qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B ...€¦ · qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (...

1qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyfordkif; tusOf;csKyfordkif; tusOf;csKyfordkif; tusOf;csKyfordkif; tusOf;csKyf

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyfordkif; tusOf;csKyfordkif; tusOf;csKyfordkif; tusOf;csKyfordkif; tusOf;csKyf2


urBm@ypPnf;rJhrsm; aoG;pnf;=u !


pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;rSwfwrf;

pmtkyftrnfqdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyf

bmomjyefoltrnfa':,Of,OfvS

xkwfa0onfh &ufpGJ ■ 2010/ =o*kwf/ 8 &uf

ykHESdyfjcif; ■ yxrt}udrf

tkyfa& ■ 500

wefzdk; ■ -

rsufESmzkH; ESifh twGif;'DZdkif; ■ oD[armifarmif

tDvufx&pfaumfyD ■ udknDnD/ udkatmifxGef;ESifh tzGJ@/ *sufESifh tz@GJ

xkwfa0a&;qdkif&mt}uHay; ■ OD;odef;0if;

xkwfa0/ jzef@csd ■ “tvif;vd_if;” uGef&uf

qufoG,f&ef vdyfpm ■ Alynn Hline <[email protected]>


r m wd u mr m wd u mr m wd u mr m wd u mr m wd u m

tcef; (1)tcef; (1)tcef; (1)tcef; (1)tcef; (1)±k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf tvkyform;ygwD wnfaqmufa&; twGuf wkdufyGJ (1883-1901±k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf tvkyform;ygwD wnfaqmufa&; twGuf wkdufyGJ (1883-1901±k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf tvkyform;ygwD wnfaqmufa&; twGuf wkdufyGJ (1883-1901±k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf tvkyform;ygwD wnfaqmufa&; twGuf wkdufyGJ (1883-1901±k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf tvkyform;ygwD wnfaqmufa&; twGuf wkdufyGJ (1883-1901)

pmrsufESm - 21pmrsufESm - 21pmrsufESm - 21pmrsufESm - 21pmrsufESm - 21

1? ±k&Sm;Y aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;r_ESifh pufr_t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wkd;wufvmr_? acwfopfpufr_vufr_ ypPnf;rJhrsm;ay:aygufvmjcif;? tvkyform; vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_. yxrajcvSrf;?

2? ±k&Sm;&Sd ema&mepf0g' (ay: jyLvm0g'ESifh rmufhpf0g'? yvufuaemhAfESifh ‚if;. “vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@”? ema&mepf0g'tm; qef@usifwkdufckdufonfh yvufuaemhAf wkdufyGJ?±k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'jyef@yGm;vmjcif;?

3? vDeif. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ pwifvmjcif;? pdef@yDwmpbwftzGJ@csKyf. tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJ?

4? ema&mepf0g'tm; qef@usifwkdufckdufonfh vDeif. wkdufyGJESifh “w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'”?vDeif. tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@a&; tawG;tac:? ±k&Sm; qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uftvkyform;ygwD. yxrt}udrfuGef*&uf?

5? “pD;yGm;a&;0g'tm;”qef@usifwkdufckdufonfh vDeif.wkdufyGJ? vDeif.owif;pm “tpPu&m” ay: aygufvmjcif;?tusOf;csKyf?

tcef; (2)tcef; (2)tcef; (2)tcef; (2)tcef; (2)±k&Sm;qdk&SS,f'Drdkua&pD vkyfom;ygwDwnfaxmifjcif;? ygwDwGif; abmf&SDApfESifh±k&Sm;qdk&SS,f'Drdkua&pD vkyfom;ygwDwnfaxmifjcif;? ygwDwGif; abmf&SDApfESifh±k&Sm;qdk&SS,f'Drdkua&pD vkyfom;ygwDwnfaxmifjcif;? ygwDwGif; abmf&SDApfESifh±k&Sm;qdk&SS,f'Drdkua&pD vkyfom;ygwDwnfaxmifjcif;? ygwDwGif; abmf&SDApfESifh±k&Sm;qdk&SS,f'Drdkua&pD vkyfom;ygwDwnfaxmifjcif;? ygwDwGif; abmf&SDApfESifh

rif&SDApftkyfpkrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? (1901-1904)rif&SDApftkyfpkrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? (1901-1904)rif&SDApftkyfpkrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? (1901-1904)rif&SDApftkyfpkrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? (1901-1904)rif&SDApftkyfpkrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? (1901-1904)pmrsufESm - 49pmrsufESm - 49pmrsufESm - 49pmrsufESm - 49pmrsufESm - 49

1? ±k&Sm;Y 1901-1904 wGifay:aygufcJhaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ 'Da&jrifh?2? rmhufpf0g' ygwDw&yfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vDeif.pDrHudef;? “pD;yGm;a&;0g'D” rsm;.

tacsmif0g'? vDeif. pDrHudef;twGuf“tpPu&m”.wdkufyGJ? vDeif. “u|efawmfwdk@ bmvkyf=urnfenf;”pmtkyf? rmhufpf0g' ygwDw&yftwGuf tawG;tac:a&; tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;?


3? ±k&Sm;qdk±S,f'Drdkua&pD vkyfom;ygwD. 'kwd,uGef*&uf? vrf;pOfESifh pnf;urf;twnfjyKcsufrsm;ESifh wckwnf;aomygwDwnfaxmifjcif;? uGef*&ufwGif oabmuGJvGJr_ESifh ygwDwGif; vrf;ESpfoG,f ay:aygufvmjcif;? abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApfrsm;?

4? 'kwd,uGef*&uft+yD; rif&SDApfacgif;aqmifrsm;. *dk%f;cGJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh ygwDwGif;wdkufyGJ jyif;xefonf;oefvmjcif;? rif&SDApfrsm;. tacsmif0g'? vDeif. “a&S@wvSrf;wdk;/aemufESpfvSrf;qkwf”pmtkyf? rmhufpf0g'ygwD. pnf;±Hk;a&;qdkif&mrlrsm;?tusOf;csKyf?

tcef; (3)tcef; (3)tcef; (3)tcef; (3)tcef; (3)±k&Sm;-*syefppfyGJumvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh±k&Sm;-*syefppfyGJumvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh±k&Sm;-*syefppfyGJumvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh±k&Sm;-*syefppfyGJumvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh±k&Sm;-*syefppfyGJumvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh

yxr ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;}uD; (1904-1907)yxr ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;}uD; (1904-1907)yxr ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;}uD; (1904-1907)yxr ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;}uD; (1904-1907)yxr ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;}uD; (1904-1907)pmrsufESm - 79pmrsufESm - 79pmrsufESm - 79pmrsufESm - 79pmrsufESm - 79

1? ±k&Sm;-*syefppfyGJ/ ±k&Sm;jynfwGif; xyfrHjrifhwufvmaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_? pdef@yDwmpbwfoydwfrsm;? 1905 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D 9 &ufae@ aqmif;&moD eef;awmfa±S@ tvkyform;qENjyr_? qENjyr_udk aoewfjzifh ypfcwf+zddKcGJjcif;? awmfvSefa&;jzpfay:vmjcif;?

2? tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyr_rsm;? v,form;rsm;t=um; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ aygufyGm;}uD;xGm;vmjcif;? ppfoabFm “ydkwJrfuif”ay:rS ykefuefr_?

3? abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApf t=um;enf;y&d,m,f uGmjcm;csufrsm;? wwd,t}udrf ygwDuGef*&uf? vDeif. “'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGif; qdk±S,f'Drdkua&pD. enf;y&d,m,fESpfoG,f” rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yftwGuf enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;?

4? awmfvSefa&;qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;? 1905 ck atmufwdkbm/ ±k&Sm;wjynfvHk;EdkifiHa&;oydwf? Zmbk&ifpepfaemufqkwfjcif;? Zmbk&if.a=unmpmwrf;? tvkyform; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;ay:xGufjcif;?

5? 'DZifbm vufeufudkiftHkºuGr_? tHkºuGr_±_H;edrfhjcif;? awmfvSefa&; aemufqkwfjcif;? yxrEdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;? pwkwˆ (nD!Gwfa&;) ygwDuGef*&uf?

6? yxrEdkifiHawmf 'l;rm; zsufodrf;jcif;? 'kwd,EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm; ac:,lusif;yjcif;? yOPrt}udrfygwDuGef*&uf? 'kwd,EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;zsufodrf;jcif;? yxr ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;}uD; ±_H;edrfh&jcif;. ta=umif;&if;rsm;?tusOf;csKyf?


tcef; (4)tcef; (4)tcef; (4)tcef; (4)tcef; (4)pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;umvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDSApfrsm;?pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;umvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDSApfrsm;?pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;umvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDSApfrsm;?pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;umvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDSApfrsm;?pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;umvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDSApfrsm;?

abmf&SDApfrsm; oD;jcm; rmhufpf0g'ygwD xlaxmifjcif;?abmf&SDApfrsm; oD;jcm; rmhufpf0g'ygwD xlaxmifjcif;?abmf&SDApfrsm; oD;jcm; rmhufpf0g'ygwD xlaxmifjcif;?abmf&SDApfrsm; oD;jcm; rmhufpf0g'ygwD xlaxmifjcif;?abmf&SDApfrsm; oD;jcm; rmhufpf0g'ygwD xlaxmifjcif;?


1? pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;? twdkuftcH ynmwwfrsm;t=um; +ydKuGJoGm;jcif;? ysufjym; qkwf,kwfjcif;? ynmwwftpdwftydkif;tcsKd@ygwDukd pGef@cGm+yD; rmhufpf0g'. &efolrsm;xH a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;ESifh rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef }uKd;yrf;r_rsm;? vDeif. jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'Dtay: ol. “±kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHKa0zefa&;” pmtkyfrS jyefvnf acsycsufESifh rmhufpf0g'ygwD. oabmw&m;a&;&m tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;tay: ol. umuG,fcsuf?

2? tEkyËdavmrESifh ordkif;a&;&m ±kyf0g'? 3? pwdkvDyif azmufjyefa&;umvtwGif;u abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApfrsm;? zsufodrf;olrsm;

(Liquidators) ESifh atmhqkdApf (Otzovists) rsm;tm; qef@usifonfhabmf&SDApfrsm;.wdkufyGJrsm;?

4? xa&mhpuD0g'tm; wdkufcdkuf&onfh abmf&SDApfwdk@. wdkufyGJrsm;? ygwDqef@usifonfh =o*kwfvtkyfpk?

5? ya&*hfygwDuGefz&ifh 1912? abmf&SDApfrsm; oD;jcm;rmhufpfygwD xlaxmifjcif;?tusOf;csKyf

tcef; (5)tcef; (5)tcef; (5)tcef; (5)tcef; (5)yxre,fcsJ@ppfrwdkifrD tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf±Sm;r_yxre,fcsJ@ppfrwdkifrD tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf±Sm;r_yxre,fcsJ@ppfrwdkifrD tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf±Sm;r_yxre,fcsJ@ppfrwdkifrD tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf±Sm;r_yxre,fcsJ@ppfrwdkifrD tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf±Sm;r_

'Da&jrifhopftwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD'Da&jrifhopftwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD'Da&jrifhopftwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD'Da&jrifhopftwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD'Da&jrifhopftwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD(1912-1914)(1912-1914)(1912-1914)(1912-1914)(1912-1914)

pmrsufESm - 181pmrsufESm - 181pmrsufESm - 181pmrsufESm - 181pmrsufESm - 1811? 1912-1914 ckESpftwGif; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?2? abmf&SDApf owif;pm”y&mA'g”? pwkwˆ EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;twGif;rS abmf&SDApf tkyfpk?3? w&m;0ifwnf&Sdaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;rS abmf&SDApfrsm;.atmifyGJ? e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ

t}uKd awmfvSefa&;v_yf±Sm;r_ qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;?tusOf;csKyf


tcef;(6)tcef;(6)tcef;(6)tcef;(6)tcef;(6)e,fcsJ@ppfyGJumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?e,fcsJ@ppfyGJumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?e,fcsJ@ppfyGJumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?e,fcsJ@ppfyGJumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?e,fcsJ@ppfyGJumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?

±k&Sm;. 'kwd, awmfvSefa&;umv? (1914-1917? rwfv)±k&Sm;. 'kwd, awmfvSefa&;umv? (1914-1917? rwfv)±k&Sm;. 'kwd, awmfvSefa&;umv? (1914-1917? rwfv)±k&Sm;. 'kwd, awmfvSefa&;umv? (1914-1917? rwfv)±k&Sm;. 'kwd, awmfvSefa&;umv? (1914-1917? rwfv)


1? e,fcsJ@ppfyGJay:aygufvmjcif;ESifh ta=umif;&if;rsm;?2? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;/ ‚if;wdk@. e,fcsJ@tpdk;&rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;jcif;? oD;jcm;

qdk&S,fa&SmfAifygwDrsm;tjzpfodk@ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ysufjyKef;oGm;jcif;?3? ppf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;jy\emrsm;tay: abmf&SDApfygwD. oabmw&m;ESifh

enf;y&d,m,frsm;?4? Zmbk&ifhwyfrawmf ppf±_H;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&;ysufpD;,kd,Gif;jcif;/ Zmbk&ifpepf. tusyf

twnf;?5? azaz:0g&DawmfvSefa&;? Zmbk&ifpepfjyKwfusjcif;? tvkyform;ESifh ppfom; udk,fpm;vS,f

rsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;? ,m,Dtpdk;&wnfaxmifjcif;? tm%mESpfck?tusOf;csKyf?

tcef; (7)tcef; (7)tcef; (7)tcef; (7)tcef; (7)atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; jyifqifcsdefESifhatmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; jyifqifcsdefESifhatmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; jyifqifcsdefESifhatmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; jyifqifcsdefESifhatmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; jyifqifcsdefESifh

taumiftxnfazmfonfh umvtwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD ? ({+yD / 1917 -1918)taumiftxnfazmfonfh umvtwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD ? ({+yD / 1917 -1918)taumiftxnfazmfonfh umvtwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD ? ({+yD / 1917 -1918)taumiftxnfazmfonfh umvtwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD ? ({+yD / 1917 -1918)taumiftxnfazmfonfh umvtwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD ? ({+yD / 1917 -1918) pmrsufESm - 223 pmrsufESm - 223 pmrsufESm - 223 pmrsufESm - 223 pmrsufESm - 223

1? azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;t+yD; jynfwGif;tajctae? ygwDajratmufrS xGufvm+yD; ajAmifEdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifjcif;? vDeif yDx±kd*&ufodk@ qdkufa&mufvmjcif;? vDeif. {+yDppfwrf;? ygwD. qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; ul;ajymif;a&;ay:vpD?

2? ,m,Dtpdk;&. tusyftwnf;rsm; pwifvmjcif;/ abmf&SDApfygwD. {+yD uGefz&ifh?3? +rdK@awmfwGif; abmf&SDApfygwD. atmifyGJrsm;/ ,m,Dtpkd;&wyfrsm;. t&mra&mufaom

xdk;ppfrsm;? tvkyform;/ ppfom;rsm;. ZlvdkifqENjyyGJudk zdESdyfjcif;?4? abmf&SDApfygwDu vufeufudkifykefuefr_udk jyifqef&efvrf;pOfudk vufcHjcif;/ qÏrt}udrf

ygwDuGef*&uf?5? awmfvSefa&;udkqef@usif&ef AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAf. t}uHtpnf/ xdkt}uHtpnfudk zdESdyf

ESdrfESif;jcif;? yDx±dk*&ufESifh armfpudkqdkAD,ufrsm; abmf&SDApfrsm;bufodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;?


6? yDx±kd*&ufY atmufwdkbmxºuGr_ESifh ,m,Dtpdk;&tm;zrf;qD;jcif;? qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufESifh qdkAD,uftpdk;&xlaxmifjcif;? qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&uf. +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh ajr,mtay: trdef@a=unmcsufrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;. atmifyGJ/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; atmifjrif&jcif;. ta=umif;t&if;rsm;?

7? qdkAD,uftm%m cdkif+rJwnfwef@a&;twGuf abmf&SDApfygwD.wdkufyGJ? b&ufpf - vpfawmhAfcf +idrf;csrf;a&; owWrygwDuGef*&uf?

8? qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; yxrajcvSrf;rsm;twGuf vDeif. pDrHudef;/ qif;&Jom; v,form;rsm;. aumfrwDrsm;ESifh ul;vwfrsm;udkxdef;csKyfjcif;? “vuf0J” qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. ykefuefr_ESifh ‚if;udkESdrfESif;r_/ qdkAD,ufrsm;. yOPruGef*&ufESifh &k&Sm; qdkAD,uf zuf'&,fqdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHudktwnfjyKjcif;?tusOf;csKyf

tcef; (8)tcef; (8)tcef; (8)tcef; (8)tcef; (8)EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufr_ESifhEdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufr_ESifhEdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufr_ESifhEdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufr_ESifhEdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufr_ESifh

jynfwGif;ppfumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD? (1918 - 1920)jynfwGif;ppfumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD? (1918 - 1920)jynfwGif;ppfumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD? (1918 - 1920)jynfwGif;ppfumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD? (1918 - 1920)jynfwGif;ppfumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD? (1918 - 1920)pmrsufESm - 271pmrsufESm - 271pmrsufESm - 271pmrsufESm - 271pmrsufESm - 271

11111? EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufr_ pwifvmjcif;? jynfwGif;ppf yxrumv?2? *smr%Dppf±_H;jcif;? *smreDrS awmfvSefa&;/ wwd, tifwmae&Sife,fwnfaxmifjcif;? tÏr

t}udrf ygwDuGef*&uf?3? 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ wdk;chsJvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufEdkifiHtm; ydwfqdk@jcif;? aumhcsuf ppfqif a&;ESifh

±_H;edrfhr_? 'ifeDuif ppfqifa&;ESifh ±_H;edrfhr_? okH;vppfem;csdef? e0rt}udrfajrmuf ygwD uGef*&uf?4? ydkveftxufv$mrS qdkAD,ufEdkifiHtm;wdkufcdkufvmjcif;? AdkvfcsKyf &Jifef*Jvf. ppfqifa&;?

ydkveft}uHtpnf ±_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;? &Jifef*Jvf±_H;edrfhjcif;? 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ tqkH;owfoGm;jcif;

5? qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHu +Adwdo#/ jyifopf/ *syef/ ydkvefwdk@rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufonfh tiftm;rsm;ESifh ±k&Sm;zufrS wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm; - "e&Sif - ajr&SifESifh wyfjzLwkd@ pkaygif;tiftm;rsm;udk tb,fenf;jzifh tb,fa=umifh atmifjrifcJhykH?tusOf;csKyf


tcef; (9)tcef; (9)tcef; (9)tcef; (9)tcef; (9)+idrf;csrf;pGm pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;odk@+idrf;csrf;pGm pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;odk@+idrf;csrf;pGm pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;odk@+idrf;csrf;pGm pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;odk@+idrf;csrf;pGm pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;odk@

ul;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif;rS aAmf&DSApfygwD (1921- 25)ul;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif;rS aAmf&DSApfygwD (1921- 25)ul;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif;rS aAmf&DSApfygwD (1921- 25)ul;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif;rS aAmf&DSApfygwD (1921- 25)ul;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif;rS aAmf&DSApfygwD (1921- 25)pmrsufESm - 297pmrsufESm - 297pmrsufESm - 297pmrsufESm - 297pmrsufESm - 297

1? pGufzufusL;ausmfr_ ±_H;edrfh+yD;aemufESifh jynfwGif;ppf+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH? jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;umvtwGif;rS tcuftcJrsm;?

2? tvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ygwDaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;? (10) }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf? twkduftcHrsm;. ±_H;edrfhr_/ pD;yGm;a&; ay:vpDopf (NEC) udk vufcHtwnfjyKjcif;?

3? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf. yxrtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;? (11) }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf? jynfaxmifpk qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH xlaxmifjcif;? vDeif emrusef;jzpfr_? vDeif.or0g,rpDrHudef;? (12) }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?

4? pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfxlaxmifwnfaqmufa&;twGif; tcuftcJrsm;udk wdkufyGJqifjcif;?xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;u ‚if;wdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_udkwdk;jrifhvmjcif;? vDeif emrusef;jzpfr_tm; tcGifhaumif;,lI ygwDaqG;aEG;yGJopfrsm;? xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm; ±_H;edrfhjcif;? vDeif uG,fvGefjcif;?vDeif txdrf;trSwfygwD0if av#mufv$mwifjcif;? 13 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?

5? jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;umvt+yD;odk@ a&muf&dSvmaom qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk? u|efawmfwdk@wkdif;jynf. qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfatmifyGJjy\em? ZDEdkApf/ uJrDeufAfwdk@. “twdkuftcHopf”? 14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf? wkdif;jynf. qdk&S,fvpfpufr_wyfqifa&;ay:vpD?tusOf;csKyf?

tceff; (10)tceff; (10)tceff; (10)tceff; (10)tceff; (10)wdkif;jynftm;qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rSwdkif;jynftm;qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rSwdkif;jynftm;qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rSwdkif;jynftm;qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rSwdkif;jynftm;qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rS

abmf&SDApfygwD (1926-1929)abmf&SDApfygwD (1926-1929)abmf&SDApfygwD (1926-1929)abmf&SDApfygwD (1926-1929)abmf&SDApfygwD (1926-1929)

pmrsufESm - 335pmrsufESm - 335pmrsufESm - 335pmrsufESm - 335pmrsufESm - 3351? qkd&S,fvpf pufr_vufr_ wyfqifa&;umvtwGif;rS tcuftcJrsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@ukd ausmfeif;

Ekdif&ef twGufwkdufyGJrsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh ZDEkdApf0g'Drsm; ygwDqefusifha&; tkyfpkzGJ@jcif;/xdktkyfpk. qkdAD,ufqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ tkyfpk±_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;//


2? qkd&S,fvpfpufr_wyfqifa&;wkd;wufvmjcif;/ v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;vkyfief; aemufusaejcif;/15 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf/ v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;Y pkaygif;ykdifqkdifr_ ay:vpD/ xa&mhpuD0g'DESifh ZDEkdApf0g'D tkyfpkukdESdrfeif;jcif;/ EkdifiHa&; v#mESpfcGvkyfr_//

3? ul;vwfrsm;tm; xdk;ppfqifjcif;/ blcg&if/ ±kdifaumhAf ygwDqef@usifa&;tkyfpk/ yxr ig;ESpfpDrHudef;ukd vufcHtwnfjyKjcif;/ qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqkdifr_/ pkaygif;v,fajrv_yf±Sm;r_}uD; pwifjcif;//tusOf;csKyf?

tcef; (11)tcef; (11)tcef; (11)tcef; (11)tcef; (11)v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;wdkufyGJwGif;rSv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;wdkufyGJwGif;rSv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;wdkufyGJwGif;rSv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;wdkufyGJwGif;rSv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;wdkufyGJwGif;rS

abmf&SDApfygwD (1930 - 1934)abmf&SDApfygwD (1930 - 1934)abmf&SDApfygwD (1930 - 1934)abmf&SDApfygwD (1930 - 1934)abmf&SDApfygwD (1930 - 1934) pmrsufESm -359 pmrsufESm -359 pmrsufESm -359 pmrsufESm -359 pmrsufESm -359

1? 1930 - 34 twGif;u EdkifiHwumhtajctae? t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGif; pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;/ refcsL;&D;,m;udk *syefwkd@wdk;chsJodrf;ydkufjcif;/ *smreDY zufqpfrsm; tm%m &&Sdvm=ujcif;/ ppfyGJae&m - ESpfae&m?

2? ul;vwftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfa&;ay:vpDrS ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;ypfa&;ay:vpDodk@/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_tay: ygwD. ay:vpDtm;ykHzsufr_rsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJqifjcif;/ vrf;pOfw&yfvkH;wGif t&if;&Siftpdwf tydkif;rsm;udkxdk;ppfqifjcif;/ 16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?

3? trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;udk jyefwnfaqmufa&;ay:vpD enf;[email protected]&;ygr_/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufysHŒESHŒvmjcif;/ puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGefpuftvkyf±kHrsm;. EdkifiHa&;Xmersm;/ ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udkav;ESpfESifh +yD;ajrmufoGm;jcif;. tusKd;rsm;/ ppfrsufESmwckvkH;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHjcif;/ 17 }udrf uGef*&uf?

4? blcg&if0g'Drsm; EdkifiHa&; ESpfzufrsufESmorm;rsm;tjzpf ysufpD;,dk,Gif;oGm;jcif;/ xa&mhpuD0g'D ESpfzufrsufESmorm;rsm;/ wyfjzLvlowform;ESifh olv#Kd*dk%f;tjzpf ysufpD; ,kd,Gif;oGm;jcif;/ uDa&mhAf,kwfrmpGm vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&jcif;/ aAmf&SDApfEdk;=um;r_udk jr‡ifhwif&efygwD.vkyf[efrsm;?tusOf;csKyf?


tcef; (12)tcef; (12)tcef; (12)tcef; (12)tcef; (12)qdk&S,fvpfvltzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;qdk&S,fvpfvltzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;qdk&S,fvpfvltzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;qdk&S,fvpfvltzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;qdk&S,fvpfvltzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;

atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD?zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHpnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHusifhokH;jcif; (1935 - 37)zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHpnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHusifhokH;jcif; (1935 - 37)zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHpnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHusifhokH;jcif; (1935 - 37)zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHpnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHusifhokH;jcif; (1935 - 37)zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHpnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHusifhokH;jcif; (1935 - 37)


1? 1935 - 37 ckESpfu EdkifiHwumhtajctae? pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; ,m,D avsmhusoGm;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&; uyfab;topfpwifvmjcif;? tDwvDu t,fvfbD;qD;eD;,m;udkodrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;? pydefudk *smreDESifh tDwvDwkd@u 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;? tv,fydkif;w±kwfjynfudk *syefrsm; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;? 'kwd,e,fcsJ@ppfyGJpwifvmjcif;?

2? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysddkK;a&; qufvufwdk;wufvmjcif;/ 'kwd,(5) ESpfpDrHudef; tcsdefapmI+yD;pDjcif;/ v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmufr_ESifh pkaygif;ydkifjyKvkyfonfh vkyfief;t+yD;owfr_/ au'grsm; ta&;}uD;ykH/ “pwufcaemhAf” v_yf&Sm;r_/vlaer_tqifhtwef; wufvmjcif;/ ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef; wufvmjcif;/ qdkAD,ufawmfvSefa&;. tiftm;?

3? qdkAD,ufrsm;. 8 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHpnf;rsOf;opfudkvufcHtwnfðyjcif;?

4? olv#dKrsm;/ tzsuform;rsm;ESifh wdkif;jynfopPmazmuf blcg&if - xa&mhpuD *dk%f; tºuGif;tusefrsm;udkacsr_ef;zsufqD;jcif;? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tjrifhqkH; qdkAD,ufa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf jyifqifr_rsm;? ygwD. c&D;pOfvrf;a=umif;tjzpf us,fjyef@onfh ygwDwGif; 'Drdkua&pD. qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tjrifhqkH; qdkAD,ufa&G;aumufyGJ?

ed*kH;ed*kH;ed*kH;ed*kH;ed*kH;pmrsufESm - 417pmrsufESm - 417pmrsufESm - 417pmrsufESm - 417pmrsufESm - 417


xkwfa0ol.trSmpum;

(1)

vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;20 ausmfumvu &Spfav;vkH; 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJonf tjynfht0atmifyGJrcHvdkuf&? ta&;edrfhum aemufqkwfvdkuf&onf? 'Drdkua&pDa&;wufºuGol trsm;tjym;onf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;odk@ rv$Jra&Smifom ul;ajymif;cJh=u&onf? 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJonf tqifhwqifhodk@ vSrf;wufvdkufonfhoabmjzpfonf? vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;. vGwfajrmufa'otoD;oD;wGif cdkv_HtajccscJh=u&onf? odk@aomf cdkv_HtajccscJh&onfhtajccHa'orsm;um; wOD;ESifhwOD;/ wzGJ@ESifhwzGJ@ rwlnD/ uGJjym;jcm;em;=uygonf? ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh jzpfcJh=uygvdrfhrnf?

xdkpOfu vGwfajrmufa'orsm;wGif odk@r[kwf ajymufusm;a'orsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;qdkif&moabmw&m;pmapmif/ pmwrf;rsm;pGmudk avhvmcGifh&cJhygonf? avhvma&;pmapmif/ pmwrf;rsm;xJwGif q&mra':,Of,OfvSq&mra':,Of,OfvSq&mra':,Of,OfvSq&mra':,Of,OfvSq&mra':,Of,OfvS bmomjyefqdkay;cJhaom qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD(abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B) ordkif;tusOf;csKyf pmtkyfudkvnf; zwf±_avhvmcGifhh&cJhonf? EdkifiHa&;todopfrsm;ESifh awmfvSefaom tawG;tac:opfrsm;udk &&Sdvdkufonf? xdkpmtkyfonf awmfvSefa&;tajctaeESifh udkufnDpGmyJ ykHESdyfpmtkyftjzpf &dkufESdyfrxm;? tedrfhqkH; vufESdyfpufjzifhawmif&dkufESdyf&ef tcGifhta&;r&&SdcJhay? q&mr. bmomjyefpmrlrsm;udk wcef;+yD;wcef; vufa&;aumfyDrsm;jzifhomul;yGm;=uum tirf;r& avhvmcJh=u&onf? xdkaemuf tcsdefumv=umjrifhpGm wydkif;wppD odrf;qnf;xm;cJh=uonf?


xdk tESpf20 rS ,ae@umvtxd ESpfrsm;pGmtwGif;u EdkifiHa&;tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefvnfjrif=unfhrdonf? urBmEdkifiHa&; ESifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tajctaewdk@onf olrwlpGm/ vsifjrefpGmjzpfay:ajymif;vJcJhonf? jzpfay:ajymif;vJaeqJvnf;jzpfonf? odk@aomf awmfvSefa&;rsm; um;qufvufwnf&SdaeqJjzpfonf? ¶kef;uefae&qJjzpfonf? atmifyGJESifha0;aeqJtajctaevnf;jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;rsm;onf ykHrSeftaetxm;jyefa&muf&ef/ jyefvnfevefxlEdkif&ef usm;ukyfusm;cJjzifh vkH;yef;tm;xkwfae=u&csdefvnf;jzpfonf?

TumvrsdK;wGif wcguavhvmcJhbl;aom C.P.S.U (B) ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudk jyefvnfowd&vmonf? jyefvnfavhvmcsifonfhpdwf rsm; jyif;jyvmcJhonf? tjcm;b0wl &Jabmfrsm;/rdwfaqGrsm;udkvnf; r#a0+yD; zwfapcsifonfhpdwf jzpfay:cJhonf? ae&mtE@SHrSm jyef@usJae aom/a[mif;EGrf;rGausaeaom xdkpmrlrsm;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;&onf? vufa&;rljzifh jyefvnfa&;ul;&onf? uGefjyLwm vufvSrf;rSDaom ae&m a&mufonfhtcgrS xdkpmrlrsm;udk tDvufx&pfaumfyD(Eletric Copy) tjzpf jyefvnful;ajymif;um rSwfwrf;wifxm;rdonf? (xdkodk@ ul;ajymif;rSwfwrf;wifxm;&mwGif tultnDay;cJh=uaom udknDnD/ udkatmifxGef;ESifhtzGJ@/ *suf ESifhtzGJ@wdk@tm; “tvif;vd_if; “ uGef&ufrS txl;aus;Zl;wifaerdonf?)

ae@pOf jzpfay:ajymif;vJaeaom jrefrmjynf EdkifiHa&;tajctaeonf 'Drdkua&pDa&;awmif;qdk/ wdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;twGuf a=ueyftm;&p&m tajctaersdK;r[kwfyg? wpkHw&maomvdktyfcsuf &SdaeovdkcHpm;ae&onf? temESifhaq;temESifhaq;temESifhaq;temESifhaq;temESifhaq; rwnfhao;wmrsdK;jzpfaeonf? xdkvdktyfcsufudktjynfht0 rjznfhqnf;Edkifao;aomfvnf; vpf[maeonfh ae&mtcsdK@tm; jznfhpGufay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdvdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unfrdonf? xdk,kH=unfcsufjziffhyif q&mra':,Of,OfvS q&mra':,Of,OfvS q&mra':,Of,OfvS q&mra':,Of,OfvS q&mra':,Of,OfvS bmomjyefqdkxm;aomC.P.S.U (B) ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudk xkwfa0jzef@csd&eftwGuf tm;pdkuf vkH;yef;vdkufygonf?

(2)

TumvTumvTumvTumvTumv wGif “tvif;vd_if;” uGef&ufrS C.P.S.U (B) ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudk bma=umifhxkwfa0jzef@csd&ygovJ?

xdkar;cGef;twGuf &nf±G,fcsufwckwnf;om&Sda=umif; ajz=um;&ayrnf? ‚if;rSm ppfu|efb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf tjyif;txef&kef; uefae=u&aom/ awmfvSefaomjynfolrsm;tm; EdkifiHwumrS tzdESdyfcHjynfolrsm;. awmfvSefa&;b0jzwfoef;r_ta=umif;ESifh rnfuJodk@atmifyGJ&,lEdkifcJh=uonf qdkaom tawG@t}uKHaumif;rsm; tawG@t}uKHaumif;rsm; tawG@t}uKHaumif;rsm; tawG@t}uKHaumif;rsm; tawG@t}uKHaumif;rsm; udk avhvmEdkif&ef rdwfqufay;jcif;r#omjzpfygonf?

wdkif;jynftoD;oD;rS awmfvSefa&;wdkif;onf rdrdwdk@. awmfvSefa&;tawG@t}uKHrsm;udkxyfcgxyfcg oif=um;avhvmae=u&onf? xdktjyif tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;. awmfvSefa&;tawG@t}uKHrsm;udkvnf; rkcsoif=um;avhvm=u&rnf? w+ydKifeufwnf;rSm avhvmwwf&rnf? tcsdK@


wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif xdktawG@t}uKHrsm;ESifh rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynf. wu,fhtajctae (awmfvSefa&;vufawG@) wdk@udk rSefuefpGmaygif;pyfay; EdkifcJh=uojzifh atmifyGJcHEdkifcJh=uonf? awmfvSefa&;enf;jzifh atmifyGJcHcJhonfh wdkif;jynfwdkif;onf TjzpfpOftwdkif; jzwfoef;cJh=uonf?

xdktawG@t}uKHrsm;udk avhvm&kH/ od&kHr#jzifh vkHavmuf+yD[k r,lqEdkfif? avhvma&;wGifowdjyKoifhonfh tcsuftcsdK@&Sdygonf? tjcm; wdkif;jynfwckck. awmfvSefa&;ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm;udkavhvm+yD; rdrdwdk@awmfvSefa&;rsm;wGif aumfyDul;cs+yD; tokH;rcsrd&efjzpfygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdked*kH;cskKyfcsufrsm;onf tjcm;wdkif;jynfwck. awmfvSefa&;vufawG@rS &&Sdcsufrsm;udkom pkpnf;azmfjyxm;aoma=umifhh jzpfonf?

xdktawG@t}uKHrsm;udk avhvm&mwGif cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm+yD; a0zefokH;oyffjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfwwf&efvnf; vdktyfayvdrfhrnf? odk@rSom tawG;t ac:trSDtcdkuif;a&;twGuf taxmuftul&aprnf? tawG;tac:vGwfajrmufr_&SdrSvnf; rSefuefonfh EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk csrSwf/taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrSmjzpfonf? tawG;&Sif;rS tvkyf&Sif;onf qdkonfhoabmjzpfonf?

wu,fawmh awmfvSefa&;qdkonfrSm tawG@t}uKHrsm;udk oif,lavhvm&if;/ pl;prf;&if;/prf;oyf&if;jzifh a&S@odk@csDwufaeonfh jzpfpOf wckyif r[kwfygvm;?

