SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS...

10
Zs moa; ATTeoTgsgsTps plaT; punoa2iosq GTOgm 9q4 $uTAIona Jo peagsuI •slapow 4UUTaeAUT-0 UOU UT a,asgo ajegs punoaV jo UOTgelnolso aqq aoj gooadds aAT4suaa4Ts us quasaad am sTSagI siq uj •SUOITIOS aqq ;o ggpTM aqq uo puadap ism MOU Teagoads aqq 'qusTaenuT TsOT$olodo4 s sT aaasgo paOnpuT aqq q nog4 uana gsgq punoj Aaq.l AMsAou'p4og pus aajoaqua-^uBjg Aq auop set malgoad sigq JO UOTgsj3T4saAUT aasolo V •pTaij punoajBMosq aq4 ;o RFolodoq agq oq pagslaa sT a2?aRgo agsgs punoa8 aqq jo 1.aed wnnuTquoo aqq gegq punoj puB UUTu041Twsg oBaTQ age aoj w9aoag4 xapuT ue paqulnmaoj usTuoglTw q oBaTQ jo mnagoads aq4 SUTZATUUV &q Lf-ev'aE jjouamas pus Tmatig aATsuagaadwoo sAeMls qou ST uoTqulnoleo oTqsgstps puB Mold leagoads aq use aaagq ' uoTgnlona oTgegetpB aqq 13UTinp gegq puno; pue malgoad aqq pageFTgsanuT , MaZOTTM ae eE pue atzua)jOSW aageg •l,•I§ UT paUTTgno UOT4san$T3uo3 mnnOSA moa3 splaTJ aqq Jo uoTgnlona oT;sgsTps jo poggaw aqq paonpoaquT PENazOTTM pue auogspToo sase3 gOns uj • pasMaoJ ggFTsa4s qou sT aLavgo wnnoBA ao uoTgvTnOt9O oqq quBTaBAui-3 qou sT Aaoegq aqq UaLM • Z /I + a$asgO a4vjs punoao oq spsal sTgy • AagammAs lsago ads pus agsgs /Baaua oaaz sT aaag4 uoTsuaWTp T +I U T SU04TTOS Jo aouasaad uT gRgq puno;EETggad PUS MTjOSf 'NaOM $uTaaauoTd aTaq'. UI saoggne lsaanas Aq pagRVT4saAuT uaaq ssq 9E SE EE UOTGUSWTp T +l UT UO STUOTgOSaJ aagmnu UOTmaaJ aqy uOT•}OnpoJ-jul T'2 SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObO a a3ldVHO

Transcript of SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS...

Page 1: SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObOietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1055/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · LC aousq pug AjjwT3TuT aqg4 s A$aaua oaaz ou ST aaagj.gc14uanbasuo0

