1

gamocdebis erovnuli centri

2011

wigniereba

angariSi

ia kutalaZe kvlevisa da sagnobrivi departamentis xelmZRvaneli

2013 weli

2

PIRLS 2011

,,wigniereba.P kiTxvaSi moswavleTa miRweva da masze zemoqmedi faqtorebi~

redaqtori: nino gordelaZe dizaini: sofio baxutaSvili, Teona miminoSvili

wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevas saqarTveloSi uZRveboda

gamocdebis erovnuli centris kvlevis jgufi.

PIRLS 2011-is koordinatori: nuca kobaxiZe kvlevis administrireba, monacemTa bazebis menejmenti: Teona miminoSvili, sofio baxutaSvili.

madlobas vuxdiT:

kvlevis jgufis TiToeul TanamSromels kvlevasa da kvlevis

angariSis momzadebaSi Setanili wvlilisTvis; lojistikis departaments

kvlevis organizebaSi gaweuli daxmarebisTvis.

ia kutalaZe

3

sarCevi

1. wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis mizani da mniSvneloba .............................. 7

2. wignierebis gansazRvreba da wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi ................... 15

3. kvlevis meTodologia........................................................................................................................ 24

4. kvlevis Sedegebi _ saqarTvelo da saerTaSoriso standartebi ............... 35

5. miRwevis saerTaSoriso doneebi ............................................................................................... 50

6. saqarTvelos regionebi .................................................................................................................... 75

7. moswavleTa miRwevebi da saqarTvelos skolebi ...................................................... 81

8. qalaqi, sofeli .......................................................................................................................................... 86

9. moswavleTa miRwevebi sajaro da kerZo skolebSi ................................................. 90

10. faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavleTa wignierebaze

erovnuli da sazogadoebrivi konteqsti .......................................................................... 94

11. faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavleTa wignierebaze

ojaxuri faqtorebi ............................................................................................................................. 104

12. faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavleTa wignierebaze

saskolo resursebi kiTxvis swavlebis xelSesawyobad .................................... 114

13. faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavleTa wignierebaze

skolis klimati ....................................................................................................................................... 122

14. faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavleTa wignierebaze

maswavlebeli ............................................................................................................................................. 129

15. faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavleTa wignierebaze

saklaso konteqsti ................................................................................................................................ 136

16. Sejameba .......................................................................................................................................................... 156

17. rekomendaciebi ........................................................................................................................................ 177

danarTi _ kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli ramdenime teqsti ........................................... 189

4

5

winasityvaoba

yvelaze mniSvnelovani unari, romelsac bavSvebi skolaSi swavlisas

iZenen, kiTxvis unaria. kiTxvis sabazo unaris Camoyalibeba adreul asakSi,

saskolo periodis pirvelive etapze xdeba da is xels uwyobs im saazrovno

procesebis ganviTarebas, romlebic efeqturi swavlisa da swavlebis

winapirobaa saSualo ganaTlebis momdevno safexurebze. dawyebiT klasebSi

moswavle eufleba kiTxvis teqnikas, is swavlobs kiTxvas da Semdeg

kiTxulobs imisTvis, rom iswavlos.

2006 da 2011 wlebSi saqarTvelom monawileoba miiRo wignierebis

saerTaSoriso kvlevaSi, romlis mizanic 9-10 wlis mozardebis kiTxvis

unarisa da masTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebis Seswavlaa. am kvlevas

msoflios saganmanaTleblo sferoSi kargad cnobili saganmanaTleblo

miRwevebis Sefasebis saerTaSoriso asociacia (IEA) uZRveba.

saganmanaTleblo miRwevebis Sefasebis saerTaSoriso asociaciis

mizania msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis ganaTlebis sferoSi SedarebiTi

kvlevebis warmoeba swavlisa da swavlebis donis gaumjobesebis mizniT.

saerTaSoriso kvleva saSualebas qmnis, monawile qveynebma Seadaron

moswavleTa miRwevebis done saerTaSoriso standartebs da gaaanalizon,

Tu ra zegavlenas axdens sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi arsebuli

politika, saswavlo gegmebi, swavlebis meTodika Tu saganmanaTleblo

resursebi moswavleTa miRwevebze. saerTaSoriso Sefasebis Sedegebis

analizi mkafiod avlens ama Tu im qveynis saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi

arsebul xarvezebs da karg safuZvels qmnis imis gadasawyvetad, Tu ra da

ratom aris Sesacvleli Tu dasaxvewi swavlebis procesSi.

wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis (PIRLS – Progress in International

Reading Literacy Study) mizania, Seamowmos mozardTa wakiTxulis gaazrebis

unari msoflios mraval qveyanaSi. is yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel

tardeba, rac monawile qveynebs progresis Sefasebis saSualebas aZlevs.

kvlevebis amgvari perioduloba safuZvels gviqmnis, dinamikaSi SevafasoT

6

saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi mimdinare mniSvnelovani procesebi

(konkretuli qveynis ganaTlebis sistemaSi mimdinare struqturuli

cvlilebebi, cvlilebebi erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi da ganaTlebis

reformis sxva aspeqtebi). bevrma qveyanam swored saerTaSoriso kvlevebis

Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze Secvala saswavlo strategiebi

Tavis saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi da swavlisa da swavlebis procesis

srulyofis TvalsazrisiT seriozul warmatebebsac miaRwia.

gamocdebis erovnuli centri, romelic saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso

saganmanaTleblo kvlevebs uZRveba, amjerad moswavleTa wignierebis

saerTaSoriso kvlevis PIRLS-is 2011 wlis Sedegebsa da kvlevis ori ciklis

mixedviT (PIRLS 2006 - PIRLS 2011) qarTveli bavSvebis miRwevebis SedarebiT

analizs warmogidgenT.

7

wignierebis saerTaSoriso

kvlevis mizani da

mniSvneloba

moswavleTa wignierebasTan dakavSirebul kvlevebs didi istoria aqvs.

kiTxvis swavleba yovelTvis aqtualuri da problemuri sakiTxi iyo. 1950

wlamde ukve arsebobda 3000-ze meti samecniero kvleva am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi msgavsi publikaciebis ricxvi

mkveTrad gaizarda. am kvlevebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili wignierebis

saerTaSoriso kvlevas (PIRLS) uWiravs. es kvleva msoflio

saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagania,

kvlevis meTodologiisa da masStaburobis gamo.

wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis (PIRLS) mizania, (1) Seamowmos 9-10

wlis mozardebis wakiTxulis gaazrebis unari msoflios mraval qveyanaSi

da (2) ikvlios is faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavleTa kiTxvis

unaris ganviTarebasa da wignierebaze. kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli testebis

meSveobiT mowmdeba: ramdenad igebs, iazrebs bavSvi sxvadasxva tipis

teqstebidan miRebul informacias, SeuZlia Tu ara teqstis sxvadasxva

nawilSi mocemuli faqtebisa da mosazrebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba da

daskvnis gamotana, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis danaxva, personaJis

xasiaTis, Tvisebebisa da qcevis motivis amocnoba da teqstis ZiriTadi azris

wvdoma ukve SeZenil codnasa da gamocdilebasTan Sejerebis safuZvelze;

axerxebs Tu ara igi sakuTari azris gamoxatvas, garkveuli enobrivi da

mxatvruli gamosaxvis saSualebebis garCevas da Sefasebas.

8

amasTan, wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvleva saSualebas gvaZlevs

gavigoT: Tu rogor zrunaven moswavleTa wignierebaze sxvadasxva qveyanaSi,

rogor kiTxuloben qarTveli bavSvebis Tanatolebi msoflios im qveynebSi,

romlebic PIRLS-is kvlevaSi arian CarTuli, rogoria maTi damokidebuleba

kiTxvisadmi, rogoria kiTxvis swavlebis praqtika am qveynebSi, rogor aris

organizebuli saswavlo gegma da kiTxvis swavlisa da swavlebis procesi,

rogor xdeba wakiTxulis gaazrebis unaris Sefaseba, rogoria moswavleTa

wignierebis xelSemwyobi saskolo resursebi, rogoria kiTxvis

maswavlebelTa1 momzadebis praqtika, rogor aisaxeba moswavleTa

wignierebaze ojaxis saganmanaTleblo resursi, klasSi moswavleTa

raodenoba, swavlebis meTodebi da sxva mniSvnelovani faqtorebi.

radgan kiTxvis swavleba da kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri ganwyobis

Camoyalibeba ara mxolod pirovnebis, aramed sazogadoebis

keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtoria, wignierebis saerTaSoriso

kvlevas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eqceva mTels msoflioSi.

wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvleva (PIRLS) 5 weliwadSi erTxel

tardeba. saganmanaTleblo miRwevebis saerTaSoriso asociaciam es kvleva

pirvelad 2001 wels Caatara, masSi 36 qevyana monawileobda, rogorc 2006,

ise 2011 wlis kvlevaSi monawile qveyanaTa raodenoba ki 45-ia.

PIRLS-i saganmanaTleblo SedarebiTi (kroskulturuli) kvlevaa;

msoflios 45 qveynis bavSvebi _ inglisidan, SvedeTidan, germaniidan,

makedoniidan, holandiidan, samxreT afrikidan da sxva mravali qveynidan,

qarTvel bavSvebTan erTad, erTsa da imave dros, erTsa da imave teqstebs

kiTxulobdnen da TandarTul testur SekiTxvebs pasuxs scemdnen. kvlevis

amgvari unificireba moswavleTa miRwevebisa da wignierebis xelSemwyobi

faqtorebis gamovlenis, Sedarebisa da ganzogadebis saukeTeso

SesaZleblobas qmnis. kvlevaSi CarTuli yvela qveynisTvis kvlevis

Sedegebi udides interess warmoadgens, xolo Sedegebis analizi qveynis

1 bevr qveyanaSi kiTxvis swavleba ar aris integrirebuli mSobliuri enis swavlebasTan da kiTxvis gakveTili moswavleebs calke utardebaT. am sagnis maswavlebels specialuri ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli, arsebobs kiTxvis maswavleblis profesiuli standartic.

9

saganmanaTleblo politikis analizisa da problemebis daZlevis

adekvaturi strategiis SemuSavebis saukeTeso saSualebaa.

axali iniciativebi ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis. axali iniciativa e.w,

prePIRLS, warmoadgens PIRLS-is ufro martiv versias, romelic naklebad

ganviTarebuli qveynebis saWiroebaTa gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad Seiqmna.

qveynebs SeuZliaT, monawileoba miiRon orive kvlevaSi (PIRLS, prePIRLS) an

erT-erT maTganSi. prePIRLS-Si moswavleebi kiTxuloben mxatvrul da

sainformacio teqstebs da pasuxoben SekiTxvebs, iseve, rogorc es PIRLS-is

kvlevaSi xdeba. TumcaRa, prePIRLS-is SemTxvevaSi teqstebis leqsika,

gramatika da sintaqsi ufro gamartivebulia. amasTan, prePIRLS-Si yuradReba

ufro metad teqstSi mocemuli informaciis gaazrebisa da konkretuli

informaciis povnis unarzea gamaxvilebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, prePIRLS-i

gankuTvnilia im bavSvebisTvis, romlebsac PIRLS-is davalebebis dasaZlevad

saTanado unarebi jer ganviTarebuli ar aqvT.

prePIRLS-i pirvelad 2011 wels Catarda, masSi monawileoba samma

qveyanam miiRo. esenia: kolumbia, bocvana da samxreT afrika.

PIRLS 2011-is kidev erTi iniciativa ukavSirdeba ganviTarebad qveynebs,

romelTa moswavleebs, savaraudod, PIRLS 2011-is davalebebis Sesruleba

gauWirdebodaT. maT meoTxe klasis moswavleebis nacvlad mexuTe an

meeqvseklaselebis Sefasebis saSualeba miecaT. IEA mxars uWers qveynebs,

Seafason mexuTe an meeqvse klasis moswavleebi, radgan, zogierT

SemTxvevaSi, maTi SefasebiT ufro Rirebuli informacia miiReba kiTxvis

swavlebis problemebisa da moswavleebis Zlieri da susti mxareebis

Sesaxeb, vidre testis meoTxe klasSi administrirebiT. meeqvse klasis

moswavleebi oTxma qveyanam Seafasa. es qveynebia: hondurasi, maroko,

kuveiti da bocvana.

ratom iyo da aris CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani moswavleTa

wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevaSi monawileoba?

− wigniereba swavlis safuZvelia. yvelaze mniSvnelovani unari,

romelsac bavSvebi skolaSi swavlisas iZenen, kiTxvis unaria.

swored amitomac saskolo ganaTlebis erT-erTi

10

umniSvnelovanesi komponenti moswavleTa wignierebis

ganviTarebis xelSewyobaa. wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvleva

saSualebas gvaZlevs, swavlebis sawyis safexurze SevafasoT

moswavleTa kiTxvis unari da is konteqsti, romelSic

mimdinareobs am unaris ganviTareba (ojaxi, saskolo resursebi,

swavlebis meTodologia da a.S.), gardavqmnaT da gavaumjobesoT

kiTxvis swavlebis procesi, riTic xels SevuwyobT, erTi mxriv,

swavlisa da swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas saSualo

ganaTlebis momdevno safexurebze da, meore mxriv, davexmarebiT

mozards socializaciasa da pirovnul ganviTarebaSi.

− PIRLS SedarebiTi kvlevaa. PIRLS-is kvleva warmatebuli

saganmanaTleblo sistemebis gamocdilebis gaziarebisa da

saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi arsebuli tendenciebis

gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas iZleva. sazogadod, am tipis

Sefasebebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi swavlisa da swavlebis

donis gaumjobesebas emsaxureba. saerTaSoriso Sefasebis

Sedegebis analizi mkafiod avlens, Tu ra aris Sesacvleli Tu

dasaxvewi swavlebis procesSi, da zogadad, qveynis

saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi.

− rogorc aRvniSneT, PIRLS-is saerTaSoriso kvleva yovel xuT

weliwadSi erTxel tardeba. kvlevis amgvari cikluroba am

sferoSi calkeuli qveynis progresis Sefasebis saSualebas qmnis.

es ki qveynis saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi mimdinare procesebis

monitorings gulisxmobs.

− Cveni qveyana miiswrafis saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo

sivrceSi integrirebisaken, romlis ganuyofeli nawilic is

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyo. amdenad, kroskulturuli

SedarebiTi kvlevis monacemebi, Sedegebis analizi da

rekomendaciebi saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi maRali

xarisxis ganaTlebis miRwevis saukeTeso winapiroba iqneba.

11

moswavleTa wignierebis mniSvnelobas, sazogadod, mkafiod warmoaCens

kvlevebi, romlebic adasturebs kiTxvis problemebsa da mozardis

antisocilur qcevebs Soris arsebul kavSirs.

kiTxva da antisocialuri qceva. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom

kiTxvis problemebsa da agresiul/Zaladobriv qcevas Soris arsebuli

kavSiri sakmaod kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa. kvlevebis mixedviT, bavSvebis

kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi kavSirSia agresiul, antisocialur

da danaSaulebriv qcevasTan. TumcaRa, es imas ar niSnavs, rom bavSvebs,

romlebic devianturi qceviT xasiaTdebian, aucileblad sustad

ganviTarebuli kiTxvis unari aqvT. kvlevebi ufro metad imaze miuTiTebs,

rom Sesabamisi asakisTvis gansazRvruli kiTxvis unarebis nakleboba

mniSvnelovnad ukavSirdeba agresiuli, antisocialuri qcevis ganviTarebas.

kiTxvasTan dakavSirebulma problemebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios

akademiuri warumatebloba, xeli SeuSalos skolisa da swavlisadmi

pozitiuri damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas da xeli Seuwyos ,,negatiuri

qcevebis” ganxorcielebas (xelisSemSleli qceva klasSi, skolis gacdena da

sxva). moswavlis dabal akademiur miRwevaSi Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs

antisocialur qcevas, mSoblebis mxardaWeris naklebobas, adreul asakSi

kognituri stimulaciis ararsebobasa da bavSvebze Zaladobas. mecnierebi

miiCneven, rom kiTxva moswavleTaTvis erTgvar mcvels warmoadgens,

romelic maT Zaladobrivi qcevebisaTvis Tavis aridebis saSualebas aZlevs.

qvemoT warmodgenilia kvleviTi monacemebi, romlis mixedviTac

dasturdeba kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebisa da antisocialuri

qcevebis kavSiri:

1. kiTxvis sirTuleebis mqone bavSvebma pirveli klasis bolosa da

meore klasSi mniSvnelovnad bevri antisocialuri qceva

gamoavlines, vidre Cveulebrivma mkiTxvelebma (Jorm, Share,

Matthews, Maclean, 1986). makgis (1986) mixedviT, bavSvebi, romelTac

skolaSi Tavidanve hqondaT kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli

problemebi, ukve xasiaTdebodnen qceviTi problemebiT. 5-dan 9

wlamde, kiTxvaSi seriozuli sirTuleebis mqone bavSvebTan

12

qceviTma problemebma ufro swrafad imata, vidre _

danarCenebTan.

2. kiTxvaSi sirTuleebis mqone bavSvebi advilad Riziandebian

skolaSi da gaRizianebas maswavleblebisa da Tanaklaselebis

mimarT agresiuli qceviT gamoxataven. es mosazreba efuZneba im

Sexedulebas, rom frustracia (imedgacrueba) agresias iwvevs

(Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, Sears, 1939).

3. pirvel da mesame klasebSi kiTxvaSi miRwevis dabali done

winaswarmetyvelebs SedarebiT Zlier agresiul qcevas meoTxe da

mexuTe klasebSi, Sesabamisad, dawyebiTi skolis moswavleebis

qceviTi problemebi ufro metad ukavSirdeboda kiTxvaSi

miRwevas, vidre - maTematikaSi (Maughan, Gray, & Rutter, 1985).

4. dabali donis kiTxvis unarebis gavlena bavSvebis qcevaze

dawyebiTi klasebis Semdgom kidev ufro izrdeba. magaliTad,

socialur SedarebasTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli kvlevebis

mixedviT, bavSvebi, roca izrdebian, ufro informirebulebi

xdebian TavianTi da maTi Tanatolebis miRwevebis Sesaxeb, ris

Semdegac TavianTi unarebis Sefasebas meti sizustiT iwyeben

(Eccles, Midgley & Adler, 1984; Stipek & Mac Iver, 1989; Wigfield et al.,

1997). Sedegad, SesaZloa, unarebis deficiti damamcirebeli

aRmoCndes, rac Tavis mxriv SfoTvasa da negatiur emociebs

iwvevs. kvlevebis mixedviT, akademiuri miRwevis Sesafaseblad

socialur Sedarebas mesame klasis moswavleebi ukve iyeneben

(Frey & Ruble, 1985; Pomerantz, Ruble, Frey & Greulich, 1995).

5. afroamerikel biWebTan Catarebul longitidur, anu

grZelvadian kvlevaSi 7 wlis asakSi gonierebis (inteleqtis)

koeficienti (IQ) 17 wlis asakSi qceviTi aSlilobis ufro kargi

prediqtori aRmoCnda, vidre agresia, an mSobelTa

fsiqopaTologiuri darRvevbi (Schonfeld, Shaffer, O’Connor &

Portnoy, 1988).

13

6. kiTxvis unarebis deficitis mqone axalgazrdebi ufro xSirad

Cxuboben (Cxuboben iseTi formiT, rom Sedegad samedicino

Carevas saWiroeben); cixeSi moxvedrili axalgazrdebi saSualod

5 wliT CamorCebian asakisTvis Sesabamis kiTxvis dones; amasTan,

axalgazrda damnaSaveebidan maT, vinc cudad kiTxulobs, ufro

mZime danaSauli aqvT Cadenili, vidre - SedarebiT karg

mkiTxvelebs. am monacemebidan Cans, rom dabali donis kiTxvis

unarebisa da skolaSi xelisSemSleli qcevebis kombinacia

samomavlo agresiisa da antisocialuri qcevis prediqtors

warmoadgens2.

7. organizacia The Every Child a Chance Trust-is erT-erTi kvlevis

mixedviT, antisocialuri qceviT gamorCeuli 10 wlis bavSvebis

daaxloebiT 1/4 kiTxvis specifikuri sirTuleebiT

xasiaTdebodnen (,,kiTxvis asaki” ori an meti wliT CamorCeboda

maT qronologiur asaks).

socialuri, emociuri da qceviTi problemebis mqone bavSvebSi kiTxvis

sirTuleebis arseboba mravalma kvlevam daadastura. es kavSiri maSinac

naTlad dasturdeba, roca bavSvis ojaxuri garemo da zogadi kognituri

unarebiს faqtorebis zemoqmedeba gamoricxulia (gakontrolebulia).

wyaro: Hudson, Price, Gross, 2009. Long term costs of literacy difficulties, 2 nd edition; Miles, S.B., & Stipek, D. (2006). Contemporaneous and longitudinal associations between social behavior and literacy achievement in a sample of low-income elementary school children. Child Development, 77(1), 103-117;

www.teachsafeschools.org.

warmodgenili monacemebi cxadyofs, rom mozardis kiTxvis unari misi

socializaciisa da pirovnuli ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. es

monacemebi mkafiod gviCvenebs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania kiTxvis swavlebis

sawyis etapzeve gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces moswavlis kiTxvis

unaris ganviTarebasa da kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri damokidebulebis

Camoyalibebas.

2 kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebisa da antisocialuri qcevis mediatori SesaZloa

iyos socialur-ekonomikuri statusi, metyvelebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, gonierebis dabali koeficienti (IQ), qceviTi aSlilobebi da gakveTilebis gacdena.

14

Sejameba. kiTxvis unaris ganviTareba adreuli asakidan, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, jer kidev skolamdeli periodidan iwyeba da am unaris

saboloo CamoyalibebisaTvis sakmaod didi droa saWiro. am procesSi 9-10

weli mniSvnelovani asakia. am dros safuZveli eyreba ZiriTad sabazo

unarebs, maT Soris yvelaze mTavars _ kiTxvis unars. amitomacaa

mniSvnelovani swored am asakSi kiTxvis swavlebaSi arsebuli problemebis

identifikacia da moswavleTa wignierebis xelSesawyobad mizanmimarTuli

aqtivobebis dagegmva. kiTxvis unari uSualo kavSirSia ara mxolod bavSvis

saazrovno procesebis ganviTarebasTan, aramed mis pirovnul

ganviTarebasTan. ase rom, am asakSi kiTxvis unaris Semowmeba gulisxmobs

imis garkvevasac, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba bavSvi momavalSi,

SeZlebs Tu ara maRali klasebis saswavlo programis daZlevas da,

saboloo jamSi, sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad Camoyalibebas. amas ki

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvisac.

15

wignierebis gansazRvreba da

wakiTxulis gaazrebis

procesebi

wignierebis pirveli saerTaSorio kvlevis PIRLS 2001-isTvis IEA-m

Camoayaliba ,,kiTxvis” ganmarteba. kiTxvis ganmartebisa da kiTxvis

Sesafasebeli CarCos dadgenis safuZvels IEA-s mier 1991 wels Catarebuli

wignierebis kvleva (Elley, 1992, 1994; Wolf, 1995) warmoadgenda. am kvlevaSi

wigniereba gansazRvruli iyo, rogorc ,,sazogadoebis mier Rirebulad

miCneuli da/an individisTvis faseuli werilobiTi enobrivi formebis

gagebisa da gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba”. PIRLS-isTvis gansazRvreba

gadamuSavda ise, rom is yvela asakobriv jgufs ergeba, magram yuradRebas

amaxvilebs kiTxvis gamocdilebis bavSvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel aspeqtebze.

PIRLS 2006-dan moyolebuli, gansazRvreba ufro daixvewa da xazi gaesva

kiTxvis did mniSvnelobas skolebsa da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.

PIRLS 2011

PIRLS-Si wigniereba ganisazRvreba, rogorc sazogadoebis mier

Rirebulad miCneuli da/an individisTvis faseuli werilobiTi

enobrivi formebis gagebisa da gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. patara

mkiTxvelebs unda SeeZloT mravalferovani teqstebis Sinaarsis

gageba. teqstebis mravalferovnebas qmnis sxvadasxva sagnisTvis

specifikuri formebi (literaturuli, sabunebismetyvelo teqstebi,

enciklopediebi, maTematikuri amocanebi da cxrilebi, istoriis

wyaroebi, dokumentebi da sxv.). isini kiTxuloben imisTvis, rom

iswavlon, gaxdnen mkiTxvelTa sazogadoebis wevri skolasa da

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da ganicadon rogorc inteleqtualuri da

esTetikuri, ise garTobis siamovneba.

16

wignierebis mravali Teoriis mixedviT, es cneba moiazrebs

mkiTxvelis dadebiT damokidebulebas, keTilganwyobas kiTxvis

mimarT. mkiTxveli sxvadasxva saxis teqstidan iZens codnas

samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb da ganicdis inteleqtualur

siamovnebas (Greany & Neuman, 1990; Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Develpment, 1999, Wagner, 1991). wakiTxulis gaazreba mkiTxvels

teqstTan interaqciisa da ukve arsebuli gamocdilebis konteqstSi

uwevs (Snow, 2002). kiTxvis dawyebamde, kiTxvis procesSi da Semdgom

mkiTxveli mraval lingvistur unars, kognitur da metakognitur

strategiasa da gamocdilebaSi arsebul codnas iyenebs (Baker & Beall,

2009; Pressley & Gaskins, 2006).

PIRLS moswavlis wignierebasTan dakavSirebul sam sakiTxzea

fokusirebuli:

− kiTxvis miznebi;

− wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi;

− kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli qcevebi da damokidebulebebi.

2.1. kiTxvis daniSnuleba, mizani

IV klasis damTavrebisas kiTxva, ZiriTadad, or mizans emsaxureba:

1. literaturuli gamocdilebis miReba;

2. informaciis miReba da gamoyeneba.

kiTxva literaturuli gamocdilebis miRebis mizniT xels uwyobs

zogadad kiTxvis mimarT interesisa da wignis siyvarulis gaRvivebas; xolo

kiTxva informaciis miRebisa da gamoyenebis mizniT exmareba moswavles

codnis SeZenasa da dagrovebaSi.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom 9-10 wlis asakisTvis kiTxvis orive mizani

mniSvnelovania, PIRLS-is testSi TiToeuli maTganis Sefasebas Tanabari

raodenobis masala eTmoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom SefasebaSi kiTxvis

17

miznebis erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveba xdeba, mkiTxvelis mier orive

miznisTvis gamoyenebuli strategiebi da procesebi erTmaneTis msgavsia.

kiTxva literaturuli gamocdilebis miRebis mizniT xels uwyobs

zogadad kiTxvis mimarT interesisa da wignis siyvarulis gaRvivebas.

mxatvrul nawarmoebebs adamiani kiTxulobs imisTvis, rom Tavad gaxdes

warmosaxuli movlenebis, viTarebis, moqmedebebis, Sedegebis, personaJebis

grZnobebisa da azrebis nawili da TviT enisagan miiRos esTetikuri

siamovneba. literaturis gasagebad da Sesafaseblad mkiTxvelma mocemul

teqstTan erTad sakuTari gamocdileba, grZnobebi, enobrivi

maxasiaTeblebis aRqma da mxatvruli teqstis gamosaxvis formebis codna

unda daixmaros. patara mkiTxvelebs literatura jer kidev ucnobi

situaciebisa da grZnobebis aRmoCenis saSualebas aZlevs. PIRLS-is

SefasebaSi umTavresad gamoyenebuli literaturuli teqstis formas

moTxroba warmoadgens.

kiTxva informaciis miRebisa da gamoyenebis mizniT exmareba moswavles

codnis SeZenasa da dagrovebaSi.

sainformacio teqstebi ramdenime saxis SeiZleba iyos. magaliTad,

qronologiurad dalagebul sainformacio teqstebSi azrebi droSi

Tanmimdevruladaa warmodgenili. aseT teqstebSi ambebi SeiZleba

moyolili iyos istoriuli faqtebis, dRiurSi Canawerebis, piradi

angariSebis an werilebis saxiT. aq mTavari adgili uWiravs biografiebsa

da avtobiografiebs, realuri cxovrebiseuli ambebis detalur aRweras.

arsebobs kidev sxvagvari qronologiurad organizebuli teqstebi,

romlebic proceduruli saxisaa, magaliTad, receptebi da instruqciebi. es

teqstebi xSirad imperatiuli formiT xasiaTdeba, rac gulisxmobs, rom

mkiTxvels wakiTxulis ara marto gageba, aramed Sesrulebac moeTxoveba.

zogjer informacia da azrebi dalagebulia ufro logikurad, vidre

qronologiurad. magaliTad, kvlevis dokumenti SeiZleba aRwerdes mizezsa

da Sedegs, statiaSi SeiZleba, erTmaneTs adarebdnen sxvadasxva

sazogadoebas, movlenas, xolo saredaqcio werilSi ki SeiZleba

warmodgenili iyos argumentebi da kontrargumentebi an mtkicebulebebiT

18

gamyarebuli Sexeduleba. amgvari damarwmunebeli teqstebis pirdapiri

mizania, gavlena moaxdinos mkiTxvelis Sexedulebaze, rogorc problemis

arsis, ise rekomendebuli gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb.

arsebobs aRweriTi xasiaTis sainformacio teqstebic, romlebSic

warmodgenilia raimes axsna-ganmarteba, an aRwerilia adamianebi,

movlenebi, faqtebi. Tematuri organizebis SemTxvevaSi, erT TemasTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi teqstSi erTadaa dajgufebuli da AaRwerili. am

SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia, rom informacia uwyveti teqstis saxiT ar iyos

warmodgenili. amisaTvis teqsts urTaven iseT saSualebebs, rogorebicaa:

cxrilebi, diagramebi, grafikebi da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom erT sainformacio

teqstSi xSirad informaciis warmodgenis erTi an meti xerxia gamoyenebuli.

xSir SemTxvevaSi teqstis saxiT mocemuli informaciac ki warmodgenilia

cxrilebis saxiT da ilustrirebulia suraTebiTa da diagramebiT.

2.2. wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi

mkiTxveli cdilobs, rom Sinaarss sxvadasxva gziT Caswvdes. is

poulobs konkretul informacias, akeTebs daskvnebs, axdens teqstis

azrebisa da ideebis interpretaciasa da sakuTar codnasTan integrirebas

(dakavSirebas, Sejerebas), ikvlevs da afasebs teqstis maxasiaTeblebs. es

procesebi metakognitur strategiebsa da procesebs warmoadgens, romlebic

mkiTxvelebs TavianTi gagebis unaris Semowmebisa da sxvadasxva midgomis

morgebis saSualebas aZlevs (Jacobs, 1997; Kintsch & Kintsch, 1983). agreTve,

aRsaniSnavia is, rom codna da gamocdileba, romelic mkiTxvels axali

teqstis kiTxvis dros mohyveba, saSualebas aZlevs mas, Seicnos ena, teqsti

da is samyaro, romlis ,,gavliTac” wakiTxuli masalis gaazreba xdeba

(Alexander & Jetton, 2000; Beach & Hynds, 1996; Clay, 1991; Galda & Beach, 2001; Hall,

1998).

PIRLS-is farglebSi wakiTxulis gaazrebis oTxi saxis procesis

Sefaseba xdeba. am mizniT, moswavleebisTvis miwodebul pasaJebze

dayrdnobiT, wakiTxulis gaazrebis SekiTxvebi yalibdeba. mTeli Sefasebis

manZilze, sxvadasxva procesTan dakavSirebuli mravalferovani SekiTxvebi

19

moswavleebs Sinaarsis gagebis SesaZleblobebisa da unarebis warmoCenis

saSualebas aZlevs.

kiTxvis miznebs Soris sxvaobis miuxedavad, procesebi da strategiebi,

romlebsac mkiTxveli iyenebs ama Tu im teqstis kiTxvis dros, met-naklebad

saerToa. es procesebia:

a. teqstSi eqspliciturad, cxadad mocemuli informaciis povna;

b. teqstidan uSualod gamomdinare daskvnebis gamotana;

g. teqstis azrebisa da informaciis interpretacia sakuTar codnasTan

integrirebis (dakavSirebis, Sejerebis) safuZvelze;

d. teqstis enis Sefaseba da mxatvruli xerxebis gaazreba.

a. teqstSi eqspliciturad mocemuli informaciis povna

procesi gulisxmobs teqstis garkveul nawilSi, winadadebaSi an

frazaSi Riad, cxadad mocemuli informaciis, azris an detalis dakavSirebas

SekiTxvaSi mocemul mosaZiebel informaciasTan. am dros mkiTxvels ar

moeTxoveba (an TiTqmis ar moeTxoveba) daskvnis gamotana. es procesi xels

uwyobs ama Tu im sagnis swavlisas faqtobrivi informaciis amokrebisa da

dagrovebis unaris ganviTarebas.

teqstSi eqspliciturad mocemul informacias adamianebi

sxvadasxvanairad aqceven yuradRebas. zogierTma azrma SeiZleba miipyros

individis yuradReba, zogma ki – ara. magaliTad, mkiTxveli SeiZleba

fokusirebuli iyos im informaciaze, romelic adasturebs an, piriqiT,

ewinaaRmdegeba mis varauds teqstis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb, an romelic mis zogad

miznebs (garkveuli informaciis miRebas, codnis SeZenas) ukavSirdeba.

damatebiT, mkiTxvels xSirad teqstSi warmodgenili eqsplicituri

informaciis povna imisTvis sWirdeba, rom davalebasTan dakavSirebul

SekiTxvas upasuxos an Seamowmos, Tu rogor esmis teqstis Sinaarsi.

informaciis warmatebiT sapovnelad aucilebelia teqstis sakmaod

swrafi an avtomaturi gageba. es procesi, faqtobrivad, ar saWiroebs

daskvnebis gamotanasa da interpretirebas. am SemTxvevaSi Sinaarsi teqstSi

20

naTlad Cans. mTavaria, mkiTxvelma mocemuli teqsti im informaciasTan

daakavSiros, romelsac eZebs.

wakiTxulis gaazrebis es procesi, ZiriTadad, winadadebebze an

gamonaTqvamebze fokusirebas moiTxovs. igi SeiZleba saWiroebdes ramdenime

saxis informaciis moZiebas, magram TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, informacia,

Cveulebriv, winadadebaSi an konkretul gamonaTqvamSia mocemuli.

am procesis farglebSi moswavles unda SeeZlos:

− kiTxvis specifikur mizanTan dakavSirebuli informaciis moZieba;

− konkretuli cnebebis moZieba;

− sityvebis an gamonaTqvamebis ganmartebebis moZebna;

− moqmedebis konteqstis identificireba (mag., dro, adgili);

− mTavari, sakvanZo winadadebis an mTavari azris povna (Tu

eqsplicituradaa mocemuli).

b. teqstidan uSualod gamomdinare daskvnebis gamotana

procesi gulisxmobs teqstis sxvadasxva nawilSi mocemuli

informaciisa Tu mosazrebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT daskvnis

gamotanas. amgvari daskvnis gamotana, iseve rogorc eqspliciturad

mocemuli informaciis povna, uSualod teqsts emyareba, oRond am dros

mkiTxvelis yuradReba teqstis ufro vrcel monakveTebze an mTlian

teqstzea mimarTuli. es procesi saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels, amoikiTxos

is, rac teqstSi eqspliciturad ar aris mocemuli, magram teqstidan

uSualod gamomdinareobs.

uSualo daskvnebis gamotana mkiTxvels teqstis miRma gaxedvis

SesaZleblobasa da e.w. ,,informaciis napralebis” amovsebis saSualebas

aZlevs.

unariani mkiTxveli aseT daskvnebs avtomaturad akeTebs. teqstSi

mocemul sxvadasxva informacias igi swrafad ukavSirebs erTmaneTs,

miuxedavad imisa, rom es kavSiri TvalsaCinod araa warmodgenili. bevr

21

SemTxvevaSi avtori ise agebs teqsts, rom Sinaarss TviTon mihyavs

mkiTxveli aSkara daskvnamde. magaliTad, konkretuli personaJis moqmedeba

mTeli moTxrobis ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba, aSkarad miuTiTebdes mis

romelime pirovnul Tvisebaze. aqedan gamomdinare, mkiTxvelTa umetesobac

Sesabamis daskvnas gamoitans.

uSualo daskvnebis gamotanis procesi, zogadad, kritikuli azrovnebis

ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT ki _ argumentaciis unaris Camoyalibebas

uwyobs xels.

am procesis farglebSi moswavles unda SeeZlos:

− daskvnis gamotana imis Sesaxeb, rom erTma movlenam gamoiwvia

meore;

− daskvnis gamotana teqstSi didi raodenobiT warmodgenili

argumentebis mTavari saTqmelis Sesaxeb;

− imis gansazRvra, Tu vis mimarTaa nacvalsaxeli gamoyenebuli

teqstSi;

− or personaJs Soris arsebuli kavSiris danaxva da aRwera.

g. teqstis azrebisa da informaciis interpretacia sakuTar codnasTan

integrirebis (dakavSirebis, Sejerebis) safuZvelze

procesi gulisxmobs teqstis mTlianobaSi gagebas, teqstSi mocemuli

azrebisa da informaciis gaazrebas; rogorc mTeli teqstis, ise misi

calkeuli pasaJis implicituri (nagulisxmevi, faruli) Sinaarsis amocnobas

da interpretacias sakuTar codnasa da gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebis

safuZvelze. es procesi xels uwyobs kritikuli azrovnebis, gansjis unaris

ganviTarebas.

am SemTxvevaSi ufro metad saWiroa sakuTar gamocdilebaze dayrdnoba

da ara uSualo daskvnebis gamotana. iqidan gamomdinare, rom Sinaarsi

interpretirebisa da integrirebis safuZvelze yalibdeba, savaraudod,

mkiTxvelebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul, sakuTar codnasa da

gamocdilebaze dafuZnebul azrebs Camoayalibeben. magaliTad, personaJis

22

qcevis safuZvlad mdebare motivebis asaxsnelad, mkiTxveli SeiZleba Tavis

gamocdilebas daeyrdnos.

IV klasis damTavrebisas am procesis farglebSi moswavles unda

SeeZlos:

− teqstis mTavari ideis, ZiriTadi azris, Temis amocnoba;

− mTlianad nawarmoebis an personaJis ganwyobis amocnoba;

− nawarmoebSi momxdari ambis, movlenis, agreTve, personaJis

mdgomareobis an moqmedebis motivis amocnoba;

− sakuTari codnisa da teqstSi mocemuli faqtebis erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebis safuZvelze daskvnis gamotana;

− varaudisa da faqtis erTmaneTisgan garCeva;

− garkveul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari azris gamoTqma da

logikurad Camoyalibeba;

− zogadad wignierebasTan dakavSirebuli gamocdilebis da codnis

gamovlena.

d. teqstis enis Sefaseba da mxatvruli xerxebis gaazreba

procesi gulisxmobs teqstis enobrivi da mxatvruli gamosaxvis

saSualebebis garCevas da Sefasebas, rac xels uwyobs teqstis esTetikuri

aRqmis unaris Camoyalibebas.

am procesSi mkiTxveli teqstis Sinaarsis kritikulad ganxilvazea

fokusirebuli. Sinaarsis Sesaxeb msjelobisas mkiTxveli sakuTar

interpretacias eyrdnoba da erTmaneTs adarebs samyaros miseul xedvasa

da teqstis Sinaarss. Sedegad, uaryofs, iRebs, an neitraluri rCeba

mocemuli azrebis, informaciis mimarT.

teqstis elementebis _ struqturisa da enis _ ganxilviT mkiTxveli

ikvlevs, Tu rogoraa Sinaarsi warmodgenili. am dros is eyrdnoba Tavis

codnas sxvadasxva Janris, struqturisa da enobrivi maxasiaTeblis Sesaxeb.

mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, ganixilos avtoris mier Sinaarsis gadmosacemad

23

gamoyenebuli xerxebi da imsjelos maT adekvaturobaze, agreTve, mas

SeuZlia, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos avtoris mizani, xedva.

am procesSi CarTulma individma teqstis Sinaarsi SeiZleba rogorc

sakuTar, subieqtur, ise kritikul da obieqtur xedvaze dayrdnobiT

ganixilos. am dros mkiTxveli iyenebs ukve SeZenil codnas samyaros

Sesaxeb da Tavis gamocdilebas wakiTxulis gaazrebaSi.

IV klasis damTavrebisas Tavisi codnisa da dagrovili gamocdilebis

gamoyenebiT moswavles unda SeeZlos:

− realursa da SeTxzuls (mxatvrul pirobiTobas) Soris

gansxvavebis danaxva; mxatvruli Janrebis – zRapris, igavis,

leqsis, agreTve, sainformacio da SemecnebiTi xasiaTis

(istoriuli, sabunebismetyvelo, saleqsikono) teqstebis

specifikis codnis gamovlena;

− mxatvrul teqstSi gamosaxvis saSualebaTa (dialogis, aRweris,

daxasiaTebis), agreTve, mxatvruli xerxebis (epiTetis, Sedarebis)

amocnoba.

zemoT ganxiluli oTxive procesi wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevaSi

mowmdeba mxatvruli da sainformacio xasiaTis teqstebis meSveobiT.

saazrovno moqmedebebi, romlebsac moswavle mimarTavs am procesebis

dros, aris: identificireba, producireba, Tavisufali producireba.

24

kvlevis meTodologia

wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvleva ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: (1).

mozardTa testireba maTi kiTxvis unaris Semowmebis mizniT. (2). im garemos

kvleva, romelSic yalibdeba moswavlis kiTxvis unari (saganmanaTleblo

sistema, saswavlo gegma, skola, maswavlebeli, ojaxi da a.S.)

3.1. mozardTa testireba

moswavleTa wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis testi Seqmnilia

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi bostonis kolejis eqspertebis mier. kiTxvis

unaris Sesafaseblad kvlevaSi sul gamoyenebuli iyo 12 bukleti. es

bukletebi kvlevaSi CarTul yvela qveyanaSi iTargmna da adaptirda,

eqspertebis mier Sefasda Targmanis xarisxi, originalTan Sesabamisoba.

ZiriTadi kvlevis administrirebamde kvlevaSi CarTul yvela qveyanaSi

Catarda kvlevis pilotireba (2010 weli). amgvari sacdeli testirebis

mizani, Cveulebriv, kvlevis instrumentebis daxvewaa. kvlevis aprobaciaSi

monawileobas iRebda saqarTvelos 40 skolis 1 500 moswavle.

testis Sinaarsi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kiTxva, ZiriTadad, or mizans

emsaxureba, esenia: literaturuli gamocdilebis miReba, informaciis miReba

da gamoyeneba. Tu ramdenad aris miRweuli kiTxvis es ori ZiriTadi mizani,

testSi gamoyenebuli 5 sainformacio teqstisa da 5 mxatvruli nawarmoebis

saSualebiT Sefasda.

25

procesebi da strategiebi (eqspliciturad mocemuli informaciis povna,

uSualo daskvnebis gamotana, azrebisa da informaciis interpretacia

sakuTar codnasTan integrirebis safuZvelze, teqstis enis Sefaseba da

mxatvruli xerxebis gaazreba) testSi Semdegi TanafardobiT Semowmda:

3.2. garemo faqtorebis kvleva

kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebis konteqsti

PIRLS-is farglebSi moswavlis miRwevebis SefasebasTan erTad,

specialurad SemuSavebuli kiTxvarebis saSualebiT, ikvleven im

konteqstualur maxasiaTeblebs, romelSic moswavleebi kiTxvas swavloben.

konteqstualur maxasiaTeblebSi igulixsxmeba bavSvis mikro (magaliTad,

ojaxi) da makro (magaliTad, ganaTlebis sistemis organizacia) garemos

maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavlis wignierebaze.

specialuri kiTxvarebiT, romlebic gankuTvnilia rogorc

moswavleebisTvis, ise maTi mSoblebis, maswavleblebisa da skolis

direqtorebisaTvis, PIRLS-is kvleva cdilobs konteqstualuri informaciis

ლიტერატურული გამოცდილება

ინფორმაციის გამოყენება

ექსპლიციტურად, მოცემული ინფორმაციის ამოცნობა

უშუალო დასკვნის გამოტანა

აზრებისა და ინფორმაციის ინტერპრეტაცია საკუთარ

ცოდნასთან ინტეგრირების საფუძველზე

ტექსტის ენის შეფასება და მხატვრული ხერხების

გააზრება

20% 20%

30%

30% 30%

20% 20%

30%

50% 50%

26

Segrovebas iseTi procedurebisa da praqtikis Sesaxeb, romlebic kiTxvaSi

miRwevebs zrdis. amasTan, kvlevaSi monawile qveynebi saswavlo gegmis

kiTxvaris saSualebiT mniSvnelovan informacias awvdian kvlevis

organizatorebs enisa da kiTxvis swavlebis nacionaluri konteqstisa da

kurikulumis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, kvlevaSi monawile qveynebs SeuZliaT,

Seafason maTTan arsebuli situacia da daukavSiron is moswavleebis

miRwevas.

bavSvebi kiTxvas sxvadasxva konteqstSi, mravali saxis aqtivobisa da

gamocdilebis daxmarebiT swavloben. dawyebiTi skolis asakSi maTi kiTxvis

unarebi, qcevebi da damokidebulebebi ZiriTadad skolasa da saxlSi

viTardeba. kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebas xels uwyobs mravali resursi da

aqtivoba, maT Soris, mSoblis araformaluri, yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi

(wignis kiTxva, wakiTxulze saubari da sxva). aRsaniSnavia, rom kiTxvis

swavlisTvis aseTi, naklebad struqturirebuli, aqtivobebi iseTive

mniSvnelovania bavSvisTvis, rogorc kiTxvis struqturirebulad,

mizanmimarTulad swavleba klasSi. orive garemo, skola da saxli,

erTmaneTis xelSemwyob da kiTxvis swavlisTvis mniSvnelovan faqtors

warmoadgens.

saxlisa da skolis pirdapiri gavlenis garda, wignierebaze ufro

vrceli garemoc zemoqmedebs. magaliTad, ganaTlebis sistemis dafinanseba

da resursebi, ganaTlebis saxelmwifo miznebi, ganaTlebis sistemis

organizacia da sxva. qveyanaSi xelmisawvdomi resursebi, mTavrobis

gadawyvetilebebi ganaTlebis prioritetebis Sesaxeb, saswavlo gegma,

kiTxvis swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli politika da sxva.

moswavlis mier naCvenebi Sedegebi, rogorebicaa: (1) kiTxvaSi miRweva,

(2) kiTxvisadmi damokidebuleba, sxvadasxva konteqstSi miRebuli codnisa da

gamocdilebis damsaxurebaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom moswavlis miRweva da

damokidebulebebi urTierTganmamtkiceblebia: kargi mkiTxveli, naklebad

unarianTan SedarebiT, ufro siamovnebiT kiTxulobs da afasebs kiTxvas,

Sesabamisad, ufro mets kiTxulobs da amgvarad Tavis unarebs iumjobesebs.

