THE FOUNDATIONS OF RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEENTHE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:3150-1850 BCIvan T. ChernyakovElke KaiserViktor I. Klo hkoAleksander Ko±koNikolay N. KovalyukhVladimir A. KrutsMykola N. Kryvaltsevi hVadim L. LakizaJan Ma hnikSergey V. NazarovAlla V. NikolovaVadim V. SkripkinMarzena SzmytMihailo Y. Videiko1V O L U M E 7 • 1999

BALTIC-PONTIC STUDIES61-809 Pozna« (Poland)�w. Mar in 78Tel. (061) 8536709 ext. 147, Fax (061) 8533373EDITORAleksander Ko±koEDITORIAL COMMITEESophia S. Berezanskaya (Kiev), Aleksandra Cofta-Broniewska(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska(�ód¹), Viktor I. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko(Kiev), Petro Tolo hko (Kiev)SECRETARYMarzena SzmytSECRETARY OF VOLUMEAgnieszka PrzybyªADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITYINSTITUTE OF EASTERN STUDIESINSTITUTE OF PREHISTORYPozna« 1999ISBN 83-86094-06-0ISSN 1231-0344

THE FOUNDATIONS OF RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEENTHE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:3150-1850 BCIvan T. ChernyakovElke KaiserViktor I. Klo hkoAleksander Ko±koNikolay N. KovalyukhVladimir A. KrutsMykola N. Kryvaltsevi hVadim L. LakizaJan Ma hnikSergey V. NazarovAlla V. NikolovaVadim V. SkripkinMarzena SzmytMihailo Y. Videiko1V O L U M E 7 • 1999

c© Copyright by B-PS and AuthorsAll rights reservedCover Design: Eugeniusz SkorwiderLingvisti onsultation: John ComberPrinted in PolandComputer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu

CONTENTSEDITORS' FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5ASSUMPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Viktor I. Klo hko, Aleksander Ko±ko, Marzena Szmyt, PROBLEMOF TAXONOMIC LIMITATIONS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF THE HISTORYOF BALTIC-PONTIC BORDERLAND IN 3150-1850 BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Nikolay N. Kovalyukh, Sergey V. Nazarov, RADIOCARBONDATING CALIBRATION IN ARCHEOLOGICAL STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Vadim V. Skripkin, Nikolay N. Kovalyukh, RADIOCARBON LS DATINGOF BONE MICRO-SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27PART I. THE BLACK SEA BASIN (CHRONOLOGY OF TAXONOMIC UNITS) . . . . . . 34Mihailo Y. Videiko, RADIOCARBON DATING CHRONOLOGY OF THE LATETRIPOLYE CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Viktor I. Klo hko, Vladimir A. Kruts, RADIOCARBON DATESFROM THE YAMNAYA CULTURE BARROW AT THE TRIPOLYE CULTURE"GIANT SETTLEMENT" NEAR TALYANKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Alla V. Nikolova, RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE GRAVESOF THE YAMNAYA CULTURE AT THE INGULETS RIVER(THE KIROVOHRAD REGION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Alla V. Nikolova, RADIOCARBON DATING OF GRAVESOF THE YAMNAYA AND CATACOMB CULTURESON THE DNIEPER RIGHT BANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Elke Kaiser, RADIOCARBONDATES FROM CATACOMB GRAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Mykola Kryvaltsevi h, Nikolay N. Kovalyukh, RADIOCARBONDATINGOF THE MIDDLE DNIEPER CULTURE FROM BELARUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Viktor I. Klo hko, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLYAND MIDDLE BRONZE AGE IN THE MIDDLE DNIEPER REGION.THE MYRONIVKA BARROWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Marzena Szmyt, Ivan T. Chernyakov RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOF "AKKIEMBETSKIY KURGAN". A PRELIMINARY REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196PART II. THE BALTIC SEA BASIN (CHRONOLOGY OF PONTIC "INFLUENCE") . . 203Aleksander Ko±ko, PONTIC TRAITS IN THE MATERIALS OFTHE KUJAWY FUNNEL BEAKER CULTURE AND EARLY CORDEDWARE CULTURE | A RADIOCARBON PERSPECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Marzena Szmyt, TRIPOLYE TRAITS IN THE MATERIALS OF CENTRAL(POLISH) GROUP OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORACULTURE | A RADIOCARBON PERSPECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Jan Ma hnik, RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY OF THE CORDED WARECULTURE ON GRZ�DA SOKALSKA. A MIDDLE DNIEPERTRAITS PERSPECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Vadim L. Lakiza, RADIOCARBONDATING OF THE CORDED WARECULTURE FROM THE NIEMEN RIVER BASIN. A GRAVE FROMPARKHUTY, SITE 1, THE GRODNA REGION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Viktor I. Klo hko, Aleksander Ko±ko, Marzena Szmyt, A COMPARATIVECHRONOLOGY OF THE PREHISTORY OF THE AREA BETWEENTHE VISTULA AND DNIEPER: 3150-1850 BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Referen es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Editor's ForewordThis volume of the Balti Ponti Studies fo uses on the results of the resear h arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lyingbetween the Vistula and Dnieper or the bio- ultural borderland between the Westand East of Europe. Absolute hronology is treated here both as a resear h goal andfundamental premise in the broader studies of the hronometri and developmentsyn hronization of \borderland" ultural systems. In a series of arti les devoted toindividual taxa a onsiderable number of new 14C dates have been ompared. Thedates on ern sour e materials that have been hosen from the point of view of theirrepresentativeness and hronometri value (\short-lived" materials were preferredto minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefullymade in the same 14C laboratory of the State S ienti� Center of EnvironmentalRadiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage offunds generously provided by the Polish Committee for S ienti� Resear h.The volume devoted to the \dark" se tion of the \borderland" history (3150--1850 BC) is the �rst but not the last publi ation on the broader issues mentionedabove that we intend to present in the near future.

