TEMATYKA - Amazon S3That introduces what is called an essential clause (doopisujące, określające)...

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T E M A T Y K A : 1. Następstwo czasów. 2. Słownictwo przydatne w sklepie, restauracji, u lekarza. 3. Definiuj i opisuj z pomocą which, who, that, whose, whom.

Transcript of TEMATYKA - Amazon S3That introduces what is called an essential clause (doopisujące, określające)...

Page 1: TEMATYKA - Amazon S3That introduces what is called an essential clause (doopisujące, określające) (also known as a restrictive or defining clause). Essential clauses add information

TEMATYKA:

1. Następstwo czasów.

2. Słownictwo przydatne w sklepie, restauracji, u lekarza.

3. Definiuj i opisuj z pomocą which, who, that, whose, whom.

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NASTĘPSTWO CZASÓW

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ĆwiczeniePrzekształć zdanie:1. ”He plays football.” She said (that) …………………..

2. ”He has talked to Emma.” Peter said (that) …………………...

3. ”I can manage.” He said (that) ……………………...

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THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES –NASTĘPSTWO CZASÓW

• Jeżeli czasownik w zdaniu nadrzędnym jest w czasie przeszłym, zdanie podrzędne występuje także odpowiednio w czasie przeszłym.

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THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES – NASTĘPSTWOCZASÓW

• I think it will rain.•Myślę, że będzie padać.

• I thought it would rain. •Myślałam, że będzie padać.

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THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES – NASTĘPSTWOCZASÓW

• I know that she has found a job.•Wiem, że ona znalazła pracę.

• I knew that she had found a job.•Wiedziałam, że ona znalazła pracę.

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THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES – NASTĘPSTWOCZASÓW

• I hope that he will remember me.•Mam nadzieję, że on mnie zapamięta.

• I hoped that he would remember me.•Miałam nadzieję, że on mnie zapamięta.

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REPORTED SPEECH – mowa zależna

•Mowy zależnej używamy wtedy, kiedy zamiast cytować czyjąś wypowiedź dosłownie, po prostu ją relacjonujemy.

•W mowie zależnej stosujemy zasady następstwa czasów.

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•PRESENT SIMPLE ð PAST SIMPLE

• ”He studies English” •She said (that) he studied English.

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•PRESENT CONTINUOUSð PAST CONTINUOUS

•”He is studying English” •She said (that) he was studying English.

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PRESENT PERFECT ð PAST PERFECT

• ”He has studied English” •She said (that) he had studied English.

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PRESENT PERFECT CONT. ð PAST PERFECT CONT.

• ”He has been studying English” •She said (that) he had been studying English.

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FUTURE SIMPLE ð FUTURE IN THE PAST

•”He will study English” •She said (that) he would study English.

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CAN ð COULD

•”I can swim” •He said (that) he could swim.

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COULD ð COULD

•”I could swim” •He said (that) he could swim.

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MAY ð MIGHT

•”May I sit down?” •He asked if he might sit down.

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MUST ð HAD TO

•”You must be careful” •He said (that) I had to be careful.

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SHOULD ð SHOULD

•”You should be careful” •He said (that) I should be careful.

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Przykłady:• “I never eat red meat.”• She said that she never ate red

meat.

• “I am learning English”• He said that he was learning

English.•• “I have found a good job”• She said that she had found a good

job.

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• “I have been sleeping ”•He said he had been sleeping.

• “I took a nap after work”•She said she had taken a nap

after work.

• “I will do my best”•He said that he would do his

best.

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Czasy gramatyczne nie ulegają zmianie jeżeli:Czasownik wprowadzający jest w czasie Simple Present, PresentPerfect, lub Future Simple:

• ”The water is hot”

• She says (that) the water is hot.

Wypowiedź dotyczy prawd ogólnych, stanów stałych lub praw fizyki:

• ”The Earth goes round the Sun”

• He said (that) the Earth goes round the Sun.

Wypowiedź jest przytoczona zaraz po jej bezpośrednim wypowiedzeniu:

• ”The book is great”

• John said (that) the book is great.