(3)

C.P.S.U (B) ordkif;tusOf;csKyf pmtkyfwGifyg&Sdonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;. ordkif;wefzdk;&Sdr_udk “tvif;vd_if;” taejzifh oD;jcm;rdwf qufay;&ef tcGifhta&;r&Sdyg? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdkpmtkyfudk,fwdkifuyif rdwfqufay;&ef vkH;0rvdktyfonfh ordkif;wefzdk;jrifhfrm;aeaoma=umifhjzpfygonf?

odk@aomf w&kwfjynfolawG.b0udk vGwfajrmufapcJhonfh w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;.acgif;aqmif &JabmfarmfpDwkef;u C.P.S.U (B) ordkif; tusOf;csKyfpmtkyf ESifh ywfoufIb,fvdk wefzdk;xm;&SdcJhovJqdkwmudkawmh “tvif;vd_if;” rS rdwfqufay;vdkygonf?

w&kwfjynf rvGwfajrmufcif awmfvSefa&;umv (1940 ckESpf) twGif;rSm OuUXarmfonf “ usaemfwdk@. avhvmrludkjyKjyifa&;” qdk onfh aqmif;yg;wapmif a&;om;cJhonf?wygwDvkH; rmufhpfvDeif0g' tawG;tac:rlt& vkyf[efjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; v_yf&Sm;r_vkyf&ef Taqmif;yg;jzifh aqmf=ocJhbl;onf? xdkaqmif;yg;. wae&mY tvkyfvkyfaeaomau'grsm;udkynmay;&mYjzpfap/ au'goifwef;ausmif; rsm;wGif ynmay;&mYjzpfap (u) w¶kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; vufawG@jy\emawG pl;prf;avhvma&;udk tcsuftcsmtjzpfxm;&ef/ (c) rmhufpfvDeif0g' tajccHrlrsm;udk vrf;n$eftjzpfxm;&ef æ qdkonfh tcsuf 2 csufudk ay:vpDtjzpfxm;&Sd&ef aqmf=ocJhonf?

qufvuf+yD; rmhufpfvDeif0g' udk avhvm&mwGifvnf; C.P.S.U (B) ordkif;tusOf;csKyfpmtkyfudk t"duavhvm&efpmtkyft"duavhvm&efpmtkyft"duavhvm&efpmtkyft"duavhvm&efpmtkyft"duavhvm&efpmtkyf tjzpfxm;oifhonf[k nGefjyay;cJhonf? C.P.S.U (B)


ordkif;tusOf;csKyfpmtkyfESifh ywfouf+yD; wefzdk;jzwf&mwGifvnf; tcsuf 2 csufudk axmufjy+yD;pmtkyf. wefzdk;t&nftcsif;udk azmfjycJhygonf? ‚if;tcsufrsm;rSm -1? Tpmtkyfonf vGefcJhonfhESpfw&mtwGif; (1940 ckESpfrwdkifrD)/ wurBmvkH;rSm&Sdonfh uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_udk t&nft csif;jrifhjrifh tvkH;pkH+cKH+yD; aygif;¶kH;okH;oyfxm;onfh pmtkyfjzpfonf?2? Tpmtkyfonf oabmw&m;ESifh vufawG@aygif;pyfxm;onfh pHerlemvnf;jzpfonf? jynfhpkHonfh pHerlemqdkvdk@ wurBmvkH;wGif Tpmtkyfwtkyfwnf;om&Sdao;onf æ [k jrifhjrifhrm;rm;wefzdk;xm;um !¸efjycJhayonff?

Tpmtkyfonf 19 &mpk aESmif;ydkif;ESifh 20 &mpk tpydkif;umvu ±k&Sm;EdkifiHrS tzdESdyfcHjynfolrsm;. atmifyGJcHawmffvSefa&;ordkif;jzpfonf?

¶k&Sm;jynfolrsm;. awmfvSefa&;tawG@t}uKHrsm;u urBmw0ef;vkH;&Sd tzdESdyfcHjynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ/ vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ rsm;tay: }uD;rm;pGm =oZmoufa&mufcJhonf? rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynfonfvnf; xdkawmfvSefa&;. tusdK;aus;Zl; txift&Sm;&SdcJhbl;onf?tcsdK@wdkif;jynfrsm;onf xdkawmfvSefa&; tawG@t}uKHrsm;udk avhvm+yD; rdrdwdk@. awmfvSefa&;vufawG@rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfum jynfolvlxk udk vGwfajrmufapcJhonf? tcsdK@wdkif;jynfrsm;um;¶kef;uefae&qJjzpfonf?

rnfodk@qdkapumrl Tpmtkyfonf 'Drdkua&pDa&;awmif;qkd/ wdkufyGJ0ifaeonfh awmfvSefa&;rsm;twGuf wpkHw&m tusdK;jzpfxGef;apvdrfh rnf[k ,kH=unfrdygonf? odk@aomfTpmtkyfygta=umif;t&mrsm;onf avhvmol. &yfwnfcsuf/ qENtmoDotay: rlwnf+yD; wefzdk;tajymif;tvJ jzpfoGm;apEdkifygonf? “=unfhwwfol, jrif./ ,lwwfol, &.” qdkaompum;twdkif; vdktyfcsuf&Sdoavmufawmh jynfh 0Edkif=uvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhrdygawmhonf?

(4)

Tpmtkyfudk bmomomjyef&mwGif q&mr a':,Of,OfvSonf awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;wm0efwcktjzpfoabmxm;+yD; bmomjyefay;cJhonf? q&mr. bmomjyefay;r_a=umifh &Jabmftrsm;tjym;onf EdkifiHa&;tod ydkrdkwdk;jrifhvmcJh=uonf? Tpmtkyfonf awmfvSefa&;wGifvdktyfaeaom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;/ EdkifiHwumh awmfvSefa&; tawG@t}uKHrsm;tm; avhvma&;ESifh okawoejyKa&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;twGuf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom jznfhqnf;csufwckvnf;jzpfcJhygonf? q&mr. TtusdK;jyKaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tay: “tvif;vd_if;”uGef&ufrS av;pm;r_jzifh aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif;ajym=um;vdkygonf?

Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf pdwftm;/ vltm; tultnDay;cJh=uaom tpfudk}uD;udkodef;0if;ESifh tzGJ@tm;vnf;aumif;/ udkoD[armifarmif (*&yfzpf'DZdkif;) tm; vnf;aumif;“tvif;vd_if;”uGef&ufrS aus;Zl;wifa=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?


pmtkyfwGif tm;enf;csufrsm;awG@&Sdygu rdrdwdk@wGifom wm0ef&Sdygonf? bmomjyefolESifhroufqdkifyg?

tvif;vd_if;tvif;vd_if;tvif;vd_if;tvif;vd_if;tvif;vd_if; uGef&ufuGef&ufuGef&ufuGef&ufuGef&uf2010 =o*kwf ( 8) &uf2010 =o*kwf ( 8) &uf2010 =o*kwf ( 8) &uf2010 =o*kwf ( 8) &uf2010 =o*kwf ( 8) &uf


ed'gef;ed'gef;ed'gef;ed'gef;ed'gef;

qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) onf tvGef&Snfvsm;}uD;jrwfonfh vrf;udkjzwfoef;cJh&+yD; vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpf/ 80 pkESpfrsm;twGif;u ¶k&Sm;wGifay:aygufcJhonf?rmhufpf0g'tpk t0ef;t0dkif;ti,fav;rsm;rS pwifcJh&+yD;/ ,ckwGifurBmay:&Sd yxrqHk;aomtvkyform;/ v,form;EdkifiHawmf}uD;udk OD;aqmifaeayonf?

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) onf awmfvSef;a&;rwdkifrD ¶k&Sm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh qufpyfrd+yD;/ tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_ tajccHay:wGif }uD;xGm;cJh+yD;/‚if;tay: qdk&S,fvpf todpdwf"mwf o,faqmifay;cJhonfh rmhufpf0g' tpki,frsm;rS ay:xGufcJhonf? ygwDudk rmhufpf0g' awmfvSefa&;0g' oif=um;csufrsm;u xm0pOf a&S@aqmifcJhygonf?e,fcsJ@acwf/ e,fcsJ@ppfyGJrsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;rsm;/ ta=umif;tcsuftopfrsm; atmufwGif ‚if;.acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rmhufpfESifhtdef*,fwkd@. oif=um;csufrsm;udk qufvuf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apum tqifhopfwckodk@ jr‡ifhay;cJhygonf?

ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd "e¶SifaygufpygwDrsm;jzpfonfhqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; (‚if;wdk@. a&S@vlrsm;jzpfonfh ema&m'fepfrsm;) rif&SDApfrsm;/rif;rJhrsm;ESifh ta&miftaoG;pkHonfh "e&SiftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ rdrdygwDtwGif;&Sd rif&SDApfrsm;/ tacsmiform; wdrf;apmif;r_rsm;jzpfonfh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;/ blcg&if0g'Drsm;/trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh wjcm;vDeif qef@usifa&;tpkrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; tajccHrl0g'rsm; tay:qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if&if; }uD;xGm;vmum tiftm;awmifhwif;vmygonf?

ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh vkyfom;jynfoltm;vHk;wdk@. &efol tm;vHk;jzpfonfh ajr&Sif/ t&if;&Sif/ ul;vwf/ "m;jy/ olckd;rsm;/ olv#Kdrsm;udkvnf; aumif;/ ywf0ef;usif


t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;rS iSm;&rf;xm;olrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ qef@usifum awmfvSefa&;qifE$Jjcif;jzifhtiftm;rsm; awmifhwif;vmum oHcJwifvmcJhyg onf?

qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) .ordkif;onf 1905 ckESpf "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;/ 1917 ckESpf azazmf0g&D "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSef;a&;ESifh 1917 ckESpf atmufwdkbm qdk±S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;qdkonfh awmfvSefa&; 3 ck. ordkif;jzpfonf//

qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLygwD (abmf&SDApf) .ordkif;onf Zmbk&ifpepfjzKwfcsjcif;/ ajr&SifESifht&if;&Sifwdk@. tm%mudkjzKwfcsjcif; ordkif;jzpfonf? jynfwGif;ppftwGif; EkdifiHjcm;vufeufudkifwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ usqHk;jcif;orkdif;jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfwGif qdkAD,uf EdkifiHawmfESifh qdkAD,ufvl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufonfhordkif;jzpfonf?

qkdAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) . orkdif;ukd avhvmygu u|efawmfwkd‹onfu|efawmfwkd‹ wkdif;jynfrS tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm; qifEGJcJh=uonfh qkd&S,fvpfpepfwkdufyGJtawG‹t}uHKrsm;ukd &Ekdifonf?

ygwD.ordkif;/ u|efawmfwdk@ygwD. rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'&efol/ tvkyform;rsm;. &efoltm;vHk;ay:qifEGJcJhonfh wdkufyGJordkif;rsm;udk avhvmygu u|efawmfwdk@onf abmf&SSDApf0g' tay:ydkrdkodem;vnfEkdif+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;Ekd;=um;r_vnf; ydkrdkxufoefvmapygonf?

abmf&SDApfygwD. &JpGrf;owWd ajymifajrmufvSonhf ordkif;udk avhvmjcif;jzifh/ u|efawmfwdk@onf vlr_jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh EkdifiHa&;wdkufyGJ. w&m;Oya'oqdkif&m tawG@t}uKHESifhawmfvSefa&;.wGef;tm; tawG@}uKHA[kokwrsm;udk &&SdEdkifygonf?

ygwD.ordkif;udk avhvmjcif;jzifh vDeif-pwmvifygwD. }uD;jrwfonfhta&;awmfyHk.aemufqHk;ydwfatmifyJG/ urBmw0eff;vHk; uGefjrLepfpepfatmifyJGtay: u|efawmfwdk@ taotcsm,kH=unfr_udk &&SdEkdifygonf?

Tpmtkyfonf qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) . ordkif;tusOf; csKyfjzpfygonf? ?


tcef; (1)

±k&Sm;Y qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftvkyform;ygwD wnfaxmifa&;twGufwdkufyJG(1883=1901)

1? ±k&Sm;Y aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;r_ESifh pufr_vufr_t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wuf vmr_?1? ±k&Sm;Y aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;r_ESifh pufr_vufr_t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wuf vmr_?1? ±k&Sm;Y aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;r_ESifh pufr_vufr_t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wuf vmr_?1? ±k&Sm;Y aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;r_ESifh pufr_vufr_t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wuf vmr_?1? ±k&Sm;Y aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;r_ESifh pufr_vufr_t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wuf vmr_?acwfopfpufr_vufr_ypPnf;rJhrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? tvkyform;vlwef; pm; v_yf&Sm;r_.acwfopfpufr_vufr_ypPnf;rJhrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? tvkyform;vlwef; pm; v_yf&Sm;r_.acwfopfpufr_vufr_ypPnf;rJhrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? tvkyform;vlwef; pm; v_yf&Sm;r_.acwfopfpufr_vufr_ypPnf;rJhrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? tvkyform;vlwef; pm; v_yf&Sm;r_.acwfopfpufr_vufr_ypPnf;rJhrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;? tvkyform;vlwef; pm; v_yf&Sm;r_.yxrajcvSrf;rsm;?yxrajcvSrf;rsm;?yxrajcvSrf;rsm;?yxrajcvSrf;rsm;?yxrajcvSrf;rsm;?

wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;xuf Zmbk&if±k&Sm;onf t&if;&Sifjzpfay:wdk;wufr_vrf;a=umif; ay:odk@aemufuspGm wufvSrf;cJhayonf? vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpfajcmufq,fpkESpfrsm; twGif; ±k&Sm;wGifpuf¶kHESifh tvkyf±kHrsm; tvGefenf;yg;pGm wnf&dScJhygonf? aus;u|efpepftay: tajccHonfhajru|efpepfonf tESH@tjym;jzpfaeonfh pD;yGm;a&;o¿mefjzpfaeayonf? aus;u|efpepfatmufwGif pufr_vufr_ tppftrSef wdk;wufvma&;rSm rjzpfEkdifyg? v,f,mvkyfief;wGifaus;u|efrsm;. apwemrygaom vkyftm;a=umifh xkwfvkyfr_rSm tvGefedrfhygonf? pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ jzpfpOfwckvHk;u aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;a&;udk rv$Jra&Smifom jzpfapcJhygonf? 1861 ckESpf/ u¶kdif;rD;,m;ppf&_H;edrfhr_a=umifh tiftm;csnfheJ@oGm;+yD;/ ajr&Sifrsm;udkqef@usifonf@/ v,form;ykefuefr_rsm;udk a=umufvef@aeonfh Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf aus;u|efpepfudk rv$Jra&Smifom zsufodrf;ay;vkduf&onf?

odk@aomf aus;u|efpepfzsuf+yD;onfhwdkif ajr&Sifrsm;onf v,form;rsm;udk qufvufzdESdyfcJhygonf? “vGwfajrmufa&;” jzpfpOftwGif; ‚if;wdk@onf ,cifu v,form;rsm;oHk;cJhonfhajrwpdwfwydkif;udk +cHcwfjcif;/ zJh,ljcif;wdk@jzifh v,form;wdk@xHrS vk,uf,liif=uonf? T


tjzwfcH&onfh ajrtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk v,form;rsm;u tdkx&ufpuD (jzwfprsm; cuts)[kac:onf? v,form;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@ vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf jyefqyfaiGtjzpf ajr&Sifrsm;udk¶lb,foef; 2˜000 twif;tusyfay;cdkif;ojzifh ay;qyf&ygonf?

aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;+yD;aemuf v,form;rsm;onf ajr&SifxHrS ajrrsm;udk tvGef}uD;av;onfhtcGeftaumufrsm;jzifh tiSm;cs&ygonf? aiGjzifh acs;iSm;cay;&onfhtjyif v,form;rsm;onf ajr&SifxHwGif tca=u;aiGr&bJ/ rdrdudk,fydkifud&d,mrsm;/ jrif;rsm;jzifh ajr&Sif.ajrwpdwfwydkif;udk xGef,ufay;&ygonf? Tt&mudk tdkw&mAdkvfuD (vkyftm;c) [k ac:ygonf?tajctaetrsm;pkwGif v,form;rsm;onf ajr&Sifrsm;udk ‚if;wdk@xGuf&Sdonfh txGuf. xuf0ufudk ajriSm;ctjzpf ay;qyf&ygonf? ‚if;udk tpfydkvl (w0uf-w0uf pepf) [k ac:ygonf?

xdk@a=umifh tajctaeonf aus;u|efpepf vufatmufrSmuJhodk@yif xl;rjcm; em;&Sdae+yD;/wckwnf;aomjcm;em;csufuawmh v,form;rsm;onf yk*~dKvfa&;t& vGwfvyf+yD; ypPnf;wckuJhodk@ 0,f,ljcif;ESifh a&mif;csjcif; r&Sdjcif;omjzpfonf?

ajr&Sifrsm;onf rwdk;wufbJ acwfaemufusonfh v,form;rsm;udk aiGn‡pfenf; trsKd;rsKd; (acs;iSm;c/ '%faiG) wdk@jzifh jzLcgjymcgusatmif aoG;pkyf=uygonf? ajr&Sifwdk@. zdESdyfr_a=umifhv,form;xk}uD;rSm ‚if;wdk@. ajr,mrsm; wdk;wufatmif rjyKvkyfEdkifyg? xdk@a=umifh awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrD ¶k&Sm;Y pdkufysKd;a&;onf tvGeftrif;acwfaemufuscJh+yD;/ r=umc% xGufE_ef;usqif;jcif;ESifh uyfab;rsm; qdkufa&mufapcJhygonf/?

aus;u|efpepf oufqdk;&Snfusefaejcif;/ tcGeftwkwfzdpD;jcif;ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;tay:taºuG;qyf&jcif;wdk@u v,form;wtdrfaxmif 0ifaiGxuf r=umc% ausmfvGefoGm;onfh twGuf v,form;rsm;onf rGJjymusum/ a&=unf&mrsufEk&m &Sm&eftwGuf rdrdwdk@ aus;&Gmrsm;rS xGufcGmcJh=u&ygonf// ‚if;wkd‹onf puf±Hkrsm;ESifh tvkyf±Hkrsm;wGif oGm;a&muf tvkyfvkyfukdif=uygonf? ‚if;onf pufr_vufr_ vkyfcif;ydkif&Sifrsm;twGuf aps;aygonfh vkyftm;a&aomufjrpfjzpfygonf?

tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. acgif;ay:wGif Zmbk&if/ t&if;&SifESifhajr&Sifwdk@udk yifyef;qif;&JpGm tvkyfvkyfudkif&onfh aoG;pkyfcHvlxkrsm;xHrS umuG,fay;xm;onfh ckHorm"dvl}uD;rsm;/ vufaxmuf orm"dvl}uD;rsm;/ vufeufudkif&Jom;rsm;/ ykvdyfrsm;/ aus;vufykvdyfrsm;pwJh wyf}uD;w&yf wnf&Sdaeygonf? 1903 ckESpftxd udk,fcERmudk tjypf'%fay;jcif;rsKd; &SdcJhygonf? aus;u|efpepf zsufodrf;+yD;qdkaomfvnf; v,form;rsm;onf tao;i,fqkH;aomtjypfrsm;a=umifhjzpfap/ tcGefray;r_a=umifhjzpfap }udrf'%fcH&ygonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf ykvdyfrsm;ESifh aumhqufrsm;. tEdkifxuf EdSyfpufjcif;rsm;udkcH&+yD;/ txl;ojzifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;a=umifh/ ‚if;wdk@. aexdkifa&;b0 rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfvmonfhtcg oydwfarSmufvm=u+yD;/xdktcsdefrsm;rSm ydkrdk tESdyfpufcH&onf// Zmbk&if. vufatmufwGif tvkyform;ESifh v,f


orm;rsm;tzdk@ rnfonfhEkdifiHa&; tcGifhta&;r#r&SdcJhyg? Zmbk&if. oufOD;qHydkif tkyfcsKyfr_onfjynfolrsm;twGuf tqdk;0g;qHk;&efol jzpfygonf?

