Tai Lieu Linux

7/30/2019 Tai Lieu Linux

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Ti liu tham kho Hiu hnh Linux

Ban THCNi Hc MTP.HCM

Lu hnh ni b


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GV: ThS.o Quc Phng Trang 1

MC LC

BI 1. CI T HIU HNH LINUX ........................................................................ 3

1. Ci t t CDROM................................................................................................... 3

2. Cu hnh thit b....................................................................................................... 7BI 2. S DNG H THNG LINUX ............................................................................. 9

1. ng nhp vo ch X.......................................................................................... 9

2. ng nhp vo ch TEXT................................................................................. 11

3. Cc bc khi ng ca h thng......................................................................... 12

4. Tt v khi ng li h thng................................................................................. 13

5. S dng runlevel.................................................................................................... 14

6. Phc hi mt khu cho ngi qun tr ................................................................... 14

BI 3. H THNG TP TIN TRN LINUX ................................................................... 15

1. c im ca Ext3................................................................................................. 15

2. Loi FileSystem ..................................................................................................... 15

3. Cu trc th mc h thng .................................................................................... 17

4. Cc thao tc trn FileSystem................................................................................. 18

5. nh dng filesystem.............................................................................................. 19

6. Qun l dung lng a ......................................................................................... 20

BI 4. CC THAO TC TRN TP TIN V TH MC LINUX ................................... 21

1. Thao tc trn th mc............................................................................................ 21

2. Thao tc trn tp tin ............................................................................................... 22

BI 5. QUN L PHN MM TRN LINUX ................................................................ 26

1. Gii thiu RPM ...................................................................................................... 26

2. c im ca RPM................................................................................................ 26

3. S dng RPM ........................................................................................................ 26

4. Ci t phn mm t file ngun............................................................................. 285. AVG Antivirus......................................................................................................... 28

BI 6. MT S TRNH TIN CH TRN LINUX........................................................... 32

1. Trnh son tho vn bn VIM................................................................................. 32

2. To a mm Boot ................................................................................................. 35

3. Tin ch Setup........................................................................................................ 35


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4. Tin ch fdisk.......................................................................................................... 36

5. Tin ch mc ............................................................................................................ 37

6. Phn tch a.......................................................................................................... 38

7. Theo di h thng .................................................................................................. 38

8. Qu

n l log............................................................................................................. 39BI 7. QUN L NGI DNG V NHM................................................................. 40

1. Tp tin /etc/passwd ................................................................................................ 40

2. Tp tin /etc/shadow................................................................................................ 41

3. Cc thao tc trn ngi dng ................................................................................ 42

5. Qun l User v Group qua giao din X................................................................. 44

6. Quyn ca ngi dng trn FileSystem ................................................................ 47

7. Gn quyn cho ngi dng ................................................................................... 48

BI 8. QUN L QUOTA A V TIN TRNH TRN LINUX..................................... 52

1. Gii thiu Quota..................................................................................................... 52

2. Thit lp Quota ...................................................................................................... 52

3. Gii thiu tin trnh................................................................................................. 55

BI THC HNH S 1................................................................................................. 58

BI THC HNH S 2................................................................................................. 60

BI THC HNH S 3................................................................................................. 62

BI THC HNH S 4................................................................................................. 63BI THC HNH S 5................................................................................................. 64

BI THC HNH S 6................................................................................................. 65

BI THC HNH S 7................................................................................................. 69

BI THC HNH S 8................................................................................................. 70

BI THC HNH S 9................................................................................................. 72

BI THC HNH S 10............................................................................................... 80


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BI 1. CI T HIU HNH LINUX

Thc hnh trn mi trng VMWare

1. Ci t t CDROM

Ba CDROM Fedora 8 vo a CDROM,sau chn menu ci t.

Install or upgrade an existing system Install or upgrade an existing system

Rescue installed system

Boot from local drive

Chn Skip trong hp thoi Disk Found khng kim tra a CDROM trc khi cit, sau h thng s np chng trnh

anaconda vo ch ho. Chn Next

qua bc k tip chn ngn ng English lm

ngn ng hin th trong qu trnh ci t.

Chn Next tip tc bc k tip.

Hp thoi cnh bo mt d liu trc khi tin

hnh ci t, nu ta chn Yes th h thng

cng cha thc s xo d liu trn a. Chn

Yes tip tc.

Chn phng thc t chc Partition, chn

Create custom layout nu mun t to phn

vng. Chn Next tip tc.


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Chn New to phn vng mi, ta cn to 4

phn vng : phn vng /, phn vng /boot,

phn vng Swap, phn vng/home.

V d nu ta mun to phn vng /boot vi

kch thc l 100MB ta chn Mount Point:

/boot to phn vng boot, chn File

System File: l ext3, chn Size(MB) l 100,chn OK hon tt.

Tng t nh th ta to phn vng /, /home vi kch thc 8GB, 1GB cha d liu cho h

thng v d liu ngi dng. to phn vng swap ta chn File System Type: swap vi Size

khong 512MB. Sau khi to y cc phn vng cho Linux ta chn Next tip tc.

Chn ci t Grub boot loader qun l

boot loader h thng, chn Next tip tc.

Chn Edit ch nh tn my v a ch

IPv4, IPv6, Gateway cho h thng, chn

Next tip tc qu trnh ci t.


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Chn Time Zone cho h thng da vo bn

, chn Next tip tc.

Ch nh mt khu cho ngi dng qun tr

root, mt khu ny t nht l 6 k t, chn

Next tip tc.

Chnh ci t phn mm cn thit hay thm

cc phn mm khc, chn Next tip tc.

Chn phn mm cn thit, ta c th chn

phn mm theo nhm ca s bn phi, v

chn phn mm c thca s bn tri, chn

Next tip tc.

H thng bt u nh dng filesystem

chun b ci t.

H thng bt u copy file v ci t. Chn

Reboot khi ng li h thng.


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Mn hnh khi ng ban u ca Fedora 8. Khi ng v np dch v h thng.

Khi to thng tin ban u cho h thng trc

khi s dng, trong giai on ny ta phi t

mt s thng sFirewall, License, Dateand

Time, Hardware, CreateUser.

To ti khon ng nhp vo h thng v s

dng, y l ti khon ngi dng thng,

khng phi ti khon c chc nng qun tr h

thng, nu ta khng to th h thng mc nh

cung cp mt ti khon root, mt khu

c thit lp trong qu trnh ci t. Chn

Finish -> Continues hon tt.


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Nhp tn ngi dng (username) v mt khu

(password) tng ng ng nhp vo h

thng, trong hp thoi ny ta cng chn c

ngn ng hin th, giao din s dng (Session)

l KDE, GNOME, mc nh h thng chngiao din GNOME.

Giao din s dng h thng Fedora core 8.

Giao din GNOME.

2. Cu hnh thit b

a. B nh: System RAM c BIOS nhn bit khi khi ng, Linux kernel c kh nng nhn

bit c tt c cc loi RAM (EDO, DRAM, SDRAM, DDRAM)

b. V tr lu trti nguyn: cho php cc thit b phn cng trong my tnh c th giao tip trc tip vi ti nguyn h

thng, c bit l CPU th h thng snh v di dng lines v channels cho mi thit b nh :

IRQ, DMA.

IRQ cho php thit b yu cu CPUtime, IRQ c gi tr t0n 15 IO address chnh a ch trong b nh, CPU s giao tip vi thit b bng cch c v

ghi b nhtrn a ch ny.

DMA cho php thit b truy xut b nhh thng nh ghi v x l d liu m khng cn

truy xut CPU.Kernel lu tr thng tin ti nguyn ny trong th mc/proc, cc tp tin ta cn quan tm

/proc/dma

/proc/interrupt

/proc/ioports

/proc/pci


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Tuy nhin ta c th s dng cc cng clspci, dmesg c th xem thng tin IRQ, IO, DMA.

Ta c th cu hnh cc thng tin trn bng cch thay i thng tin trong tp tin/etc/modules.conf

c. USB

Hu ht cc phin bn Linux sau ny c kh nng nhn bit (Detect) USB Device, mt khi

USB c cm vo USB port th n c USB controller iu khin, thit bUSBc Linuxkernel nhn bit qua tp tin/dev/sda, hoc /dev/sda1

d. Card mng

Kernel ca Linux h trhu ht NIC, xem thng tin hin ti ca card mng ta s dng cc

lnh sau y : dmesg, lspci, /proc/interrupts, /sbin/smod, /etc/modules.conf


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BI 2. S DNG H THNG LINUX

1. ng nhp vo ch X

ChX cn gi l Xwindow, s dng giao din KDE hoc GNOME, GNOMEc h

thng chn mc nh. y l giao din s dng cho ngi dng mc qun l, khng thn thin

vi ngi dng cui (end user), giao din KDE cung cp nhiu tnh nng ho hn thn thin

hn, gn vi giao din Windows hn. Nhp username v mt khu ng nhp vo giao din

GNOME.

Nu mun s dng giao din KDE:

T mn hnh ng nhp ban u ta chn Sessions KDE. Sau chn ChangeSessions, nhpusername v passwordng nhp.


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Giao din sdng GNOME

Giao din sdng KDE


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2. ng nhp vo ch TEXT

Giao din TEXT ch yu cung cp cho ngi qun tr (Administrator). im mnh ca h

thng Linux l c im ny, giao din TEXT cho php ngi qun tr c ton quyn qun l

h thng, thc hin bt k tc v no, giao din TEXT cung cp nhiu thun li hn cho ngi

qun tr, gip qun l h thng hiu qu hn, nhanh hn, an ton hn.

ng nhp vo giao din text. Khi my ang

boot ta nhn phm a chn hiu hnh, sau

nhp vo s3 l ch lm vic dng text

nhn Enter. Mn hnh sau xut hin.

Nhp username, sau nhn Enter, tip theo

nhp mt khu, nhn Enter. Sau khi ng

nhp h thng hin th.

C hai dng du nhc lnh:

Du nhc # dng cho ngi dng qun tr (root)

Du nhc $ dng cho ngi dng thng

Cch s dng lnh trn giao din Text theo cu trc:

command

Trong :

Command prompt l du nhc lnh.

Command l tn lnh.

Option l ty chn ca lnh.

Parameter l tham s dng lnh.


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Cc lnh cbn

Tn lnh C php ngha

date $date Hin th ngy gih thng

who #who Hin th ngi dng ang ng nhp vo h thng

tty #tty Xc nh tp tin tty m mnh ang login vocal $cal Xem lch h thng

head $head Xem ni dung tp tin tu tp tin

tail $tail Xem ni dung tp tin t cui tp tin

hostname $hostname Xem, i tn my

passwd $passwd i mt khu cho user

ls $ls Lit k thuc tnh ca file v th mc

cd $cd Di chuyn th mc

man $man Trgip lnh. Dng phm Space nu mun xem tngtrang. Thot khi nhn phm q

3. Cc bc khi ng ca h thng

Bc 1: Khi mt my PC bt u khi ng, b vi x l s tm n cui vng b nhh

thng ca BIOS v thc hin cc ch th.

Bc 2:BIOS s kim tra h thng, tm v kim tra cc thit b v tm kim a cha trnhkhi ng. Thng thng BIOS s kim tra a mm, hoc CDROM xem c th khing t chng c khng ri n a cng. Th t ca vic kim tra cc a ph thuc

vo cc cu hnh trong BIOS.

Bc 3: Khi kim tra a cng, BIOS s tm n MBR v np vo vng nhhot ng v

chuyn quyn iu khin cho n.

Bc 4:MBR cha cc ch dn cho bit cch np trnh qun l khi ng GRUB/LILO cho

Linux hay NTLDR cho Windows. MBR, sau khi np trnh qun l khi ng, s chuyn

quyn iu khin cho trnh qun l khi ng.

