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Figures (A) and (D) are cr)'srals of cuprite coated rvithmalachite, from Chessy, France. (A) shows an octaheclron modifiedb1' dodecaheclron faces. The crystal (D) is a combinarion of anoctahedron and cube. The trapczohcclron (B) is a crvstal of analcite,Seiser Alps, Tyrol. Although occurring in transparent colorlessyellowish, reddish ancl greenish crlstals it lacks sufficient durabil ityfor gem purposes. The blue fluorite (C) shows excellent twinningin the form of intcrpcnetrating cubes. Fluorite, occurring in awide range of attractive colors, is widely usecl for ornarnental objcctsbut lacks the durabil ity necessar)f for cornmon gem usc.

PLATE V

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Figurc A is a cabochon-cut red garnet. The rcd almancliteembeddcd in gray mica schist (ts) is typical of the garncts frourFort Wrangell, Alaska, a locality important as a source of well-devcloperl garnet crystals but not of gem tnaterial. The crystali l lustratecl is a dodecahedron nrodified by the trapezohedron, a

common crystal habit of garnet.

At (C) and (D) the beautiful green demantoid variety ofandradite is shown. This nineral has the strongest dispersion(fire) of any natural .qenr, excecding even that of diamond, andrts high index of refraction makes it a stone whose bril l iancecourDares favorablv with that of zircon.

Priilted in Etrgland.

PLATE Vl

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Crystals of pyrope are shown at (A) and a cut specimen withthe typical "garnet" color is shown at (D). The paler and morepurplish rhodolite is shown as a cut stone (B). Hessonite, ayellowish-brown variety of grossularite, is shown at (C) as a cutstone, and in the form of rough material at (F). Gem-qualityspessartite (E) is often a yellow-brown color resembling closely thehessonite variety of grossularite. Rough spessartite is shown at (G).

Pr in ted iD Eng lmd.

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?rBd ul onp sr srq&'.8u,rl.trrJd.{llBug pu" uorl-JnpoJdal JoJ 1nr ts 5ul{Bu'.-!ql uof,J JadEdu() Surtu!-rd'ulg uo luIJd a^lllsod B 5ul-{eu Jo ssaao.rd aql ur lsol sI $A!le5au leu!-5!Jo aq1 rrl alqrsl^ dlf,Bala lre]ep aql Jo qJnu

lBql palou aq plnoqs 1!'lI pue I su"d nut-pacaJd pu€ slqf uJ pornpoidal sqdBrSoloqdrrollJBJJIp,tsJ-X aq1 qlfa uollcauuoJ uI

'(67 a;n.8rg'y te se) a.tl-uor aql (a^oqB ro) Aolaq rtliBrllra^ro (?I arn8rd 'V 1€ s€) Ir€ad aqt Joarlua) rr.llauroa8 oq+ q8no.rqr "{11e11-rur sassed tueaq .{e.r-y aql .raq+aq.{r

Jo ssalpr€8a.r '02 pu€ 1I sa.rnSld u.rpaluasa.rde;r ueaq de,r-11 aq'l ol a^t+-elar sluaruorBldsrp aql Jo qJ€a JoJ')ruBS ar{} aq plnoqs 1"read parnllnr eruo.{J suralled uorlae.rgrp aql 'snqJ'ulg aql uo uorl€lu3l.ro sll uI .1O ural-1ed .reln;uel)a.r aql ur aiu€qt ou aqplnoqs a.iaql '67 arn8tg 'O tu€.r8€rpol SulpuodsarroJ auo o1 '67 a.rnStg'g lB paluasa.rde.i Surllas aql ruo.{}(aldruexa .ro;r'sp.re.r.dn) .{11ett1ra,rpo)€ldsrp eq 1.read aqt Jr

'flleurd'l.rEad aqt s€ aa.r8ap alu€s aql ol pueuor:lJaJrp alu€s aq+ ur al€loJ ur€aqDLI+ Jo qled aq+ uI sox€ leuoSexeq-opnar-d aql rra^o^\oq 'iread aql Jorrorl€1or ;:o tr11er.r1uaara aq1 .;o altdsuJ 'alJ.lrJ lra{o.rq a8.r€l aql saa€rJdJluat aql q8no.tq1 tsulss€d Jala-tusllr ralea.rB aql Jo pua .taddn aqlpu€ '02 a,rn8lg '3 ruu.r8erp ur u^\oqsalJrrJ pallop aql puno.Te sal€lo.r