27

bavSvebis wignierebis ganviTarebis komponentebis ukeT gasagebad,

PIRLS konteqstualur informacias sxvadasxva wyarodan iRebs. nacionaluri

konteqstis Sesaxeb informacia PIRLS-is enciklopediaSi qveyndeba.

enciklopediaSi aRwerilia kvlevaSi monawile qveynebis kiTxvis

swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli politika da praqtika.

kiTxvarebis saSualebiT Seikriba informacia im faqtorebis Sesaxeb,

romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavlis kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebaze.

konteqstualuri faqtorebis Sesaswavlad wignierebis saerTaSoriso

kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo 5 kiTxvari:

− moswavlis kiTxvari;

− mSoblis kiTxvari;

− maswavleblis kiTxvari;

− skolis kiTxvari _ direqtorebisaTvis;

− saswavlo gegmis kiTxvari.

specialuri kompiuteruli programiT moswavlis testirebis Sedegebi

da misi kiTxvari daukavSirda misive maswavleblis, direqtorisa da

mSoblis mier mowodebul informacias. amgvari midgoma moswavleTa

miRwevebis interpretirebis saukeTeso saSualebas qmnis.

kompleqsurad miRebuli informaciis Sejereba saSualebas gvaZlevs,

gavigoT: ratom aqvs moswavleTa konkretul jgufs/konkretul moswavles

ukeTesi Tu uaresi Sedegi; rogoria misi damokidebuleba kiTxvisadmi, ra

sixSiriT kiTxulobs, ras kiTxulobs is; aniWebs Tu ara siamovnebas kiTxva,

ra sirTuleebi aqvs kiTxvaSi, rogoria kiTxvis swavlebis procesis miseuli

aRqma; rogoria skolis saganmanaTleblo resursi (biblioTeka,

wignierebasTan dakavSirebuli saskolo aqtivobebi da a.S.), swavlebis ra

meTodologias iyeneben pedagogebi (pedagogebis kvalifikacia kiTxvis

swavlebis meTodologiaSi, profesiuli ganviTarebisaTvis maT mier

gaweuli aqtivobebi, samuSao gamocdileba da a.S); rogor exmareba ojaxi

bavSvebs kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebaSi, rogoria ojaxis saganmanaTleblo

28

resursi (mSobelTa ganaTleba da kiTxvisadmi damokidebuleba, wignebis

raodenoba ojaxSi da a.S).

qvemoT sqematuradaa warmodgenili PIRLS-is dizaini, saidanac naTlad

Cans, rom am kvlevaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba moswavlis mikro da makro

garemos maxasiaTeblebis Seswavlas, rac im faqtorebis identificirebis

saSualebas iZleva, romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavlis wakiTxulis

gaazrebis unaris ganviTarebasa da kiTxvisadmi damokidebulebis

Camoyalibebaze.

ilustracia #3.2.1 – faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavlis wakiTxulis

gaazrebis unaris Camoyalibebaze.

moswavleTa miRwevebisa da maTi ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis amgvari

kvleva saSualebas gvaZlevs, davadginoT, ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels an

aferxebs moswavleTa kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebas rogorc sazogadod, ise

konkretul qveyanaSi. saerTaSoriso kvleva iZleva im faqtorebis

ganzogadebis saSualebas, romlebic xels uwyobs moswavleTa wignierebis

ganviTarebas, da zogadad, swavlisa da swavlebis process mTels

msoflioSi. amgvar informacias, buneberivia, gansakuTrebuli Rirebuleba

29

aqvs kvlevaSi CarTuli qveynebis saganmanaTleblo politikis

warmarTvisaTvis.

amjerad ganvmartavT, ratom SeirCa moswavleTa wignierebis kvlevaSi

kiTxvis swavlebis mikro da makro garemos konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi, e.w.

konteqstualuri faqtorebi, moswavleTa miRwevebis interpretirebisTvis.

erovnuli da sazogadoebrivi konteqsti. qveynisa da sazogadoebis

SigniT bavSvis wignierebis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili kulturul,

socialur, politikur da ekonomikur faqtorebs Seaqvs. qveynis warmateba

ganaTlebasa da wignieri adamianebis aRzrdaSi didwiladaa damokidebuli

imaze, Tu ramdenad afaseben qveyanaSi wignierebasa da masTan dakavSirebul

aqtivobebs. wignierebis mniSvnelobaze gavlenas axdens zogadad wignierebis

rolis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis gamocdileba da rwmena (Street, 2001). ojaxs,

skolebsa da zogadad sazogadoebas SeuZliaT, iseTi garemo Camoayalibon,

romelSic kiTxvas afaseben.

qveynis demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi da resursebi, saxelmwifo

investiciebi ganaTlebis sistemaSi. qveyanaSi arsebulma ekonomikurma

mdgomareobam SeiZleba didi gavlena moaxdinos wignierebis doneze da

saWiro resursebis xelmisawvdomobaze. aseve, mniSvnelovania ganaTlebis

sistemis struqtura da saganmanaTleblo politikis Taviseburebebi

(magaliTad, centralizebuli ganaTlebis sistema erTgvarovani

kurikulumiT, wignebiTa da zogadi politikiT xasiaTdeba.

decentralizebul ganaTlebis sistemaSi, skolebi TviTon gansazRvraven

samoqmedo gegmasa da swavlebis meTodebs). kiTxvis miRwevebis kvlevisas,

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bavSvis skolaSi Sesvlisa da kiTxvis

formaluri swavlebis dawyebis asaki. es is faqtorebia, romlebmac

SesaZlebelia, mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdinos progresze kiTxvis

swavlaSi. bavSvis wignierebis ganviTarebaSi did rols TamaSobs

skolamdeli ganaTleba, kerZod, skolamdeli ganaTlebis savaldebulo /

arasavaldebulo xasiaTi da misTvis gankuTvnili wlebis raodenoba.

aRsaniSanvia, rom PIRLS 2006 wlis monacemebiT, meoTxe klasSi skolamdeli

30

ganaTlebis xangrZlivobasa da kiTxvaSi moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris

pozitiuri kavSiri dafiqsirda (Mullis, Martin, Kennedy & Trong, 2007).

kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

saswavlo gegma da gegmiT gansazRvruli miRwevis standartebi kiTxvaSi,

saskolo da saklaso biblioTekebis raodenoba, swavlebisTvis gankuTvnili

dro, meTodebi, masalebi da gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis mqone

moswavleebis identificirebis gzebi.

ojaxis konteqsti. bavSvebis wignierebaze ojaxuri garemo did

zegavlenas axdens. ojaxis mikro garemom SeiZleba Seqmnas iseTi klimati,

romelic xels Seuwyobs bavSvebs enisa da sxvadasxva saxis teqstebis

gamoyenebiT ,,aRmoCenebis” gakeTebasa da `eqsperimentebis~ CatarebaSi.

mSoblebisa da ojaxis sxva wevrebis mier kiTxvasTan, wakiTxulTan

dakavSirebiT azris gamoTqma, interesis gamoxatva kiTxvis mimarT bavSvis

pozitiuri damokidebulebis formirebas axdens. PIRLS-i ikvlevs ojaxis

socialur-ekonomikuri statusis Sesabamis indikatorebsa (mSoblebis

ganaTleba da saqmianoba) da mSoblis CarTulobas wignierebasTan

dakavSirebul aqtivobebSi. bavSvebi, romelTac saxlSi naklebi kontaqti

aqvT wignebTan, romelTac iSviaTad ukiTxaven, amasTan, mwiria ojaxis

saganmanaTleblo resursi, ufro nakleb interess iCenen kiTxvis mimarT da

aqvT sirTuleebi wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesSi.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom kiTxvis swavla bavSvis enobriv

gamocdilebazea damokidebuli, ena an enebi, romlebzec saxlSi saubroben,

wignierebis ganviTarebis procesis mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens.

saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos saliteraturo enis

srulfasovnad codnaze dialeqtis zegavlenis daZlevis problema.

saskolo garemo. wignierebis ganviTarebaze, pirdapir Tu iribad,

skolis mravali faqtori axdens zegavlenas. magaliTad, SeWirvebul

dasaxlebebSi mdebare skolebs ufro uWirT swavlisTvis xelSemwyobi

garemos Seqmna. xSir SemTxvevaSi usaxsro, Raribi ojaxebis bavSvebi aseT

skolebSi dadian, ris Sedegadac siRaribis gavlena kiTxvaSi miRwevis

doneze kidev ufro matulobs. mniSvnelovania wignierebasTan

31

dakavSirebuli politikisa da saskolo kurikulumis skolis doneze

arseboba, skolis direqtoris mier pozitiuro saskolo garemos Seqmna,

skolaSi moswavleTa mimarT dadebiTi damokidebulebebis formireba, iseTi

pedagogebis SerCeva, waxaliseba, romlebic mudmivad zrunaven

TviTganviTarebaze, swavlisa da swavlebis procesis srulyofaze.

mniSvnelovania skolis mier maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis kooperaciisa

da aseve, wignierebis xelSemwyobi garemos xelSewyoba.

kiTxvis unarebis ganviTarebaze gansakuTrebiT didi gavlena aqvs

saklaso garemos. swavlebis strategiebi da aqtivobebi, wignebis

xelmisawvdomoba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens klasSi swavlebasa da

swavlaze. maswavleblis kvalifikacia, profesiul ganviTarebaze zrunva,

kolegebTan TanamSromloba, misi molodinebi da damokidebulebebi

pirdapir gavlenas axdens moswavleze.

Zalian mniSvnelovania saklaso oTaxis maxasiaTeblebi. klasSi

Seqmnilma garemom da klasis struqturam SeiZleba, mniSvnelovani gavlena

moaxdinos moswavleTa wignierebis ganviTarebaze. klasi SeiZleba iyos

Zalian struqturirebuli da maswavlebelze centrirebuli, an ufro Ria da

moswavleze mimarTuli. mniSvnelovani faqtoria klasSi moswavleTa

raodenoba, aseve, moswavleTa Soris urTierTobebi (wakiTxulis ganxilva,

kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivobebi) rogorc klasSi, ise klass miRma

(Baker, 1991; Baker, Dreher & Guthrie, 2000; Gambrell & Almasi, 1997; Guthrie &

Alvermann, 1999).

saklaso atmosferos mniSvnelovan nawils moswavleTa maxasiaTeblebi

warmoadgens. kiTxvaSi maRali Sedegebis misaRwevad moswavleebi unda

iyvnen janmrTelni da maT unda hqondeT kiTxvis swavlisTvis aucilebeli

unarebi. mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs moswavleebis maRali motivacia.

aseve, mniSvnelovania moswavleebis, rogorc mkiTxvelebis

TviTefeqturobisa da TviTSefasebis zrdis xelSewyoba. amisaTvis

maswavlebelma bavSvebs TavianTi Sexedulebebis gamoTqmisa da

literaturuli proeqtebis wamowyebis SesaZlebloba unda misces.

32

moswavleTa maxasiaTeblebi da damokidebulebebi. kiTxvis unaris

ganviTarebasTan erTad mniSvnelovani xdeba is, Tu ramden dros uTmobs

bavSvi kiTxvasa da sxva gasarTob aqtivobebs. kiTxva garTobis mizniT bavSvs

aramarto siamovnebs, aramed SeZenili unarebis gavarjiSebis saSualebas

aZlevs. kvlevebi adasturebs, rom televizoris yurebasa da kiTxvaSi

miRwevas Soris uaryofiTi korelaciaa, xolo garTobis mizniT kiTxvisTvis

daxarjul drosa da kiTxvaSi miRweul Sedegs Soris _ dadebiTi (Van der

Voort, 2001).

wignierebasTan dakavSirebuli qcevebi da damokidebulebebi individs

sazogadoebaSi Tavisi potencialis realizebaSi exmareba. bavSvebi,

romlebic kargad kiTxuloben, aRniSnaven, rom xSirad, kiTxvasTan erTad,

isini monawileobas iReben kiTxvis iseT socialur aspeqtebSi, rogorebicaa:

sxvebisTvis kiTxva, biblioTekaSi siaruli da wignebis Sesaxeb saubari

(Sainsbury and Schagen, 2004). iseTi socialuri interaqcia, rogoricaa wignebis

ganxilva, aZlierebs patara mkiTxvelebis SesaZleblobebs, gaiazron

wakiTxulis Sinaarsi da gaacnobieron, rom sxvadasxva mkiTxvelma SeiZleba

gansxvavebulad Seafasos is. bavSvebis daintereseba kiTxvasTan

dakavSirebuli aqtivobebiT, SesaZlebelia, Tanatolebis zegavleniT moxdes.

aRsaniSnavia, rom PIRLS-is kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT maRali

TviTefeqturobisa da TviTSefasebis mqone bavSvebi ufro kargi

mkiTxvelebi arian (Mullis, Martin, Gonzalez & Kennedy, 2007; Mullis, Martin,

Kennedy & Foy, 2007). gamarTuli kiTxva gulisxmobs ara marto teqstis

martiv dekodirebasa da sityvebis cnobas, aramed Sinaarsis gagebas,

gaazrebas, rac did praqtikas moiTxovs (Pressley, 2006). kiTxvisadmi

moswavlis damokidebulebam _ dadebiTma ganwyobam SeiZleba didi gavlena

moaxdinos kiTxvisTvis daTmobil droze. wakiTxulis mimarT pirovnuli

interesi zrdis moswavlis motivacias da exmareba mas zedapiruli

informaciis miRma SeRwevaSi.

yvela zemoT ganxiluli garemo faqtori detaluradaa Seswavlili

PIRLS kvlevis farglebSi da iZleva saukeTeso saSualebas imis

gasaanalizeblad Tu ra tipis problemebi arsebobs konkretuli qveynis

33

ganaTlebis sistemaSi da ra unda Seicvalos moswavleTa wignierebis

xelSesawyobad.

3.3. kvlevis administrireba

2011 wlis wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevaSi monawileobda 45

qveyana, kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo 290 000 moswavle.

saqarTvelodan wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevaSi monawileobda

Tbilisisa da saqarTvelos regionebis _ aWaris, guriis, imereTis,

samegrelos, raWa-leCxum-qvemo svaneTis, samcxe-javaxeTis, Sida qarTlis,

qvemo qarTlis, mcxeTa-mTianeTis, afxazeTis3, kaxeTis _ skolebi, sul _ 173

skola. skolebi wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevaSi monawileobis

misaRebad Semdegnairad SeirCa: saqarTvelos dawyebiTi da saSualo

skolebis monacemTa baza gaigzavna kanadaSi, asociaciis kontraqtor

organizaciaSi, sadac SeirCa kvlevaSi monawile skolebi SerCevis

mravalsafexuriani proceduris yvela wesis dacviT. kvlevaSi

monawileobda:

− IV klasis 4 796 moswavle;

− 4 695 mSobeli;

− 233 pedagogi;

− 173 skolis direqtori.

testireba skolebSi pedagogebma Caatares. maTTvis iTargmna da

adaptirda asociaciis mier momzadebuli testirebis Catarebis instruqciebi

(skolis koordinatorisa da testirebis Camtareblis saxelmZRvaneloebi).

amgvari instruqciebis mkacri dacva aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom kvleva

yvela qveyanaSi erTsa da imave pirobebSi Catardes, sxvagvarad azrs

dakargavs kvlevis monacemebis SedarebiTi analizi. imis gamo, rom Cvens

skolebSi amgvari kvlevebis Catarebis gamocdileba jer kidev naklebia,

3 kvlevaSi monawileobda afxazeTis ganaTlebis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi myofi

ramdenime skola.

34

gamocdebis erovnulma centrma Caatara samuSao seminari im skolebis

warmomadgenlebisaTvis, romlebic CarTulni iyvnen kvlevaSi.

kvlevaSi CarTul yvela qveyanaSi testirebas Tvalyurs adevnebdnen

saerTaSoriso monitorebi (damkvirveblebi), romlebic kvlevis

administrirebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Sesaxeb informacias

awvdidnen saganmanaTleblo miRwevebis Sefasebis saerTaSoriso asociacias.

saqarTveloSi testirebas aseve eswrebodnen gamocdebis erovnuli centris

damkvirveblebi.

gamocdebis erovnul centrSi Catarda gamsworebelTa treningi.

gamsworeblebma specialurad Seqmnili unificirebuli Sefasebis sqemebis

mixedviT gaaswores moswavleTa namuSevrebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom naSromTa

50%, romelic specialuri kompiuteruli programiT SeirCa, erTmaneTisagan

damoukideblad orjer gasworda imis Sesamowmeblad, Tu ramdenad

unificirebulad, obieqturad da adekvaturad iyo Sefasebuli

gamsworeblebis mier moswavleTa naSromebi. moswavleTa namuSevrebis

gasworebis Semdeg Seiqmna monacemTa baza, romelic gaigzavna germaniaSi

monacemebis damuSavebis centrSi (DPC) saerTaSoriso monacemTa bazis

formirebisa da statistikuri analizisaTvis.

35

kvlevis Sedegebi _

saqarTvelo da saerTaSoriso

standartebi

4.1. wakiTxulis gaazreba _

moswavleTa miRwevebi

PIRLS SedarebiTi, kroskulturuli kvlevaa. imisaTvis, rom kvlevaSi

monawile qveynebis Sedegebi erTmaneTTan Sedarebadi iyos, monacemebi erT,

saerTo skalazea ganTavsebuli. moswavleTa miRwevis maCveneblebi

mocemulia PIRLS-is skalaze, romlis diapazonic 0-1000 warmoadgens

(moswavleTa miRwevebi ZiriTadad 300-dan 700 qulamde varirebs). PIRLS

standartuli skalis centralur mniSvnelobad aRebulia 500, standartuli

gadaxra ki 100-is tolia. kvlevaSi monawile qveynebs progresis Sefasebis

saSualeba rom hqondeT, standartuli skalis es maCveneblebi ucvleli

rCeba Sefasebis yvela ciklSi. moswavleTa miRwevebis analizisas kvlevaSi

gamoyenebulia IRT meTodologia.

PIRLS 2011 – moswavleTa miRwevebi. kvlevaSi monawile 45 qveynidan

32 qveyanas PIRLS-is skalis saSualo maCvenebelze (500) maRali Sedegi

aqvs, 12 qveyanas ki _ saSualoze dabali. moswavleTa miRwevebis

mixedviT Sedgenili siis saTaveSi honkongi, ruseTis federacia, fineTi

da singapuria. maRali miRwevebis mqone qveyanaTa Semdeg klasSi Sedian:

Crdilo irlandia, aSS, dania, xorvatia, da taivani. saqarTvelo im

qveynebs Sorisaa, romelTac saSualoze dabali Sedegi aqvs, Tumca

monawile 45 qveynidan saqarTvelo moxvda im qveynebs Soris, romelTac

TavianTi Sedegi 2006 wlis SedegebTan SedarebiT gaaumjobeses.

36

saubars bavSvTa miRwevebis mixedviT Sedgenili qveynebis reitinguli

siiT daviwyebT. rogoria qarTveli bavSvebis wignierebis done msoflios

sxva qveynebis bavSvTa wignierebis donesTan mimarTebiT?

qarTvel bavSvebs PIRLS-is saerTaSoriso skalirebul

saSualoze dabali miRwevebi aqvT. maTi wignierebis saSualo

maCvenebeli 488-ia, rac statistikurad mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba

PIRLS-is saSualo maCvenebels (500).

ilustraciaSi #4.1.1-Si mocemulia moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT

Sedgenili reitinguli sia. masSi warmodgenilia TiToeuli monawile

qveynis saSualo skalirebuli maCvenebeli, Sesabamisi standartuli Secdoma

da skala 95%-iani ndobis intervaliT, aseve moswavleebis ranJireba

saSualo (25-dan 75 procentilamde) da eqstremaluri miRwevebis (5 da 95

procentili) mixedviT.

37

ilustracia #4.1.1

38

ilustracia #4.1.1 (gagrZeleba)

monawile 45 qveynidan saqarTvelo moxvda im 13 qveyanas Soris,

romelTac TavianTi Sedegi 2006 wlis SedegebTan SedarebiT gaaumjobeses,

maSin rodesac evropis 7-ma qveyanam gaauaresa 2006 wlis monacemebTan

SedarebiT Tavisi Sedegi, xolo oTxi qveynis Sedegi ucvleli darCa.

cxrilSi #4.1.1 mocemulia im 13 qveynis CamonaTvali, romelTac 2006 welTan

SedarebiT ukeTesi Sedegi aCvenes4.

4 Tu moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT Sedgenil reitingul sias davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT,

rom kvlevaSi monawile postsabWoTa qveynebTan mimarTebiT Cveni Sedegi aseTia: ruseTis federacias aqvs arsebiTad ukeTesi Sedegi, is reitinguli siis saTaveSia, azerbaijans ki aqvs ufro dabali Sedegi (saqarTvelo _ 488;Aazerbaijani – 462); 2006 wlis kvlevaSi monawileobdnen: latvia, litva da moldoveTi; samives saqarTvelosTan mimarTebiT ukeTesi Sedegi hqonda (Sesabamisad, maTi skalirebuli saSualo qulebi iyo: 541, 537, 500; saqarTvelo - 471).

39

cxrili #4.1.1 – qveynebi, romelTac 2006 welTan SedarebiT gaaumjobeses sakuTari

Sedegi.

Sedegebi gaaumjobeses 2006 – 2011

taivani

dania

inglisi

saqarTvelo

honkongi

indonezia

iranis islam. respublika

norvegia

poloneTi

singapuri

slovenia

trinidadi da tobago

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

rogorc aRvniSneT, PIRLS 2006-Tan SedarebiT 2011 wels saqarTvelos

Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad – 17 erTeuliT gaumjobesda, Tumca saerTaSoriso

saSualo qulas (PIRLS-is skalis centralur mniSvnelobas – 500) 12

erTeuliT mainc CamorCeba da es gansxvaveba statistikurad mniSvnelovania

(ix. ilustracia #4.1.2).

ilustracia #4.1.2 - saqarTvelos Sedegebi 2006 da 2011 wlis kvlevaSi.

sruli suraTi, Tu rogor Seicvala kvlevaSi monawile qveynebis

Sedegebi 2001 wlidan 2011 wlamde, mocemulia ilustaciaSi #4.1.3.

40

ilustracia #4.1.3 - moswavleTa miRwevebiPPIRLS 2006-2011 wlebSi

41

ilustracia #4.1.3 - moswavleTa miRwevebiPPIRLS 2006-2011 wlebSi (gagrZeleba)

42

ilustracia #4.1.3. - moswavleTa miRwevebiPPIRLS 2006-2011 wlebSi (gagrZeleba)

43

4.2 mxatvruli da sainformacio teqstebis gaazreba da

wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi

mxatvruli da sainformacio teqstis gaazreba

PIRLS 2011-Si monawile warmatebul qveynebs mxatvruli da

sainformacio teqstebis gaazrebis komponentebSi, ZiriTadad, msgavsi

Sedegebi aqvT, rac, SesaZloa, kargad dabalansebul kiTxvis kurikulumsa da

swavlebis programaze metyvelebdes. Tumca zogierT qveyanas aqvs ufro

maRali an dabali maCvenebeli mxatvruli an sainformacio teqstebis

gaazrebis komponentebSi, missave saerTo SedegTan mimarTebiT. magaliTad,

honkongs, ruseTis federacias, fineTsa da singapurs (oTx saukeTeso

miRwevebis qveyanas) Soris, honkongs Tavisive saerTo SedegTan mimarTebiT

aqvs arsebiTad ufro kargi Sedegi sainformacio teqstebis gaazrebaSi da

ufro dabali Sedegi mxatvruli teqstis gaazrebaSi. orive SemTxvevaSi

gansxvaveba statistikurad arsebiTia, anu miRebuli sxvaoba SerCevis

PIRLS 2001 da 2006 wlis Sedegebis mixedviT, monawile qveyanaTa

umetesobas hqonda ukeTesi Sedegi mxatvruli an sainformacio teqstebis

gaazrebaSi. PIRLS 2011-Si monawile warmatebul qveynebs mxatvruli da

sainformacio teqstebis gaazrebaSi, ZiriTadad, msgavsi Sedegebi aqvT,

rac kargad organizebuli, dabalansebuli saswavlo gegmiTa da

efeqtiani swavlebis procesiT SeiZleba ixsnas. iseve rogorc 2006 wels,

qarTveli moswavleebi ukeTes Sedegs aCveneben mxatvruli teqstis

gaazrebaSi.

monawile zogierT qveyanaSi ukeTesad asrulebdnen davalebebs,

romlebic informaciis amocnobasa da uSualo daskvnis gamotanas

moiTxovda, zogierTSi ki im davalebebs, romlebic interpretacias,

integraciasa da Sefasebas moiTxovs. 2006 wlisagan gansxvavebiT.

saqarTvelom 2011 wels ukeTesi Sedegi interpretacia, integracia da

SefasebasTan dakavSirebul davalebebSi aCvena.

44

400

450

500

550

600

მხატვრული საინფორმაციო

2006 2011

SemTxveviTobiT ver aixsneba. ruseTis federaciasa da fineTSi gansxvaveba

ar aris.

iseve, rogorc 2006 wlis kvlevaSi, qarTvel bavSvebs mxatvruli

teqstebis gaazrebaSi ufro kargi maCveneblebi aqvT (skalirebuli saSualo

_ 491), vidre sainformacio teqstebis gaazrebaSi (skalirebuli saSualo _

482), Tumca orive SemTxvevaSi es Sedegebi statistikurad mniSvnelovnad

CamorCeba PIRLS-is saerTaSoriso skalirebul saSualos.

miuxedavad imisa, rom orive maCvenebeli CamorCeba PIRLS-is skalis

centralur mniSvnelobas (500), 2006 welTan SedarebiT saqarTvelos es

monacemi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. es gansxvaveba Semdeg cxrilsa da

ilustraciazea gamosaxuli:

ilustracia #4.2.1 – mxatvruli da sainformacio teqstebi, PIRLS 2006-2011 wlis

Sedegebi.

PIRLS-ის სკალის ცენტრალური მნიშვნელობა

45

400

450

500

550

600

2006 2011

მხატვრული საინფორმაციო

cxrili #4.2.1 - mxatvruli da sainformacio teqstebi, PIRLS 2006-2011 wlis Sedegebi.

saqarTvelo mxatvruli sainformacio

saSualo skalirebuli qula

qulaTa Soris sxvaoba

saSualo skalirebuli qula

qulaTa Soris sxvaoba

2011 491 (2,9) 15

482 (3,1) 20

2006 477 (3,3) 462 (3,8)

gansxvaveba statistikurad arsebiTia

*saSualo skalirebuli qulis gaswvriv miTiTebulia standartuli Secdoma

garda imisa, rom mxatvruli da sainformacio teqstebis gaazrebaSi 2006

welTan SedarebiT Sedegebi gaumjobesda, 2011 wels Tavad am komponentebs

Soris gansxvavebam mniSvnelovnad iklo.

ilustracia #4.2.2 - mxatvruli da sainformacio teqstebi, PIRLS 2006-2011 wlis

Sedegebi.

wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi

miuxedavad kiTxvis miznebs Soris gansxvavebisa, procesebi da

strategiebi, romlebsac mkiTxveli ama Tu im teqstis kiTxvis dros iyenebs,

met-naklebad saerToa. wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi or skalaze

fasdeba: 1. informaciis amocnoba da uSualo daskvnis gamotana da 2.

interpretacia, integracia da Sefaseba. radganac es skalebi erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavebul unarebs zomavs, mosalodneli iyo, rom maT Sesafasebel

PIRLS-ის სკალის ცენტრალური მნიშვნელობა

46

davalebebs sirTulis gansxvavebuli xarisxi eqneboda. wakiTxulis

gaazrebis oTxi procesis mixedviT monacemTa analizi gviCvenebs, rom

qarTvel moswavleebs amjerad mniSvnelovnad ufro maRali maCvenebeli

aqvT teqstis interpretaciasa da integrirebasTan dakavSirebul

davalebebSi; im tipis davalebebSi, ki romlebic moiTxovs eqspliciturad

mocemuli informaciis povnas da uSualo daskvnis gamotanas, SedarebiT

dabali maCvenebeli aqvT. kerZod, saqarTvelos Sedegi wakiTxulis

gaazrebis procesebis mixedviT aseTia:

− informaciis amocnoba da uSualo daskvnis gamotana _ saSualo

skalirebuli qula 484.

− interpretacia, integracia da Sefaseba _ saSualo skalirebuli

qula 491.

2006 wlis SedegebTan SedarebiT gaumjobeseba aqac aRiniSneba.

interpretaciis, integraciisa da Sefasebis skalirebuli saSualo qula 2011

wels 35 erTeuliT gaumjobesda. informaciis amocnobisa da uSualo

daskvnis gamotanis komponentSi 2006 welTan SedarebiT umniSvnelo

gansxvavebaa, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom Sedegi 4 erTeuliT gaumjobesda

(ix. cxrili #4.2.2; ilustracia #4.2.3).

cxrili #4.2.2 - wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi, PIRLS 2006-2011 wlis Sedegebi.

saqarTvelo

informaciis amocnoba da uSualo daskvnis gamotana

interpretacia, integracia da Sefaseba

saSualo skalirebuli qula

qulaTa Soris sxvaoba

saSualo skalirebuli qula

qulaTa Soris sxvaoba

2011 484 (3) 4 491 (3,1) 35 2006 480 (3,4) 456 (3,7)

gansxvaveba statistikurad arsebiTia

*saSualo skalirebuli qulis gaswvriv miTiTebulia gazomvis standartuli Secdoma

47

ilustracia #4.2.3 - wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi, PIRLS 2006-2011 wlis Sedegebi.

rogorc momdevno ilustaciidan Cans (ilustracia #4.2.4), 2006 wels

interpretaciis, integraciisa da Sefasebis komponentis maCvenebeli

mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda informaciis amocnobisa da uSualo daskvnis

gamotanaSi miRebul Sedegs, xolo 2011 wels maT Soris mimarTeba Seicvala

da interpretacia, integracia da Sefasebis komponentis saSualo

skalirebuli qula 7 erTeuliT aRemateba kidec meore komponents.

ilustracia #4.2.4 - wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi, PIRLS2006-2011 wlis Sedegebi.

400

450

500

550

600

ინფორმაციის ამოცნობა და უშუალო დასკვნის გამოტანა

ინტერპრეტაცია, ინტეგრაცია და შეფასება

2006

2011

400

450

500

550

600

2006 2011

ინფორმაციის ამოცნობა და უშუალო დასკვნის გამოტანა

ინტერპრეტაცია, ინტეგრაცია და შეფასება

PIRLS-ის სკალის ცენტრალური მნიშვნელობა

PIRLS-ის სკალის ცენტრალური მნიშვნელობა

48

kvlevaSi monawile qveynebis Sedegebi moswavleTa wakiTxulis

gaazrebis procesebis mixedviT mocemulia ilustraciaSi #4.2.5.

ilustracia #4.2.5 - wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi da moswavleTa miRwevebi

49

ilustracia #4.2.5 - wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi da moswavleTa miRwevebi

(gagrZeleba)

50

miRwevis saerTaSoriso

doneebi

5.1. miRwevis saerTaSoriso doneebi da saqarTvelo

PIRLS-is kvlevaSi gamoyofilia moswavleTa miRwevis 4 safexuri:

umaRlesi safexuri _ ≥ 625 qula

maRali safexuri _ ≥ 550 qula

saSualo safexuri _ ≥ 475 qula

dabali safexuri _ ≥ 400 qula

PIRLS 2011-is monawile qveynebis umravlesobaSi mcire

raodenobam (saerTaSoriso saSualo MmaCvenebeli _ 8%; saqarTvelo

_ 2%) miaRwia PIRLS 2011 saerTaSoriso skalis umaRles safexurs,

procentulad yvelaze didia aseTi moswavleebis raodenoba

singapurSi (24%); aseve, ruseTis federaciaSi, Crdilo irlandiaSi,

fineTSi, inglissa da honkongSi (18-19%). aRsaniSnavia, rom kvlevaSi

monawile qveyanaTa umetesobaSi moswavleTa 95% flobs sabazo

kiTxvis unars (Zlevs miRwevis saerTaSoriso skalis dabali

safexurisTvis gankuTvnil davalebebs). saqarTveloSi aseTi

moswavleebis raodenoba 86%-ia. eqvsma qveyanam gaaumjobesa Tavisi

miRwevebi saerTaSoriso skalis yvela safexurisTvis, maT Sorisaa

saqarTveloc.

51

rogor ganisazRvra saerTaSoriso miRwevis doneebi da ra principiT

dadginda maRali, saSualo da dabali safexurebis Sesabamisoba yoveli

davalebisaTvis?

moswavleTa monacemebis analizTan erTad xdeba im davalebebis

eqspertuli Sefaseba, romlebic kargad ganasxvavebs sxvadasxva miRwevis

mqone moswavleebs. ganisazRvra, Tu risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT da ras akeTeben

moswavleebi miRwevis umaRles, maRal, saSualo da saSualoze dabal

safexurebze. magaliTad, arCeviTpasuxiani davaleba fasdeba, rogorc

saerTaSoriso miRwevis umaRlesi safexuris Sesatyvisi, Tu 625 quliT

Sefasebul moswavleTa (umaRlesi safexuri) 65%-ma da 550 quliT Sefasebul

moswavleTa (maRali safexuri) 50%-ma warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi am

davalebas; anu gamoiyo is davalebebi, romlebsac warmatebiT asrulebda

miRwevis konkretul doneze myofi moswavle da ver umklavdeboda miRwevis

ufro qveda doneze myofi moswavle.5 sicxadisaTvis: moswavle, romlis

miRweva maRal safexurs Seesabameba, warmatebiT arTmevs Tavs maRali,

saSualo da dabali safexuris Sesabamis davalebebs; moswavle, romlis

miRweva umaRles safexurs Seesabameba, Zlevs umaRlesi, maRali, saSualo da

dabali safexuris Sesatyvis davalebebs. swored amitom statistikuri

analizisas, ZiriTadad, kumulaciur procentebs viyenebT.

miRwevis saerTaSoriso doneebis (safexurebis) mixedviT Sedegebis

analizi gviCvenebs, rom saSualod moswavleTa 8%-ma daZlia PIRLS-is

saerTaSoriso skalis umaRlesi safexuri. mozardebs, romelTa miRweva

umaRles safexurs Seesabameba, aqvT interpretirebisa da argumentirebis,

teqstis sxvadasxva nawilSi mocemuli informaciis integrirebis unari,

SeuZliaT literaturuli da sainformacio teqstebis struqturuli

Taviseburebebis aRqma da gaazreba. PIRLS-is saerTaSoriso skalis maRali

safexuri saSualod daZlia moswavleTa 44%-ma, saSualo _ 80%-ma, dabali

ki _ 95%-ma. kvlevaSi monawile qveynebSi saSualod moswavleTa 5% ar

flobs wakiTxulis gaazrebis minimalur, sabazo unars.

5 Scale anchoring analizi

52

qarTvel moswavleTa mxolod 2%-ma daZlia PIRLS-is saerTaSoriso

skalis umaRlesi safexuri, maRali _ moswavleTa 21%-ma, saSualo _ 60%-ma,

dabali ki _ 86%-ma. moswavleTa 14% aRmoCnda miRwevis saerTaSoriso

skalis dabali safexuris qvemoT. rac imas niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi

moswavleTa 14%-s gauWirda dabali safexurisTvis gansazRvruli

davalebebis Sesrulebac ki (cxrili #5.1.1).

cxrili #5.1.1 _ saqarTvelo _ miRwevis saerTaSoriso safexurebi.

umaRlesi safexuri

maRali safexuri

saSualo safexuri

dabali safexuri

dabal safexurze qvemoT

saqarTvelo 2% (0,3) 21% (1,2) 60% (1,6) 86% (1,4) 14%

saerTaSoriso mediana

8% 44% 80% 95% 5%

() standartuli Secdoma

ilustracia #5.1.1 asaxavs kvlevaSi CarTul 45 qveyanaSi moswavleTa

procentul gadanawilebas miRwevis safexurebis mixedviT. ilustraciaSi

Cans, rom singapuris, ruseTis federaciis, Crdilo irlandiis, fineTis,

inglisis, honkongisa da aSS-s moswavleTa mniSvnelovanma procentma

daZlia umaRlesi da maRali safexurisTvis Sesabamisi davalebebi.

53

ilustracia #5.1.1 miRwevis safexurebi – kvlevaSi monawile qveynebis Sedegebi

54

ilustracia #5.1.1 miRwevis safexurebi – kvlevaSi monawile qveynebis Sedegebi

(gagrZeleba)

Tu PPIRLS 2006-isa da 2011 wlebis Sedegebs erTmaneTs SevadarebT,

vnaxavT, rom saqarTvelom miRwevis yvela safexurisTvis gaaumjobesa

sakuTari Sedegi (ix. cxrili #5.1.2)

cxrili #5.1.2 – saqarTvelos miRwevis safexurebi wlebis mixedviT.

saqarTvelo umaRlesi safexuri

maRali safexuri

saSualo safexuri

dabali safexuri

dabal safexurze qvemoT

2011 2% 21% 60% 86% 14%

2006 1% 15% 50% 82% 18%

gansxvaveba statistikurad arsebiTia.

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, yvelaze metad (10%-iT) gaizarda im

moswavleTa raodenoba, romelTac daZlies PIRLS saerTaSoriso skalis

saSualo safexuri, 6%-iT im moswavleTa raodenoba, romelTac daZlies

maRali safexurisTvis gankuTvnili davalebebi. rac gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania, 4%-iT Semcirda im moswavleTa raodenoba, romlebic ver

Zlevdnen dabali safexurisTvis gankuTvnil davalebebsac ki.

Tu davakvirdebiT moswavleTa procentul ganawilebas PIRLS

saerTaSoriso skalis safexurebis mixedviT, vnaxavT, rom kvlevaSi

monawile postsabWoTa qveynebTan mimarTebiT Cveni Sedegi aseTia: ruseTis

55

federacias aqvs arsebiTad ukeTesi Sedegi, xolo azerbaijanis Sedegi,

romelic kvlevaSi pirvelad monawileobs, aseTia: moswavleTa 18% ver

Zlevs dabali safexurisTvis gankuTvnil davalebebs (analogiuri Sedegi

gvqonda Cvenc PIRLS 2006 wlis kvlevaSi); maRali safexuri daZlia 9%-ma,

saSualo 45%-ma, umaRlesi safexuri _ 0%-ma.

cxrilSi #5.1.3 warmodgenilia 2006 da 2011 wlis Sedegebi miRwevis

saerTaSoriso safexurebis mixedviT. ilustraciaSi miTiTebulia, romelma

qveyanam gaaumjobesa an gaauresa Tavisi Sedegi kvlevis wina ciklTan

SedarebiT.

cxrili #5.1.3 – miRwevis saerTaSoriso safexurebi _ 2006-2011 wlis SedarebiTi

analizi.

56

5.2. miRwevis saerTaSoriso safexurebi _ nimuSebi6 da axsna-

ganmartebebi

imisTvis, rom SeviqmnaT naTeli warmodgena miRwevis saerTaSoriso

safexurebis Sesaxeb, qvemoT warmovadgenT TiToeuli safexuris mokle

aRwerasa da testur davalebaTa tipur nimuSebs. nimuSebi aRebulia

wignierebis kvlevaSi CarTuli qarTvel moswavleTa namuSevrebidan.

dabali safexuri

am safexurze moswavleebi mxatvruli da sainformacio teqstebis

kiTxvisa da gaazrebisas axerxeben im testur kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas,

romlebic, ZiriTadad, ar saWiroebs daskvnebis gamotanas an teqstis

interpretacias. maT SeuZliaT teqstSi eqspliciturad mocemuli

informaciis povna, amocnoba da reproduqcia, gansakuTrebiT ki im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu amosacnobi detalebi teqstis dasawyisSia mocemuli. am

safexurze moswavleebs aseve SeuZliaT iseT SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema,

romlebic teqstze dayrdnobiT uSualo daskvnis gamotanas gulisxmobs.

nimuSi #1

es nimuSi aRebulia moTxrobidan `gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi~.

davaleba moiTxovs teqstSi eqspliciturad mocemuli informaciis povnas,

amocnobasa da reproduqcias. am SekiTxvas qarTvel moswavleTa 93%-ma

upasuxa sworad (saerTaSoriso saSualoa 89%) (ix. ilustracia #5.2.1).

6 teqstebi Tavisi testuri davalebebiT ixileT danarTSi.

57

ilustracia #5.2.1

58

saSualo safexuri

am safexurze moswavleebi amJRavneben met gawafulobas gansakuTrebiT

mxatvruli moTxrobebis kiTxvisa da gaazrebisas. maT SeuZliaT siuJetis

gageba, garkveuli daskvnebis gamotana da teqstis nawilebs Soris

mimarTebebis danaxva. garda amisa, maT SeuZliaT sainformacio teqstis

qvesaTaurebisa da ilustraciebis gamoyeneba Sesatyvisi informaciis

moZiebis mizniT da teqstis sxvadasxva nawilSi mocemuli informaciis

Sejereba. miRwevis am safexurze moswavles mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris

danaxva SeuZlia ara mxolod erTi an ori winadadebis farglebSi, aramed

is xedavs kavSirs teqstis or monakveTSi warmodgenil faqtebsa da

movlenebs Soris.

nimuSi #2

es nimuSi amoRebulia moTxrobidan `mtris namcxvari”. davaleba

moiTxovs, moTxrobis dasawyisze dayrdnobiT, personaJis reaqciis Sesaxeb

daskvnis gamotanas. am SekiTxvaze qarTvel moswavleTa 79%-ma gasca swori

pasuxi, saerTaSoriso saSualo ki 70%-s gautolda (ix. ilustracia #5.2.2).

nimuSi #3

es magaliTi amoRebulia bukletidan `gaerTe qalaqgareT”. mocemul

davalebaSi moswavleebs bukletis mTavari saTqmelis identificireba

moeTxovebaT. qarTveli moswavleebis 73%-ma am SekiTxvas sworad upasuxa.

es Sedegi mcirediT naklebia saerTaSoriso saSualoze, romelic 76%-is

tolia (ix. ilustracia #5.2.3).

59

ilustracia #5.2.2

60

ilustracia #5.2.3

61

maRali safexuri

am safexurze myofi moswavleebi kargi mkiTxvelebi arian. mxatvruli

moTxrobebidan maT SeuZliaT amoiRon teqstSi gabneuli mniSvnelovani

detalebi. am safexurze moswavleebs ukve ganviTarebuli aqvT asakisaTvis

Sesabamisi argumentirebis unari (SeuZliaT, teqstidan moiyvanon daskvnebis

Sesabamisi argumentebi). sainformacio teqstebis gaazrebisas ki moswavleebs

SeuZliaT teqstis daniSnulebis gansazRvra, varaudisa da faqtis

erTmaneTisgan garCeva, teqstidan gamomdinare azris dasabuTeba. SeuZliaT,

gamoiyenon sainformacio teqstis organizebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebi mimarTebebis dasamyareblad da daskvnebis gamosatanad.

moswavleebi rogorc mxatvrul, ise sainformacio teqstebSi axerxeben

teqstis sxvadasxva monakveTs Soris kavSiris danaxvas da amis safuZvelze

daskvnis gamotanas; agreTve, teqstis interpretacias sakuTari codnisa da

gamocdilebis moSveliebiT. miRwevis am doneze moswavleebi swvdebian

teqstis ZiriTad azrs, ideas, teqstis zogierT mxatvrul elements da

axdenen teqstSi gadmocemuli ideebisa da informaciis integrirebas.

nimuSi #4

es nimuSi aRebulia moTxrobidan `mtris namcxvari”. mocemul

davalebaSi moswavles teqstSi warmodgenili informaciis integrireba da

personaJis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb daskvnis gamotana moeTxoveba. am SekiTxvas

saqarTveloSi moswavleTa 50%-ma gasca swori pasuxi (saerTaSoriso

saSualoc 50%-ia) (ix. ilustracia #5.2.4).

nimuSi #5

am nimuSSi warmodgenili davaleba aRebulia moTxrobidan `gafrindi,

arwivo, gafrindi”. davaleba moswavleebs moTxrobaSi amomavali mzis

mniSvenlobis Sefasebas sTxovs. mocemul SekiTxvas qarTveli moswavleebis

58%-ma gasca swori pasuxi, rac saerTaSoriso saSualos (57%) mcirediT

aRemateba (ix. ilustracia #5.2.5).

62

nimuSi #6

es nimuSi aRebulia sainformacio teqstidan `gaerTe qalaqgareT”. am

davalebaSi moswavleebs sTxoven, daasaxelon ori ram, risi gagebac

marSrutebis cxrilis daxmarebiTaa SesaZlebeli. moswavleebi marSrutebis

cxrilSi mocemuli informaciis gamoyenebis mxolod erTi gzis daweris

SemTxvevaSi 1 qulas iRebdnen. saerTaSoriso saSualos mixedviT,

moswavleTa 59%-ma mocemul davalebaSi oridan erTi qula mainc miiRo.

msgavsi Sedegi qarTveli moswavleebis 43%-ma aCvena (ix. ilustracia #5.2.6).

nimuSi #7

am magaliTSi warmodgenilia arCeviTpasuxiani davaleba sainformacio

teqstidan `uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo”. moswavleebs e.w. uSualo daskvnis

gamotana moeTxovebaT. miRwevis saSualo safexuris davalebisagan (nimuSi

#3) gansxvavebiT, moswavleebma, romlebmac am SekiTxvas sworad upasuxes,

aCvenes, rom SeuZliaT daskvnis gamotana sakmaod rTul teqstSi mocemuli

mtkicebebidan. am davalebaze qarTveli moswavleebis 51%-ma gasca swori

pasuxi, saerTaSoriso saSualo ki 58%-s gautolda (ix. ilustracia #5.2.7).

63

ilustracia #5.2.4

64

ilustracia #5.2.5

65

ilustracia #5.2.6

66

ilustracia #5.2.7

67

umaRlesi safexuri

am safexurze rogorc mxatvruli, ise sainformacio teqstebis kiTxvisas

da gaazrebisas moswavleebs SeuZliaT mTel teqstSi mocemuli sxvadasxva

informaciis gaazreba, teqstis monakveTebs Soris logikuri kavSiris

danaxva, teqstis mTlianobaSi aRqma, wakiTxuli informaciis interpretacia

da teqstis maorganizebeli niSnebis efeqturad gamoyeneba; aseve, teqstSi

mocemuli informaciis sakuTar codnasTan, gamocdilebasTan Sejereba.

nimuSi #8

mocemul nimuSSi warmodgenilia davaleba moTxrobidan `gafrindi,

arwivo, gafrindi”. moswavleebs moeTxovebaT personaJis qcevis

interpretireba, rac gulisxmobs misi erT-erTi Tvisebis dasaxelebasa da am

daxasiaTebis teqstidan moyvanili magaliTiT gamyarebas. informaciis

orive nawilis mowodeba moswavleebs sakmaod gauWirdaT, saerTaSoriso

saSualo 29% gaxlavT. saqarTveloSi swori pasuxi moswavleTa 24%-ma

gasca (ix. ilustracia #5.2.8).

nimuSi #9

es nimuSi aRebulia sainformacio teqstidan `uzarmazari kbilis

saidumlo”. moswavles moeTxoveba cxrilis dasruleba, romelSic

warsulSi da dResdReobiT aqtualuri mecnieruli Sexedulebebia

Sedarebuli. es davalebac sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda. mas swori pasuxi

qarTveli moswavleebis mxolod 17%-ma gasca maSin, roca saerTaSoriso

saSualo TiTqmis orjer maRali, 32%, dafiqsirda (ix. ilustracia #5.2.9).

68

ilustracia #5.2.8

69

ilustracia #5.2.9

70

5.3 kiTxvaSi moswavleTa miRwevebis analizi sqesis mixedviT

analogiuri Sedegebi miRebulia sxva kvlevebSic. aSS-Si Catarebuli

erT-erTi kvleva cxadyofs, rom gogonebs kiTxvaSi ukeTesi Sedegi aqvT

dawyebuli sabavSvo baRidan me-8 klasis CaTvliT (Robinson & Lubienenski,

2011). PISA 2009-is Sedegebis mixedviT, 15 wlis gogonebis kiTxvis unaris

maCvenebeli aseve aRemateba imave asakis biWebis Sesabamis maCvenebels

(OECD, 2010). PIRLS 2011-is mixedviT, gogonebis miRwevebs Seesabameba

saerTaSoriso saSualo skalirebuli qula 520, biWebisas _ 504. mxolod xuT

qveyanaSi ar aris mniSvnelovani sxvaoba gogonebisa da biWebis Sedegebs

Soris. es qveynebia: kolumbia, italia, safrangeTi, espaneTi da israeli.

yvelaze didi gansxvaveba gogonebsa da biWebs Soris ki arabul qveynebSi

dafiqsirda. PIRLS 2006-is monacemebis mixediT, biWebs saSualo skalirebul

qulaze dabali Sedegi hqondaT, gogonebs ki _ maRali. PIRLS 2011-is

Sedegebis mixedviT, gogonebsac da biWebsac saSualo skalirebul qulaze

maRali Sedegi aqvT.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, PIRLS 2011-is monacemebiT, miRwevebis mixedviT

gogonebis upiratesobis tendencia dafiqsirda TiTqmis yvela monawile

qveyanaSi; igive Sedegia saqarTveloSic.

saqarTvelo. testSi gogonebis saSualo standartizebuli qulaa 499.15

(SE=0.51), biWebisa ki _ 477.3 (SE=0.52), saSualoTa Soris gansxvavebis Sefaseba

t kriteriumiT cxadyofs, rom saSualoTa Soris sxvaoba statistikurad

arsebiTia (p< 0.0001).

gogonebis da biWebis miRwevebis SedarebiTi analizi warmodgenilia

ilustraciaze #5.3.1

PIRLS 2011-Si, iseve, rogorc PIRLS 2001-sa da 2006-Si, gogoebs kiTxvaSi

mniSvnelovnad ukeTesi Sedegi aqvT, vidre biWebs. PIRLS 2011-is mixedviT

gogonebis upiratesobis tendencia dafiqsirda TiTqmis yvela monawile

qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic.

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ilustracia #5.3.1 _ saqarTvelo _ 2006-2011 wlis Sedegebi moswavleTa sqesis

mixedviT.

rogorc vxedavT, 2011 wels monacemebi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda,

Tumca gogonebis miRwevebi biWebTan SedarebiT ufro metad imatebs

(gogonebi – 19; biWebi – 14). cxrilSiN#5.3.1 warmodgenilia qarTveli

bavSvebis miRwevebi sqesis mixedviT 2006-2011 wlebSi, SedarebisTvis

mocemulia saerTaSoriso monacemebi TiToeuli wlisaTvis.

cxrili #5.3.1 – saqarTvelo – wakiTxulis gaazrebis saSualo skalirebuli

maCveneblebi moswavleTa sqesis mixedviT

gogona biWi gogonebisa da biWebis saSualo

qulebs Soris sxvaoba

procentuli maCvenebeli

saSualo skal. qula

procentuli maCvenebeli

saSualo skal. qula

2006 saqarTvelo 48% 480 52% 463 17

saerT. saS. 49% 509 51% 492 17

2011 saqarTvelo 48% 499 52% 477 22

saerT. saS. 49% 520 51% 504 16

72

mxatvruli, aseve sainformacio teqstebis gaazrebis komponentSi

gogonebs ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvT, vidre biWebs: saSualo

skalirebuli qula gogonebisTvis 504-ia (SE=0.54), xolo biWebisTvis 479.77

(SE=0.54), sainformacio teqstis gaazrebaSi gogonebis saSualo skalirebuli

maCvenebelia 493.74 (SE=0.51), biWebis ki 472.15 (SE=0.51). saSualoTa Soris

gansxvavebis Sefaseba t kriteriumiT cxadyofs, rom saSualoTa Soris

sxvaoba orive SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia (p< 0.0001).

wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebis mixedviT SedarebiTi analizi

gviCvenebs, rom gogonebs ufro maRali maCveneblebi aqvT orive skalaze: (1)

davalebebSi, romlebic moiTxovs teqstSi eqspliciturad mocemuli

informaciis povnas da uSualo daskvnis gamotanas (gogonebis saSualo

skalirebuli qulaa – 496.56 (SE=0.51), biWebisa ki _ 472.58 (SE=0.51); (2).

davalebebSi, romlebic moiTxovs teqstSi mocemuli informaciis

interpretaciasa da codnasTan integrirebas (gogonebis qulaa – 501.98

(SE=0.53); biWebis ki _ 480.91 (SE=0.53). saSualoTa Soris gansxvavebis Sefaseba

t kriteriumiT cxadyofs, rom saSualoTa Soris sxvaoba orive SemTxvevaSi

arsebiTia (p< 0.0001).