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ZWROTY PRZYDATNE W SKLEPIE, RESTAURACJI, U LEKARZA

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ShoppingCzy macie…?Do you have…?

Gdzie mogę znaleźć…?Where can I find…?

Tylko się rozglądam.I’m just browsing.

Szukam…I’m looking for…

Chcę to zwrócić/wymienić.I’d like to return/exchange this.

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Ile to kosztuje?How much is it?

Czy to jest na wyprzedaży?Is this on sale?

Mogę przymierzyć?Can I try it on?

Biorę!I’ll take it!

Akceptujecie karty kredytowe?Do you take credit cards?

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Shopping VocabularyIn cash/by card – gotówką/kartą

Window shopping – oglądanie, bez kupowania

Go shopping – isć na zakupy

On sale – na wyprzedaży

Price tag – metka z ceną/cenówka

Waste money for something – stracić na coś pieniądze

Shop around – „rundka” po sklepach

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At the Restaurant

Prosimy o stolik dla dwóch osób.A table for two, please.

Dla palących, czy nie?Smoking or not?

Czy mogę zobaczyć jadłospis?Could I see the menu please?

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Czy najpierw chcesz coś do picia?

Would you like something to drink first?

Weźmiemy butelkę czerwonego wina.

We’ll have a bottle of red wine, please.

Na zdrowie!

Cheers!

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Czy chcesz już zamówić?

Are you ready to order?

Co polecasz?

What do you recommend?

Co chcesz na główne danie?

• What would you like for the main course?

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Czy macie potrawy wegetariańskie?Do you have vegetarian dishes?

Czy weźmiesz przekąski?Will you have an appetizer?

Na deser wezmę kawę i lody.For dessert I’ll have coffee and ice-cream.

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Smakuje ci?Do you like it?

To jest pyszne!It’s delicious!

Smacznego!Enjoy your meal!

Poproszę rachunek.Check please.

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Gdzie mogę znaleźć bar szybkiej obsługi?

Where can I find a fast food restaurant?

Za następną przecznicą.

In the next block.

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At the Doctor – co możesz powiedzieć?

Potrzebuję szybko lekarza.I need a doctor as soon as possible.

Mógłby pan wezwać lekarza / karetkę?Could you call the doctor / an ambulance?

Czy jest tu lekarz?Is there a doctor around here?

Czy mógłby mi pan polecić internistę / ginekologa /pediatrę?Could you recommend an internist / a gynecologist /a pediatrician?

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Mam wysoką gorączkę.I’m running a high fever.

Boli mnie tutaj.It hurts here.

Mam trudności z oddychaniem.I have difficulty in breathing.

Mam wysokie / niskie ciśnienie.I have high / low pressure.

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Mam wysoką gorączkę.I’m running a high fever.

Boli mnie tutaj.It hurts here.

Mam trudności z oddychaniem.I have difficulty in breathing.

Mam wysokie / niskie ciśnienie.I have high / low pressure.

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At the Doctor – co możesz usłyszeć?What seems to be the trouble?Co panu dolega?

Do you take any medicines?Czy zażywa pan jakieś leki?

Are you allergic to any drugs?Czy jest pan uczulony na jakieś leki?

Please strip from waist up.Proszę się rozebrać do pasa.

Take a deep breath.Proszę oddychać głęboko..

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Please lie down on your back.Proszę się położyć na wznak.

Show me your tongue.Proszę pokazać język.

I’ll write a prescription / a referral slip for further tests / a referral slip to hospital.Wypiszę receptę / skierowanie na badania / skierowanie do szpitala.

Please take 1 tablet 3 times a day before eating / after eating.Proszę zażywać 3 razy dziennie po 1 tabletce przed jedzeniem / po jedzeniu.

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DEFINIUJ I OPISUJ Z POMOCĄ WHICH, WHO, THAT, WHOSE, WHOM

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who – oznacza kto lub który (odnosi się tylko do osób)

The man who invented the electric bulb was Alva Edison.

The lady who is talking to my brother will soon becomeneighbour.