0a '3!d

uorlrsod E o? xuarilar€ldsrp lBluozuor{B ua^lF aq lread ar{+ Jr rnr)o pTnoqsu;a11ed aql Jo uoll€luarro aql roaru€.readd€ aql ur a8uBq) oN 'uour

-rrads aql uo.rJ paur€1qo aq plnoqs

J€rllJa^ srx€ leuoSexaq - opnasdaq1 J0 acerl aql qll,l\ ura?}Bd relnS-u€lJa"r € 'v ruorlrsod

lerlrur s1r u1'1.ruad aq1 Jo arluai) )Irlatuoa8 aq+salB)Iput 1op lJelq aql puB ruBJq .,{e.l-X Jril Jo dJB.rl Jql sluasa.rda.r alJ.rlJ

Il€utus aql (n arn8rd) sru€r8€lp

J0 las snorlald aq1 u1 sy'02 arn8rdur ur\oqs d.re aJlual rulauroe8 aql,{aolaq uawrJads aq1 q8norql sassedureaq de.r-y aql uaq.{r llead pa;n1-lnD B .roJ su€r8€rp Surpuodsa.r.rog

'ura11ed re1n3ue1-)a.r aql Jo uorl€?uar.ro oql uo lcaJaou aA€q plnoqs 'o 1e paluasa;rda.r

leq] ()1'lI arnSrd 'g le paluasarde.ruorlrsod aql tuor; luaruar€ldslp Is)ll-.ror\ .relrrurs p ',rala.l\or{ 'gead pa.tn1-lnr aql J:o asB) aql uI 'lBluozlroq

ra5uol ou a.re ureaq aql Jo qSed aqlur saxE IEuo5€xaq-opnasd aql uoll-rsod .nau aq] ur aJuls 'luatua)eldslp

aql Jo apnlru8eur aql .{q paurru.ral-ap ;13ue uB q8no.n{? (asr^\{tolcJluBro) asr.rr{rolJ al€1or plnoqs u.ral+€dJ"InFuB?)or aql (spJ".,r\u.trop Jo)(I tE paluasa.rda* se sp;re.trdn .t11ecr1-ra^ aurl lq8l€.rh- u ut pareldstp aq'f

I a.rn8rd 'g le uorlr--od a.tluaa-goaql ur 1.read le.lnlpu aq1 "tt

'ri11eutg'J :lE ]€ql se rllns auo 01 LI

a.rn8rg uI g 1" paluasa.tda.t 13r{1 seqcns uolllsod € ru().r} 1.ruad pa.rn11nr€ Jo uorl€Jo.i.l€lIL(Its Jue se aa.r8-ap alu€s aq] 01 pur? (aslrt\{Jol)lluE.ro asrlul)olJ) asuas aru€s aql uI uraX-1ed .reln5ue])r.l aql Jo uotle?or € ul

tlnsa.r plnoqs l.lead-]o-.laqlour ul sax€

leuo;exaq-opnasd aql ;o luauu8tle1a11e.red aql 'pueq .raqlo aql uO

'lBluozrr0r{ ?q III}S III^\ ruEaq.{r?.r-X aql ;o qled aql uI aq ol uadd€q

l"ql saxe reln;rt1.red aql 'lI a.rn5ld

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a.rlua, rrrlaruoa8 aqt 'rueaq .{€r-x aql

;.o uorlrsod lerlrur aql ql1rv\ Sulpltuto)

srxe ue lnoq€ (asl^rlJol)tluB 'aldtuE

-xa .roJ) pJlelo.t Jq g x€ paluasalda't

uorlrsod arluaJ-Jo aq1 ttr 1.read aql

JJ '02 o.rnFt.it 'g 01 Surpuodsa.r.toc

I'6I "I'IYJ

\,

474 G E M S & G E M O L O G Y

be only faintly visible in the printed repro-ductions.(1 . r a . Dauv i l l i e r , - { . , Compt . rend. 179,

t l l t l (1924) ; ncv . Sc ien t i f iquc 64 ,37-45 (192( i ) .

b. Shaxb-v, J. II.. Cornpt. rcnd. 1?9,f i02 1 .7924) ; Ph i l . Mag. 49 , 1201i 1925) .

c . Ga l ibourg , J . , and Ryz iger , F . ,Compt . rcnd . r83 , 960 (192t i , .

d . \ Iayneord . \V . V . , Rr i i . J . Rad io logy2 3 , 1 9 - 3 0 ( 1 9 2 7 ) .

t.. Arrderson, B. \V., I lr it. J, l+icli0logy5, i r7 -64 (1932) .

f . , \ l e x a n d c r , ' \ . I . 1 . . - \ m . J . S c i . 2 3 8 .: : : t ( i { i -371 (19 .10) .

f2) Pub. No. 1:18,,,:J, Athrn Hilger. Ltt1.,Lonr lo r r , 191 i9 .

i3 ) I le r r )a l , . t , D . . J . Sc i . Ins t ru rnen ls 4 ,2 7 3 - 2 8 . 1 ( 1 9 2 7 ) ; 5 , 2 1 1 - 2 5 t ) ( 1 9 2 8 ) i 6 ,314-318, i J i l3 -3 l ]3 (1929) .