Zmbk&ifpepfatmufrS ±k&Sm;onf vlrsKd;rsm;. tusOf;axmifjzpfygonf? ±k&Sm; r[kwfonfh vlrsKd;trsm;tjym;onf tcGifhta&; [lor# vkH;0qkH;±_H;ae+yD;/ apmfum;ESdyfpufjcif; trsKd;rsKd;wkd@ukd tqufrjywf cHpm;ae=u&onf? Zmbk&iftpkd;&u ±k&Sm;vlrsKd;wkd@ukd vlrsKd;pka'o rsm;rSvlrsK d;pkrsm;tay: tqifhedrf hvlrsK d;rsm;tjzpf txifao;tjrifao;jzpfap+yD;/ w&m;0iftm;jzifhvnf; ‚if;wkd@ukd tifEkda&mh'fpD (vlrsKd;jcm;) vkd@ac:a0:apum ‚if;wkd@tay: pufqkyf&GH&Smrkef;wD;atmif tm;ay;cJhygonf? Zmbk&iftpkd;&onf vlrsKd;a&;yËdyuQrsm;ukd }uD;xGm;atmifv_H@aqmfay;+yD;/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;ESifhwrsKd;t=um; qGay;um *sL;vlrsKd; tpkvkduft+yKHvkdufowfjzwfyGJrsm; jzpfay:ap+yD;/ x&efaumhau;&Sm;rSmvnf; wmwmESifh tmar;eD;,m;wkd@ wOD;ESifhwOD; owfjzwf&ef v_H@aqmfcJhygonf?

tukefr[kwfonfhwdkif tukefeD;yg;r#aom trsKd;om;a'orsm;&Sd tpdk;&&mxl;rsm;wGif±k&SSm;t&m&Sdrsm;om jzpfygonf? tpdk;&Xme toD;oD;&Sd vkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk;ESifh w&m;¶kH;rsm;wGif±k&Sm;bmomom toHk;jyKygonf/? ±k&Sm;r[kwfonfh vlrsKd;pkrsm;.pmESifh owif;pmrsm;/ pmtkyfrsm; xkwfa0cGifhESifh ausmif;rsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@ bmomoif=um;cGifhudkvnf; wm;jrpfxm;ygonf? Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf vlrsKd;pkrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_udk +id‡rf;owf&efóud;pm;+yD;/ ±k&Sm;r[kwfonfhvlrsKd;pkrsm;ukd-&k&Sm;jyKvkyfa&;-ay:vpDukd twif;tusyfusifhoHk;cJh =uygonf? Zmbk&ifpepfonf &k&Sm;r[kwfonfh vlrsK d;rsm;twGuf vufr¶GH@tm%mom;rsm;/ n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufolrsm;om jzpf=uygonf?

aus;u|efpepfy,fzsuf+yD;aemuf ±k&Sm;&Sd pufr_vufr_t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk; wufr_ onfaus;u|efpepf qufvuf&Sifoefaer_a=umifh taESmifht,Suf twm;tqD; cHae& vsufESifhyiftoifhtwifh vsifjrefaom ajcvSrf;ESifh qufvufjzpfay:aeygonf? 1865 ckESpfrS 1890 ckESpftxdE Sp fq,f hi g ;E Sp ftwGi f ; puf± k Htvky f± k H }uD ;r sm;E Si f h r D ;&xm;vky fie f ;r sm;wGi ftvkyfvkyfudkifvsuf&Sdaom tvkyform;OD;a&rSm ckESpfodef;ajcmufaxmifrS wpfoef;av;odef;oHk;aomif;oHk;axmif odk@r[kwf 2 qcef@r# wdk;wuf rsm;jym;vmcJhygonf?

±k&Sm;Y t}uD;pm; t&if;&Sif pufr_vufr_vkyfief;onf udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; ydkrdkvsifjrefpGm pwifjzpfay:wkd;wufcJhygonf// xdkq,fpkESpftqHk;umvY puf¶kHtvkyf±kH}uD;rsm;/ owˆKwl; azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh rD;&xm;vkyfief;wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifvsuf±Sdaom tvkyform;OD;a&rSm±k&Sm;Oa&myjynfe,f ig;q,ftwGif;wGif 2˜207˜000 &Sd+yD;/ ±k&Sm;wjynfvkH;wGif 2˜792˜000&Sdygonf?

,if;onf acwfopfpufr_vufr_ypPnf;rJ hrsm;jzpf+yD;/ aus;u|efacwfumvwGif;upuf±kHrsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;/ tao;pm;vufr_ynmESifh wjcm;pufr_ vkyfief;rsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; vHk;0uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf? tb,fa=umifh qkdaomf


t&if;}uD; vkyfief;}uD;rsm;twGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;t=um; ay:aygufvsuf&Sdaom aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;pdwf"mwfESifh ‚if;wdk@. xufjrufaom awmfvSefa&; t&nftcsif;ESpfck wdk@a=umifhjzpfygonf?

udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; pufr_vkyfief; t}uD;tus,fjzpfxGef;vmjcif;onf t"du tm;jzifhrD;&xm;vrf;rsm; trsm;tjym;wnfaqmuf&aoma=umifhjzpfygonf? 1890-1900 q,fESpfumvtwGif; rD;&xm;vrf;opf 21˜000 Amh'fpfAmh'fpfAmh'fpfAmh'fpfAmh'fpf* ausmfazmufvkyfcJhygonf? rD;&xm;vkyfief;uowWKrsm; (oHvrf;/ rD;&xm;pufacgif;ESif h udk,fxnfwGJrsm;twGuf) trsm; tjym;ESif hausmufrD;aoG;ESifh a&eHponfh avmifpmtrsm;tjym;udkvnf; vdktyfvmapygonf? ‚if;uowˆKESifh avmifpm pufr_vkyfief;wdk@udk jzpfay:wdk;wufapcJhonf?

awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrD ±k&Sm;Y wjcm;t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;enf;wl pufr_vufr_ t}uD;tus,f zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufonfhumvESifh pufr_vufr_tusyftwnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;usqif;tDvnfaejcif;wdk@ wvSnf@pDjzpfay:aeum Tonfu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk tjyif;txef xdcdkufap+yD;/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;udk tvkyfvufrJhjzpfapjcif;ESifh qif;&J wGif;odk@ydk@ay;vdkufygonf?

±k&Sm;Y aus;u|efpepfzsufodrf;+yD;aemuf t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_onf toifhtwifh vsifjrefaomt&SdefESifh wdk;wufvsuf&Sdaomfvnf;/ ±k&Sm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wdk;wuf r_onfwjcm;t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;xuf odomxif±Sm;pGm aemufususef&pfygonf? vlOD;a& trsm; wumhtrsm;pk}uD;rSm v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;wGifrSmom &SSd+rJ&Sdvsuf&Sdygonf? ‚if;. ausmf=um;vSonfh pmtkyf “±k&Sm;Y t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:wdk;wufr_” wGif vDeifu 1897 ckESpfoef;acgifpm&if;rS xif;&Sm;onfh udef;*%ef;rsm;udk azmfjy+yD;/ vlOD;a&pkpkaygif;. ajcmufyHk ig;ykHcef@onf v,f,mvkyfief;wGif yg0ifae+yD;/ ajcmufykHwykHomv#if t}uD;tao; pufr_vkyfief;/ukefoG,fa&;/ rD;&xm;vrf;ESifh a&vrf;vkyfief;rsm;/ wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;/ opfckwfvkyfief;rsm; tp&Sdonfwdk@wGif yg0ifaea=umif; jyqdkxm;onf//

Ttjcif;t&mu ±k&SSm;EkdifiHonf t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wkd;wufaeaomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;t& acwfaemufusaom v,f,mpdkufysKd;aomEdkifiH/ "e&SifaygufpEkdifiH jzpf+rJjzpfvsuf&Sdao;a=umif;jyovdkufayonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tao;pm;ydkifqdkifr_tay: tajccHonfh xGufE_ef;edrfhusonfh woD;yk*~vdu xGef,ufpdkufysKd;r_ qufvufxif&Sm;pGm&Sdaeonhf EdkifiH jzpf+rJjzpfvsuf±Sdonf//

t&if;&Sifpepfonf +rdK@rsm;wGifom jzpfay:wdk;wufaejcif; r[kwfyJ aus;vufa'orsm;rSmvnf; jzpfay:wdk;wufaeygonf? awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrD ±k&Sm;EdkifiH&Sd vlOD;a&trsm;qHk; vlwef;pm;jzpfonfh v,form;xkonf wjznf;jznf; +yKduGJtufuGJvmaeygonf? ykdrkdacsmifvnfonfh v,form;rsm;=um;rS aus;vuf"e&Sif/ ul;vwftxufv$mrsm; ay:xGufvmae+yD;/

* ¶k&Sm;YtokH;jyKaom tvsm; twdkif;txGm? ( 1 Amh'fpf ] 3200 ay) (bmomjyefol)


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±k&Sm;jynf&Sdd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf ckESpfq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;ESifh txl;ojzifh &Spfq,fpkESpfrsm; twGif;rSmyif pwifEkd;=um;vmcJh+yD;jzpfum t&if;&Sifrsm;udk pwifwdkufyGJ0ifvm=uygonf? Zmbk&ifpepf ±k&Sm;wGif tvkyform;trsm;tjym;onf tvGeftrif; cufcJusyfwnf;vsuf&Sdygonf? &Spfq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;u puf¶kHtvkyf¶Hkrsm;. tvkyfcsdefrSm 12 em&DcGJxufravsmhbJ/ txnftvdyf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif 14 rS 15 em &Dxd a&mufygonf?trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav; vkyftm;aoG;pkyfr_rsm;vnf; tESH@tjym;&Sdaeygonf? uav;rsm; onfvl}uD;rsm;ESifh tvkyfcsdefwlvkyf&aomfvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm;uJhodk@yif vkyfcaiG avsmh&=u onf?vkyftm;crsm;onf tqrwefedrfhusvSonf? tvkyform;trsm;pkonf wvwGif vkyfc ckESpfodk@r[kwf &Spf¶lb,fom&&Sd=uonf? owWKvkyfief;ESifh t&nf}udKpuf±Hkrsm;rS vc tjrifhqHk;&onfhtvkyform;rsm;onf wv ¶lb,fvf oHk;q,hfig;xuf rydkay? tvkyform; rsm; umuG,fa&;pnf;urf;Oya'rsm; bmr#r&SdbJ tvkyform; trsm;tjym;onf udk,f t*F gcsKd@,Gif;&jcif;/aoqHk;&jcif;rsm; &Sdygonf? tvkyform;rsm;twGuf tmrcHr_r&SdyJ aq;0g; ukor_tm;vHk;udkvnf;tcay;&ygonf? tdrf&mtqifhtwef;uawmh a=umufcref; vdvd jzpfygonf? puf¶Hkydkifwef;vsm;rsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;onf “tcef;i,f”av;rsm;xJwGif q,fa,mufrSq,fESpfa,muf txd ¹yGwfodyfaecJh&ygonf? puf¶Hkyd kif&Sifrsm;u tvkyf orm;rsm;.vcrsm;tay: r=umc% vdrfvnfnpfywf=u+yD;/ puf¶H kyd kif qdkifrS ukefypPnf;rsm; udkrwefwqaps;ESifh twif;tusyf 0,f,lckdif;+yD; '%faiGtrsKd;rsKd; wyf=uygonf?


tvkyform;rsm;onf wlnDonfh&yfwnfr_ pwifudkifpGJvm+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@. rcHr&yfEdkifzG,ftajctaersm;rS wkd;wufr_&a&;twGuf puf¶Hkydkif&Sifrsm;xHodk@ yl;wGJawmif;qdkcsufrsm; wifjyvmygonf? ‚if;wdk@onf tvkyfrvkyfbJ oydwfarSmufvm=uonf? ckESpfq,fESifh &Spfq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; ay:aygufcJhonfh tapmydkif; oydwfrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;. vkyfcrsm;tay: tqrwef'%fwyfr_rsm;/ vdrfvnfr_rsm;/ aiGnpfr_rsm;ESifh vkyfcrsm;udk av#m@csr_rsm;u v_H@aqmfay;vkdufjcif; jzpfygonf?

tapmydkif;oydwfrsm;wGif ar#mfvifhcsufuif;a0;um pdwfysufaeaom tvkyform;rsm;onf puf,E W&m;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypf+yD;/ puf¶Hkjywif;aygufrsm;udk±kdufcGJum puf¶Hkydkifaps;qkdifrsm;/puf¶Hk¶Hk;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypf=uygonf?

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1878 ckESpfwGif pdef‹yDwmpbwfY ¶k&Sm;ajrmufydkif; tvkyform;or*~udk wnfaxmif+yD;/vuform; umvf=uL;&if;(Khalturin) ESif h pufud&d,mwyfqifol atmhAfaemhpuD;(Obnorsky) wdk@u acgif;aqmifygonf? or*~. vkyfief;pOfwGif ‚if;wdk@. &nf&G,fcsufESifhOD;wnfcsufrsm;rSm taemufEdkifiHrsm;rS qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD tvkyform;ygwDrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh twlwljzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhygonf? or*~. aemufqHk;&nfrSef;csufrSm qdk±S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; “wnf&SdaeqJEdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk tvGeftrif;w&m;r#wr_ r&Sdonfhpepftjzpf wGef;vSef+zdKzsuf&ef” udko,faqmifvm&ef jzpfygonf? or*~udk wnfaxmifolwOD;jzpfol atmhAfaemhpuD; onf EdkifiHjcm;Y umvtcsKd@aecJh+yD;/ xdkumvtwGif; rmhufpf0g'D qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDrsm;ESifh rmhufpfudk,fwdkif !ïef=um;OD;aqmifcJhonfh yxr tifwmae&Sife,f. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifcJhygonf? Ttjzpftysufu ¶k&Sm; ajrmufydkif;tvkyform;or*~. vkyfief;pOftay: vuQ%mpGJxifapygonf? or*~. vwfwavm &nf&G,fcsufu vlxktwGuf EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sd&ef jzpfygonf? (vGwf vyfpGmajymqdkcGifh/ a&;om;cGifh/ pk¶Hk;cGifhæ pojzifh) vwfwavmawmif;qdkcsufrsm;xJwGif tvkyfcsdefav#mhcsa&;vnf; yg0ifonf?

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ESufaeygonf? ig;ESpfumv 1881-86 twGif; tvkyform; 80˜000 yg0ifonfh oydwf 48 ckay:xGufcJhygonf?

awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;twGif; xl;jcm;onfhjzpf&yf wckuawmh 1885 ck tdk&DcdkAdkZk&DAdk&SDrdk±dkaZmhAfpuf±HkrSm ay:aygufcJhonfh oydwf}uD; jzpfygonf?

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oydwfwkdufyGJukd vufeuftif;tm;rsm;jzifh acsr_ef;vkdufonf? tvkyform; ajcmuf&mausmf tzrf;cH&+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@xJrS trsm;tjym; tr_pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif; cH&onf?

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wwd,-wwd,-wwd,-wwd,-wwd,-vlom;ordkif; wckvHk;tay: ema&m'fepfrsm;. tjrifonf rSm;,Gif;+yD; tE W&m,f}uD;vSonf? ‚if;wdk@onf vltzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ w&m;Oya'udk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;r&Sdacs? TrSmzufwGif ‚if;wdk@onf tawmftwef aemufusvsuf&Sdonf? ‚if;wdk@tqdkt& ordkif;udk vlwef;pm;rsm;u odk@r[kwf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;u zefwD;jcif;r[kwfbJ xif&Sm;onfhvlyk*~dKvf “ol&Jaumif;rsm;” uomzefwD;jcif;jzpfonf? vlxkrsm;“vltkyf”rsm;/ jynfolrsm;/ vlwef;pm;rsm;u/ ‚if;ol&Jaumif;rsm;aemufrS rsufuef;ozG,fvdkufygvmonf?

ema&m'fepfrsm;udk wdkufcdkufzGifhcs&ef yvufuaemhAfonf rmhufpf0g' aqmif;yg;tcsKd@udka&;om;cJh+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@onf ±k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'Drsm; arG;jrLa&;ESifh ynmay;a&;wdk@wGif taxmuftul jyKcJhygonf? “qkd&S,fvpfESifh EkdifiHa&;wdkufyGJ”/ “u|[email protected];em;r_rsm;”/ “ordkif;tay:w,loef (monistic) tjrif. jzpfay:wdk;wufvmyHk”pwJh ‚if;. aqmif;yg;rsm;onf ±k&Sm;Yrmhufpf0g' atmifyGJtwGuf vrf;&Sif;ay;vdkufonf?

