CCH3,
− $#*d%i(i (o%t+o;%i (#%#; &o!!o% &o%t+o; &/#%%; CCCH3,
− s#!ost#;%i (o%t+o;%i (#%#; st#%d7#;o% dditd &o%t+o; &/#%%; SDCCH3 i
− +id+)-%i (o%t+o;%i (#%#; #sso&i#td &o%t+o; &/#%%; ACCH3. +id+)-%i * )i*(
+id+)-% TCH i;i SDCCH3.
Dod#t%# od*;# si%#;%i/ (#%#;# %# SS +#dio i%t+9*s) s +i t#(o to s) ti+i SDCCH
(#%#;# %# isto! 9i$i(o! (#%#;) (#o i CCCH SDCCH
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− P+id+)-%i (o%t+o;%i (#%#; s# o;# "+$i% $# "+$) si%#;i$#&i*) H#;97+#t 9#st #sso&i#td
&o%t+o; &/#%%; FACCHH3,
− P+id+)-%i (o%t+o;%i (#%#; )% "+$i% $# (o%t+o;) TCHF S;o0 TCHF #sso&i#td
&o%t+o; &/#%%; SACCHTH3,
− P+id+)-%i (o%t+o;%i (#%#; s# o;# "+$i% $# (o%t+o;) TCHH S;o0 TCHH #sso&i#td
&o%t+o; &/#%%; SNCCHTF3,
− So+i (o%t+o;%i (#%#; +id+)-% SDCCH< S;o0 SDCCH< #sso&i#td &o%t+o; &/#%%;
SACCHC
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2.%. Podsistem za nadzor i održavanje (Operation and maintenance subs#stem & O'MS$
U o(i+) OAM odsist!# s) o(+i% i +#$;iit 9)%(&i* $#% $# si)+%ost GSM !+-.
Si)+%ost s +#;i$i+# #;id#&i*o! ;!%#t# GSM !+-, # %# os%o) %*i/oi/ id%ti9i(#&i*#
(o* s %#;#$ ) &%t+) $# #)t%ti9i(#&i*) A)t/%titio% C%t+ 7 AUC3. Id%ti9i(#&i*
(o+is%i( o+! s %#;#$ ) +ist+) id%ti9i(#&i*# o+! E)i!%t Id%tit Rist+ 7
EIR3. S#(# !o"i;%# st#%i i!# so*) IMEI id%ti9i(#&i*).
OAMS od+-## i (o%t+o;i+# GSM !+-) +(o &%t+# $# %#d$o+ i od+-##%* O+#tio%s #%d
M#i%t%#%& C%t+ OMC3, # ) s;)#*) &%t+#;i$i+#%o %#d$o+# ) !+-i osto* *d#% i;i i
&%t#+# $# %#d$o+ !+- Nt0o+( M#%#!%t C%t+ 7 NMC3.
Os%o% 9)%(&i* OAMS s)
13 F)%(&i* $#% $# #d!i%ist+#&i*) i (o!+&i*#;%i %#d$o+ !+-, # +)()*)
− (o+is%i&i!#
− t+!i%#;i!#
− t#+i9i+#%*!
− (o+is%i(i! +#)%i!#
− st#tisti(o!
23 Si)+%ost !+-
53 P+9o+!#%s#!# i +#do! !+-,
3 Od+-##%*! !+-.
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;. ADRESIRANJE, NUMERIRANJE I IDENTIFIKACIJA U 8SMMREŽI
%.1. denti)ikacija korisnika mreže
S#(i (o+is%i( !o"i;% !+- s id%ti9i&i+# *di%st%o! !@)%#+od%o! id%ti9i(#&i*o!
!o"i;%o (o+is%i(# I%t+%#tio%#; Mo"i; S)"s&+i"+ Id%tit 7 IMSI3. IMSI s %#;#$i ) SIM
(#+ti&i !o"i;% st#%i&.