('1) l3arnes, \\:. II., anrl Hamptou, \\:. F.,( la l . .1 . Hrsearch , 813. 2 .18-227 f 19 lJ5) ;R.S.L 6 , 3 '12- i l j ,1 (1935) .

( r i ) . \ s tbury , \ \ ' . f ' . , Fundamenta ls o f F i -b re S t ruc ture . (Ox lo r t l Ur r i v , Press)| ! r : t3 .

t6 l - \ l cxander . , \ . I l . , : rnd Sherwood. I { . F . ,' l ' he ( ie l r )n r1) log is t 10 , 4 ;1 -48 (1940 j ; Pbo-t o T e c l r n i q u f 3 , 5 l ) - 5 2 ( 1 9 1 1 ) .

(7 ) Rarnes . \Y . H. , Gems & Gemology , Y ,lJ59 I 19.16).

( I 'o I lc (iontinued)

Fellowships AwcrdedWold has lecently been received

from the Gemological Associat ion ofGreat Bri tain that Lestel Bensonand Wil l ianr Coll ison, C.G,, bothpresently of the G.I.A. staff , havepassed the Prel iminary and Diplomaexaminations quali fying them forthe t i t le of Fcl lorv of that Associa-t ion. Their elect ion as Fel lows isscheduled f or Novenl 'ber 13th. In-cluding these tr.vo, only nine men inthe United States and Canada alepl ivi leged to use the t i t le F.G.A.

Y

Pecrloscope(Cottt i r tued .f t ott t Puge /1(i3)

as accurate as the radiographicmethod of peal l test ing. However,candling cannot be considered a re-l iable process fol a single pearl,though i t is of value as a basis for aprel iminaiy opinion as to the char'-actel of a necklace. Any question-able pearl r-nay be lemoved from thestrand and tested by the more ac-curate endoscopic methods. For ex-ample, assunle that a necklace,upon candling, shou's evidence thatal l but a ferv pearls ale cultured;those not shorving such evidence arethen ler.noved frcm the necklace andtested on the needles. I f test ing en-doscopicai ly then proves that thesefew are cultuled, i t is safe to assumethat the enti i 'e necklace is cultured,and i t is not necessary to test eachpearl individual ly.

Ma in tenance o f Equ ipmentThe lenses in the substage con-

denser should be cleaned careful lywhenever they show any dulling.AIso, the mirror in the head of the

l ight tower should be i 'ubbed brightoccasional ly. A drop of f10 oi lshould be appiied to each movingpalt twice a year' .

Fol good results, i t is essentialthat the needles be kept very ciean.The shank and the lo rve l m i r ro l a reeasi ly cleaned by pumping U.S.P.alcohol thi 'ough the needle with ahypodermic syl inge. (I)enatured al-cohol rvi l l leave an oi ly f i i rn andshould not be used.) The uppei 'mir-ror should be lapped bl ight wheneverit ceases to give a good image. Thisis done by f irst lapping on a stone,fol lowed by pol ishing on a f ine-grainchamois f lat with a small amount off inely powdered jewelers' rouge.

The substage lamp may be replacedby turning the instrument on i ts sideand insert ing a new bulb in thesocket. To remove the tower lamp, i tis necessary to remove the sl ip r ingfrom the bottom of the tube and slidethe lamp socket out by pulling thewire. The socket should be replaceclin approximately the original posi-t ion, but i ts exact location is notcri t ical.