Bc 5:Bootloader tm kim bootpartition v c thng tin cu hnh trong file grub.conf

v hin thOperatingSystemskernel c sn trong h thng cho php chng ta la chn

OS kernel boot.

Bc 6: Sau khi chn kernel boot trong file cu hnh ca boot loader, h thng tng np

chng trnh /sbin/init s kim tra h thng tp tin (file system check) sau c file/etc/inittab xc nh mc hot ng (runlevel).


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Cc Linux runlevel

Runlevel Thmc lu script M t mode hot ng

0 /etc/rc.d.rc0.d Ch tt h thng

1 /etc/rc.d.rc1.d Chn ngi dng, cho php hiu chnh s c h thng2 /etc/rc.d.rc2.d Ch text cho a ngi dng khng h trNFS

3 /etc/rc.d.rc3.d Ch text cho a ngi dng h try

4 /etc/rc.d.rc4.d Khng s dng

5 /etc/rc.d.rc5.d S dng cho nhiu ngi dng, cung cp giao tip ho

6 /etc/rc.d.rc6.d Reboot h thng

Bc 7: sau khi xc nh runlevel thng qua khai bo initdefault, chng trnh/sbin/init sthc thi cc file startupscriptc t trong th mc con ca th mc/etc/rc.d. Script s

dng runlevel 0 6 xc nhn th mc cha file script chnh cho tng runlevel.

Bc 8: Nu nhbc 4 runlevel3c chn la th h thng s chy chng trnh login

yu cu ng nhp cho tng user trc khi s dng h thng, nu runlevel5c chn la

th h thng s load X terminal GUI application yu cu ng nhp cho tng ngi dng

xem cc thng tin chi tit v qu trnh khi ng h thng ta dng lnh #dmesg | less

4. Tt v khi ng li h thngshutdown h thng ta c th thc hin mt trong cc cch sau:

[root@localhost ~]#init 0

[root@localhost ~]#shutdown -hy t (shutdown h thng sau khong thi gian t giy)

[root@localhost ~]#halt

[root@localhost ~]#poweroff

reboot h thng ta c th thc hin mt trong cc cch sau: [root@localhost ~]#init 6

[root@localhost ~]#reboot

[root@localhost ~]#shutdown -ry 10 (chnh 10 pht sau h thng s reboot)


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5. S dng runlevel

chuyn i ch hot ng ta dng lnh init , v d ta mun chuyn sang mc

ho ta dng init 5. Mc nh h thng la chn ch hot ng l ch ho, thng s ny

c lu trong file/etc/inittab.

id:X:initdefault

6. Phc hi mt khu cho ngi qun tr

phc hi mt khu cho ngi dng qun tr, ta thc hin theo cc bc sau

- Sau chn phm e thay i thng tin

cho mc ny, thm t kha -s vo ch

n ngi dng (single user) sau nhn

phm Enter.

- Chn phm b tip tc khi ng, sau

thc hin lnh passwd thay i mt khu

ca ngi dng root Dng lnh init 6

reboot h thng.

- Khi ng li my Linux

- Khi GRUBScreen hin th ta chn phm e thay i thng tin caboot loader (nu boot

loader c mt khu th nhp mt khu vo)- Chn mc kernel /boot/vmlinux-2.6.23


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BI 3. H THNG TP TIN TRN LINUX

Mi hiu hnh c cch t chc lu tr d liu ring. mc vt l, a c nh dng t cc

thnh phn sector, track, cylinder. mc logic, mi h thng s dng cu trc ring, c th

dng ch mc hay phn cp c th xc nh c d liu t mc logic ti mc vt l. Cch t

chc nh vy gi l h thng tp tin (cn gi l filesystem).

Linux h tr rt nhiu loi h thng tp tin nh : ext2 (second extended filesystem), ext3 (third

extended filesystem), iso9660, NFS (Network File System). Hin ti rt nhiu h thng Linux s

dng ext3, trong c Fedora Core 8.

1. c im ca Ext3

c cng b vo thng 11 nm 2001

S nhn din partition l 0x83

Kch thc ti a t 16GB-2TB

Chiu di tn file t 255 k t

Kch thc ti a ca partition t 2TB n 32TB

H trtrn h thng Linux, BSD

2. Loi FileSystem

Trong Linux tp tin dng cho vic lu tr d liu. N bao gm cthmc v cc thit b lutr. Mt tp tin dliu hay mt thmc u c xem l tp tin. Khi nim tp tin cn m

rng dng cho cc thit b nhmy in, a cng, ngay c b nhchnh cng c coi nh

l mt tp tin.Cc tp tin trong Linux c chia lm ba loi chnh:

Tp tin cha d liu bnh thng

Tp tin th mc

Tp tin thit b

Tp tin d liu:y l tp tin theo nh ngha truyn thng, n lu tr d liu v d bn c th

lu on source chng trnh, tp tin vn bn hay tp tin thc thi dng m my,

Tp tin thmc: th mc khng cha d liu m ch cha cc thng tin ca nhng tp tin v th

mc con trong n. Th mc cha hai trng ca mt tp tin l tn tp tin v inode number.


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Tp tin thit b: h thng Linux xem cc thit b nh l cc tp tin, vic xut nhp d liu cho

thit b tng ng vi vic xut nhp d liu trn file, tt c cc file thit bc h thng

Linux t trong th mc /dev. V d file thit b ca a mm l /dev/fd0, ca a cng l

/dev/sda, /dev/hda,

File lin kt : ging khi nim shortcut trn Windows. Trn Linux c hai dng file lin kt

o Hard link file: l hnh thc to mt hay nhiu file tm c cng ni dung vi file ngun, cc

file ny u tr v cng mt a ch lu tr ni dung hay ni cch khc chng c cng inode

number. Khi ta thay i trn bt k file no th ni dung trn nhng file cn li s thay i

theo. Khi to hard link th ch s lin kt cng s tng ln, do khi ta lxo mt file no

th d liu vn cn trn nhng file cn li. to hard link ta dng lnh theo c php sau:

ln

V d: to file hard link trn tp tin myfile

Gii thch: Trong v d trn ta to ra file lin kt hardlink_myfile tr v file myfile khi myfile v hardlink_myfile c cng ch s inode. Khi thay i ni dung trn file

hardlink_myfile th file myfile cng thay i theo.

o Symbolic link file: l hnh thc to mt lin kt tm dng tr v file ngun, symbolic link

gip cho ngi qun tr c thn gin ho cc thao tc truy cp file h thng, bng cch to

ra lin kt file tr v file h thng. Khi thay v truy cp file h thng th ngi qun tr ch

cn truy cp file lin kt, vic thay i ni dung trn file lin kt tng ng vic thay i ni

dung ca file ngun. Thng thng ngi ta dng symbolic link file trong trng hp ng

dn ca file ngun qu phc tp nh, v vy to ra file lin kt d dng thao tc thay i

ni dung trn file ngun. to file lin kt symbolic link ta dng lnh theo c php sau

#ln -s

V d: to file symboliclink trn tp tin myfile


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Gii thch: Trong v d trn ta to ra file lin kt slink_myfile tr v file myfile. Khi ta thay i

ni dung trn file slink_myfile th file myfile cng thay i theo.

im khc bit gia hard link v symbolic link

o Khi xo file ngun th file lin kt theo kiu symbolic link khng cn tc dng.

o Khi xo file ngun th file lin kt hard link vn cn ngha v ni dung vn nh c, ch c

s lin kt gim i mt n v.

3. Cu trc th mc h thng


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H thng tp tin Linux c cu trc nh hnh v trn. Trong Linux khng c khi nim a

nh trong Windows, tt c cc tp tin th mc bt u t th mc gc (/). Khi mun truy cp vo

th mc con ta truy cp theo cu trc//.

V d: truy cp vo thmc src ta dng lnh $cd /usr/src

4. Cc thao tc trn FileSystem

a. Mount v Unmount FileSytem

Mount l hnh thc gn kt thit b vo mt th mc trong filesystem ca Linux ngi dng

s dng thit b, th mc trn filesystem cn gi l mount point. Sau khi mount hon tt vic sao

chp d liu gia h thng v mount point, tng ng vic sao chp d liu gia h thng v

thit b. Ta c th mount vo h thng cc loi thit b: hdax, sdax, CD-ROM, a mm, USB.

Lu : mun bit th mc hin hnh ang h thng tp tin no, bn dng lnh df. Lnh ny s

hin th h thng tp tin v khong trng cn li trn a

b. Mount th cng

mount mt h thng tp tin, bn dng lnh mount theo c php sau

#mount

Trong

o device: l thit b vt l nh/dev/cdrom (CD-ROM),/dev/fd0 (a mm), a cng/dev/hda1,/dev/sda,

o dir: l v tr th mc, trong cy th mc, m bn mun mount vo.

Tu chn ca mount:

o v : ch chi tit, cung cp thm thng tin vnhng g mountnh thc hin.

o w : mount h thng tp tin vi quyn c v ghi.

o r : mount h thng tp tin vi quyn c m thi.

o t loi :xc nh li h thng tp tin ang c mount. Nhng loi hp l l minux, ext2,

ext3, msdos, hpfs, proc, nfs, umsdos, iso9660, vfat.

o a : mount tt c nhng h thng tp tin c khai bo trong /etc/fstab

V d :

Gn kt cdrom: #mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdromGn kt mt h thng tp tin: #mount /dev/hda6 /mnt/source

c. Mount tng

Tp tin/etc/fstab lit k cc h thng tp tin cn c mount tng, mi dng mt h thng

tp tin tng ng vi mt gn kt. Nh vy khi mun mount cc h thng tp tin lc khi ng


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bn nn s dng tp tin/etc/fstab thay v dng lnh mount th cng. Sau y l v d v tp tin

/etc/fstab:

d. Unmount FileSystem

Sau khi lm quen vi vic gn nhng h thng tp tin vo cy th mc Linux, bn c th loi b

mt filesystem bng lnh umount. Lnh umount c cc dng:

#umount : loi b c th mt filesystem

#umount -a : loi b tt c filesystem ang mount

5. nh dng filesystem

nh dng mt h thng tp tin trn Linux ta s dng cc cng c sau:

#mkfs.ext2 : nh dng partition theo loi ext2#mkfs.ext3 : nh dng partition theo loi ext3

C php lnh :

#mkfs -t

V d:

#mkfs -t ext2 /dev/hda1

Lnh trn tng ng vi lnh mkfs.ext2 /dev/hda1


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6. Qun l dung lng a

qun l v theo di dung lng a ta c th d dng nhiu cch khc nhau, thng thng

ta dng hai lnh df v fdisk

C php lnh

#df #fdisk

V d:

Lit k filesystem trong h thng

In theo dng MB, GB

Lit k cc partition trong h thng


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BI 4. CC THAO TC TRN TP TIN V TH MC LINUX

1. Thao tc trn th mc

Lnh pwd

Xc nh v tr th mc hin hnh.V d:

[phuongdq@localhost bin]$pwd/usr/local/bin

Lnh cd

Chuyn th mc hin hnh.

C php:

$cd

V d:[phuongdq@localhost bin]$cd /etc[phuongdq@localhost etc]$

Lnh ls

Lit k ni dung th mc.

C php:

ls ls -x hin th trn nhiu ct

ls -l hin th chi tit cc thng tin ca tp tinls -a hin th tt c cc tp tin k c tp tin n

V d:

ngha cc ct ttri sang phi


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o Ct 1 (k tu tin): - ch tp tin bnh thng, d ch th mc, l ch link v pha sau c

du -> ch ti tp tin tht. Cc k t cn li ch quyn truy xut.

o Ct 2: ch s lin kt n tp tin ny.

o Ct 3, 4: ngi shu v nhm shu.

o

Ct 5: kch thc tp tin, th mc.o Ct 6: ngy gisa cha cui cng.

o Ct 7: tn tp tin, th mc.