‚if;.aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif yvufuaemhAfonf rmhufpf0g'. tajccHrlrsm;udk tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;jyyg onf? txl;ta&;}uD;onfh aqmif;yg;rSm 1895 rSmyHkESdyfxkwfa0onfh “ordkif;tay:w,loeftjrif. jzpfay:wdk;wufvmyHk” jzpfygonf? vDeifu Tpmtkyfonf “±k&Sm; rmhufpf0g'D rsKd;qufwckvHk;udk arG;jrL” ay;vdkufonf[k qdkcJhonf? (vDeif-usrf;aygif;pHk/ twGJ 14/ESm- 347)(vDeif-usrf;aygif;pHk/ twGJ 14/ESm- 347)(vDeif-usrf;aygif;pHk/ twGJ 14/ESm- 347)(vDeif-usrf;aygif;pHk/ twGJ 14/ESm- 347)(vDeif-usrf;aygif;pHk/ twGJ 14/ESm- 347)

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awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. wm0efrSm ±k&Sm;Y t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufvmr_udkwm;qD;&ef r[kwfyg? rnfonfhenf;ESifhr#vnf; wm;qD;Ekdifrnfr[kwfyg? ‚if;wdk@. wm0efrSmt&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_a=umifh ay:aygufvmonfh tiftm;awmifhwif;aom awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pk jzpfonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;wdk@tay: axmufcHcsufudk tmrcH&ef/ ‚if;[email protected];pm; todEkd;=um;r_udk jzpfay:wdk;wufap&ef/ ‚if;wdk@udk pnf;±Hk;&efESifh ‚if;wdk@ udk,fydkiftvkyform;vlwef;pm;ygwD xlaxmifa&;udk ulnD&efjzpfygonf?

ema&m'fepfrsm;. 'kwd, t"dutrSm;jzpfonfh awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJtwGif; ypPnf; rJhrsm;.wyfOD;tcef;tay: jiif;qdkr_udkvnf; yvufuaemhAfu acsr_ef;ypfvdkufygonf? ema&m'f epfrsm;u±k&Sm;Y ypPnf;rJhrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;onf obm0twGif; “ordkif;qdkif&muH=urRmqdk;” wck[k&_jrif+yD;/ “ypPnf;rJh&jcif;. temtqmrsm;” pwmawGudk ajymqdk =uygonf? rmufhpf0g'oif=um;csufrsm;udk ckcHumuG,f&if; yvufuaemhAfu ‚if;wdk@onf ±k&Sm;wGif tjynfht0tokH;csEkdifa=umif;/ ta&twGuft& v,form;xku rsm;jym;+yD;/ ypPnf;rJhu E_dif;,SOfcsuft&enf;aomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tzdk@ ‚if;wdk@. t"duar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. }uD;xGm;r_tay: tajccHoifha=umif; jyocJhygonf?

tb,fa=umifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;tay: tajccH&rnfenf;?tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf ta&twGuft& enf;yg;vsuf±Sdaeao;aomf

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v,form;xkrSmrl jcm;em; csufrsm;&Sdygonf?v,form;xk11111onf ta&twGuft& tiftm;±Sdaomfvnf;/ acwfaemuftusqHk;

pD;yGm;a&;o¿mefjzpfonfh tao;pm;xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh qufpyfaeonfh vkyftm;xkwf&onfhvlwef;pm;jzpf+yD;/ xdk@twGufa=umifhyJ ‚if;wGif }uD;jrwfonfh tem*wf&Sdraeyg?

vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf }uD;xGm;zkd‹rqdkxm;ESifh v,form;xkrSm "e&Sif (ul;vwfrsm;)ESifhqif;&Jv,form; (ypPnf;rJhESifh ypPnf;rJhwydkif;) rsm;tjzpf ydkIydkI uGJjym;vmonf? ‚if;tjyifjyef@usJpGm aexdkif=uonfhtwGuf ypPnf;rJhrsm;uJhodk@ pnf;±kH;zGJ@pnf;r_udk tvG,fwul emcHEkdifjcif;

1? qdkvdkonfrSm rdrdwdk@wOD;csif;twGuf tvkyfvkyfonfh wOD;csif; v,form;rsm;udkqdkvdkonf?


r&SdbJ tao;pm;ydkifqdkifolav;rsm; yg0ifaeonfhtwGuf ypPnf;rJhrsm;uJhodk@ awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; tvG,fwulyg0ifEkdifjcif;r&Sdacs?

ema&m'fepfrsm;u ±k&Sm;jynfwGif qdk±S,fvpfpepfudk ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfu azmfaqmifay;rSm r[kwfbJ/ ‚if;wdk@u qdk±S,fvpfpepf. oaE<om;ESifh tajccH[k owfrSwfxm;onfhv,form;bHktzGJ@rsm;u o,faqmifay;rSmjzpfa=umif; tcdkiftrmajymqdkae=uygonf? odk@aomfbH ktzG J @rsm;onf qd k& S,fvpfpepf. oaE<om; od k @r[kwf tajccHvnf; r[kwfbJ/jzpfvnf;rjzpfEkdifyg? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf bHktzGJ@rsm;wGif v$rf;rdk;aeolrsm;rSm/ qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;/ v,f,mvkyfom;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&csKd@wJhonfh tv,ftvwf v,form;rsm;tay: aoG;pkyfaeonfh ul;vwfrsm; jzpfaejcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? ajr,mbHktzGJ@ydkifqdkifr_w&m;0ifwnf&Sdr_ESifh v,form;tdrfaxmifpk wpkpD. vlOD;a&ESifhtnD umvtvdkuf ajr,mrsm;udk jyefvnfcGJjcrf;ay;r_wdk@onf tajctaersm;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# ajymif;vJEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg?bHktzGJ@0ifrsm;xJrSm 0efwifEGm;/ v,fvkyfud&d,mESifh rsKd;&Sdolrsm;/ ‚if;wdk@rSm csrf;omtvwfwef;pm; v,form;ESifh ul;vwfrsm;u v,fvkyf=uygonf? jrif;r&SSdonfhv,form;rsm;/qif;&Jv,form;ESifh a,bk,s v,form;uav;rsm;rSm ‚if;[email protected] ul;vwfrsm;xH tyfay;&+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk,f‚if;wdk@ v,f,mvkyfom;tjzpf ol&if;iSm; vkyf=u&onf? wu,fawmhv,form;bHktzGJ@rSm ul;vwfrsm;. vGrf;rdk;r_udk rsufESmzHk;pGyfay;onfh tqifajy enf;vrf;w&yfjzpf+yD;/ pkaygif;wm0ef,lr_tay: tajccHonfh v,form;tay: tcGefaumuf cH&eftwGufZmbk&iftpdk;&vufwGif;&Sd tukeftusenf;yg;vSonfh ud&d,mwckom jzpfayonf? xdk@a=umifhZmbk&ifpepfu v,form;bHktzGJ@udk wnf&SdcGifhjyKjcif; jzpfygonf? TuJhodk@aom vuQ%m&Sdonfh bHktzGJ@udk qdk±S,fvpfpepf.oaE<om; odk@r[kwf tajccH[kowfrSwfonfrSm t"d ym,fuif;rJhvSacsonf?

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qHk;jzwfa=umif;jyqdkvdkufygonf? tawG;tac:rsm;u vlom;rsm;. vlr_a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; tqifhtwef;udk qHk;jzwfay;jcif;r[kwfbJ vlom;rsm;. vlr_a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tqifhtwef;u ‚if;[email protected]/ tawG;tac:rsm; jyÏmef;jcif;jzpfayonf? xif&Sm;onfhvlyk*~Kdvfrsm;. tawG;tac:ESifhpdwfqENrsm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh a±S@wef;ta&mufqkH; vlwef;pm;rsm;.vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifh zDvmqef‹usifjzpfvmygu ‚if;wdk@onf tnw&rsm;jzpfoGm;&+yD;/ ajymif;jyefyif ‚if;wdk@. pdwfqENESifh tawG; tac:rsm;onf vltzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_.vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk; vlwef;pm;rsm;. vdktyfcsufrsm;udk rSefuefpGm azmfjyEkdifygu ‚if;wdk@onf wu,fyJ xif&Sm;onfhyk*~Kdvfrsm; jzpfvmayrnf?

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“ema&m'fem&maAmfv&m”ygwDudk zdESdyfvdkuf+yD;wmESifh ema&m'fepftrsm;pkonf Zm bk&iftpdk;&udk qef@usifonfh awmfvSefa&;wdkufyJGrsm;udk pGef@v$wfvdkuf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@ESifh aphpyf oabmwlnDr_&,lonfhay:vpDudk pwifa[majymvmygawmhonf? &Spfq,fpkESpfESifh udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif ema&m'fepfrsm;onf ul;vwfwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk pwifazmfjyvmygawmhonf?

“vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;”tzGJ@onf ±k&Sm;qkd±S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;twGuf vrf;pOfrl=urf;ESpf}udrf a&;qGJcJhygonf? (1884-ckESpfwGif w}udrf/ 1887 ckESpfwGifwpf}udrf) TonfrSm ±k&Sm;Yrmhufpf0g' qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD wnfaxmifa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;onfh jyifqifa&;ajcvSrf;w&yf jzpfcJhygonf?


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“u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHwGif "e&SifESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;rSty/ twdkuftcH okd@r[kwf awmfvSefa&;aygif;pnf;r_rsm;u axmufcHr_&&SdEkdifonfh rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;tiftm;udkr# u|efawmfwdk@rawG@rjrifrod&S dyg?” (((((yvufuaemhAfusrf;/ ±k&Sm;bmomxkwfa0jcif;/ twGJ 3/ ESmyvufuaemhAfusrf;/ ±k&Sm;bmomxkwfa0jcif;/ twGJ 3/ ESmyvufuaemhAfusrf;/ ±k&Sm;bmomxkwfa0jcif;/ twGJ 3/ ESmyvufuaemhAfusrf;/ ±k&Sm;bmomxkwfa0jcif;/ twGJ 3/ ESmyvufuaemhAfusrf;/ ±k&Sm;bmomxkwfa0jcif;/ twGJ 3/ ESm 119119119119119))))) [ka&;om;xm;ygonf?

TrSm;,Gif;onfh tjrifrsm;onf yvufuaemhAf. tem*wftjrifrsm;. ADZrsKd;aphrsm;jzpfcJhygonf?

“vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;”tzGJ@onfvnf;aumif;/ xdkumv. rmhufpf0g'tpkrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vufawG@t& qufpyfr_rsm; r&SdcJhao;yg?±k&Sm;Y TumvtwGif;wGif rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;/ rmhufpf0g' tawG;tac:ESifh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDvrf;pOfay:vpDrsm; pwifay:ayguf+yD; ajcukyf&,lcgpumvjzpfygonf? 1884-94t=um; q,fpkESpftwGif; qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rSm oD;jcm;tpktzGJ@rsm;o¿mefESifhom&Sdaeao;+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vHk;0qufpyfr_r&SSdjcif; odk@r[kwf qufpyfr_tenf;tusOf;±Sdjcif;om jzpfygonf? rarG;zGm;ao;aomfvnf; rdcif.0rf;wGif;wGif jzpfay:wdk;wuf &ifhrmvmaeaom uav;i,fuJhodk@ qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_onf vDeifa&;ouJhokd@“oaE<om; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_jzpfpOf” wGifwnf&Sdaeygonf?

vDeifu “vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;” tzGJ@onf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_. oabmw&m;a&;tajccHudkom csay;cJh+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_odk@ yxrajcvSrf;pwif vdkufonf” [kqdkonf?

rmhufpf0g'ESifh ±k&Sm;&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_aygif;pyfay;a&;ESifh “vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;” tzGJ@. trSm;rsm;udk jyif&efwm0efrSm vDeiftay:odk@ usa&mufvmyg awmhonf?


3? vDeif. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; pwifvmjcif;? pdefyDwmpbwftzGJ@csKyf. tvkyform;3? vDeif. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; pwifvmjcif;? pdefyDwmpbwftzGJ@csKyf. tvkyform;3? vDeif. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; pwifvmjcif;? pdefyDwmpbwftzGJ@csKyf. tvkyform;3? vDeif. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; pwifvmjcif;? pdefyDwmpbwftzGJ@csKyf. tvkyform;3? vDeif. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; pwifvmjcif;? pdefyDwmpbwftzGJ@csKyf. tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJvlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJvlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJvlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJvlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ

abmf&SDApf0g'udk wnfaxmifol Avm'Drm tDvD,uf tlvf&maemhAf (vDeif) Vladimir

Ilyich Ullynov (Lenin) udk 1870 ckwGif pifrfbufpf+rdK@ (,ck tlvf&maemhAfpuD;) wGifarG;zGm;cJhonf? vDeifonf 1887 ckESpfwGif umZefwuUodkvfodk@ 0ifa&mufcJhaomfvnf; r=umrDrSmyif awmfvSefonfh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifr_a=umifh tzrf;cH&+yD;/ ausmif;rSxkwfjcif;cHvkduf&ygonf? umZefY&SdpOf vDeifonf zD'dkpD,ufAf (Fedoseyev) qdkolxlaxmifonfh rmhufpf0g' tpkwGif yg0ifcJhonf? r=umrDrSmyif vDeifonf qmrm&modk@ ajymif;a&$@+yD;/r=umcifrSmyif xdk+rKd@. yxrqHk;aom rmhufpf0g'tpkudk vDeifA[dkjyKI wnfaxmifvdkufyg onf?xdktcsdefrsm;uwnf;uyif vDeif. rmhufpf0g'tay: aocsmuse jynfhpHkpGmod&Sd em; vnfr_udkvlwdkif;u tH@tm;oifhcJh=u&ayonf?

1893 ckESpftukefydkif;wGif vDeifonf pdef‹yDwmpbwfodk@ ajymif;a&$@cJhonf? ‚if;+rdK@±Sdrmhufpf0g' tpkrsm;twGif; vDeif. yxrqHk;aom ajymqdkcsufrsm;onf ‚if;tzGJ@0ifrsm;twGif;euf¶_dif;pGm pGJ+idapcJhygonf? ‚if;. rmhufpf0g'tay: xl;jcm;av;eufonfh todtjrif/ ±k&Sm;&Sdxdktcsdefu pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;tajctaeESifh rmhufpf0g'vufawG@ aygif;pyfEkdifonfh ‚if;.t&nftcsif;/ tvkyform;ta&;awmfyHk atmifyJGtay: ‚if;. xufoefwufºuG+yD; r,drf;,dkifonfh ,Hk=unfr_ESifh pnf;±Hk;vH_@aqmfoltjzpf xl;c|efvSonfh ‚if;. t&nftcsif;wdk@u vDeifudkpdef@yDwmpbwf/ rmhufpf0g'Drsm;t=um; todtrSwfjyKcH&onfh acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfvmapygonf?

vDeifonf tpkrsm;wGif oloifwef;ay;cJhaom EdkifiHa&;t& a&S@wef;a&mufonfh tvkyform;rsm;. aEG;axG;pGm cspfcifav;pm;jcif;cH&onf?

tvkyform;trsm;pktwGif; vDeifoifwef;ay;pOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefvnfajymjy&mwGif tvkyform; bmbl&Suif (Babushkin) u “u|efawmfwdk@. oifwef;rsm;onftvGeftouf0if pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfonf// u|efawmfwdk@onf Ta[majymcsufrsm;udk tvGefauseyftm;&cJ h=u+yD; u|efawmfwdk@. oifwef;yd k @csol. ^m%fynmtay: t+rJrjywfthH=o=unfndKcsD;rGrf;&ygonf” [kajym=um;cJhygonf?

1895 wGif vDeifonf pdefyDwmpbwf&Sd rmufhpf0g'D vkyfom;tpkrsm;tm;vHk; (tpkESpfq,fcef@&Sdaeyg+yD) udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtzJG@csKyfwckwnf;tjzpfpnf;±Hk;zJG@pnf;vdkufonf? olonf TuJhodk@aomenf;jzifh awmfvSefwJh rmufhpf0g'vkyform; ygwDxlaxmifa&;vrf;udk jyifqifay;vdkufonf?

vDeifu tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ydkrdkeD;pyfpGm aygif;pyfa&;udk wnfaqmufa&;ESifh ‚if;udk EdkifiHa&;t& acgif;aqmifr_ay;a&; wm0efudk wdkufyJGtzJG@csKyftay: csxm;ay;vdkufygonf? vDeifu 0g'jzef@csda&;tpkrsm;wGif pka0;aeaomEdkifiHa&;t& a&S@wef;a&muf


onfh tvkyform;tenf;i,ft=um; rmufhpf0g'udk 0g'jzef@csdae&mrS }uD;rm;us,fjyef@vS aomtvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGif; ae@pOfay:aygufaeaom jy\emrsm;tay: Ed kifiHa&;v_H‹aqmfay;&ef wdkufwGef;vdkufygonf? Todk@ vlxkv_H‹aqmfa&;odk@ vSnfhajymif;vdkuf jcif;onf±k&Sm;Y tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufjzpfay:wdk;wufvmr_twGuf av;euf onfhta&;}uD;r_jzpfygonf? udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;onf pufr_vkyfief;rsm; t}uD;tus,f zHG@òzd;aomumv jzpfonf?tvkyform;OD;a&rSm wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_onf tiftm;awmifhwif;aeygonf? 1895-99 ckepfumvtwGif; rjynfhpHkaom pm&if;Z,m;rsm; t&/oydwfrsm;twGif;yg0ifonfh tvkyform;OD;a&rSm 221˜000 jzpfygonf? tvkyform; vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_onf wdkif;jynf. EkdifiHa&;b0wGif ta&;}uD;aom tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvmygonf? tjzpftysufrsm;. jzpfpOfu rmufhpf0g'Drsm;u ema&m'fepfrsm;ESifh qef@usif+yD;/ ckcHumuG,fudkifpJGcJhonfhtjrifjzpfonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGifacgif;aqmifr_tcef;rS yg0ifonf qdkonfhtjrifudk cdkifrmrSefuefa=umif; jyovsuf&Sdaeygonf?

vDeif. vrf;!ïefr_atmufwGif tvkyform; vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyJG tzJG@csKyfonf tvkyform;rsm;. vkyfief;cGiftajctae wdk;wufaumifrGefa&;/ tvkyfcsdefav#m@a&;ESifhvpmwdk;jr‡ifha&;ponfh pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkr_wdkufyJGrsm;udk Zmbk&ifpepfudk qef@usifonfh EkdifiHa&;wdkufyJGESifh qufpyfay;cJhonf? wkdufyJGtzJG@csKyfonf tvkyform;rsm;udk EkdifiHa&;ynmay;cJhonf?

vDeif. vrf;!ïefr_atmufwGif pdef‹yDwmpbwf tvkyform; vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG@csKyfonf ±k&Sm;wGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_udk aygif;pnf;pk±kH;ay;onfhyxrqHk;aom tzJG@pnf;w&yfjzpfygonf// wcsKd@puf±HkwGif oydwfwdkufyGJ ay:aygufvmonfESifhwdkufyJGtzJG@csKyfonf ‚if;.tzJG@0ifrsm;rSwqifh tvkyform;rsm;twGif;u jy\emrsm;udkaoaocsmcsma=unm+yD;/ vufurf;pmapmifrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfa=unmcsufrsm; tvsiftjrefxkwfjyefjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmif=uygonf?

Tpmapmifrsm;u puf±Hkydkif&Sifrsm;. tvkyform;rsm;tay: zdESdyfr_udk azmfxkwfzGifhcs+yD;/tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tb,fuJhodk@ wdkufyGJ0ifoifhonf/ tvkyform;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk b,fvdkwifjyoifhonfqdkonfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;ygonf?pmapmifrsm;u t&if;&Sifpepf. temtqmrsm; tvkyform;rsm;. qif;&J'kuQ/ ‚if;wdk@. onf;rcHEdkifavmufatmif jyif;xefvSonfh tvkyfcsdef 12 em&D/ 14-em&D ‚if;wdk@. tcGifhta&; vkH;0rJhaer_rsm;ponfh trSefw&m;rsm;udk azmfxkwfajym=um;ygonf? ‚if;wdk@u oifhawmfonfh EdkifiHa&;awmif;qdkr_rsm;vnf; wifjyxm;ygonf? 1894 ckESpftukefwGif vDeifonf tvkyform; bmbl&Sfuif. yl;wGJaqmif&Gufr_jzifh TuJhodk@aom v_H‹aqmfonfh pmwrf;wapmif yxrqkH;a&;om;+yD;/pdef@yDwmpbwf&Sd pdrfh,ifeDawmhAfvkyfief;wGif; oydwfarSmufaeonfh tvkyform;rsm;xH arwWm&yfcHcsufykd‹ay;cJhygonf? 1895 ckESpf aqmif;OD;wGif vDeifonf bGefwefpuf±Hk&Sd oydwfarSmuftrsKd;


om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf pmwrf;wapmifa&;om;cJhonf? Tpuf±Hkrsm; ukd t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;ydkifqdkif=u+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@rSm oef;ESifhcsDaom tjrwfrsm; &&Sdaeygonf? Tpuf&kH rsm;wGif tvkyfcsdefrSm14 em&Dausmf+yD;/ &ufuef;orm;wOD;. vpmrSm wvwGif ckESpf±lb,fomjzpfygonf? Ttvkyform;rsm;u oydwfwGiftEkdif&cJhygonf? wdkufyGJtzG@JcsLyfonf umvwdktwGif; TuJhodk@aompmapmifrsm;ESifh arwWm&yfcHcsuf trsm;tjym;yHkESdyf+yD;/ puf±HktrsKd;rsKd;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;xH ay;ydk@cJhonf? pmapmifwdkif;u tvkyform;rsm;. pdwf"mwfukd rsm;pGm cdkifrmwdk;wuf awmifhwif;apcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@u qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@udk ulnD umuG,fay;aea=umif; jrifvm=uonf?