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se 3urq1 E ure+,roJ os lou st sledo

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srq Jo qlleoq oql ^roJ .ra.{e.rd e .lal}o

ol qJrnr{t .{q-J€au aq} 01 .ro elsals

lroqs € .roJ Jo sao5 pue '5ur1ool .,{1

-l€nsn st ;raddns .{Irue; aql qJlI{.{\ uo'leoJ.rBqr lor{ }o paq e ut claap lod

aq1 sareld .{.ou d.reptdel aqJ (q)'{€a'rq deru Pue dSra-ro

-un l€aq IIu,L slBdo aqJ asI^\.raqlo'q8no.roq1 aq .Burdrue1 aql lBr{1 }u€J-.rodrur sr 1I

'padtu€l lllqEI] uIeS€

puB q}.r€a aq+ Jo .lapurBrua.r aql qlIA

paflg sl lod aql uaql '.ra.{e1 slt{] Jo

tlol uo paaeld a.rB sludo aqJ 'pedru€l

.{lua^a pu€ ql.rBa 5ul{€q I-tl.re,t\ ar{l

qll.$ paltg JIBtI sl lod a'rE'ruaql'I€a

lerr;raqds (luld I) llerus Y (f)

'.t1ua,la q1.T€a pue sledo qloq stu.r?,\

puB a.rnlslolll ssa)xa Jo sa.\l.Ip slr{J'uoou.1alJ€-plru

IIIUn UnS Aql uI tll€ru

-aJ ol pa,l&oll€ pu€ Stttu.rotu oql rtt

.(1;rea orled aql uI p€a.lds or€ t{}.r€a

8ur1eq aqt PUB slBdo aqJ (ti)

'8urlsea JaAIls aug ul Pasl'l PuBs

3u1p1oru aql a.rnqxal uI salqtuasa.I ll

l uorsaqoa a,\€r{ ol q}.r€a aql sasnBt

srqJ 'razllr+.ral pazlra^Ind .{1aug q1t.t

suorle.rado 3ut11na-1edo oq+ ruo.{J

lsnp Surxrur ltq pepunodtuo, sl ql.rea

8ur1eq pattre.rS-aug.{.ra.n y (Z)'oJIl)erd

q1r.,u .(1uo sauto) dllraJJot asooq) ol

,{1r1qe aq;, 'lla^\ sB snoJod agrrl e .,{l

-l€nsn are sauols anbedo qrng 's1edo

qll,\\ pal€Itosse f,11ensn rolo) luacnl-sue.rl ro .{ss€13 aq+ ol pasoddo s€'aru€J€odd€ u1 anbedo aq +snru auols

e '8ur{€a.rq }noqlra 8ut4eq Puels

-ql.I.!\ o1 ,rapro uI '.3utr1eq roJ alqB-lrns asor.{J palcalas ar€ asaql Suoure

uorJ pu? sauols paqsllod 'paqsluu

olul xnc sr ledo q8nor aqJ (I)

Sutrleg roJ ssaJord'.{1aso1c

a^.rasqo ol pa8alllt.rd s€.llt' Joq]-n€ aqJ r{rrq.{l ssarord Sul.t\olloJ aqlsloldtua .{.reprdel ucrlxatr^I aq} 'a.rg

lual€l slr 1no .8ut.rc1 pue 1r ua{.rl?p ol.rap.{o uI '3.rIl oll1ll .{1a,1't1e1a.r s.,toqspul? JoloJ alrq,lt .{uea.ra e st ledo aq1'puno.r8 aql wo.rJ ua>IeJ lsrg uaqll

'a8€ruBP 8ur;ragns auolsaql +noqll!\ 'a)uBllluq s1t a,to-rdtur01 Jap.lo ut satleprdel o^Il€u aql r{q

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sr Jr :a.rq 'panpqns .{11qBt1s q8noql'lu"punqB Sulut€Juot'>pe1q anbedoan.rJ E sr IEdo I)EIq ue)lxatr\i JqJ

'lrsr.\ ]ua)a.t € uo paulBlqo JallJ.tl'

aqt qJlq.r\'o;tra11 tuo.r; ledo r1ae1q

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SIS TlIII TV]I:I IITI INTfl

\LVLI6I,'I'IVd

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476 G E l \ f S & G E } I O L O G Y

(6) Approximately 20 minntesaf te l p lacing the pot in the char-co:r l , the lapidaly renloves the ves-sel , u 'h ich b"y now is a br ight cherryi 'ed; a b lue f lame may play ar .oundthe mouth of the pi t due to ther ernis--s ion of gas b;r . organic r rater ia l inthe baking eal th.

( ? ) The po t o f opa l s i s a l l o r vedto cool indools uni i l the fo l lor . r ' ingmolning, rvher the eat . th is uncer.e-moniously dun-rped into an or .d inat . .vk i tchen st i :a inel and the opals s i f tedout. This process is not devoid ofintet est , as i t ma.v t 'er .enl a batcho f l i ne s tones o l on l ; . 21 heap o frvol th less f lagments. The bakinghas t u l ned t he ea l t h as b l ack a - ssoot and r lcst loyed i ts cohesiveness,I t is r :sc, t l only once.