Editorial omment1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, and thenext volumes℄. Deviations from this rule will be point out in notes.2. The names of the ar haelogi al ultures and sites are standarized to the Englishliterature on the subje t (e.g. M. Gimbutas, J. P. Mallory). In the ase of a newterm, the author's original name has been retained.3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entresfollows oÆ ial, state, English language artographi publi ations (e.g. Ukraine,s ale 1 : 2 000 000, Kiev: Mapa LTD, edition of 1996).

Balti -Ponti Studiesvol. 7: 1999, 72-79PL ISSN 1231-0344Vi tor I. Klo hko, Vladimir A. KrutsRADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE YAMNAYACULTURE BARROW AT THE TRIPOLYE CULTURE \GIANTSETTLEMENT" NEAR TALYANKYThe \giant settlement" of the late Tripolye ulture (TC) near the village ofTalyanky, in the Talne Distri t of the Cherkasy Region, has been studied by resear- hers led by Vladimir A. Kruts for many years [Kruts 1994: 29-30, Fig. 2℄. In 1986,the fourth burial mound (hereinafter, barrow 4) of the Yamnaya ulture (YC) wasex avated at the site of the settlement by an expedition led by Vi tor I. Klo hko.Barrow 4 was lo ated at the south-eastern end of the settlement. It was 0.7 mhigh and about 22 m in diameter. It was built over the remains of two onstru tionsof the TC (so- alled \plosh hadki" or grounds) that belonged to the outer row of thesettlement onstru tions - \plosh hadki" 13 and 14. The bank of the barrow (heavilysmoothed down by modern ploughing) onsisted of bla k earth and ontained alarge number of fragments of baked lay and erami s from the partially ruinedremains of the TC huts (Fig. 1). 1. THE GRAVESGrave 1 (the YC) (Fig. 1; 2:1) was situated 1.5 m to the north of the assumed entreof the barrow and represented the main (primary) grave. The dis harge (i.e. the soiltaken out in the pro ess of digging the grave) was s attered along the western wallof the pit in a layer 7 m long, up to 2 m wide and up to 0.5 m high. The lower partof the dis harge onsisted of humus, while the upper level was formed of mainland lay.The re tangular pit, its walls slightly slanted inwards, was 1.9 m x 1.1 m in size,and 0.8 m deep from the edge (the level of buried soil). Its long sides were orientedalong the north-east-to-south-west line. The �lling was of humus, with o asional