400

450

500

550

600

მხატვრული საინფორმაციო

გოგო ბიჭი

400

450

500

550

600

ინფორმაციის ამოცნობა და უშუალო

დასკვნის გამოტანა

ინტერპრეტაცია, ინტეგრაცია და

შეფასება

გოგო ბიჭი

ilustracia N5.3.3 – wakiTxulis

gaazrebis procesebis analizi

moswavleTa sqesis mixedviT.

ilustracia N5.3.2 – sainformacio da

mxatvruli teqstebis gaazreba -

analizi moswavleTa sqesis mixedviT

73

sqesis mixedviT moswavleTa miRwevebis analizis saerTo suraTi

kvlevaSi monawile qveynebis mixedviT warmodgenilia TandarTul

ilustraciaze.

ilustracia #5.3.4 – wakiTxulis gaazreba – kvlevaSi monawile qveynebis analizi

moswavleTa sqesis mixedviT.

74

ilustracia #5.3.4 – wakiTxulis gaazreba – kvlevaSi monawile qveynebis analizi

moswavleTa sqesis mixedviT (gagrZeleba).

75

saqarTvelos regionebi

saqarTvelo

saerTaSoriso kvlevebis farglebSi monawile qveynebs saSualeba

aqvT, maTTvis saintereso faqtorebis mixedviT gaanalizon kvlevis

Sedegebi. TavebSi 6-8 Cven warmogidgenT moswavleTa miRwevebis

SedarebiT analizs regionebisa da skolis adgilmdebareobis

mixedviT (sofeli, qalaqi), aseve, mogawvdiT sajaro da kerZo

skolebis miRwevebis SedarebiT analizsac.

moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT, saukeTeso Sedegi saqarTveloSi

Tbilisel moswavleebs aqvT. maTi miRwevebis saSualo maCvenebeli

aRemateba saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebels; regionebs Soris

saukeTeso Sedegi imereTis regions aqvs. miuxedavad, kvlevaSi CarTul

moswavleTa simcirasa, unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSoriso saSualoze

maRali maCvenebeli aqvT afxazeTidan devnil moswavleebsac.

76

6.1. moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT Sedgenili reitinguli sia

moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT Sedgenili saqarTvelos regionebis

reitinguli sia (saSualo _ 500, standartuli gadaxra _ 100) mocemulia

ilustraciaze N6.1.1. monacemebis interpretaciisTvis mniSvnelovania

gaviTvaliwinoT regionebidan kvlevaSi CarTuli moswavleebis raodenoba.

iseve, rogorc 2006 wels, 2011 wlis kvlevaSic Tbilisis skolebis

moswavleebs yvelaze maRali miRwevebi aqvT: kiTxvis (wakiTxulis gaazrebis)

saSualo skalirebuli maCvenebeli 518.05-ia, mediana _ 523.37, standartuli

Secdoma (SE) _ 0.58. TbilisSi mcxovrebi moswavleebis kiTxvaSi miRwevebis

saSualo maCvenebeli aRemateba PIRLS saerTaSoriso skalis saSualo

maCvenebels da es gansxvaveba statistikurad arsebiTia (p<0.001). Tu

kvlevaSi monawile qveynebis moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT Sedgenil

reitingul sias davakvirdebiT (gv. 37), Tbiliseli moswavleebis Sedegi

daaxloebiT iseTia, rogoric zogierTi evropuli qveynis Sedegi

(magaliTad, safrangeTi _ saSualo maCvenebeli 520; espaneTi _ 513; norvegia

_ 507).

saSualoze maRali maCvenebeli ar aqvs arc erT regions. Tu ar

CavTvliT afxazeTs. Tumca misi Sedegi, cxadia, ar gamodgeba afxazeTis

regionis dasaxasiaTeblad; aq gaerTianebulia is skolebi, romlebic

eqvemdebareba afxazeTis ganaTlebis saministros da sadac, ZiriTadad,

iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli moswavleebi swavloben. afxazeTidan devnilTa

skolebi, ZiriTadad, zugdidis raionSia. kvlevaSi SerCeuli ori skolidan,

erTi galis raionSia, meore ki – zugdidSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

afxazeTis regionisTvis SerCevis moculoba mcirea da Seadgens 16

moswavles. am regionisTvis kiTxvis saSualo skalirebuli maCvenebeli

527.10-ia, mediana _ 533.19, standartuli Secdoma (SE) _ 2.83. TavisTavad es

Sedegi sami standartuli Secdomis diapazonSic ki (527.10±3(SE)) aRemateba

Tbilisis Sedegs.

77

ilustracia #6.1.1 – saqarTvelos regionebi _ moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT

Sedgenili reitinguli sia

analogiuri viTarebaa mxatvruli da sainformacio teqstebis

gaazrebaSi. Tbilisel moswavleebs aqvT saerTaSoriso saSualoze maRali

Sedegi orive komponentSi (523.69, SE=0.61; 512.77, SE=0.59). 2006 wlis Sedegebis

mixedviT, sainformacio teqstebis gaazrebaSi saSualoze statistikurad

mniSvnelovnad maRali maCvenebeli ar hqonda arc erT regions, maT Soris,

arc Tbiliss. am TvalsazrisiT, Tbiliselma moswavleebma TavianTi Sedegi

gaaumjobeses. regionebs Soris saukeTeso maCvenebeli aqvs imereTs

(mxatvruli teqstis gaazreba _ 491.07, SE=0.91; sainformacio teqstis gaazreba

_ 482.81, SE=0.87); SedarebiT maRali maCvenebelia guriaSic (mxatvruli

teqstis gaazreba _ 489.63, SE=2.08; sainformacio teqstis gaazreba _ 484.36,

SE=1.98) 7.

7 zogierT regionSi standartuli Secdoma maRalia, rac savaraudod SerCevis mcire

moculobiTaa ganpirobebuli (magaliTad, mxatvruli teqstis gaazrebis Sefaseba: afxazeTis regionisTvis standartuli Secdoma SE=4.33; raWa-leCxumi SE=3.62). zogierT regionSi moswavleTa miRwevebis Sesaxeb myari daskvnebis gakeTebis nacvlad, SeiZleba tendenciebis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT.

78

ilustracia #6.1.2 – saqarTvelos regionebis Sedegebi mxatvruli da sainformacio

teqstebis gaazrebis mixedviT.

wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebis mixedviT monacemTa analizi

gviCvenebs, rom Tbilisel moswavleebs saSualoze maRali maCvenebeli aqvT

im tipis davalebebSi, romlebic moiTxovs teqstSi eqspliciturad mocemuli

informaciis povnas da uSualo daskvnis gamotanas (514.09, SE=0.58), aseve,

teqstis interpretaciasa da integrirebasTan dakavSirebul davalebebSi

(521.8, SE=0.6). ufro maRali Sedegi aqvs afxazeTis regions: teqstSi

eqspliciturad mocemuli informaciis povna da uSualo daskvnis gamotana _

522.03, SE=3.08; teqstis interpretacia da integrireba _ 546.28, SE=3.3.

danarCen regionebs Soris wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebis mixedviT

imereTi liderobs (teqstSi eqspliciturad mocemuli informaciis povna da

uSualo daskvnis gamotana _ 484.44, SE=0.88; teqstis interpretacia da

integrireba _ 492.44, SE=0.90); Tumca imereTis maCvenebeli CamorCeba PIRLS

saerTaSoriso skalis saSualo maCvenebels.

79

ilustracia #6.1.3 – saqarTvelos regionebis Sedegebi wakiTxulis gaazrebis

procesebis mixedviT.

6.2. miRwevis saerTaSoriso safexurebi da saqarTvelos

regionebi

umaRlesi safexuri. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saSualod saqarTvelos

moswavleTa 2%-ma miaRwia PIRLS-is miRwevis saerTaSoriso skalis umaRles

safexurs. am safexurze ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs Tbiliss (3.2%).

maRali safexuri. saqarTvelos moswavleTa saSualod 21%-ma daZlia

miRwevis saerTaSoriso skalis maRali safexuri. am safexurze ufro maRali

maCvenebeli aqvT Tbilissa (30.5%) da afxazeTs (21,4%).

kritikulad mniSvnelovania im moswavleTa raodenoba, romelTac ar

aqvT ganviTarebuli kiTxvis minimaluri, sabazo unarebi, anu ver Zleven

saerTaSoriso skalis dabali safexurisTvis gankuTvnil davalebebsac.

80

dabali safexurisTvis tipuri davalebebis daZleva ver moaxerxa

zogierTi regionis moswavleTa sakmaod mniSvnelovanma procentma

(saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebelia - 14%). im moswavleTa raodenoba,

romelTac asakisTvis Sesabamisi kiTxvis sabaziso unarebic ki ar aqvT

ganviTarebuli, regionebis mixedviT amgvaradaa ganawilebuli:

− kaxeTi _ 24.6%;

− mcxeTa-mTianeTi _ 23.2%;

− raWa-leCxumi-qvemo svaneTi _ 21.1%;

− aWara _ 20.4%;

− samegrelo-zemo svaneTi _18.4%;

− qvemo qarTli _ 18.9%;

− samcxe-javaxeTi _ 15.7%;

− Sida qarTli – 14.4%.

im moswavleTa raodenoba, romelTac ver daZlies dabali

safexurisTvis gankuTvnili davalebebi, yvelaze mcirea TbilisSi da

Seadgens 5.1%-s; aseTi Sedegi aqvs kvlevaSi CarTul ramdenime evropul

qveyanas _ ingliss, poloneTsa da slovenias. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

kvlevaSi monawile iZulebiT gadaadgilebul moswavleTa absoluturma

umravlesobam daZlia miRwevis dabali safexuri.

ilustraciaSi #6.2.1 mocemulia, Tu rogor gadanawilda miRwevis

safexurebze moswavleTa procentuli raodenoba regionebis mixedviT.

ilustracia #6.2.1 – saqarTvelos regionebi _ miRwevis safexurebi

81

moswavleTa miRwevebi da

saqarTvelos skolebi

7.1. PIRLS skalis saSualo maCvenebeli da saqarTvelos

skolebi

PIRLS saerTaSoriso saSualoze maRali maCvenebeli aqvs kvlevaSi

monawile saqarTvelos skolebis 47.1%-s, 52.9%-s ki saSualoze dabali

maCvenebeli aqvs.

TandarTuli grafiki asaxavs regionebis mixedviT skolaTa procentul

raodenobas, romelTac aqvT PIRLS saerTaSoriso skalis saSualo

maCvenebelze maRali an dabali Sedegi.

saqarTveloSi arsebiTad Warbobs im skolaTa raodenoba, romelTa

saSualo miRwevac saerTaSoriso skalirebul saSualoze dabalia.

saSualoze maRali maCvenebliT procentulad yvelaze meti skola aris

TbilisSi, imereTSi, qvemo qarTlsa da samegrelo-zemo-svaneTSi. P

saqarTvelos 173 skolidanP37 skolas hyavs 25% an meti moswavle

saerTaSoriso miRwevis skalis dabal safexurze qvemoT.

82

ilustracia #7.1.1 – skolebis procentuli raodenoba, romelTa miRwevis saSualo

maCvenebeli aRemateba an CamorCeba saerTaSorio saSualo maCvenebels.

7.2. miRwevis saerTaSoriso safexurebi da saqarTvelos

skolebi

umaRlesi safexuri. kvlevaSi monawile 31 skolaSi moswavleTa 2%-ma an

metma miaRwia PIRLS saerTaSoriso miRwevis skalis umaRles safexurs, maT

Soris 5 skolaSi aseTi moswavleebis raodenoba 10%-ze metia.

PIRLS saerTaSoriso miRwevis skalis umaRlesi safexurisTvis

gansazRvruli davalebebi ver daZlia kvlevaSi monawile saqarTvelos 173

skolidan 132 skolis verc erTma moswavlem.

2006-2011 wlebis SedarebiTi analizi cxadyofs, rom gaizarda im

skolebis raodenoba, romelTac hyavT erTi an meti moswavle miRwevis

umaRles safexurze. aseTi skolebis raodenoba 2006 wels daaxloebiT 20%-

s, 2011 wlis kvlevs monacemebis mixedviT ki _ 24%-s Seadgens.

maRali safexuri. PIRLS-is miRwevis saerTaSoriso skalis maRali

safexurisTvis gansazRvruli davalebebi daZlia:

− 58 skolaSi moswavleTa 21%-ma da metma;

83

− 36 skolaSi moswavleTa 30%-ma da metma;

− 18 skolaSi moswavleTa 40%-ma da metma.

PIRLS-is miRwevis skalis maRali safexurisTvis gansazRvruli

davalebebi ver daZlia 30 skolis verc erTma moswavlem, anu kvlevaSi

monawile skolaTa 17.34%-Si moswavleebi mxolod saSualo an dabali

safexurisTvis gankuTvnil davalebebs Zleven. 2006 wlis analogiuri

maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 27%-s Seadgens.

saSualo safexuri. PIRLS miRwevis skalis saSualo safexurisTvis

gansazRvruli davalebebi ver daZlia kvlevaSi monawile 173 skolidan 3

skolis verc erTma moswavlem.

dabali safexuri. PIRLS-is miRwevis skalis dabal safexurze arc erTi

moswavle ar hyavs 8 skolas. am skolebis yvela moswavle saSualo, maRal

an umaRles safexurzea.

dabal safexurze qvemoT. gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTebelia is faqti,

romPsaqarTvelos 173 skolidanP33 skolas hyavs 25% an meti moswavle

saerTaSoriso miRwevis skalis dabal safexurze qvemoT. erT-erT skolaSi

aseTi bavSvebis raodenobma 71.6%-s Seadgens.

TandarTuli ilustracia asaxavs regionebis mixedviT kvlevaSi

CarTuli skolebis miRwevebs. skolebis Sedegebi warmodgenilia miRwevis

saerTaSoriso safexurebis mixedviT. ilustracia marcxena mxares

warmodgenilia TiToeul skolaSi im moswavleTa procentuli raodenoba,

romelTac ver daZlies miRwevis dabali safexurisTvis gansazRvruli

davalebebi. xolo marjvena mxares _ skolebSi im moswavleTa raodenoba,

romelTac daZlies miRwevis saerTaSoriso skalis dabali, saSualo,

maRali da umaRlesi safexurebi. kvlevis eTikis principebidan gamomdinare,

skolebis miRwevebis Sesaxeb informacia konfidencialuria da, Sesabamisad,

ilustraciaze miTiTebuli ar aris.

ilustracia #7.2.1 – miRwevis safexurebi da saqarTvelos skolebi.

85

ilustracia #7.2.1 – miRwevis safexurebi da saqarTvelos skolebi (gagrZeleba).

86

qalaqi, sofeli

gansakuTrebiT saintereso aRmoCnda moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT

soflisa da qalaqis skolebis SedarebiTi analizis Sedegebi.

kvlevaSi CarTul moswavleTa 79.1% swavlobs qalaqis skolaSi, 20.9%

ki _ soflis skolaSi. maTi miRwevebis SedarebiTi analizi cxadyofs, rom

qalaqSi mcxovreb moswavleebs aqvT mniSvnelovnad ufro maRali Sedegi,

vidre sofelSi mcxovreb moswavleebs. qalaqSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis

miRwevebis saSualo skalirebuli maCvenebeli 499.83-ia (SE=0.45), sofelSi

mcxovrebi bavSvebis miRwevebi ki statistikurad mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba

PIRLS-is saSualo maCvenebels da Seadgens 465.57-s (SE=0.61). saSualoTa

Soris gansxvavebis Sefaseba t kriteriumiT cxadyofs, rom saSualoTa Soris

sxvaoba (igulisxmeba qalaqisa da soflis moswavleTa miRwevebis Sedareba;

aseve, saerTaSoriso saSualosTan soflis moswavleTa miRwevebis

iseve rogorc PIRLS 2006 wlis kvlevaSi, PIRLS 2011-Sic kiTxvaSi

miRwevebiT soflis moswavleebi arsebiTad CamorCebian qalaqSi mcxovreb

maT Tanatolebs; sxvaoba 34 qulas Seadgens. qalaqis moswavleebs

mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aqvT sainformacio da mxatvruli teqstebis

gaazrebaSi, aseve wakiTxulis gaazrebis yvela komponentSi.

qalaqisa da soflis moswavleTa miRwevebis analizi aCens kiTxvas

saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis Taobaze.

87

Sedareba) statistikurad arsebiTia (p<0.0001), anu miRebuli sxvaoba

SerCevis SemTxveviTobiT ver aixsneba. SedarebiTi analizi warmodgenilia

ilustraciaze # 8.1.

ilustracia #8.1 – soflisa da qalaqis moswavleTa miRwevebi

qalaqSi mcxovreb moswavleebs upiratesoba aqvT rogorc mxatvruli,

iseve sainformacio teqstebis gaazrebis komponentSi (ix. ilustracia #8.2).

saSualoTa Soris sxvaoba orive SemTxvevaSi statistikurad arsebiTia.

mxatvruli teqstebis gaazrebaSi kiTxvis saSualo skalirebuli qula

qalaqisTvis 504.89-ia (SE=0.47), xolo soflisTvis 466.52 (SE=0.64),

sainformacio teqstis gaazrebaSi qalaqis saSualo skalirebuli

maCvenebelia 494.55 (SE=0.44), soflis ki 460.29 (SE=0.61). saSualoTa Soris

gansxvavebis Sefaseba t kriteriumiT cxadyofs, rom saSualoTa Soris

sxvaoba orive SemTxvevaSi statistikurad arsebiTia (p< 0.0001).

analogiuri Sedegia wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebis mixedviT

moswavleTa miRwevebis SemTxvevaSic (ix. ilustracia #8.3). interpretaciis,

integraciisa da Sefasebis skalaze qalaqSi mcxovrebi moswavleebis

saSualo skalirebuli maCvenebelia 503.31 (SE=0.46), xolo sofelSi

mcxovrebi moswavleebis 468.36 (SE=0.63), informaciis amocnobisa da uSualo

daskvnebis gamotanis komponentis skalaze qalaqis saSualo skalirebuli

maCvenebelia 495.98 (SE=0.45), soflis 462.17 (SE=0.61). saSualoTa Soris

sxvaoba orive SemTxvevaSi statistikurad arsebiTia (p< 0.0001).

400

450

500

550

600

კითხვის საერთო ქულა

სოფელი ქალაქი

SE 0.61 0.45

88

400

450

500

550

600

მხატვრული ტექსტის გააზრება

საინფორმაციო ტექსტის გააზრება

სოფელი ქალაქი

400

450

500

550

600

ინტერპრეტაცია, ინტეგრაცია და შეფასება

ინფორმაციის ამოცნობა და უშუალო დასკვნების

გამოტანა

სოფელი ქალაქი

ilustracia #8.2 _ sofeli, qalaqi _ mxatvruli da sainformacio teqstebis

gaazreba

ilustracia #8.3 _ sofeli, qalaqi – wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebi

qalaqsa da sofelSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis miRwevebis SedarebiTi

analizi miRwevis saerTaSoriso skalis mixedviT. 2006 wlis monacemebis

mixedviT, qalaqSi mcxovreb moswavleTa 12% aRmoCnda miRwevis

saerTaSoriso skalis dabali safexuris qvemoT. sofelSi mcxovreb

moswavleTa analogiuri maCvenebeli ki 25.5%-ia. 2011 wels SeimCneva

gaumjobesebis tendencia (ix. ilustracia #8.4).

ilustracia #8.4 – sofeli, qalaqi – miRwevis saerTaSoriso safexurebi

1.1%

10.4%

35.6% 33.0%

19.9%

1.9%

22.9%

42.4%

23.2%

9.5%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

უმაღლესი საფეხური (625 ქულაზე მეტი)

მაღალი საფეხური (550-

625 ქულა)

საშუალო საფეხური (475-

550 ქულა)

დაბალი საფეხური (400-

475 ქულა)

დაბალ საფეხურზე ქვემოთ (400

ქულაზე ნაკლები)

სოფელი ქალაქი

SE 0.64 0.47

SE 0.61 0.44

SE 0.63 0.46

SE 0.61 0.45

89

es Sedegi namdvilad iZleva dafiqrebis sababs saqarTveloSi soflad

mcxovrebi moswavleebis saganmanaTleblo perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb, rogorc

am etapze, ise samomavlod. gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu am TvalsazrisiT,

kvlevaSi monawile maRali miRwevebis qveynebis Sedegebs SevxedavT.

magaliTad, fineTSi soflisa da qalaqis moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris

sxvaoba 8 qulas Seadgens. saqarTvelos SedegTan SedarebiT soflisa da

qalaqis moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris ufro didi sxvaoba marokoSia _

sxvaoba 52.5-s Seadgens (marokos saSualo miRweva 310-ia da moswavleTa

miRwevebis mixedviT Sedgenili reitinguli siis bolo adgils ikavebs).

90

moswavleTa miRwevebi sajaro

da kerZo skolebSi

SedarebiTi analizi

kvlevaSi CarTul moswavleTa 91.4% swavlobs sajaro skolaSi, 8.6% ki

_ kerZo skolaSi. maTi miRwevebis SedarebiTi analizi cxadyofs, rom

moswavleebs, romlebic kerZo skolebSi dadian, aqvT mniSvnelovnad maRali

Sedegi, vidre _ sajaro skolebis moswavleebs. kiTxvis saSualo

skalirebuli qula sajaro skolisTvis 482.97-ia (SE=0.39), xolo kerZo

skolisTvis 542.81 (SE=1.02). saSualoTa Soris gansxvavebis Sefaseba t

kriteriumiT cxadyofs, rom saSualoTa Soris sxvaoba statistikurad

arsebiTia (p< 0.0001).

kiTxvaSi miRwevebiT sajaro skolis moswavleebi arsebiTad

CamorCebian maT Tanatolebs, romlebic kerZo skolebSi swavloben;

sxvaoba 60 qulas Seadgens. es gansxvaveba statistikurad ufro

arsebiTia, vidre soflisa da qalaqis skolebis moswavleTa

miRwevebs Soris gansxvaveba. kerZo skolis moswavleebs

mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aqvT sainformacio da mxatvruli

teqstebis gaazrebaSi, aseve wakiTxulis gaazrebis yvela komponentSi.

sajaro da kerZo skolebis moswavleTa miRwevebis analizic

gamokveTs saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis

problemas.

91

unda aRiniSnos, rom kerZo skolaSi moswavleTa miRwevebi PIRLS

saerTaSoriso skalis saSualo maCvenebelze (500) mniSvnelovnad maRalia.

kiTxvis saSualo skalirebuli qula kerZo skolisTvis (542.81) moswavleTa

miRwevebis mixedviT Sedgenil reitingul siaSi me-16 adgils Seesabameba

(saqarTvelo am siaSi 34-e adgilzea). kerZo skolebis moswavleTa Sedegi

utoldeba SvedeTis maCvenebels da xvdeba iseTi qveynebis rigSi,

rogorebicaa: CexeTis respublika, germania, israeli, portugalia. Tu am

qveynebis kerZo skolebis moswavleTa miRwevebs SevadarebT, saqarTveloSi

kerZo skolebis miRwevebs, gansxvavebul suraTs miviRebT. magaliTad,

portugaliSi kerZo skolis moswavleTa miRwevebi daaxloebiT 32

erTeuliT aRemateba sajaro skolis moswavleTa miRwevebs. am

monacemebidan Cans, rom sxvaoba kerZo da sajaro skolebs Soris arc ise

dramatulia, rogorc saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi. amasTan, portugaliis

kerZo skolebis moswavleTa saSualo miRweva (569,8) arsebiTad aRemateba

saqarTvelos kerZo skolebis moswavleTa saSualo miRwevas (542,81). Tu

sxva evropuli qveynebis Sedegebs SevadarebT, vnaxavT, rom sajaro da

kerZo skolebis miRwevebs Soris sxvaoba kidev ufro mcirea: magaliTad,

espaneTSi sxvaoba Seadgens 19-s, italiaSi - 7-s. daniaSi ki kerZo da sajaro

skolebis moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris sxvaoba 0,06-ia.

ilustracia #9.1 _ sajaro da kerZo skolebi _ kiTxvis saSualo maCvenebeli

kerZo skolebs upiratesoba aqvT rogorc mxatvruli, iseve

sainformacio teqstis gaazrebis komponentSi. saSualoTa Soris sxvaoba

orive SemTxvevaSi statistikurad arsebiTia. mxatvruli teqstebis

gaazrebaSi kiTxvis saSualo skalirebuli qula kerZo skolisTvis 546,13-ia

400

450

500

550

600

კითხვის საერთო ქულა

საჯარო სკოლები კერძო სკოლები

SE 0.39 1.05

92

400

450

500

550

600

მხატვრული ტექსტის გააზრება

საინფორმაციო ტექსტის გააზრება

საჯარო სკოლები კერძო სკოლები

400

450

500

550

600

ინტერპრეტაცია, ინტეგრაცია და შეფასება

ინფორმაციის ამოცნობა და უშუალო დასკვნების

გამოტანა

საჯარო სკოლები კერძო სკოლები

(SE=1.09), xolo sajaro skolisTvis 486.68 (SE=0.41), sainformacio teqstis

gaazrebaSi kerZo skolebis saSualo skalirebuli maCvenebelia 540.99

(SE=1.01), sajaro skolebis ki _ 477.42 (SE=0.38). saSualoTa Soris

gansxvavebis Sefaseba t kriteriumiT cxadyofs, rom saSualoTa Soris

sxvaoba statistikurad arsebiTia, anu miRebuli sxvaoba SerCevis

SemTxveviTobiT ver aixsneba (p< 0.0001).

analogiuri Sedegia wakiTxulis gaazrebis procesebis mixedviT

moswavleTa miRwevebis analizisas. interpretaciis, integraciisa da

Sefasebis skalaze kerZo skolebis saSualo skalirebuli maCvenebelia

547.78 (SE=1.04), xolo sajaro skolebisa _ 485.99 (SE=0.39), informaciis

amocnobisa da uSualo daskvnebis gamotanis skalaze kerZo skolebis

saSualo skalirebuli maCvenebelia 537.80 (SE=0.97), sajaro skolebisa ki _

479.40 (SE=0.38). saSualoTa Soris sxvaoba statistikurad arsebiTia (p<

0.0001).

ilustracia #9.2 – kerZo da saxelmwifo skolebi _ mxatvruli da

sainformacio teqstebis gaazreba

ilustracia #9.3 – kerZo da saxelmwifo skolebi – wakiTxulis gaazrebis

procesebi

moswavleTa miRwevebis analizi PIRLS saerTaSoriso miRwevis

safexurebis mixedviT, cxadyofs, rom kerZo skolebSi arsebiTad metia im

SE 0.41

1.14

SE 0.38

1.08

SE 0.40 1.07

SE 0.39 1.01

93

moswavleebis raodenoba, romelTac daZlies miRwevis maRali da umaRlesi

safexurebi (ix. ilustracia N9.4).

ilustracia #9.4 – sajaro da kerZo skolebi – miRwevis saerTaSoriso safexurebi

TavebSi 4-9 ZiriTadad warmogidgineT moswavleTa miRwevebis Sesaxeb

informacia. momdevno TavebSi ki detalurad ganvixilavT im faqtorebs,

romlebic zegavlenas axdens moswavleTa miRwevebze.

1.1%

16.7%

39.8%

28.1%

14.2%

6.7%

34.5% 32.0%

13.1%

3.6%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

უმაღლესი საფეხური (625 ქულაზე მეტი)

მაღალი საფეხური (550-625 ქულა)

საშუალო საფეხური (475-550 ქულა)

დაბალი საფეხური (400-475 ქულა)

დაბალ საფეხურზე ქვემოთ (400 ქულაზე

ნაკლები)

საჯარო სკოლები კერძო სკოლები

94

faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens

moswavleTa wignierebaze

erovnuli da sazogadoebrivi

konteqsti

− adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi (HDI _ qveyanaSi keTildReobis

xarisxis maCvenebeli)

− GDP _ mTliani Sida produqti

− qveynis saganmanaTleblo politika, mimdinare reformebi

− dawyebiT skolasTan dakavSirebuli specialuri

saganmanaTleblo politika

− skolamdeli aRzrdis politika

qveynisa da sazogadoebis SigniT bavSvis wignierebis ganviTarebaSi

didi wvlili Seaqvs kulturul, socialur, politikur da ekonomikur

faqtorebs. qveynis warmateba ganaTlebasa da wignieri adamianebis aRzrdaSi

didwiladaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba wignierebas

sazogadoebaSi.

is, Tu ramdenad afaseben qveyanaSi wignierebasa da masTan

dakavSirebul aqtivobebs, moqmedebs Sesabamisi garemos CamoyalibebisTvis

PIRLS 2011 cxadyofs, rom moswavleTa miRwevebze gavlenas axdens

rogorc qveynis keTildReobis xarisxi, demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi

da resursebi, aseve, skolamdeli aRzrdis politika. dadasturda kavSiri

moswavleTa ekonomikur mdgomareobasa da miRwevebs Soris.

95

aucilebeli droisa da resursebis gamoyofaze. wignierebis

prioritetulobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaze zegavlenas axdens adamianebis

gamocdileba da rwmena wignierebis rolis Sesaxeb skolasa da skolis

gareT warmatebulobaSi (Street, 2001).

kiTxvis swavlebis prioritetulobasTan dakavSirebuli politikis

erovnul da lokalur doneze xelSewyobisTvis ar aris aucilebeli didi

raodenobis ekonomikuri resursis daxarjva. qveyanaSi skolebsa da,

zogadad, sazogadoebas SeuZliaT iseTi garemo Camoayalibon, romelSic

kiTxvas afaseben (Tse & Loh, 2007).

demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi da resursebi. qveyanaSi arsebulma

ekonomikurma mdgomareobam SeiZleba didi gavlena moaxdinos wignierebis

doneze da saWiro resursebis xelmisawvdomobaze. didi raodenobis

ekonomikuri resursi uzrunvelyofs ukeTesi saganmanaTleblo pirobebisa

da kargad momzadebuli maswavleblebis arsebobas, agreTve, investiciebis

Cadebas wignierebis ganviTarebaSi, rac gulisxmobs: sazogadoebrivi

programebis danergvas, sazogadoebrivi da skolis biblioTekebis, saklaso

oTaxebisa da ojaxebis beWduri masalebiTa da teqnologiebiT

uzrunvelyofas (Neuman, 1999).

zogadad, qveynebi, romelTa populacia didi da mravalferovania da

romelTac mcire raodenobis saswavlo masala aqvT da mcire adamianuri

resursi hyavT, ufro met sirTules awydebian (Bos, Schwippert & Stubbe, 2007;

Gradstein & Schiff, 2006; Kirsch, Braun, Yamamoto & Sum,2007; Taylor & Vinjevold, 2006;

Trong, 2009). ganaTlebaze, rogorc erovnul, ise adgilobriv doneze,

gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis mier gamoyenebuli enebis raodenoba,

zrdadasrulebulTa wignierebis done da sxva socialuri Tu

janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi.

wignierebis kvlevaSi maRali SedegebiT gamorCeuli qveynebi

keTildReobis maRali donis mqone qveynebia. Tu keTildReobis sazomad

gaerTianebul erebis ganviTarebis programis qveynis keTildReobis sazoms

96

gamoviyenebT8 da wignierebis Sedegebs SevadarebT, vnaxavT, rom

wignierebis kvlevaSi 500 qulaze maRal Sedegebs metwilad maRali

keTildReobis maCveneblis mqone (0.80-0.95) qveynebi aCveneben. kvlevaSi

monawile qveynebi: norvegia, avstralia, holandia, aSS da axali zelandia,

2011 wlis monacemebiT, HDI-indeqsis mixedviT Sedgenili reitinguli siis

saTaveSi arian (HDI maCveneblebi 0.943-0,908), am qveynebs moswavleTa

wignierebis maRali maCveneblebi aqvT. unda aRiniSnos, rom kvlevaSi

monawile yvela qveyanas, romlebsac HDI-indeqsis mixedviT ganviTarebis

umaRlesi donis maCveneblebi aqvT (germania, SvedeTi, axali zelandia,

honkongi, dania, israeli, slovenia, fineTi, espaneTi da sxv; HDI – 0,87 da

meti)9. saSualoze maRali miRwevebi aqvT wignierebis kvlevaSi. aq

gamonakliss aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis

qveynebi aCveneben. magaliTisTvis, kataris keTildReobis xarisxi litvis

amave maCvenebelze maRalia, magram litvis (528) Sedegi wignierebis kvlevaSi

mniSvnelovnad maRalia kataris Sedegze (425). Mmeores mxriv, bulgareTis

qveynis keTildReobis maCvenebeli (0.78) mniSnvelovnad CamorCeba

safrangeTisas (0.89), magram bulgareTis Sedegi wignierebis kvlevaSi 12

erTeuliT maRalia safrangeTis Sedegze. zogadad, aRmosavleT evropis

qveynebis udidesi nawilis wignierebis Sedegi mniSvnelovnad maRalia maT

qveynis keTildReobiT prognozirebad Sedegze. aseTi gansxvavebis

asaxsnelad mkvlevarTa nawili qveynebSi kiTxvisa da, zogadad, swavlisadmi

damokidebulebas ukavSireben. magaliTisTvis, samxreT aRmosavleT aziis

qveynebis gansakuTrebiT maRal Sedegebs `aziuri RirebulebebiT da

ganaTlebisadmi konfucianuri damokidebulebiT xsnian~ (Green et al, 1999).

ilustraciaSi #10.1 mocemulia qveynis keTildReobis indeqsis mimarTeba

wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevaSi misave SedegebTan.

9 saqarTveloSi keTildReobis maCvenebeli (HDI-indeqsi) Seadgens 0,733-s (75-e adgili reitingul siaSi).

97

ilustracia #10.1 _ qveynis keTildReobis indeqsis mimarTeba wignierebis

saerTaSoriso kvlevaSi qveynis SedegebTan.

wyaro: Sedgenilia gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis da wignierebis kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyenebiT. ixileT: United Nations Development Program; International Human Development Indicators 2011; HDI value http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/default.html

qveynis keTildReobasTan erTad gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, Tu

ramdenad maRalia sazogadoebaSi socialuri uTanasworobis maCvenebeli.

rogorc wignierebis kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, moswavleTa miRwevebi

gansxvavdeba ojaxis socialur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT. magram

gamomdinare qveynis mier gatarebuli saganmanaTleblo politikidan,

socialuri uTanasworoba, SesaZlebelia, naklebad aisaxos ganaTlebis

Sedegebze. rogorc qvemoT mocemuli ilustraciidan (#10.2) Cans, qveyanaSi

Semosavlebis uTanasworobis mixedviT gansxvavebuli maCveneblebis mqone

qveynebi Tanabar Sedegebs aCveneben wignierebis kvlevaSi. magaliTad,

bulgareTsa da litvaSi maRalia wili im skolebisa, sadac moswavleebis

25%-ze meti xelmokle ojaxebidan modis (42% bulgareTSi da 38% litvaSi).

am qveynebSi aseve maRalia jinis indeqsic (35 bulgareTSi da 33 litvaSi),

98

magram am qveynebis Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad maRalia iseTi qveynebis

maCveneblebze, rogorebicaa, norvegia da malta, sadac dabalia jinis

maCvenebelic (23 da 27) da skolebSi xelmokle moswavleebic wilic (3% da

10%).

ilustracia #10.2 _ jinis (Semosavlebis araTanabrad ganawilebis) indeqsis

mimarTeba pirlsis SedegebTan

wyaro: momzadebulia evrostatis, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciisa da msoflio bankis monacemTa bankis monacemebis gamoyenebiT. ixileT: http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/societyataglance2011-oecdsocialindicators.htm; http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12; http://databank.worldbank.org/data ilustracia #10.2; 10.3-Si warmodgenili informacia momzadebulia naTia andRulaZis mier.

qveynebs Soris SedegebSi gansxvavebs xSirad ganaTlebis sferoSi

saxelwmifos roliT xsnian, kerZo, qveynebSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis

SinaarsiTa da ganaTlebis sferos prioritetulobiT (Mourshed et at, 2010).

qveyanaSi saxelmwifo doneze ganaTlebis prioritetulobis erT-erTi

mniSnvelovani indikatori ganaTlebaze gaweuli saxelwmifo xarjia.

rogorc cxrilidan #10.1 vxedavT, yvelaze maRali Sedegebis mqone qveynebs

კატარი ინდონეზია

ირანი აზერბაიჯანი

მალტა

საქართველო

რუმინეთი ნორვეგია

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პოლონეთი ავსტრალია ლიტვა

ავსტრია სლოვენია ახალი ზელანდია ბულგარეთი სლოვაკეთი უნგრეთი გერმანია ისრაელი იტალია პორტუგალია შვედეთი ჩეხეთი ჰოლანდია კანადა

ირლანდია ხორვატია

დანია აშშ

ფინეთი

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წიგნ

იერ

ების

კვლ

ევაშ

ი ქვ

ეყნი

ს სა

შუალ

ო ქ

ულ

ა

ჯინის (შემოსავლების არათანაბრად განაწილების) ინდექსი

99

Soris ganaTlebaze xarjebi maRalia mTlian Sida produqtTan (aSS (5.5),

fineTi (6.3), dania (8.1), kanada (4.9), holandia (5.5), irlandia (5.0)) an

saxelmwifo biujetTebaSi (hong kongi (23%), singapuri (22%)).

cxrili #10.1 _ wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevaSi monawile qveynebSi qveynis

saSualo Sedegebi da saxelmwifos mier ganaTlebaze gaweuli xarjebi mTlian Sida

produqtTan da saxelmwifo biujetTan mimarTebaSi.

qveyana

wignierebis kvlevis Sedegebi

saxelmwifo xarjebi

ganaTlebaze (%mSp)*

ganaTlebis wili saxelmwifo biujetSi*

hongkongi 571 3.9 23.1 fineTi 568 6.3 12.4 ruseTis federacia 568 3.9 11.9 singapuri 567 2.9 21.9 aSS 556 5.5 13.9 dania 554 8.1 15.3 irlandia 552 5.0 13.6 kanada 548 4.9 12.3 holandia 546 5.5 11.9 CexeTi 545 4.3 9.8 SvedeTi 542 6.9 12.9 germania 541 4.5 10.2 israeli 541 6.0 13.3 italia 541 4.5 9.3 portugalia 541 5.3 11.3 ungreTi 539 5.3 10.4 bulgareTi 532 4.1 11.3 axali zelandia 531 6.1 17.3 slovenia 530 5.5 12.2 avstria 529 5.4 11.1 litva 528 5.0 13.7 avstralia 527 4.6 14.2 poloneTi 526 5.2 11.9 safrangeTi 520 5.7 10.6 espaneTi 513 4.5 11.1 norvegia 507 6.8 16.2 rumineTi 502 3.9 10.8 saqarTvelo 488 2.9 8.2 malta 477 6.1 13.6 azerbaijani 462 2.7 12.4 kolumbia 448 4.1 13.2 saudis arabeTi 430 6.0 19.9 indonezia 428 3.3 16.7 yatari 425 2.4 7.1 omani 391 3.9 27.7 maroko 310 5.5 25.9

100

wyaro: cxrili momzadebulia msoflio bankis monacemTa bankidan amoRebuli monacemebis gamoyenebiT. ixileT: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx * miTiTebulia 2005-2009 wlebSi TiToeuli qveynis saSualo maCvenebeli.

wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis monacemebiT, rac ufro naklebi

moswavlea skolaSi ekonomiurad xelmokle ojaxidan, miT ufro maRalia

wignierebis maCvenebeli. saqarTveloSi moswavleTa 43% swavlobs

skolebSi, sadac 25% an meti ekonomikurad xelmokle ojaxebidanaa10

(saerTaSoriso saSualoa 30%). cxrilSi #10.2.NSedarebisTvis

warmodgenilia skolebSi moswavleTa ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da maTi

miRwevebis urTierTmimarTeba. SedarebisTvis mocemulia saerTaSoriso

saSualo maCveneblebi da, aseve, ramdenime qveynis monacemi.

cxrili #10.2 _ moswavleTa ekonomikuri statusi da miRwevebi.

ufro SeZlebuli - skolebi, romlebSic

moswavleTa 25%-ze meti ekonomikurad Zlieri ojaxebidanaa da 25%-ze naklebi ekonomikurad xelmokle ojaxebidan

ZiriTadad saSualo SeZlebis ojaxebidan

ufro xelmokle - skolebi, romlebSic moswavleTa

25%-ze meti ekonomikurad xelmokle ojaxebidanaa da

25%-ze naklebi ekonomikurad Zlieri

ojaxebidan moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

saqarTvelo 16% (3,0) 496 (8,8) 41% (4,3) 494 (5,9) 43% (1) 480 (4,5)

saerT. saS. 35% (0.5) 530 (0.9) 35% (0.6) 515 (0.8) 30% (0.5) 490 (1.0)

ruseTi 58% (3,2) 576(4.0) 29% (3.3) 562 (4.8) 13% (2.1) 549 (8.5)

fineTi 43% (4,2) 576(2.4) 47% (4.3) 567 (2.7) 10% (2.6) 541 (4.0)

litva 19% (3,3) 552(5.8) 43% (4.6) 529 (3.3) 38% (3.5) 518 (3.1)

() standartuli Secdoma

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi kvlevaSi CarTul moswavleTa

mSoblebis dasaqmebis maCvenebeli dabalia (umuSevar mSobelTa raodenoba

_ mama: 21%, deda: 42%). amasTan, im bavSvebis miRwevebi, romelTa mSoblebic

srul anazRaurebad ganakveTze muSaoben, gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre im

bavSvebis, romelTa mSoblebic arasrul anazRaurebad ganakveTze muSaoben

an umSevrebi arian. magaliTad, mamis dasaqmebulobis Sesabamisad moswavlis

saSualo miRwevebi aseTia: 505.86 (SE=1.6); 491.63 (SE=2.9); 474.27 (SE=2.5). 10 wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevaSi CarTuli skolebis direqtorTa monacemebi.

101

TandarTul cxrilSi warmodgenilia mSoblebis dasaqmebasa da Svilis

miRwevas Soris kavSiri.

cxrili # 10.3 _ moswavleTa ekonomikuri statusi da miRwevebi.

ganaTlebis sistemis struqtura. Cveulebriv, iman, Tu rogor xdeba

saganmanaTleblo politikis SemuSaveba da danergva, didi gavlena SeiZleba

iqonios skolebis muSaobaze. kvlevaSi monawile zogierT qveyanas

centralizebuli ganaTlebis sistema aqvs, sadac gadawyvetilebebi erovnul

an regionul doneze miiReba da SedarebiTFerTgvarovani kurikulumiT,

wignebiTa da zogadi politikiT xasiaTdeba. amis sapirispirod, arsebobs

decentralizebuli ganaTlebis sistemis mqone qveynebi, sadac

gadawyvetilebaTa umetesoba adgilobriv da skolis doneze miiReba. am

SemTxvevaSi skolebi TviTon gansazRvraven samoqmedo gegmasa da swavlebis

meTodebs. PIRLS 2011-Si monawile qveynebis ganaTlebis sistemebi

gansxvavdeba centralizaciis mixedviT Zalian centralizebulidan (avstria,

hondurasi, irani) _ decentralizebulamde (axali zelandia, espaneTi,

SvedeTi). swavlebis safexurebic, romlebsac moswavleebi gadian, aseve,

gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT (Kennedy, Mullis, Martin & Trong, 2007). meoTxe

klasis moswavleebis kiTxvis miRwevebis kvlevisas, gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania bavSvis skolaSi Sesvlisa da kiTxvis formaluri swavlebis

dawyebis asaki, radgan, qveynebSi, romlebSic bavSvebi adreul asakSi Sedian

skolaSi, kiTxvis swavlebas pirvelive klasSi ar iwyeben. PIRLS 2011-is

monawile qveynebis skolebis umetesobas aqvs danergili skolaSi

mSoblebis CarTulobis formaluri praqtika.

kvlevaSi monawile qveynebis umetesobaSi TiTqmis yvela bavSvi iRebs

skolamdel ganaTlebas, xolo 8 qveyanaSi skolamdeli ganaTleba

savaldebuloa. es qveynebia: dania, holandia, israeli, ungreTi, bulgareTi,

mSoblebis dasaqmeba Svilis miRweva (SE)

orive mSobeli muSaobs 510 0.8 erTi mSobeli mainc muSobs 493.5 0.6 arc erTi mSobeli ar muSaobs 458.7 0.98

102

avstria, poloneTi, kolumbia. kolumbiis garda, am qveynebs PIRLS 2011-is

monacemebis mixedviT, saSualoze maRali miRwevebi aqvT.

monawile qveynebis umetesobas aqvs skolamdeli ganaTlebis erovnuli

saswavlo gegma, romelSic asakis Sesabamisad, sabavSvo baRebSi yuradReba

gamaxvilebulia metyvelebis, kiTxvisa da weris unar-Cvevebis

gamomuSavebaze, es skolisaTvis mzaobis formirebas uwyobs xels.

skolisTvis ufro momzadebuli moswavleebis arseboba wignierebisaTvis

kritikuli mniSvnelobis mqone sakiTxia. skolamdel ganaTlebasa da

wignierebis maRal dones Soris kavSiri PIRLS 2011-iTac dadasturda.

kiTxvis kurikulumi dawyebiT klasebSi. saswavlo gegmis Sedgena

sxvadasxva formiTaa SesaZlebeli. umaRles doneze, garkveuli detalebi

SeiZleba mTavrobam daamtkicos. Semdgom saswavlo gegma ukve skolebis

mier SemuSavdeba. politika SeiZleba exebodes rogorc kiTxvis formaluri

swavlebis dawyebis dros, ise saswavlo masalebsa da meTodebs.

kiTxvis unarebis ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

saswavlo gegmis iseTi aspeqtebi, rogorebicaa: miRwevis standartebi

kiTxvaSi, saskolo da saklaso biblioTekebis raodenoba, swavlebisTvis

gankuTvnili dro, meTodebi da masalebi, gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis

mqone moswavleebis identificirebis gzebi. mravali kvleva, maT Soris IEA-s

monacemebi (Kennedy, Mullis, Martin & Trong, 2007; Mullis, Martin, Kennedy,Foy, 2007),

adasturebs, rom akademiuri miRweva mWidro kavSirSia zustad gansazRvrul

saswavlo gegmasTan (es monacemebi detalurad iqneba ganxiluli momdevno

TavebSi).

PIRLS 2011-is monawile qveynebidan mxolod 7 qveyanaSi aris saswavlo

gegmaSi gamoyofili kiTxva, rogorc saswavlo gegmis calke sfero. esenia:

safrangeTi, ungreTi, holandia, Crd. irlandia, ruseTi, SvedeTi da aSS.

danarCen qveynebSi, rogorc wesi, kiTxva mSobliuri enis saswavlo gegmis

nawilia, romelSic yuradReba aseve gamaxvilebulia werisa da komunikaciis

sxva unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze. magaliTad, fineTSi sabazo ganaTlebis

yvela doneze erovnuli saswavlo gegma moicavs kiTxvis swavlebis

gzamkvlevs (gaidlainebs) saTauriT `mSobliuri ena da literatura~.

103

mSobliuri enisa da literaturis erovnuli saswavlo gegma moicavs

misaRwevi miznebis (kargi Sesrulebis) aRwerilobas me-2 da me-5 klasis

bolos, aseve, Sefasebis kriteriumebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba saswavlo wlis

bolos. municipalitetebi muSaoben skolebTan erTad, raTa maT erovnuli

saswavlo gegmis safuZvelze Seqmnan sakuTari, ufro detaluri saskolo

saswavlo gegma. amgvarad, saerTo ZiriTadi kurikulumi Riaa adgilobrvi

adaptirebisTvis. litvis erovnul saswavlo gegmaSic swavlebis dawyebiT

safexurze kiTxvis swavleba integrirebulia mSobliuri enis swavlebasTan.

litvis saswavlo gegmis Tanaxmad, dawyebiTi skolisTvis enis swavlebis

ZiriTadi miznebi ukavSirdeba Semdegs:

− moswavleebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva, raTa SeiZinon kiTxvis

sabazo unari da ganiviTaron teqstis Seqmnisa da gagebis

elementaruli unar-Cvevebi;

− perspeqtivebis Seqmna, raTa moswavleebma SeiZinon da

gaafarTovon inteleqtualuri unarebi, iseve, rogorc emociuri,

moraluri, socialuri da kulturuli gamocdileba.

litvaSi kulturuli tradiciebis Senaxva da xelSewyoba mkveTrad

aqcentirebulia ganaTlebis yvela doneze.

saqarTveloSic kiTxvis unaris ganviTareba mSobliuri enis saswavlo

gegmaSia integrirebuli. Tumca, 2006 wlis Semdeg saswavlo gegmaSi

yuradReba mniSvnelovnad gamaxvilda wakiTxulis gaazrebis unarze. amasTan,

gamoica meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebi pedagogebisaTvis, dawyebiTi

klasebis iseTi axali saxelmZRvaneloc, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia PIRLS

2006 wlis Sedegebi da aseve, kiTxvis swavlebis Tanmedrove midgomebi da

praqtika. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia maswavlebelTa sertificirebis

procesis dawyeba. sasertifikacio gamocdebis meTodur nawilSi dawyebiTi

klasebis maswavleblebs moeTxovebaT kiTxvis swavlebis strategiebis

codna.