1896 ckESpf aEG&moDwGif t0wftxnfpuf&kH vkyfom; 30˜000 yg0ifonfh oydwfonfwdkufyGJtzGJ@csKyf acgif;aqmifr_jzifh pdef‹yDwmpbwfwGif ay:aygufcJhonf? t"duawmif;qdkcsufrSmtvkyfcsdefav#mha&;jzpfonf? Toydwfu Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk 1897 ck ZGef 27 &ufae@wGif tvkyfcsdef 11 em&DcGJ owfrSwfonfh Oya'xkwfjyef&ef twif;wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? ,cifu tvkyfcsdefudkrnfonfhenf;r# uef@owfjcif;r±Sdacs?

1895 ckESpf 'DZifbmwGif vDeifudk Zmbk&iftpdk;&u zrf;qD;vkdufonf? axmifxJ ae&pOfrSmyif vDeifonf ol. awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;udk &yfem;jcif;rjyKcJhacs? olonf wdkufyGJtzGJ@ csKyfudkt}uH^m%frsm;/ !ïef=um;csufrsm;ESifh ulnDcJh+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@twGuf pmapmif/ pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf? xdkae&mrS olonf “oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;” [kacgif;pOfwyfxm;onfh pmtkyfi,f wtkyfa&;om;+yD; “Zmbk&iftpdk;&odk@” qdkonfh &ufpufonfh tm%m&Sifpepfqdk;udk zGifhcsonfh pmwrf;wapmif a&;om;cJhonf? xdktxJwGifvnf; vDeifonf ygwDw&yf.vrf;pOfudk a&;qGJcJhonf?(olonf EGm;Edk@udk rjrifEkdifonfhriftjzpf toHk;jyK+yD; aq;pmwtkyf. pma=umif; rsm;t=um;wGifa&;om;cJhonf?)

pdef‹yDwmpbwf wdkufyGJtzGJ@csKyfonf ±k&Sm;. wjcm;+rKd@rsm;ESifha'orsm;&Sd tvkyform;tpkrsm;udk TuJhodk@aom tzGJ@csKyftjzpf pkpnf;vmap&ef tiftm;}uD;rm;pGm *,uf±kdufvdkufygonf? udk;q,fpkESpfrsm; tv,fwGif x&ef@aumhau;&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'DtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ay:aygufvmygonf? 1894 wGif armfpudkY tvkyform;or*~ wnfaxmifvkdufonf? udk;q,fpkESpfukefydkif;Y qdkufab;&D;,m;wGif qdk±S,f'Drdku&ufwpfor*~ wnfaxmifvkdufonf? udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; tdkufAifEkdAdk/ aAmfpfeifpifpuD;/ &m±kdpavmhAfESifh aumhpwdkrmY rmhufpf0g'D tkyfpkrsm;ay:xGufvm+yD;/ r=umrDtwGif; qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD. ajrmufydkif;or*~tjzpf yl;aygif;oGm;=uonf? udk;q,fpkESpf. 'kwd,w0ufumvwGif a&mhpfawmhAf-tGef-'Gef/ tDau wm&DEdkpvAf/udAf/ eDudkvm&ufAf/ wl;v/ qmrm&m/ umZef/ tdk&ufudkAdk-Zl&DAdkESifh wjcm;+rdK@ rsm;wGif qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpftkyfpkrsm;ESifh or*~rsm;ay:xGufvmygonf?

pdef‹yDwmpbwfwdkufyGJtzGJ@csKyf. ta&;ygr_rSm vDeifajymwJhtwdkif; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_. axmufcHr_udk&onfh awmfvSefonfhygwD. yxrppfrSefaom tajccHjzpfonfhtcsufyifjzpfygonf?


vDeifonf ol. aemufwqifhvkyfief;jzpfaom ±k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g' qdk&S,f-'Drdku&uf wpfygwD xlaxmifa&;twGuf pdefyDwmpbwfwdkufyGJtzGJ@csKyfrS awmfvSefa&;tawG@t}uKHrsm;udk ed*Hk;csKyfcJhygonf?

vDeifESifh ‚if;.eD;pyfaom taygif;tazmfrsm; tzrf;cH&+yD;aemuf pdef@yDwmpbwf wdkufyJGtzGJ‹csKyfacgif;aqmifr_twGif; tawmftoifh ajymif;vJoGm;onf? ‚if;wdk@udk,f ‚if;wdk@ “vli,frsm;” [kac:qdk+yD;/ vDeifESifh ‚if;taygif;tazmfrsm;udk “vla[mif;rsm;” [kac:qdkaom vlopfrsm;ay:xGufvmonf? Tolrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;onfh EkdifiHa&;vrf;rsm;udk vdkufcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@u tvkyform;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@. tvkyf&Sifrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJqifE$J&efom v_H‹aqmfay;oifh+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;wdkufyJGrSm vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;. ta&;udpPomjzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;wdkufyJG. acgif;aqmifr_udk xkd"e&Sifrsm;uom ,loifhonf[k a=unmcJh=uonf?

Tolrsm;udk “pD;yGm;a&;0g'D” rsm;[k ac:qdkvm=uonf?‚if;wdk@onf ±k&Sm;&Sd rmhufpf0g' tzJG@tpnf;rsm;twGif; yxrqHk;ay:aygufcJhonfh aphpyf

tav#mhay;a&;orm;rsm;ESifh tacsmiform;tkyfpkrsm; jzpf=uonf?

4? ema&m'fepf0g'tm; qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh vDeif.wdkufyJGJESifh “w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'”/4? ema&m'fepf0g'tm; qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh vDeif.wdkufyJGJESifh “w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'”/4? ema&m'fepf0g'tm; qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh vDeif.wdkufyJGJESifh “w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'”/4? ema&m'fepf0g'tm; qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh vDeif.wdkufyJGJESifh “w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'”/4? ema&m'fepf0g'tm; qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh vDeif.wdkufyJGJESifh “w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'”/vDeif. tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xk r[mrdwfzJG@a&;tawG;tac:/ ±k&Sm;qdk&S,f-vDeif. tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xk r[mrdwfzJG@a&;tawG;tac:/ ±k&Sm;qdk&S,f-vDeif. tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xk r[mrdwfzJG@a&;tawG;tac:/ ±k&Sm;qdk&S,f-vDeif. tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xk r[mrdwfzJG@a&;tawG;tac:/ ±k&Sm;qdk&S,f-vDeif. tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xk r[mrdwfzJG@a&;tawG;tac:/ ±k&Sm;qdk&S,f-'Drdku&uftvkyform;ygwD. yxrt}udrfuGef*&uf?'Drdku&uftvkyform;ygwD. yxrt}udrfuGef*&uf?'Drdku&uftvkyform;ygwD. yxrt}udrfuGef*&uf?'Drdku&uftvkyform;ygwD. yxrt}udrfuGef*&uf?'Drdku&uftvkyform;ygwD. yxrt}udrfuGef*&uf?

&Spfq,fpkESpfrsm; twGif;uyifv#if yvufuaemhAfonf ema&m'fepftjrifpepfrsm;udkt"du xkd;ESufwdkufzsufcJhaomfvnf; udk;q,fpkESpftpykdif;rsm;txd ema&m'fepftjrifrsm;udkawmfvSefonfh vli,ftcsKd@ t0ef;t0dkif;u pmemaxmufcHvsuf &Sdaeygao;onf? wcsKd@qdkv#if±k&Sm;onf t&if;&Sifwdk;wufr_vrf;udk a&Smif&Sm;+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;. t"dutcef;udk OD;aqmifrnfholrSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm; r[kwfbJ v,form;xkom jzpfa=umif; qdkonfhtjrifudkqufvufpGJudkifxm;ygonf? usef&Sdaeao;onfh ema&m'fepfrsm;uvnf; ±k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'jyef@yGm;r_udk tpGrf;ukefwm;qD;cJh+yD;/ rmhufpf0g'Drsm;ESifh wdkufyJG0ifum enf;aygif;pHkoHk;+yD; }udK;pm;tm;xkwfum *k%foduQmusqif;atmif vkyfaqmifae=uonf? rmhufpf0g' qufvufjyef@yGm;&efESifh qdk±S,f-'Drdku&ufwpfygwD wnfaxmifa&;udk tmrcHzdk@qdkv#if ema&m'fepf0g'udktawG;tac:t& tukeftpif acsr_ef;ypf&ayvdrfhrnf?

Twm0efudk vDeifu xrf;aqmifcJhygonf?“jynfolrsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;” qdkolrsm;rSm tb,fenf;ESifh ‚if;wkd@u qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf

rsm;udk rnfuJhodk wdkufcdkufcJhonf/ (1894) qdkonfh ‚if;.pmtkyfwGif vDeifu ema&m'fepf rsm;.wu,fhvuQ%mudk aocsmusepGm azmfxkwfzGifhcs+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@onf wu,fawmh jynfol rsm;udkqef@usifonfh “jynfolrsm;. rdwfaqG” twkta,mifrsm;jzpfa=umif; jyocJhonf?


t&if;cHtm;jzifh udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;u ema&m'fepfrsm;onf Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk qef@usifonfh awmfvSefa&;wdkufyJGtm;vHk;udk pGef@v$wfvdkufonfrSm =umcJhay+yD? vpfb&,f ema&m'fepfrsm;u Zmbk&ifESifh aphpyfajy+idrf;a&;udk a[majymaecJh=uonf? xdkumvu ema&m'fepfrsm;udk&nfpl;+yD;/ vDeifa&;om;cJhonfrSm “olwdk@u 'Dtpdk;&udk aumif;aumif; rGefrGefESdrfhESdrfhcscsESifhawmif;yefajymqdk±HkESifh t&m&mwdkif;[m tqifajyoGm;Ekdifr,fvdk@xifcJh=u onf?” (vDeifa&;(vDeifa&;(vDeifa&;(vDeifa&;(vDeifa&;“jynfolrsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;”qkdolrSmtb,fenf;ESif h ‚if;wd k @u qdk±S,f'Drd ku&uf rsm;ud k rnfuJhod k @“jynfolrsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;”qkdolrSmtb,fenf;ESif h ‚if;wd k @u qdk±S,f'Drd ku&uf rsm;ud k rnfuJhod k @“jynfolrsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;”qkdolrSmtb,fenf;ESif h ‚if;wd k @u qdk±S,f'Drd ku&uf rsm;ud k rnfuJhod k @“jynfolrsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;”qkdolrSmtb,fenf;ESif h ‚if;wd k @u qdk±S,f'Drd ku&uf rsm;ud k rnfuJhod k @“jynfolrsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;”qkdolrSmtb,fenf;ESif h ‚if;wd k @u qdk±S,f'Drd ku&uf rsm;ud k rnfuJhod k @wdkufcdkufcJhonf? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk / 1946 / ESm-157? )wdkufcdkufcJhonf? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk / 1946 / ESm-157? )wdkufcdkufcJhonf? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk / 1946 / ESm-157? )wdkufcdkufcJhonf? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk / 1946 / ESm-157? )wdkufcdkufcJhonf? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk / 1946 / ESm-157? )

udk;q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;u ema&m'fepfrsm;onf qif;&Jv,form;rsm;. tajctaersm;udkvnf;aumif;/ aus;vuf&Sdvlwef;pm;wkdufyGJudkvnf;aumif;/ qif;&Jv,form;rsm; tay:ul;vwfrsm;. aoG;pkyfr_udkvnf;aumif;/ rjrifuG,f&mjyKum ul;vwfpdkufysKd;a&;jzpfay:wkd;wufr_udk csD;rGrf;axmremjyKae=uygonf? trSeftm;jzifhawmh ‚if;wkd@onf ul;vwfwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk azmfxkwfaejcif;omjzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ema&m'fepfrsm;u ‚if;[email protected] rmhufpf0g'Drsm;udk a*smufwGef;vsuf±Sdonf? ‚if;wkd@onf ±k&Sm; rmhufpf0g'Drsm;.tjrifrsm;udk wrifoufoufyHkyef;zsufum txifrSm;rsm;jzpfatmifvkyf+yD;/ rmhufpf0g'Dqdkolrsm;rSm aus;vufa'orsm;udk zsufqD;csif+yD; “v,form;wdkif;udk puf±Hkt&nfusKdtdk;xJxnfh”csifae=uw,fvkd@ pGyfpGJajymqdkae=uygonf// vDeifu ema&m'fepfrsm;. a0zefcsuf trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udk zGifhcs+yD;/ ±k&Sm;Y t&if;&Sifpepf trSefppfppf jzpfay:wkd;wufaer_rSm rmhufpf0g'Drsm;. “pdwfqENESifh roufqdkifbJ/ wu,hfjzpf&yfrSefjzpf+yD;/ Tjzpfay:wkd;wufr_rSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;}uD;xGm;vmr_ESifh rv$Jra&Smif wJGzufjzpfay:vmr_ygaea=umif; axmufjycJhygonf? ‚if;tjyifypPnf;rJhrsm;onf t&if;&Sifpepfudk ajrjr‡Kyfo+*FKd[frnfholrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf?

vDeifu jynfolrsm;. rdwfaqGppfrSm ema&m'fepfr[kwfbJ rmhufpf0g'Drsm;omjzpf+yD;/ Zmbk&ifpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;/ t&if;&SifESifh ajr&Sifxrf;ydk;udk z,f&Sm;csifonfholrsm;rSm rmhufpf0g'Drsm;omjzpfa=umif; xkwfazmfajym=um;cJhygonf//

‚if;.pmtkyf “jynfolrsm;.rdwfaqGrsm;” qdkolrsm;rSm tb,fenf;“jynfolrsm;.rdwfaqGrsm;” qdkolrsm;rSm tb,fenf;“jynfolrsm;.rdwfaqGrsm;” qdkolrsm;rSm tb,fenf;“jynfolrsm;.rdwfaqGrsm;” qdkolrsm;rSm tb,fenf;“jynfolrsm;.rdwfaqGrsm;” qdkolrsm;rSm tb,fenf; wGif vDeifu Zmbk&ifpepf/ ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh "e&Sifrsm;udk acsr_ef;&mwGif tvkyform;/ v,form;/ awmfvSefa&;r[mrdwfjyKjcif;udk t"duenf;em tjzpfxm;&ef t}uH m%fudk yxrOD;qHk; t}udrftjzpf wifjyvdkufygonf?

TumvtwGif;u ‚if;.a&;om;csuftcsKd@Y vDeifu ema&m'fepftkyfpk/ “ema&m'fem&maAmfv&m”ESifh aemufydkif; ema&m'fepfrsm;udk tarGqufcHolrsm; qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSef a&;orm;rsm; usifhoHk;udkifpJGonfh EdkifiHa&;wkdufyGJo¿mefrsm;/ txl;ojzifh wODcsif;t=urf;zuf0g'ukda0zefcJhonf// vDeifu Tenf;emrsm;onf vlxkwdkufyJGudk wOD;csif;ol&Jaumif;rsm;.wdkufyGJESifh tpm;xdk;ojzifh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&SSm;r_twGuf tE W&m,f&Sdonf[k ,lqonf? ‚if;wdk@u jynfolvlxk. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tay: t,Hkt=unfuif;rJha=umif; azmfjyaeayonf?


“jynfolrsm;.rdwfaqGrsm;”qdkolrsm;rSm tb,fenf; qdkonfhpmtkyfY vDeifu ±k&Sm;rmhufpf0g'Drsm;. t"du wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf? ol.tjrifwGif ±k&Sm;rmhufpf0g'Drsm;. yxrwm0efrSm wuGJwjym;jzpfaeaom rmhufpf0g'tpkrsm;udk wpkwpnf;wnf;aom qdk&SS,fvpftvkyform;ygwDw&yf tjzpfodk@ aygif;pyfpk±Hk;ay;a&;jzpfonf? oluqufvuf axmufjy&mrSm Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;r_udk zsufodrf;rnfholrSm v,form;ESifhr[mrdwfzGJ@+yD;onfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;omjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;aemuf ±k&Sm;ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf tvkyform;ESifh aoG;pkyfcH&ol jynfolrsm;ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@um wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifhtwl atmifyGJcHrnfh uGefjrLepf awmfvSefa&; twGuf ajAmifEdkifiHa&;wdkufyJGvrf;a=umif;udk wnfhwnfhrwfrwfcsDwufygvdrfhrnf?