Lnh mkdir

Dng to th mc.

C php:

$mkdir

V d:

[phuongdq@localhost ~]$mkdir /home/web

Lnh rmdir

Cho php xo th mc rng.

C php:

$rmdir

V d:

[phuongdq@localhost ~]$rmdir /home/web

2. Thao tc trn tp tin

Lnh cat

Dng hin th ni dung ca tp tin dng vn bn.

C php:

$cat

V d:

[phuongdq@localhost ~]$cat myfile

Lnh cat cng c dng to v son tho vn bn dng text. Trong trng hp ny chng tas dng du > hay >>i theo sau. Nu tp tin cn to tn ti, du > s xa ni dung ca tp

tin v ghi ni dung mi vo, du >> s ghi ni dung mi vo sau ni dung c ca tp tin.

V d: mun to tp tin baitho ta lm nhsau

[phuongdq@localhost ~]$cat > baithoHom qua tat nuoc dau dinhBo quen chiec ao tren canh hoa sen

[Nhn Ctrl + d kt thc]


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Lnh more

Cho php xem ni dung tp tin theo tng trang mn hnh.

C php:

$more

Lnh cpCho php sao chp tp tin.

C php:

$cp

V d:

[phuongdq@localhost ~]$cp /etc/passwd /home/phuongdq/passwd

Lnh mv

Dng di chuyn v tr lu tr ca tp tin, i khi ta c th s dng lnh mv i tn

tp tin.C php:

$mv

V d:

[phuongdq@localhost ~]$mv myfile /home/phuongdq/Music

Lnh rm

Cho php xo tp tin, th mc.

C php:

$rm

Cc tu chn:

-r : xo th mc v tt c tp tin v th mc con

-i : xc nhn li trc khi xo

Lnh find

Cho php tm kim tp tin tho mn iu kin.

C php:

$find

Trong :

path : l ng dn th mc tm kim

expression : tm kim cc tp tin

Ngoi ra bn c th s dng nhng k hiu sau

* : vit tt cho mt nhm k t

? : vit tt cho mt k t


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Lnh grep

Cho php tm kim mt chui no trong ni dung tp tin

C php:

$grep

V d :[phuongdq@localhost ~]$grep abcde /home/phuongdq/myfile

Gii thch: Tm kim trong tp tin / home/phuongdq/myfile v hin th cc dng c xut hin

chui abcde.

Lnh touch

H trvic to v thay i ni dung tp tin

C php:

$touch

V d :[phuongdq@localhost ~]$touch file1.txt file2.txt(to hai tp tin file1.txt v file2.txt)

Lnh dd

Cho php thay i nh dng v sao chp file

V d:

dd if=/mnt/cdrom/images/boot.img of=/dev/fd0

(if l input file, of l output file)

Lnh gzip va gunzip

gzip dng nn tp tin cn gunzip dng gii nn cc tp tin. gzip to tp tin nn viphn mrng .gz

C php ca gzip v gunzip nhsau:

$gzip $gunzip

Cc tu chn cho gunzip v gzip

-c : chuyn cc thng tin ra mn hnh

-d: gii nn, gzip -d tng ng gunzip

-h : hin th gip Lnh tar

Lnh ny dng gom v bung nhng tp tin/th mc. N s to ra mt tp tin c phn

mrng .tar

C php:

$taz


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Cc option c thl:

-cvf: gom tp tin/th mc

-xvf: bung tp tin/th mc

: tp tin ch .tar sc to ra

: nhng tp tin v th mc ngun cn gom

V d:[phuongdq@localhost ~]$tar -cvf /home/backup.tar /etc/passwd /etc/group[phuongdq@localhost ~]$tar -xvf /home/backup.tar


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BI 5. QUN L PHN MM TRN LINUX

1. Gii thiu RPM

RedHat Package Manager l h thng qun l phn mm c Linux h trcho ngi dng.

Ngi dng c th ci t, xo hoc nng cp cc package trc tip bng lnh. Nu bn s dng

Xwindow c th dng chng trnh KDE-RPM hoc GNOME-RPM thay cho vic s dng lnh.

Trong qu trnh nng cp package, RPM thao tc trn tp tin cu hnh rt cn thn, do vy m bn

khng bao gib mt cc la chn trc ca mnh.

2. c im ca RPM

Kh nng nng cp phn mm.

Truy vn thng tin hiu qu: bn c th tm kim thng tin cc package hoc cc tp tin

ci t trong ton b csd liu. Bn cng c th hi tp tin c th thuc v package

no v n u.

Kim tra h thng: nu bn nghi ng mt tp tin no b xo hay b thay th trong

package, bn c th kim tra li rt d dng.

3. S dng RPM

a. Ci t phn mm bng RPMGi phn mm rpm thng thng c t chc theo cu trc

ci t phn mm ta dng lnh

#rpm -i

V d:

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -ivh foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm

Sdta thm ty chn vh kim tra phn mm trc khi ci t.

Mt s li thng xy ra khi ci t dng rpm: Package c ci t trc , h thng bo li package is already installed, nu

mun ci ln package ci ny ta dng lnh rpm v thm ty chn --replacepkgs

V d:

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -ivh --replacepkgs foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm


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Xung t vi phn mm khc, khi bn ci package cha tn tp tin trng vi tp tin tn

ti ca package khc hoc ca package c s xy ra li c tn conflicts with the file

from, b qua li ny ta dng tu chn -replacefiles

V d:

[root@localhost Packages]#rpm -ivh --replacepkgs foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm

Li do packages khi cn ci ph thuc vo mt package phn mm khc, thng tin bo c

dng failed dependencied, khi ta phi ci package phn mm ny trc, sau

ta mi tip tc ci gi phn mm m ta cn sau.

b. Loi b phn mm loi b phn mm ra khi h thng ta dng lnh rpm e

C php thc hin:

#rpm -e

Lu : l mt chui m t thng tin chi tit ca gi phn mm, do trc khiloi b phn mm ta phi dng lnhrpm -qa package bit chi tit tn chnh xc ca phn mm

ny.

c. Nng cp phn mm

Nng cp phn mm cng tng t nh ci t mi nhng ta thay tu chn i bng tu chn U

#rpm -Uvh

V d:

[root@localhost ~]#rpm -Uvh foo-2.0-1.i386.rpm

Khi RPM tng nng cp vi tp tin cu hnh, bn thy h thng thng bo nh sau:saving /etc/foo.conf as /etc/foo.conf.save

T thng tin trn cho ta hiu c khi nng cp ln phin bn mi h thng s lu li file cu

hnh ca phin bn c vi tn l foo.conf.save

d. Truy vn phn mmTruy vn phn mm l hnh thc kim tra v tm kim xem thng tin cc phn mm ci t

trong h thng. Ta c th xem danh sch cc gi phn mm c ci t trong h thng bng

lnh rpm -qa hoc xem c th phn mm no c ci t trong h thng hay khng bng

lnh #rpm -qa

V d:

[root@localhost ~]#rpm -q sendmailSendmail-8.14.1-4.2.fc8

[root@localhost ~]#


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e. Kim tra phn mmCc thng tin kim tra l; kch thc, MD5 checksum, quyn hn, loi tp tin, ngi shu,

nhm shu tp tin.

#rpm -V :kim tra tt c tp tin trong package #rpm -vf : kim tra tp tin file.

#rpm -Va:kim tra tt c cc package ci.

#rpm -Vp :kim tra package.

4. Ci t phn mm t file ngun

Ngoi cc phn mm c ng gi dng file nh phn rpm cn c cc phn mm c cung

cp dng source code nh: *.tar hoc *.tgz,Thng thng ci t cc phn mm ny ta cn

phi da vo trgip ca tng chng trnh thng qua cc file README hoc INSTALL, cc

file ny cha trong th mc sau khi gii nn phn mm. Cc bc thc hin ci t

Bc 1: Gii nn file tar

[root@localhost~]#tar -xvzf linux-software-1.3.1.tar.gzBc 2: Chuyn vo th mc con v tham kho cc file INSTALL, README

Bc 3: Da vo ch dn trong cc file trn ci t phn mm. bc ny thng thng ta

thc hin ba lnh sau:

#./configure

#make

#make install

5. AVG Antivirus

Tng quan phn mm AVGAVG 7.5 free antivirus l mt trong nhng phn mm qut virus rt hiu qu trn h thng

Linux, AVG c cung cp min ph, cung cp nhiu mc bo v cho h thng chng li

nhiu loi virus.

Chng cc loi virus nh worms v Trojans

Chng Sypware, adware

Chng spam mail

Chng hacker thm nhp mng

AVG cung cp kh nng qun tr linh hot thng qua vic iu khin chng trnh dngcommand line hoc dng ho.

Yu cu phn mmCc phn mm, th vin cn s dng cho AVG

Libc.so.6

Dazuko kernel module

Python languages interpreter

Python modules


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Ci tTi package avg75flr-r49-a1130.i386.rpm t website http://free.grisoft.com sau dng lnh

rpm bt u ci t trn my.

Sau khi ta ci t hon tt, h thng thng bo version, loi phin bn ang s dng v cch chy

chng trnh thng qua lnh/opt/grisoft/avggui/bin/avggui_update_licinfo.sh

Sdng AVG Antivirus trn giao din GUI

s dng chng trnh AVG ta chn Applications Accessories AVG for Linux

Workstation hoc ta c th np cng trnh thng qua lnh avggui


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Tu chn Test cho php la chn cc th mc hoc filesystem cn qut virus

Tu chn Test Results xem kt qu sau khi qut virus

Tu chn Update cho php cp nht antivirus t website

Mn hnh chn th mc cn thit qut virus

khi nhn nt Test

Chn Start test tin hnh qu trnh qut

Hiu chnh cc tu chn cho AVG bng cch

chn ServiceProgramsettings

Cp nht database cho chung trnh qut

virus thng qua tnh nng Update t mn hnh

chnh.

Sdng AVG Antivirus trn giao din TEXTLnh avgscanc s dng qut virus trn giao din text, c php lnh

#avgscan [option] [path\paths]Trong :

path\paths c th chnh mt th mc hoc nhiu th mc, nu mun nhiu th mc ta

ch cn m t chng cch nhau bng khong trng


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tu chn ca lnh avgscan c rt nhiu, sau y l bng m t chi tit mt s tu chn

thng dng

Tham s Gii thch

-scan Cho php scan cc i tng c chnh trong [path\paths]

-heur Chuyn sang ch phn tch v qut thng minh-exclude Loi tr mt s th mc c chn trong [path\paths]

-@ FILE Chnh file c th cn qut

-ext Chnh cc phn mrng ca file qut (v d jpg *)

-repok Thng bo file khng b nhim trong cc th mc qut

-report FILE Thng bo kt qu sau khi qut

-arc Qut file theo nh dng GZIP, ZIP, BZIP2

-clean Tng xo cc file nhim khng lm nh hng n h thngMt s v d v lnh avgscan

Scan th mc lu tr ti nguyn ca ngi dng

#avgscan /home

Scan th mc lu tr ti nguyn ca ngi dng s dng phn tch thng minh.