73small pie es of wood from the \ eiling". It was a double grave. Skeleton 1, of anadoles ent (still with some milk teeth)1 lay on its ba k at the eastern wall of the pit,with its arms extended along the body. The legs, bent at the knees, later fell to theright. The bones were overed with a thi k layer of raddle. Skeleton 2 belongs toan adult. It lay on its ba k, head to the north-east, arms slightly bent at the elbowsand extended along the body. The legs had been bent at the knees and fell to theright and to the left; the feet had been positioned next to ea h other.The whole oor of the pit under skeleton 1 displayed tra es of a mat wovenof plant �bre (linen); in addition, there were tra es of another overing, whi h hadbeen put over the �rst mat, urrently represented by brownish rot, thi kly overedwith o hre. At the bottom of the pit, near the left heel bone of skeleton 1, therewas a int tool (a s raper?) made of a triangular ake of yellow lo al stone, withone edge retou hed.The radio arbon date of the grave | 3990±50 BP (Ki-6714) was obtained fromthe human bones.Grave 2 (the YC) (Fig. 1; 2:2) was lo ated 2.5 m to the east of the assumed entre, ut into the edge of the �rst bank. Its dis harge lay at the foot of the �rst bank,pra ti ally on the mainland lay, overed with a thin layer of humus (up to 10 mthi k) (the rest of the humus in this pla e had been used for the onstru tion of the�rst bank). The dis harge, up to 0.4 m high, onsists of two parts: humus (below)and lay (above).The re tangular pit was 1.8 m x 1.1 m in size, 1.3 m deep from the edge, its longsides oriented along the north-east-to-south-west line. The �lling is heavily mixed, ontaining o asional small fragments of wood from the \ eiling". The skeleton ofan adult man lay on its ba k, head towards the north-east, arms slightly bent andpositioned along the body. The legs, bent at the knees, fell to the left. The oor ofthe pit displayed tra es of a rug woven from plant �bre. On top of this, under andalong the bones of the skeleton, there are tra es of brown rot (remains of lothes?).Two oals were pla ed above the skull.This grave is the main grave of the se ond bank.The radio arbon date of the grave | 3945±50 BP (Ki-6715) was obtained fromthe human bones.Grave 3 (the YC) (Fig. 1; 3:1) was lo ated 5 m to the north-west of the assumed entre, ut into the edge of the se ond and �rst banks. The lay dis harge, up to0.4 m high, was pla ed on the slope of the se ond bank.The re tangular pit, with slightly onvex walls, was 2 m x 1.2 m in size and 1.3m deep. The �lling ontained white rot (remainders of the eiling made of someorgani material?). The skeleton of an adult lay on its ba k; the arms extendedalong the body; the legs, bent at the knees, falling to the right.The bottom of the pit displayed the remains of a rug made from plant �bre.1 Here and below anthropologi al de�nitions are given by Dr. Svetlana Kruts.

74

F i g . 1. Talyanky, Cherkasy Region. Lo ation of the site (left) and plan of the barrow 4 (right)

75

76

F i g . 2. Talyanky, Cherkasy Region. The barrow of the Yamnaya ulture: 1 - grave 1 (a - int tool); 2 -grave 2Key: a - humus (arable layer); b - ro k-bed ( lay); - remains of mat; d - har oals; e - o hre; f - remainsof plant �bres

77

F i g . 3. Talyanky, Cherkasy Region. The barrow of the Yamnaya ulture: 1 - grave 3; 2 - grave 4The skull was overed with bla k, velvet-like rot (remains of a head-dress?), whileboth under and over the bones of the skeleton was a brown- oloured rot (remainsof lothes?). Two oals were found near the skull.The radio arbon date of the grave | 3905±60 BP (Ki-6716) was obtained fromthe human bones.Grave 4 (the Late YC) (Fig. 1; 3:2) was lo ated 8.5 m to the south-east of the