R#di o)#%*# IMSI (o+is%i( id%ti9i(#&i* +i;i(o! L+o!i%# ) d+)o* GSM !+-i
(o+is%i() !o=i = "iti dodi*;*% TMSI T!o+#+ Mo"i; S)"s&+i"+ Id%titis TMSI3. VBR
od+-## $) i$!@) TMSI i IMSI, (o*i s i d#;* %#;#$i ) !#ti%o* !+-i !o"i;%o
(o+is%i(#, ) HBR +ist+).
%.2. Struktura MS
S;i(# 5. St+)(t)+# IMSI
IMSI s s#sto*i od t+i o;*#
Kod d+-# Mo"i; Co)%t+ Cod MCC3, t+i &i9+,
Kod !o"i;%o o+#t+# Mo"i; Nt0o+( Cod MNC3, id%ti9i&i+# !#ti%) !+-),
Id%ti9i(#&i*# (o+is%i(# ) o(i+) !#ti% !+-.
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U()%o IMSI i!# %#*i 1> &i9#+#. N#&io%#;%# id%ti9i(#&i*# !o"i;%o (o+is%i(# s s#sto*i
od MNC i MSIN o;*#.
%.%. Struktura identi)ikacije zone lociranja
S;i(#
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S;i(# >. St+)(t)+# ;o"#;% id%ti9i(#&i* =;i*
%.*. Planovi numeracije za mobilne korisnike
Mo"i;%i (o+is%i&i os*d)*) so*) #d+s)t;9o%s(i "+o* (o*i s %#$i# MSISDN !o"i;
s)"s&+i"+ ISDN3 "+o*, d9i%i+#% ) ITU7T +o+)&i E.16
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N#&io%#;%i od+di%i (od s dod*;*)* GSM !+-i ) s#(o* d+-#i, # !o- s dsiti d# *d%# !+-#
i!# i NDC.
%.. Meunarodna identi)ikacija mobilne stanice 3 M4
St+)(t)+# !@)%#+od% id%ti9i(#&i*# !o"i;% st#%i& T/ I%t+%#tio%#; Mo"i; st#tio%E)i!%t Id%tit IMEI3 * +i(#$#%# %# s;i&i '.
S;i(# '. St+)(t)+# IMEI
IMEI s s#sto*i od s;*d=i/ ;!%#t# s#(i ;!%t 3 i!# is(;*)io d&i!#;% &i9+
Kod dodi*;*% ti) T A;;otio% Cod 7 TAC3, d)-i% 4 &i9#+#,
S+i*s(i "+o* S+i#; N)!"+ 7 SNR3, (o*i *di%st%o id%ti9i&i+# o+!) ) o(i+) *d%o
TAC. D)-i% 6 &i9#+#,
R$+# S#+ diit3. K#d# MS #;* IMEI o# &i9+# !o+# "iti ost#;*%# %# %);).
C%t+#;%o;o"#;%o3 ti*;o dod*;*)* TAC, # +oi$o@# o+! dod*;*)* SNR, s+i*s(i
s#(o* %oo* MS to ti#.
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S;i(# 8. P+i!*+ BAPD! (o%9i)+#&i* ) !o"i;%o* st#%i&i
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T!;*! osti%)to so+#$)!# i otis#%o !!o+#%d)!# do"i% * GSM, #%)+os(ist#%d#+d $# !o"i;% t;(o!)%i(#&i*. GSM s)st#i s) ot)%o (o!#ti"i;%i s# ISDN7o!,
t#(o d# i/ * ;#(o i!;!%ti+#ti ) o% !+- d* * +i*;#$%i +iod ) diit#;i$#&i*i *#%i/
t;(o!)%i(#&i*s(i/ !+-# = osti%)t.
Os%o%# +d%ost diit#;%o s)st## * !%oo =i (##&itt ) od%os) %# #%#;o% s)st#,
to s osti- t/%i(o! !#;i/ =;i*#. S#! oso"i% GSM s)st## i$is()*) ot)%o d+)#i*i
+ist) =;i*s(o! ;#%i+#%*). Os%o% +tost#( 8:: MH$ s(t+# s) !#;i do!t "#$%
st#%i&, *+ * i s%## od#i;*## "#$% i !o"i;% st#%i& !#%*# )$ %(o+it%* (#%#;#s)s*d%i/ =;i*#. Ti! s) s isto(#%#;% i%t+9+%&i* s!#%*i; %# +;o !#;) +#$i%). Diit#;%#
t/%i(# +)-# i $#id%) (#;itt) +i*%os# oo+#, otoo *d%#( o%o* ) 9i(s%o* !+-i.