#avgscan -huer /home

Scan c th file /etc/passwd

#avgscan /etc/passwd

Scan th mc /etc v th mc /usr, sau hin th kt qu sau khi qut hon tt

#avgscan -report /etc /usr

Scan th mc /soft c cha cc nh dng lu tr v report cc file khng b nhim

#avgscan -ext = * -rt -arc /soft

Lnh avgupdate cho php cp nht database cho chng trnh avg nhm tng kh nng pht hin

v dit virus. C php lnh

#avgupdate [options] [path | list]

Mt s v d v lnh avgupdate Cp nht antivirus trc tip t Internet

#avgupdate -o

Cp nht chng trnh avg t file /tmp/avg/updfiles

#avgupdate /tmp/avg/updfiles

Cp nht trc tuyn avg cho file avg.conf

#avgupdate -o -c /home/usr/conf/avg/avgg.conf


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BI 6. MT S TRNH TIN CH TRN LINUX

1. Trnh son tho vn bn VIM

VIM (cn gi l vi) l chng trnh son tho chun trn cc hiu hnh Linux. Vi l chng

trnh son tho trc quan, hot ng di hai ch: ch lnh v ch son tho. s

dng vi ta dng lnh

$vi

Khi thc hin, u tin vi s vo ch lnh. ch lnh, ch c th s dng cc phm

thc hin cc thao tc nh: dch chuyn con tr, lu tr d liu, m tp tin mi. Do , bn

khng th son tho vn bn. Nu mun son tho vn bn, bn phi chuyn t ch lnh sang

ch son tho. Ch son tho gip bn s dng bn phm son ni dung vn bn. M

hnh m t tng tc gia ch lnh v ch son tho

Lnh cbn:

dd : xo dng

x : xo k t

yy : copy dng

p : paste dng

/ : tm chui

(n)

:x : thot v lu

:q : thot khng lu

Ch son tho vn bn

Di y l nhm lnh chuyn sang ch son tho. Tu theo yu cu m bn s dng:

i trc du con tr

l trc k tu tin trn dng

a sau du con tr

A sau k tu tin trn dng o dui dng hin ti

O trn dng hin ti

r thay th mt k t hin hnh

R thay th cho n khi nhn

Ch lnhDng phm ESC sau s dng cc nhm lnh thch hp thao tc trn command mode


34/88



a. Nhm lnh di chuyn con tr

h sang tri mt khong trng

e sang phi mt khong trng w sang phi mt t

b sang tri mt t

k ln mt dng j xung mt dng

) cui cu

( u cu } cui on vn

{ u on vn

Ctrl-wn k tu tin chn vo Ctrl-u cun ln mn hnh

Ctrl-d ko xung mn hnh

Ctrl-x ko xung mt mn hnh Ctrl-b ko ln mt mn hnh

b. Nhm lnh xa

dw xa mt t

do xo k t t con trn u dng

d$ xo k t t con trn cui dng 3dw xo ba t

dd xo dng hin hnh

5dd xo nm dng x xo mt k t

c. Nhm lnh thay th

cw thay th mt t

3cw thay th 3 t

cc thay th dng hin hnh 5cc thay th 5 dng

d. Nhm lnh tm kim

*/and tm t k tip ca and

*?and tm t kt thc l and

*/nThe tm dng k bt u bng The N lp li ln d tm sau cng


35/88



e. Nhm lnh tm kim v thay th

:s/text1 /text2 /g thay text1 thnh text2

:g/one/s//1/g thay th one bng s 1

f. Copy and Paste

copy ta dng lnh y v paste dng lnh p y$ copy t v tr hin ti ca cursor n cui dng

yy copy ton b dng ti v tr cursor

3yy copy ba dng lin tip

g. Undo

Thao tc undo cho php chng ta hy thao tc hin ti v quay v thao tc trc , trong vi thc

hin bng phm u.

h. Thao tc trn tp tin

:w ghi vo tp tin

:x lu v thot khi ch son tho

:wq lu v thot khi ch son tho :w lu vo tp tin mi

:q thot nu khng c thay i ni dung tp tin

:q! thot khng lu nu c thay i ni dung tp tin :r mtp tin chc

THC HNH

1. Dng chng trnh vi son tho tp tin vanban.txt

$vi vanban.doc

2. Sao chp vn bn

4dd: Ct 4 dng v a vo vng m

Ctrl+d: Chuyn xung cui vn bn

p: Sao t vng m vo sau dng hin hnh

3. t v b ch hin th s dng ::set nu

:set nonu

4. Lu ni dung tp tin v thot khi vi:

:wq

5. Xem lai ni dung tp tin vanban.txt.


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2. To a mm Boot

Ta c th s dng lnh mkbootdisk to a mm khi ng h thng. Cc bc thc hin:

ng nhp vo h thng bng user root

Xem phin bn kernel ca Linux dng lnh ls /lib/modules/hoc lnh uname -r (trong v

d ny Linux kernel l 2.2.12-20)

S dng lnh/sbin/mkbootdisk 2.2.12-20 t du nhc shell Insert a mm vo a khi c h thng yu cu (Insert a disk in /dev/fd0. Any

information on the disk will be lost)

3. Tin ch Setup

L trnh tin ch h trci t thit b, filesystem, thit lp cu hnh mng, dch v h thng, s dng tin ch setup ta dng lnh #setup

- V d : ta c th dng chng trnh ny

ci t thng s cu hnh TCP/IP cho h thng

nh sau: t giao din trn ta chn mcNetwork ConfigurationRun Tool- Sau chn card mng cn cu hnh, eth0 l

tn card mng th nht, eth1 l tn card mng

th hai, chn Enter tip tc thit lp cu

hnh cho card mng


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- Nhp cc thng s cho card mng. Sau ta

chn OK Exit. C th dng lnh service

network restart cp nht li cc thng s

mng v dng lnh ipconfig |more kim

tra thng tin va thay i.

4. Tin ch fdisk

L trnh tin ch cho php qun l a cng nh: to mi, xem thng tin v xo cc partition

trong h thng. C php lnh:

#fdisk

Trong c th l/dev/hda hoc/dev/sda. Sau y l mt s lnh fdisk cbn

Lnh Gii thch

p Lit k danh sch cc partition table

n To mi partition

d Xo partition

q Thot khi trnh tin chw Lu qu trnh thay i

a Thit lp boot partition

t Thay i system partition ID

l Lit k loi partition

Sau y l mt s bc to mi mt partition vi dung lng 512MB

Bc thc hin Gii thch#fdisk /dev/hdb Khi to tin ch fdisk thao tc ln

a hdb

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/hdb: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621

cylinders

Units = cylinders of 4031 * 512 bytes

Lit k danh sch cc partition trong h thng


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Command (m for help): n

Command action

e extended

p primary partition (1-4)

p

partition number (1-4): 1First cylinder (1-621, default 1):

Using default value 1

Last cylinder or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-621,

default 621): +512M

To mi mt primary partition vi kch thc

512MB

Command (m for help): p

Device Boot Star End Blocks Id

/dev/hdb1 1 196 395104 83

Xem thng tin partition mi va to

Command (m for help): w

Command (m for help): q

Lu li v thot ra khi tin ch

Lu : sau khi ta dng fdisk to mt paritition mi th ta phi reboot li h thng v dng

lnh mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 hoc lnh mkfs.ext3 /dev/hdb1 nh dng li partition, cui

cng ta mount /dev/hdb1 /mnt/newpart s dng.

5. Tin ch mc

GNU Midnight Commander (mc) l chng trnh qun l v thao tc trn file v th mc c

s dng trong Linux, s dng ta phi ci package mc, sau dng lnh mc kch hot

chng trnh


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6. Phn tch a

- Fedora core cung cp tin ch Disk

Usage Analyzer cho php ta c th theo di

v qun l filesystem, th mc, kim tra

filesystem mt cch trc quan v hiu qu.

s dng tin ch ny ta chn ApplicationsSystemToolsDiskUsageAnalyzer

- Ta c th chn Scan Home xem thng tin

chi tit trong home directory ca ngi dng.

Thng tin trong hp thoi cho ta thy kch

thc ca /root, cng nh kch thc tng file

v th mc trong th mc /root, ca s bnphi chnh thng tin lu tr trn a vt l,

v v tr tng file hoc th mc trn a vt l.

Ta c th chn Scan FileSystem h thng qut v thng k filesystem ca h thng

7. Theo di h thng

Linux cung cp tin ch System Monitor cho php theo di thng tin h thng bao gm

system, process, resource, filesystem. s dng tin ch ny ta chn ApplicationsSystem

Tools

SystemMonitor- Thng tin System cho ta bit CPU, MEM,

dung lng a khng s dng trn filesystem.

- Process cho php theo di cc tin trnh

hoc chng trnh daemon ang hot ng

trong h thng.


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- Resources cho ta theo di c thng tin

CPU, MEM, SWAP, Networkang c s

dng.

- File Systems cho ta theo di c cc thit

b cng cc mount pointang c s dng,loi filesystem v dung lng tng ng.

8. Qun l log

Linux cung cp tin ch System Log Viewer theo di v qun l log file cho h thng.

xem log file ta chn ApplicationsSystemLog


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BI 7. QUN L NGI DNG V NHM

Mi ngi dng mun ng nhp v s dng h thng Linux u cn c mt ti khon bao gm

hai thng tin cbn l tn ng nhp (username) v mt khu (password). Thng tin ca ngi

dng ch yu c lu trong tp tin /etc/passwd. Linux cng c ba loi ngi dng cbn:

super user, system user, regular user.

Super user: l ngi dng qun tr ca h thng Linux, ngi dng ny thng gi vi tn l

ngi dng root. Root c to mc nh khi ta ci t h thng v c ton quyn qun l h

thng. Ngi dng ny c h thng cung cp mt nh danh qun l UID c gi tr0.

System user: l ngi dng c to ra khi ta ci t chng trnh, dch v h thng, cc ngi

dng ny khng c quyn ng nhp cc b vo h thng.

Regular user: tm gi l user thng, nhng user ny chc quyn login vo h thng v s

dng ti nguyn, khng c thc hin bt k thao tc qun tr no, UID ca ngi dng ny

thng c gi tr>=500.

Ngoi ra Linux qun l nhm ngi dng dnh cho cc chng trnh, dch v h thng, ta tm

gi nhm ngi dng ny l service user, thng thng nhm ngi dng ch c quyn ti thiu

trong phm vi truy xut ca chng trnh, chng khng s dng cho mc ch ng nhp v s

dng h thng. UID ca ngi dng ny c gi tr trong khong 1 100.

1. Tp tin /etc/passwd

Tp tin/etc/passwdng vai tr sng cn i vi mt h thng Linux. Mi ngi u c thc

c tp tin ny nhng ch c root mi c quyn thay i n. Tp tin /etc/passwdc ludi dng vn bn nh hu ht cc tp tin cu hnh khc ca Linux.


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Mi ti khon c lu trong mt dng gm 7 ct Ct 1: tn ngi s dng.

Ct 2: m lin quan n mt khu ca ti khon v x i vi Linux. Linux lu m ny

trong mt tp tin khc/etc/shadow m ch c root mi c quyn c.

Ct 3,4: m nh danh ti khon (UID) v m nh danh nhm (GID).

Ct 5: tn y ca ngi s dng. Ct 6: th mc c nhn (Home Directory).

Ct 7: chng trnh s chy u tin sau khi ng nhp vo h thng.

2. Tp tin /etc/shadow

Lu trmt khu thc sca ngi dng, mt khu ny c m ho.. Ngoi thng tin

mt khu, file ny cn lu tr cc ty chn ca ti khon. Mi dng lu trthng tin cho tng

ngi dng, tng ng vi mi dng thng c khong tm ctc phn cch nhau bng du

:

Ni dung ca file/etc/shadow

Mi ti khon c lu trong mt dng gm 8 ct Ct 1: chusername phi khp vi username trong file/etc/passwd Ct 2: ch mt khu c m ho (* ti khon b v hiu ho).

Ct 3: s ngy tnh t 1/1/1970 n ngy thay i mt khu sau cng (the last password

change).


43/88



Ct 4: s ngy ti thiu yu cu thay i mt khu, nu gi tr ny bng 0 tc l khng ch

nh gii hn (tnh bng n v ngy).