Tenf;jzifh vGefcJhonfh tESpfav;q,fcef‹uyif vDeifonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk‚if;av#muf&rnfh wdkufyGJvrf;a=umif;udk axmufjycJhum/ ‚if;.vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;u a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk; awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pktcef;udk owfrSwfcJ h +yD;/ v,form;xkudkvnf;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. r[mrdwftjzpf owfrSwfcJhygonf?

vDeifESifh ‚if;.aemufvdkufrsm;u ema&m'fepfrsm;tay: qef@usifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhr_rsm; a=umifhudk;q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;rSmyif ‚if;wdk@onf tawG;tac:t& vHk;0¶_H;edrfhoGm;&yg awmh onf?

wjcm;}uD;rm;onfh xl;jcm;csufwckrSmvnf; “w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'Drsm;”tay: vDeif qifE$JonfhwdkufyGJ jzpfygonf? ordkif;.}uD;rm;aom vlr_a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif; ,m,D “avS}uKHpD;olrsm;” yg0ifvmavh&Sdwwfygonf? “w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'Drsm;”[k tac:cH &olrsm;rSmTuJhodk@aom avS}uHKpD;olrsm; jzpf=uygonf? rmhufpf0g'onf ±k&Sm;wjynfvHk;tESH@tjym;pwifysH@ESH@vsuf±Sdaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh "e&Sifynmwwfrsm;onf rmhufpf0g'0wf±Hk qifjref;0wfqifvm=uonfudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@vm&ygonf? Zmbk&iftpdk;&.cGifhjyKcsufESifh w&m;0ifxkwfa0cGifh&aom owif;pmrsm;ESifh pmapmifrsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@. aqmif;yg;rsm;udk ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh ‚if;wdk@udk “w&m;0ifrmhufpf0g'Drsm;” [kac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf?

olwkd@onfvnf; olwkd@ukd,fydkif[efESifh ema&m'fepfrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; ‚if;wdk@onf TwdkufyGJESifh rmhufpf0g'tvHudk toHk;jyK+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_udk "e&SiftzGJ@tpnf; tusKd;pD;yGm;/ "e&Sifwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;. vufatmufcHjzpfap+yD;/oifhavsmftoHk;wJhoGm;atmif }uKd;pm;=uonf? ‚if;wdk@onf rmhufpf0g'. A[dk tESpfjzpfonfhypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;ESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sif oabmw&m;udk jzwfawmufxm;ygonf? xif&SSm;onfhw&m;0if rmhufpf0g'DwOD;jzpfol yDwmpx&l;Af (Peter Struve) onf "e&Sifrsm;udk tvGeftrif; csD;usL;+yD;/ t&if;&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;&ef awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJqif&ef v_H‹aqmf&rnfh tpm;/“u|efawmfwdk@onf rdrdwdk@. twwfynm ,Ofaus;r_csKd@wJhr_udk vufcHtodrSwfjyK+yD; oif=um;avhvm&ef t&if;&Sifpepfodk@oGm;&rnf”[kwdkufwGef;cJhonf?


ema&m'fepfrsm;udk wdkufyGJqif&mwGif vDeifu “w&m;0if rmhufpf0g'Drsm;udk toHk;cs&eftwGuf ‚if;wdk@ESifh ,m,DoabmwlnDcsuf/ Oyrm ema&m'fepf qef@usifxm;onfh aqmifyg;rsm;aygif;csKyf+yD;/ yl;wGJxkwfa0jcif; pwmrsm;ðyvkyfEkdifonf[k ,lqonf? okd@aomfvnf; wcsdefwnf;rSmyif vDeifonf “w&m;0if rmhufpf0g'Drsm;” tay: a0zefa&;udk aemufrwGe@fyJ ‚if;[email protected]&,f"e&Sifo¿mefudk azmfxkwfzGifhcsygonf?

TavS}uKHpD;ol trsm;tjym;onf aemifwGif uGefpwDusL&Sif;e,fvf 'Drdku&ufrsm;(Constitutional Democrats) jzpfoGm;=uonf? (‚if;onf ±k&Sm;"e¶Sifrsm;. t"duygwDjzpfonf?) jynf;wGif;ppftwGif;rSmawmh wyfjzLrsm; vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf?

pdef‹yDwmpbwf/ armfpudk/ udAfESifh tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd wdkufyGJtzGJ@csKyfrsm;ESifhtwl ±k&Sm;.taemufbufvlrsKd;rsm; e,fpyfa'orsm;wGifvnf; qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ay:xGufvmygonf? udk;q,fckESpfrsm;twGif; ydkveftrsKdom;ygwDrS rmhufpf0g' tpdwftydkif;rsm; cGJxGufvm+yD;/ ydkvefESifhvpfoleD;,m;. qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDudk zGJ@pnf;=uonf? ukd;q,fckESpf tukefwGif vwfAD;,ef; qkd&S,f'Drdku&uftzGJ@tpnf; ay:aygufcJh+yD;/ 1897 ckESpf atmufwdkbmwGifbef; (Bund) [kausmf=um;cJhonfh *sL; taxGaxGqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDor*~udk &k&Sm; taemufjynfe,frsm;Y xlaxmifvdkufygonf?

1898 ckESpfwGif pdef‹yDwmpbwf/ armfpukd/ udAf/ tDumwm&DEdkpvAf&Sd wdkufyGJtzGJ@csKyftrsm;tjym;onf bef;ESifhtwl yl;aygif;+yD; qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDw&yftjzpf pkpnf;xlaxmif&efyxrOD;qkH;t}udrf }uKd;yrf;cJh=uygonf? T&nf±G,fcsufjzifh 1898 ckESpf/ rwfv rihfefpfwGif±k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf tvkyform;ygwD (R.S.D.L.P) yxrt}udrfuGef*&ufudk qifhac:usif;ychJ=uygonf?

R.S.D.L.P .uGef*&ufwGif udk;OD;omwufa&mufcJhygonf? vDeifrSm xdktcsdefu qdkufaA;&D;,m;wGif jynfESif'%fcHae&ojzifh rwufa&mufEdkifcJhyg? uGef*&ufu a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufvdkufonfh ygwDA[dkaumfrwDrSm r=umrDrSmyif tzrf;cHvdkuf&onf? uGef*&uf trnfatmufwGifxkwfa0cJhonfh a=unmpmwrf;wGif buftawmfrsm;rsm;Y auseyftm;&p&mr&SdvSyg/ ‚if;wGif ypPnf;rJhrsm;. EdkifiHa&;tm%m atmifyGJcHr_jy\emudk a0hvnfa=umifywf vkyfxm;+yD;/ypPnf;rJhrsm;. v$rf;rdk;acgif;aqmifr_ ta=umif;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;jcif;r&SdbJ/ ypPnf;rhJrsm; taeESifhZmbk&ifpepfESifh "e&Sifrsm;udk wdkufyJG0if&mwGif r[mrdwfrsm;ta=umif;udkvnf; bmrSajymrxm;yg?

‚if;[email protected];jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh a=unmpmwrf;wGif uGef*&ufu R.S.D.L.P zJG@pnf;vkdufa=umif;a=unmvdkufonf? }uD;rm;onfhawmfvSefa&;0g' jzef@csdcsufw&yf jzpfoGm;cJhonf?Tpnf;urf;ESifhtnD pepfwusvkyfaqmifcsufonf R.S.D.L.P yxruGef*&uf. xl;jcm;csufjzpfoGm;ygawmhonf?

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vDeifESifh olwnfaxmifcJhaom owif;pm “tpPu&m” (rD;yGm;) wdk@taeESif T±_yfaxG;r_udk ausmfeif;+yD;/ tacsmif0g',drf;,dkifr_rsm;udk tqkH;wdkifjzpfum R.S.D.L.P wnfaxmifa&;twGuf jyifqif&ef ESpftawmf=um vkH;yef;tm;xkwfcJh&ygonf?

5? “pD;yGm;a&;0g'”tm; qef@usifwdkufcd kufonfh vDeif.wdkufyG J? vDeif. owif;pm5? “pD;yGm;a&;0g'”tm; qef@usifwdkufcd kufonfh vDeif.wdkufyG J? vDeif. owif;pm5? “pD;yGm;a&;0g'”tm; qef@usifwdkufcd kufonfh vDeif.wdkufyG J? vDeif. owif;pm5? “pD;yGm;a&;0g'”tm; qef@usifwdkufcd kufonfh vDeif.wdkufyG J? vDeif. owif;pm5? “pD;yGm;a&;0g'”tm; qef@usifwdkufcd kufonfh vDeif.wdkufyG J? vDeif. owif;pm“tpPu&m”ay:aygufvmjcif;?“tpPu&m”ay:aygufvmjcif;?“tpPu&m”ay:aygufvmjcif;?“tpPu&m”ay:aygufvmjcif;?“tpPu&m”ay:aygufvmjcif;?

R.S.D.L.P . yxruGef*&ufudk vDeif rwufa&mufcJhyg? xdktcsdefu olonf qdkufaA;&D;,m;&Sd ±_&Sefpudk;a,;&GmY jynfESif'%fcHae&ygonf? wdkufyJGtzJG@csKyf w&m;pGJqdkcH&onfESifhqufpyf+yD; ol@udk ESpftawmf=um pdef‹yDwmpbwfY axmifcsxm;+yD;aemuf Zmbk&iftpdk;&ue,fESifxm;jcif;jzpfonf//

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xdk‹a=umifh vDeifonf “pD;yGm;a&;0g'D”rsm; ay:xGufvmonfESifh w+ydKifeuf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf pwifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf/?


“pD;yGm;a&;0g'D”rsm;u tvkyform;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJudkom qifEGJoifh+yD;/EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJukd vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;u qifE$J&rSmjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk tvkyform;rsm;uaxmufcHtm;ay;&rnf[k qdkygonf// vDeif. tjrifwGif T,lqcsufonf rmhufpf0g'udkpGef@y,fypf+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf vdktyfr_udkjiif; y,f+yD;/tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ukd "e&Sifrsm;. EkdifiHa&;tqG,ftyGm;tjzpf ul;ajymif;oGm; atmif}uKd;yrf;jcif;r#om[kjrifonf?

1899 ckESpfwGif “pD;yGm;a&;0g'D” wpk (aemifwGif uGefpwDusL;&Sife,f'Drdku&ufrsm; jzpfoGm;onfh y±kdudkykdApfcsf (Prokopovich) aumhpudkAm (Kuskova) ESifh tjcm;vlrsm;) ua=unmcsuf wapmifxkwfjyef+yD;/ xdktxJwGif awmfvSefonfhrmhufpf0g'udkqef@usifum ypPnf;rJhrsm;. vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yfESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHa&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;qdkonfh tawG;tac:rsm; pGef@vGwf&efwdkufwGef;xm;onf? “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”u EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJqdkonfrSm vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;. udpPomjzpf+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;twGufrSmrl tvkyf&Sifrsm;udk qef@usifonfh pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJESifh vkHavmufonf[laomtjrifudk udkifpGJxm;=uonf?

Ttacsmiform;rsm;. pmwrf;udk vDeifu aumif;aumif; avhvmzwf&_+yD;aemufteD;tyg;Yaexdkif=uaom rmhufpf0g'D EdkifiHa&;e,fESifcH&olrsm;udk tpnf;ta0; ac:qdkvdkufygonf? q,fhckESpfa,muf awG@qkHaqG;aEG;+yD;/ vDeifu OD;aqmifum “pD;yGm;a&;0g'D” rsm;.tjrifudk &_wfcsonfh xufjrufajymifajrmufvSaom uef@uGufv$mudk xkwfa0vdkufygonf?

vDeifa&;om;onfh Tuef@uGufv$monf wwdkif;jynfvkH;&Sd rmhufpf0g'DtzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;twGif;yhsHESH‹oGm;+yD; rmhuf0g' tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ twGufxif&Sm;onfhtcef;rS yg0ifcJ hygonf? ±k&Sm; “pD;yGg;a&;0g'Drsm;”onf EdkifiHjcm;&Sd qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDrsm;twGif;rS rmhufpf0g'udk qef@usifonfh tacsmiform; bef;pwdef; aemufvdkufrsm;ESifh wlnDonfhtjrifrsm;udk axmufcHajymqdkcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh vDeif. “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”udk qef@usifwdkufyJGqifr_onf EdkifiHwum t0ef;t0dkif;twGif;u tacsmif0g'udkvnf;wcsdefwnf;wGif wdkufyGJqifvdkufygonf? vDeifwnfaxmifonfh w&m;r0ifowif;pm “tpPu&m” onf “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;” udkwdkufcdkufonfhwdkufyGJESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;. vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf xlaxmifa&;wdkufyJGwdk@udk t"du qifEJGcJholjzpfygonf?

vDeifESifh wjcm;wdkufyJGtzJG@csKyf0ifrsm;onf 1900 ckESpf tpydkif;wGif e,fESifcHxm;&onfhodk@aomf TuJhodk@aom owif;pmrsKd;udk [email protected]‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_a=umifh Zmbk&if±k&Sm;YykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif; rjyKEdkifyg? tvGefqkH; wvESpfvtwGif; Zmbk&ifpkHaxmufacG;rsm; teH‹cH&oGm;Edkif+yD; acsr_ef;cH&ayrnf? xdk@a=umifh vDeifu owif;pmudk EdkifiHjcm;rS ±kdufESdyfxkwfa0&efqkH;jzwfcJhonf? xkdt&yfwGif owif;pmudk yg;v$m+yD; =um&SnfcHonfh puULay:wGif±kdufESdyfum±k&Sm;twGif;odk@ v#Kd@0SufpGmcdk;oGif;cJhygonf// “tpPu&m” pmapmifrsm;udk ±k&Sm;jynfwGif;wGif


jyefvnf±kdufESdyfcJh+yD; bmul;/ u&SdeufAfESifh qdkufaA;&D;,m;&Sd v#Kd@0SufykHESdyfXmersm;wGif ±kdufESdyfcJhonf?

1900 ckESpf/ aqmif;OD;Y vDeifwdk@onf EdkifiHjcm;odk@oGm;a&mufum ±k&Sm;wjynfvkH;jzef@csdrnfh EdkifiHa&;owif;pmxkwfa0a&; twGuf “vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG@”rS &Jabmfrsm;ESifhtpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyf=uygonf? xdkt}uH m%fESifh tao;pdwftm;vkH;udk vDeifonf jynfESif'%fcHae&pOf umvuwnf;u a&;qJGxm;cJhygonf// jynfESif'%frSjyefvmonfh vrf;w av#mufY tlzm;/ ypfaumhAf/ armfpudkESifh pdef@yDwmpbwfwdk@Y Tjy\emtay: tpnf;t a0;rsm;ac:qdkusif;ycJhygonf? ae&mwkdif;Y &Jabmfrsm;ESifh v#dK@0SufqufoG,fa&;twGuf pum;0Sufrsm;/pmapmifrsm;ydk@ay;&rnfhvdyfpmESifhywfouf+yD; pDpOfum/ ‚if;wdk@ESifhtwl tem*wf wkdufyGJtwGufpDrHudef;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;wdkifyifcJhonf?

Zmbk&iftpdk;&u vDeifudk tE W&m,ft}uD;qkH;&efoltjzpf teH‹cHrdonf/? Zmbk&ihftkdu&mem22222 rS &Jt&m&SdwOD;jzpfol ZlbmawmhAf (Zubatov) u v#Kd@0SuftpD&ifcHpmwGif “,ae@awmfvSefa&;wGif tlvf&maemhAf (vDeif)xuf }uD;us,fol rnfolr#r&Sd” qdkonfhtjrifudk azmfjy+yD;/ xdktjrifa=umifhyif vDeiftm; vkyf}uH&ef oifhawmfayonf[k olu,lqonf?

EkdifiHjcm;Y vDeifonf“vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;” tzJG@jzpfonfh yvufuaemhAf/ tmZmva&mh'fESifh ADG-Zmplvpfcsfwdk@ESifh “tpPu&m” udk yl;wJGOD;pD;r_jzifh xkwfa0&ef jyifqifoabmwl+yD;jzpf=uygonf? ykHESdyfxkwfa0a&; tpDtpOfwckvkH; tprS tqkH;xd vDeifu a&;qJG vkyfaqmifcJh&ygonf? 1900 ckESpf 'DZifbmvY “tpPu&m”yxrpmapmifudk EdkifiHjcm;Y xkwfa0vdkufonf? rsufESmzkH;pm&GufwGif “rD;yGm;uav;rS rD;awmuf}uD;odk@” qdkonfhurŠnf;pmygonfhTpum;vkH;rsm;udk 'DZifbm&Jabmfrsm;3 3 3 3 3 u ‚if;wdk@ qkdufaA;&D;,m;Y e,fESif cHae&pOf tm;ay;E_wfquf pum;ydk@ay;aom uAsmq&m}uD; yGwf&Sfuif (Pushkin) odk@ jyef=um;ay;ydk@onfhpmrSxkwfEkwf,lxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

aemuf+yD; wu,fyJ vDeif p&_d@cJhonfh rD;yGm;uav; (tpPu&m) rSm aemifwGif }uD;rm;onfh awmfvSefa&; rD;awmufrD;v#Hrsm;jzpfvmum ‚if;wdk@u Zmbk&if. ajr&Sifrif;rsKd;rif;EG,foufOD;qHydkifpepfESifh "e&Siftm%mudk avmifu|rf;jymusapcJhygonf//

2 ? tkdu&mem- Zmbk&ihf &k±Sm;&Sd vsKd@0SufEkdifiHa&;ykvdyfXme/ awmfvSefa&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;udkòzdcGif;&ef wnfaxmifxm;onf? (bmomjyefol)3? 'DZifbm&Jabmfrsm; “Decembrists” oufOD;qHydkiftkyfcsKyfr_ESifh aus;u|efpepfukdqef@usifonfh rl;rsKd;rwfrsKd;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;? 1825 'DZifbmwGif olwdk@onf ratmifjrifaomawmfvSefa&;udk qifE$JcJhonf?(bmomjyefol)


tusOf;csKyf

rSm;,Gif;+yD; awmfvSefa&;ta&;awmfykHtwGuf tE W&m,fjzpfapEdkifaom ema&m'fepf0g'ESifhtjrifrsm;udk yxrtqifhtaeeJ@wkdufyJGqifEJGpOf/ ±k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'/ qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf tvkyform;ygwDudk wnfaxmifcJh=uygonf//

ema&m'fepfrsm;. tjrifudk tawG;tac:a&;&mt& acsr_ef;EdkifrSomv#if ±k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g' tvkyform;ygwDtwGuf vrf;yGifhEkdifayrnf? &Spfq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; yvufuaemhAfESifhol. “vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG@”u tjywftowf xdk;ESufvkdufonf?

vDeifu ema&m'fepf0g' tawG;tac: ±_H;edrfhr_ukd jynfh0ukefpifap+yD;/ ukd;q,fpkESpfrsm;wGifaemufqkH;xkd;ESufcsufukd jyKvkyfcJhonf?

1883 ckESpfwGif xlaxmifcJhaom “vkyftm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzG@J”onf ±k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'ysHESH@a&;twGuf tawmf}uD;rm;onfh aumif;r_jyKcJhayonf? ‚if;u qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m;a&;&m tajccHtkwfjrpfudkcscJh+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh aygif;pyfa&; twGuf yxrOD;qHk;aom ajcvSrf;udkvSrf;cJhayonf?

&k&Sm;Y t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifhtwl pufr_vufr_ ypPnf;rJhrsm;rSm tvsif tjref}uD;xGm;wkd;yGm;vmygonf? &Spfq,fpkESpf tv,fykdif;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onfpnf;±kH;r_&Sdonfh oydwfo¿mef wdkufyGJvrf;a=umif;ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_vrf;a=umif; wkd@udkpwiftokH;jyK vm=uygonf? okd@aomf rmuhfpf0g'Dtpkrsm;rSm 0g'jzef@csda&;ukdomvkyf aqmifae+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; t=um;v_H@aqmfr_ tESH@tjym;jyKvkyf&ef vkdtyfa=umif;ukd od&Sdem;vnfr_r&SdbJ/ xkd@a=umifh olwdk@onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vufawG@aygif;pyfr_r&Sdao;bJ/ 'gudkvnf; acgif;aqmifjcif; rjyKao;yg?