?#tit# od +is;)(i#%*# * %# +;o iso(o* +#$i%i, $# +#$;i() od #%#;o%i/ s)st## d*
+is;)(i#%* +#$oo+# %i* %(i +o";!. Osi! diit#;i$#&i* oo+# +oodi s +;it#%*
+!%s(i/ ";o(o#, i9+i+#%* #;o+it!i A5,A>,A43, (odi+#%* (#%#;# t#(o d# * s#(o
#!#t+s(o +is;)(i#%* s d#%#%*o! t/%o;oi*o! %!o)=. Osi! +i*%os# oo+#, GSM
s)st# o!o)=)* i +i(;*)#( +#)%#;# %# !o"i;%) st#%i&) +(o odo#+#*)= PCMCIA(#+ti& t * t#(o !o)= s;#ti +#)%#;% od#t( E!#i;, I%t+%t3 i t;9#(s o+)( do "+$i%
86:: "#)d#.
Pos"%# $#%i!;*iost * i SMS, !o)=%ost s;#%*# o+)(# d);*i% do 16: $%#(o# si!
+t;#t%i&i!# "$ o"$i+# *s) ;i i! !o"i;% st#%i& )(;*)%. GSM +)-# !o)=%ost
s;o"od%o (+t#%*# +#dio!o"i;%i/ +t;#t%i(#, +i!#%* i od#i;*#%* o$i# ) s#(o!
t+%)t() %ois%o o to! ) (o*o* s $!;*i %#;#$. O# 9)%(&i*# %#$i# s !@)%#+od%o
s;o"od%o (+t#%* !o"i;%i/ +t;#t%i(# i ot)%o * #)to!#ti$i+#%#. U od%os) %# $#st#+*;
#%#;o% s)st# s%## (o*) t+oi +d#*%i( !o"i;% st#%i& * !%oo !#%*#, t !o"i;%#
st#%i !o- +!# ot+"i !i*%*#ti s%#) +d#*%o si%#;# i! s +od);*i i*(
#)to%o!%o +#d# !o"i;% st#%i&. Vod=i s*ts(i +oi$o@#i t;(o!)%i(#&i*s(i/
t/%o;oi*# +#$i;i s) s)st# !o"i;% s#t;its( t;9o%i* G;o"#;st#+, I+idi)!3. S#t;iti = "iti
s!*t%i %# %is(o* o+"iti t#(o d# = so*i! si%#;o! +(+i#ti it#) o+i%) ?!;*.
Mo"i;%# st#%i i!#t = !o)=%ost )ot+" o"# st#%d#+d# G;o"#;st#+ i;i I+idi)! i GSM3.
T#(i s)st#i = "iti %#do+#d%*# d#%#%*i! GSM s)st#i!# i +*##t = +o";!
(o!)%i(#&i* ) !*sti!# s;#" o(+i%osti )sti%*, t(o +o/od%# od+)*#, !o+#...3. I#(o
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* +o";! (#;itt% (o!)%i(#&i* +i*% )o@%*! diit#;% !o"i;% t;9o%i*, od=i
s*ts(i +oi$o@#i +#$i*#*) %o s)st# UMTS3, (o*i! s d#* %#;#s#( %# i! =
"+$i% +i*%os# diit#;%o si%#;#, +i*%oso! !);ti!di*#;%i/ od#t#(#. Osi! +i*%os#
oo+#, $)(#, od#t#(#, t;9#(s#, ido s;i(, +t;#t%i( = i!#ti !o)=%osti +;o "+$o
+ist)# I%t+%t), t * &i;* s# to 9i(#s%i* is(o+istiti +i*! !od+%o os;o%o
o*(#.
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