104

faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens

moswavleTa wignierebaze

ojaxuri faqtorebi

kiTxvis swavleba rTuli procesia, romelic did drosa da Zalisxmevas

moiTxovs. mSoblebi bavSvebis pirveli, da, SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

kiTxvis maswavleblebi arian. Sesabamisad, bavSvobidanve maT xelSia, Tu

rogori damokidebuleba eqneba bavSvs kiTxvisadmi. bavSvebi xom jer

swavloben kiTxvas da Semdeg kiTxuloben imisaTvis, rom iswavlon. ojaxis

konkretulma maxasiaTeblebma SeiZleba, iseTi klimati Seqmnas, romelic

xels Seuwyobs kiTxvis mimarT bavSvis interesis gaRvivebasa da kiTxvis

unaris ganviTarebas.

PIRLS-2011 kidev erTxel adasturebs sayovelTaod cnobil mosazrebas

imis Taobaze, rom mozardebi, romelTa wignierebis ganviTarebas ojaxSi

xels uwyoben, kargi mkiTxvelebi arian. kiTxvaSi ufro maRali miRwevebi

aqvT im mozardebs, romelTa ojaxebSi wignis kiTxva mkvidri tradiciaa,

romelTa mSoblebic cdiloben, bavSvebi adreuli asakidanve Caaban

wignierebasTan dakavSirebul aqtivobebSi (magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxis

saxaliso TamaSebi asoebisa da sityvebis gamoyenebiT, mcire moculobis

wignis kiTxva da wakiTxulze saubari da a.S). ojaxis saganmanaTleblo

resursi mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba moswavleTa miRwevebze. amasTan, bavSvebi,

romlebic dadiodnen skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebaSi, wignierebis

ufro maRal dones aCveneben.

105

wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvleva Seiswavlis ojaxis

saganmanaTleblo resursTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebis zegavlenas

moswavlis miRwevebze. es faqtorebia:

− mSoblebis ganaTleba

− ojaxis resursebi: zogadad, wignebis raodenoba, sabavSvo

wignebis raodenoba, kompiuteri

− mSoblebis dasaqmeba da profesia

− ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

− mSoblebis ena da warmomavloba

− mSoblebis CarTulobis xarisxi bavSvis skolamdel ganaTlebasa

da wignierebaSi

− mSoblebis damokidebuleba kiTxvisadmi da kiTxvis intensivoba

ojaxis saganmanaTleblo resursis indeqsis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

komponentia mSoblebis ganaTlebis done. am mxriv saqarTvelos

saerTaSoriso saSualoze maRali maCvenebeli aqvs. umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mqone mSobeli hyavs kvlevaSi CarTul moswavleTa 31%-s (saerTaSoriso

saSualo), saqarTveloSi ki aseTi moswavleebis raodenoba 36%-ia.

mSobelTa ganaTlebis procentuli maCvenebliT, saqarTvelo uswrebs

moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT maRali Sedegebis mqone ramdenime qveynas

(honkongi _ 18%, taivani _ 23%, germania _ 28% da sxva).

araerTi kvleva miuTiTebs moswavlis miRwevasa da ojaxis socalur-

ekonomikuri statusis Sesabamis indikatorebs (mSoblebis ganaTlebasa da

saqmianobas) Soris pozitiuri kavSiris arsebobaze (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002;

Haveman & Wolfe, 1995; Willms, 2006). PIRLS 2006-is mixedviTac, mSobelTa

ganaTlebis done sarwmunod dadebiT kavSirSia kiTxvis miRwevis

maCvenebelTan. kerZod, im moswavleebis miRwevis maCvenebeli, romelTa

erT-erT mSobels mainc umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli, erTi

standartuli gadaxriT maRalia im moswavleebis miRwevebze, romelTa

106

mSoblebsac arasruli saSualo ganaTleba aqvT. igive tendencia

SenarCunebulia 2011 wlis kvlevaSic.

TandarTul cxrilSi warmodgenili saqarTveloSi mSoblis

ganaTlebas da moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris kavSiri.

cxrili #11.1 _ mSobela ganaTlebis umaRlesi safexuri da moswavleTa miRwevebi.

mSoblis ganaTleba mama bavSvis miRweva

deda bavSvis miRweva

ar uvlia skolaSi .3 417 .3 413

zogadi ganaTlebis dawyebiTi safexuri (4 klasi) .1 363 .1 433

zogadi ganaTlebis sabazo safexuri (9 klasi) 3.8 440 6.2 440

sruli zogadi ganaTlebis safexuri (10-11 klasi) / profesiuli saswavlebeli (9 klasis bazaze arsebuli, mag., koleji, profteqnikumi)

26.2 472 22.1 470

profesiuli saswavlebeli (10-11 klasis bazaze arsebuli, mag., koleji, profteqnikumi)

13.3 483 14.8 483

umaRlesi profesiuli saswavlebeli 20.0 503 18.4 501

umaRlesi ganaTlebis pirveli safexuri (4 wliani ganaTleba, bakalavriati)

19.7 523 19.3 519

umaRlesi ganaTlebis Semdgomi safexurebi (magistratura, magistraturasTan gaTanabrebuli 5 wliani ganaTleba 2005 wlamde an samecniero xarisxi, mag., kandidati, doqtori)

14.4 533 16.6 529

am CamonaTvalSi ar aris 2.2 490 2.1 490

garda mSoblis ganaTlebisa, ojaxis saganmanaTleblo resursi

ramdenime sxva faqtoriTac fasdeba. Sefaseba ramdenime SekiTxvaze pasuxebis

SejamebiT xdeba. SekiTxvebi aRebulia rogorc mSoblis, iseve moswavlis

kiTxvaridan. SekiTxvebi exeba: saxlSi wignebis raodenobas, maT Soris,

sabavSvo wignebis raodenobas, swavlis xelSemwyob pirobebs (calke oTaxi,

interneti da sxv.), mSoblis ganaTlebis akademiur xarisxsa da mis

dasaqmebas. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ojaxis saganmanaTleblo

resursis indeqsi Sefasda skalaze _ maRali, saSualo da dabali.

saqarTvelos monacemebis mixedviT, ojaxis saganmanaTleblo resursis

maRali indeqsi qarTveli moswavleebis mxolod 12%-s aqvs, saSualo – 80%-

s, dabali ki _ 8%-s. TiToeuli kategoriisTvis moswavleTa miRwevebis

saSualo skalirebuli qula da SedarebisTvis Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso

107

monacemebi warmodgenilia cxrilSi #11.2. rogorc cxrilidan Cans,

moswavleTa miRwevebi saganmanaTleblo resursis zrdis Sesabamisad

matulobs, igive tendencia fiqsirdeba saerTaSoriso saSualos

SemTxvevaSic.

cxrili #11.2 _ ojaxis saganmanaTleblo indeqsis moswavleTa miRwevebTan

mimarTeba

maRali indeqsi saSualo indeqsi dabali indeqsi

moswavleTa

raodenoba

saSualo

skal.

qula

moswavleTa

raodenoba

saSualo

skal.

qula

moswavleTa

raodenoba

saSualo

skal.

qula

saqarTvelo 12% 535 (4) 80% 488 (2.9) 8% 441 (8) saerTaSoriso saSualo

18% 571 (0.7) 73% 510 (0.4) 9% 448 (1.4)

() standartuli Secdoma

ojaxuri garemos mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels sakiTxavi masalisa da

saganmanaTleblo resursebis xelmisawvdomoba warmoadgens. kvlevebis

mixedviT, saxlSi sxvadasxva tipis beWduri masalis (wignebi, Jurnalebi da

sxva) arseboba mWidro kavSirSia kiTxvasTan dakavSirebul miRwevebTan

(Purves & Elley, 1994). amasTan, bavSvebi, romelTac saxlSi naklebi kontaqti

aqvT wignebTan, romelTac mSoblebi iSviaTad ukiTxaven da romelTa

mSoblebic naklebad arian CarTuli Svilebis swavlebis procesSi, kiTxvaSi

ufro dabali miRwevebiT xasiaTdebian (Aikens & Barbarin, 2008; Darling &

Westberg, 2004; Senechal & LeFevre, 2002).

PIRLS-is kvleva cxadyofs, rom mniSvnelovani kavSiria ojaxSi wignebis

raodenobasa da moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris. saqarTveloSi mSobelTa 35%

aRniSnavs, rom ojaxSi 100 wignze meti aqvs (saerTaSoriso saSualo 27%),

xolo sabavSvo wignebis raodenoba _ 25-ze meti qarTveli bavSvebis 38%-s

aqvs (saerTaSoriso saSualo 59%).

mSoblebis damokidebuleba kiTxvisadmi. mozardTa umetesobisTvis

saxli erTgvar models warmoadgens, romlis zegavleniTac isini

kiTxvasTan dakavSirebul Cvevebs iTviseben. is, Tu ramdenad xSirad

kiTxuloben da saubroben wakiTxulis Sesaxeb mSoblebi, gavlenas axdens

moswavlis kiTxvis mimarT damokidebulebaze. mSoblebis CarTuloba

108

wignierebasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva aqtivobaSi bavSvebs kiTxvis

mimarT dadebiT damokidebulebebs uyalibebs (Sonnenschein & Munsterman,

2002). mSoblebi da ojaxis sxva wevrebi, sakuTar rwmenasa da

damokidebulebebze dayrdnobiT, aswavlian bavSvebs kiTxvasa da wakiTxulis

dafasebas (Baker & Scher, 2002). bavSvebi, romelTac mSoblebi unergaven, rom

kiTxva Rirebuli da mniSvnelovani aqtivobaa, ufro motivirebulebi arian

da kiTxvisagan siamovnebas iReben.

PIRLS 2011 wlis monacemebis mixedviT, mSoblebis piradi

damokidebuleba kiTxvisadmi da kiTxvis Cvevebi mniSvnelovan faqtorebs

warmoadgens bavSvis kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebisTvis. zogadad, im

moswavleebs, visi mSoblebic kargi mkiTxvelebi arian, mniSvnelovnad ufro

maRali maCvenebeli aqvT kiTxvaSi.

mSoblis kiTxvisadmi damokidebulebis indeqsi (uyvars kiTxva) Svid

SekiTxvaze pasuxebis SejamebiT ganisazRvreba. saqarTveloSi moswavleTa

27%-is mSobels uyvars kiTxva, 67%-s nawilobriv, xolo 5%-s ar uyvars

kiTxva. mSoblis kiTxvisadmi damokidebulebis mimarTeba warmodgenilia

cxrilSi #11.3.

cxrili #11.3 _ mSoblis kiTxvisadmi damokidebulebis indeqsis mimarTeba moswavleTa miRwevebTan

kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri

damokidebulebis maRali indeqsi

kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri

damokidebulebis saSulo indeqsi

kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri damokidebulebis dabali indeqsi

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

saqarTvelo 27% 512 (4) 67% 482 (2.9) 5% 453 (7,5) saerTaSoriso saSualo

32% 535 (0,5) 57% 507 (0,5) 11% 487 (0,9)

() standartuli Secdoma

cxrilidan Cans, rom im moswavleebs, visi mSoblebic kargi mkiTxvelebi

arian (uyvarT kiTxva), mniSvnelovnad ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvT

kiTxvaSi. es tendencia mkveTradaa gamoxatuli rogorc saerTaSoriso

monacemebis, iseve saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSic. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

qarTveli mSoblebis kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri damokidebulebis maRali

indeqsis saSualo maCvenebeli saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebelTan

109

SedarebiT naklebia. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom moswavleTa

miRwevebis mixedviT saukeTeso Sedegebis mqone zogierTi qveynis

kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri damokidebulebis maRali indeqsis (uyvars kiTxva)

saSualo maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba saqarTvelos Sesabamis

Sedegs. sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT honkongis magaliTi, sadac

mSobelTa mxolod 14% aqvs kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri damokidebulebis

maRali indeqsi (ruseTis federacia – 23%), Tumca kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri

damokidebulebis saSualo indeqsis Sesabamisi procentuli maCvenebeli

honkongSi maRalia da Seadgens 72%-s. xolo im mSobelTa raodenoba,

romelTac kiTxva ar uyvarT, honkongsa da ruseTSi aRemateba saqarTvelos

Sesabamis monacems. honkongSi aseTi mSoblebis raodenoba 14%-ia, Tumca

maTi SvilebisPsaSualo miRweva PIRLS skalis saSualo maCvenebelze

gacilebiT maRalia da 566-s Seadgens. analogiuri tendenciaa ruseTis

federaciaSic, rac skolaSi swavlisa da swavlebis kargad organizebuli

sistemiT SeiZleba aixsnas.

kvlevebi adasturebs, rom bavSvis ganviTarebis yvela etapze mSoblis

CarTulobasa da bavSvis wignierebaze zrunvas arsebiTi roli eniWeba,

gansakuTrebiT ki, bavSvis ganviTarebis adreul etapze. mSoblebis

CarTulobas bavSvis wignierebasTan dakavSirebul adreul aqtivobebSi

mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs moswavlis kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebaze (Levy,

Gong, Hessels, Evans & Jared, 2006; Senechal & Lefevre, 2002). adreul asakSi

wignierebasTan dakavSirebul yvelaze mniSvnelovan aqtivobas, mSoblis

mier xmamaRla wakiTxva warmoadgens (Federal Interagency Forum on Child and

Family Statistics, 2008; Hart &Risley, 2003; Raikes, Pan, Luze, Tamis-LeMonda, Brooks-Gunn,

Constantine, Tarullo, Raikes & Rodriguez, 2006). am dros bavSvebi swavloben, rom

dabeWdili teqsti Sinaarss atarebs da kiTxvis SesaZlebloba Rirebuli da

faseuli unaria. erToblivad kiTxvasa da biblioTekaSi siaruls, bavSvebis

waxalisebas, waikiTxon damoukideblad, Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs wignierebis

maRali donis miRwevaSi.

PIRLS 2011-is Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom bavSvis wignierebasTan

dakavSirebuli adreuli aqtivobebi pozitiurad aisaxeba moswavleTa

110

miRwevebze. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo bavSvis

wignierebasTan dakavSirebuli adreuli aqtivobebis sixSiris mixedviT

Sedgenili reitinguli siis pirvel xuTeulSia. mas mxolod ruseTis

federacia, Crdilo irlandia da axali zelandia uswreben, saqarTvelosa

da avstralias ki erTnairi Sedegi aqvT. kerZod, saqarTveloSi mSobelTa

52%-s aqvs bavSvis wignierebasTan dakavSirebul adreul aqtivobebSi

CarTulobis maRali maCvenebeli, SedarebisTvis, Sesabamisi saerTaSorio

saSualo maCvenebeli 37%-ia.

bavSvis wignierebasTan dakavSirebuli adreuli aqtivobebis mimarTeba

moswavleTa miRwevebTan warmodgenilia cxrilSi #11.4.

cxrili #11.4 _ bavSvis wignierebasTan dakavSirebuli adreuli aqtivobebis mimarTeba moswavleTa miRwevebTan.

wignierebasTan dakavSirebuli adreuli aqtivobebi

xSirad zogjer arasodes an TiTqmis arasodes

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

saqarTvelo 52% 498 (4) 47% 479 (4.0) 1% - saerTaSoriso saSualo

37% 529 (0,5) 60% 506 (0,5) 3% 430 (2,1)

() standartuli Secdoma

cxrilidan Cans, rom PIRLS 2011-is Sedegebis mixedviT, skolamdel

asakSi wignierebasTan dakavSirebuli adreuli aqtivobebi mniSvnelovan

kavSirSia moswavleTa kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebasTan. Tumca, Tu calkeuli

qveynis monacemebs gavaanalizebT am konteqstSi, vnaxavT, rom arsebobs

gamonaklisebic; magaliTad, moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT Sedgenili

reitinguli siis liders _ honkongs da aseve taivans (me-9 adgili

reitingul siaSi), Tu SevafasebT, mSobelTa mcire raodenobas aqvs (12-14%)

wignierebasTan dakavSirebul adreul aqtivobebSi CarTulobis maRali

maCvenebeli. amasTan, im mSoblebis Svilebs, romlebic arasodes an TiTqmis

arasodes iyvnen CarTulebi adreul aqtivobebSi, PIRLS skalis saSualoze

maRali Sedegi aqvT (saSualo skalirebuli qula: honkongi _ 560, taivani _

526). rac kidev erTxel amyarebs Cven mier zemoT gamoTqmul mosazrebas

imis Taobaze, rom am qveynebSi skolas aqvs aRebuli moswavleTa

111

wignierebis xelSewyobis ZiriTadi funqcia (skolis saganmanaTleblo

resursi, maswavlebelTa kvalifikacia da sxva).

skolamdeli ganaTleba. skolamdeli ganaTleba mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebs dawyebiTi skolisTvis bavSvebis mzaobis formirebaSi. PIRLS 2006-

Sic dadebiTi kavSiri dafiqsirda meoTxe klasis moswavleebis mier

skolamdeli ganaTlebis miRebasa da kiTxvaSi miRwevebs Soris. aSS-sa da

inglisis bolodroindeli longitiduri, grZelvadiani analizis mixedviT,

skolamdeli ganaTlebis xangrZlivoba pozitiurad ukavSirdeba akademiur

moswrebas skolaSi (Trucker-Drob, 2012; Sammons et al., 2002). amasTan, arsebobs

kidev araerTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom unda Cados saxelmwifom investicia

skolamdel ganaTlebaSi; magaliTad, skolamdeli ganaTleba bavSvebs

exmareba araxelsayreli pirobebisa da Taobidan Taobaze gardamavali

siRaribis daZlevasa da miRwevis donis gaumjobesebaSi (Economist Intelligence

Unit, 2012).

skolamdeli ganaTlebis xelSewyobis mxriv kvlevaSi monawile

qveynebis mdgomareoba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, avstriaSi,

ungreTsa da holandiaSi skolamdeli ganaTlebis miReba savaldebuloa.

avstraliaSi, xorvatiasa da singapurSi ar aris savaldebulo. miuxedavad

amisa, am sam qveyanaSi skolamdel ganaTlebaSi bavSvebis 100 procentiani

CarTuloba fiqsirdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom mravali qveyana ukve muSaobs

imaze, rom skolamdeli ganaTleba rac SeiZleba metma bavSvma miiRos.

zogierT qveyanaSi moqmedebs dawyebiT skolaSi SedarebiT mozrdili

bavSvebis miRebis saskolo politika (mag. 7 welia gansazRvruli fineTSi,

litvasa da SvedeTSi), rac bavSvebs skolamdeli ganaTlebis ufro

xangrZlivi droiT miRebis saSualebas aZlevs.

PIRLS 2006-is mixedviT, saSualod, meoTxe klasis moswavleTa 42%-s

miRebuli hqonda sul mcire samwliani skolamdeli ganaTleba, xolo 36%-s

sul mcire erTwliani. maT miRwevis ufro maRali maCveneblebi hqondaT,

vidre danarCen 11%-s, romelTac hqondaT erTwliani, an ufro naklebi

skolamdeli ganaTleba (519, 513, 493, Sesabamisad).

112

sayuradReboa is, rom bavSvebma, romlebsac saerTod ar uvliaT baRSi,

yvelaze dabali Sedegebi aCvenes. magaliTad, ungreTSi kvlevis monawile

qveynebs Soris yvelaze meti moswavle iRebs 3 wlian an ufro xangrZliv

skolamdel ganaTlebas. ungrel meoTxeklaselTa 86%-ma, romlebic 3 weli

an meti dadiodnen baRSi, kiTxvaSi maRali miRwevebi aCvenes (saSualo

skalirebuli qula 580) maTTan SedarebiT vinc, 3 welze naklebi periodi

iyo baRSi. singapurSic moswavleema, romlebic 3 weli an meti dadiodnen

baRSi (64%), ufro maRali Sedegi aCvenes, vidre danarCenebma.

aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom azerbaijanSi (64%), saudis arabeTsa (52%) da

bocvanaSi (55%) moswavleTa umetesobas skolamdeli ganaTleba miRebuli

ar aqvs.

PIRlS 2011 wlis monacemebiT qarTveli bavSvebis daaxleobiT 83%-s

miRebuli aqvs skolamdeli ganaTleba. maTi miRwevis saSualo maCvenebeli

Seadgens 497.06 (SE=1.11). im moswavleTa miRwevis saSualo maCvenebeli,

romlebic ar dadiodnen baRSi, Seadgens 473.51 (SE=2.76). moswavleTa

miRwevebs Soris sxvaoba arsebiTia.

cxrilSi #11.5 aRwerilia skolamdeli ganaTlebis xangrZlivobis

mimarTeba moswavleTa miRwevebTan saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, aseve,

warmodgenilia saerTaSoriso saSualo monacemebi SedarebisaTvis.

cxrili #11.5 _ skolamdeli ganaTlebis mimarTeba moswavleTa miRwevebTan

3 weli da meti 3 welze naklebi, magram

1 welze meti

1 welze naklebi ar dadioda

mosw

avl

eTa

rao

den

oba

saSual

o

skal

ireb

ul

i qu

la

mosw

avl

eTa

rao

den

oba

saSual

o

skal

ireb

ul

i qu

la

mosw

avl

eTa

rao

den

oba

saSual

o

skal

ireb

ul

i qu

la

mosw

avl

eTa

rao

den

oba

saSual

o

skal

ireb

ul

i qu

la

saqarTvelo 42% 495 (3.3) 29% 495 (3,9) 7% 493 (5,8) 22% 471(4.5) saerTaSoriso saSualo.

42% 509 (0,5) 36% 513 (0,5) 11% 493 (1,1) 11 475(1.5)

() standartuli Secdoma

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom bevr qveyanaSi dawyebiTi skolis

moswavleebs miRebuli aqvT skolamdeli ganaTleba, amasTan, bevri mSobeli

113

sakmaod did yuradRebas aqcevs bavSvisTvis kiTxvis swavlebas, gasakviri

araa, rom bavSvebis mniSvnelovani nawili skolaSi swavlas garkveul

doneze ukve ganviTarebuli kiTxvis unariT iwyeben.

PIRLS 2006-Si adreul asakSi ganviTarebul kiTxvis unarsa da meoTxe

klasSi kiTxvaSi miRwevis dones Soris pozitiuri kavSiri dafiqsirda. igive

tendenciaa PIRLS 2011-Sic.

ojaxis mxardaWera kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebas sxvadasxva formiT

uwyobs xels. pirvel rigSi, amisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania mSoblebis an

mzrunvelebis CarTuloba skolasTan dakavSirebul procesebSi (Federal

Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2002; Wells, 1985). kvlevam

daadastura, rom moswavleebi, romelTa mSoblebic CarTulebi arian

saswavlo procesSi, ufro maRali akademiuri miRweviT xasiaTdebian, vidre

isini, visi mSoblebic am kuTxiT interess ar iCenen (Jeynes, 2005). agreTve,

bavSvebi, romlebic saSinao davalebebsa da sakiTxav masalas mSoblebTan, an

mzrunvelebTan erTad ganixilaven, ufro maRal Sedegebs aCveneben, vidre

isini, vinc amas moklebulia (Mullis, Martin, Gonzalez, & Kennedy, 2003).

114

faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens

moswavleTa wignierebaze

saskolo resursebi kiTxvis

swavlebis xelSesawyobad

miuxedavad imisa, rom ojaxuri garemo kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebis

erT-erT mniSvnelovan xelSemwyob faqtors warmoadgens, bavSvebis

umetesobisTvis skola formaluri swavlisa da ganaTlebis miRebis mTavar

adgilad rCeba. wignierebis ganviTarebaze, pirdapir Tu iribad, skolis

mravali faqtori axdens gavlenas. Sesabamisad, wignierebis kvlevaSi

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba maT Seswavlas. es faqtorebia:

− skolis mdebareoba;

− skolis roli kiTxvis swavlebis gegmis SemuSavebaSi;

− kiTxvisaTvis gankuTvnili saswavlo dro;

warmatebul skolebs ukeTesi resursebi aqvT da iq kargi

socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone bavSvebi swavloben. PIRLS

2011-is mixedviT, rac ufro naklebi moswavlea skolaSi ekonomikurad

xelmokle ojaxidan, miT ufro maRalia moswavleTa miRwevebi. es

tendencia vlindeba saqarTveloSic. rac ufro meti resursi aqvs

skolas, miT ufro maRalia moswavleebis miRwevis done. amasTan,

urbanizebul dasaxlebul punqtebSi moswavleTa miRwevebi ufro

maRalia.

moswavleebs, romelTac skolaSi Sesvlisas ganviTarebuli aqvT

kiTxvis elementaruli unarebi, PIRLS 2011-is mixedviT aqvT miRwevis

ufro maRali maCvenebeli.

115

− kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis skolis mier SerCeuli

daZlevis gzebi da saSualebebi;

− maswavlebelTa momzadeba kiTxvis swavlebisaTvis;

− kiTxvis swavlebisaTvis sxvadasxva masalisa da resursis

gamoyenebis xarisxi;

− kiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebisaTvis dagegmili saklaso da

klasgareSe aqtivobebis mravalferovneba;

− maswavleblebis mier SemuSavebuli kiTxvis unaris Sefasebis

kriteriumebi;

− saskolo garemo da skolis resursebi;

− skolisa da ojaxis TanamSromlobis xarisxi.

Zlieri ekonomikuri garemos arseboba didi albaTobiT uwyobs xels

sazogadoebaSi wignierebisa da akademiuri miRwevis mniSvnelobis zrdas.

ekonomikuri siduxWiris pirobebSi skolebs uWirT swavlisTvis

xelSemwyobi garemos Seqmna. kvlevebma daadastura, rom rac ufro meti

resursi aqvs skolas, miT ufro maRalia moswavleebis miRwevis done.

TumcaRa, saskolo resursebsa da moswavleTa miRwevas Soris arsebuli

kavSiri kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa. magaliTad, skolis adgilmdebareobam

SeiZleba gansazRvros is, Tu rogori ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone

bavSvebi iswavlian iq, agreTve, imoqmedos mniSvnelovani damatebiTi

resursebis xelmisawvdomobaze (mag. muzeumebi, biblioTekebi da a.S).

warmatebul skolebs ukeTesi resursebi aqvT da iq kargi socialur-

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone bavSvebi swavloben.

kvlevaSi monawile zogierT qveyanaSi qalaqSi mdebare skolebs ufro

met resursze (muzeumebi, biblioTekebi, wignis maRaziebi) miuwvdebaT xeli,

vidre – sofelSi. TumcaRa, arsebobs qveynebi, sadac qalaqis bevri skola

Zalian Rarib ubanSia ganTavsebuli (Darling-Hammond, 1996; Erberber, 2009;

Howie, 2007; Trong, 2009; vanDiepen, Verhoeven & Aarnoutse, 2008). xSir SemTxvevaSi

116

bavSvebi Raribi ojaxebidan aseT skolebSi dadian, ris Sedegadac siRaribis

gavlena miRwevaze (kiTxvaSi) kidev ufro matulobs.

skolis mdebareoba. PIRLS 2011 – is mixedviT, skolis adgilmdebareoba

mniSvnelovani faqtori aRmoCnda moswavleTa miRwevebis Sefasebisas. imis

dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad urbanizebul dasaxlebul punqtSi mdebareobda

skola, informacia skolis direqtorebis kiTxvarebis saSualebiT

Segrovda. saerTaSoriso monacemebis mixedviT, meoTxeklaselebis

saSualod 31% dadis iseT qalaqSi mdebare skolebSi, romelTa mosaxleoba

100 000-s aWarbebs, 27% swavlobs qalaqSi, sadac 15 000-dan 100 000-mde

adamiani cxovrobs, xolo 43% _ iq, sadac mosaxleobis raodenoba 15 000-s

ar aWarbebs. maTi miRwevis saSualo maCveneblebi PIRLS skalaze Sesabamisad

aris: 525, 512 da 500. anu tendencia aseTia: rac ufro didia mosaxleobis

raodenoba dasaxlebul punqtSi, romelSic skola mdebareobs, miT ukeTesi

Sedegebi aqvT am skolis moswavleebs. es tendencia SenarCunebulia

saqarTveloSic. ix. cxrili # 12.1.

cxrili N 12.1 _ urbanuli faqtoris moswavleTa miRwevebTan mimarTeba.

mosaxleoba

100 000-ze meti 15 001-dan 100 000-mde 15 000 an naklebi

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

saqarTvelo 37% 508 (4,9) 17% 491 (5,8) 46% 470 (4,4)

saerT. saS. 31% 525 (1) 27% 512 (0,9) 43% 500 (0,9)

() standartuli Secdoma

amasTan, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs gamonaklisebic.

zogierT qveyanaSi miRwevis yvelaze maRali done saSualo zomis qalaqebSi

mdebare skolebis moswavleebma aCvenes, xolo zogierTSi – patara

qalaqebSi an soflebSi mcxovrebma bavSvebma.

moswavleTa maxasiaTeblebi. kvlevebma daadastura, rom bavSvebis

miRwevaze gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos skolis moswavleTa

maxasiaTeblebmac (Colman, et al., 1966). aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom bavSvebs

xelmokle ojaxebidan ufro maRali Sedegebi aqvT maSin, roca maT skolaSi

umetesad xelsayreli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone bavSvebi swavloben.

117

PIRLS 2011-Si moswavleTa socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

informacia direqtorebis kiTxvarebis saSualebiT Segrovda. kvlevaSi

monawile moswavleTa 35% iseT skolaSi dadis, romelSic, ZiriTadad,

SedarebiT SeZlebuli, maRali ekonomikuri statusis mqone bavSvebi

swavloben, maTi miRwevis saSualo maCvenebeli PIRLS skalaze 530-ia. 30% ki

swavlobs skolaSi, romelSic Warboben bavSvebi xelmokle ojaxebidan; maTi

Sedegi SedarebiT mokrZalebulia (miRwevis saSualo maCvenebeli _ 490).

PIRLS 2011-is Sedegebi adasturebs, rom rac ufro naklebi moswavlea

skolaSi ekonomikurad xelmokle ojaxidan, miT ufro maRalia moswavleTa

miRwevebi. es tendencia vlindeba saqarTveloSic (ix. cxrili #12.2).

cxrili #12.2 _ urbanuli faqtoris moswavleTa miRwevebTan mimarTeba.

SedarebiT SeZlebuli SeZlebuli 25%-ze

meti xelmokle 25%-ze

naklebi

Tanabari raodenoba SedarebiT xelmokle

SeZlebuli 25%-ze naklebi xelmokle 25%-ze meti

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

saqarTvelo 16% 496 (8,8) 41% 494 (5,9) 43% 480 (4,5) saerT. saS. 35% 530 (0,9) 35% 515 (0,8) 30% 490 (1)

() standartuli Secdoma

moswavleTa mzaoba. PIRLS 2011-is Sedegebis mixedviT, moswavleebi,

romlebic skolaSi swavlas kiTxvis unaris maRali doniT iwyeben,

SemdgomSic inarCuneben am upiratesobas. am mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT kvlevaSi informacia direqtorebis kiTxvarebis saSualebiT

Segrovda. maT sTxovs, aRniSnon, Tu moswavleTa ramden procents aqvs ukve

ganviTarebuli skolaSi Sesvlisas kiTxvis Semdegi unarebi: cnobs asoebis

umravlesobas, kiTxulobs zogierT sityvas, kiTxulobs winadadebebs, wers

asoebs, wers zogierT sityvas.

PIRLS 2011-is Sedegebis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso doneze,

meoTxeklaselTa saSualod 20% swavlobda iseT skolaSi, sadac bavSvebis

umetesoba swavlas garkveul doneze ganviTarebuli kiTxvis unarebiT

iwyebda. miRwevis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli (516) swored am moswavleebs

118

hqondaT. yvelaze dabali saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli ki im

bavSvebTan dafiqsirda, romelTa skolaSic kiTxvis unarebi bavSvebs

skolaSi Sesvlamde ganviTarebuli ar hqondaT (aseTi moswavleebis

raodenoba 25%-ze naklebia, maTi Sedegi _ 500). saerTod, kvlevis monawile

qveynebs Soris mravlferovani Sedegebi dafiqsirda, TumcaRa, zogadi

tendenciebis mixedviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rac ufro naklebad aqvT

moswavleebs skolaSi Sesvlisas kiTxvis unarebi ganviTarebuli, miT ufro

dabalia maTi miRwevis maCvenebeli (ix. cxrili #12.3).

cxrili #12.3 _ kiTxvis unarebi skolaSi Sesvlisas da moswavleTa miRwevebi

75% da meti skolaSi Sesvla garkveul doneze ganviTarebuli

kiTxvis unarebiT

51-75% skolaSi Sesvla garkveul doneze ganviTarebuli

kiTxvis unarebiT

25-50% skolaSi Sesvla garkveul doneze ganviTarebuli

kiTxvis unarebiT

25%-naklebi skolaSi Sesvla garkveul doneze ganviTarebuli

kiTxvis unarebiT

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saqarTvelo 16% 491 (8,6) 5% 475 (13.2) 19% 480(6,5) 60% 490(4.1) saerT. saS. 20% 516 (1,3) 18% 511 (1,2) 22% 512 (1,1) 40% 500(0.8)

() standartuli Secdoma

saskolo resursebi _ skolebSi arsebuli pirobebi, wignebi da

teqnologiebi. saskolo resursebis raodenoba da xarisxi swavlebis

maRali donis ganmsazRvreli elementebia (Greenwald, Hedges & Laine, 1996; Lee

& Barro, 2001). resursebSi igulisxmeba rogorc kargad momzadebuli

maswavleblebi, ise adekvaturi sivrce saklaso oTaxebSi. aseve, wignierebis

xelSemwob mniSvnelovan faqtors biblioTekebi warmoadgens. kiTxvis

swavlebaSi didi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZliaT fsiqologebsa da kiTxvis

specialistebs.

skolis resursebi. mravalma kvlevam daadastura, rom rac ufro meti

resursi aqvs skolas, miT ufro maRalia moswavleebis miRwevis done.

TumcaRa, resursebsa da miRwevas Soris arsebuli kavSiri kompleqsuri

xasiaTisaa. pirvel rigSi, skolis adgilmdebareobam SeiZleba gansazRvros

is, Tu rogori ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone bavSvebi iswavlian iq.

119

agreTve, saskolo sistemidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba skolas bevri resursi

miewodebodes sxvadasxva aRWurvilobis, maswavlebelTa xelfasebisa da

saswavlo masalebis saxiT. am yvelafridan gamomdinareobs is, rom

warmatebul skolebs ukeTesi resursebi aqvT da iq kargi socialur-

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone bavSvebi swavloben.

skolis resursebSi moiazreba aucilebeli masalebi, maragebi, gaTboba,

kondicireba, ganaTeba, Senoba, sivrce, TanamSromlebi da kompiuterebi.

amasTan, kiTxvis swavlebisTvis mniSvnelovani resursebia: specializebuli

maswavleblebi, kompiuteruli programebi, wignebi, audio-vizualuri

resursebi. PIRLS 2011-Si saskolo resursebis Sesaxeb informacias

direqtorebisgan iRebdnen. saskolo resursebis misawvdomobis maRali

indeqsi (saTanado saswavlo masalebi, saskolo pirobebi da sivrce,

kompiuterebi da kompiuteruli programebi, biblioTeka, audio-vizualuri

resursebi) mniSvnelovan kavSirSia kiTxvaSi saSualo donis miRwevebTan.

saerTaSoriso saSualo monacemebis mixedviT, moswavleTa 24% kargad

aRWurvil skolaSi swavlobs. aseTi skolebis moswavleebs miRwevis yvelaze

maRali saSualo maCvenebeli daufiqsirdaT (523). 45 quliT dabali Sedegi

(478) aqvT moswavleebs (5%), romelTa skolebSic resursebis Zlier

naklebobas ganicdian.

skolis biblioTeka. biblioTekebi maswavleblebs mravalferovani

resursis gamoyenebisa da swavlebis meTodebis gaumjobesebis saSualebas

aZlevs. moswavleebs ki uqmnis SesaZleblobas, TviTon airCion wigni,

rogorc swavlisTvis, ise, ubralod, siamovnebis misaRebad. inglisSi

Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT (Clark, 2010), moswavleebi, romlebic

biblioTekiT sargebloben, ufro kargad kiTxuloben, kiTxviT siamovnebas

iReben da moswonT es aqtivoba.

saerTaSoriso saSualo monacemebis mixedviT, moswavleTa 28%-is

skolaSi kargad aRWurvili (5000-ze meti wigniT) biblioTeka funqcionirebs.

maT ajobes im meoTxeklaselebs (40%), romelTa skolebsac saSualo zomis

biblioTeka hqonda (501-5000 wigni) da maT, vis skolaSic patara bilioTeka

(500, an naklebi wigni) iyo xelmisawvdomi. am moswavleebis miRwevis

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saSualo maCveneblebia 525, 513 da 500-ia Sesabamisad. yvelaze dabali qula,

498, biblioTekis armqone skolis moswavleebma miiRes. saqarTveloSi

skolaTa raodenobis mxolod 2%-Si ar aris biblioTeka. amasTan,

moswavleebs, romlebic swavloben skolebSi, sadac skolis biblioTekaSi

5000 dasaxelebis wignze meti an 501-5000 dasaxelebis wignia, erTnaiari

miRwevebi aqvT. ix. cxrili #12.4.

cxrili #12.4 _ skolis biblioTeka da moswavleTa miRwevebi

5000 dasaxelebis wignze meti

501 _ 5000 dasaxelebis

wigni

500 dasaxelebis wignze

naklebi

ar aris skolis biblioTeka

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saqarTvelo 35% 488 (8,6) 49% 488 (5,9) 13% 479(6,8) 2% ~ ~ saerT. saS. 28% 525 (1,4) 40% 513 (1,1) 18% 500 (1,3) 14% 498 (1,8)

() standartuli Secdoma

kompiuterebi skolaSi. eleqtronuli testebisa da sxva teqnologiebis

gamoyeneba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebaSi

(Kamil,Intrator, Kim, 2000). bevr qveyanaSi, skolebSi kompiuterebi farTodaa

gavrcelebuli da internetis xelmisawvdomobac nel-nela izrdeba. iqidan

gamomdinare, rom internetis saSualebiT mravali sakiTxavi masala gaxda

xelmisawvdomi, kompiuteris swavlebis mizniT gamoyenebam, SeiZleba

teqnologiebi skolis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes resursad aqcios.

PIRLS 2011-is saerTaSoriso saSualo monacemebiT, is moswavleebi,

romlebic skolaSi kiTxvis swavlisas kompiuters iyeneben, bevrad sjobnian

maT, visac xeli ar miuwvdeba kompiuterebze. saerTaSoriso monacemebis

mixedviT, moswavleebi, romlebic skolaSi kiTxvis swavlisas kompiuters

iyeneben, saSualod iReben 513-517 qulas, xolo moswavleebi, romelTaTvisac

xelmisawvdomi ar aris kompiuteri, saSualod 488 qulas iReben.

saqarTveloSi moswavleTa mxolo 2% swavlobs skolebSi, sadac

moswavleTaTvis kompiuteri xelmisawvdomi ar aris, monacemTa

arasakmarisobis gamo, maRali sizustiT maTi saSualo miRwevebis Sefaseba

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ver xerxdeba. yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli ki aqvT im moswavleebs,

romlebic swavloben skolebSi, sadac 6-sa da met moswavleze 1 kompiuteri

modis (ix. cxrili #12.5.).

cxrili #12.5 _ kompiuterebis raodenoba skolaSi da moswavleTa miRwevebi

1 kompiuteri 1-2 moswavleze

1 kompiuteri 3-5 moswavleze

1 kompiuteri 6-sa da met moswavleze

ar aris xelmisawvdomi

kompiuteri

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saqarTvelo 64% 478 (3,6) 25% 496 (8,5) 9% 521(7,7) 2% ~ ~ saerTaSoriso saSualo

41% 513 (1,0) 29% 517 (0,9) 23% 517 (1,3) 7% 488 (2,5)

() standartuli Secdoma

skolaSi kompiuterebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba qarTveli

moswavleebis 98%-s aqvs. 2006 welTan SedarebiT es monacemi mniSvnelovnad

gaizarda, 2006 wels moswavleTa mxolod 10%-saTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi.

kompiuteris xelmisawvdomobasa da kiTxvaSi saSualo miRwevas Soris

urTierTkavSiris interpretireba sakmaod rTulia, radgan is mWidro

kavSirSia socialur-ekonomikur donesa da swavlebis praqtikasTan.

TumcaRa, arsebuli monacemebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom meoTxe

klasis moswavleebi, romelTac swavlis procesSi kompiuterze xeli

miuwvdebaT, miRwevis ufro maRali doniT xasiaTdebian. Tumca, aris

gamonaklisebi, kvlevaSi monawile zogierT qveyanaSi moswavleTa

miRwevebsa da skolaSi kompiuterebis raodenobasa da xelmisawvdomobas

Soris kavSiri ar fiqsirdeba, metic, zogjer rac naklebi kompiuteria

skolaSi, miT ukeTesi Sedegebi aqvT moswavleebs. saqarTveloSi

kompiuteris ufro meti raodenoba erT moswavleze ar aisaxeba moswavleTa

miRwevebze.

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faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens

moswavleTa wignierebaze

skolis klimati

akademiuri warmatebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba.

kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom dadebiTma saskolo garemom da akademiur miRwevaze

yuradRebis gamaxvilebam SeiZleba socialur-ekonomikuri problemebic ki

dajabnos (McGuigan & Hoy, 2006). PIRLS 2011-Si akademiur warmatebaze

yuradRebis gamaxvileba ramdenime maxasiaTebliT Sefasda:

− maswavleblis mier saskolo miznebis gaazreba;

− maswavleblis mier skolis saswavlo gegmis ganxorcieleba;

miRwevis maRali doniT gamorCeuli bavSvebi tipurad iseT skolebSi

swavloben, romlebSic did mniSvnelobas aniWeben akademiur warmatebas,

saswavlo gegmis zust miznebs, efeqtur maswavleblebs, moswavleebis

survils, iswavlon kargad da mSoblebis mxardaWeras. amis sawinaaRmdegod,

disciplinisa da usafrTxoebis problemebi miRwevis maRali donis

formirebas xels ar uwyobs. pozitiuri garemos mqone skolas aqvs zustad

gansazRvruli akademiuri programa, hyavs moswavleTa mimarT dadebiTi

damokidebulebis mqone TanamSრomlebi, maswavleblebi, romlebic mudmivad

zrunaven TviTganviTarebaze. pozitiur saskolo garemos aZlierebs

maswavlebelTa urTierTTanamSromloba. stabiluri saswavlo garemos

uzrunvelyofisTvis mniSvnelovania, moswavleebi da maswavleblebi

daculad da usafrTxod grZnobdnen Tavs.

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− maswavlebelTa molodini moswavleTa miRwevebTan

dakavSirebiT;

− mSobelTa mxardaWera moswavleTa miRwevebis gasaumjobeseblad;

− moswavleTa survili, gaaumjobeson TavianTi akademiuri

moswreba.

akademiuri miRwevebis mniSvneloba skolisaTvis PIRLS 2011-Si Sefasda

direqtorebisa da maswavleblebisagan miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze.

direqtorebis angariSis mixedviT, kvlevaSi monawile moswavleTa 9%

swavlobs skolaSi, sadac akademiur warmatebas Zalian didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba, meoTxeklaselTa 59% swavlobs skolaSi, sadac akademiur

miRwevebze mniSvnelovani yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli, xolo 32% _ skolaSi,

sadac akademiur miRwevebze SedarebiT naklebi aqcentia (akademiur

miRwevebze orientaciis skalaze ar aris dabali maCvenebeli, radgan

SeuZlebelia, skolis miznebidan da funqciebidan gamomdinare, moswavleTa

akademiur miRwevebze yuradReba ar an mcired iyos gamaxvilebuli.

Sesabamisad, Sefaseba xdeba skalaze _ Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba,

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba da saSualo mniSvneloba eniWeba). am kategoriebis

mixedviT moswavleebis miRwevis saSualo maCveneblebi PIRLS skalaze aris -

527, 517 da 497, Sesabamisad. maswavleblebis monacemebis SemTxvevaSic msgavsi

Sedegebi dafiqsirda: moswavleTa 9% swavlobs skolaSi, romlebSic

akademiur warmatebas Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWeben, 60%-is skolaSi –

did mniSvnelobas, xolo 31%-is SemTxvevaSi – saSualo mniSvnelobas.

saqarTveloSi moswavleTa 1% swavlobs skolaSi, sadac akademiur

miRwevebze gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba (ix. cxrili #10.3.2.1).

moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT warmatebul qveynebSi _ Crdilo irlandia,

irlandia, inglisi, axal zelandia da aSS _ saSualod kvlevaSi monawile

moswavleTa 24-33% swavlobs skolebSi, sadac akademiur miRwevebze

gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba. saerTaSoriso saSualo maCveneblebis

mimarTeba akademiur miRwevebTan asaxavs am cvladebs Soris kavSirs (ix.

cxrili #13.1). aris gamonaklisebic: maRali miRwevebis mqone qveynebs _

honkongs, germanias, ungreTs, CexeTis respublikas _ aqvT daaxloebiT

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iseTi Sedegi, akademiuri warmatebisTvis didi mniSvnelobis miniWebis

TvalsazrisiT, rogoric saqarTvelos.

cxrili #13.1 _ skolis mier akademiuri warmatebisTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebis

skala (direqtorebis monacemebi)

Zalian maRali maRali saSualo

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

saqarTvelo 1% - 47% 513 (4,4) 52% 500(7,7) saerTaSoriso saSualo

9% 527(1,9) 59% 517 (0,6) 32% 497 (1,3)

() standartuli Secdoma

dro, romelsac direqtorebi liderul aqtivobebze xarjaven.

mniSvnelovania, rom skolis direqtori lideris rols efeqturad

asrulebdes, ramac SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos dadebiTi klimatis

Camoyalibebasa da moswavleTa miRwevis zrdas. mravali saerTaSoriso

kvlevis meta-analizis monacemebis mixedviT, `skolis misiis gansazRvrasa da

miwodebas” uzarmazari da pirdapiri gavlena aqvs moswavleTa miRwevebze

(Witzers, Bosker & Kruger, 2003). meta-analiziT dadginda, rom misias Zalian

didi mniSvneloba aqvs maswavleblis ganviTarebisa da miznebis

dasaxvisTvis (Robinson, Lloyd & Rowe, 2008). ganaTlebis sferoSi liderobis

cnobili Teoriebis mixedviT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba lideris mier

molodinebis winaswar gacxadebas, maswavlebelTa ganviTarebis

xelSewyobasa da saswavlo gegmis miznebis dagegmvisa da danergvisTvis

saWiro resursebis identificirebasa da moZiebas. mniSvnelovania, rom

direqtori mudmivad afasebdes, Tu ramdenad warmatebiT mimdinareobs

skolis miznebis ganxorcieleba. agreTve, direqtori, rogorc lideri,

mudmivad misawvdomi unda iyos TanamSromlebisTvis da daxmarebas unda

uwevdes maT yoveldRiur aqtivobebSi.

saerTaSoriso monacemebis mixedviT, kvlevaSi monawile moswavleTa

68%-s hyavs skolis direqtori, romelic did dros uTmobs mowesrigebuli

saskolo garemos SenarCunebas, 59%-s hyavs direqtori, romelic axerxebs

skolis saganmanaTleblo xedvisa da misiis sxvebisTvis gacnobasa da

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skolis saswavlo gegmis ganviTarebas. SekiTxvebi Seexeboda, aseve,

maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis monitoringsa da maTTan urTierTobas,

saganmanaTleblo proeqtebis wamowyebasa da sakuTari profesiuli

ganviTarebisaTvis zrunvas. Sedegebi warmodgenilia cxrilSi #13.2.

cxrili #13.2 _ skolis direqtori da moswavleTa miRwevebi

moswavleTa procentuli raodenoba, romelTa direqtorebic `did dros xarjaven~ liderul aqtivobebze

aqtivobebi saqarTvelo

saerTaSoriso saSualo

skolis saganmanaTleblo miznebisa da xedvis Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba 42% (4,8) 59% (0,6)

skolis saswavlo programisa da saganmanaTleblo miznebis SemuSaveba 36% (4,5) 59% (0,5)

maswavleblebis mier swavlebis procesSi skolis saswavlo gegmis ganxorcielebis monitoringi 39% (4,0) 48% (0,5)

moswavleTa swavlis mimdinareobis monitoringi saswavlo miznebis miRwevis meTvalyureobis mizniT 55% (3,7) 55% (0,5)

mowesrigebuli garemos SenarCuneba skolebSi 72% (3,9) 68% (0,5) moswavleTa xelisSemSlel qcevaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba 51% (4,2) 44% (0,5)

rCevebis micema maswavleblebisaTvis, romlebsac swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi aqvT 19% (3,5) 35% (0,5)

saganmanaTleblo proeqtebis dawyeba 20% (3,3) 41% (0,6) skolis direqtorebisaTvis gankuTvnili profesiuli ganviTarebis RonisZiebebSi monawileoba 27% (3,5) 38% (0,5)

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, direqtorebi yvelaze did dros skolebSi

mowesrigebuli garemos SenarCunebas uTmoben. es tendencia ikveTeba

kvlevaSi monawile qveynebis umetesobaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic.

yvelaze didi sxvaoba saqarTvelosa da saerTaSoriso saSualo monacemebs

Soris aris or punqtSi: skolis saswavlo programisa da saganmanaTleblo

miznebis SemuSaveba (saerTaSoriso saSualo 48%, saqarTvelo 39%) da

saganmanaTleblo proeqtebis dawyeba (saerTaSoriso saSualo 41%,

saqarTvelo 20%).

usafrTxo da mowesrigebuli skola. disciplinisa da usafrTxoebis

problemebi xels uSlis miRwevis maRali donis formirebas. daculobis

SegrZneba iseT skolaSi swavlis Sedegad Cndeba, romelSic Zalian cota

qceviTi da usafrTxoebis problemaa da, Sesabamisad, stabiluri saswavlo

126

garemoa. imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad zemoqmedebs usafrTxoebis gancda

kiTxvaSi miRwevaze, PIRLS 2011-is farglebSi usafrTxo da mowesrigebuli

skolis skala Seiqmna. informacia skolis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb kvlevaSi

CarTuli maswavleblebisagan Segrovda.

maswavleblebis Sefaseba. PIRLS 2011-is Sedegebis mixedviT, rac ufro

metadaa skolaSi usafrTxoeba da disciplina daculi, miT ufro maRalia

moswavleTa miRwevebi11. qarTveli maswavleblebis umravlesobis azriT,

saskolo garemo usafrTxo da mowesrigebulia. skolis usafrTxoebis

xarisxis mixedviT, kvlevaSi monawile qveynebs Soris saqarTvelo me-5

adgilzea (indoneziis, Crdilo irlandiis, azerbaijanisa da israelis

Semdeg). saerTaSoriso saSualo monacemebis mixedviT, kvlevaSi monawile

moswavleTa naxevarze meti (55%) usafrTxo da mowesrigebul skolaSi

swavlobda, xolo 41% _ ramdenadme usafrTxo da mowesrigebul skolaSi.

moswavleTa mxolod 4%-is maswavleblebma aRniSnes, rom maT skolaSi

usafrTxoeba da disciplina daculi ar aris.

saskolo disciplina da usafrTxoeba. PIRLS 2006-Si direqtoris mier

skolis usafrTxoebis dadebiTad Sefasebasa da kiTxvaSi moswavleTa

miRwevis saSualo maCvenebels Soris pozitiuri kavSiri dafiqsirda. msgavsi

tendenciaa SenarCunebuli 2011 welsac.

direqtorebis Sefaseba. PIRLS 2011-Si direqtorebi saskolo

disciplinisa da usafrTxoebis skalaze aTi gansxvavebuli problemis

Sesaxeb iZleodnen pasuxs. saerTaSoriso monacemebis mixedviT, moswavleTa

naxevarze meti (58%) swavlobs iseT skolaSi, romelSic direqtoris

SefasebiT usafrTxoebis problema TiTqmis ar aris. isini 15 quliT

(miRwevis saSualo maCvenebeli _ 519) uswreben meoTxeklaselebs, vis

skolaSic mcire raodenobis problema SeiniSneba (31%, miRwevis saSualo

maCvenebeli _ 504). yvelaze dabali qula, 476, darCenilma 11%-ma miiRo. maT

11 aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebi, romlebic xSirad acdenen skolas, miRwevis dabali doniT

xasiaTdebian (Mullis, Martin, Kennedy & FOy, 2007); maswavleblis aryofnac Zlier gavlenas axdens moswavlis Sedegebze (Abadzi, 2007; Clotfelter, Ladd, &Vigdor, 2007a; Murnane, & Willett, 2007). mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens maswavleblebis mier skolis saswavlo wlis dasrulebamde datovebac.