Zs

moa; ATTeoTgsgsTps plaT; punoa2iosq GTOgm 9q4 $uTAIona Jo peagsuI

•slapow 4UUTaeAUT-0 UOU UT a,asgo ajegs punoaV jo UOTgelnolso aqq

aoj gooadds aAT4suaa4Ts us quasaad am sTSagI siq uj

•SUOITIOS

aqq ;o ggpTM aqq uo puadap ism MOU Teagoads aqq 'qusTaenuT

TsOT$olodo4 s sT aaasgo paOnpuT aqq q nog4 uana gsgq punoj

Aaq.l AMsAou'p4og pus aajoaqua-^uBjg Aq auop set malgoad sigq

JO UOTgsj3T4saAUT aasolo V •pTaij punoajBMosq aq4 ;o RFolodoq agq

oq pagslaa sT a2?aRgo agsgs punoa8 aqq jo 1.aed wnnuTquoo aqq gegq

punoj puB UUTu041Twsg oBaTQ age aoj w9aoag4 xapuT ue paqulnmaoj

usTuoglTw q oBaTQ jo mnagoads aq4 SUTZATUUV &qLf-ev'aE

jjouamas

pusTmatigaATsuagaadwoo sAeMls qou ST uoTqulnoleo

oTqsgstps puB Mold leagoads aq use aaagq ' uoTgnlona oTgegetpB

aqq 13UTinp gegq puno; pue malgoad aqq pageFTgsanuT , MaZOTTMae eE

pue atzua)jOSW aageg •l,•I§ UT paUTTgno UOT4san$T3uo3 mnnOSA

moa3 splaTJ aqq Jo uoTgnlona oT;sgsTps jo poggaw aqq paonpoaquT

PENazOTTM pue auogspToo sase3 gOns uj • pasMaoJ ggFTsa4s

qou sT aLavgo wnnoBA ao uoTgvTnOt9O oqq quBTaBAui-3qousT Aaoegq

aqqUaLM• Z/I + a$asgO a4vjspunoaooq spsal sTgy •AagammAs

lsagoadspus agsgs/Baaua oaaz sTaaag4uoTsuaWTp T+I UT SU04TTOS

JoaouasaaduT gRgq puno;EETggad PUS MTjOSf'NaOM$uTaaauoTd

aTaq'. UI saoggne lsaanas Aq pagRVT4saAuT uaaq ssq9E SE EE

UOTGUSWTp T +l UT UO STUOTgOSaJ aagmnu UOTmaaJ aqy

uOT•}OnpoJ-jul T'2

SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObO

aa3ldVHO

Page 2: SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObOietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1055/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · LC aousq pug AjjwT3TuT aqg4 s A$aaua oaaz ou ST aaagj.gc14uanbasuo0

cc

pug pISTJ OgatQssajssgmg .OJ ugt,?ugaBgZ ago aaptSUO3

SUO4TTosAq umnzPeA 3o uoTlezrJeTod 2'2

q pTm uogtjos aqq ao quapuadaput st a$aggO

eggs punoa2 aqq gBgq umogs st qI •41PTM 94TUTJ JO SUO4TIOS

jo asvo oqq uT pagvInolvo st Mojj jgagoads g § uI •wnagoods aqugs

punoq aqq Futz&T US dq paqulnojso ST MojJ jBggoadg•smgaagtp

UoTIgztagjod mnnOgn moat paggjnOI O st aFaSgO poonput aqq

Z § uI •g q3 pug t, q3 ut UOAT$ aag sjapom OTIstjgaa quggaodmt

aaom04 UOTgR otjddV suotsuamtp j+j UT sjapom ajdmts amos of IT

OUT&Iddu Aq anbtugoaq ano aggagsnjjt am aagdggo stgq uI

•uoTgB.zn$TJuoO ZBUtJ aqq sagogaa

auo eight aqq uo puadap'aanaMOq'&gm MotJ Tujgoeds pug aLaggo

pOOnpuT oqy ' UOTgv.znBTjuoO ZBUT J Oqq IV s9ATaag 9U0 ARM 941

ao quapuadeput st aLaggo as punoq$ aqJ •Lxoagq aqq jo mnagoads

oqugspunoq aqq FUTZAIVURdq paUTuggoST +u • apes aettqg8au

aqq o. 8utssoao sleAeT jo aagmnu aqq st -u pug mnagoods 48asua

Jo apes antgtsod aqq oq FutssoaO sjanaj jo aagmnu aqq ST +u aa04M

(T•Z) Cu- +u )- Z/1 +H =punoJ6b

ST aBaggO 94VIS punoa2?'aLango POOnpuT

ago ST N JI •96M az°ITM pug auogspjof) JO poggam aqq eiq PaVgjna1RO

ST a$aggo peonpuT agj,•sagaddnstp aqn s eiaaaua oaaZ puB

aougtagetuT-3 aqq sasoj Aaoagq gvgq os eijjgOtggggtpg panjoAa eav

sPI TJ Jaggo aqq MoN•Z/I+ sT eaavgo mnnOnA aqq suoTgTPuoo eeagq

aapuf•Li ammAs jgaloads pug a4ngs punoq AVaauo oaaz n o4 spnsT

gotgt pjaTj punoa?Nonq n WUTARq mnnORA n moan q.in s am mnnogn

Page 3: SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObOietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1055/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · LC aousq pug AjjwT3TuT aqg4 s A$aaua oaaz ou ST aaagj.gc14uanbasuo0

TIC

puoaas aqy' Z/I + ST a,?augo agiRgs punoa^ aauaq puB aq-e s punoq

A$aaua B oaaZ ST aaagq4Bqq puB 4UBtaBAUt-3 ST Aaoagq aqq gVgq

smogs( E'Z § ut U9A ) iunagoods o s punoq aqq Jo stsATBUB UV

I1)

(fi"Z)

, ((X)TO -,O-t) //t = Oaf

U t,53U tBBZ aq4 moaj 4aBgs sn 4aq

(+) z^ _ ( ao+)