The l l f ocess lvhich causes theopa. ls to r let lken j -s nof c lear ly undet. -stoocl anr l r i 'oul r l bo an inter .est ingsubiect for stur l l ' . ' The explanzrt ioni s p robab l l ' t o bc f ound i n t he l e -t luct ion of c:Lr .bon r i , i th in the stone;but rv l - rethel the calbon lvas or . ig inal-I r . pt eseni rv i th in the srone or .l ' he the l j t i s i n t l oduce r l b1 ' t he o r . -ganic t 'apols is r . rot knotvn.

The fzLct that these opals u ' ' i th*s tanc l such i n t e t r se hea t . i v i t h i . e l a -t iveiy l i t t ie breakzrge and shon ama tke r l i n ( , l case i r i b i ' i l l i ance i - s o fconsidelable inter .est . I t r .vould -seentthat the pla l ' of colo ls so typical ofopa l i s , i n t h i s s t one a t l eas t , i nde -

l rendcnt o1l casual l \ 'a tef content inthe stone's inte i 's t ices ancl t ' lue en-t i re ly to the opt ical conl igurat ion ofthe opal pr 'oper. I t r .vould be inter-est ing to detelminer the rn 'ater con-tenl of these opals before and af ter .heating. -Dan E. Mal,ers

r S u b s c t l u t ' n t t o $ ' r i t i n g t h e a b o v e , t h e a u t h o fd i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e b l a c k e n i n g o f t h e o p a l sr lescr ibed was only "skinieep."

the stoneturning rvhi te once molc on be, ing repol ishe<l-1'his shows rather conclusively that the color-ing is caused mcrely by the t l r .posi t ion of soorin the pore-s of the stone near i ts surface.

Notes on Cutting andPolishing Scheelite

Schcel i te is d i f f icul t to pol ish, whichindicates that i t has a high mel t ingprLint . l 'h is . combined n i th a h ighc:oef f ic ient of expansion, makes highp lessu re and l ap -speed i n po l i sh i nginrpossib ie. This drawback to i ts useas a genl is pal t ia l l l , of fset by i tshig 'h d ispels iotr zrnd st long doublere1'ract ion

I have obtained inte lest ing resul tsin cut t ing : rnd pol ishing a rvhi te,scheej i te t eported to havo come f t onrsoutheln ( la l i fornia.

Pol ishing was, at f r rst . d i f f icul t .t jn<lc l a h igh,speed fe l t buf f thenrater l ia l heate( l and shzrt tet .cd badl1."A n excel lot t pol ish r , " 'as eventr , ra l l -vobtained on calrochon fo i 'ms wi th ver.yf ine ievigatecl a lurnina on a hzrr t l fe l t .i rn l i , rvet , u ' i th thc s lor .vest spr:ed on; r . i en ' e l e r ' ' s l t o l i sh i ng no to t . "

[ , ' l a t su t ' i a ce po l i sh i r r g i n a b r . i ] -l iant . -cr-r t scht ' r , l i te pr .csents : r r .nuchrnr i l t ' t l i i l ' icu l t p roblenr. An excel lentexantple, of bt ' i l l i t rnt -cut scheel i te rvasfashione.d for . ure ' by I l i ' . A. F)sposi-ter ' . of Lalchuront , Nelv Yor.k, u 'horoughed ou t t he p i ece r t o t he app iox i -r nn te p l opo l t i ons f o r . a f u l i cu t b r . i l -l izrnt of about thc s ize of l a i l - or .- 1 - t - a l n t r l i an ro r t r l .

I n po l i sh i r r g i t . \ \ ' i t h a r . i c t v t o ob -t a i n i ng i t t l a - r i n ru ru a rnoun t o f t o t a ilef lect ion, - . \ I t . . F lsposi ter . t r . ied evcly-th ing-*evt 'n to i t vcrv l ine lcv igatedi l i amond dus t - - r v i t hou t be ing ab le t oalr ive at anything r l .h ich rvoulc l g ivei t a l i ne po l i sh u ' i t hou t c r . ac : k i ng i t .,qo that i t s t i l l appear.s a b i t mi lky.

I f an.v methot l could be found togive color '1ess, b l i l l ia t r t -cut scheel i tea high pol ish, a most l ively b l i l l iantwould le-sult. 'fhough

not of sufficientdulabi l i tv to l use in jewelr , ; , ' , sucha -stone would rirake a fine museum

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