78assumed entre, in the �eld of the third bank. While this grave was being made,the TC \plosh hadka" was broken through.The re tangular pit was 1.8 m x 1.1 m in size, and about 0.9 m deep, withits long sides oriented along the north-east-to-south-west line. The skeleton of anadult man lay in a foetal position on its left side, head towards the north-east, withthe arms extended along the body, and the legs bent at the knees, heels under thepelvis.The bottom of the pit displayed tra es of a rug that had de ayed into brownrot. This grave | the latest in the barrow | was sunk into the bevel of the thirdbank.The radio arbon date of the grave | 3865±50 BP (Ki-6717) was obtained fromthe human bones. 2. STRATIGRAPHY OF THE BARROW 4Bank 1. The original bank of the barrow was made over grave 1. The diameter anbe re onstru ted from the edge of the burial soil as being no more than 5.5 m. Itsheight remains unknown, sin e the top of the bank was destroyed by ploughing. Thebank was made from humus, with lumps of lay, baked lay and erami s from theruined TC \plosh hadki". Most probably, turf ut nearby was used as onstru tionmaterial for this and two other banks of the barrow.Bank 2 was made over grave 2, sunk in the eastern slope of the �rst bank. The bankis oval in shape, 13 to 15 m in diameter. It was built from humus, with admixturesof baked lay and erami s from the ruined TC \plosh hadki".Bank 3 was built over grave 3, sunk in the western slope of the se ond and �rstbanks. The diameter an be re onstru ted from the �nal ex avation of soil in the�eld as being 21 to 22 m. The bank was made from humus, with admixtures of TC erami s and baked lay. CONCLUSIONSThe stratigraphy of the barrow and the series of radio arbon dates, allow us tomake the following observations.

79a. The Talyanky settlement of the TC dates ba k to 4800-4700 BP (3640-3460 BC)2.Sin e life in the settlement eased, the layer of soil over the remains of the TC hutshas rea hed up to 10 m.b. The onstru tion of the barrow began (date of the primary grave, no.1) in3990±50 BP (2502±71 BC). . The se ond bank of the barrow (grave 2) was built in 3945±50 BP (2398±78 BC).The third bank of the barrow (grave 3) was built in 3905±60 BP (2371±86 BC).d. Hen e, the early YC graves in this barrow date ba k to 4000-3900 BP. The LateYC grave (grave 4) dates ba k to 3865±50 BP (2309±89 BC).Translated by Maria Ogiyenko

2 The dates 14C (from the animal bones) 4755±50BP (Ki-6865); 4720±60BP (Ki-6866); 4810±55BP (Ki-6867);4780±60 BP (Ki-6868) = 3640-3460 BC.

ABBREVIATIONSAO { Arkheologi heskiye otkrytya, Moskva.AJA { Ameri an Journal of Ar haeology, New York.BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies, Pozna«.EA { Eurasia Antiqua, Berlin.FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia, Pozna«.KSIA { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii, Moskva.KSIA AN USSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,Kiev.KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy kul-tury, Moskva.KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya Odesskogo Gosudarstvennogo Ar-kheologi heskogo Muzeya, Odessa.MIA { Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii, Moskva.NA IA NANU { Naukovy Arkhiv Instituta Arkheologii Na ionalnoi Akade-mii Nauk Ukrainu, Kiev.SA { Sovetskaya Arkheologia, Moskva.SpA { Sprawozdania Ar heologi zne, Kraków.ZFA { Zeits hrift f�ur Ar h�aologie, Berlin.REFERENCESAleksandrovskiy A.L., O.A. Chi hagova, K.E. Pustovoytov, N.I. Shishlina1997 Metodika i metodologiya radiouglerodnykh issledovaniy arkheologi he-skikh obyektov stepnykh regionov Rossii. In: P.M. Kozhin (Ed.), Step iKavkaz. Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Istori heskogo Muzeya, 9-21. Moskva.Alekseyeva I.L.1992 Kurgany epokhi paleometalla v Severo-zapadnom Pri hernomorye. Kiev.Arkheologiya1985 Arkheologiya Ukrainskoy SSR, 2nd edition. Kiev.Arslanov Kh. A.1987 Radio arbon: Geo hemistry and Geo hronology. Leningrad, Leningrad Uni-versity Press.Artemenko I.I.1963 O pamyatnikakh rannego etapa srednedneprovskoi kultury. KSIA 93: 38--48.