( + ) ( co

44TM saTtJoad uogt[os

aaB zq5 puB so puBr,o,== it ,To--0't0` Zo=s.tp.t =r..t Aq paquasaadaa ST

(E•Z) I =Z(s't)A nri a z = {el ,tI rt}

BagaeiB oBata TBuotsuamtp auo aqy

'A(Z(P Qti+T0- AV' )(A= a'

uo4TTos SUOTSUaWTP I+I UTPT al 3

Page 4: SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObOietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1055/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · LC aousq pug AjjwT3TuT aqg4 s A$aaua oaaz ou ST aaagj.gc14uanbasuo0

qE

sB ua44t.M aq

uBO (Z•Z) mox3 j-?utMOTTo3 uotgBnba oBxtj aqy mnag3ads aqB4s

aqq$ut2RTBUB Aq pa;BTnoTBO aq uBO MO U TBagoads aqy

punoq

SUO TTos3o eauasald UT 86Jeg3 as punoJB pue MOTS TeJjoads E•2

(9'z)Ca/q )T_ UBL T_(.U)- = peQnpu z13

samooaq oFaRgo paanput agq 'q ± _ ( +)z0 uagz as9O aqq uI

( B/(-)zo)T-UBZ(IR/ Mzo)T-uByIT-(LIZ)= peonpu

sT a8x-ego paonput aqq axojaxagy

lB / zo)T _U B J'le nri3T-( uz ) =

z101zT-tV e103B

(y XTpuaddy) ant,? 04 pa4BnTBna ST IBxB94ut anogB aqy -10

sanIBA OtgogdmAs' aqq Jo a,?BxanB aqq st B •zz¢ + zB = z1¢I axagM

(9'z)

z(.Uz)li zP

< <d?H >

sB (TraxneTZ) mBxBBtp uBmuAa3 aqq

moxj paqBTnoTBO aq uBo quaxxno paonpuI '(z'z) uoTqBxn]RtauoO aqq

goBax aM 49g4 os P ATOAG AIIBOT4ugBTPB Mou ST zip aITJoxd uogTTos

Page 5: SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObOietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1055/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · LC aousq pug AjjwT3TuT aqg4 s A$aaua oaaz ou ST aaagj.gc14uanbasuo0

9E

= a oq po jigs sT 0 = q uagM uoTpnTos &$aaua oaaz aq £T4uaPTAg

(ET•Z) [N--N + (JO + (-3.0 ]q- [+N +-N + (+Yo- (-50 ]a = (9)a

uoT4ouna aq jo soaaz aq4 su sa4v4s

punoq qa8 am 0 = x qv(ZT'Z) pug (TT'Z) SuTgogga u0• [(zq -ia)

- (+)Z^ ] =+N Pug squggsuoa uoTggaBaIut aav 0 pug ro •0 > x aoa

q -a(ZT'Z) (x-N)dxa I + 31

A (xN)dxa FJ = fl

pug ' 0 < x aoa

(TT'Z)

(0T'Z)

Z/-3;T

q(x+N-)dxa +NA(x+N-)dxa fl

0 > x aoa

aq o4 punoa iUTpgaa aag suoTgnTos at4J,

( -)f.0 = (oo-)so = (x)so

q = (c-) Zo = ( x) Z.o

(+)s¢ (00+)"o = (x)s'o

0 < x aoa q - _ (o+)Zo _ (x)Z<A

pug

amnssu am uoTgsnbaanoqu aq auTATos

aoa anagoods iiaaaua at{q qaa am 0 = x qv uotpnTos sq auTgogga

u0 • 0 < X aoa pug 0 > X aoa p9ATos 0. ST uoTgvnba STgl

(6'Z)

A A (x)Z(x)T0-xg =

n n(x)(x)

Page 6: SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObOietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1055/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · LC aousq pug AjjwT3TuT aqg4 s A$aaua oaaz ou ST aaagj.gc14uanbasuo0

LC

aousq pugAjjwT3TuT aqg4s A$aauaoaaz ou ST aaagj

.gc14uanbasuo0oo + = x IV panggaq IT9M 4ou sT uoTqouna oAvm aq4

`(ET'Z) ao uoTqnjosg ST oaaz q$nogq uana' uagq' ssgm uoTmaaa

0144 sa UOMR4ST s¢ aT ao uo4Tjo9 TvOT$ojodoquou g sT T¢ az

(9T'Z)Z/T - = punoJ6 13

ST JR41

0 = q $uplu; uo (ST'Z) moan pauTgggo osjg ST sTgj, ' TggaH

Pug MTxogr 4cq punoj sua$augo agvgs punoa$ oq spgaT spgy Z/T +

' AagsmmAs jgagoads pug a jg4s A$aaua oaaz ST aaa44 uaq • (a- )!