Ct 5: s ngy ti a mt khu c s dng (tnh theo ngy) - 99999 khng thay i.

Ct 6: s ngy a ra cnh bo trc khi mt khu khng cn hp l.

Ct 7: s ngy quy nh account b v hiu khi mt khu ht hn s dng.

Ct 8: m t ngy v hiu ho ti khon tnh t ngy 1/1/1970.

3. Cc thao tc trn ngi dng

a. To ti khon ngi dng to mt ti khon, bn c th s dng lnh useradd

C php:

#useradd [-c comment] [-d homedir] [-m] [-g GID] LOGIN

Lu : tham s-mc sdng to thmc c nhn nu n cha tn ti v chc root

mi c sdng lnh ny.

Sau dng lnh passwd t mt khu cho ti khon.V d:

V vn an ninh cho my Linux v s an ton h thng mng, mt password gi l tt nu:

C di ti thiu 6 k t.

Phi hp gia chthng, chhoa, s v cc k tc bit.

Khng lin quan n tn tui, ngy sinh ca bn v ngi thn.

Trong v d trn, bn to ti khon ngi dng v khng quan tm ngi thuc nhm no. S

thun li nu bn mun nhm nhiu ngi dng c cng mt chc nng v cng chia s nhau d

liu vo chung mt nhm. Mc nh khi bn to mt ti khon, Linux s to cho mi ti khon

mt nhm trng tn vi tn ti khon. Xem tp tin/etc/passwd ta thy

nghihh c UID l 501 v thuc nhm 501. Xem tp tin/etc/group ta thy


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Bn c th thm ti khon nghihh vo nhm users bng cch thay s501 bng 100, 100 l GID

ca nhm users.

Lnh useradd -D xem cc thng s mc nh khi ta to ti khon ngi dng (cc thng tin

ny lu trong th mc/etc/default/useradd).

b. Thay i thng tin ca ti khonBn c th thay i li thng tin ti khon t tp tin /etc/passwd hoc dng lnh usermod.

C php:#usermod [-c comment] [-d homedir] [-m] [-g GID] LOGIN

V d:a ti khonnghihh vo nhmadmin

#usermod -g adm nghihh

c. Tm kho ti khon ngi dng tm kho ti khon trong h thng ta c th dng nhiu cch

Kho (locking) Mkho (unlock)

passwd -l passwd -u

usermod -L usermod -U

Ta c th tm kho ti khon bng cch chnh sa tp tin /etc/shadow v thay th tkho x

bng t kho *

d. Hu ti khonLnh userdel dng xo mt ti khon. Ngoi ra bn cng c th xo mt ti khon bng cch

xo i dng d liu tng ng vi ti khon trong tp tin /etc/passwdC php:

#userdel [option] username

V d:

#userdel -r nghihh


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4. Qun l nhm v cc thao tc trn nhmThng tin ca nhmMi nhm c mt tn ring v mt nh danh nhm, mt nhm c th c nhiu ngi dng v

ngi dng ch c th l thanh vin ca mt nhm. Thng tin v nhm lu ti tp tin/etc/group.

Mi dng nh ngha mt nhm, cc trng trn dng cch nhau bng du :. C php m t

thng tin nhm trong file /etc/group:::

a. To nhm

Chng ta c th chnh sa trc tip trong tp tin /etc/group hoc dng lnh

#groupadd

b. Thm ngi dng vo nhm

Chng ta c th sa ttp tin /etc/group, cc tn ti khon ngi dng cch nhau bng du ;.

Ta c th thm ngi dng vo nhm thng qua lnh:

#usermod -g

Ta cng c th sa thng tin GID ca ti khon trc tip trong tp tin /etc/passwd

c. Hu nhm

Ta c th xa trc tip nhm trong tp tin /etc/group hay dng lnh

#groupdel

d. Xem thng tin user v group

Ta c th dng lnh groups hoc id xem thng tin v mt ti khon hay mt nhm no

trong h thng

#id

V d:

Ta mun xem groupID ca mt user nghihh ta dng lnh

#id -g nghihh

Ta c th xem tn nhm ca mt user no ta dng lnh

#groups

V d:

#groups nghihh

5. Qun l User v Group qua giao din X

Linux cung cp tin ch User Manager cho php ta c th qun l ngi dng v nhm linh hot

v hiu qu hn. Thng qua cng c ny ta c th to, thay i thng tin, t quyn v xo ti

khon cho ngi dng v nhm. Giao din qun l ngi dng trong Linux, ta nhn chn SystemAdministrationUsers and Groups.


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a. Thao tc ti khon

To ti khon: chn nt chc nng Add User. Ch nh cc tham s: username,

fullname, password, shell login, homedirectory, userID, groupID.

Thay i thng tin cho ti khon : bng cch nhp i vo biu tng tn account


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User Data : thng tin ti khon. Account Info : chnh thi hn s dng ti

khon, kho ti khon.

Password Info: ch nh thng s xc nh

thi hn s dng mt khu.

Groups: chnh nhm cho ngi dng.

b. Thao tc nhm

To nhm: chn nt Add Group chnh

tn nhm OK.

Thay i thng tin cho nhm: double click

vo tn nhm chn Group Users tab bit

thm thng tin hoc loi b thnh vin trong

nhm. Group Data: chnh tn nhm.


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6. Quyn ca ngi dng trn FileSystem

Tt c cc tp tin v th mc ca Linux u c ngi shu v quyn truy cp.

V d:

Cc k t-rw-rw-r-- biu thquyn truy cp ca tp tin myfile, loi tp tin c chnh trong

k tu ca ct u tin. Linux cho php ngi s dng xc nh cc quyn c (read), vit

(write) v thc thi (execute) cho tng i tng. C 3 dng i tng

Ngi shu (the owner)

Nhm shu (the group owner)

Ngi khc (other users hay everyone else)

- Quyn c (read) cho php bn c ni dung ca tp tin. i vi th mc quyn c cho php

bn di chuyn vo th mc v xem ni dung ca th mc

- Quyn ghi (write) cho php bn thay i ni dung hay xo tp tin. i vi th mc, quyn vit

cho php bn to ra, xo hay thay i cc tp tin trong th mc khng ph thuc vo quyn c

th ca tp tin trong th mc. Nh vy, quyn vit ca th mc s v hiu ho cc quyn truy cp

ca tp tin trong th mc v bn phi n tnh cht ny

- Quyn thc thi (execute) cho php bn gi chng trnh ln b nhbng cch nhp t bn

phm tn ca tp tin. i vi th mc bn ch c th vo th mc bi lnh cd nu bn c quyn

thc thi vi th mc.

Song song vi cch k hiu miu t bng k t trn, quyn hn truy cp cn c th biu dindi dng s. Quyn hn cho tng loi ngi dng s dng mt s c 3 bit tng ng cho ba

quyn read, write v execute. Theo nu cp quyn th bit l 1, ngc li l 0. Gi tr nh

phn ca s 3 bit ny xc nh cc quyn cho nhm ngi

Bit2 Bit1 Bit0

Read Write Execute

User Group Other

Read Write Execute Read Write Execute Read Write Execute

V d:

Ch c quyn c : 100 c gi tr l 4

C quyn c v thc thi : 101 c gi tr l 5

Quyn Gi tr

Read permission 4Write permission 2

Execute permission 1


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V d:

Nu c quyn read v execute th s ca quyn l : 4 + 1 = 5

Read, write, execute : 4 + 2 + 1 = 7T hp ca ba quyn c gi tr t 0 n 7

0 or --- : khng c quyn

1 or --x : execute 2 or -w- : write only

3 or -wr : write v execute

4 or r-- : read only

5 or r-x : read v execute

6 or rw- : read v write

7 or rwx : read, write v execute

Nh vy khi cp quyn trn mt tp tin/th mc, bn c th dng s thp phn gm ba con s. S

u tin miu t quyn shu, s th hai cho nhm, s th ba cho nhng ngi cn li.

7. Gn quyn cho ngi dng

a. Lnh chmody l lnh c s dng rt ph bin, dng cp php quyn truy cp ca tp tin hay th mc.

Ch c ch shu v superuser mi c quyn thc hin cc lnh ny

C php:

#chmod [nhm_ngi_dng] [thao_tc] [quyn_hn] [tn_tp_tin]

Nhm ngi dng Thao tc Quyn

u - user + : thm quyn r - read

g - group - : xo quyn w - write

o - others = : gn quyn bng x - execute

a - all

V d : gn quyn trn tp tin myfile

Gn thm quyn write cho group : #chmod g+w myfile

Xo quyn read trn group v others : #chmod go-w myfile

V d : cp quyn cho tp tin myfile

Quyn Lnh

-wrxr-xr-x #chmod 755 myfile

-r-xr--r-- #chmod 522 myfile

-rwxrwxrwx #chmod 777 myfile


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Phng php thay i tuyt i ny c mt su im v n l cch nh quyn tuyt i, kt

qu cui cng khng ph thuc vo quyn truy cp trc ca tp tin

b. Lnh chownLnh ny dng thay i ngi shu trn tp tin, th mc.

C php:

$chown$chown -R

Dng lnh cui cng vi tu chn -R (recursive) cho php thay i ngi shu ca th mc

v tt c cc th mc con ca n. iu ny cng ng vi lnh chmod, chgrpV d:

$chown huetv /bt/test.txtGii thch:Chuyn quyn shu ca file test.txt cho ngi dng huetv

c. Lnh chgrpLnh ny dng thay i nhm shu ca mt tp tin, th mc.C php:

$chgrp [group] [file]

V d:

$chgrp users /tmp/test

Gii thch: Chuyn quyn shu ca test cho nhm users

d. Lnh umask

L lnh cho php thit lp quyn mc nh ca ngi dng truy xut filesystem, mc nh

gi tr umask l 022, tc l mi tp tin khi to ra u c quyn gn mc nh l 644, c ngha l

ch shu ca file c ton quyn truy cp, nhm shu v ngi khc c quyn c.

Quyn mc nh ca file hoc th mc c xc nh l phn b ca umask xt trn 3 bit

quyn hn ca h thng dnh cho ngi dng.

i vi file quyn ti a m h thng tng c thgn l rw, cn quyn thc thi ngi dng

phi tgn. Do quyn ti a ca file tnh theo h thp phn l 666 (xt trn ba i tng).

Nu umask = 022 th quyn hn ca file khi to ra s l phn b ca umask l 644.i vi thmc th quyn ti a ca tng ngi dng l 777, khi quyn mc nh ca th

mc khi to ra vi umask l 022 sl 755.

C php lnh:

#unmask


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THC HNH

1. Thay i quyn trn tp tin

#cat baitho.txt

#ls -lF baitho.txt

#chmod u+x,g+wx baitho.txt#ls -lF baitho.txt

#chmod 644 baitho.txt

#ls -lF baitho.txt


#ls -lF baitho.txt


#ls -lF baitho.txt

2. To ti khon h thng

To nhm ketoan

#groupadd ketoan

Xem tp tin /etc/group

#cat /etc/group

To mt account user01 mi thuc nhm ketoan

#useradd - g ketoan -c Tai khoan user01 user01 #passwd user01

Xem tp tin /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow

#cat /etc/passwd

#cat /etc/shadow

Thng nhp vo h thng vi ti khon l user01 To mt account user02

#useradd user02

#passwd user02

a user02 vo nhm ketoan

#usermod -g ketoan user02

Thng nhp vo h thng vi ti khon l user02 Xa user02

#userdel user02

#cat /etc/passwd


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3. Thay i quyn sdng cho cc i tng trn tp tin

a. To mt tp tin mi /home/baocao.txt

b. i ch shu ca tp tin /home/baocao.txt l user01

#chown user01 /home/baocao.txt

c. Phn quynrwxr--r--

cho cc i tng trn tp tin /home/baocao.txt.#chmod 744 /home/baocao.txt

d. ng nhp vo h thng vi ti khon user01. Th thay i ni dung tp tin /home/baocao.txt.

e. ng nhp vo h thng vi ti khon khc. Th thay i ni dung tp tin /home/baocao.txt.

