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Exam Questions
1. Write five examples of Americanism ?
2. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEENAMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISHWRITE EXEMPLES ?
3. What is a piding ?
4. From which European imigrants AmericanEnglish adopted words, write examples?
5.What kind of negation is used in black English,write examples ?
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American English
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Introduction
Although all Americans do not speak the same way. Theirspeech has enough in common that American English canbe recognized as a variety of English distinct from BritishEnglish, Australian English, and other national varieties.American English has grown up with the country. It beganto diverge from British English during its colonial
beginnings. It influences other languages and other varieties of English
because it is the medium and television programs.
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Characteristics of American English
All speakers of English share a common linguistic system and abasic set of words.
But American English differs from British English, Australian
English, and other national varieties in many of its : Pronunciation
Words
Spellings
Grammatical construction
Words or phrases of American origin and those used inAmerica but not so much else where, are called Americanisms
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Pronunciation
Canadian and American speakers tend to sound like oneanother.
They also tend to sound different from a large group ofEnglish speakers who sound more British, such as those in
Australia, New Zealand , and South Africa
Canadians and Americanspronounce this vowel
British English group do notpronounce the (r) sound
CAR Also, B.E speakers drop a (h) sound atthe beginning of the words
FARTHER His - pronounced - Is
BARN He pronounced - EE
Pronunciation of (r) sound after the vowel
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WORDS
AMERICAN BRITISH
Apartment Flat
Argument Row
Carriage/coach Pram
Bathroom Loo
Can Tin
Cookie Biscuit
Diaper Nappy
Elevator Lift
Eraser RubberFlashlight Torch
Fries Chips
Gas Petrol
WORDS OF AMERICAN CULTURE : GANGSTER , COWBOY
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Spelling
American English spelling differs from BritishEnglish largely because of one man lexicographerNoah Webster with The American Spelling Book(1783)
Webster`s most successful changes were spellings
OR Instead of OUR
ER Instead of RE
S Instead of CCK Instead of OFQUE
: honor honour
: center centre
: defense defence: mask masque
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Grammatical Construction
One major difference between British and AmericanEnglish is that the two attach different verb forms tonouns that are grammatically singular but plural insense.
Second difference is that the function words are used
differently .
American English British English
the team is the team are
the government is the government are
American English British English
stay in the hospital Stay in hospital
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History of America English
American English shows many influences from thedifferent cultures and languages of the people who settledin North America. The nature of the influence depends on
the time and the circumstances of contact between cultures.
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Colonial Period
The first settlement in 17 century were composed mostly ofBritish Subjects (about 90 % of the people ) than Frenchand German settlers.
ENGLISH - was therefore the only real candidate for a
common American language ( the settlers spoke varieties ofEnglish from various parts of England )
- As the european settlers came into contact withNative Americans ( American English collected a large stockof Native American place names like ( CHICAGO
MISSISSIPPI ) Sometimes Native Americans words were spelled by
settlers so that they looked more like English words.
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Colonial Period
In 18th century people from Ireland & Northern Europe joined the the Britishsettlers. And they contributed to American English words from their ownlanguages
FRENCH pumpkin bayou bureau
DUTCH cookie waffle boss
GERMAN pinochle pretzel phooey
Ex: voodoo gumbo okra
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Teritorial Epansion & Urbanisation
In 20th century we saw the rise of cities, development of industriesbrought opportunities for immigrants to work in cities instead of onfarms
As a result American English adopted many words from immigrants :
SCANDINAVIAN JEWISH CHINESE ITALIAN POLISH
smorgasbord kibbitz chow mein pizza kielbasa
sauna pierogi mahjong spaghetti pierogi
SPANISH
Enchilada Pueblo Sombrero Tortilla
Ranch Cockroach Marina Plaza
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Black English
The origin of the Black English are disputed. One theory holds that this warietyof English developed from a PIDING that resulted from the conditions of theslave trade. Speakers of different African languages were forced to speakthrough PIDING language
95% of population living in plantation areas were African Americans, theylearned American English from their owners,
some slaves developed CREOLECREOLE is made of words from different languages in this case ( ENGLISH & AFRICAN )
spoken by the slaves with own grammar
Go small small [ go slowly ]
Use of MEinstead of I
Me be born at Jamaica
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Black English is characterized by pronunciations (phonology), syntactic patterns(grammar), and morphological features (inflections) that in many instances alsooccur in other varieties of English.
R-deletion: door> [do:] ("doah") ; sister>"sistah"L-deletion: help>"hep ; steal>"steah"final consonant cluster reduction: passed>"pass"loss of final dental [alveolar] stop: good man>"goo man"monophthongization: time>[tam] ; why>[wha]interdental fricatives become alveolar stops: they>"dey ; them>"dem"
But, if the following consonant is an r: three>"free"throat>"froatDouble (or multiple) negation:Neither one of us ain't got nuthin' ta lose." (Eddie Murphy, 48 Hours)Can't no one tell you you ain't somebody." (Jessie Jackson)
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