- _ (a)! (5'Z) ugT$uga$gj aqI g4TM ST 4ggq ` 0 = q uagM

(g/q )T_uaj -puno.i613

STa$aggoS S

punoa$(9'Z)Pug(T'Z) moaa usgj'oaaz STMoja jgagoadsaouag

pug 0= q aoa ST gggq I q joanjgn auoaoaAjuo0 =assoao janaj

AVasuaaaoaaaagy• q UT uoTpounaOTu04OUOMgST (0)J 4gg4 PUTJ 01

As-eaST IT (0 Js $uTgvTnoTgo 4cq pug 0 = q ;noggoTagammAssT (0)d

(fiT'Z) [+ij--ii + (+j4 + (-3'] q- _ (0)d

UOTjouna aq4 as soaaz aq4 Aq uanT$ ST sTgy •(cT•Z) a0 uoT4njos

ST 0 = a goTgM aoa q jo sonjgA JO aagmnu ago put; o4 q$noua uaq4

ST IT MoTa jgagoads aqq puTJ Oj, •q jo anjgn amos aoa TanaT &$aaua

oaaz g aq Isnm aaag4$uTssoao janaj goga aoa pug MoTJ jgagoads g

aq iiTM 0aa44 anjgn oaaz ISTgTuT s4T moan sa$uggo q sy •aAT4g$au

ST 0 = q uagM a$aggo a4vgs punoa$aq4 ao u$Ts aq4 aaoaaaagl q

Page 7: SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObOietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1055/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · LC aousq pug AjjwT3TuT aqg4 s A$aaua oaaz ou ST aaagj.gc14uanbasuo0

es

(OZ' Z)x n a = fiepinex fl a ne

santS (6'Z) UOTgvnba. Z/p > x > Z/p- joa (TT,Z) £q U9ATa GJR

SUO nIOS Z/p < x ao1 Pug (ZT'Z) Aq uaATA a.zg suotgnjos Z/p- >

x ao3 '(6T'Z) uoTgBan$TJuoo ago Eutpgg uogTlos 1o punoj21Mogq aq

UT (3) uotqgnba anIos am rsoja IR1 cads puta 01 • (g • Z) Aq uanTB

gvgq

(61'Z)

sgamvsst aa.Bgo paonput .Oj uotssa.zdxa 9S O ST14 UI

( +)^^_ (00+) S0_(x) TO

Z/P < x X03q- =(o+)z0 =(x)z0

Z/p > x > Z/P- .o10 =

(x)

z

Z/P- > x.toiz

(x)

(x)

zq=(W-)W_(x) w

I

qj t q pTK 04TUTJ jo suolTjos punojV ogq .aptsuoo sn laq

suo Tsua'u TP

T+T UT ylPTM WITuTJ JOSUO4TTOS JO 6Baeya a e'.}s ptmOJO •fi •2

+^ g = (a)! o4 peonpaa sT (8T'Z) uoT nba uagy •-M

M Ojez ST s¢ ua1M' GOUTS ' (ET'Z) 1OJ gUOPTAQ OSIV St stgj

(8T'Z) Z/T- puno.i60

0 uagM (W Pug (9E) ' jag uT punol sg

(LT'Z) (-e/ q )T-u-ey i - =pu►,oxs0

Page 8: SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObOietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1055/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · LC aousq pug AjjwT3TuT aqg4 s A$aaua oaaz ou ST aaagj.gc14uanbasuo0

6E

Z/I - ( q) j-uB1, Z - = puno,i6o

&q uaAT$ sT

a.Raego as punoaa aqq uagy•AjjsoTqugsTpv PSAIOA9 ST pjaia z0

oq uagtMora I-eagoads ou ST aaagq uagj•q jo uoTgouna oTUOJouom

ST (0 )3 q eqq Mogs oq Asve ST qI 0 = q uagM0 = (O )j AIquapTA2

(EZ'Z)

zis+(zq + (+)z^) + (+)s? ] [(-b +ziz+(z q +

Izis+(zq +(+)z4) + (+)"o + (to+zif+(z q + {-)zO)]q -

(0)1

BuTZATUUB Aq pagvInoluo sT MOIJ TBagoads osvo snoTAaad oqq UT

sy •uoTgnjos ALaaua oaaz ST aaagl puB(g-); = (a); ' 0 = q = z

uagM-94B4s ABaaua oaaz ou sT aaa44 puB(H-)3 = (H)J4T4UOPTA3

q - g q +aT + t - A L.A 4.