Nhn xt ?

4. Phn quyn sdng cho cc i tng

a. To nhm ngi s dng c tn hanhchinh.

b. B sung cc user01, user02 vo nhm hanhchinh.#usermod -g hanhchinh user01

#usermod -g hanhchinh user02

c. To th mc /home/common

#mkdir /home/common

d. i nhm shu ca th mc /home/common l nhm hanhchinh.

#chown hanhchinh /home/common

hoc

#chgrp hanhchinh /home/common

e. Phn quyn rwx cho i tng nhm hanhchinh trn th mc /home/common

#chmod g+rwx /home/common

#ls -lF /home

f. ng nhp vo h thng vi ti khon user01. To th mc mi trong /home/common.

g. ng nhp vo h thng vi mt ti khon khc khng thuc nhm hanhchinh. Th to th

mc mi trong /home/common. Nhn xt ?.


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BI 8. QUN L QUOTA A V TIN TRNH TRN LINUX

1. Gii thiu Quota

Quotac dng thit lp hn ngch a cho ngi dng, mi ngi dng hoc nhm c

cp gii hn s dng hoc nhm c cp gii hn s dng dung lng a nht nh no . Ta

ch thit lp quota trn nhng file system lu tr thng tin cho ngi dng hoc nhm ngi

dng, trong Linux ta thng thit lp hn ngch a trn filesystem/home.

Mt s khi nim cn lu :

Gii hn cng: chnh dung lng a cng ti a cho ngi dng s dng. Ngi

dng khng c lu tr ti nguyn vt qu gii hn ny.

Gii hn mm: chnh dung lng tng i cn gii hn cho ngi dng, ngi dng

c th s dng vt qu gii hn ny trong khong thi gian gia hn no . Mc nh h

thng t thi gian gia hn l 7 ngy.

Thi gian gia hn: l thi gian cho php ngi dng vt qu dung lng a cng c

cp php trong gii hn mm.

2. Thit lp Quota

thit lp hn ngch a ta thc hin ba bc chnh sau

Thit lp ty chn quota trn file/etc/fstab

Kim tra hn ngch thng qua lnh quotacheck

Phn b hn ngch thng qua lnh edquota

a. Cu hnh file /etc/fstab

Mtp tin/etc/fstab

Thm mt s thng s gii hn usrquota (cho user), grpquota (cho group)


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Sau ta phi reboot li h thng remount li file system/home thng qua lnh init 6.

b. Kim tra Quota

Sau khi cp php quota v gn kt li h thng tp tin, h thng by gic kh nng thit

lp quota, tuy nhin chng ta cn dng quotacheck kim tra h thng tp tin c cu hnh

quota v xy dng li bng s dng a hin hnh.

Nhng ty chn:-a : kim tra tt c nhng h thng tp tin cu hnh quota

-v : hin th thng tin trng thi khi kim tra

-u : kim tra quota ca ngi dng

-g : kim tra quota ca nhm

Thng tin cu hnh quota ca ngi dng c lu trong file/home/aquota.user, cu hnh ca

nhm c lu trong file/home/aquota.group

c. Phn phi Quota thit lp quota cho ngi dng ta dng lnh

#edquota

Bn c thiu khin lnh quota mt cch hiu qu vi nhng ty chn sau:

-g : chnh sa quota cho nhm

-p : sao chp quota cho ngi dng khc

-u : chnh sa quota cho ngi dng (mc nh ca lnh)

-t : chnh sa thi gian ca gii hn mmV d:

#edquota -u phuongdq


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Blocks : dung lng user ang s dng, dung lng ny tnh bng Kbyte.

Inodes: s lng file m user ang s dng.

Soft limit: dung lng gii hn mm, thng thng kch thc ny phi


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3. Gii thiu tin trnh

Mt chng trnh hay lnh c th pht sinh ra nhiu tin trnh. C ba loi tin trnh chnh trn

Linux

Tin trnh tng tc (interactive processes): l tin trnh khi ng v qun l bi shell,

k c tin trnh tin cnh hoc tin trnh hu cnh.

Tin trnh thc hin theo l (batch processes) : tin trnh khng gn lin n bn iukhin v c nm trong hng i ln lt thc hin.

Tin trnh n trn b nh(daemon processes) : l cc tin trnh chy n bn di h

thng, cn gi l tin trnh nn. Cc tin trnh ny thng c khi to mt cch tng

sau khi h thng khi ng.

Mi tin trnh khi thc hin nu sinh ra nhiu tin trnh conc gi l tin trnh cha (Parent

Process). Khi tin trnh cha b dng th cc tin trnh con ca n cng khng cn hot ng.

Mi tin trnh mang mt nh danh gi l PID (Process Indentification). Process ID l mt sln hn 0v l duy nht. H thng da vo cc PID ny qun l cc tin trnh. Khi khi

ng, Linux s thc hin mt tin trnh sn c trong h thng mang tn init (v l tin trnh u

tin c thc hin nn PID=1). Sau tin trnh ny mi sinh ra cc tin trnh khc, cc tin

trnh khc c th sinh ra cc tin trnh khc na v c tip tc nh th to thnh cy phn cp cc

tin trnh.

S trong du ( ) l PID ca tin trnh, v d tin trnh rsyslogd(1752) c m PID l 1752 v l

tin trnh con ca tin trnh init v l tin trnh cha ca tin trnh {rsyslogd} (1753)


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a. Xem thng tin tin trnh

kim tra nhng tin trnh ang chy trong h thng ta c th s dng lnh ps (process

status). Lnh ps c nhiu ty chn v ph thuc mt cch mc nh vo ngi ng nhp vo h

thng. C php lnh ps:

#ps

Mt s tu chn ca lnh ps

Lnh v ty chn Gii thch

ps -ux Xem tt c cc tin trnh m user kch hot

ps t Xem nhng tin trnh c chy ti terminal

ps aux hin ti ca user Xem tt cc tin trnh trong h thng

ps -u username Xem tt cc tin trnh ca user no

V d:

b. Tin trnh tin cnh

Khi thc hin mt chng trnh t du nhc shell ($ hoc #), chng trnh s thc hin v

khng xut hin du nhc cho n khi thc hin xong chng trnh. Do chng ta khng th

thc hin cc cng vic khc trong khi chng trnh ny ang thc hin, tin trnh c pht sinh

trong ng cnh ny l tin trnh tin cnh. Chng ta th chy mt chng trnh c thi gian thc

hin lu kim tra, v d lit k tt c cc th mc c tn pro bng lnh

#find / -name pro -print

c. Tin trnh hu cnh

Tin trnh hu cnh l tin trnh c pht sinh khi ta chy chng trnh, tin trnh ny chy

nn trong h thng v khng chim dng shell khi thc hin. Khi chy mt chng trnh chimthi gian lu chng ta c th cho php chng chy nn bn di v tip tc thc hin cc cng

vic khc. tin trnh chy di ch hu cnh chng ta thm du & vo sau lnh thc hin

chng trnh

V d: s dng lnh find tm tp tin pro v cho chy nn trong h thng

#find / -name pro -print > result.txt &


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d. Tm dng v nh thc tin trnh

Trong mt s trng hp khi ang chy chng trnh nhng thi gian thc hin qu lu v

mun a n vo hu cnh, Linux cho php chng ta a n tm dng v cho vo hu cnh bng

phm Ctrl - Z. Khi tin trnh ang chy nhn c tn hiu Ctrl - Z th n tm dng v chuyn

vo hu cnh, tr du nhc li cho ngi dng. Chng ta c th xem tin trnh c trong hu cnh

bng lnh:#jobs

Ngc li khi mun mt tin trnh ang chy hu cnh chuyn sang chy tin cnh chng ta

dng lnh fg theo c php nh sau :

#fg

V d:

e. Hu tin trnh

Trong nhiu trng hp, mt tin trnh c th b treo. Khi chng ta phi dng (kill) tin

trnh ang c vn . Linux c lnh kill thc hin cng vic ny. Trc tin, bn cn phi bit

PID ca tin trnh cn dng thng qua lnh ps. Sau ta s dng lnh:

#kill -9

Tham s -9 l tn hiu dng tin trnh khng iu kin. Khng nn dng cc tin trnh m mnhkhng bit v c th lm treo my hoc nhng dch v khc. Mt tin trnh c th sinh ra cc tin

trnh con trong qu trnh hot ng ca mnh. Nu tin trnh cha b dng, cc tin trnh con s

khng cn hot ng. Trong mt s trng hp, tin trnh c li nng khng dng c, bin

php cui cng l khi ng li my.

Lu :chc ngi dng root mi c quyn dng tt c cc tin trnh cn nhng ngi dng

khc chc dng cc tin trnh do mnh to ra.


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BI THC HNH S 1

Ni dung chnh l:

Ci t Fedora Core 8, v cc thng tin lin quan n qu trnh ci t.

ngh cc sinh vin:+ c k cc phn lin quan trong ti liu hc tp

+ S dng VMWare thnh tho.

+ Tm hiu thm v bng phn vng a cng

+ VMWare, Fedora Core 8 (file iso) c th chp ti gio vin hng dn.

Phn 1: Lm quen vi Mi trng VMWare v To my o VMWare

+ Khi ng phn mm VMWare. Sau nhn F11 Maximize ca s ny

+ Thit lp cch s dng phm tt l Ctrl+Alt. T hp Phm tt ny thng c s dng trong

cc trng hp sau:

- Gii phng chut, bn phm khi mi trng my o, trv mi trng my tht.

- Kt hp vi Enter chuyn i gia hai ch ca s/ton mn hnh.

- Kt hp vi Insert truyn t hp phm Ctrl+Alt+Delete vo my o - tc l nhn cng 1 lc

+ To ra mt my o c cu hnh nh sau:

- Custom Configuration.

- Hardware compatibility: Workstation 6 - Guest OS: Linux -> "Other Linux 2.6.x kernel".

- RAM: 512M.

- Ethernet: Bridged.

- HDD: 8GB IDE (khng chn SCSI).- CDROM: ISO image trn file "/Fedora-8-i386-DVD.iso" - B FDD, Sound.

- Vo mc Options, b Snapshot v Share Folder.

- Lu my o vo th mc "/home//vmware/Fedora Core 8" (vd: nu username

l may02 th th mc s l "/home/may02/vmware/Fedora Core 8").

+ Bt my o, nhn chut vo ca s VMWare chuyn focus vo my o. + Nhn F2 khi c

thng bo trn mn hnh vo BIOS ca my o.

+ Thit lp u tin khi ng ln lt l HDD, CDROM, Network, Removable Devices sau

ghi li v khi ng li my o.

Phn 2: Ci t hiu hnh Fedora Core 8 t CDROM (c ti liu phn ci t)

Phn 3: Lm quen vi Mi trng GNOME

+ ng nhp vo my o Linux bng ti khon root, hoc bng ti khon ca hc vin

+ Sinh vin cn lm quen vi mi trng ha GNOME trong khong 30 pht. Tp cc thao

tc nh chy ng dng, logout, restart, shutdown my.


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Phn 4: Lm quen vi Mi trng KDE

+ ng nhp vo my o Linux bng ti khon root, hoc bng ti khon ca hc vin

+ Sinh vin cn lm quen vi mi trng ha KDE trong khong 20 pht. Tp cc thao tcnh chy ng dng, logout, restart, shutdown my

Phn 5: Lm quen vi Mi trng Text Mode+ ng nhp vo my o Linux bng ti khon root, hoc bng ti khon ca hc vin

+ Sinh vin cn lm quen vi mi trng TEXT trong khong 30 pht. Tp cc thao tc nh

chy ng dng, logout, restart, shutdown my.