127

skolaSi zomieri raodenobis problemebi dafiqsirda. im moswavleTa

procentuli raodnobiT, romlebic swavloben usafrTxo da mowesrigebul

garemoSi, lideroben: honkongi, Crdilo irlandia da irlandia.

saqarTvelo reitingul siaSi me-4 adgilzea, Tumca saqarTveloSi am

qveynebTan SedarebiT ufro maRalia im skolaTa procentuli raodenoba,

sadac ar aris usafrTxo da mowesrigebuli garemo (saqarTvelo _ 6%;

honkongi, Crdilo irlandia, irlandia, litva, taivani _ 0%).

PPIRLS 2006-sa da 2011 wlebSi usafrTxoebis maCvenebeli saqarTvelos

skolebSi mkveTrad aRemateba saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebels. PIRLS

2006 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos moswavleTa SefasebiT skolis

usafrTxoebis erT-erTi yvelaze maRali indeqsi hqonda. mas am monacemebiT

mxolod norvegia, SvedeTi da dania uswrebdnen. saqarTveloSi mxolod

moswavleTa 1% miiCnevda, rom skola, sadac is swavlobs, ar aris

usafrTxo. direqtorTa SefasebiT, moswavleTa 73% procenti swavlobda

maRali usafrToebis indeqsis skolaSi (saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli

60%) da 7% usafrTxoebis dabali indeqsis skolaSi (saerTaSoriso saSualo

maCvenebeli 7%)12.

cxrili #13.3 _ skolis direqtori da moswavleTa miRwevebi

usafrTxo da mowesrigebuli

nawilobriv usafrTxo da

mowesrigebuli

ar aris usafrTxo da mowesrigebuli

procentuli maCvenebeli

saSualo miRweva

procentuli maCvenebeli

saSualo miRweva

procentuli maCvenebeli

saSualo miRweva

2006 saqarTvelo 73% 469 20% 481 7% 472

saerT. saS. 60% 503 32% 495 7% 442

2011 saqarTvelo 79% 489 19% 482 1% ~ ~

saerT. saS. 55% 518 41% 505 4% 486

* 2006 weli – direqtorebis monacemebi, 2011 – maswavleblebis monacemebi.

12 PIRLS 2006-is kvleviT gamovlenili problemebisa da saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT

SeiZleba eWvqveS davayenoT saqarTvelos skolebisTvis usafrTxo skolis egidiT gaRebuli investiciebis prioritetuloba da, Sesabamisad, mizanSewoniloba (mandaturebi skolaSi). 2006 wlis kvlevam gamoavlina ufro prioritetuli saWiroebebi (mag., soflis skolebis xelSewyoba). Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom skolaTa procentuli maCvenebeli, sadac usafrTxo da mowesrigebuli garemoa, PIRLS 2011 wlis monacemebiT gaizarda. calke sakiTxia, ramdenad aris es tendencia mandaturis institutis SemotaniT ganpirobebuli.

128

moswavleTa abuCad agdeba (bulingi). zogadad, abuCad agdeba

gulisxmobs agresiul an negatiur qcevas fizikurad an fsiqologiurad

naklebad Zlieri adamianis mimarT (Caroll-Lind, 2009). sul ufro meti monacemi

arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, rom abuCad agdeba skolebSi sakmaod gaxSirebulia,

rac uaryofiT gavlenas axdens moswavleTa miRwevebze. PIRLS 2011-is

monawile qveynebSi msgavsi informaciis mosapoveblad moswavleTa abuCad

agdebis skala Seiqmna.

saerTaSoriso monacemebis mixedviT, meoTxeklaselTa 47% miuTiTebs,

rom TiTqmis arasdros hqonia abuCad agdebis SemTxveva. maT 10 quliT

ajobes (saSualo miRweva _ 523; 513) moswavleebs, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom

TiTqmis yovel TveSi iCagrebian (33%). yvelaze dabali Sedegi (saSualo

miRweva _ 489) xSirad (yovel kviraSi) daCagrulma moswavleebma aCvenes.

qarTveli moswavleebis 66% miuTiTebs, rom TiTqmis arasodes an arasodes

yofila skolaSi abuCad agdebis obieqti. am monacemiT saqarTvelo

reitinguli siis saTaveSia (mxolod SvedeTsa da Aazerbaijans aqvs ukeTesi

Sedegi; aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom azerbaijanis es Sedegi garkveulwilad

ewinaaRmdegeba skolis usafrTxoebis komponentSi missave Sedegs, romlis

mixedviTac moswavleTa 30% swavlobs iseT garemoSi, romelic ar aris

usafrTxo).

cxrili #13.4 asaxavs moswavleTa abuCad agdebis sixSiresa da

moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris kavSirs. cxrilidan naTlad Cans, rom

moswavleTa abuCad agdebis sixSire kavSirSia moswavleTa dabal

miRwevebTan.

cxrili #13.4 _ moswavleTa abuCad agdeba da moswavleTa miRwevebi

TiTqmis arasodes daaxloebiT TveSi

erTxel daaxloebiT kviraSi

erTxel

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo skal. qula

saqarTvelo 66% 502 (2,7) 23% 486 (4,1) 11% 441(6,1) saerTaSoriso saSualo

47% 523(0,5) 33% 513 (0,5) 20% 489 (0,7)

129

faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens

moswavleTa wignierebaze

maswavlebeli

maswavleblis ganaTleba da ganviTareba. bevri dawerila imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ra ganapirobebs maswavleblis moRvaweobis efeqturobas. erT-erT

ganmsazRvrel faqtors misi ganaTlebisa da gavlili treningebis buneba,

raodenoba da Sinaarsi warmoadgens (Darling-Hammond, 2000). 21-e saukuneSi

gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba pedagogiur ganaTlebas,

moswavleTa asakobrivi da kognituri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis, aseve,

sainformacio teqnologiebis codnas (Darling-Hammond, 2006; Ertmer, 2003).

maswavleblis profesia moiTxovs mudmiv ganviTarebasa da codnis

ganaxlebas mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. profesiuli ganviTareba seminarebis,

konferenciebisa da profesiuli Jurnalebis saSualebiT, maswavleblebs

kiTxvis swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis gamdidrebaSi exmareba (Scanlon, Gelzheiser,

maswavlebelTa samuSao staJi da samuSao pirobebi sayuradRebo

faqtori aRmoCnda moswavleTa miRwevebis analizisas. moswavleTa

miRwevebi pedagogis staJis proporciulad izrdeba; im moswavleebma,

romelTa maswavleblebsac TiTqmis ar hqondaT samuSao pirobebTan

dakavSirebuli problemebi, yvelze maRali Sedegebi aCvenes; Tumca es

tendenciebi ar ikveTeba saqarTveloSi.

miuxedavad dabali socio-ekonomikuri statusisa, PIRLS 2011-is

monacenebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi moswavleTa 79%-is maswavlebeli

kmayofilia profesiiT.

130

Vellutino, Schatschneider & Sweeney, 2008; Yoon, Duncan, Lee, Scarloss & Shapley, 2007).

kvlevaSi monawile zogierT qveyanaSi maswavleblebi valdebulni arian,

monawileoba miiRon profesiuli ganviTarebis aqtivobebSi.

kvlevebma aCvena, rom maswavleblis iseTi maxasiaTeblebi,

rogorebicaa: gavlili treningebi, sertificireba, gamocdileba da

swavlebis mimarT damokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT did rols asrulebs

moswavlis warmatebaSi (Clotfelter, Ladd & Vigdor, 2007b; Croninger, Rice, Rathbun &

Nishio, 2007; Palardy & Rumberger, 2008).

PIRLS 2011-Si im faqtorebis kvlevisas, romlebic gavlenas axdens

moswavleTa wignierebaze, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva

maswavleblebis kvalifikacias, swavlebis meTodologias, kiTxvis unaris

gaumjobesebisaTvis dagegmil saklaso da klasgareSe aqtivobebs.

saqarTvelos Sedegebi aseTia: qarTvel moswavleTa 96%-s umaRlesi

saswavleblis diplomis mqone maswavlebeli aswavlis; qarTvel

moswavleTa 42%-s hyavs maswavlebeli, romelmac bolo ori wlis

ganmavlobaSi kiTxvis sferoSi profesiul ganviTarebas 16 saaTze meti dro

dauTmo. es Sedegi mniSvnelovnad aRemateba saerTaSoriso saSualo

monacems (24%).

kvlevis farglebSi Segrovda informacia treningis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.

kerZod, sami sferodan – ena, pedagogika/kiTxvis swavleba da kiTxvis

Teoriebi _ romelze/romlebze keTdeboda aqcenti maswavleblis

ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebisas. cxrilSi #14.1 warmodgenilia

maswavleblebis mier romelime sferoSi kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mimarTeba

moswavleTa miRwevebTan. N

131

cxrili #14.1 _ maswavleblis mier gavlili treningis Sinaarsi (sfero) da

moswavleTa miRwevebi

ena pedagogika/kiTxvis

swavleba kiTxvis Teoriebi

raod. saSualo miRweva

raod. saSualo miRweva

raod. saSualo miRweva

aqcen

ti

gak

eTda

aqcen

ti

gak

eTda

aqcen

i ar

gak

eTeb

ul

a

aqcen

ti

gak

eTda

aqcen

ti

gak

eTda

aqcen

ti

ar

gak

eTeb

ul

a

aqcen

ti

gak

eTda

aqcen

ti

gak

eTda

qcen

ti

ar

gak

eTeb

ul

a

saqarTvelo 92% 488 491 88% 485 511 53% 482 496 saerTaSoriso saSualo 72 % 513 510 62% 513 511 33% 514 512

cxrilidan Cans, rom saerTaSoriso monacemebis mixedviT,

maswavlebelTa mier kvalifikaciis amaRleba TiToeul sferoSi pozitiurad

aisaxeba moswavleTa miRwevebze. ucnauri tendencia ikveTeba saqarTveloSi:

TiToeul sferoSi im pedagogebs aqvT ukeTesi Sedegi, romelTac treningi

ar gauvliaT. aseTi Sedegi aCens eWvs treningebis efeqtianobis Taobaze

(igulisxmeba treningis Sinaarsi, meTodologia, treneris kvalifikacia da

a.S). am varauds aZlierebs is monacemic, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT gvqonda

saubari, kerZod, qarTvel maswavlebelTa mniSvnelovanma nawilma (42%-ma)

bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi kiTxvis sferoSi profesiul ganviTarebas 16

saaTze meti dro dauTmo, rac mniSvnelovnad aRemateba saerTaSoriso

saSualo monacems (24%).

maswavlebelTa samuSao staJi sayuradRebo faqtori aRmoCnda

moswavleTa miRwevebis analizisas, Tumca am SemTxvevaSic saqarTveloSi

gansxvavebuli tendencia dafiqsirda. kerZod, saerTaSoriso monacemebis

mixedviT moswavleTa miRwevebi pedagogis staJis proporciulad izrdeba

(pedagogad muSaobis rac ufro meti staJi aqvs maswavlebels, miT ufro

maRalia moswavleTa miRwevebi). saqarTveloSi yvelaze maRali miRwevebi

aqvT im moswavleebs, romelTa maswavleblebsac aqvT 5-dan 10 wlamde staJi,

SedarebiT naklebi aqvT 10-dan 20 wlamde staJis mqone maswavlebelTa

moswavleebs, ufro naklebi ki 20 welze meti staJis pedagogebis

moswavleebs. Zalian dabalia im pedagogTa moswavleebis miRwevebi,

romelTac 5 welze naklebi staJi aqvT.

132

ilustracia #14.1

es Sedegi maswavlebelTa mosamzadebeli programebis SesaZlo

xarvezebze miuTiTebs. am varauds amyarebs saqarTveloSi 2008 wels

Catarebuli maswavlebelTa ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis (TEDS-M)

Sedegebi, saidanac Cans, rom momavali maswavleblebis programebi

seriozul reformirebas saWiroebs.

maswavlebelTa SromiTi kmayofileba. SromiTi kmayofileba SeiZleba

ganvsazRvroT, rogorc Sromisadmi adamianis SefasebiTi damokidebuleba,

romelic aisaxeba mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxze. SromiT

kmayofili adamiani saqmisa da organizaciis erTgulia, mTel Zalisxmevas

mimarTavs Tavisi da organizaciis miRwevebis gasaumjobeseblad.

ukmayofilo adamiani ki ugulebelyofs organizaciul miznebs da daudevrad

asrulebs samuSaos.

bevri kvlevaa Catarebuli imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor moqmedebs

SromiT kmayofilebaze TanamSromelTa damokidebuleba Tavisi saqmis

mimarT (moswonT Tu ara sakuTari profesia). kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom

profesiiT kmayofili adamianebi, samuSaoTi kmayofilebisa, da Sesabamisad,

Sesrulebuli samuSaos ufro maRal xarisxs aCveneben. cxrili #14.2 asaxavs

maswavleblis karieriT kmayofilebasa da moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris

kavSirs. SedarebiTi analizisaTvis cxrilSi mocemulia maRali miRwevebis

mqone ramdenime qveynis monacemic. Tu cxrilSi saerTaSoriso saSualo

450

475

500

525

550

20 წელი ან მეტი

10-დან 20 წლამდე

5-დან 10 წლამდე

5 წელზე ნაკლები

საქართველო

450

475

500

525

550

20 წელი ან მეტი

10-დან 20 წლამდე

5-დან 10 წლამდე

5 წელზე ნაკლები

საერთაშორისო საშუალო

133

monacemebs davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom maswavlebelTa kmayofilebasa da

moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris mkafio tendenciebi ar ikveTeba.

kvlevaSi monawile zogierT qveyanaSi maswavlebloba prestiJuli,

kargad anazRaurebadi samuSaoa, zogan ki dabalia maswavleblis xelfasi,

socialuri statusi, Sesabamisad, profesia naklebad mimzidvelia. qveynebSi,

sadac maswavlebloba mimzidveli, prestiJuli profesiaa, garkvuli

RonisZiebebi tardeba misi statusis SenarCunebisa da gaZlierebisaTvis: mag.

singapurSi, momaval maswavleblebs stipendia aqvT, garda imisa, rom isini

ufasod iReben sauniversiteto ganaTlebas. damwyebi maswavleblis

xelfasic, sxva damwyeb profesiebTan SedarebiT, maRalia. mag. miuxedavad

imisa, rom saqarTveloSi maswavleblebi tradiciulad maRali socialuri

statusis mqoneni iyvnen, amJamad gamokveTilia maswavleblis profesiis

statusis daqveiTebis tendencia, rac dabali anazRaurebiTa da sxva mravali

faqtoriT SeiZleba aixsnas. amis miuxedavad, PIRLS 2011-is monacenebis

mixedviT, saqarTveloSi moswavleTa 79%-is maswavlebeli kmayofilia

profesiiT, 20%-isa ki nawilobriv kmayofilia Tavisi arCevniT. qarTvel

moswavleTa mxolod 1%-s aswavlis Tavisi profesiiT ukmayofilo

maswavlebeli.

cxrili #14.2 _ maswavlebelTa karieriT kmayofileba

qveyana kmayofili met-naklebad kmayofili ukmayofilo

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

saqarTvelo 79% 487(3,7) 20% 496 (6,6) 1% - saerT. saS. 54% 516(0,6) 40% 509 (0,8) 5% 511(0,9) fineTi 42 % 570(2,7) 50% 567 (2,5) 8% 564(4,7) honkongi 38% 567 (4,0) 50% 576 (3,5) 12% 560(9,4) singapuri 35% 572(6,0) 54% 561(5,0) 11% 578 (9,0)

fineTSi, honkongsa da singapurSi, sadac maswavlebelTa socialur-

ekonomikuri statusi Zalian maRalia, pedagogebi naklebad arian

kmayofilebi TavianTi karieriT, vidre qarTveli maswavleblebi. qarTveli

maswavleblebi SromiTi kmayofilebis donis mixedviT reitingul siaSi

meoTxe adgils ikaveben. saqarTveloze ukeTesi Sedegi kolumbias,

134

indoneziasa da xorvatias aqvT, Tumca maTgan kolumbiasa da indonezias

moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT Zalian cudi Sedegebi aqvT.

iseve rogorc PIRLS 2006 wlis, 2011 wlis kvlevaSic maswavleblebisagan

Segrovebuli informacia imis Taobaze, Tu wakiTxulis gaazrebis ra

strategiebs iyeneben pedgogebi swavlebis procesSi, tovebs garkveuli

tendenciurobis STabeWdilebas. 2011 wlis monacemebis mixedviT, qarTveli

maswavleblebi iyeneben wakiTxulis gaazrebis iseT strategiebs, rogoricaa:

teqstSi informaciis povna da miTiTeba (moswavleTa raodenoba 98%),

ZiriTadi azris identifikacia (100%), sakuTari mosazrebis argumentacia

(100%), sakuTar gamocdilebasTan teqstis ideis dakavSireba (99%),

wakiTxulis sxva teqstTan dakavSireba da Sedareba (96%), teqstSi

movlenebis ganviTarebis winaswar gansazRvra (92%), wakiTxulis

ganzogadeba da daskvnis gamotana (98%), teqstis stilisa da struqturis

aRwera (92%), avtoris xedvisa da ganzraxvis gansazRvra (95%). maSin,

rodesac im qveynebSi, romlebic wignierebis reitingul sias lideroben,

gacilebiT mcirea im moswavleTa raodenoba, romelTa pedgogebic aseT

Sedegebs aCveneben.

wignierebis saSualoze maRali maCveneblis mqone qveynebis msgavsad,

saqarTveloSi moswavleTa umetesobisaTvis (87%) skolebi kiTxvis

swavlebaSi damatebiT resursad sabavSvo wignebs iyeneben. es maCvenebeli

mniSvnelovnad aRemateba saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebels (69%).

maswavlebelTa samuSao pirobebi. zogierTi qveyana skolebSi

maswavleblebis seriozul naklebobas ganicdis, rac, nawilobriv, cudi

samuSao pirobebis Sedegs warmoadgens. PIRLS 2011-Si maswavleblebi Semdegi

tipis samuSao pirobebis Sesaxeb gamoikiTxnen: skolis remontis saWiroeba;

moswavleTa raodenobiT gadatvirTuli saklaso oTaxebi; gadatvirTuli

samuSao grafiki; araadekvaturi samuSao oTaxi; araadekvaturi saswavlo

masalebi.

maswavleblebis samuSao pirobebis skalis saSualebiT miRebuli

monacemebis mixedviT, im moswavleebma, romelTa maswavleblebsac TiTqmis

ar hqondaT samuSao pirobebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, yvelze maRali

135

Sedegebi aCvenes. xolo meoTxeklaselebma, romelTa maswavleblebsac

mciredi problemebi hqondaT, ajobes zomieri raodenobis problemebis

mqone pedagogTa moswavleebs. es zogadi tendencia ar ikveTeba

saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi. saqarTvelos Sedegebi warmodgenilia cxrilSi

#14.3, SedarebisTvis fineTisa da honkongis monacemebicaa mocemuli.

cxrili #14.3 _ maswavleblebis samuSao pirobebi da moswavleTa miRwevebi

qveyana TiTqmis ar aris mcire saSualo

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

saqarTvelo 24 % 495(5,8) 53% 480 (4,0) 23% 498(5,9) saerT. saS. 27% 518(0,0) 48% 514 (0,7) 25% 509(0,9) fineTi 20 % 564(3,5) 62% 568 (2,1) 18% 573(4,3) honkongi 16% 506 (6,3) 55% 506 (3,5) 29% 507(4,2)

136

faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens

moswavleTa wignierebaze

saklaso konteqsti

im faqtorebis kvlevisas, romlebic gavlenas axdens moswavleTa

wignierebaze, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva kiTxvis unaris

gaumjobesebisaTvis dagegmil saklaso da klasgareSe aqtivobebs.

saskolo garemoze metad, moswavlis kiTxvis unarebis ganviTarebaze

saklaso garemo moqmedebs. swavlebis meTodebi da gamoyenebuli masalebi,

saswavlo gegema, wignebis xelmisawvdomoba, teqnologiebi da sxva

resursebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens klasSi swavlebasa da swavlaze.

saklaso garemos kidev erT ganmsazRvrel faqtors, ra Tqma unda,

maswavlebeli, misi gamocdileba da momzadebis done warmoadgens (Lundberg

& Linnakyla, 1993; Rivkin, Hanushek & Kain, 2005). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom

moswavleTa qcevam, damokidebulebam da wignierebis donem SeiZleba

gavlena moaxdinos maswavleblis mier gamoyenebul swavlebis meTodze, rac,

wignierebaSi miRwevis ufro maRali doniT gamoirCevian moswavleebi,

romelTac moswonT kiTxva. moswavleTa miRwevebze pozitiurad aisaxeba

maRali motivacia, CarTuloba da kiTxvaSi TviTdajerebuloba. maRali

TviTefeqturobis da TviTSefasebis mqone bavSvebi ufro kargi mkiTxvelebi

arian.

kvlevaSi monawile 45 qveynidan qarTvel bavSvebs aqvT kiTxvis

motivaciis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli.

137

Tavis mxriv, moswavlis kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebaze moqmedebs (Kurtc-Costes

& Schneider, 1994; Nichols, Zellner, Rupley, Wilson, Kim, Murgen, Young, 2005).

15.1. moswavleebi

kiTxvis mimarT damokidebuleba. kvlevebis mixedviT, moswavleTa

pozitiur damokidebulebasa da kiTxvaSi miRwevas Soris dadebiTi da

ormxrivi kavSiri arsebobs, raSic igulisxmeba is, rom dadebiTi

damokidebuleba gavlenas axdens miRwevaze da - piriqiT.

saxlSi Sesrulebuli aqtivobebis mniSvnelovani nawili

damoukideblad kiTxva da wakiTxulis ganxilva unda iyos. magaliTad, US

National Reading Panel mouwodebda mSoblebs, daxmarebodnen bavSvebs drois

gadanawilebaSi kiTxvasTan dakavSirebul aqtivobebsa da ufro naklebad

sasargeblo TamaSebs (mag., kompiuterul TamaSebs, televizors) Soris.

kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebis procesSi mniSvnelovani xdeba kiTxvisTvis

daTmobili drois raodenoba (igulisxmeba kiTxva siamovnebisa da

interesis dakmayofilebisaTvis).

PIRLS 2011-is skala _ moswavleebs moswonT kiTxva _ Sedgeboda 6

debulebisgan, magaliTad, `vkiTxulob maSin, roca mevaleba~, `miyvars sxva

adamianebTan saubari imis Sesaxeb, rasac vkiTxulob~, `minda, kiTxvisTvis

meti dro mqondes~. amasTan erTad, ikvlevdnen, Tu ramdenad xSirad

kiTxulobdnen moswavleebi skolis gareT.

kvlevaSi moswavleebi mTavar samizne populacias warmoadgenen, amitom

maTi Sexedulebebi da kiTxvisadmi damokidebuleba Zalian mniSvnelovani

komponentia. PIRLS 2011-is Sedegebis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso saSualo

monacemebSi aSkaradaa gamoxatuli, rom moswavleebi, romlebsac moswonT

kiTxva, miRwevis ufro maRali doniT gamoirCevian. am konteqstSi qarTveli

bavSvebis monacemebi moulodneli aRmoCnda. qarTveli bavSvebi 45

qveynidan me-2 adgilze arian kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri damokidebulebis

mixedviT – qarTvel moswavleTa 42%-s moswons kiTxva (saerTaSoriso

saSualo maCvenebelia – 28%), aRsanSnavia isic, rom moswavleTa miRwevebis

138

mixedviT warmatebul qveynebs saerTaSoriso saSualoze dabali

maCvenebeli aqvT (honkongi – 21%, ruseTis federacia da fineTi – 26%).

motivacia. kvlevebma aCvena, rom moswavleTa motivaciis zrda

kiTxvisTvis ufro meti drois daTmobasa da kiTxvaSi moswavleTa ufro met

CarTulobas uzrunvelyofs, rac, Tavis mxriv, wakiTxulis gaazrebis unaris

ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. motivaciis gasazrdelad maswavleblebs

SeuZliaT, gamoiyenon: miznebis winaswar dasaxva, saintereso teqstebi,

arCevanis moswavleTaTvis mindoba, garegani da Sinagani jildoebi (Guthrie,

Wigfield, Humenick, Perencevich, Taboada & Barbosa, 2006; Miller & Faircloth, 2009).

mniSvnelovania moswavleebis, rogorc mkiTxvelebis TviTefeqturobisa da

TviTSefasebis gazrda. amisaTvis maswavlebelma bavSvebs TavianTi

Sexedulebebis gamoTqmisa da literaturuli proeqtebis wamowyebis

SesaZlebloba unda misces.

imis gamo, rom kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebel

umniSvnelovanes faqtors kiTxvisaTvis drois daTmoba warmoadgens,

moswavlis Sinagani da garegani motivaciis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT

mravali kvleva Catarda. zogierTi bavSvi kiTxulobs ubralod imitom, rom

moswons, TumcaRa, SesaZlebelia, rom mSoblebma da maswavleblebma maT

eqsternaluri aRiarebis, jildoebis an sxva stimulebis daxmarebiT

garegani motivacia Seuqmnan.

PIRLS 2011-is kiTxvis motivaciis skala kiTxvis eqvs motivaciur aspeqts

afasebs, romelic efuZneba moswavleTa pasuxebs aseT SekiTxvebze: Zalian

mniSvnelovania, iyo kargi mkiTxveli; Cems mSoblebs moswonT, roca

vkiTxulob; kiTxviT bevrs vswavlob; kargad kiTxva Cemi momavlisTvis

mWirdeba da sxva.

moswavleTa motivaciasTan dakavSirebuli PIRLS 2011-is monacemebi

sainteresoa im mxriv, rom motivirebuli meoTxeklaselebis raodenoba

bevrad aRemateba im bavSvebis raodenobas, romelTac moswonT kiTxva.

saSualod, meoTxeklaselTa sami meoTxedi motivirebulia, rom ikiTxos,

roca mowonebas mxolod erTi mesamedi gamoxatavs. meoTxe klasis

moswavleebi SesaZloa, xvdebodnen, Tu ra Rirebuleba aqvs kiTxvas, rogorc

139

swavlis saSualebas, TumcaRa mas Tavisufali drois erT-erT aqtivobad ar

ganixilaven. rac Seexeba moswavleTa miRwevebs, saerTaSoriso saSualo

monacemebidan gamomdinareobs, rom yvelaze maRali SedegebiT

motivirebuli moswavleebi gamoirCevian.

kvlevaSi monawile 45 qveynidan qarTvel bavSvebs aqvT kiTxvis

motivaciis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli, isini kiTxvis motivaciis donis

mixedviT Sedgenili reitinguli siis saTaveSi arian. saqarTvelosTan

erTad reitinguli siis pirvel xuTeulSi arian: indonezia, trinidati da

tobako, kolumbia, azerbaijani da irani. es qveynebi moswavleTa miRwevebis

mixedviT Sedgenili reitinguli siis bolo meoTxedSi arian. amasTan,

honkongi, romelic moswavleTa miRwevebis mixedviT Sedgenil reitingul

siaSi pirvel adgilzea, motivaciis komponentSi bolo – 45-e adgils ikavebs

(52%), xolo fineTi 44-e adgils (59%). erTi SexedviT Sedegebis

alogikurobis miuxedavad, tendencia yvela SemTxvevaSi gamokveTilia,

moswavleebs, romelTac aqvT maRali motivacia, aqvT ufro maRali miRweva,

vidre moswavleebs, romelTac susti motivacia aqvT. rac Seexeba

alogikurobas _ zogierT qveyanaSi motivaciis maRali donis miuxedavad,

moswavleTa dabali miRwevebi Sesabamisi resursebis xelmisawvdomobis

(maRali kvalifikaciis pedagogebi, ojaxis saganmanaTleblo resursis

simwire da sxva) naklebobiT SeiZleba aixsnas.

cxrili #15.1.1 _ moswavleTa motivacia da miRwevebi

qveyana motivirebuli met-naklebad motivirebuli

aramotivirebuli

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

saqarTvelo 92% 497(2,9) 7% 442 (8,8) 2% - saerT. saS. 74% 518(0,4) 21% 503 (0,7) 5% 474(1,8) fineTi 59% 570(3,5) 34% 571 (2,4) 7% 543(4,4) honkongi 52% 577 (2,4) 34% 570 (2,8) 15% 551(3,8) indonezia 91% 436 (3,5) 8% 397 (2,4) 1% -

Tu cxrils davakvirdebiT, indoneziis SemTxvevaSic, romelsac

moswavleTa miRwevebis Zalian dabali maCvenebeli aqvs, gamokveTilia

140

tendencia: motivirebul moswavleebs aqvT ufro maRali miRweva, naklebad

motivirebulebTan SedarebiT.

cxrili #15.1.1 asaxavs moswavleTa motivaciis mimarTebas miRwevebTan.

cxrilidan Cans, rom, rogorc maRali, iseve dabali miRwevebis qveynebSi

motivaciasa da miRwevebs Soris kavSiria.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvel moswavleTa 68% ambobs, rom

kiTxvis gakveTilebze CarTulebi arian. am SedegiT saqarTvelo meore

adgils ikavebs, fineTSi aseTi moswavleebi mxolod 15%-s Seadgenen,

honkongSi ki – 24%-s.

bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, ratom hqondaT qarTvel moswavleebs

saSualoze dabali miRwevebi? erTi varaudi, rac am monacemebTan

dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas, aris is, rom SeiZleba qarTveli

bavSvebi kiTxvaris Sevsebisas ufro motivirebulebi iyvnen, gaecaT

socialurad misaRebi pasuxebi. am Sedegebis interpretirebisas sainteresoa

moswavleTa kiTxvaSi TviTdajerebulobis monacemebi, romelic aseve

Sefasda am kvlevis farglebSi.

TviTdajerebuloba. kvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom maRali TviT-

efeqturobisa da TviTSefasebis mqone bavSvebi ufro kargi mkiTxvelebi

arian. iqidan gamomdinare, rom kiTxvis swavlis motivacia moicavs

warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobis SegrZnebas, mniSvnelovania, rom

moswavleebs sjerodeT kiTxvaSi sakuTari SesaZleblobebis (McLaughlin et

al., 2005).

zemoaRniSnuli faqtoris mniSvnelovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, imisTvis,

rom kiTxvaSi TviTdajerebulobis Sinagani da garegani aspeqtebi moecva,

PIRLS-ma Sesabamisi skala 2011 wlis kvlevaSi gaafarTova. igi Sedgeba iseTi

debulebebisagan, rogorebicaa: `Cemi klasis sxva moswavleebTan SedarebiT,

CemTvis kiTxva rTulia~, `maswavlebeli meubneba, rom kargi mkiTxveli

var~.

saerTaSoriso monacemebis mixedviT, miRwevis yvelaze maRali

maCvenebeli TviTdajerebul moswavleebs hqondaT, yvelaze dabali ki maT,

141

vinc TviTdajerebuli ar iyo. TviTdajerebulobis donis mixedviT

Sedgenil moswavleTa reitingul siaSi saqarTvelo 45 qveyanas Soris 36-e

adgilzea. saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebelTan SedarebiT, saqarTveloSi

mcirea im moswavleTa raodenoba, romelTac kiTxvaSi TviTdajerebulobis

maRali maCvenebeli aqvT (ix. cxrili #15.1.2).

cxrili #15.1.2 _ kiTxvaSi TviTdajerebuloba da moswavleTa miRwevebi

qveyana TviTdajerebuli

met-naklebad TviTdajerebuli

ar aris TviTdajerebuli

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

saqarTvelo 28% 526 (2,9) 56% 483 (3,5) 16% 457 (5,1) saerT. saS. 36% 547(0,4) 53% 502 (0,4) 11% 456 (0,8)

15.2. saklaso oTaxis maxasiaTeblebi

iqidan gamomdine, rom moswavleebi klasSi sakmaod did dros atareben,

iq Seqmnilma garemom da klasis struqturam SeiZleba, mniSvnelovani

gavlena moaxdinos wignierebis ganviTarebaze. klasis erT-erT fundamentur

maxasiaTebels bavSvebis raodenoba warmoadgens. kvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom

dawyebiT klasebSi bavSvebis mcire raodenoba xels uwyobs kiTxvis unaris

ganviTarebas (Rivkin, Hanushek & Kain, 2005).

klasi SeiZleba iyos Zalian struqturirebuli da maswavlebelze

centrirebuli, an ufro Ria da moswavleze mimarTuli. wignierebas,

agreTve, ukavSirdeba moswavleTa Soris urTierTobebi (wakiTxulis

ganxilva, kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivobebi) klasSi da klass miRma

(Baker, 1991; Baker, Dreher & Guthrie, 2000; Gambrell & Almasi, 1997; Guthrie &

Alvermann, 1999). im klasebis muSaoba, romlebSic bavSvebis enobriv

ganviTarebaze zrunaven da romlebSic waxalisebulia kiTxvis Sesaxeb

saubari, ufro efeqturia.

enisa da kiTxvis swavlebaze daxarjuli dro. sakmaod rTulia imis

dadgena, Tu ra gavlenas axdens swavlebis xangrZlivoba moswavlis

miRwevaze, radgan swavlebis saaTebis produqtiulobaze mravali faqtori

142

zemoqmedebs. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania saswavlo gegmisa da swavlebis

meTodebis xarisxi. moswavlis miRwevasa da swavlebis xangrZlivobas Soris

kavSiri, aseve, damokidebulia ganaTlebis sistemis efeqturobaze. Tu

ganaTlebis sistema araefeqturia, gakveTilebis xangrZlivobis gazrda

sasurvel Sedegs ver moitans.

miuxedavad imisa, rom swavlebisTvis gankuTvnili drois efeqtebis

kvleva sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli, bavSvis swavlasTan dakavSirebuli

SesaZleblobebis ganxilvisas, is mainc mniSvnelovan resursad rCeba.

skolaSi maRali xarisxis ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis pirobebSic,

swavlebisTvis daTmobili dro, wesiT, aisaxeba moswavleTa miRwevebze.

magaliTad, londonis ekonomikis skolis mier gamoqveynebul kvlevaSi,

romelSic PISA 2006-isa da israelSi Catarebuli 10-dan 13 wlamde bavSvebis

miRwevaTa kvlevis Sedegebi gamoiyenes, erTmaneTs erTi da imave moswavlis

sxvadasxva saganSi miRebuli Sefasebebis SedarebiTi analizi gakeTda.

miRebuli monacemi adasturebs, rom swavlebisaTvis gankuTvnili dro

pozitiur da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens miRwevaze (Lavy, 2010).

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom qveynebi kiTxvis swavlebisTvis

daTmobili drois mixedviT sakmaod gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. isini

dReebis gansxvavebul raodenobas uTmoben swavlas, sxvadasxva dros

uTmoben enisa da kiTxvis swavlebas. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da CineTi

karg magaliTs warmoadgenen imis sailustraciod, rom moswavleTa

produqtiulobaze bevri faqtori axdens gavlenas. aSS-Si kiTxvis swavlebas

246 saaTi eTmoba, CineTSi ki _ 65. saintereso ki is aris, rom am ori qveynis

moswavleebs msgavsi miRwevis saSualo maCveneblebi aqvT. bolos,

mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom swavlebisTvis gankuTvnili

drois gazrda ganaTlebis donis asamaRleblad sakmarisi ar aris.

mniSvnelovania, rom es dro racionalurad da efeqtianad iqnes

gamoyenebuli.

enisa da kiTxvis swavlebaze weliwadSi daxarjuli drois mixedviT

saqarTvelo CamorCeba saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebels (saqarTvelo –

748 sT. saerTaSoriso saSualo _ 905 sT.) am Sedegebis Sedareba sainteresoa

143

ara mxolod saerTaSoriso saSualosTan mimarTebiT, aramed warmatebul

qveynebTan SedarebiTac (ix. cxrili #15.2.1).

cxrili #15.2.1 _ enisa da kiTxvis swavlebaze daxarjuli dro da moswavleTa

miRwevebi

swavlebis saaTebi weliwadSi

sul enis

swavleba

kiTxvaze, rogorc enis swavlebis

nawilze daxarjuli dro

kurikulumiT gansazRvruli kiTxvis swavleba da kiTxvis

swavlebaze daxarjuli dro

saqarTvelo 748 (18,7) 162 (5,5) 53 (2,1) 123 (8,5) honkongi 1060 (11,4) 207 (5,6) 73 (3,1) 102 (6,6) ruseTis federacia 660 (8) 200 (2,4) 58 (1,3) 130 (3,8) fineTi 779 (9,8) 188 (5,3) 55 (2,4) 99 (5,5) saerT. saS. 905 (2,1) 232 (1,2) 70 (0,5) 146 (1,4)

() standartuli Secdoma

cxrilidan Cans, rom enisa da kiTxvis swavlebaze daxarjuli drois

TvalsazrisiT arsebiTi gansxvaveba araa saqrTvelosa da fineTis monacemebs

Soris. ruseTis federaciaSi ki gacilebiT naklebi dro eTmoba enasa da

kiTxvis swavlebas, vidre saqarTveloSi. miuxedavad amisa, orive qveyana (fineTi,

ruseTis federacia) saukeTeso Sedegs aCvenebs, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs rom

swavlebisTvis drois gazrda sakmarisi ar aris; mniSvnelovania, rom es dro

efeqtianad iqnes gamoyenebuli. amisTvis ki saWiroa kvalificiuri

pedagogebis mier kiTxvis swavlebis mravalferovani strategiebis

gamoyeneba, aseve, wignierebis xelSemwyobi sxva mniSvnelovani faqtorebis

arseboba.

TanamSromloba swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad. akademiur warmatebaze

fokusirebuli saswavlo garemos SeqmnisTvis aucilebel erT-erT faqtors

kolegebis urTierTTanamSromloba warmoadgens. profesiuli

gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kvlevebis meta-analizis mixedviT,

pedagogebis TanamSromlobasa da moswavleTaA miRwevas Soris mcire,

magram dadebiTi kavSiri arsebobs (Lomos, Roelande & Bosker, 2011).

PIRLS 2011-is skala _ TanamSromloba swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad _

efuZneba imas, Tu ramdenad xSirad urTierToben maswavleblebi

erTmaneTTan Semdeg xuT sferosTan dakavSirebiT:

144

− ganixilaven, Tu rogor aswavlon konkretuli sakiTxi;

− erTad gegmaven da amzadeben saswavlo masalebs;

− uziareben erTmaneTs TavianT gamocdilebas swavlebaSi;

− eswrebian sxvis gakveTils imisaTvis, rom meti iswavlon

swavlebis Sesaxeb;

− muSaoben erTad axali ideebis gamosacdelad.

zogadad, meoTxe klasis moswavleTa umetesobis kiTxvis

maswavlebelTa monacemebSi swavlebisa da swavlis gaumjobesebis mizniT

sxva maswavleblebTan TanamSromlobis maRali done dafiqsirda. rac

Seexeba moswavleTa miRwevebs, maRali da saSualo TanamSromlobis

indeqsis mqone maswavleblebis moswavleTa monacemebi mcirediT, mxolod

sami quliT, gansxvavdeba (513 da 510, Sesabamisad). swavlebis

gasaumjobeseblad maswavlebelTa TanamSromlobis xarisxi monawile

qveynebs Soris yvelaze maRali aSS-Sia. cxrilSi #15.2.2 warmodgenilia

swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad pedagogTa TanamSromlobis maCveneblebi

saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi da, aseve, saerTaSoriso saSualo maCveneblebi

SedarebiTi analizisTvis.

cxrili #15.2.2 _ maswavlebelTa TanamSromloba da moswavleTa miRwevebi

qveyana TanamSromlobis maRali done

TanamSromloba met-naklebad

TanamSromloben

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

saqarTvelo 35% 489 (5,4) 61% 489 (3,6) 3% 456 (32) saerT. saS. 35% 513 (0,8) 54% 512 (0,6) 11% 510 (1,9)

() standartuli Secdoma

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, TanamSromlobis maRal xarisxsa da

moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris ar aris mkafio gamokveTili kavSiris

tendencia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom skolis warmatebis erT-erT xelSemwyob faqtors

administraciis, maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis kooperacia warmoadgens

(National Education Association, 2008). TumcaRa, TanamSromloba skolebis

mondomebasac moiTxovs, anu skolebSi, romlebSic mxardaWerilia mSobelTa

145

CarTuloba, ufro meti mSobeli interesdeba saswavlo procesiT. Tu skola

mSobels informacias ar awvdis da ar mouwodebs garkveul aqtivobebSi

monawileobaze, maTi CarTulobis xarisxic naklebi iqneba. mSoblis maRal

doneze CarTulobam SeiZleba, gaaumjobesos rogorc moswavlis miRweva,

ise misi damokidebuleba skolis mimarT (Darling, Westberg, 2004; Dearing,

Kreider, & Weiss, 2008; Taylor, Pearson, Clark, & Walpole, 2000). PIRLS 2006-is

monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovnad dabali iyo skolisa da

ojaxis komunikaciis xarisxi – mxolod moswavleTa 9%-is mSoblebs

hqondaT skolasTan intensiuri da qmediTi urTierToba (saerTaSoriso

saSualoa 45%). moswavleTa 70%-is SemTxvevaSi ki komunikaciis indeqsi

Zalian dabali iyo (saerTaSoriso saSualo _ 28%). skolisa da ojaxis

komunikaciis maCveneblebi PIRLS 2011-is mixedviT mocemulia cxrilSi #15.2.3.

cxrili #15.2.3 _ skolis komunikacia mSobelTan da moswavleTa miRwevebi

komunikacia moswavlis mSobelTan: iSviaTad an Zalian

iSviaTad met-naklebad

xSirad an Zalian xSirad

saS. miRweva

SE saS.

miRweva SE

saS. miRweva

SE

maswavlebeli ugzavnis angariSs moswavlis mSobels Svilis miRwevebis Sesaxeb

486 1.5 494 2.2 501 1.9

maswavleblebi atyobineben mSoblebs maTi Svilebis swavlis Sesaxeb 463 14.5 482 2.4 495 1.1

skola atyobinebs mSoblebs, rogor iqceva da ramdenad kargad grZnobs Tavs skolaSi maTi Svili

447 13.1 489 2.2 493 1.2

skola mSoblebs awvdis informacias moswavlis miRwevebis Sesaxeb 496 1.8 491 1.5 492 2.3

skola mSoblebs awvdis informacias saskolo wesebis Sesaxeb 489 1.7 489 1.8 502 1.9

skola uzrunvelyofs mSoblebs damatebiTi masalebiT (wignebi, komp. TamaSebi da a.S.)

494 1.2 498 2.8 474 3.9

mSoblebis CarTuloba saskolo RonisZiebebSi 489 2.3 494 1.4 490 2.1

skola sTxovs mSoblebs, monawileoba miiRon skolis sabWoebSi/komitetebSi 503 2.4 492 1.6 489 1.7

cxrilidan Cans, rom skolisa da ojaxis komunikaciis zogierTi forma,

(magaliTad, (1); (2); (3) da (5)) pozitiurad aisaxeba moswavleTa miRwevebze.

146

moswavleTa CarTuloba. istoriulad, saganmanaTleblo kvlevebi, maT

Soris PIRLS, cdilobdnen, erTmaneTTan daekavSirebinaT moswavleTa

miRwevebi da swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivobebi. tipurad,

maswavleblebs ekiTxebian, Tu ramdenad xSirad iyeneben swavlebisTvis

gankuTvnil sxvadasxva aqtivobasa da strategias. TumcaRa, mxolod

aqtivobebis CamonaTvali swavlebis xarisxis dasadgenad ar gamodgeba.

saswavlo gegmisa da swavlebis ukeT dasakavSireblad, PIRLS 2011

informacias agrovebda moswavleTa CarTulobis koncefciis Sesaxeb.

CarTulobaSi moswavlesa da saswavlo masalas Soris interaqcia

igulisxmeba, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos maswavleblis mosmenaSi, xmamaRla

kiTxvasa, an personaJis motivaciis axsnaSi.

moswavleTa CarTulobis gasazomad PIRLS 2011-is farglebSi SemuSavda

ori skala _ moswavleebisTvis da maswavleblebisTvis.

skala saxelwodebiT moswavleTa CarTva swavlaSi maswavleblebisTvis

iyo gankuTvnili. igi moicavda SekiTxvebs swavlebis im strategiebis

Sesaxeb, romlebic moswavleTa dasaintereseblad da naswavlis

gansamtkiceblad gamoiyeneba (magaliTad: gakveTilis saswavlo miznebis

Sejameba; sagakveTilo Temis moswavleTa yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan

dakavSireba; klasisTvis saintereso masalebis miwodeba da sxva). rac

Seexeba moswavleTa mier Sevsebul kiTxvis gakveTilebSi CarTulobis

skalas, is Sedgeba Semdegi SekiTxvebisagan: momwons, skolaSi rasac

vkiTxulob; maswavlebeli saintereso sakiTxavs maZlevs; Cemi maswavlebeli

saintereso davalebebs maZlevs gasakeTeblad. vfiqrob sxva rameebze, rac

Cems gakveTilTan ar aris dakavSirebuli; mainteresebs, ras ambobs Cemi

maswavlebeli da sxva.

kvlevaSi monawile moswavleTa umetesobis (71%) maswavlebeli

miuTiTebda, rom did Zalisxmevas iCenda bavSvebis CarTulobis

uzrunvelsayofad. amisaTvis isini TiTqmis yvela gakveTilze

mravalferovan strategiebs iyenebdnen. am moswavleebma sul ramdenime

quliT gauswres maT, vinc swavlebaSi CarTuli iyo daaxloebiT naxevari

gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi.