(ZZ'Z)

+ j

0 q- 2[ q+ a

[(+),o + +x (-)_0 + 1i

- (pd)uB,L = (a)3

uoTgTpuoo

aqq qaa GM Z/p= x puB Z/p- = x qR suoTgnjos aqq SuTgoqBw U0

(TZ'Z)

((xa1-)dxa9 -(xa1)dxa ,l) 1 - = A

(xg 1-)dxa 9+ (xg 1)dxa t0

suoI4f1os q4TM

Page 9: SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObOietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1055/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · LC aousq pug AjjwT3TuT aqg4 s A$aaua oaaz ou ST aaagj.gc14uanbasuo0

0ir

z [z^- d(io- T) +(d)o- 31) ] 0I

[ImI+ + (d-W))ri'taZlizPPOPf a, _ <dt>T

J

qaV am'* aTgBtaBnuBmuAegBuTsn Ecg

[z1 -0 l - zx] [zlml-z(d--4 )](uz) _

[ii+ ]G,c

ElI'I+(d- )} ^d:`^^izP

sB uaggtaM aq

uBo (9'Z) bg Ii eta dq uant,? mBaaBtp aqq moaj aLigo paonput jo

Uot49TnoT90 844 JO STTB4ap aql 4Uasa.zd OM xtpuadda stg4 UI

x Tpueddy V *2

ssBw

UOTMJG; atiq 49 AgTnut4UOOStp B sBq a$uugo as punoa8 oq4 gvgq

Ono suanq ;I • aLtgo equgs punoa^ aoj Z/T +- anTBe aye aonpoidaa

am suotmaaassOTssBmg4TR q ptM uogTTos at{f Jo gUepuadeput

aq oq punoj ST a2?aBtio agB4s punoao Tapom ano uj • AN sAOUOAOg

PUB aaTooquaMuBTg 4q uaet$ gUgq g4Tm4uamaaa$B Ut eaB s4Tnsaj anp

suoT4BTnoTBO mOTU TBagoads puB OtgBgBtpB JO UOtgBUtgmoo B tcq

aaaBgo agBgs punoag oqq paquInoTBO 9ABq am aagdBgo sTgq UI

UOTsnTOUOD S-2

(69) eoueaajea ut punoj se B

W 14 BshonutluoosTp sT apTBgo aqB1s punoia ooueq puB 0 < +m uggm

AIUO sgsTxa 0 = q usgi a.Bgs &j3aaua oaaz TBT TUT eqq uayyB+H

= +m q^tM zis [(zq - z2)-am l = +ii Aq POOBTdaa sqa8(ZT ' Z ) PuB

(TT'Z) UT < f-O q M PaTJTPOM s4o

(Z'Z) Uotggnba W SSBW ggtM suotmaa; aAESSBW aNB4 am JI

Page 10: SNOISN3WIG L+L NI SNOII-10S 3O 3OdVHO 31VIS GNnObOietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1055/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · LC aousq pug AjjwT3TuT aqg4 s A$aaua oaaz ou ST aaagj.gc14uanbasuo0

IT,

•Zloloq goadsaau4TMsma94Zdpago9ZBauanal{am aaay

,1 0 1/ "d n,l-V uZ/T =

Z [Z 101+ Zli ]' ( ^duZZ(^ Zp JXp

Ja= < H >

T

qaa am uolgagoa MoTM aagjv puB ° X ul smaaq avauTl $ulddoap

x0'4Jy ' 0 = atr1A .zypuB 0 = 3. 54

ly ritas uolsuaITp T+T uI

z [ zo- zd(io -I) a + zM ] Z( uz )

[I¢I + a)o + N,]r.t + d (I- >n) + X ]d 2 ay liZp JPJG=T