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which – oznacza co, który; używany w odniesieniu do rzeczy / zwierząt

• The Odra, which is the secondlongest river in Poland, flowsthrough Wrocław.

• The wallet which I found yesterdaywas empty.

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that – oznacza kto, co, który i jest wykorzystywany w odniesieniu do osób oraz rzeczy. Zaimek that jest najczęściej stosowany w mowie potocznej.

The neighbour that lives upstairs is a surgeon.

The bike that stands over there belongsto his friend.

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whose – oznacza której, którego. Zaimek ten stosujemy w odniesieniu do ludzi.

This is a woman whose daughterlives abroad.

She is currently going out with thatSpanish guy whose name I can’tremember.

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whom – oznacza którego; zaimek ten jest stosowany w języku oficjalnym w odniesieniu do osób.

The guy whom I met yesterday was really nice.

The employee whom you have chosenhas been promoted.

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Who and sometimes that refer to people.That and which refer to groups or things.

Martha is the one who rescued the dog.

"The Man That Got Away" is a great song.

Peter is on the team that won first place.

She is a member of a team, whichspecializes in setting up start-ups.

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That introduces what is called an essential clause(doopisujące, określające)(also known as a restrictive or defining clause). Essential clauses add information that is vital to the point of the sentence.

I do not trust products that claim "all naturalingredients" because this phrase can meanalmost anything.

We would not know the type of products being discussed without the that clause.

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Which introduces a nonessentialclause (nieokreślające)(also known as a nonrestrictive or nondefining clause), which addssupplementary information.

•The product claiming "allnaturalingredients," which appearedin the Sunday newspaper, ison sale.

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Which - continuedThe product is already identified. Therefore, which appeared in the Sunday newspaper is a nonessentialclause containing additional, but not essential, information.

• Essential clauses do not havecommas introducing or surroundingthem, whereas nonessential clausesare introduced or surrounded by commas.

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If that has already appeared in a sentence, writers sometimesuse which to introduce the next clause, whether it is essential ornonessential. This is done to avoid awkward formations.

•That which doesn't kill youmakes you stronger.This sentence is far preferableto the ungainly but technicallycorrect That that doesn't kill youmakes you stronger.

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The woman was tall and slender. The woman came into the room.

The women who came into the room was tall and slender.

„Who” używamy w odniesieniu do osób, np.:People who help are always welcome.

„Whose” używamy w stosunku do osób i rzeczy, mówiąc o posiadaniu, np.:

My teacher, whose lectures I like very much, is also

a real friend.

Słowa who, whom, which, whose, of which, that, służą do łączenia zdań pojedynczych w zdania złożone, np.:

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WHO / THAT / WHICH

The woman was tall and slender. The woman came into the room.

The women who/that came into the room was tall and slender.

The car is parked behind the house. It belongs to James.

The car that/which is parked behind

the house belongs to James.

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WHO / THAT / WHICH

Jenny was a girl whom/who everyone regarded as a terrible gossip.

Zastosowanie w zdaniach dopełnieniowych we wszystkich przypadkach oprócz mianownika.

• He didn’t know to whom he was speaking.

She talked a lot to a man about whom

there are many stories around.

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W zdaniach definiujących zamiast „who”, i „which” można użyć „that”, np.: People who help are always welcome.People that help are always welcome.Organizations that help are alwayswelcomeOrganizations which help are alwayswelcome

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W zdaniach, w których wtrącenie zawiera informację dodatkową, a nie dookreślającą podmiot, w odróżnieniu od zdań definiujących używamy przecinków i nie możemy pominąć zaimka.

My house, which you saw yesterday, isgoing to be renovated.

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WHO / THAT / WHICH

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Ćwiczenie

Przekształć zdanie:1. ”He plays football.” She said (that) …………………..

2. ”He has talked to Emma.” Peter said (that) …………………...

3. ”I can manage.” He said (that) ……………………...

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Rozwiązania

1. ”He plays football.”

She said (that) he played football.

2. ”He has talked to Emma.”

Peter said (that) he had talked to Emma.

3. ”I can manage.”

He said (that) he could manage.