147

maswavleblebis skaliT miRebuli Sedegebisgan gansxvavebiT,

CarTulobaze moswavleTa mxolod 42% miuTiTebs. maT wakiTxulis

gaazrebaSi miRwevebiT ajobes bavSvebs, romlebic naklebad an saerTod ar

arian sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuli. qarTveli pedagogebis Sesabamisi

maCvenebeli 68%-ia.

cxrili #15.2.4 _ moswavleTa CarTuloba da miRwevebi (maswavlebelTa monacemebi).

qveyana

CarTuli ramdenadme CarTuli ar aris CarTuli

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

moswavleTa raodenoba

saSualo miRweva

saqarTvelo 68% 500 (2,8) 31% 475 (4,4) 2% -

saerT. saS. 42% 519(0,5) 50% 510 (0,5) 8% 494 (1,0)

gakveTilze kiTxvis unarisa da wakiTxulis gaazrebis strategiebisTvis

didi mniSvnelobis miniWeba. klasSi efeqturi muSaoba gulisxmobs

sxvadasxva Temis ganxilvas, kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli praqtikuli

davalebebis Sesrulebas da kiTxvisTvis didi drois daTmobas (Guthrie, 2004).

kiTxvis swavlebis mravali meTodi arsebobs. SekiTxvaze, swavlebis romeli

strategiaa saukeTeso, ganaTlebis specialistebi pasuxoben, rom yvelaze

kargi midgoma sxvadasxva meTodis kombinireba da maTi moswavleTa

saWiroebebze morgebaa (Dole, Duffy, Roehler & Pearson, 1991). efeqturi swavleba

balansirebul programas gulisxmobs, romelSic mravali komponentia

integrirebuli, maT Soris: mravalferovani teqstebi, diskusiebi, jgufuri

da damoukidebeli kiTxva, wakiTxulis dekodirebisa da gaazrebis

strategiebi da Sefasebis teqnika (Gambrell& Mazzoni, 2003).

dabolos, damatebiTi swavlebisa da moswavlis progresis Sefasebis

mniSvnelovan komponents saSinao davaleba warmoadgens. kiTxvasTan

dakavSirebuli saSinao davaleba SeiZleba moicavdes: teqstis

damoukideblad wakiTxvas, SekiTxvebs wakiTxulTan dakavSirebiT

(wakiTxulis gaazrebas), an am oris kombinacias. saSinao davalebebis

raodenoba qveynebis mixedviT icvleba. zogierT qveyanaSi ufro met

davalebas sirTuleebis mqone moswavleebs aZleven. amasTan, kiTxvis

148

sirTuleebis mqone moswavleebs ufro meti dro sWirdebaT saSinao

davalebis Sesasruleblad (Mullis, Martin, Kennedy & Foy, 2007).

PIRLS 2011-is farglebSi ikvlevdnen imas, Tu ramdenad zrunaven

maswavleblebi bavSvebis kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebasa da maTTvis

wakiTxulis gaazrebis sxvadasxva strategiis swavlebaze.

PIRLS 2011-is mixedviT, maswavlebeli sul mcire kviraSi erTxel mainc

sTxovs moswavleebs:

− teqstSi informaciis moZebnas (saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebeli

- 98%, saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli – 96%);

− wakiTxuli masalidan ZiriTadi azris gamokveTas (saqarTvelos

saSualo maCvenebeli _ 100%; saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli

–95%);

− imis axsnas an msjelobiT ganmtkicebas, rac wakiTxulidan gaiges

(saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebeli _ 100%; saerTaSoriso

saSualo maCvenebeli – 95%);

− wakiTxulis ganzogadebasa da mis safuZvelze daskvnebis

gamotanas (saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebeli _ 98%;

saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli _ 80%);

− bolos wakiTxuli masalis sxva, adre wakiTxul masalasTan

Sedarebas (saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebeli _ 96%;

saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli _ 70%);

− wakiTxulis Sedarebas sakuTar gamocdilebasTan (saqarTvelos

saSualo maCvenebeli _ 99%; saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli

-81%);

− wakiTxul masalaSi moqmedebis savaraudo ganviTarebis winaswar

gamocnobas (saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebeli _ 92%;

saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli _ 74%);

149

− wakiTxuli teqstis struqturisa da stilis aRweras

(saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebeli _ 92%; saerTaSoriso

saSualo maCvenebeli _ 66%);

− avtoris poziciisa da damokidebulebis gansazRvras

(saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebeli _ 95%; saerTaSoriso

saSualo maCvenebeli _ 63%).

rTulia am faqtis komentireba, radgan am monacemebis mixedviT,

moswavlis wakiTxulis gaazrebis unaris ganviTarebisaTvis qarTveli

pedagogebi iyeneben mravalferovan strategiebs da yvela monacemiT

saerTaSoriso saSualoze maRali maCvenebeli gvaqvs, Tumca es Sedegi ar

aisaxeba moswavleTa miRwevebze. Cndeba kiTxva _ ratom hqondaT qarTvel

moswavleebs saSualoze dabali miRwevebi? maswavlebelTa kiTxvarebiT

miRebuli informaciis garkveul tendenciurobaze PIRLS 2006 wlis

angariSSic vwerdiT. amgvari kvlevebis efeqturad gamoyenebisaTvis

,,gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, maswavleblebma gaacnobieron kvlevis

mizani da daniSnuleba: wignierebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis mizani ar aris

konkretuli skolis an maswavleblis Sefaseba; am kvlevis mizani swavlisa

da swavlebis procesis gasaumjobeseblad rekomendaciebis SemuSavebaa,

risTvisac obieqtur da miukerZoebel informacias Zalian didi

mniSvneloba aqvs. swored am informaciis analizis safuZvelze unda

gadawydes, Tu ra da ratom aris Sesacvleli Tu dasaxvewi swavlebis

procesSi. rogorc diagnozis zusti dasma aris adekvaturi da efeqturi

mkurnalobis winapiroba, aseve mxolod obieqturi da miukerZoebeli

informaciis safuZvelze SeiZleba miviRoT Rirebuli da relevanturi

rekomendacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda gakeTdes swavlisa da swavlebis

procesis srulyofisa da moswavleTa wignierebis xelSewyobisTvis~

(wigniereba. PIRLS 2006 saqarTveloSi. 2007 weli).

150

15.3. moswavleTa mzaoba

saWiro codnisa da unarebis ararseboba. saklaso atmosferos

mniSvnelovan nawils moswavleTa maxasiaTeblebi warmoadgens. kiTxvaSi

maRali Sedegebis misaRwevad moswavleebi unda iyvnen janmrTelni da unda

hqondeT kiTxvis swavlisTvis aucilebeli unarebi.

garkveuli Sedegebis misaRwevad, moswavleebs aucileblad sWirdebaT

garkveuli safuZveli codnisa da unarebis saxiT. radgan ukve arsebuli

codna swavlis winapirobas warmoadgens, kiTxvis efeqturi maswavleblebi

afaseben moswavlis codnas, unarebsa da mis mier cnebebis gagebas, xolo

axal ideebs, unarebsa da kompetenciebs ukve arsebul gamocdilebas

ukavSireben. codnisa da unarebis saxiT winapirobis ararseboba

fsiqologiur bariers warmoadgens Semdgomi swavlisaTvis, radgan

cnobilia, rom moswavlis mier axali cnebebis aTviseba damokidebulia ukve

SeZenil codnaze: `yoveli axali sakiTxi, rasac adamiani swavlobs, unda

daukavSirdes imas, rac man ukve icis~ (McLaughlin et al., 2005, gv.5).

saerTaSoriso saSualo monacemebis mixedviT, moswavleTa 61%-is

klasSi swavleba garkveul doneze SezRudulia imis gamo, rom moswavleebs

akliaT adre SeZenili codna da unarebi (saqarTvelo _ 61%), xolo 11%-is

klasSi Zalian SezRudulia (saqarTvelo _ 2%). es moswavleebi miRwevis

doniT bevrad CamorCebian maT, vis klasSic msgavsi problema ar

gamoikveTa.

sakvebisa da Zilis nakleboba. samwuxarod, bevr qveyanaSi (ZiriTadad,

ganviTarebad qveynebSi), araerTi bavSvi SimSilobs, rac kvlevebis mixedviT,

negatiur gavlenas axdens akademiur miRwevaze. agreTve, bevri kvleva

aCvenebs, rom Zilis xangrZlivoba da xarisxi ukavSirdeba skolaSi

moswavlis akademiur funqcionirebas – moswavleebi, romlebsac cudad

sZinavT, miRwevis SedarebiT dabali doniT xasiaTdebian. magaliTad, erT-

erTma danielma mkvlevarma daadgina, rom Zilis qronikulma naklebobam

SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos miRwevaze rogorc pirdapir, ise – iribad,

motivaciisa da CarTulobis gavliT (Meijer, 2008).

151

PIRLS 2011 adasturebs, rom moswavleebi, romlebsac cudad sZinavT an

sakvebis naklebobas ganicdian, miRwevis SedarebiT dabali doniT

xasiaTdebian. saerTaSoriso saSualo maCveneblebi sakmaod SemaSfoTebel

Sedegebze miuTiTebs: moswavleTa 27% ganicdis sakvebis, xolo 49% _ Zilis

naklebobas. maTi miRwevis maCveneblebic bevrad naklebia aseTi

problemebis armqone bavSvebis Sedegebze. saqarTvelos Sedegebi aseTia:

moswavleTa 54% ganicdis sakvebis, xolo _ 35% Zilis naklebobas; amasTan,

im bavSvebis miRwevebi, romlebic Zilis naklebobas ganicdian, ufro

maRalia, maTTan SedarebiT, visac es problema ar aqvs; rac Zilis xarjze

swavlisTvis daTmobili droiT SeiZleba aixsnas (magaliTad, bevri saSinao

davaleba, rac am asakis bavSvebis rekomendebuli araa).

mokle komentari am SedegTan dakavSirebiT: es informacia

pedagogebis mieraa mowodebuli. pedagogebis kiTxvarSi aseTi SekiTxva iyo:

ramdenad gaferxebT am klasis swavlebis procesSi is, rom: (1). moswavleebs

ar aqvT sakmarisi kveba da (2). moswavleebs ar sZinavT sakmarisad.

vvaraudobT, rom moswavlis kvebisa da Zilis naklebobis Sesaxeb SekiTxvis

dasma mSoblisTvis ufro adekvaturi iqneboda, Sesabamisad, Sedegic ufro

zusti. Tumca tendencias udavod asaxavs maswavleblis monacemebic. es Sedegi

_ moswavleTa 54% ganicdis sakvebis naklebobas _ namdvilad

SemaSfoTebelia. am Sedegis interpretirebisas SeiZleba isic vivaraudoT,

rom warumatebeli maswavlebeli Tavs izRvevs, rodesac moswavleTa dabal

miRwevebs kvebis naklebobas abralebs. Tumca am varauds ar amyarebs

kvlevis meore Sedegi, kerZod, moswavleebs, romelTac ar aqvT kvebis

problemebi, aqvT 20 erTeuliT ukeTesi Sedegi, vidre im moswavleebs,

romelTac aseTi problemebi aqvT.

wesrigis damrRvevi da interesis armqone moswavleebi. maRali

xarisxis swavlebis uzrunvelsayofad, klasis marTvisa da pozitiuri,

produqtiuli saklaso garemos SenarCunebis mniSvneloba farTodaa

aRiarebuli (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2010). TumcaRa, yvelaze

gamocdili maswavleblebic ki awydebian disciplinasTan dakavSirebul

problemebs.

152

PIRLS 2011-Si maswavleblebisagan Segrovda informacia imis Taobaze,

Tu ramdenad uSlidnen maT xels gakveTilis CatarebaSi wesrigis damrRvevi

da interesis armqone moswavleebi. miRebuli Sedegebi sakmaod sasixaruloa

– saerTaSoriso saSualos mixedviT, bavSvebi saswavlo process iSviaTad

uSlidnen xels – meoTxeklaselTa 88-90%-s klasSi ar hqonda, an mcire

raodenobis problemebi hqonda. maT PIRLS 2011-Si SesamCnevad ajobes

danarCen 10-12%-s, romlebic qceviTi problemebiT xasiaTdebodnen (ix.

cxrili #15.3.1)

cxrili #15.3.1 _ wesrigis damrRvevi da interesis armqone moswavleebis

raodenoba klasSi da moswavleTa miRwevebi

qveyana

wesrigis damrRvevi moswavleebi interesis armqone moswavleebi

zogjer an arasodes

xSirad zogjer anarasodes

xSirad

mosw

avl

eTa

rao

den

oba

saSual

o

miRwev

a

mosw

avl

eTa

rao

den

oba

saSual

o

miRwev

a

mosw

avl

eTa

rao

den

oba

saSual

o

miRwev

a

mosw

avl

eTa

rao

den

oba

saSual

o

miRwev

a

saqarTvelo 98% 488 (3,2) 2% ~~ 93% 487 (3,4) 7% 501 (10,1)

saerT. saS. 88% 514(0,4) 12% 501 (1,4) 90% 515 (0,4) 10% 494 (1,6)

15.4. kiTxvis swavlebisTvis gankuTvnili saklaso resursebi

wignierebasTan dakavSirebul klasis kidev erT maxasiaTebels

sakiTxavi masalebis mravalferovneba da moswavleebisTvis

xelmisawvdomoba warmoadgens. maswavleblis mier swavlebis dros

gamoyenebuli sakiTxavi masala da teqnologiebi moswavleTa mier skolaSi

miRebuli kiTxvis gamocdilebis mniSvnelovan komponents warmoadgens.

ZiriTadi da damatebiTi resursebi. PIRLS 2011-Si ikvlevdnen, Tu ra

saxis ZiriTad da damatebiT resursebs iyeneben maswavleblebi kiTxvis

swavlebisas. saerTaSoriso saSualo monacemebis mixedviT, meoTxe klasSi

maswavleblebi kiTxvis swavlebisTvis ZiriTad resursad

153

saxelmZRvaneloebs iyeneben (saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli _ 72%,

saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebeli _ 98%). gamoyenebis sixSiris mxriv meore

adgils kiTxvis savarjiSoebis krebulebi da calkeuli savarjiSoebi

ikavebs (saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli _ 40%, saqarTvelos saSualo

maCvenebeli _ 14%). sabavSvo wignebs moswavleTa daaxloebiT erTi

meoTxedis maswavlebeli iyenebs (saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli _

27%, saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebeli _ 12%). kompiuterebs, rogorc

swavlebis ZiriTad resurss, meoTxe klasSi iSviaTad iyeneben

(saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli _ 8%, saqarTvelos saSualo

maCvenebeli _ 1%).

rac Seexeba damatebiT resursebs, yvelaze xSirad sabavSvo wignebi

gamoiyeneba (saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli _ 69%, saqarTvelos

saSualo maCvenebeli _ 87%). agreTve, moswavleTa naxevarze metis

maswavleblebi iyeneben: (1) qrestomaTiebs, (2) kiTxviTi savarjiSoebis

krebulebsa da calkeul savarjiSoebs (saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebeli

_ 59%, 56%, saqarTvelos saSualo maCvenebeli _ 79%, 81%). dabolos,

moswavleTa 48%-is maswavlebeli aRniSnavs, rom maTTvis kompiuteri

kiTxvis swavlebis damatebiT resurss warmoadgens (saqarTvelos saSualo

maCvenebeli _ 35%).

unda aRiniSnos, rom sxvadasxva qveyana kiTxvis gansxvavebul saswavlo

resursebs iyenebs. magaliTad: avstralia, kanada, dania, inglisi,

safrangeTi, axali zelandia, Crdilo irlandia da SvedeTi swavlebis

ZiriTad instrumentad sabavSvo wignebs iyeneben. am qveynebidan avstralias,

safrangeTs, axal zelandiasa da Crdilo irlandias ormxrivi midgoma aqvT

– ZiriTad saswavlo masalad, agreTve, qrestomaTiebsac13 iyeneben.

saklaso biblioTekebi. imisaTvis, rom bavSvebs kiTxvis unarebi da

strategiebi ganuviTardeT, mniSvnelovania, rom sxvadasxva wigni da

mravalferovani masala ikiTxon. klasis biblioTekis an klasSi specialuri

kuTxis arseboba, sadac moswavle damoukideblad waikiTxavs, xels uwyobs

kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli pozitiuri Cvevebisa da damokidebulebebis

13 qrestomaTia _ (berZnuli sityvidan) saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic SerCeviT aris Setanili

literaturuli an mecnieruli Txzulebani an aseT TxzulebaTa nawyvetebi.

154

Camoyalibebas da, amasTan, moswavles mravalferovani Sinaarsis teqstebis

gacnobis saSualebas aZlevs. aqve, mniSvnelovania, aRiniSnos, rom bavSvebis

wignierebis ganviTarebaSi ufro da ufro didi wvlili Seaqvs eleqtronul

teqstebsa da sxva teqnologiebs (Kamil, Intrator & Kim, 2000; Labbo & Kuhn, 1998;

McKenna, 1998). kvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom moswavleTaTvis mravalferovani

teqstebis miwodeba, miuxedavad maTi formatisa, kiTxvaSi miRwevebs

ukavSirdeba (Moats, 1999).

PIRLS 2011-is saerTaSoriso monacemebis mixedviT, meoTxe klasis

moswavleTa saSualod 72%-s aqvs klasSi biblioTeka (saqarTvelo _ 54%);

saklaso biblioTekis mqone moswavleTa miRwevis saSualo maCvenebeli 7

quliT aRemateba saklaso biblioTekis armqone Tanatolebis saSualo

qulas. meoTxeklaselTa daaxloebiT erT mesameds saklaso biblioTekaSi

50-ze meti wigni da sul mcire sami dasaxelebis Jurnali hqonda. aSS-Si, axal

zelandiaSi, irlandiaSi, Crdilo irlandiaSi, honkongSi, singapurSi,

taivanSi moswavleTa 92%-s aqvs saklaso biblioTeka.

miRebul monacemebSi sainteresoa is faqti, rom SesaZloa, saklaso

biblioTekebi ufro metad iyos xelmisawvdomi, vidre _ gamoyenebuli.

saklaso biblioTekis mqone meoTxeklaselebis 72%-Tan SedarebiT, mxolod

60%-s aZleven saklaso biblioTekiT sargeblobis uflebas kviraSi erTxel

mainc da 56%-s aZleven wignebs droebiT saxlSi wasaRebad.

saklaso biblioTekebis raodenobis mixedviT Sedgenil reitingul

siaSi saqarTvelo bolo aTeulSia (45 qveyanaSi 35-e adgili). aRsaniSnavia,

rom am aTeulSi saudis arabeTis, marokos, kolumbiasa da omanTan erTad,

fineTi, dania da SvedeTia.

kompiuteruli aqtivobebi kiTxvis gakveTilis dros. PIRLS 2011-is

enciklopediis mixedviT, swavlebisa da swavlis gasaumjobeseblad qveynebi

investiciebs teqnologiebSi deben. kiTxvis swavlebaSi teqnologiebis roli

ufro da ufro izrdeba, radgan moswavleebi sxvadasxva sagnis

davalebisTvis Tu ubralod yoveldRiuri saWiroebisTvis informaciis

mosaZieblad ufro metad iyeneben internets. zogierTi mkvlevris mixedviT,

eleqtronuli teqstebidan azris gamotana sakmaod rTulia da iseT unarebs

155

saWiroebs, rogoricaa media-wigniereba (Leu, 2009). amasTan erTad,

dResdReobiT Zalian gaizarda sakmaod daxvewili programebis raodenoba,

romlebic xels uwyobs moswavleebs wakiTxulis gaazrebisaTvis

aucilebeli strategiebis swavlaSi.

saerTaSoriso saSualo monacemebis mixedviT, kiTxvis gakveTilebze

kompiuteri moswavleTa 45%-sTvisaa xelmisawvdomi. TumcaRa, aqve

aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi miRwevis saSualo maCvenebeli ar gansxvavdeba im

moswavleebis saSualo qulisagan, romlebic gakveTilze kompiuters ver

iyeneben.

PIRLS 2011-is mixedviT, moswavleebi maswavleblebis miTiTebiT TveSi

sul mcire erTxel iyeneben kompiuters informaciis mosaZebnad (38%),

moTxrobebisa da sxva teqstebis wasakiTxad (32%), moTxrobebisa da sxva

teqstebis dasawerad (32%) da saswavlo programebis daxmarebiT kiTxvis

unarebisa da strategiebis gasaviTareblad (29%), saqarTveeloSi Sesabamisi

maCveneblebia _ 17%, 15%, 11% da 12%.

156

Sejameba

Cven ukve ganvixileT statistikuri analizis Sedegebi, romelic asaxavs

moswavleTa mikro da makro garemo faqtorebis kavSirs maT

wignierebasTan. rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi cxadyofs, am faqtorebis speqtri

farToa; PIRLS 2011-ma gviCvena, rogor aisaxeba skolisa da ojaxis

saganmanaTleblo resursi, aseve, kulturuli, socialuri, politikuri da

ekonomikuri cvladebi moswavleTa miRwevebze. cxadia, is, Tu rogoria

moswavleTa miRweva kiTxvaSi, sxvadasxva mizezis kompleqsuri, erToblivi

moqmedebis Sedegs warmoadgens. es mizezebi SeiZleba daiyos/klasificirdes

imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad arsebiTia maTi gavlena moswavleTa miRwevaze,

anu ramdenad SeiZleba maTi mniSvnelobebis mixedviT viwinaswarmetyveloT

moswavleTa Sedegi kiTxvaSi. amgvari analizi gvexmareba moswavleTa

miRwevebis interpretirebasa da imis garkvevaSi, ratom aqvs moswavleTa

konkretul jgufs ukeTesi Tu uaresi Sedegi wignierebaSi. imisTvis, rom

gamogvekveTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvladebi/mizezebi, damatebiT

gaanalizda kvlevaSi saqarTvelos Sedegebi. regresiuli analizis

saSualebiT ganisazRvra kvlevaSi CarTuli is cvladebi, romlebic

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens moswavleTa miRwevaze da, Sesabamisad, sxva

cvladebTan (mizezebTan) SedarebiT metad xsnis gansxvavebebs/variaciebs

moswavleTa miRwevebSi da, Sesabamisad, gvexmareba moswavleTa Sedegebis

gagebasa da interpretirebaSi.

157

pirvel rigSi warmogidgenT maswavleblis kiTxvariT mopovebuli

informaciis analizs, Semdeg ki mSoblis, direqtoris, maswavleblisa da

moswavlis kiTxvarebiT miRebuli informaciis kompleqsur analizs. am

TavSi aseve aRwerilia soflisa da qalaqis, sajaro da kerZo skolebis

moswavleTa miRwevebSi arsebuli sxvaobis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi.

oriod sityva imis Taobaze, Tu ratom gamovyaviT calke

maswavleblebisagan miRebuli informacia: pedagogTa kvalifikaciisa da

profesiuli unarebis gavlena moswavleTa miRwevebze yovelTvis iyo

mkvlevarTa da ganaTlebis eqspertTa interesis sagani, radgan moswavleTa

miRweevebi arsebiTadaa damokidebuli maswavlebelTa kvalifikaciasa da

profesiul unarebze.

maswavleblis kvalifikaciis, swavlebis meTodologiisa da saklaso

aqtivobebis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavaanalizoT, ras miaRwies

moswavleebma moqmedi pedagogebis kvalifikaciis, SromiTi kmayofilebis,

SromiTi ganwyobebis da damokidebulebebis, aseve, pedagogis

saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

maswavlebeli.

regresiuli analizis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom sakvlev cvladTa Soris

moswavleTa miRwevebze (ZiriTadi cvladi) yvelaze metad gavlenas Zilisa

da sakvebis nakleboba14, aseve, swavlebis procesSi moswavleTa CarTuloba

axdens. sakvebis nakleboba, bavSvis ojaxis dabali socialur-ekonomikuri

statusis pirdapiri indikatoria. savaraudod am faqtoriT SeiZleba aixsnas

Zilis naklebobac. cxadia, rodesac bazisuri (maT Soris kvebis, Zilis)

moTxovnileba sakmarisad ar aris dakmayofilebuli, rTulia moswavlis

swavliT daintereseba da saswavlo procesSi misi aqtiuri CarTva. Tavis

mxriv, moswavleTa CarTva swavlebis procesSi mniSvnelovani cvladi

aRmoCnda. is asaxavs pedagogis mier swavlebis iseTi strategiebis

gamoyenebas, romlebic sagnisa da sagakveTilo procesisadmi interess

14 maswavleblis kiTxvarSi iyo aseTi SekiTxva: Tqveni azriT, ramdenad gaferxebT am klasis swavlebis procesSi is, razec qvemoT aris saubari?. savaraudo pasuxebi: moswavleebs ar aqvT sakmarisi kveba; moswavleebs ar sZinavT sakmarisad da sxva.

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aRZravs. aseTia, magaliTad, sagakveTilo Temis moswavleTa yoveldRiur

cxovrebasTan dakavSireba da gakveTilis saswavlo miznebis Sejameba.

TiToeul am cvlads damoukidebladac arcTu umniSvnelo wona aqvs.

swavlebis konstruqtivistuli midgomis mixedviT, codnis miReba

gulisxmobs am codnis agebas/konstruirebas sakuTari gamocdilebis

safuZvelze. am mizans emsaxureba, magaliTad, sagakveTilo Temis

moswavleTa yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan dakavSireba; swavlebisadmi aseTi

midgoma swavlas mniSvnelobis Ziebis procesad aqcevs, am procesSi

moswavlis CarTuloba ki, rogorc kvlevis Sedegi cxadyofs, moswavleTa

miRwevebze aisaxeba. Tu ganvazogadebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swavla-

swavlebis procesi Sedegiania, roca moswavle swavlis procesis aqtiuri

monawilea da ara informaciis pasiuri mimRebi.

moswavleTa miRwevaze gavlenis xarisxiT mixedviT, aseve, gamoiyo

kvlevaSi CarTuli sxva mniSvnelovani cvladebi: maswavlebelTa Soris

gamocdilebis gaziareba da TanamSromloba, skolis usafrTxoebis

politika, maswavleblis karieriT kmayofileba da usafrTxo,

mowesrigebuli skola. Yyvela es maxasiaTebeli pozitiur saskolo garemos

asaxavs. pozitiur saskolo garemoSi moswavleebi da maswavleblebi

daculad da usafrTxod grZnoben Tavs. maswavleblebi zrunaven

TviTganviTarebaze, TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan, uziareben erTmaneTs

gamocdilebas da kmayofilebi arian profesiuli saqmianobiT, rac aseve

pozitiurad aisaxeba moswavleTa miRwevebze.

kvlevaSi metad mravalricxovani da mravalferovani informacia

grovdeba moswavleTa miRwevebsa (ZiriTadi cvladi) da masTan

dakavSirebuli cvladebis (moswavleTa miRwevebis ganmapiroebebli

SesaZlo mizezebis) Sesaxeb15. Cveni mizania, gavaanalizoT miRebuli

monacemebi ise, rom moswavleTa miRwevebisa da masze moqmedi faqtorebis

Sesaxeb ganzogadebuli msjeloba da misi mTlianobaSi ganxilva SevZloT. am

problemis gadaWrisTvis faqtoruli analizi gamoviyeneT. pirvel rigSi,

warmogidgenT maswavleblis kiTxvariT miRebuli informaciis, Semdeg ki

15 igulisxmeba moswavlis maswavleblis, mSoblis, direqtoris kiTxvarebis saSualebiT Segrovebuli informacia.

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kompleqsurad maswavleblis, moswavlis, mSoblis, skolis direqtoris

kiTxvarebiT miRebuli informaciis faqtoruli analizis Sedegebs.

sanam faqtoruli analizis Sedegebs uSualod SevexebiT, aRvniSnavT,

rom faqtoruli analizis saSualebiT gamoiyofa erTmaneTTan mWidrod

dakavSirebuli e.w. amxsneli cvladebi (SekiTxvebi, romliTac grovdeba

kiTxvis swavlis Sesaxeb konteqstualuri informacia); cvladTa Soris

gamovlenili kavSirebis safuZvelze ki iqmneba faqtorebi da SesaZlebeli

xdeba aRmoCenili kavSirebis, anu faqtorebis Sinaarsobrivi

interpretacia.Fcxadia, faqtorebi uSualod ar vlindeba (is latenturi,

faruli xasiaTisaa) da sawyisi cvladebis generalizaciiT miiReba.

qvemoT mocemulia im 10 faqtoris aRwera, romlebic maswavleblis

kiTxvariT miRebuli informaciis statistikuri analizis Sedegad gamoiyo.

es faqtorebi xsnis moswavleTa miRwevebSi variaciis 16%-s.

1. pozitiuri saswavlo garemo _ maswavlebeli fiqrobs, rom skolis

usafrTxoebis politika damakmayofilebelia da moswavleebi skolaSi

wesierad iqcevian. yuradReba eqceva maswavlebelTa mier saswavlo gegmebis

miznebis gaazrebasa da ganxorcielebas.

2. kiTxvis swavlebis strategiebi _ maswavlebeli iyenebs kiTxvis Semdeg

strategiebs: moswavlis mier wakiTxuli teqstis Sinaarsis ganzogadeba da

amis safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana; wakiTxul masalaSi moqmedebis

savaraudo ganviTarebis winaswar gamoicnoba; avtoris poziciisa da

damokidebulebis winaswari gansazRvra; axlad waikiTxulis sxva dros

wakiTxul masalasTan Sedareba; wakiTxuli teqstis struqturisa da stilis

aRwera.

3. klasSi moswavleTa raodenoba da samuSao pirobebi _ maswavleblebi

miuTiTeben samuSao garemosTan dakavSirebul problemebze. gadatvirTuli

klasebi _ moswavleTa Warbi raodenoba arTulebs maTdami saTanado

yuradRebis gamoCenisa da maTi indidvidualuri saWiroebis

gaTvaliswinebis SesaZleblobas.

4. moswavleTa motivireba da saswavlo procesSi maTi aqtiuri CarTva _

maswavlebeli ukavSirebs gakveTils moswavleebis yoveldRiur cxovrebas,

cdilobs, konkretuli magaliTebis daxmarebiT auxsnas maT garkveuli

160

sakiTxebi; maswavlebels klasisaTvis moaqvs saintereso masalebi;

moswavleebs rTavs aqtiurad swavlebis procesSi, ris Sedegadac miiRweva

moswavleTa motivireba, saswavlo procesis gamravalferovneba da swavlis

procesSi moswavleTa ufro aqtiurad CarTva.

5. maswavlebelTa TanamSromloba - maswavleblebi esaubrebian erTmaneTs,

uziareben codnasa da gamocdilebas, erToblivad muSaoben axali ideebis

generirebaze, danergvasa da ganxorcielebaze.

6. pedagogebis SromiTi ukmayofileba, demotivacia _ maswavleblis

ukmayofileba sakuTari samsaxuriT, karieruli winsvlis SesaZleblobiT,

iwvevs misi enTuziazmis klebas, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba saqmisadmi

damokidebulebaze; aseTi maswavleblebi swavlebisas ajgufeben moswavleebs

kiTxvis unaris mixedviT da mihyvebian swavlebis mxolod tradiciul

meTodebs.

7. socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis uaryofiTi zegavlena moswavleebze _

socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorSi gaerTianda swavlisaTvis xelSemSeleli

iseTi cvladebi, rogorebicaa, pirvel rigSi, moswavleebSi, sakvebis

nakleboba, aseve Zilis nakleboba, es kavSirSi aRmoCnda moswavleebSi

saWiro codnis da Cvevebis naklebobasTan.

8. swavlis/swavlebis procesSi maswavleblis mxardamWeri aqtivobebi _

maswavlebeli orientirebulia mis mier skolis saswavlo gegmis

ganxorcielebis warmatebis xarisxze, mimarTavs moswavleTa aqtiurobis

sxvadasxva mxardamWer aqtivobebs: xSirad sTxovs moswavleebs, waikTxon

mxatvruli literatura, mokle moTxrobebi, mozrdili wignebi an nebismieri

sakiTxavi masala maTive survilis Sesabamisad; maswavlebeli ugzavnis

angariSs moswavlis mSobels Svilis miRwevebis Sesaxeb da Tvalyurs

adevnebs moswavlis ganviTarebis dinamikas.

9. maswavleblis mier samuSaos mniSvnelobis aRqma da pozitiuri molodini

moswavlis mimarT _ maswavlebels kargad esmis pedagogis daniSnuleba da

sakuTari saqmianoba miaCnia mniSvnelovnad, aqedan gamomdinare, igi didi

pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba saswavlo process, cdilobs, moswavleebi

miaCvios wakiTxuli teqstis ganzogadebas da mis safuZvelze daskvnebis

gamotanas; maswavlebeli kiTxvis swavlebisas iyenebs sacnobaro masalebs;

xSirad aqebs moswavleebs da SemuSavebuli aqvs maTi waxalisebis

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meqanizmebi, ris sanacvlodac moswavleTa mxridan iRebs pozitiur ganwyobas

swavlis procesisadmi.

10. maswavleblis ganaTleba _ maswavlebels umaRlesi ganaTleba miRebuli

aqvs dawyebiTi ganaTlebis sferoSi an maTematikis specialobiT (saSualo

skolis Semdgom saswavlebelSi ZiriTadi mTavari sfero iyo maTematika).

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, es faqtorebi xsnis moswavleTa miRwevebSi

variaciis 16%-s. maTgan gamoikveTa oTxi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani

faqtori, romlebic sxva zemoTCamoTvlil faqtorebTan SedarebiT, arsebiT

zegavlenas axdens moswavleTa miRwevebze; es faqtorebia: (1). klasSi

moswavleTa raodenoba da samuSao pirobebi (2). pozitiuri saswavlo

garemo, (3). maswavleblis mier sakuTari samuSaos mniSvnelobis

gacnobiereba da moswavlis mimarT pozitiuri molodini da (4).

maswavlebelTa TanamSromloba.

detalurad ganvixilavT am oTx faqtors da sxva kvleviT monacemebs,

romlebic adasturebs am faqtorebis mniSvnelobas dawyebiT klasebSi

moswavleTa wignierebis, da zogadad, swavla-swavlebis procesSi.

klasis erT-erT fundamentur maxasiaTebels klasSi bavSvebis

raodenoba warmoadgens. klasis zoma SeiZleba maswavleblis samuSao

pirobebis mniSvnelovan indikatorad miviCnioT. araerTi kvleva

miuTiTebs, rom dawyebiT klasebSi bavSvebis mcire raodenoba xels uwyobs

kiTxvis unarebis ganviTarebas (Rivkin, Hanushek & Kain, 2005). baRsa da

dawyebiT klasebSi moswavleTa raodenoba (20-ze naklebi) pozitiur

kavSirSia maT miRwevasTan. meta-analitikuri kvlevis mixedviT, klasebSi,

romlebSic 20-ze naklebi moswavle swavlobs, bavSvebi maTematikasa da

(1). faqtorulma analizma aCvena, rom saqarTveloSi moswavlis

miRwevebze did zegavlenas axdens klasSi moswavleTa raodenoba

da masTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani cvladi, maswavleblis

samuSao pirobebi.

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kiTxvaSi ufro maRali miRwevebiT gamoirCevian16. mcire zomis klasis

gavlena ufro metad aisaxeba dawyebiT klasebSi dabali Semosavlis mqone

ojaxebidan Semoyvanil bavSvebze. klasebSi, romlebSic cota bavSvi

swavlobs, zogadad, riskis qveS myofi bavSvebis (umciresobebis

warmomadgenlebi, bavSvebi dabalSemosavliani ojaxebidan, qalaqis Raribi

ubnebis macxovreblebi) akademiuri miRweva ufro maRali aRmoCnda (Finn,

Gerber, 2005). radgan saqarTveloSi arcTuU mcirea dabali socialur-

ekonomikuri statusis mqone moswavleTa raodenoba, romelTac ver eqnebaT

Sesabamisi mxardaWera ojaxis mwiri ekonomikuri an saganmanaTleblo

resursis gamo, aucilebelia, maT es mxardaWera skolaSi miiRon. amasTan,

individualuri saWiroebebis gaTvaliswineba did klasebSi ver xerxdeba,

rac arTulebs pedagogis Sromas da amcirebs mis efeqtianobas.

Tumca, aqve unda aiRniSnos, rom mkvlevarTa azri imasTan

dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad efeqturia klasis zomis Semcirebaze resursebis

xarjva, iyofa. maTi nawili Tvlis, rom klasis zomis Semcirebam, SesaZloa,

gamoiwvios moswavleTa Sedegebis gaumjobeseba. Tumca, klasis zomis

Semcirebaze gaweul xarjebs ver moaqvs misi sapirwone Sedegebi da

Sedegebis gaumjobesebis alternatiuli da iafi gzebi moswavleTa Sedegebis

ufro maRal da stabilur gaumjobesabaze gagviyvans. amasTan, klasis zomis

optimaluroba damokidebulia iseT faqtorebze, rogorebicaa maswavleblis

kvalifikacia da klasSi moswavleTa saWiroebebi. (Hanushek, 1999, 2000, 2002;

Kruger, 2003; Sondergaard & Murthi, 2012).

klasis zomis Semcireba maRalxarjiani intervenciaa da Tanabrad

efeqturi ar aris yvela konteqstisTvis. rogorc aRniSnaven, klasis zoma

ufro didi SeiZleba iyos im bavSvebTan, romlebsac akadamiuri warmatebis

misaRwevad kargi winapiroba aqvT. magram, klasis zomis Semcireba, rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT, SesaZloa, ufro gamarTlebuli iyos mowyvlad jgufebTan.

16 aSS-Si, tenesis Statis ganaTlebis departamentis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis

mixedviT, baRidan moyolebuli mesame klasis CaTvliT moswavleTa miRweva bevrad maRali iyo mcire zomis klasebSi. mesame klasis Semdgom kvlevaSi monawile yvela bavSvi didi zomis klasebSi gadaanawiles (full-size class), TumcaRa, me-4-8 klasebSi im moswavleebis miRweva, romlebic Tavidan mcire zomis klasebSi swavlobdnen, kvlav ufro maRali iyo. amasTan, mcire zomis klasebis moswavleebi didi zomis klasebis moswavleebTan SedarebiT ufro maRali CarTulobiT gamoirCeodnen.

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Sesabamisad, skolas unda hqondes klasis zomis gansazRvris Tavisufleba

misi saWiroebidan gamomdire, rac pedagogs moswavleebis individualuri

saWiroebebis mixedviT daxmarebisa da saswavlo miznebis efeqturad

ganxorcilebis saSualebas miscems.

pozitiuri saswavlo garemo amxnevebs da aqezebs moswavleebs, srulad

gamoiyenon TavianTi potenciali, axdens maTi individualuri

moTxovnilebebisa da interesebis identificirebas, gaTvaliswinebas da

delikaturad agvarebs jgufebSi warmoqmnil problematur sakiTxebs (New

Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2010).

pozitiur saswavlo garemosa da moswavleTa miRwevas Soris arsebul

dadebiT kavSirze mravali kvleva miuTiTebs. stresuli da safrTxis

Semcveli garemo uaryofiTad moqmedebs bavSvebis miRwevebze. safrTxe

dacvis meqanizmebisa da im qcevebis gaaqtiurebas axdens, romlebic kargia

,,gadarCenisTvis”, magram xels uSlis swavlas (Jensen, gv. 57, 1998). usafrTxo

garemo gulisxmobs rogorc fizikur, ise emociur usafrTxoebas. miuxedavad

imisa, rom sakmaod rTulia skolis gareT moqmedi stresorebis

gakontroleba, pozitiuri saswavlo garemos Seqmnas xels Seuwyobs

moswavleebis iseTi safrTxeebisgan dacva, rogorebicaa: sxva bavSvebis mier

daCagvra, maswavleblebis araswori midgomebi disciplinasTan

dakavSirebiT da sxv. usafrTxo saswavlo garemos Sesaqmnelad

maswavleblebma araZaladobrivi atmosfero unda SeinarCunon.

erT-erTi kvlevis mixedviT (Holtz Frank, 2006), moswavleTa miRwevis

maRali done damokidebulia mxardamWer saswavlo garemoze, romelic

Semdegi komponentebisagan Sedgeba:

(2). meore mniSvnelovani faqtoria pozitiuri saswavlo garemo. es

faqtori aerTianebs skolis usafrTxo garemosa da maswavlebelTa

mier saswavlo gegmebis miznebis gaazrebasa da ganxorcielebas.

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− usafrTxo fizikuri garemo, romlis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia

mSoblebis, moswavleebisa da maswavleblebis erToblivi

muSaoba.

− iseTi praqtikis danergva, romelic moswavleTa warmatebaze

pasuxisgeblobas saskolo sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs

daakisrebs.

− struqturirebuli da personalizebuli saswavlo garemo, rac

moicavs konsultaciebs, mentorobas, mcire zomis klasebs, ufro

individualizebul midgomas saskolo da saklaso garemos

mimarT.

− moswavleze centrirebuli saswavlo praqtika – kooperatiuli

swavlis teqnika; yoveldRiuri cxovrebis swavlasTan

dakavSireba; moswavleebisTvis sakuTari progresis

monitoringisa da miznebis dasaxvis saSualebis micema;

moswavleebisTvis ukukavSiris miwodeba; multikulturuli

kompetencia.

− mzrunveloba da erTobis grZnoba _ maRali molodinebi yvela

moswavlis mimarT, pozitiuri saskolo klimati, moswavleTa

SegrZneba, rom ufrosebi maT mxars uWeren, da maswavleblebis

erTobis gancda.

− pozitiuri disciplina mTeli skolis masStabiT da TviTmarTvis

praqtika – moswavlis qcevebis Sesaxeb arsebuli molodinebi,

TviTmarTvisa da socialuri unarebis yoveldRiuri ganmtkiceba.

− moswavleebis, maTi ojaxebis, skolis TanamSromlebisa da

sazogadoebis CarTuloba.

moswavleebs, romlebic pativs scemen maswavleblebs, emorCilebian

wesebs da gaaCniaT mzaoba swavlisaTvis, TavianTi wvlili SeaqvT

pozitiuri saswavlo garemos formirebaSi da, agreTve, xels uwyoben

maswavlebelTa enTuziazmis, efeqturobisa da erTgulebis gazrdas

(Hanushek, Kain, Rivkin, 2004; Kelly, 2004; Stockard and Lehman, 2004).

165

PIRLS 2011-Si saqarTvelos Sedegebi da sxva kvleviTi monacemebi,

cxadyofs, rom mniSvnelovania skolebSi moswavleze orientirebuli,

usafrTxo da pozitiuri garemos Seqmna. am konteqstSi gansakuTrebiT

arsebiTia skolis direqtoris roli. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania am

TvalsazrisiT, skolis direqtorebis profesiuli zrdis mxardaWera.

adamianis SromiTi kmayofilebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapiroba

mis mier sakuTari samuSaos/davalebis mniSvnelovnebis aRqmaa (SromiTi

kmayofilebis samuSaos maxasiaTeblebis modeli, Hackman and Oldham, 1976).

samuSaos mniSvnelovnebaSi igulisxmeba is, Tu ramdenad Rirebulad

aRiqvams individi mis mier Sesrulebul saqmes (Borman, Ilgen, Klimoski,

Weiner, 2003). davalebis mniSvnelovnebaSi, agreTve, igulisxmeba is, Tu ra

xarisxis zegavlenas axdens adamianis samuSao sxva adamianebze, rogorc

organizaciis SigniT, ise - mis gareT (Lunenburg, 2011).

PIRLS 2011-is mixedviT, rodesac pedagogs gacnobierebuli aqvs Tavisi

samuSaos mniSvneloba, aqvs SromiTi kmayofilebis gancda da

motivirebulia, is ukeTes Sedegs aRwevs. rogorc kvlevidan Cans, pedagogis

mier sakuTari samuSaos mniSvnelovnebis aRqma pozitiur kavSirSia

bavSvebis mimarT maRali molodinebis CamoyalibebasTan. Cveulebriv,

maswavleblebs moswavleTa qcevisa da miRwevebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva

molodini uyalibdebaT. am gansxvavebul molodinTa Sesabamisad,

maswavleblebi bavSvebs gansxvavebulad epyrobian. is, Tu rogor qcevasa da

davalebebis ra doneze Sesrulebas moelis maswavlebeli moswavlisagan,

aisaxeba moswavlis miRwevis motivaciaze, gakveTilze qcevasa da

maswavlebelTan urTierTobaze. sabolood, es yvelaferi gavlenas axdens

moswavleTa miRwevasa da sxva Sedegebze (Cotton, 1989). kvlevebma aCvena, rom

maRali miRwevis mqone moswavleTa skolebSi didi yuradReba eqceva

(3). mniSvnelovani faqtori aRmoCnda maswavleblis mier sakuTari

samuSaos mniSvnelobis aRqma da moswavlis mimarT pozitiuri

molodini.

166

pedagogTa wreSi bavSvebis mimarT maRali molodinebis Camoyalibebas

(Carter, 2000).

moswavlis mimarT maRali molodini kritikul rols TamaSobs mis

motivaciaSi, Tavdajerebulobasa da warmatebaSi. kvleviTi monacemebi

cxadyofs, rom saskolo garemo da moswavleebis mimarT molodini _

TiToeul moswavles SeuZlia da yvela SeZlebs kargad swavlas _ xels

uwyobs efeqtur swavlebasa da swavlas. moswavleebi, romelTa mimarT

maswavlebels maRali molodini aqvs, TavianTi potencialis Sesabamis, an

masTan axlos myof Sedegs aCveneben, gansxvavebiT im bavSvebisagan,

romelTaganac naklebs moelian (Cotton, 1989).

PIRLS 2011 aCvenebs, rom maswavleblis mier samuSaos mniSvnelobis

aRqma da moswavlis mimarT pozitiuri molodini moswavlis miRwevis

mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. swavlisa da swavlebis TeoriebSi (rojersis

humanisturi Teoria da sxva) gansakuTrebuli aqcentia gakeTebuli

moswavleTa mimarT pozitiuri molodinebis mniSvnelobaze. praqtikuli

rekomendaciebi da pedagogTa profesiuli ganviTarebisTvis dagegmil

aqtivobebSi am sakiTxebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba xels Seuwyobs

moswavleTa Tavdajerulobasa da motivirebas, Sesabamisad, maTi miRwevebis

zrdas.

literaturaSi maswavleblebis TanamSromloba ganimarteba, rogorc

erTad muSaoba, swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli mosazrebebisa da siaxleebis

gaziareba, profesiuli gaerTianebis Camoyalibeba (Louis, Marks, & Kruse,

1996).

iseTi kompleqsuri miznebis misaRwevad, rogorebicaa xarisxiani

ganaTleba da skolis ganviTareba, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba skolaSi

momuSave adamianebis TanamSromlobasa da saerTo miznebze orientacias,

rac ganapirobebs TiToeuli maswavleblis resursebisa da strategiebis

(4). moswavleTa miRwevebze mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba maswavleblebis

mWidro TanamSromloba.

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koordinacias, radgan am miznebis miRweva arc erT maswavlebels ar

SeuZlia sul mcire sxva erTi adamianis daxmarebis gareSe. amis garda,

TanamSromloba emociuri da socialuri mxardaWeris, azrebis gacvlisa da

rCevebis miRebis erT-erT safuZvels warmoadgens. mas SeuZlia rogorc

profesionalizmis, ise TviTefeqturobis grZnobis gazrda da stresisa da

profesiuli gamofitvis Tavidan acileba (Rosenholz, 1989; Clement and

Vandenberghe, 2000).

TanamSromloba, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva formiT ganxorcieldes. is

SeiZleba moicavdes administraciul davalebebs, swavlebas an profesiul

ganviTarebas17. magaliTad, germaniasa da SveicariaSi kooperacia moicavs

maswavleblebis mier erToblivi miznebis gansazRvras, komunikaciasa da

koordinacias kurikulumisa da swavlebis meTodebis SemuSavebisas (Steinert

et al., 2006)18. maswavlebelTa Soris TanamSromloba pozitiurad ukavSirdeba

moswavleTa miRwevebis zrdas kiTxvasa da maTematikaSi (Goddard, Goddard,

2007). maswavleblebi erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobiT ufro metad iRrmaveben

codnas sxvadasxva Teoriis, meTodisa da zogadad swavlebis procesis

Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad, umjobesdeba maTi swavlebis xarisxic.

am faqtoris mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, skolis doneze unda

waxalisdes pedagogTa TanamSromloba, kooperacia, erToblivi miznebis

gansazRvra, swavlebis Sedegebis erToblivi Sefaseba da ganxilva.