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BI THC HNH S 2

Bi thc hnh thhai c hai ni dung chnh l:

+ Lm quen vi ch dng lnh (text)

+ H thng file v cc thao tc trn th mc tp tin

ngh cc sinh vin:

+ c k cc phn lin quan trong ti liu hc tp

Phn 1: Lm quen vi cch dng lnh

+ Dng cc lnh ls, cd di chuyn v xem ni dung cc th mc trn my. C gng tp s dng

phmg TAB in nhanh tn cc file v th mc.

+ S dng lnh "cat > tn_file" to file mi v "cat tn_file" xem ni dung file mi to. +

S dng cc b phn trang "more", "less" vi cat khi xem cc file c ni dung di.

+ T nghra cc v d v tn file c th nm vng c cc metacharacter v kt hp vi ls kim chng.

+ S dng chng trnh mc thay th cc lnh cd, ls, cat v cc lnh qun tr file/th mc khc.

Phn 2: S dng man page

+ Tp s dng lnh man tra cu trgip ca cc lnh

+ Lnh man vi tham s -k c s dng tm kim thng tin trong cc trang man. V d: "man

-k print" s lit k tt c cc trang man c lin quan n "print".

Phn 3: Tm hiu cc lnh lin quan n th mc tp tin

+ c v thc hnh cc v d trong phn Cc thao tc trn th mc tp tin

Phn 4: Lin kt

+ Ngi dng root c mt file thongbao.txtt trong th mc gc v mun rng sau khi thay ini dung ca file ny th ni dung ca cc lin kt tng ng trong cc th mc /home/may01,

/home/may02,/home/may03,/root cng thay i theo. Nu file thongbao.txt trn b xa, th ch

lin kt trong/root l vn s dng c. Hy to cc lin kt tha mn yu cu trn.

+ Sao chp lin kt ti/home/may01 thnh lin kt mi ti/home/may08 v ti/root thnh lin

kt mi ti/home/admin.

+ Trong th mc/data c file data.txt v th mc txt. Trong th mc txt c 1 symbolic link ldata.txt chn file data.txt nm th mc trn.

+ Nu dng lnh cp -r copy ton b th mc txt vo trong th mc /root th c th xy ra

nhng trng hp no i vi symbolic link nu trn (li, copy soft link theo, copy file gc

theo...) hy m phng tt c cc trng hp trn.


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Phn 5: Tm kim

+ Hy t to, sau tm v xa tt c cc file c ui .test trong ton b h thng file theo t nht

l 2 cch. (gi s bn ch c 10 pht tm v xa t nht 20000 file, hy c gng tng ha

ton b qu trnh tm kim v xa)


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BI THC HNH S 3

Bi thc hnh thba c hai ni dung chnh l:

+ Lm quen vi ch dng lnh (text).

+ Qun l a cng, phn vng v mount cc thit b.

ngh cc sinh vin:

+ c k cc phn lin quan trong ti liu hc tp.

Phn 1: S dng mount

+ Mount thit bUSB vo tp tin/mnt/usb v copy mt s tp tin trn my vo USB.

+ Mount thit bCD-ROM vo tp tin/mnt/cdrom v duyt xem ni dung ca a

Phn 2: Qun l a cng

+ Tt my o bng lnh "shutdown -h now".

+ Sa li cu hnh my o, thm vo mt cng IDE mi c dung lng 1GB. Sau khi ngli my o v ng nhp vo h thng.

+ cng mi c tn l g trong th mc/dev? Lm th no xc nh c iu ?

+ Chia trn thnh 2 phn vng. Vng 1 c kch thc 600Mnh dng FAT32 v nh x t

ng vo h thng mi khi khi ng. Th mc nh x l/vfat. Vng 2 c kch thc 400Mnh

dng ext2 v nhn l THUCHANH. S dng nhn ny nh x phn vng ny vo th mc

/mnt.

Phn 3: Qun l a cng (nng cao)

+ Tt my o.

+ Sa li cu hnh my o, thm vo mt cng IDE mi v mt SCSI mi u c dung lng

4GB. Sau khi ng li my o v ng nhp vo h thng.

+ cng mi c tn l g trong th mc /dev? Lm th no xc nh c iu ?

+ Chia 2 trn mi thnh 2 phn vng: Phn vng chnh s 1 v phn vng logic s 5. Mi

phn vng u c kch thc 2GB. Thit lp ID cho mi phn vng l softRAID (fd).

+ S dng cng c qun l softRAID (mdadm) ni 4 phn vng mi to li thnh 1 phn

vng mi (/dev/md1) theo chun RAID 6.

+ nh dng phn vng mi theo chun ext3 v nh x vo th mc /raid.+ Copy ton b th mc /usr vo /raid sau khai bo 1 phn vng tham gia vo /dev/md1 b

hng (gi vhng ) ri loi b n ra khi h thng softRAID.

+ Li cho phn vng va b ra vo trong h thng softRAID. Sau dng lnh watch "cat

/proc/mdstat" theo di qu trnh rebuild tng ca h thng softRAID


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BI THC HNH S 4

Bi thc hnh thtc hai ni dung chnh l:

+ Lm quen vi ch dng lnh (text).

+ Thc hnh tin ch son tho vn bn vi, qun l ngi dng, nhm

ngh cc sinh vin:

+ c k cc phn lin quan trong ti liu hc tp.

Phn 1: Thc hin bi thc hnh lin quan n trnh son tho vn bn vi

Phn 2: To mi

+ Dng lnh useradd to ngi dng test vi cc tham s mc nh.

+ Ngi dng ny c thng nhp trc tip vo h thng khng? Ti sao?

+ Ngi dng ny c th dng lnh gin tip trn h thng khng? Ti sao?

Phn 3: Qun l

+ Lnh no cho php xem danh sch tt c cc ngi dng local ca h thng?

+ Lnh no cho php xem danh sch tt c cc ngi dng c thng nhp h thng?

+ Hy thay i mi ngi dng to ra u c th mc c nhn t trong/var/www/html, ngy

ht hn mt khu l 14 v mi khi ng nhp th hin ra mn hnh li cho "Hi, username" trong

username thay bng tn ng nhp.

Phn 4: Quyn truy xut chun v ACL (Access Control List)

+ Nu umask c gi tr l 0035 th cc file v th mc khi to ra c quyn truy xut l bao nhiu?+ Nu th mc mi to ra c quyn truy xut l 777 th umask l bao nhiu?

+ Nu file mi to ra c quyn truy xut l 236 th umask l bao nhiu?

+ Gi s/public l th mc dng chung cho mi ngi trong cng ty, hy thit lp sao cho btk ai thuc bt k nhm no cng c kh nng to v c file trong th mc ny nhng ch c

ngi dng trong nhm quantri mi c th ghi vo cc file trong th mc ny.

+ Gi s file mark.doc nm trong th mc/data c thit lp quyn truy xut chun nhng

ngi qun tr cn thm hai quyn ACL na cho file ny (ngi dng phuongdq c quyn c

ghi v nhm ketoan c quyn c). Hy thit lp chnh xc hai quyn trn cho file mark.doc.

Nu mun vic thit lp quyn ACL lun sn sng khi khi ng my trn phn vng/dev/hda1th phi lm g?


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BI THC HNH S 5

Phn 1: Hn ngch a

+ To mt phn vng mi

+ Bt ch h trhn ngch ln phn vng mi to.+ Thm hai ngi dng mi user1 v user2 bng lnh "adduser user1" v "adduser user2".

+ Thit lp hn ngch cho hai ngi dng trn bng 2 lnh (mi ngi dng 1 lnh) sao cho h

ch c th lu ti a 80MB v mti a 40 file/th mc trn phn vng ny.

Phn 2: Tin trnh

+ Ti ca s lnh, g lnh cc lnh ps, pstree khng tham s. Sau s dng thm cc tham s

(theo man). Nu mun bit mt tin trnh c gi bi lnh no v tham s g th cn dng ps,

pstree nh no?

+ Ln lt chy lnh ls / -R nm ln, sau u chuyn cc tin trnh mi to vo Background.S dng cc lnh bg, fg,jobs tp chuyn i trng thi ca cc tin trnh.

+ Trc khi cc tin trnh trn kt thc, hy s dng kill sau l killall kt thc cc tin trnh

.


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BI THC HNH S 6

Bi thc hnh thsu c hai ni dung chnh l:+ n li nhng kin thc cbn ng thi vn dng nhng kin thc vo cc bi tp thc t

0. Khi ng my o1. Tin hnh login bng user "root" (password mc nh l "123456")

2. To mt cy th mc c cu trc nh sau:

/ (root directory)

---HDH|--- Unix| |--- Linux| | |--- RedHat

| | |--- Mandrake| | | |--- 9.1| | | |--- 9.2

| | |--- Fedora| |--- FreeBSD| |--- OpenBSD|

|--- Windows|--- 98

| |--- Second_Edition|--- Me| |--- Documents|--- 2000| |--- Server| |--- Advanced_Server| |--- Professional|--- Utilities

|--- Tool_Hack

|--- Scan_Port|--- Sniffer

3. Thc hin vic to user {tenSV}, userA, userB, userC, userD (trong userC v userD c

th mc c nhn t ti/tmp, cn nhng user khc th s c Home Directory mc nh).

Lu : vic to{tenSV} phi theo v d sau:

V d:Nguyen Thi Minh Khai --> ntmkhai


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4.t password mc nh cho cc user trn trnh vi tn user va to

5. To 2 nhm c tn l NHOM1 (cha userA, userC) v NHOM2 (cha userB, userD),

NHOM3 (cha {tenSV}).

6. S dng lnh cat xem li s tn ti ca cc user v nhm va to

Hng dn: s dng lnh man i vi lnh to user v group tm xem tp tin cha user vgroup c t ti ng dn no trong h thng.Ch : ch xem xt s tn ti khng c chnh sa cc tp tin cu hnh trn trn v nu sa

khng ng s khin cho cc file trn b hng v i lc dn n h thng b "CRASHED" ~

TREO MAY

7. Dng mt chng trnh vi son tho Text son tp tin c ni dung sau

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Sao em khong hoi nhung ngay con khong

Bay gio em da lay chong

Nhu chim vao long nhu ca can cauCa can cau biet dau ma go

Chim vao long biet thuo nao ra

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

--> Lu tp tin trn vi tn l Thoca.txt trong th mc Documents

8.i tn tp tin Thoca.txt va to thnh Baitho.dat v chp vo th mc 9.2

9. Tm trn h thng xem ng dn cha tp tin tcpdump v sau chp tp tin trn vo th

mc Sniffer.

10.i tn tp tin tcpdump thnh sniffer nhng vn gi nguyn tp tin tcpdump.

11. Thc hin lnh lit k ra mn hnh nhn xt v cc quyn hin c ca 2 tp tin trong th

mc Sniffer. Ghi nhn li thng tin ny.

12. Cp quyn cho tp tin sniffer nh sau:

Owner: Read - Write - Excute

Group : Read - ExcuteOther : Read

13. Thc hin li lnh lit k ni dung th mc Sniffer ra mn hnh v ghi li kt qu thay i.14. Tin hnh ng nhp vi mt trong cc user trn v sau th thc thi tp tin trn (sniffer)trong th mc (Sniffer) --> ghi nhn li kt qu. Gii thch hin tng (nu c).

15.ng nhp li vi quyn user root. Thc hin vic i mt khu cho user root l "654321".