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LIST OF AUTHORSIvan I. ChernyakovInstitute of Ar haeologyUkrainian A ademy of S ien esGeroiv Stalingrada 12254655 KievUkraineElke KaiserSeminar f�ur Ur- und Frehgesi hteFreie Universit�at BerlinAltensteinstra�e 1514195 BerlinGermanyViktor I. Klo hkoInstitute of Ar haeologyUkrainian A ademy of S ien esGeroiv Stalingrada 12254655 KievUkraineAleksander Ko±koInstitute of PrehistoryAdam Mi kiewi z University±w. Mar in 7861-809 Pozna«PolandE-mail: koskom�man.poznan.plNikolay N. KovalyukhDepartment of Environmental RadiogemistryInstitute of Geo hemistryand Physi s of MineralsUkrainian A ademy of S ien esPalladina 34252142 KievUkraineVladimir A. KrutsInstitute of Ar haeologyUkrainian A ademy of S ien esGeroiv Stalingrada 12254655 KievUkraineMykola N. Kryvaltsevi hInstitute of HistoryA ademy of S ien es of BelarusF. Skaryna 1Minsk 220072Belarus

Vadim L. LakizaInstitute of HistoryA ademy of S ien es of BelarusF. Skaryna 1Minsk 220072BelarusJan Ma hnikInstitute of Ar haeology and EtnologyPolish A ademy of S ien esSªawkowska 1931-016 KrakówPolandSergey V. NazarovDepartment of Environmental RadiogemistryInstitute of Geo hemistryand Physi s of MineralsUkrainian A ademy of S ien esPalladina 34252142 KievUkraineAlla V. NikolovaInstitute of Ar haeologyUkrainian A ademy of S ien esGeroiv Stalingrada 12254655 KievUkraineVadim V. SkripkinDepartment of Environmental RadiogemistryInstitute of Geo hemistryand Physi s of MineralsUkrainian A ademy of S ien esPalladina 34252142 KievUkraineMarzena SzmytInstitute of Eastern StudiesAdam Mi kiewi z UniversityNowowiejskiego 5561-734 Pozna«PolandE-mail: marzena�main.amu.edu.plMihailo Y. VideikoInstitute of Ar haeologyUkrainian A ademy of S ien esVydubi kaya 40252014 KievUkraineE-mail: videiko�mail.i. om.ua

Vol.1: Weapons of the Tribes of the Northern Ponti Zone in the 16th{10thCenturies B.C., by Viktor I. Klo hko.Vol.2: Nomadism and Pastoralism in the Cir le of Balti {Ponti Early AgrarianCultures: 5000{1650 BC, edited by Aleksander Ko±koVol.3: Cemeteries of the So�evka type: 2950{2750 BC, edited by AleksanderKo±koVol.4: Eastern Exodus of the Globular Amphora People: 2950 - 2350 BC,edited by Aleksander Ko±ko.Vol.5: Beyond Balkanization, edited by Lu yna Doma«ska, Ken Ja obs andAleksander Ko±ko.Vol.6: The Trz inie Area of the Early Bronze Age Civilization: 1950{1200 BC,edited by Aleksander Ko±ko.Orders regarding B-PS should be adressed dire tly to the Editorial OÆ e(Balti -Ponti Studies, Institute of Prehistory, �w. Mar in 78, 61-809 Pozna«,Poland).The publi ations is arried out within the resear h proje t No. 1H01G05912(in part No. 1H01G01810) �nan ed in the years 1997{1999 by the Com-mittee for S ienti� Resear h and supplied with funds of the Ministry ofNational Edu ation and Adam Mi kiewi z University Foundation.

ISBN 83-86094-06-0ISSN 1231-0344