17 magaliTad, maswavleblebma SeiZleba gacvalon saswavlo masalebi, regularulad

Sexvdnen erTmaneTs da moswavleTa Sesaxeb diskusiebi gamarTon. TanamSromlobis formebia: koleqtiuri saswavlo aqtivobebi (erTmaneTis gakveTilebze daswreba da Semdgom ukukavSiris miwodeba), profesiuli saswavlo aqtivobebi da erToblivi aqtivobebi, romlebic sxvadasxva klasTan da asakobriv jgufTan erTad xorcieldeba

(OECD, 2009). 18 TumcaRa, yvela saxis TanamSromloba erTnair efeqts ar iZleva. mudmivi profesiuli

zrda moiTxovs azrebisa da damokidebulebebis ufro siRrmiseulad gacvlas da ara

ubralod praqtikuli problemebis koleqtiur gadaWras (Vandenberghe, 2000).

168

kompleqsuri analizi

amjerad warmogidgenT mSoblis, maswavleblis, skolis direqtorisa

da moswavlis kiTxvarebiT miRebuli informaciis (anu kvlevaSi CarTuli

yvela cvladis) kompleqsur analizs.

regresiuli da faqtoruli analizis Sedegad gamoiyo faqtorebi,

romlebic gavlenas axdenen mosswavleTa miRwevebze da erToblivad

xsnian moswavleTa miRwevebSi variaciis 46%-s. es faqtorebia:

1. kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli adreuli, skolamdeli aqtivobebi da mzaoba.

skolaSi Sesvlamde Svils veTamaSebodi anbanis asoebiT; skolaSi Sesvlamde bavSvi

ukve kiTxulobda mcire winadadebebs; skolaSi Sesvlisas bavSvi ukve iTvlida

damoukideblad; skolaSi Sesvlamde bavSvi werda cifrebs 1-dan 10-mde; skolaSi

Sesvlamde bavSvi cnobda asoebs; skolaSi Sesvlamde bavSvi werda zogierT sityvas;

skolaSi Sesvlamde bavSvma icoda martivi gamokleba; skolaSi swavlis dawyebisas

bavSvi kiTxulobda zogierT sityvas; skolaSi Sesvlamde bavSvma icoda martivi

Sekreba; bavSvi skolaSi Sesvlamde cnobda cifrebs 1-dan 10-mde; bavSvi skolaSi

Sesvlamde cnobda sxvadasxva formebs (samkuTxedi, wre da a.S.);

2. kiTxvis stategiebis gamoyeneba dawyebiTi safexuris adreul klasebSi da

moswavleTa qceva klasSi. romel klasSi xdeba pirvelad avtoris

Canafiqris, poziciis garkveva; romel klasSi xdeba pirvelad wakiTxuli

teqstis stilisa da struqturis aRwera; pirvelad romel klasSi xdeba

sxvadasxva teqstis erTmaneTTan Sedareba; romel klasSi xdeba pirvelad

movlenebis ganviTarebis winaswari gamocnoba;19 rac ufro adreul klasSi

iyenebs maswavlebeli am startegiebs, miT ufro naklebia klasSi

problemuri, devianturi qcevis gamovlineba (Cumad karnaxi, gadawera;

moswavleTa skolaSi dagvianeba; moswavleTa bilwsityvaoba; moswavleTa

gacdenebi; vandalizmi, gakveTilis msvlelobisas xelis SeSla, qurdoba

maswavlebelTa gacdenebi)

3. skolis aqcenti saswavlo gegmis misaRwevi miznebis ganxorcielebaze da

samuSao pirobebi. maswavleblis mier skolis saswavlo gegmis

ganxorcielebis warmatebis xarisxi; maswavlebeli fiqrobs, rom

19 am startegiebis gamoyeneba miuTiTebs, rom moswavleebs kiTxvis minimaluri sabazo unarebi ganviTarebuli aqvT .(magaliTad SeuZliaT eqspliciturad mocemuli informaciis amocnoba)

169

moswavleebi skolaSi wesierad iqcevian; maswavleblebi ar miuTiTeben

samuSao garemosTan dakavSirebul problemebze.

4. skolisa da mSoblis interaqcia da mxardaWera. skola mSoblebs awvdis

informacias moswavlis miRwevebis Sesaxeb; skola mSoblebs awvdis

informacias skolis saerTo saswavlo miRwevebis Sesaxeb; skolis mier

saswavlo gegmis ganxorcielebis monitoringi; skola uzrunvelyofs

mSoblebs damatebiTi masalebiT (wignebi, kompiuteruli TamaSebi da sxva);

skola sTxovs mSoblebs, monawileoba miiRon skolis sabWoebSi/komitetebSi.

5. mSoblis CarTuloba Svilis swavlis procesSi (monitoringi da

mxardaWera). vesaubrebi Svils imis Sesaxeb, rasac kiTxulobs; skola

zrunavs Cemi Svilis miRwevebis gaumjobesebaze; vakontroleb, rom Cemma

Svilma sakmarisi dro dauTmos swavlas; vexmarebi Cems Svils kiTxvis

unaris gaumjobesebaSi; vamowmeb Seasrula Tu ara davaleba Cemma Svilma;

vekiTxebi Cems Svils ra iswavla skolaSi.

6. bavSvis kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri damokidebuleba. vkiTxulob wignebs,

romelTac Tavad varCev; minda, rom kiTxvisTvis meti dro mqondes; miyvars

sxva adamianebTan imaze saubari, rac wavikiTxe; miyvars, roca wigni

mexmareba sxva samyaoTa warmodgenaSi; kiTxvis Sedegad Zalian bevrs

vswavlob; mSoblebs moswonT, rodesac vkiTxulob;

aseve, mniSvnelovani faqtorebis aRmoCnda mSoblisagan bavSvis mier

davalebis Sesrulebis kontroli da mxardaWera (7).

statistikuri analizis mixedviT, am faqtorTagan yvelaze

mniSvnelovani Semdegi 4 faqtori aRmoCnda:

– kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli adreuli, skolamdeli aqtivobebi da

mzaoba

– mSoblis CarTuloba Svilis swavlebis procesSi

– skolis aqcenti saswavlo gegmisa da misaRwevi miznebis

ganxorcilebaze da samuSao pirobebi

– bavSvis kiTxvisadmi poztiuri damokidebuleba

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mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli faqtori:

rogorc PIRLS 2011-is Sedegebi gviCvenebs mSoblis CarTulobasa da

bavSvis wignierebaze zrunvas arsebiTi, gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba

bavSvis ganviTarebis adreul etapze. mSoblebis CarTuloba bavSvis

wignierebasTan dakavSirebul adreul aqtivobebSi, mniSvnelovnad

ganapirobebs moswavlis wignierebasa da mis miRwevebs kiTxvaSi. sxva

kvleveTi monacemebic adasturebs kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli adreuli,

skolamdeli aqtivobebis kavSirs moswavlis miRwevasTan. 2002 wels The

National Literacy Panel-ma safuZvlianad ikvlia saskolo asakSi kiTxvaSi

maRali Sedegebis miRwevis prediqtorebi. kvleva fokusirebuli iyo

kiTxvis skolamdeli unarebis ganviTarebaze dabadebidan 5 wlamde. kvleva

adasturebs, rom bavSvebi, romlesac skolamdel asakSi kiTxvis unarebi

ufro metad aqvT ganviTarebuli, SemdgomSi miRwevis SedarebiT maRali

doniT xasiaTdebian. Zlieri kavSiri arsebobs skolamdel asakSi

ganviTarebul kiTxvis unarebsa da kiTxvis iseT unarebs Soris

rogorebicaa dekodireba, xmamaRla da gamarTulad kiTxva, wakiTxulis

gaazreba, wera da marTlwera. klevam gamoavlina prediqtorebi, romlebic

Zlierad da konsistenturad winaswarmetyveleben samomavlo miRwevebs

kiTxvaSi. esenia: anbanisa da imis codna, Tu rogor JRers dawerili asoebi;

imis codna, rom bgera daweril/dabeWdil asoebs ukavSirdeba; salaparako

enaSi bgerebiT manipulirebis SesaZlebloba, mag., sityvebis damarcvla;

asoebis, cifrebis, obieqtebis, an ferebis Tanmimdevrulad, swrafad

dasaxeleba; sakuTari saxelis, an calkeuli asos wera, mag., baraTze

mocemuli asoebis sworad gadawera; mosaubris mier gadmocemuli Sinaarsis

mokle droiT damaxsovreba.

kiTxvaSi miRwevis saSualo doneze winaswarmetyveleba SeuZliaT iseT

aqtivobebs, rogorebicaa: beWduri masalis gamoyenebis Cvevebi, garemoSi

mocemuli beWduri masalis (dasaxelebebi, logoebi, niSnebi) cnoba da

identificireba, cnebebisa da azrebis sityvebiT gadmocemis unari da sxvisi

kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli adreuli, skolamdeli aqtivobebi da mzaoba

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naTqvamis gagebis SesaZlebloba, vizualur simboloebs Soris msgavsebisa

da gansxvavebebis danaxvis SesaZlebloba (The National Literacy Panel, 2009).

PIRLS 2011 Sedegi kidev erTxel adasturebs, mSoblebis CarTuloba

bavSvis wignierebasTan dakavSirebul adreul aqtivobebSi, mniSvnelovnad

ganapirobebs moswavlis wignierebasa da mis miRwevebs kiTxvaSi. es Sedegi

ki miuTiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi skolamdel ganaTlebas gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba unda mieqces, radgan im bavSvebs, romelTac adreul asakSi

socio-ekonomikuri konteqstis, mSobelTa ganaTlebisa Tu raime sxva

faqtoris gavleniT, akliaT wignierebasTan dakavSirebul aqtivobebSi maTi

mxardaWera, exmareba am problemis daZlevasa da miRwevis donis

gaumjobesebaSi.

araerTi kvleva adasturebs, rom moswavleebi, romelTa mSoblebic

CarTulebi arian Svilebis swavlis procesSi, ufro maRali akademiuri

miRweviT xasiaTdebian, vidre isini, visi mSoblebic am kuTxiT interess ar

iCenen (Jeynes, 2005). agreTve, bavSvebi, romlebic saSinao davalebebsa da

sakiTxav masalas mSoblebTan an mzrunvelebTan erTad ganixilaven, ufro

maRal Sedegebs aCveneben, vidre isini, vinc amas ar akeTeben (Mullis, Martin,

Gonzalez, & Kennedy, 2003).

kvlevebis mixedviT, mSobelTa CarTuloba bavSvis ganaTlebis

procesSi ufro Sedegiani swavlis dawyebis adreuli periodidan iqneba.

xolo mSobelTa CarTulobis yvelaze efeqtur formad saxlSi, bavSvebTan

erTad saswavlo aqtivobebze fokusireba miiCneva (Cotton, Wikelund, School

Improvement Research Series, 1987-1995).

aTwleulebis manZilze Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT (Parent Teacher

Association), rac ufro metadaa mSobeli Svilis swavlis procesSi CarTuli,

miT ufro maRalia moswavleTa niSnebi, testebSi miRebuli qulebi da

saboloo, damamTavrebeli niSnebi; aseve gakveTilebze daswreba,

mSoblis CarTuloba Svilis swavlebis procesSi (monitoringi da

mxardaWera)

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moswavleTa motivacia da TviTSefaseba; ufro dabalia skolidan droebiT

garicxvis maCveneblebi, narkotikebisa da alkoholis moxmareba da

Zaladobrivi qceva.

aRsaniSnavia, rom moswavleTa ganaTlebaSi mSobelTa CarTuloba

miRwevis orjer ufro Zlier prediqtors warmoadgens, vidre social-

ekonomikuri statusi. CarTulobis zogierTi ufro intensiuri programa,

sxva faqtorebTan SedarebiT, 10-jer ufro Zlier gavlenas axdens miRwevaze

(Walberg, 1984). agreTve, rac ufro intensiuri xasiaTisaa CarTuloba, miT

ufro dadebiTi efeqti aqvs miRwevaze (Cotton, Wikelund, School Improvement

Research Series, 1987-1995).

mSoblis CarTulobas Svilis swavlebis procesSi skola unda uwyobdes

xels (National Education Association, 2008). amisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania

mSoblebis an mzrunvelebis CarTva skolasTan dakavSirebul procesebSi

(Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2002; Wells, 1985). Svilis

swavlebis procesSi mSoblis CarTuloba da skolasTan TanamSromloba

ara mxolod mSoblebis, aramed skolebis mondomebasac moiTxovs. skolebSi,

romlebSic mxardaWerilia mSobelTa CarTuloba, ufro meti mSobeli

interesdeba saswavlo procesiT. Tu skola mSobels informacias ar awvdis

da ar mouwodebs garkveul aqtivobebSi monawileobaze, maTi CarTulobis

xarisxic naklebi iqneba. mSoblis maRal doneze CarTulobam SeiZleba

gaaumjobesos rogorc moswavlis miRweva, ise misi damokidebuleba skolis

mimarT (Darling, Westberg, 2004; Dearing, Kreider, & Weiss, 2008; Taylor, Pearson, Clark,

& Walpole, 2000).

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dadebiTma saskolo garemom da akademiur

miRwevaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebam SeiZleba socialur-ekonomikuri

problemebic ki dajabnos (McGuigan & Hoy, 2006). amitom Zalian

mniSvnelovania am faqtorebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba.

skolis aqcenti saswavlo gegmisa da misaRwevi miznebis

ganxorcielebaze da samuSao pirobebi

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maswavlebelsa da saswavlo gegmas Soris `urTierTobis~ Sesaxeb

sxvadasxvagavri xedva arsebobs. magaliTad erT-erTi aseTi midgomis

mixedviT, gakveTilis dizainis SemuSavebisas, maswavleblebi aqtiurad

axdenen saswavlo gegmis masalebis interpretaciasa da transformacias.

Sesabamisad, masSi asaxulia calkeuli pedagogis xedva swavlis, saWiro

masalebisa da swavlebis gegmis Sesaxeb (Remillard & Bryans, 2004). amis

sawinaaRmdego gavrcelebul midgomas warmoadgens is, rom radganac

kurikulumi klasis gareT, eqspertebis mier iqmneba, maswavleblebi ki

mxolod mis danergvas axdenen (Lloyd, 1999; Remillard & Bryans, 2004). skolis

efeqturobis gaumjobesebis mniSvnelovan komponents ,,gasagebi, kargi~ saswavlo

gegma warmoadgens, romlis interpretirebisa da danergvis procesSi

mniSvnelovania maswavlebelTa kooperacia _ maswavleblebi erTad unda

ganixilavdnen saswavlo gegmebsa da miRwevebis Sefasebis meTodebs. maT unda

gamoyon dro swavlebaze fokusirebuli kurikulumis gadasaxedad da saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi cvlilebebis Sesatanad (Mooney, Mausbach, 2008).

warmatebuli skolis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels warmoadgens is, rom

iq momuSave yvela adamians unda esmodes da yvela maTgani unda iziarebdes

skolis miznebsa da saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebs. saswavlo gegmis miznebisa

da molodinebis saSualebiT gamoxatuli naTeli xedva maswavlebelTa

qmedebis saxelmZRvanelo princips unda warmoadgendes, rac xels Seuwyobs

moswavleTa miRwevebis gaumjobesebas (Cotton, 2000; Levine & Lezotte, 1990)

yvela zemoT CamoTvlili faqtori swored kiTxvisadmi moswavleTa

pozitiur damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. damatebiT

moviyvanT ramdenime kvleviT monacems, romlebic miuTiTebs bavSvis

kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri damokidebulebis mniSvnelobaze.

kiTxvis mimarT damokidebuleba SeZenili maxasiaTebelia, romelic

gansazRvravs moswavlis CarTulobis xarisxs kiTxvis aqtivobebSi. masze

gavlenas sazogadoebis, ojaxisa da skolis faqtorebi axdens (Baker, 2003;

Cole, 2002; McKenna et al., 1995; Miller, 2003; Willis, 2002).

bavSvis kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri damokidebuleba

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mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom moswavlis kiTxvis mimarT pozitiuri

damokidebuleba umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs maTi, rogorc

mkiTxvelebis CamoyalibebaSi (Baker, Scher, & Mackler, 1997; Guthrie, Wigfield,

Metsala, & Cox, 1999; Mullis, Martin, Gonzalez, & Kennedy, 2003; Mullis, Martin,

Kennedy, & Foy, 2007). bavSvebi, romelTac uyvarT kiTxva da romlebic

miiCneven, rom kargi mkiTxvelebi arian, ufro xSirad kiTxuloben da

kiTxvaSi ufro maRali miRwevis doniT gamoirCevian, vidre maTi danarCeni

Tanatolebi (Guthrie, Hoa, Wigfield, Tonks, Humenick, & Littles, 2006; Wigfield &

Guthrie, 1997;Wang & Guthrie, 2004). mkvlevrebis mier aRiarebulia, rom

pozitiur damokidebulebas kiTxvis mimarT mivyavarT kiTxvasTan

dakavSirebul pozitiur gamocdilebamde, ris Sedegsac maRali akademiuri

moswreba warmoadgens (Partin, Gillespie Hendrix, 2002).

gamomdinare iqidan, rom soflisa da qalaqis, aseve sajaro da kerZo

skolebis moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa, Cveni mizani

ki im faqtorebis gamovlenaa, romlebic dagvexmareba moswavleTa

miRwevebis interpretirebasa da imis garkvevaSi, ratom aqvs moswavleTa

konkretul jgufs ukeTesi Tu uaresi Sedegi wignierebaSi, damatebiT

gamovikvlieT soflisa da qalaqis, sajaro da kerZo skolebis moswavleTa

miRwevebze zemoqmedi faqtorebi.

sofeli, qalaqi. regresiuli analizis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom

soflis skolebis moswavleTa miRwevebze yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas

axdens (1) maswavleblis mier saswavlo gegmis miznebis gaziareba da skolis

saswavlo gegmis ganxorcilebis xarisxi da (2). sakvebisa da Zilis

nakleboba bavSvebSi (socialur-ekonomikuri konteqsti). qalaqis

SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani faqtorebi aRmoCnda maswavleblis mier skolis

saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebis ganxorcileba da kiTxvis damatebiTi

resursebis gamoyeneba. aseve kiTxvis iseTi strategiebis gamoyeneba,

romlebic uzrunvelyofs moswavlis aqtiur CarTvas swavlebis procesSi.

soflis moswavleTa dabali Sedegis socialur-ekonomikur

faqtorebTan kavSirs adasturebs is faqtic, rom sofelSi gacilebiT

naklebia mSobelTa dasaqmebis maCvenebeli, vidre qalaqSi (umuSevrobis

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maCvenebeli (mamis monacemebi): sofeli _ 41%; qalaqi _ 18%). qalaqSi

mSobelTa ganaTlebis done ufro maRalia, vidre sofelSi (umaRlesi

ganaTleba (mamis monacemebi): sofeli _ 15%; qalaqi _ 38%); amasTan,

skolamdeli ganaTleba qalaqis moswavleTa ufro did nawils aqvs

miRebuli; kvleva ki aCvenebs, rom skolamdeli ganaTleba da kiTxvasTan

dakavSirebuli adreuli saskolo aqtivobebi pozitiurad aisaxeba

moswavleTa miRwevebze.

saxelmwifo da kerZo skolebi. statistikuri analizis Sedegad20

gamoiyo maswavleblis aqtivobasTan dakavSirebuli 11 cvladi, romlebic

kerZo skolebSi moswavleTa miRwevebSi variaciis 24%-s xsnis. moviyvanT

maTgan ramdenime mniSvnelovan cvlads, romlebic aRebulia maswavleblis

kiTxvaridan:

– maswavlebeli ukavSirebs gakveTils moswavleebis yoveldRiur

cxovrebas;

– maswavleblebi ar miuTiTeben problemebze TavianT samuSao

garemosTan dakavSirebiT;

– maswavleblebis interaqcia erTmaneTTan _ erToblivi muSaoba

axali ideebis danergvaze;

– maswavlebeli xSirad sTxovs moswavleebs, waikTxon mozrdili

mxatvruli wigni;

– maswavlebeli miuTiTebs moswavleebs, Seadaron sxva dros

wakiTxul masalas is, rac axla waikiTxes;

– maswavlebeli aRniSnavs, rom rodesac moswavle CamorCeba

kiTxvaSi, masTan individualur muSaobas met dros uTmobs.

sajaro skolebSi moswavleTa miRwevebze moqmedebs eqvsi ZiriTadi

faqtori21. am faqtorebis saSualebiT aixsneba moswavleTa miRwevebSi

variaciis 9%. es faqtorebia: ojaxis socialur-ekonomikuri faqtori;

20 maswavleblis kiTxvari, regresiuli analizi. 21 maswavleblis kiTxvari, mravalfaqtoruli analizi

176

– maswavleblis demotivacia;

– maswavleblis ganaTleba;

– kolegebis gamocdilebis gaziareba da moswavlisTvis damatebiTi

sakiTxavi masalis SerCeva;

– maswavleblis mier saswavlo gegmis gaazreba, kiTxvis swavlebis

mravalferovani strtegiebis gamoyeneba da samuSao garemo;

– swavla-swavlebis procesSi mSoblisa da moswavlis aqtiuri

CarTvis xelSewyoba.

kvlevaSi CarTuli yvela cvladis analizi gviCvenebs, rom sajaro

skolebis SemTxvevaSi moswavleTa miRwevebze yvelaze mniSvnelovan

gavlenas axdens maswavleblis demotivacia da socialur-ekonomikuri

faqtorebi, aseve, maswavleblis mier gamoyenebuli kiTxvis strategiebi.

kerZo skolebSi wina planaze gamodis iseTi faqtorebi, rogorebicaa:

maswavleblis mier gamoyenebuli kiTxvis swavlebis strategiebi da

moswavleebisaTvis damatebiTi sakiTxavi masalis micema (maswavlebeli

moswavles avalebs, aRweron wakiTxuli teqstis struqtura da stili;

maswavlebeli xSirad sTxovs moswavleebs waikiTxon maTive arCeuli raime

wigni; maswavlebeli xSirad sTxovs moswavleebs waikiTxon mozrdili

mxatvruli wigni). rogorc am monacemebidan Cans, kerZo skolebSi

moswavleTa wignierebisadmi maRali moTxovnebia dawesebuli. mniSvnelovan

faqtorad gamoiyo aseve moswavleebis kargi qceva.

Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom kerZo skolebSi ufro motivirebuli pedegogebi

muSaoben, romlebic metad arian fokusirebulebi kiTxvis swavlebis dros

mravalferovani strategiebis gamoyenebasa da moswavlis xelSewyobaze.

dabolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom am TavSi ganxiluli faqtorebi bevrad

ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda, vidre kvlevaSi CarTuli sxva faqtorebi.

swored amitomac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania swavla-swavlebis procesSi

maTze yuradRebis gamaxvileba.

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rekomendaciebi

PIRLS-is 2011 wlis kvlevis Sedegad, gamoikveTa ramdenime

mniSvnelovani problema, romlebic moswavleTa wignierebisa da, zogadad,

swavla-swavlebis procesis xelSesawyobad ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministros mier mizanmimarTuli aqtivobebis dagegmvasa da, aseve,

sazogadoebis mxardaWeras saWiroebs.

pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema ganaTlebis Tanabari

xelmisawvdomobaa22. kerZod, ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis

problemas gamokveTs soflisa da qalaqis moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris

mniSvnelovani sxvaoba _ qalaqis skolaTa moswavleebi arsebiTad ukeTes

Sedegebs aCveneben, vidre soflis skolebis moswavleebi. kidev ufro didia

sxvaoba kerZo da saxelmwifo skolis moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris.

ganaTlebis araTanabari miwodebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

ganmapirobebeli faqtori soflis skolebis socialur-ekonomikuri

konteqstia. Tu pirobiTad am faqtors gamovricxavT23, moswavleTa dabali

miRwevebi sofelsa da qalaqSi saganmanaTleblo resursebis araTanabari

ganawilebiT SeiZleba aixsnas.

22 Tanabari ganaTlebis cneba ar gulisxmobs yvela bavSvis mier erTi da imave ganaTlebis

miRebas, aramed es swavlis SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofaa – TiToeulma moswavlem ganaTleba sakuTari unarebis maqsimaluri SesabamisobiT unda miiRos.

23 socio-ekonomikuri faqtorebis regulireba pirdapir ar aris ganaTlebis politikis sakiTxi .

178

saTanado resursebiT skolebis momarageba saxelmwifos mier

regulirdeba. resursebis xarisxi an odenoba ar unda iyos damokidebuli

skolis socialur-ekonomikur fonsa an sxva raime pirobaze _ yvela skola

mas Tanabrad unda iRebdes. am resursebSi moiazreba: sertificirebuli,

umaRlesi pedagogiuri ganaTlebis an sauniversiteto xarisxis mqone

maswavleblebis ganawileba, maRali xarisxis saganmanaTleblo resursisa

da saxelmZRvaneloebis xelmisawvdomoba; rac Cvens soflebSi xSirad

problemas warmoadgens.

saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis Tanabrad miwodebis pirobebSi

moswavlis miRwevebi ar aris damokidebuli mis socialur-ekonomikur

mdgomareobaze, ojaxze an skolis geografiul mdebareobaze. aseT sistemaSi

akademiur miRwevebsa da zemoT CamoTvlil faqtorebs Soris kavSiri sustia

da yvela moswavle sargeblobs Tanabari SansebiT, miiRos sakuTari

SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisi maqsimaluri ganaTleba. amitom mniSvnelovania,

soflis skolebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces.

saganmanaTleblo resursebis ganawileba qalaqisa da soflis skolebSi

ar unda zRudavdes moswavlis swavlis uflebas, romelic mas qveynis

konstituciiT, aseve, saerTaSoriso kanonebiTa da saerTaSoriso

konvenciebiT aqvs garantirebuli. resursebis xarisxi an raodenoba ar

unda iyos damokidebuli skolis socialur-ekonomikur fonsa an sxva raime

pirobaze - yvela skola mas Tanabrad unda iRebdes. gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba unda mieqces: soflis skolebs da skolis biblioTekebs, soflis

skolebis pedagogTa kvalifikaciis sakiTxsa da soflisTvis srulyofili

saskolo resursebis Seqmnas.

samarTlianoba moiTxovs, aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos garda, sxva

qveynebSic SeimCneva msgavsi tendencia. magaliTad, moswavleTa Sefasebis

saerTaSoriso programa PISA 2009-is Sedegebis mixedviT, kvlevaSi

monawile zogierT qveyanaSi, qalaqis skolebis moswavleebi kiTxvaSi

ukeTes miRwevebs aCveneben socialur-ekonomikuri fonis gamoricxvis

Semdegac ki; cxadia, amis winapiroba saganmanaTleblo resursia, romlis

mozidvac mWidrod dasaxlebul did qalaqebSi ufro advilad xerxdeba.

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ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis erT-erT mizezad qveynis

geografiuli Taviseburebebi da regionebSi skolebis raodenobaa miCneuli.

Tumca, PISA 2009 aCvenebs, rom zogierT qveyanaSi soflisa da qalaqis

moswavleTa miRwevebs Soris gansxvaveba ar aris. Aamis saukeTeso

magaliTia fineTi, romlis ganaTlebis sistemis ZiriTadi orientiri

ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobaa.

ganaTlebis Tanabarma xelmisawvdomobam grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi

soflis socialur-ekonomikur konteqstzec unda moaxdinos gavlena,

amitomac aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi, soflis skolebis mxardaWera. soflis

moswavleebisTvis xelmisawvdomi unda gavxadoT yvela SesaZlo

saganmanaTleblo resursi, rac uzrunvelyofs maRali xarisxis ganaTlebas.

soflis skolebis mxardamWeri proeqti moswavleTa wignierebis

xelSesawyobad mizanmimarTul aqtivobebs unda moicavdes. aucilebelia:

− dawyebiTi klasebis pedagogebisaTvis kiTxvis swavlebis

meTodologiaSi treningebis Catareba. soflis maswavleblebs

saSualeba unda mieceT, gaecnon teqstis ganxilvisa da gaazrebis

im meTodebs, romlebsac Tanamedrove saswavlo praqtikaSi

iyeneben;

− kiTxvis swavlebis meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebiT pedagogebis

uzrunvelyofa;

− Sesabamisi samotivacio mxardaWeris fonze sertificirebuli,

umaRlesi pedagogiuri ganaTlebis an sauniversiteto xarisxis

mqone maswavleblebis ganawileba soflis skolebSi, an maTgan

Semdgari mobiluri jgufebis Seqmna soflis skolebis

mxardasaWerad;

− gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis miqceva saskolo biblioTekebisTvis;

kvleva aCvenebs, rom ojaxSi wignebis, miT umetes, sabavSvo

wignebis raodenoba soflebSi mwiria. Aamitom gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba unda mieniWos biblioTekebis saTanado klasgareSe

sakiTxavi wignebiT momaragebas da soflis skolaSi

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sabiblioTeko cxovrebis mowesrigebas, unda Seiqmnas da

amoqmeddes saklaso biblioTeka dawyebiTi klasebis

moswavleebisaTvis24. dReisaTvis wignis bazari kargad aris

momaragebuli Cinebulad ilustrirebuli sabavSvo wignebiT,

magram es ZviradRirebuli produqcia, samwuxarod, ara Tu

sofelSi, aramed qalaqSic bevri ojaxisaTvis miuwvdomelia.

amdenad, dRes soflis saskolo biblioTekebis mniSvneloba kidev

ufro izrdeba.

saqarTvelos zogadi ganaTlebis kanonis mixedviT, ganaTleba unda

iyos Ria, Tanabari da xelmisawvdomi yvela bavSvisTvis. amave kanonis

mixedviT, saxelmwifo unda uzrunvelyofdes TiToeuli moswavlis mier, mis

sacxovrebel adgilTan maqsimalurad axlos, zogadi ganaTlebis

saxelmwifo an mSobliur enaze miRebis SesaZleblobas. saqarTvelos

SemTxvevaSi, TiTqmis yvela regionSi aris soflebi, sadac moswavleebs

ukanasknel periodamde 5-6 kilometris fexiT gavlac ki uxdebodaT

skolaSi misasvlelad (SesaZlebelia, es kavSirSi iyos Zilis naklebobis

faqtorTanac, rac kvlevis mixedviT soflis moswavleTa miRwevebze

zemoqedi faqtoria). am mimarTulebiT pirveli mniSvnelovani nabiji ukve

gadaidga. soflis skolebis avtobusebiT uzrunvelyofam mniSvnelovani

roli SeiZleba iTamaSos am konteqstSi.

ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis problemas gamokveTs kerZo

da saxelmwifo skolebis moswavleTa miRwevebSi arsebuli sxvaobebi. aqac

rTulia ojaxis socialur-ekonomikuri statusis zegavlenis ugulebelyofa.

harvardis „samoqalaqo uflebaTa proeqti“ ojaxis faqtors moswavlis

miRwevebze yvelaze Zlieri zegavlenis mqone faqtorad miiCnevs, eyrdnobian

ra mravali kvleviT dadasturebul maRal korelacias mSoblebisa da

Svilebis akademiur miRwevebs Soris. magaliTad, PISA-s kvlevis

monacemebiT, OECD-is wevri qveynebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTa ojaxis

socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba dgas moswavleTa miRwevebSi 22%-

24 saklaso biblioTeka efeqturia imdenad, ramdenadac wignebis SerCevisas winaswarve

gaTvaliswinebulia ama Tu im klasis moswavlis asakobrivi SesaZleblobebi (rogorc erovnuli sabavSvo mwerlobis, ise msoflio memkvidreobis farglebSi).

181

iani gansxvavebulobis ukan. ojaxi, skolis Semdeg, pirveli adgilia, sadac

bavSvi ganaTlebas iRebs. ojaxis Taviseburebebi pirdapir aisaxeba bavSvis

swavlis unarsa da qcevaze. sajaro skolebi uzrunvelyofili unda iyos

maRali xarisxis saganamanaTleblo resursiT, raTa Semcirdes

ekonomikurad SeWirvebuli ojaxebis mwiri saganmanaTleblo resursis

gavlena moswavleTa miRwevebze. maT SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti roli swored

skolas eniWeba. vidre qveyanaSi keTildReobis maCvenebeli sazogadod

amaRldeba, ufro mokle gzaa saxelmwifos mier sajaro skolebis

mxardaWera am konteqstSi.

aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mxolod damatebiTi finansuri

resursiT uzrunvelyofa (magaliTad, klasis moswavleTa raodenobis

regulirebis xarjebi, saskolo resursebis gamravalferovneba da sxva)

ver mogvcems imis garantias, rom skola am resurss efeqturad da

miznobrivad gamoiyenebs. Sedegebis optimizaciisTvis ganaTlebis

mkvlevrebi skolebisTvis Sedegebze damyarebuli angariSvaldebulebis

sistemis danergvas gvTavazoben. Tumca, aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom

mniSvnelovania skolis angariSvaldebulebis sistemis danergvis

sinqronizacia skolis ganviTarebis mxardamWeri intervenciebTan. sistema,

romelic Sedegebis gasazrdelad sakmaris mxardaWeras ar iRebs,

angariSvaldebulebis meqanizmebisTvis mzad ver iqneba (Sondergaard & Murthi,

2012).

ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom mcire zomis klasis dadebiTi gavlena

ufro metad aisaxeba dawyebiT klasebSi bavSvebTan, romlebic dabali

Semosavlis mqone ojaxebidan arian (Finn, Gerber, 2005). kvlevis am Sedegis

gaazreba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ganaTlebis Tanabari

xelmisawvdomobisaTvis. saxelmwifom unda gamoyos saxsrebi, raTa socio-

ekonomikuri da sxva konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, skolas mieces misi

saWiroebis mixedviT klasis zomis gansazRvris Tavisufleba.

qarTul saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi, bevri sxva sistemis msgavsad,

skolebs Soris resursebis ganawilebis problema dgas. erT moswavleze

gaTvlili dafinansebis axlandeli modeli ar iTvaliswinebs skolis

konteqsts. skola, romelsac ufro maRali socio-ekonomikuri statusi aqvs

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da eTnikurad qarTvel moswavleebTan uwevs muSaoba da skola, romelic

eTnikurad mravalferovan da/an xelmokle ojaxebidan Semoyvanil

bavSvebTan muSaobs, erTsa da imave dafinansebas iRebs saxelmwifosgan,

miuxedavad imisa, rom erTsa da imave Sedegze gasvlisTvis gansxvavebuli

sirTuleebis gadalaxva uwevT. moswavleebis Semadgenloba dafinansebis

formulaSi ise unda aisaxos, rom mowyvlad jgufebTan momuSave skolebs

klasis zomis Semcirebis saSualeba mieces.

aucilebelia skolamdeli aRzrdis sistemis reformireba. PIRLS 2011-is

Sedegebi gviCvenebs mSoblis CarTulobasa da bavSvis wignierebaze zrunvas

arsebiTi, gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba bavSvis ganviTarebis adreul

etapze. isev ganaTlebis Tanabar xelmisawvdomobaze gavakeTebT aqcents:

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom skolamdeli ganaTleba bavSvebs exmareba

araxelsayreli pirobebisa da Taobidan Taobaze gardamavali siRaribis

daZlevasa da miRwevis donis gaumjobesebaSi (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012).

swored amitom saxelmwifom unda Cados investicia skolamdel ganaTlebaSi

da xeli Seuwyos skolamdeli aRzrdis sistemis reformirebas. es

Seamcirebs ekonomikurad SeWirvebuli ojaxebis mwiri saganmanaTleblo

resursis (ris gamoc, savaraudod, mSoblebi saTanadod ver exmarebian

bavSvs ganviTarebis adreul etpaze) gavlenas moswavleTa miRwevebze.

aucilebelia skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebisaTvis aRmzrdelebis

momzadebis programis gaumjobeseba, rasac win unda uZRvodes kvleva da

analizi imisa, Tu rogor aris organizebuli skolamdeli aRzrdis

dawesebulebebi saqarTveloSi, rogoria aRmzrdelTa momzadebis done da

kvalifikacia, skolamdeli aRzrdis ra meTodologiaa danergili sabavSvo

baRebSi da a.S. aucilebelia, skolamdeli aRzrdis sistemis reformirebis

mizniT specialuri proeqtis momzadeba. am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba,

CvenTvis saintereso iyos saganmanaTleblo miRwevebis saerTaSoriso

asociaciis mier organizebul kvlevaSi _ Early Childhood Education Study-Si

monawileoba, romelic saSualebas mogvcems, kompleqsurad SeviswavloT

skolamdeli aRzrdis sistemaSi arsebuli problemebi da saWiroebani da

gaviziaroT saerTaSoriso gamocdileba.

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moswavleTa warmatebaze pasuxismgeblobis gacnobiereba saskolo

sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris mier, skolaSi moswavleze centrirebuli

saswavlo praqtika, mniSvnelovani faqtori aRmoCnda Cvens realobaSi.

skolaSi momuSave TiToeuli adamiani unda iziarebdes skolis miznebsa da

saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebs. saswavlo gegmis miznebi maswavlebelTaTvis

saxelmZRvanelo princips unda warmoadgendes. skolis direqtorebma da

pedagogebma unda gaacnobieron, rom Sedegis miRweva

urTierTTanamSromlobiT, emociuri da socialuri mxardaWeriT, azrebis

gacvliTa da erTmaneTisgan rCevebis miRebiT SeiZleba. maswavlebelTa

TanamSromloba ar unda iyos romelime konkretuli pedagogis an

pedagogebis iniciativa. skolebSi unda dainergos TanamSromlobis

praqtika, romelic inicirebuli da mxardaWerili iqneba skolis

direqtoris mier. skolaSi mkafiod unda Camoyalibdes TanamSromlobis

miznebi, erToblivi miznebis gansazRvris, komunikaciisa da koordinaciis

meqanizmebi, rac xels Seuwyobs pedagogTa profesiul zrdasa da codnis

gaRrmavebas. skolebSi, mxardaWerili unda iyos mSobelTa CarTuloba,

skola unda Seecados ufro meti mSobeli daainteresos saswavlo

procesiT, regularulad miawodos mSobels informacia Svilis miRwevebis

Sesaxeb, CarTos is garkveul aqtivobebSi, ufro efqtianad SeiZleba

sameurveo sabWoebis gamoyenebac. mSoblis maRal doneze CarTulobam xels

Seuwyobs, rogorc moswavleTa miRwevebis gaumjobesebas, ise skolisadmi

pozitiuri damokidebulebis formirebas.

mniSvnelovania skolaSi pozitiuri saswavlo garemos,

araZaladobrivi atmosferos Seqmna. aseTi garemo saSualebas aZlevs

moswavleebs, aseve pedagogebs, srulad gamoiyenon TavianTi potenciali. am

sakiTxis mogvarebaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani roli skolis

direqtorebs eniWebaT. sasurvelia skolis direqtoris standartSi am

moTxovnebis mkafio formulireba; aseve, direqtorTa SerCevis procesSi

imis Sefaseba, ramdenad aqvs gacnobierebuli kandidats pozitiuri

saswavlo garemos mniSvneloba da ramdenad SeuZlia araZaladobrivi,

kooperaciuli garemos Seqmna. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli

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mniSvneloba unda mieniWos skolis direqtorebis profesiuli zrdis

mxardaWerasa da am mimarTulebiT specialuri treningebis organizebas.

mniSvnelovania maswavleblis mxridan moswavlis mimarT pozitiuri

molodinis gamJRavneba da mxardaWera, kiTxvisadmi pozitiuri

damokidebulebis formirebis xelSewyoba. kvlevam aCvena, rom didi

yuradReba unda mieqces bavSvebis mimarT maRali molodinebis

Camoyalibebas. is, Tu rogor qcevasa da davalebebis ra doneze Sesrulebas

moelis maswavlebeli moswavlisagan, aisaxeba moswavlis motivaciaze,

gakveTilze qcevasa da maswavlebelTan urTierTobaze, Sesabamisad,

moswavlis swavlisadmi damokidebulebasa da mis miRwevaze. praqtikuli

rekomendaciebi da pedagogTa profesiuli ganviTarebisTvis dagegmil

aqtivobebSi am sakiTxebze gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamaxvileba xels

Seuwyobs maswavleblis mier moswavlisadmi misi damokidebulebis

mniSvnelobis gacnobierebas, da Sesabamisad, moswavleTa miRwevebis zrdas.

pedagogis mier sakuTari saqmis mniSvnelovnebis aRqma pozitiur kavSirSia

bavSvebis mimarT maRali molodinebis CamoyalibebasTan. pedagogis mier

sakuTari profesiis mniSvnelobis aRqma ki ukavSirdeba mis socialur-

ekonomikur statuss sazogadoebaSi. pedagogebis xelfasebis zrda,

saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mxardaWera am mxriv arsebiTi da

mizanmimarTuli unda iyos. YyvelasTvis kargad aris cnobili, rom

saganmanaTleblo reformis sayrdens maswavlebeli warmoadgens. is Tavisi

urTulesi da umniSvnelovanesi saqmianobiT zrdis qveynis momavals.

pedagogis Rvawli saxelmwifosa da sazogadeobis mxridan saTanadod unda

iyos dafasebuli.

saWiroa skolis direqtorebisa da pedagogTa treningi da maTTvis

iseTi damxmare meToduri masalebis momzadeba, romelic swored zemoT

ganxilul sakiTxebze iqneba fokusirebuli.

sxva ra mniSvnelovani aqtivobebis an cvlilebebis aucileblobas

vxedavT am etapze? aq SeiZleba moviyvanoT PIRLS 2006 wlis angariSSi

mocemuli, aseve, amave angariSSi soflis skolebTan dakavSirebuli

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rekomendaciebi (imis gaTvaliwinebiT, rom am etapze soflis skolebis

mxardaWera prioritetulia).

⇒ saqarTvelos erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi ar aris kiTxvis swavlebis

specialuri saswavlo programa. kiTxvis swavlebis instruqciebi,

ZiriTadad, integrirebulia mSobliuri enis saswavlo gegmasTan.

kiTxvaSi maRali miRwevebis mqone zog qveyanaSi arsebobs kiTxvis

specialuri saswavlo gegma. es gamocdileba SeiZleba efeqturad

dainergos saqarTveloSic. saswavlo gegmaSi didi yuradReba unda

mieqces:

− kiTxvis swavlebas moswavlis wignierebis xelSesawyobad;

− kiTxvis swavlebas informaciis SeZenis mizniT;

− kiTxvis swavlebas literaturuli gemovnebis Camoyalibebis mizniT.

es cvlilebebi, bunebrivia, unda aisaxos saxelmZRvaneloebSi.

⇒ dawyebiTi klasebis moqmedi saxelmZRvaneloebis Sefaseba da

skolebis iseTi saxelmZRvaneloebiT uzrunvelyofa, romlebSic

gaTvaliwinebulia kiTxvis swavlebis sxvadasxva Tanamedrove midgoma

da praqtika. saxelmZRvaneloebSi da, zogadad, swavla-swavlebis

procesSi meti yuradReba unda daeTmos mravalferovani da

sxvadasxva struqturisa da xasiaTis teqstebis kiTxvasa da gaazrebas.

sasurvelia am mimarTulebiT, rogorc saswavlo gegmis, ise dawyebiTi

safexuris sxvadasxva sagnis saxelmZRvaneloebis dabalanseba.

moswavle erTnari warmatebiT unda kiTxulobdes da iazrebdes

mxatvrulsa da sainformacio teqstebs.

⇒ aucilebelia dawyebiTi klasebis momavali maswavleblebis

mosamzadebeli programebis reformireba, romelSic didi aqcenti

unda gakeTdes kiTxvis swavlebis programaze. dawyebiTi klasis

momavali maswavleblebis mosamzadebeli programebis srulyofis

mizniT, aucilebelia im umaRlesi saswavleblebisa da programebis

mxardaWera. romlebic dawyebiTi klasis maswavleblebs amzadeben.

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⇒ aucilebelia moqmedi pedagogebisaTvis specialuri treningebis

Catareba da damxmare meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadeba.

maswavleblebs saSualeba unda mieceT, gaecnon teqstis ganxilvisa da

gaazrebis im meTodebs, romlebsac Tanamedrove saswavlo praqtikaSi

iyeneben msoflios warmatebuli qveynebi.

⇒ meti yuradReba unda daeTmos saskolo biblioTekebs. skolebSi unda

mowesrigdes da realurad amoqmeddes biblioTeka. unda momzaddes

klasgareSe sakiTxavi wignebis nusxa. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

dReisaTvis wignis bazari momaragebulia Cinebulad ilustrirebuli

sabavSvo wignebiT, magram, samwuxarod, es wignebi bevri ojaxisaTvis

miuwvdomelia. amdenad, dRes saskolo biblioTekebis roli da

mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT maRalia.

⇒ sasurvelia, saklaso biblioTekebis mowyoba dawyebiT klasebSi.

klasSi unda iyos kargad ilustrirebuli, moswavleTa interesebisa

da asakobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT SerCeuli sabavSvo

wignebi da Jurnal-gazeTebi, rac kiTxvis interess gauRvivebs

moswavleebs.

⇒ aucilebelia sabavSvo Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocemis xelSewyoba.

⇒ ojaxi aqtiurad unda CaerTos Svilis ganaTlebis procesSi.

mSoblebma meti dro unda dauTmon bavSvebs, unda dainteresdnen, ras

kiTxuloben isini; gaaxSiron maswavlebelTan kontaqti da Svilis

warmatebis kontroli. amisTvis, skolam da pedagogebma mSoblebs

unda miawodon rekomendaciebi da miTiTebebi, Tu ra unda gaakeTon

maT bavSvis kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad. krebulSi

`wigniereba _ PIRLS 2006~ detalurad aris warmodgenili mSobelTa

sasurveli qceva aRniSnul konteqstSi.

⇒ da kidev erTel, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces soflis

skolebis pedagogTa kvalifikaciis sakiTxsa da soflisTvis

srulyofili saskolo resursebis Seqmnas.

187

Cven gagacaniT rekomedaciebi, romlebic PIRLS 2011 kvlevis Sedegebis

pirveladi analizis safuZvelze SeimuSava im jgufma, romelic organizebas

uwevda saerTaSoriso Sefasebas saqarTveloSi. es Cvveni mokrZalebuli

wvlilia im sferoSi, romlis didi gulSematkivrebic varT.

ganaTlebis politikis Semqmnelebma, profesionalebTan erTad

(ganaTlebis eqspertebi, fsiqologebi, praqtikosi pedagogebi da a.S.),

detalurad unda gaaanalizon kvlevis Sedegebi da warmatebuli

saganmanaTleblo sistemebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT dasaxon

problemebis daZlevis konkretuli samoqmedo gegma. am sakiTxebze samuSaod

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom, sasurvelia, Seqmnas

sakoordinacio sabWo, romelic kurirebas gauwevs saqarTveloSi bavSvTa

wignierebis ganviTarebis mizniT dagegmili sxvadasxva saxis aqtivobaTa

ganxorcilebas.

dabolos, aRvniSnavT, rom PIRLS 20011 wlis Sedegebis mixedviT, 2006

wlis SedegebTan SedarebiT, mkafiod gamokveTilia moswavleTa miRwevebis

gaumjobesebis tendencia. am periodSi ganaTlebis sistemaSi arsebuli

araTanmimdevruli politikisa da saganmanaTleblo miznebis miRwevisaTvis

prioritetebis gansazRvraSi arsebuli xarvezebis miuxedavad, iyo

mniSvnelovani pozitiuri Zvrebic, romlebic ukavSirdeba: saswavlo

gegmebis komponents, maswavlebelTa sertificirebis procesis dawyebas,

donori organizaciebis mier moswavleTa wignierebasTan dakavSirebuli

proeqtebis mxardaWeras da aseve sxva aqtivobebs, ramac garkveuli Sedegi

gamoiRo. Tumca, kvlevaSi qarTveli bavSvebis Sedegi mainc mokrZalebuli

iyo (mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba saerTaSoriso saSualo maCvenebels).

moswavleTa wignierebaze mimarTuli, racionalurad dagegmili

proeqtebisa da aqtivobebis SemTxvevaSi, Cven kvlevis momdevno ciklSi _

2016 wels saSualeba gveqneba, qarTveli moswavleebis seriozul miRwevebze

visaubroT.

radgan mozardisaTvis samyaros Secnobis ZiriTadi saSualeba

swavlaa, swavlis safuZveli ki _ kiTxvis unaria, ganaTlebis sistemam da

sazogadoebam yvelaferi unda gaakeTos moswavleTa wignierebis

188

xelSesawyobad. Cven SesaZleloba gveZleva, efeqturad gamoviyenoT

saerTaSoriso kvlevis Sedegebi da xeli SevuwyoT mozardTa srulfasovan

pirovnebebad Camoyalibebas, raSic gadamwyveti roli kiTxvasa da

kiTxvisadmi interess, zogadad, wignierebas eniWeba.

189

danarTi

kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli testuri davalebis

nimuSebi

190

gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi

gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindiafrikuli ambavi

moTxrobili qristofer gregorovskis mier

16 gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi

erT saRamos, roca mwyemsebma sofelSi saqoneli morekes, aRmoC-nda, rom erTi xbo akldaT. im Rames Zlieri grigali amovarda.

gaTenda Tu ara, xbos patroni dakarguli saqonlis saZebnelad wavida. jer mindorSi gavida, mere mdinaris piras, lelianebSi, mere ki kldeebis ukan, mCqefare wyalTan eZebda Tavis xbos.