Ti sao t user root chuyn sang cc user khc khng phi yu cu password cn nhng user

khc qua root li phi yu cu password (khc vi Windows NT/2K/XP/2K3).


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16. Logout ra khi h thng v tin hnh login li vi username v password ca root.

17. Khi ng li my o (chy Linux) ch TEXT mode.

18. Login vi user l userA, th truy xut cc Home Directory ca cc user khc (k c root).

Ghi nhn li kt qu v gii thch da trn cch thit lp quyn.

19. Chuyn sang user root bng cch xa b cc thit lp bin mi trng hin c.20. Thit lp li quyn mc nh cho tp tin sniffer trn (quyn ban u - ghi nhn li c

bc 11).

21. Tin hnh to tp tin dng lu tr cho tp tin Baitho.dat thanh Baitho_Arch.tar sau chp

tp tin ny vo th mc Utilities. Thc hin tng t vi th mc Sniffer vi tn lSniffer_Arch.tar sau chp vo th mc Utilities.

22. Sau tin hnh nn tp tin Baitho_Arch.tar thnh Baitho_Arch.tar.gz, tp tin

Sniffer_Arch.tar thnh Sniffer_Arch.tar.gz. Sau , chp hai tp tin nn trn vo th mc

Fedora.

23. Thc hin vic kt gn a CDROM chp mt s file (gcc.x.x.x.rpm;

lynx.x.x.x.rpm; anacona.x.x.x.rpm; abiword.x.x.x.rpm; mc.x.x.x.rpm) vo th mc Fedora.

24. Nn th mc Fedora li vi tn Fedora.gz.

25. Di chuyn tp tin tcpdump vo th mc/tmp.

26. Thc hin vic lit k thng tin v tp tin sniffer trong Sniffer_Arch.tar.

27. To mt tp tin c tn l test.html trong th mc Utilities vi ni dung tu .

28. i tn tp tin Sniffer_Arch.tar thnh Append_Arch.tar.

29. Thc hin vic b sung cho tp tin test.html vo tp tin Append_Arch.tar trn.

30. Lit k thng tin v cc tp tin trong Append_Arch.tar (kim tra li xem tp tin test.html c

hay khng).

31. Kim tra li tin thc hin v tin hnh xo ton b cy th mc to bc 2. Sau

thc hin vic khi ng li h thng (dng cch dng lnh)

32. Thc hin lnh fdisk kim tra xem my tn ti bao nhiu phn vng. Ghi nhn li nhng

thng tin nhn c. Xem thm manpage ca FDISK bit cch thc s dng.33. To thm mt s phn vng nh sau {Kim tra li xem a cng o ca mnh cn dung

lng >= 100MB hay khng} (thc hin di quyn user root)

/{MSSV} 20 MB

/Backup 30 MB

/Homepage 50 MB


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34. Thc hin vic thay i phn vng SWAP (dung lng ty c th ln hoc nh hn dung

lng ban u bc 31 ghi nhn c)

35. Khi ng li my o v kim tra li nhng thay i va thit lp.

36. S dng lnh ifconfig kim tra a ch IP hin ti ca my. Cho bit ti sao cha thit lp

IP Address cho my o nhng my o li co IP Address? IP Address trn thuc lp mng no?a ch IP ca Gateway l bao nhiu? Xem manpage bit thm mt s ty chn ca lnh ny.

37. Thc hin vic kim tra s tn ti ca Default Gateway vi a ch IP tm c bc 36.

Ghi nhn li kt qu trn.

38. Trn giao din ho, tm kim mc thit lp cu hnh mng (Network). So snh vi kt

qu nhn c khi thc hin lnh ifconfig ngoi ch TEXT

39. S dng trnh duyt Web Mozilla duyt Web. Tm kim v ti v mt s package (dng

.rpm hoc .tar.gz) ci t phn mm hoc game, v.v...

(Gi : Tm v download v package CHAT CLIENT ca Yahoo Messenger ti achhttp://messenger.yahoo.com CHAT)

40. S dng Search Engine tm kim trn Internet thng tin ngoi dng file nn l .gz (hoc

.tar.gz) th cn dng file nn no khc trn mi trng Unix/Linux hay khng?

41. Thc hin lnh tm kim cc gi:

lynx.x.x.i386.rpm gcc.x.x.i386.rpm

mc.x.x.i386.rpm gimp.x.x.i386.rpm

anacona.x.x.i386.rpm tcl.x.x.i386.rpm

42. Nu nhng gi c tm kim cu 41 khng c trn h thng, thc hin vic ci c nhnggi trn vo h thng {LU : c nhng gi khi ci t i hi phi ci nhng gi ph thuc ca

n trc gi cn ci t ~ DEPENDENCES!!!}

43. Lp li qu trnh tm kim nhng gi trn xem tn ti trn h thng cha ? Tm hiu cc

gi ci t nm u trong cc th mc?

44. Gb gi anacona.x.x.i386.rpm. Kim tra li xem qu trnh gb c hon tt khng?

45. S dng manpage tm hiu xem ty chn no ca lnh rpm cho php b qua cc gi ph

thuc trong qu trnh ci t.

--------==========ooooOOOOOOoooo==========--------

Ch : thc hin cc bi tp sau trong giao din ho


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BI THC HNH S 7

To cy th mc trn filesystem/home c cu trc nh sau:

Lu :Thmc SOMAY-HOTEN sinh vin phi i li l smy v h tn ca mnh.

V d :w527 Tran Thi Thu Trang

1. Sao chp th mc BT1 vo th mc CCA

2. Di chuyn th mc ACCESS1 vo th mc CCB

3. Di chuyn th mc IELTS vo th mc ENGLISH4. Ln lt i tn cc th mc

Th mc BAITAP2 thnh ACCESS2

Th mc BT3 thnh ACCESS3

5. Xo th mc HINHANH trong th mc CCA

6. To tp tin baitho.txt vi ni dung tu v lu vo trong th mc CCA

7. To thm th mc BACKUP trong th mc SOMAY-HOTEN

8. Sao chp cc tp tin trong th mc CCA vo th mc BACKUP

9. Trong th mc BACKUPi tn tp tin baitho.txt thnh poem.txt.10.Nn th mc BACKUP thnh tp tin nn backup.gz


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BI THC HNH S 8

1) Khi ng chng trnh Mozila FireFox v truy cp vo website: www.vnexpress.net

2) Trong trang website va truy cp, thc hin thao tc duyt ni dung mt trang web khc bng

thao tc nhn chut vo nt Link. Sau s dng cc chc nng nh: Back, Forward tr

v hay di ti trang web trc

3) Thc hnh cc chc nng cbn trn Mozila FireFox

Lm ti d liu (Refresh)

Chn mt a ch web lm Home Address

Lu mt a ch website m chng ta thch (Favourite)

Dng mt trang web ang duyt (Stop)

Lu mt trang web xung my tnh (File -> SaveAs)

In mt trang Web (File -> Print)

Mmt trang web lu trn my (File -> Open)

4) Thc hnh cc thao tc v ni dung trn trang web

Sao chp mt on vn bn vo ng dng khc

Sao chp mt hnh nh vo ng dng khc

Download mt tp tin Internet v my tnh ca mnh

5) Thc hnh tm kim thng tin trn mng Internet. Cc website tm kim thng dng

http://www.google.comhttp://www.bing.com

6) Cc website v tin tc bng ting Vit

http://www.thanhnien.com.vn

http://www.tuoitre.com.vn

http://www.nld.com.vn

7) Thc tp gi v nhn Email trn mng Internet

8) Thc tp chat trn mng Internet


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73/88



BI THC HNH S 9

CAC THAO TAC C BAN

Khi ng Open Office Writer va g vn bn vi ni dung nh sau, nh dng v lu vo

trong th mc/home

KHNG TNHm qua tt nc u nhB qun chic o trn cnh hoa senEm c th cho anh xinHay l em lm tin trong nho anh st chng tVanh cha c m gi cha khuo anh st ch luMai mn c y li khu cho gim

NH DANG KY T VA NH DANG OANLONG ME

Gai ln ai khong phai lay chongCan g ma khoc, nn i khongNn i, mac ao ra chao hoRo qua con toi, cac ch trong!

ng ng d d qua i thoiCo co con thng en chung toiTh ng len nao! Lau nc mat

Mnh co lam ban may mi ngiNay ao ong lam, quan lanh taNay gng nay lc nay hoa taiMuon g toi sam cho co uNao a thua ai, a kem ai ?

Ruong toi cay cay, dau toi haiNuoi day em co toi am ngNha ca toi coi, n toi traToi con manh chan, khien co thng !

a con ra en ca buong thoi

Me phai xa con kho may mi

Con a ! em nay mnh me khoc

em em mnh me lai a thoiNguyen Bnh 1936


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NH DNGFONT CH

- nh du khi vn bn.

- Chn Format > Character > xc nh chi tit cc thuc tnh (font ch, c, mu)

Hoc c th chn tng thuc tnh trn thanh cng c

TO CHCIU DNG

- nh du ch cn trang tr

- Chn Format > Paragraph > Drop Cap > xc nh kiu trang tr, font ch

CNG THC TON HC

f(x) = ax3

+ bx2

+ cx + dCNG THC HO HC

2H2 + O2 = 2H2O

NH DANG BORDERS AND SHADING

Th Lu Trong L

hong trao Th Mi nh mot vn hoa muon hong ngan ta, a tao nen ca mot thi ai thi ca rcr trong lch s van hoc Viet Nam. Th mi bao gom nhieu trng phai, va hau nh moi nha theu co mot phong cach rieng biet.

Th Lu Trong L ngay t luc mi xuat hien a "cat c" mot goc cua vn th. o la th thTnh-Sau-Mong het sc nhe nhang, man mac, chi vi.Lu Trong L co mot giong th va hon nhien, va la, trong o chung ta nh nghe thay cai nhac ieumuon thu cua tam hon th mong:

Em khong nghe rngEm khong nghe rngEm khong nghe rngEm khong nghe rng

thuthuthuthu

La thu keu xao xac,La thu keu xao xac,La thu keu xao xac,La thu keu xao xac,Con nai vang ng ngacCon nai vang ng ngacCon nai vang ng ngacCon nai vang ng ngac

ap tren laap tren laap tren laap tren la vang khovang khovang khovang kho ????

Hoac tieng ap cua mot trai tim ngan ng, nh ri rac trc mot cuoc i luc nao cung sau muon,cung tan v ma ngi trong cuoc c nhn ngo vi oi mat m mang, chang he phan ng, gianh giathay nu keo:

P


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Hoai Thanh (Tac gia Thi Nhan Viet Nam) phai thu nhan rang "dau co a thcua ngi nay hay ngi khac, moi luc buon en , toi lai tr ve vi Lu TrongL... Bi v th L nhieu bai thc khong phai la th, ngha la nhng cong trnhnghe thuat, ma chnh la tieng long thon thc cung hoa theo tieng thon thc cualong ta".

NH DANG TAB

Operating Expenses1989

Expence Fourth Third TotalQuarter Quarter

_______________________________________________________________________________Payroll ------------------330,485.00 289,800.00 620,285.00Taxes -------------------- 35,500.00 12,075.00 47,575.00

Rent ---------------------- 29,600.00 29,600.00 59,200.00Phone ----------------------6,200.00 2,173.50 8,373.50Mail ------------------------4,980.00 8,780.00 13,760.00Utilities --------------------9,060.00 2,500.00 11,560.00Office Supplices ---------6,037.00 4,350.00 10,387.00_______________________________________________________________________________Totals -------------------421,862.00 349,278.50 771,140.50

Trung tam Tin hoc ng dung

So : /NH/200

Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Ngha Viet Nam

oc Lap T Do Hanh PhucBIEN NHAN

Ho ten hoc vien : ...............................................................................................................................

n v :..........................................................

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