Semdeg glexi maRali mTis kldovan cicabo ferdobs auyva da erT did kldes gars Semouara im imediT, iqneb xbom grigals Tavi aq Seafarao. kldis Sverilze mas ucnauri sanaxaoba daxvda _ erTi-ori dRis gamoCekili arwivis marTve Zlier qars budidan gadmoegdo.

glexi marTves miswvda, xelebSi Caiwvina da saxlisaken gaemarTa. movuvlio, _ ifiqra.

saxls rom miuaxlovda, bavSvebi yviriliT gamocvivdnen mis Sesaxvedrad:

`xbo dabrunda!~ _ yvirodnen isini.

gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi

glexs gauxarda. Svilebs arwivis marTve aCvena da Semdeg frinveli frTxilad moaTavsa saqaTmeSi, qaTmebTan da wiwilebTan erTad.

`arwivi frinvelebis mefea, _ Tqva man, _ Cven ki marTves ise gamovzrdiT, rom wiwila gaxdes~.

18 gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi

amieridan arwivi wiwilebTan erTad cxovrobda ise, rogorc wiwilebi cxovroben. magram rodesac gaizarda, aSkara iyo, rom is wiwilebisagan Zalian gansxvavdeboda.

erT dRes glexs megobari estumra. man wiwilebs Soris ucxo frinveli SeniSna.

`es xom wiwila ar aris, es arwivia!~ glexs gaeRima mis naTqvamze da uTxra: `ras ambob, es namdvili

wiwilaa, Sexede, wiwilasaviT dadis, wiwilasaviT kenkavs, wiwilasaviT azrovnebs, namdvili wiwilaa!~

magram megobari Tavisas ar iSlida: `dagimtkiceb, rom arwivia~. glexis Svilebi stumars frinvelis daWeraSi daexmarnen. is sak-

maod mZime aRmoCnda. magram kacma arwivi maRla, Tavs zemoT aswia da mimarTa: `Sen ara xar wiwila, Sen arwivi xar! Seni adgili miwaze ki ara, caSia! gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi!~

frinvelma frTebi gaSala, moixeda, dainaxa wiwilebi, romlebic iqve xorbals kenkavdnen, kacs xelidan dausxlta da sakenks daacxra.

`xom giTxari, wiwilaa-meTqi~, _ Tqva glexma da gadaixarxara.

19gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi

meore dRes, gamTeniisas, glexs ZaRlebis yefa Semoesma. gareT, sibneleSi, viRac iZaxda. glexi swrafad mivida karTan. isev misi megobari mosuliyo. `modi, kidev erTxel vcdi, moiyvane frinveli,~ _ sTxova man.

_ ki magram, ici, ra droa? jer arc gaTenebula! _ gTxov, moiyvane frinveli da wamomyevi. bolos da bolos glexma uxalisod gamoiyvana frinveli,

romelsac wiwilebTan erTad tkbilad eZina. isini gzas gauyvnen da male sibneleSi gauCinardnen.

_ sad mivdivarT? _ ikiTxa namZinarevma glexma._ mTebSi, iq, sadac marTve ipove._ ki magram, RamiT, am dros?!_ am dros imitom mivdivarT, rom Cvenma arwivma mTaSi mzis

amosvla naxos da mzes ahyves zecaSi, iq, sadac misi adgilia. maT gadaiares mindori, gadalaxes mdinare. win megobari midioda.

`viCqaroT, _ Tqva man, _ Torem mze amosvlas dagvaswrebs.~rodesac maT mTaze asvla daiwyes, cas pirveli naTeli Seepara.

caze Rrublis qulebi jer gavardisfrda, Semdeg ki oqrosfrad gabrwyinda. zogan gza ukve saxifaTo iyo _ mTis kalTas ekvroda, kldis viwro Sverilebze gadioda da bnel napralebSi uxvevda. bolos megobarma Tqva: `esec ase, movediT~. man kldis qimidan gadaixeda da dainaxa, rom maT mTis Zirs aTasobiT metri aSorebdaT. isini ukve Zalian axlos iyvnen mwvervalTan.

megobarma frTxilad miiyvana frinveli kldis piras, aRmosav-leTisken Seabruna da laparaki dauwyo. `eg marto qaTmebis enaze laparakobs~, _ Caiqirqila glexma.

magram megobari arwivTan laparaks ganagrZobda. esaubreboda mzis Sesaxeb, uambobda, Tu rogor aniWebs mze sicocxles qveyni erebas, rogor mefobs zecaSi, rogor anaTebs yovel axal dRes. `uyure mzes, arwivo! rodesac mze amova, Senc afrindi, Seni adgili caSia da ara miwaze!~ mzis pirveli sxivebi mTis wvers daeca da uecrad qveyniereba ganaTda.

20 gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi

mze didebulad amobrwyinda. mSvenierma frinvelma frTebi gaSala da mzes miegeba, uceb igrZno Tavisi bumbulis siTbo. glexi Cumad iyo. megobarma isev SesZaxa: `Seni adgili caSia da ara miwaze. gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi!~ man ukan, glexisken daixia. garSemo yvelaferi garinduliyo. arwivma Tavi maRla aswia, frTebi gaSala, win gadaixara da klanWebiT kldes CaeWida.

TviTon TiTqos arc ganZreula. Camoqrolilma qarma, adamianzec da frinvelzec ufro Zlierma, didebuli arwivi kldes moswyvita da maRla, amomavali mzisken aitaca. arwivi mzis kaSkaSa sinaTleSi gauCinarda, raTa aRarasodes ecxovra miwaze, wiwilebTan erTad.

21gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi

SekiTxvebi gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi

1. ris saZebnelad wavida glexi moTxrobis dasawyisSi?

A xbos

B mwyemsebis

C cicabo kldis

D arwivis marTvis

2. sad ipova glexma arwivis marTve?

A Tavis budeSi

B mdinaris piras

C kldis Sverilze

D lelianebSi

3. saidan Cans, rom glexi frTxilad, faqizad epyroboda arwivis marTves?

A mas arwivis marTve xelebSi Cawvenili mohyavda.

B man arwivis marTve Tavis saxlSi miiyvana.

C man arwivis marTve budeSi daabruna.

D is arwivis marTves mdinaris piras eZebda.

22 gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi

4. rogor moeqca glexi arwivis marTves, roca saxlSi miiyvana?

A man marTves frena aswavla.

B man marTve gaaTavisufla.

C man marTve wiwilasaviT gamozarda.

D man marTves axali bude gaukeTa.

5. megobris pirveli stumrobis dros arwivis marTve wiwilasaviT iqceoda. moiyvane amis damadasturebeli ori magaliTi.

1 1.

1 2.

6. rodesac glexis megobarma pirvelad naxa arwivi, rogor scada, aefrina igi?

A man is Tavs zemoT aswia.

B man is miwaze dasva.

C man is haerSi aagdo.

D man is mTaSi waiyvana.

23gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi

7. axseni, ra igulisxma glexis megobarma, roca arwivs uTxra: `Seni adgili miwaze ki ara, caSia!~

2

8. ratom gadaixarxara glexma megobris pirveli stumrobis dros?

A arwivi metismetad mZime iyo da ver gafrindeboda

B arwivis daWera Zneli iyo.

C arwivi ar hgavda wiwilebs.

D arwivis qcevam daadastura, rom glexi marTali iyo.

9. ratom waiyvana glexis megobarma arwivi gasafrenad maRal mTebSi? miuTiTe amis ori mizezi.

1 1.

1 2.

24 gafrindi, arwivo, gafrindi

10. ipove da amoiwere is sityvebi, romlebic giCvenebs, Tu ra lamazi iyo ca gaTenebisas.

1

11. ra mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli amomaval mzes am moTxrobaSi?

A man frenis instinqti gauRviZa arwivs.

B is zecaSi mefobda.

C arwivis bumbuls aTbobda.

D is mTis bilikebs anaTebda.

12. glexis megobris qceva gviCvenebs, rogori kaci iyo igi.

Camoayalibe, rogori adamiani iyo is da misi romeli saqcieli adasturebs Sens azrs.

2

9uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

namarxi ewodeba im arsebebisa Tu mcenareebis naSTebs,

romlebic dedamiwaze mravali wlis win arsebobdnen.

aTasobiT welia adamianebi pouloben namarxebs kldeebSi,

ferdobebze da tbebis maxloblad. dReisaTvis CvenTvis

cnobilia, rom am namarxebidan zogi dinozavrebisa iyo.

uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

didi xnis win adamianebs, romlebic didi zomis namarxebs po-

ulobdnen, warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT, Tu ra iyo es. zogi fiqrobda,

rom didi Zvlebi uzarmazar cxovelebs ekuTvnoda, romlebic maT

nanaxi hyavdaT, an romelTa Sesaxebac waekiTxaT, magaliTad, rogoricaa

hipopotami an spilo. magram adamianebis mier aRmoCenili zogierTi

Zvali imdenad didi iyo, rom yvelaze didi hipopotamisa Tu spilosic

ver iqneboda. swored am uzarmazari Zvlebis gamo iyo, rom zogierT

adamians goliaTebis arsebobisa sjeroda.

10 uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

aseulobiT wlis win safrangeTSi erT kacs, saxelad bernar palisis,

gansxvavebuli idea gauCnda. is cnobili meTune iyo. qoTnebis keTebisas,

man TixaSi bevri patara namarxi SeniSna. palisim Seiswavla namarxebi

da dawera, rom isini cocxal arsebaTa naSTebi iyo. es siaxles ar

warmoadgenda, magram bernar palisim imis Sesaxebac dawera, rom am

arsebaTagan zogi dedamiwaze ukve aRar cxovrobda. isini mTlianad

gamqraliyvnen. isini gadaSendnen.

dajildovda bernar palisi am aRmoCenis gamo? ara! is cixeSi Casves

misi ideebis gamo.

drois gasvlasTan erTad, xalxisTvis ufro misaRebi gaxda axali

ideebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori SeiZleboda yofiliyo samyaro

didi xnis win.

mogvianebiT, me-19 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, inglisSi uzarmazari

namarxi kbili aRmoaCines. fiqroben, rom meri en mentelma, namarxTa

eqspertis, gideon mentelis meuRlem, seirnobisas SeniSna raRac, rac

Zalian hgavda uzarmazar qvis kbils.

meri en menteli mixvda, rom es didi

kbili namarxi iyo da is qmars saxlSi

wauRo.

rodesac gideon mentelma na-

marxi kbili naxa, man ifiqra, rom is

balaxismWamels ekuTvnoda, radgan is

brtyeli da wawvetebuli iyo. kbili

sakvebis ReWvisagan gacveTiliyo.

TiTqmis spilos kbilis sididisa iyo,

magram spilos kbils ar hgavda.

naturaluri zomis namarxi kbilis Canaxati

11uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

iguana

gideon mentelma icoda, rom qvis nawilebi, romlebic kbils axlda,

Zalian Zveli iyo. man isic icoda, rom es iyo qvis saxeoba, romelSic

qvewarmavalTa namarxebi aRmoaCines. SeiZleboda imis daSveba, rom kbili

ekuTvnoda uzarmazar balaxismWamel qvewarmavals, romelic saWmels Re-

Wavda? iyo ki es qvewarmavlis saxeoba, romelic ukve aRar cxovrobda

dedamiwaze?

gideon mentelisaTvis es didi kbili Tavsatexad iqca. arc erTi

misTvis cnobili qvewarmavali ar ReWavda sakvebs. qvewarmavlebi ise

sanslavdnen TavianT sakvebs, rom maT kbilebi ar ecviTebodaT. es nam-

dvili gamocana iyo.

gideon mentelma kbili londonSi, muzeumSi waiRo da sxva mec-

nierebs aCvena. arc erTi maTgani ar daeTanxma gideon mentels, rom es

SeiZleba giganturi qvewarmavlis kbili yofiliyo.

gideon menteli cdilobda iseTi qvewarmavlis povnas, romelsac am

uzarmazari kbilis msgavsi kbili eqneboda. magram didi xnis manZilze

man veraferi naxa. erT dRes is Sexvda mecniers, romelic iguanebs

Seiswavlida. iguana didi zomis balaxismWameli qvewarmavalia, romelic

centralur da samxreT amerikaSi binadrobs. is SeiZleba or metrze

didic gaizardos. mecnierma gideon mentels iguanas kbili aCvena. ro-

gorc iqna! es iyo cocxali qvewarmavlis kbili, romelic am idumalebiT

mocul kbils hgavda. magram namarxi kbili gacilebiT didi iyo.

iguanas naturaluri zomis kbilis

Canaxati gideon mentelis dRiuridan

12 uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

maSin gideon mentelma miiCnia, rom namarxi kbili ekuTvnoda cxov-

els, romelic iguanas hgavda. oRond is ori metris ki ara, aramed,

gideon mentelis varaudiT, ocdaaTi metris simaRlis unda yofiliyo.

man Tavis arsebas iguanodoni daarqva, rac `iguanas kbils~ niSnavs.

gideon mentels ar hqonia iguanodonis mTeli ConCxi. magram Zvlebis

mixedviT, romlebic man wlebis manZilze Seagrova, is cdilobda, war-

moedgina, Tu rogor gamoiyureboda iguanodoni. misi azriT, Zvlebi

imaze miuTiTebda, rom es arseba oTx fexze dadioda. is fiqrobda, rom

wvetiani Zvali rqa iyo. man daxata iguanodoni cxvirze rqiT.

gideon mantelis azriT, iguanodoni ase gamoiyureboda.

13uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

wlebis Semdeg iguanodonis ramdenime mTliani ConCxi aRmoaCines.

isini mxolod cxra metris sigrZis iyo. Zvlebis mixedviT gairkva, rom

iguanodoni zogjer ukana fexebzec dadioda. is, rac gideon mentels

cxvirze amozrdili rqa egona, sinamdvileSi aRmoCnda wanazardi `cera

TiTze~. am aRmoCenebis safuZvelze, mecnierTa azri iguanodonis

garegnobis Sesaxeb Seicvala.

gideon mentelma ramdenime Secdoma dauSva, magram

man mniSvnelovani aRmoCena gaakeTa _ gamoTqva

azri, rom namarxi kbili ekuTvnoda mce-

narismWamel qvewarmavals. is mravali wlis

manZilze agrovebda faqtebs da mtki-

cebulebas, rom daesabuTebina

Tavisi ideebis WeSmariteba. Ta-

visi swori mignebebiT gideon

menteli iyo pirveli, vinc

xalxs daanaxa, rom didi xnis

win dedamiwaze uzarmazari

qvewarmavlebi cxovrobdnen,

romlebic Semdeg gadaSendnen.

aseulobiT wlis win ber-

nar palisi cixeSi Casves imis gamo,

rom man daaxloebiT igive Tqva.

gideon mentelma ki saxeli gaiTqva. misma aRmoCenam interesi gauRviZa

xalxs, ufro meti gaegoT am uzarmazari qvewarmavlebis Sesaxeb.

1842 wels mecnierma riCard ouenma gadawyvita, rom am gadaSenebul

qvewarmavlebs saxeli unda hqonodaT da maT dinozavriebi uwoda, rac

`Semzaravad did xvliks~ niSnavs. dRes maT dinozavrebs vuwodebT.

Tanamedrove mecnierTa azriT, iguanodoni ase gamoiyureboda.

13uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

SekiTxvebi uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

1. ra aris namarxi?

A kldeebisa da ferdobebis zedapiri

B goliaTis Zvlebi

C uZvelesi cocxali arsebebis naSTebi

D spiloebis kbilebi

2. teqstis mixedviT, didi xnis win, ratom sjeroda zogierT adamians goliaTebis arsebobis?

1

3. sad ipova bernar palisim namarxebi?

A ferdobebze

B TixaSi

C mdinaris napiras

D bilikze

14 uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

4. ra iyo bernar palisis axali idea?

1

5. ratom Casves bernar palisi cixeSi?

A xalxisTvis miuRebeli iyo axali ideebi.

B man Tavisi ideebi gideon mentelisagan aiRo.

C man patara namarxebi Tavis gakeTebul qoTnebSi Catova.

D namarxebis Seswavla safrangeTSi akrZaluli iyo.

6. vin ipova namarxi kbili inglisSi?

A bernar palisim

B meri en mentelma

C riCard ouenma

D gideon mentelma

15uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

7. ra icoda gideon mentelma qvewarmavlebis Sesaxeb iseTi, ris gamoc namarxi kbili misTvis Tavsatexad iqca?

A qvewarmavlebs ar hqondaT kbilebi.

B qvewarmavlebi kldeebis qveS aRmoaCines.

C qvewarmavlebi didi xnis win cxovrobdnen.

D qvewarmavlebi TavianT sakvebs dauReWavad sanslavdnen.

8. gideon menteli fiqrobda, rom SesaZloa, kbili ekuTvnoda gansxvavebuli tipis cxovels. Seavse cxrili imis saCveneblad, Tu ratom fiqrobda igi ase.

cxovelis tipi ratom fiqrobda ase

balaxismWameli kbili iyo brtyeli da wawvetebuli

1 uzarmazari arseba

1 qvewarmavali

16 uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

9. ratom waiRo gideon mentelma kbili muzeumSi?

A raTa ekiTxa, muzeums xom ar ekuTvnoda es namarxi.

B raTa daemtkicebina, rom is namarxebis specialisti iyo.

C raTa gaego, ras fiqrobdnen mecnierebi misi ideis Sesaxeb.

D raTa muzeumSi es kbili sxva kbilebisaTvis Seedarebina.

10. mecnierma gideon mentels iguanas kbili aCvena. ratom iyo es mniSvnelovani gideon mentelisaTvis?

1

11. ra gamoiyena gideon mentelma, rodesac cdilobda warmoedgina, Tu rogor gamoiyureboda iguanodoni?

A mis mier Segrovebuli Zvlebi

B sxva mecnierTa ideebi

C suraTebi wignebidan

D sxva qvewarmavalTa kbilebi

17uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

12. Sexede iguanodonis or suraTs. ris gagebaSi gexmareba isini?

2

13. gviandelma aRmoCenebma daadastura, rom gideon menteli iguanodonis garegnobasTan dakavSirebiT cdeboda. Seavse cxrilSi carieli adgilebi.

rogor gamoiyureboda iguanodoni gideon mentelis azriT

rogor gamoiyureboda iguan-odoni Tanamedrove mecnierTa azriT

1 iguanodoni oTx fexze dadioda.

1 iguanodons hqonda wanazardi cera TiTze.

1 iguanodonis simaRle 30 metri iyo.

uzarmazari kbilis saidumlo

14. ra aRmoCnda iseTi, ramac dagvanaxa, rom gideonis azri iguanodonis garegnobis Sesaxeb mcdari iyo?

A sxva namarxi kbilebi

B mecnieruli Canaxatebi

C cocxali iguanodonebi

D mTliani ConCxebi

SeCerdibukletis es nawili dasrulda. Sewyvite muSaoba.

erTdRia

ni l

aSqr

obis

as r

om

usia

movneb

ebis

gan

daz

Rveuli

iyo

FlaSqroba adrianad daiwye. maSin bevri

dro geqneba gasarTobad da Sinac daRamebamde

dabrundebi.

FsalaSqro bilikebiT iare, Tu garemos ar

icnob.

FSearCie siarulis tempi. nu ivli Zalian

swrafad, Zala rom ar gamogelios. fexi auwyve

Seni jgufis yvelaze nela mosiarule wevrs.

Fsiarulisas frTxilad iyavi. daakvirdi

sagnebs, romlebsac SeiZleba siarulisas fexi

wamohkra, magaliTad, moryeul qvebs, foTlebis

grovas da joxebs. nela iare mosipul adgilebze.

Tuki wyalSi gavla giwevs, winaswar unda icode,

ramdenad Rrmaa is.

FufrTxildi gareul cxovelebs.

frTxilad iyavi fexis dadgmisas, qvebis

an joxebis miwidan aRebisa da dajdomisas.

axlos nu mixval gareul cxovelebTan.

isini SeiZleba sayvarlad da uwyinrad

gamoiyurebodnen, magram aravin icis,

rodis rogor moiqcevian. miT umetes,

rom TavianT sacxovreblebs isini Zalian

fxizlad darajoben.

mniSvnelovania: vinmes daubare, sad

midixar laSqrobaSi da daaxloebiT rodis

dabrundebi. es dagexmareba, Tuki raRac

gansakuTrebuli moxda an rame SegemTxva. masve

Seatyobine, roca dabrundebi.

G G

G G

G G

G G

G G

rac mTavaria, ar dagaviwydes, rom laSqrobaSi

gasarTobad midixar. roca qalaqgareT xar,

isiamovne. daakvirdi yvel

afers, rac sainteresoa

Sens garSemo, Seiswavle axal

i adgilebi,

mcenareebi da cxovelebi. daafase ama Tu im

mxaris, bunebis mSveniereba. amasTanave laSqroba

SenTvis kargi gamajansaRebel

i varjiSic unda iyos!

PerTdRia

ni l

aSqr

obis

dag

egmva

FairCie iseTi adgili, sadac wasvl

a saxaliso da

saintereso iqneba. Tu l

aSqrobaSi jgufi midis,

marSrutis SerCevisas

yvel

a wevris interesi

gaiTvaliswine.

Fgaarkvie, ra manZil

i unda dafaro l

aSqrobisas

da daaxl

oebiT ra dro dasWirdeba amas.

FgaiTvaliswine, rogori

amindia wasvl

isas,

agreTve rogoria amindis uaxloesi prognozi.

amindis gaTvaliswinebiT dagegme laSqroba da

SearCie tansacmelic.

Fmsubuqad aRiWurve. ris waRebasac laSqrobaSi

apireb, mZime ar unda iyos (ixile laSqrobaSi

gamosadegi nivTebis nusxa).

laS

qrobaS

i dag

Wir

deb

a o didi raodenobiT wyali _

wyurvilma rom ar Segawuxos.

o saWmel

i _ noyieri mSral

i sakvebi an

msubuqi sauzme.

o pirveli samedicino daxmarebis sagnebi _

gamogadgeba, Tu wyl

uli gagiCnda, raime

gageWra an gagekawra.

o mwerebis sawinaaRmdego saSual

ebebi _

nakbenebisagan Tavis dasacavad (magal

iTad,

baRlinjoebis, futkrebis, koRoebis da

buzebis).

o erTi wyvil

i zedmeti winda _ SeiZl

eba fexi

dagisveldes.

o sastveni _ gamogadgeba, Tu marto midixar.

sami mokl

e dastvena niSnavs, rom raRac

giWirs da daxmarebas iTxov.

o ruka da kompasi _ Zalian gamosadegia

rTuli laSqrobebis dros.

gaer

Te e

rTdRia

n l

aSqr

oba

Sigin

da

gaerTo d

a dro

sai

nter

esod g

aatar

o u

qme dRes

an

ardad

egeb

ze?

qalaqgareT drois gatarebis yvel

aze karg

SesaZleblobas laSqroba gaZlevs. misi yvel

aze

popularuli saxeoba ki erTdRiani laSqrobaa.

igi arc bevr dros moiTxovs da arc

specialur aRWurvilobas saWiroebs.

erTdRia

ni l

aSqr

oba

sas

iamo

vnoa

da

Tan

kar

gi

varjiS

ic a

ris

!arCevani Senzea! Sen TviTon SegiZlia

airCio, sad da ramdeni xniT waxvide,

ramdenad swrafad ginda iaro. Sen SegiZlia

ubral

od iseirno da datkbe bunebiT, an

Tavi gamoscado rTul, cicabo salaSqro

bilikebze. es Senzea damokidebuli!

daakvirdi saintereso

siaxleebs! laSqroba migiyvans iseT

adgilebSi, sadac sxvanairad ver moxvdebodi.

SegiZlia ewvio lamaz mxareebs da mimzidveli

xedebis cqeriT datkbe, moinaxulo Soreuli

adgilebi, sadac mimaluli veli, CanCqeri an

gamoqvabuli SeiZl

eba aRmoaCino. laSqroba

SesaZleblobas gaZl

evs naxo SenTvis ucnobi

mcenareebi, gareuli frinvelebi da cxovelebi,

an iqneb Zvel

nagebobaTa nangrevebs da im

adamianTa nivTebsac waawyde, didi xnis

win rom cxovrobdnen.

iyavi fiz

iku

rad Zl

ieri!

siaruli varjiSis saukeTeso saSual

ebaa.

ase rom, laSqrobebSi sistematuri

monawil

eoba dagexmareba, SeinarCuno

janmrTel

oba. laSqrobisas fiqris,

aseve sasiamovnod modunebis saSual

eba

geZl

eva. laSqroba megobrebTan

da ojaxis wevrebTan erTad drois

gatarebis mSvenieri SesaZleblobac aris,

an ubral

od cota xniT ganmartoebis

saSual

ebaa, roca SegiZlia bunebas

daakvirde da datkbe

gamoik

vlie s

aTvalTvalo g

ora

saTvalTvalo goris ruka da cxril

i giCvenebs, rogor airCio erTdRiani

laSqrobis marSruti, romelic yvel

aze metad

mogewoneba da saSual

ebas mogcems, naxo da

gaakeTo is, rac gsurs. es ruka gaswavlis,

rogor moawyo erTdRiani laSqroba Sens

sacxovrebel

adgilTan axlos.

air

Cie

mar

Sru

ti!

gamoiyene Cven mier

SemoTavazebul

i erT-erTi

marSruti an Seni sakuTari

marSruti Seadgine.

frinvelebis

nakrZali

piknikis

adgili

bayayebis

yure

marSrutebis

dasawyisi

saTva

lTva

lo g

ora

TavgadasavlebiT aRsavse laSqroba

qvis Zveli

cixe-simagre

saTvalTvalo

gora

sadguri

cxril

isaxeli

marSruti

dro

sirTule

aRwera

frinvelebis

biliki

2 saaTi

advili

wris dartyma

frinvelebis

nakrZalisaTvis

goraze

laSqroba

2-2,5 saaTi

_ erTi gza

rTuli

saTvalTvalo

goraze asvl

a da

iqidan gadmoxedva

gza

bayayebis

yurisken

3 saaTi

saSual

olaSqroba

bayayebis

yuresTan piknikis

mosawyobad

saTval-

Tvalo

goris wre

5 saaTi

saSual

olaSqroba

saTvalTvalo

goris garSemo

qvis Zvel

i cixe-

simagrisken

15erTdRiani laSqroba

SekiTxvebi gaerTe qalaqgareT

amoiRe furceli, romlis saTauria `gaerTe qalaqgareT~.

aq dasmuli kiTxvebi exeba swored am furcels.

awie xeli, Tu es furceli ara gaqvs.

1. ra aris is mTavari informacia, romelsac Sen teqstis es

nawili gawvdis laSqrobis Sesaxeb?

A laSqroba Zviri jdeba da saxifaToa.

B laSqroba cxovelebis naxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa.

C laSqroba gamajansaRebeli da gamaxalisebelia.

D laSqrobaSi wasvla mxolod specialistebs SeuZliaT.

2. teqstis mixedviT daasaxele is ori saintereso ram, risi naxvac SegiZlia erTdRiani laSqrobisas.

1 1.

2.

3. teqstis mixedviT, ra aris is ori ram, rac unda gaxsovdes, roca laSqrobaSi jgufTan erTad midixar?

1 1.

1 2.

16 erTdRiani laSqroba

4. teqstis romeli nawili gafrTxilebs, rom laSqrobisTvis tansacmeli amindis gaTvaliswinebiT unda SearCio?

A gaerTe erTdRian laSqrobaSi

B erTdRiani laSqrobis dagegmva

C laSqrobaSi dagWirdeba

D laSqrobisas usiamovnebebisagan dazRveuli rom iyo

Caxede teqstis im nawils, romlis saTauria `laSqrobaSi dagWirdeba~ da upasuxe me-5 da me-6 SekiTxvebs.

5. ratom unda waiRo laSqrobaSi zedmeti winda?

A SeiZleba fexi dagisveldes

B SeiZleba acivdes

C SeiZleba wyluli gagiCndes

D megobrisaTvis

6. rogor unda moiqce, Tu laSqrobaSi raime gagiWirda?

A unda SeWamo noyieri saWmeli

B sastveniT samjer unda daustvino

C unda waisva mwerebis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi

D rac SeiZleba xmamaRla unda iyviro da ase iTxovo Svela

erTdRiani laSqrobisas rom usiamovnebebisgan dazRveuli iyo

FlaSqroba adrianad daiwye. maSin bevri dro geqneba gasarTobad da Sinac daRamebamde dabrundebi.

FsalaSqro bilikebiT iare, Tu garemos ar icnob.

FSearCie siarulis tempi. nu ivli Zalian swrafad, Zala rom ar gamogelios. fexi auwyve Seni jgufis yvelaze nela mosiarule wevrs.

Fsiarulisas frTxilad iyavi. daakvirdi sagnebs, romlebsac SeiZleba siarulisas fexi wamohkra, magaliTad, moryeul qvebs, foTlebis grovas da joxebs. nela iare mosipul adgilebze. Tuki wyalSi gavla giwevs, winaswar unda icode, ramdenad Rrmaa is.

FufrTxildi gareul cxovelebs. frTxilad iyavi fexis dadgmisas, qvebis an joxebis miwidan aRebisa da dajdomisas. axlos nu mixval gareul cxovelebTan. isini SeiZleba sayvarlad da uwyinrad gamoiyurebodnen, magram aravin icis, rodis rogor moiqcevian. miT umetes, rom TavianT sacxovreblebs isini Zalian fxizlad darajoben.

mniSvnelovania: vinmes daubare, sad midixar laSqrobaSi da daaxloebiT rodis dabrundebi. es dagexmareba, Tuki raRac gansakuTrebuli moxda an rame SegemTxva. masve Seatyobine, roca dabrundebi.

G G G G G G G G G G rac mTavaria, ar dagaviwydes, rom laSqrobaSi gasarTobad midixar. roca qalaqgareT xar, isiamovne. daakvirdi yvelafers, rac sainteresoa Sens garSemo, Seiswavle axali adgilebi, mcenareebi da cxovelebi. daafase ama Tu im mxaris, bunebis mSveniereba. amasTanave laSqroba SenTvis kargi gamajansaRebeli varjiSic unda iyos!

PerTdRiani laSqrobis dagegmva

FairCie iseTi adgili, sadac wasvla saxaliso da saintereso iqneba. Tu laSqrobaSi jgufi midis, marSrutis SerCevisas yvela wevris interesi

gaiTvaliswine.

Fgaarkvie, ra manZili unda dafaro laSqrobisas

da daaxloebiT ra dro dasWirdeba amas.

FgaiTvaliswine, rogori amindia wasvlisas, agreTve rogoria amindis uaxloesi prognozi. amindis gaTvaliswinebiT dagegme laSqroba da

SearCie tansacmelic.

Fmsubuqad aRiWurve. ris waRebasac laSqrobaSi apireb, mZime ar unda iyos (ixile laSqrobaSi gamosadegi nivTebis nusxa).

laSqrobaSi dagWirdeba o didi raodenobiT wyali _

wyurvilma rom ar Segawuxos.

o saWmeli _ noyieri mSrali sakvebi an msubuqi sauzme.

o pirveli samedicino daxmarebis sagnebi _ gamogadgeba, Tu wyluli gagiCnda, raime gageWra an gagekawra.

o mwerebis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi _ nakbenebisagan Tavis dasacavad (magaliTad, baRlinjoebis, futkrebis, koRoebis da buzebis).

o erTi wyvili zedmeti winda _ SeiZleba fexi dagisveldes.

o sastveni _ gamogadgeba, Tu marto midixar. sami mokle dastvena niSnavs, rom raRac giWirs da daxmarebas iTxov.

o ruka da kompasi _ Zalian gamosadegia rTuli laSqrobebis dros.

gaerTe erTdRian laSqrobaSiginda gaerTo da dro

sainteresod gaataro uqme dRes an ardadegebze?

qalaqgareT drois gatarebis yvelaze karg SesaZleblobas laSqroba gaZlevs. misi yvelaze popularuli saxeoba ki erTdRiani laSqrobaa.

igi arc bevr dros moiTxovs da arc specialur aRWurvilobas saWiroebs.

17erTdRiani laSqroba

Caxede teqstis im nawils, romlis saTauria `laSqrobisas usiamovnebebisgan dazRveuli rom iyo~ da upasuxe me-7 da me-8 SekiTxvebs.

7. rogor unda moiqce, male rom ar daiRalo?

A laSqroba adrianad unda daiwyo

B salaSqro bilikebiT unda iaro

C siarulis tempi unda SearCio

D siarulisas frTxilad unda iyo

8. ratom aris mniSvnelovani vinmes daubaro, Tu rodis apireb laSqrobidan dabrunebas?

1

erTdRiani laSqrobisas rom usiamovnebebisgan dazRveuli iyo

FlaSqroba adrianad daiwye. maSin bevri dro geqneba gasarTobad da Sinac daRamebamde dabrundebi.

FsalaSqro bilikebiT iare, Tu garemos ar icnob.

FSearCie siarulis tempi. nu ivli Zalian swrafad, Zala rom ar gamogelios. fexi auwyve Seni jgufis yvelaze nela mosiarule wevrs.

Fsiarulisas frTxilad iyavi. daakvirdi sagnebs, romlebsac SeiZleba siarulisas fexi wamohkra, magaliTad, moryeul qvebs, foTlebis grovas da joxebs. nela iare mosipul adgilebze. Tuki wyalSi gavla giwevs, winaswar unda icode, ramdenad Rrmaa is.

FufrTxildi gareul cxovelebs. frTxilad iyavi fexis dadgmisas, qvebis an joxebis miwidan aRebisa da dajdomisas. axlos nu mixval gareul cxovelebTan. isini SeiZleba sayvarlad da uwyinrad gamoiyurebodnen, magram aravin icis, rodis rogor moiqcevian. miT umetes, rom TavianT sacxovreblebs isini Zalian fxizlad darajoben.

mniSvnelovania: vinmes daubare, sad midixar laSqrobaSi da daaxloebiT rodis dabrundebi. es dagexmareba, Tuki raRac gansakuTrebuli moxda an rame SegemTxva. masve Seatyobine, roca dabrundebi.

G G G G G G G G G G rac mTavaria, ar dagaviwydes, rom laSqrobaSi gasarTobad midixar. roca qalaqgareT xar, isiamovne. daakvirdi yvelafers, rac sainteresoa Sens garSemo, Seiswavle axali adgilebi, mcenareebi da cxovelebi. daafase ama Tu im mxaris, bunebis mSveniereba. amasTanave laSqroba SenTvis kargi gamajansaRebeli varjiSic unda iyos!

PerTdRiani laSqrobis dagegmva

FairCie iseTi adgili, sadac wasvla saxaliso da saintereso iqneba. Tu laSqrobaSi jgufi midis, marSrutis SerCevisas yvela wevris interesi

gaiTvaliswine.

Fgaarkvie, ra manZili unda dafaro laSqrobisas

da daaxloebiT ra dro dasWirdeba amas.

FgaiTvaliswine, rogori amindia wasvlisas, agreTve rogoria amindis uaxloesi prognozi. amindis gaTvaliswinebiT dagegme laSqroba da

SearCie tansacmelic.

Fmsubuqad aRiWurve. ris waRebasac laSqrobaSi apireb, mZime ar unda iyos (ixile laSqrobaSi gamosadegi nivTebis nusxa).

laSqrobaSi dagWirdeba o didi raodenobiT wyali _

wyurvilma rom ar Segawuxos.

o saWmeli _ noyieri mSrali sakvebi an msubuqi sauzme.

o pirveli samedicino daxmarebis sagnebi _ gamogadgeba, Tu wyluli gagiCnda, raime gageWra an gagekawra.

o mwerebis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi _ nakbenebisagan Tavis dasacavad (magaliTad, baRlinjoebis, futkrebis, koRoebis da buzebis).

o erTi wyvili zedmeti winda _ SeiZleba fexi dagisveldes.

o sastveni _ gamogadgeba, Tu marto midixar. sami mokle dastvena niSnavs, rom raRac giWirs da daxmarebas iTxov.

o ruka da kompasi _ Zalian gamosadegia rTuli laSqrobebis dros.

gaerTe erTdRian laSqrobaSiginda gaerTo da dro

sainteresod gaataro uqme dRes an ardadegebze?

qalaqgareT drois gatarebis yvelaze karg SesaZleblobas laSqroba gaZlevs. misi yvelaze popularuli saxeoba ki erTdRiani laSqrobaa.

igi arc bevr dros moiTxovs da arc specialur aRWurvilobas saWiroebs.

erTdRiani laSqroba

9-12 kiTxvebze pasuxisas gamoiyene informacia teqstis im nawilidan, romlis saTauria `laSqroba saTvalTvalo goraze~.

9. romeli marSruti unda airCio, Tu ginda, rom laSqroba xanmokle iyos?

A frinvelebis biliki

B laSqroba saTvalTvalo goraze

C gza bayayebis yurisaken

D saTvalTvalo goris wre

10. rogori adamianebi SeZleben laSqrobaSi wasvlas saTvalTvalo goraze?

A adamianebi, romlebic Cqaroben

B adamianebi, romlebsac bavSvebi axlavT

C adamianebi, romelbsac uyvarT frinvelebze dakvirveba

D Zlieri da janmrTeli adamianebi

19erTdRiani laSqroba

11. ra aris is ori ram, rasac marSrutebis cxrilis daxmarebiT

gaigeb?

1 1.

1 2.

12. gamoiyene saTvalTvalo goris ruka da marSrutebis cxrili laSqrobis dasagegmad. miuTiTe, romel marSruts airCevdi.

_________ frinvelebis biliki

_________ laSqroba saTvalTvalo goraze

_________ gza bayayebis yurisaken

_________ saTvalTvalo goris wre

moZebne teqstSi imis ori mizezi, Tu ratom airCie es marSruti.

1 1.

1 2.

3mtris namcxvari

mtris namcxvariderek mansoni

ilustrirebulia tara kalahan kingis mier

mSvenieri zafxuli iyo, vidre aleqsandre Cemi saukeTeso megobris,

lukas mezoblad gadmovidoda. aleqsandre ar momwonda. man wveuleba

gamarTa da arc ki dampatiJa. Cemi saukeTeso megobari luka ki dapatiJa.

mteri arasdros myolia, vidre aleqsandre ar gadmovida Cvens

mezoblad. mamaCemma miTxra,

rom Cems asakSi masac hyavda

mtrebi. magram man icoda,

rogor moeSorebina isini

Tavidan.

mamam receptebis wigni-

dan qaRaldis erTi gacre-

cili nagleji amoaZvrina.

_ `mtris namcxvari~, _

ganacxada man kmayofilebiT.

albaT gainteresebT, da-

namdvilebiT ras warmoad-

gens `mtris namcxvari~. ma-

mam miTxra, rom recepti

saidumlos warmoadgenda da

ar SeeZlo misi gamxela. Sevexvewe, sul cota ram mainc eTqva CemTvis.

_ ai, ras getyvi, daviT, _ miTxra man, _ `mtris namcxvari~ aris

mtris Tavidan moSorebis yvelaze swrafi saSualeba.

aman damafiqra. ra sazizRar raRaceebs Cavyridi `mtris namcxvarSi~?!

mamas Wiayelebi da kenWebi mivutane, magram ukan damibruna.

4 mtris namcxvari

gareT gavedi saTamaSod. am xnis ganmavlobaSi sul miyuradebuli

viyavi, ras akeTebda mama samzareuloSi. yvelafris miuxedavad, es

SeiZleboda didebuli zafxuli yofiliyo.

Sevecade, warmomedgina, ra saSineli suni unda hqonoda `mtris

namcxvars~. magram irgvliv namdvilad mSvenieri surneli trialebda.

SemiZlia mogaxsenoT, rom is Cveni samzareulodan gamodioda. cota

davibeni.

Sevedi, mamaCemisaTvis rom mekiTxa, ra xdeboda. SeuZlebelia, `mtris

namcxvars~ aseTi kargi suni hqonoda. magram mamaCemi gamWriaxi kaci iyo.

`cudi suni rom hqondes, Seni mteri mas xom ar SeWamda~, _ miTxra

man. danamdvilebiT SemeZlo meTqva, rom es namcxvari adrec hqonda

gakeTebuli.

Rumelma zuzuni daiwyo. mamam moxerxebuli moZraobiT gamoiRo

namcxvari Rumelidan. is sakmaod madisaRmZvrelad gamoiyureboda! Tan-

daTan raRacas vxvdebodi.

magram mainc ar viyavi darwmunebuli, es `mtris namcxvari~ rogor

gaakeTebda Tavis saqmes. sinamdvileSi ras uzamda mtrebs? iqneb Tmebs

gaacvenda, an pirSi cud suns gauCenda? mamaCems vkiTxe, magram TiTqos

arc gaugonia.

vidre namcxvari grildeboda, mamam damariga, ra unda gamekeTebina.

man CamCurCula: `am namcxvarma rom imoqmedos, erTi dRe Sens mter-

Tan erTad unda gaataro. metic, kargad unda moepyro. es advili ar

aris. magram mxolod am Sem-

TxvevaSi gaakeTebs `mtris nam-

cxvari~ Tavis saqmes. darwmu-

nebuli xar, rom amas SeZleb?~

ra Tqma unda, darwmunebu-

li viyavi.

amgvarad, erTi dRe aleq-

sandresTan erTad unda ga-

metarebina da Semdeg is Cemi

cxovrebidan gaqreboda. velo-

sipediT mis saxls mivadeqi da

karze davakakune.

aleqsandrem kari gamiRo.

is, gaocebuli Canda.

5mtris namcxvari

_ SegiZlia, gamoxvide da erTad viTamaSoT? _ vkiTxe me.

is dabneuli gamoiyureboda.

_ waval, dedas vkiTxav, _ Tqva man. ukan fexsacmelebiT xelSi dab-

runda.

cota xans velosipedebiT viseirneT, mere cota vWameT. Wamis Semdeg

ki Cems saxlSi wavediT.

ucnauria, magram Cems mterTan erTad kargad verTobodi. amas

mamaCems rogor vetyodi, man xom imdeni iSroma namcxvris gamosacxobad.

Cven vTamaSobdiT, vidre mamaCemma sadilze dagviZaxa.

mamam Cemi sayvareli saWmeli moamzada. es aleqsandres sayvareli

saWmelic aRmoCnda! iqneb aleqsandre arc iseTi cudi biWi iyo. imaze

fiqri daviwye, iqneb `mtris namcxvari~ saerTodac dagveviwyebina.

_ mama, _ vTqvi me, _ namdvilad kar-

gia axali megobris SeZena.

vcdilobdi, meniSnebina misTvis, rom

aleqsandre aRar iyo Cemi mteri. mamam ki

mxolod gaiRima da Tavi damiqnia. mgoni,

ifiqra, rom Tavs vikatunebdi.

magram sadilis Semdeg mamam nam cxvari

gamoitana. namcxvari ulufebad sam TefS-

ze gaanawila, erTi me momawoda da erTi

_ aleqsandres.

_ vaah! _ wamoiZaxa aleqsandrem nam-

cxvris danaxvaze.

Zalian SemeSinda . ar mindoda,

aleqsandres `mtris namcxvari~ eWama! is xom Cemi megobari iyo!

_ ar SeWamo! _ viyvire, _ cudia!

aleqsandres Cangali pirTan gauSeSda. gaocebulma Semomxeda. me

gulze momeSva. me is gadavarCine.

6 mtris namcxvari

_ aseTi cudi Tua, _ ikiTxa aleqsandrem, _ maSin mamaSenma ratom

SeWama ukve naxevari?

marTlac, mamaCemi `mtris namcxvars~ Wamda.

_ kargi ramea, _ Caiburtyuna mamam. vijeqi da vuyurebdi, rogor

miirTmevdnen namcxvars. arc erTs ar cvioda Tma! namcxvari momwamvleli

ar Canda, amitom cota mec gavsinje. ugemrielesi iyo!

desertis Semdeg, meore dilisaTvis, aleqsandrem Tavis saxlSi dam-

patiJa.

rac Seexeba `mtris namcxvars~, axlac ar vici, rogor mzaddeba.

axlac mainteresebs, mtrebs is marTla ezizRebaT, marTla scvivaT Tmebi

Tu pirSi cudi suni uCndebaT. ar vici, odesme Tu miviReb pasuxs am

kiTxvaze, radgan sul axlaxan me Cemi saukeTeso mteri davkarge.

5mtris namcxvari

SekiTxvebi mtris namcxvari

1. vin hyveba ambavs?

A aleqsandre

B mama

C luka

D daviTi

2. moTxrobis dasawyisSi ratom fiqrobda daviTi, rom aleqsandre misi mteri iyo?

1

3. dawere erTi ram, rac, daviTis azriT, `mtris namcxvris~ SemadgenlobaSi unda yofiliyo.

1

6 mtris namcxvari

4. moZebne moTxrobaSi is adgili, romlis gaswvriv gamosaxulia namcxvris naWeri:ratom fiqrobda daviTi, rom mas didebuli zafxuli eqneboda?

A mas moswonda gareT TamaSi.

B is aRfrTovanebuli iyo mamis gegmiT.

C man axali megobari SeiZina.

D mas undoda `mtris namcxvris~ gasinjva.

5. ra grZnoba daeufla daviTs, rodesac pirvelad `mtris namcxvris~ suni igrZno? axseni, ratom gauCnda mas es grZnoba.

2

6. daviTis azriT, ra moxdeboda, rodesac misi mteri `mtris namcxvars~ SeWamda?mi uT iTe erTi ram.

1

7mtris namcxvari

7. mamis TqmiT, romeli ori piroba unda Seesrulebina daviTs imisaTvis, rom `mtris namcxvars~ Tavisi saqme gaekeTebina?

2

8. ratom wavida daviTi aleqsandres saxlSi?

A aleqsandre sadilze rom daepatiJebina..

B aleqsandresTvis rom eTxova, lukasTvis Tavi daenebebina.

C aleqsandre saTamaSod rom daepatiJebina.

D aleqsandresTvis rom eTxova, misi megobari gamxdariyo.

9. riT gaakvirva daviTi aleqsandresTan gatarebulma dRem?

1

8 mtris namcxvari

10. ratom daiwyo sadilis dros daviTma fiqri imaze, rom mas da mamamiss unda daeviwyebinaT `mtris namcxvari~?

A daviTs ar undoda, deserti aleqsandresaTvis gaeyo.

B daviTi fiqrobda, rom `mtris namcxvari~ Tavis saqmes ar gaakeTebda.

C daviTs aleqsandre ufro da ufro moswonda.

D daviTs undoda, `mtris namcxvris~ ambavi saidumlod Seenaxa.

11. ras grZnobda daviTi, rodesac mamam aleqsandres `mtris namcxvris~ naWeri miawoda?

A is SeSfoTebuli iyo

B is kmayofili iyo

C is gaocebuli iyo

D is dabneuli iyo

9mtris namcxvari

12. ra iyo is, rasac mama saidumlod inaxavda ̀ mtris namcxvris~ Sesaxeb?

A es iyo Cveulebrivi namcxvari.

B mas sazizRari gemo hqonda.

C es iyo misi sayvareli saWmeli.

D es iyo momwamvleli namcxvari.

13. Sexede winadadebas, romelic moTxrobis boloSia mocemuli:

`desertis Semdeg, meore dilisaTvis, aleqsandrem Tavis

saxlSi dampatiJa.~

amis mixedviT ra SeiZleba vifiqroT biWebis Sesaxeb?

A isini kvlav mtrebi arian.

B maT ar moswonT daviTis saxlSi TamaSi.

C maT kidev undaT `mtris namcxvris~ Wama.

D isini momavalSi SeiZleba damegobrdnen.

14. imis mixedviT, rac waikiTxe, axseni, ratom gaakeTa sinamdvileSi daviTis mamam `mtris namcxvari~?

1

10 mtris namcxvari

15. rogori adamiania daviTis mama? mis dasaxasiaTeblad moiyvane moTxrobidan magaliTi _ ra gaakeTa man iseTi, rac Sens azrs adasturebs.

2

16. ra iswavle am moTxrobidan?

1

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Mullis I.V.S., Martin M. O., Foy P., Drucker K.T., ( 2012). PIRLS 2011 International Results in Reading, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Lynch School of Education, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.

2. Mullis I.V.S., Martin M. O., Minnich C.A., Drucker K.T., Ragan M.A., (2012). PIRLS 2011 Encyclopedia, Education Policy and Curriculum in Reading.

3. Mullis I.V.S., Martin M. O., Kennedy A.M., Trong K. L., Sainsbury M., (2009). PIRLS 2011 Assessment Framework; TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Lynch School of Education, Boston College.

4. National Institute for Literacy, (2008). Report of the National Early Literacy Panel

5. Rafoth, Buchenauer, Crissman, Halko, (2004). School and Home, School readiness – Preparing Children for Kindergarten and Beyond: Information for Parents.

6. Miller Sadker, Zittleman, (2006). Teachers, School and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education

7. Appalachia Educational Laboratory, (2005). Shared Goals for Learning — Is Everyone Using the Same Roadmap?

8. Jeffrey Choppin. (2011) Learned adaptations: Teachers’ understanding and use of curriculum resources.

9. Cotton, Wikelund, (1989). School Improvement Research Series, (1987-1995).

10. Kennedy A.M., Trong K. L., (2007) Influence of the Home Literacy Environment on Reading Motivation and Reading Comprehension.

11. Partin, Gillespie Hendrix, (2002). The Relationship Between Positive Adolescent Attitudes Toward Reading and Home Literary Environment.

12. Borman, Ilgen, Klimoski, Weiner (2003).

Handbook of Psychology, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Volume 12.

13. kutalaZe ia, (2008).

wigniereba, PIRLS 2006 saqarTveloSi.

14. gamocdebis erovnuli centri (2010).

efeqtiani swavleba, Teoria da praqtika.