1895 ckESpfwGif vDeifwnfaxmifcJhonfh pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJtzGJ@csKyfonf tvkyform;rsm;t=um; tESH@tjym;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;ukd pwifcJh+yD;/vlxkoydwfrsm;ukd acgif;aqmifum tvkyform;rsm;t=um; tESH@tjym;v_H‹aqmfjcif;ESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh rmhufpf0g' aygif;pyfay;jcif;odk@ ul;ajymif;vmonfh tqifhopfukdwufvSrf;vkdufygonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v$wfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJ tzGJ‹csKyfonf &S&Sm;awmfvSefonfh ypPnf;rJhygwD. tajccHjzpfygonf? pdef@yDwmpbwfwdkufyGJtzGJ@ csKyfwnfaxmif+yD;aemuf t"dupufr_+rdK@}uD;rsm;tm;vkH;ESifh e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif rmhufpf0g'tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifzGJ@pnf;vm=uygonf? 1898 ckESpf R.S.D.L.P . yxruGef*&ufwGif rmhufpfqkd&S,f'Drdku&uf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk ygwDw&yftjzpf yl;aygif;Ekdif&ef ratmifjrifonfh yxrt}udrf }uKd;yrf;csufjyKvkyfcJhygonf? odk@aomf TuGef*&ufu ygwDw&yfukd rxlaxmifEkdifcJhbJ ygwDvrf;pOf okd@r[kwf ygwDpnf;urf;rsm;vnf; ra&;qGJcJhyg? wckwnf;aom acgif;aqmifA[kdvnf;r&Sd jyef@usJaeonfh rmhufpf0g'D tpktzGJ@rsm;t=um;rSmvnf; qufpyfr_r&Sdoavmuf jzpfcJhygonf?


jyef@usJaeaom rmhufpf0g' tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk ygwDwckwnf;tjzpf yl;aygif;qufpyfEkdif&ef vDeifonf ±k&Sm;wjynfvkH; jzef@csdEkdifrnfh awmfvSefaom rmhufpf0g'Drsm;. yxrOD;qkH;aomowif;pm “tpPu&m” xkwfa0&ef pDrHudef;udk wifjyvkyfaqmifcJhonf?

xdkumvu awmfvSefonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ygwD wckwnf; wnfaxmifa&;udkt"du qef@usifolrsm;rSm “pD;yGm;a&;0g'D” rsm;jzpfonf? olwdk@u TuJhodk@aomygwD vdktyfr_udkjiif;qdkonf? olwdk@u uGJjym;aeaomtpkrsm;. wa,mufwaygufESifh taysmfwrf; vkyf[efukdtm;ay;onf? vDeifESifh olpnf;±Hk;wnfaxmifcJhonfh “tpPu&m”owif;pmu olwdk@udkwdkuf&dkufxdk;ESufwdkufcdkufcJhonf?

“tpPu&m” yxrpmapmifxGufay:vmjcif; (1900-01)u tquftpyfr&Sdonfh tpkttkyfrsm;rS wckwnf;aom qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf tvkyform;ygwD wu,fjzpfay:vmonfhumvopfw&yfokd‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;ukd txdrf;trSwfjyKvkdufayonf?


tcef; (2)

±k&Sm; qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDvkyfom;ygwDwnfaxmifjcif;ygwDtwGif; abmf&SDApf (BOLSHEVIK) ESifh

rif&SDApf (MENSHEVIK) tkyfpkrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;(1901=1904)

1? ±k&Sm;Y 1901-04 wGif ay:aygufcJhaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?1? ±k&Sm;Y 1901-04 wGif ay:aygufcJhaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?1? ±k&Sm;Y 1901-04 wGif ay:aygufcJhaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?1? ±k&Sm;Y 1901-04 wGif ay:aygufcJhaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?1? ±k&Sm;Y 1901-04 wGif ay:aygufcJhaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?

19 &mpk tukefydkif;wGif Oa&myY pufr_vufr_ tusyftwnf;rsm; ay:vmonf? r=umrDtwGif; ±k&Sm;odk@ ul;pufysH@ESHvmonf? tusyftwnf;umv 1900-03 wGif t}uD;tao;vkyfief; 3˜000 eD;yg; ydwfypfvdkuf&+yD;/ tvkyform; 100˜000 tvkyfvufrJhrsm; jzpfoGm; ygonf?qufvuf iSm;&rf;xm;onfh tvkyform;.vcrSmvnf; tjyif;txefjzwfcsjcif; cH&ygonf//jyif;xefonfh pD;yGm;a&;oydwfrsm; aus;Zl;a=umifh ,cift&if;&Sifrsm;xHrS &&Sdxm; onfhrajymyavmufaom tcGifhta&;av;rsm;rSmvnf; ,cktcg jyefvnf±kyfodrf;jcif; cHvdkuf &onf?

pufr_vufr_ tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh tvkyfvufrJhr_u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. v_yf&Sm;r_udk &yfqdkif;oGm;apjcif; odk@r[kwf tm;enf;oGm;apjcif; rjzpfapEkdifcJhyg? qef@usifpGmyiftvkyform;rsm;. wdkufyGJonf ydkrdkI awmfvSefa&;vuQ%m aqmifvmonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;oydwfrsm;rS EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;+yD;/ aemufqHk;Y qENjyyGJrsm;tjzpfodk@ajymif;um 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfr_rsm;twGuf EdkifiHa&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjy=u+yD;/“Zmbk&iftkyfpD;r_usqHk;ygap”[laom aºuG;a=umfoHrsm; [pfaºuG;vm=uygonf?


1901 ckepf/ pdef@yDwmpbwf&Sd tdkblacghAf vufeufcJ,rf;puf±kHrS ara';oydwfwGif tvkyform;ESihf ppfom;rsm;t=um; aoG;xGufoH,dk jzpfr_rsm;ay:aygufvmygonf// Zmbk&if.vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;udk ckcH&eftwGuf tvkyform;rsm;. wckwnf;aom vufeufuawmh cJrsm; ESifh oHwHk;/ oHcJrsm;jzpfygonf// tvkyform;rsm;. jyif;xefaomckcHr_rSm usKd;aygufoGm;onf// xdk@aemuf &ufpufonfh vufpm;acsr_rsm; ay:aygufvmygonf? tvkyform; 800cef@ tzrf;cH& +yD;/ trsm;tjym;rSm axmifoGif;tusOf;uscH&jcif; odk@r[kwf tvkyf=urf;ESifhaxmif'%fcH&jcif;ESifh e,fESif'%frsm;cH=u&ygonf? odk@aomf &JpGrf;owWdajymifajrmufonfh“tdkblacghAfckcHa&;”onf ±k&Sm;tvkyform;rsm;tay: euf±d_if;pGm =oZm*,uf±dkufcwf+yD;/‚if;wdk@t=um; pmemaxmufcHr_rsm; qufvufay:aygufvmonf//

1902 c/k rwfvwGif bmwrf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDaumfrwDu pnf;±kH;v_H‹aqmfonfh }uD;rm;vSonfh tvkyform;oydwf}uD;ESifh qENjyyJG}uD; bmwrfY ay:aygufvmonf? bmwrfqENjyyJG}uD;u x&ef@pfaumhau;&Syf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;ESihfv,form;rsm;udk v_H‹aqmfay;vdkufonf?

1902 ckepfrSmyif a&mhpawmhAf-tGef-'GefY qENjyyJG}uD; ay:aygufvmonf// yxrqHk;xGufvmolrsm;rSm rD;&xm;tvkyform;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ r=umrDrSmyif wjcm;puf±kH trsm;tjym;rS tvkyform;rsm; yg0ifyl;aygif;vm=uonf// +rdK@tjyifbufY ae@pOf&ufquf/ &ufaygif;rsm;pGm jyKvkyfcJhaom tpnf;ta0;rsm;Y 30˜000 txd pka0;cJh=uonf// xdktpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufa=unmcsufrsm;udkzwfjy=u+yD; a[majymolrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;udk rdef@cGef;rsm;ay;onf? xdktpnf;ta0;rsm;udk vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufonfhtwGuf ykvdyfESihfaumhqufrsm;onf vlpkcJG&ef rwwfEdkifatmif jzpfawmhonf? tvkyform;trsm;tjym;ykvdyfrsm;. owfjzwfjcif;cH&aomtcg aemufae@ tokbtcrf;tem;Y tvGefrsm; jym;vSonfh tvkyform; vlxk}uD;u vdkufvHydk@aqmif=uonf// teD;ywf0ef;usif+rdK@rsm;rS ppfulrsm;udk qifhac:+yD;rSomv#if Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf oydwfudk +zdKcGif;zdESdyfEdkifawmhonf? a&mhpawmhAftvkyform;rsm;. wdkufyJGudk R.S.D.L.P . 'Ge‹faumfrwDrS acgif;aqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

1903 ckESpfrSm ay:aygufcJhonfhoydwfrsm;rSm twdkif;twmt& ydkrdk}uD;rm;cJhygonf?xdkESpftwGif; vlxk EdkifiHa&;oydwfwdkufyJGrsm;onf awmifydkif;wav#muf x&ef@pf aumhau;&Sm;(bmul/ wpfzfvpf/ bmwrf) ESifh ,lu&def;&Sd +rdK@}uD;rsm; (tdk'ufqm/ udAf/ tDauwm&DEkdpvAf)odk@ ysHESH@oGm;ygonf? oydwfrsm;onf ydkrdkjyif;xefvm+yD;/ ydkrdkpkpnf;pnf;±kH;vmygonf? tapmydkif; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. vkyf[efrsm;ESifh rwlbJ tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;udkae&mwumeD;yg;Y qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufaumfrwDrsm;u OD;aqmif!ïef=um;ygonf?

±k&Sm;&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;r_ukdqef@usifonfh awmfvSefa&;wdkufyJGqifEGJ&ef xºuGvmv#uf&Sdygonf?

tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_onf v,form;xkudk *,uf±dkuf =oZmvGrf;rdk;vmygonf? 1902 ckESpf/ aEGOD;ESifh aEGwGif ,lu&def; (ydkwmAmESifh cg;aumhAfjynfe,frsm;) ESifh aAmfv*ge,f


wdk@wGif v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ay:xGufvmygonf? v,form;rsm;u ajr&Sif rsm;. tdrf}uD;rsm;udkrD;wif&_d@+yD;/ ajrrsm;udkodrf;,lum tvGef&GHrkef;zG,faumif;onfh aus;vuftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;44444 ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;udkowfypf=uonf? ykefuefaeaom v,form;rsm;ukd ESdrfESif;&efppfwyfrsm;udk apv$wfcJhygonf? v,form;rsm; ypfowfcH&+yD;/ &mESifhcsDzrf;um/ ‚if;wkd@ acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh pnf;±Hk;v_H‹aqmfolrsm; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&aomfvnf;/ awmfvSefonfh v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm qufvuf}uD;xGm;aeygonf?

tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u ±k&Sm;wGif awmfvSefa&;}uD; &ifhrSnfhvmae+yD;/ eD;uyfvmae+yDjzpfa=umif; jyoygonf?

tvkyform;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyJG*,ufatmufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;. tpdk;&qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_onf ydkrdktiftm;}uD;vmygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;. qENjyyJGrsm;ESifhoydwfrsm;udk wkef@jyefvufpm;acs&ef tpkd;&onf wuUokdvfrsm;ukd ydwfypfvkduf+yD;/ ausmif;om;&mESifhcsD+yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;csum aemufqkH;emcHr_r&Sdonfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk ppfwyfwGif;odk@omrefppfom;rsm;tjzpf oGwfoGif;vdkufygonf? ‚if;udk wkH@jyefonfhtaeESifh wuUodkvftm;vkH;rSausmif;om;rsm;onf 1901-02 ckESpf aqmif;OD;&moDwGif taxGaxG oydwf}uD;udk pnf;±kH;vdkufygonf? ToydwfwGif ausmif;om; 30˜000 cef@yg0ifygonf?

tvkyform;v,form;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh txl;ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;tay: wkH@jyefzdESdyfr_rsm;u Zrfpawmh ay:wGifaexdkifcJhonfh vpfb&,f"e&SifESifh vpfb&,fajr&Sifrsm;udk wufwufºuGºuGjzpfvmap+yD;/ Zmbk&iftpdk;&u ‚if;wdk@om;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESdyf&mwGif “tvGeftu|Hr_rsm;”udk “uef@uGuf&ef” toHjrifhvmapygonf?

Zrfpawmh vpfb&,frsm;onf Zrfpawmh bkwftzJG@rsm;rSm ‚if;wdk@. trmcHtajccHrsm;&Sdxm;ygonf? ‚if;wdk@onf a'otpkd;&tzGJ‹rsm;jzpf=u+yD; aus;vufvlxkESifh ywfoufonfha'ojy\emrsm; oufoufukdom (vrf;rsm;/ aq;±Hkrsm;ESifh ausmif;rsm;wnfaqmufa&;)vkyfaqmif&olrsm;jzpfygonf? vpfb&,fajr&Sifrsm;onf ZrfpawmhbkwftzGJ‹rsm;wGif toifhtwifh xif&Sm;onfh tcef;uyg0if=uygonf// ‚if;wdk@onf vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGmaygif;zuf=u+yD;/ wu,frSmawmh ‚if;wdk@onf yl;aygif;rdrwwf jzpfaeyg+yD? tb,fa=umifh qdkaomf‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkifuvnf; ‚if;wdk@ydkifajrrsm;wGif v,f,mpdkufysKd; vkyfudkif&ef aus;u|ef pepfoufqkd;&Snfr_tay: tajccHonfhenf;rsm;udk pwifpGef@ypfvm+yD;/ ydkrdktusKd; tjrwf&onfht&if;&Sifenf;vrf;rsm;udk tpm;xdk;vmjcif;a=umifhjzpfygonf? xdka=umifh T vpfb&,f tkyfpkESpfckpvkH;u Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk axmufcH=uygonf? odk@aomf “TtvGeftu|Hr_rsm;”onfawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk ydkrdkIom jyif;xefvmaprSmukd a=umufvef‹onfhtwGuf Zmbk&ifpepf. “TtvGeftu|Hr_rsm;” ukd qef‹usif=ujcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@onf Zmbk&ifpepf.

4? rl;}uD;rwf&mrsm;u cef@tyfxm;onfh ykvdyftzGJ@/ w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@ESifh tkyfcsLyfa&;tzGJ@vkyfief;rsm; vkyf&onfht&m&Sd? (bmomjyefol )


“tvGeftu|Hr_rsm;”ukd a=umuf&GH@aepOfrSmyif awmfvSefa&;ukd ykdI a=umuf&GH‹ayonf? T“vGefu|Hr_rsm;”udk uef@uGuf&mwGif vpfb&,frsm;Y &nf&G,fcsufESpfck &Sdygonf? yxruawmh“Zmbk&ifudk todw&m;&&Sdvmap&ef” ESifh 'kwd,uawmh Zmbk&ifpepftay: “tvGeftrif; rauseyfr_” 0wf±Hkudk v$rf;+cKHvdkufjcif;jzifh jynfolrsm;. ,kH=unfudk;pm;r_udk&&Sdum olwdk@udkodk@r[kwf wcsKd@tpdwftydkif;udk awmfvSefa&;rS yJhxGufvmap+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh ‚if;wkd@ tif;tm;udkxdckdufqkwf,kwfap&ef jzpfygonf/?

xdk@a=umifh ZrfpawmhAfvpfb&,f v_yf±Sm;r_onf Zmbk&ifpepfwnf&Sdr_udk rnfodk@r#tE W&m,fjyK+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rjyKcJhyg? odk@aomfvnf; ‚if;u Zmbk&ifpepf. “tqkH;tpr&Sdaom”a'gufwdkifrsm;tm;vkH;onf awmifhwif;cdkifrmjcif;r&Sdawmha=umif; jyovkdufygonf?

1902 ckESpfwGif ZrfpawmhAf vpfb&,fv_yf&Sm;r_u "e¶Sif “vGwfajrmufa&;”tzGJ@ wnfaxmifjcif;udk a&S@&_+yD;/ ‚if;onf tem*wf ±k&Sm;"e&Sifwdk@. t"duygwDjzpfaom uGefpwDusL&Sife,f'Drdkua&pDygwD. tjrKawjzpfygonf//

tvkyform;ESifh v,form;v_yf&SSm;r_onf wwdkif;jynfvkH;odk@ wm;vkd@qD;vdk@r&onfht&Sdefjzifh ysHESH@awmhrnfudk odjrifvm+yD;aemuf/ Zmbk&iftpkd;&onf awmfvSefa&;'Da&udk ydwfyifwm;qD;&ef bmrqdkudk jyKvkyfcJhygonf// tvkyform;oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyJGrsm;udk zdESdyf&efvufeufudkiftiftm;rsm;udk t}udrfrsm;pGmwkd;I tokH;jyKcJh+yD;/ tvkyform;ESifh v,form;rsm;. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tay: usnfqefESifh =umyGwfonf tpkd;&. a,bk,sjyef=um;csufjzpfvmygonf// axmifrsm;ESifh e,fESift&yfrsm;onf jynfhv#Husrwwfjzpfvmonf//

zdESdyfr_rsm; ydkrdkjyif;xefpGm jyKvkyfaeonfESifh wcsdefwnf; Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rS tvkyform;rsm; a&SmifvGJoGm;ap&ef wjcm;rzdESdyfaom ydkrdk “aysmhaysmif;onfh”enf;emrsm;udk oHk;vmygonf? pHkaxmufrsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;. tumtuG,f urux jyKr_atmufwGif tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf; twkta,mifrsm; xlaxmif&ef }uKd;yrf;vm=uonf?‚if;wdk@udk “ykvdyfqdk&S,fvpfpepf”. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; odk@r[kwf ZlbmawmhAf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;(TykvdyfcsKyfxdef;onfh tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pwifwnfaxmifol pHkaxmuf AdkvfrSL;}uD; ZlbmawmhAf trnfudk,l+yD;) [k orkwf=uonf? “tdku&mem” olv#Kdrsm;rSwqifh Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk,fwdkifu tvkyform;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm; jynfh0ap&ef ulnD&efjyifqifaea=umif;/ tvkyform;rsm; ,Hk=unfvmap&ef }udK;pm;=uygonf? ZlbmawmhAf olv#Kdrsm;u “Zmbk&ifudk,fwdkif tvkyform;rsm;buf a&mufaewJhtcsdefrSm bmvdk@EdkifiHa&;vkyf&rSmvJ/ bmvkd@awmfvSefa&;vkyf&rSmvJ” vdk@ tvkyform;rsm;ukd jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif=uygonf? ZlbmawmhAf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk +rdK@trsm;tjym;rSm wnfaxmifvkdufygonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. yHkpHESifh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;. twdkif; 1904 ckESpfY *gAGefqdkaom bkef;}uD;wyg;updef@yDwmpbwf. ±k&Sm;puf&Hktvkyform;rsm;. tpnf;t±Hk;qdkwJh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wnfaxmifvdkufonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_tay: xdef;csKyf&ef Zmbk&iftpdk;&. tdku&mem. }udK;yrf;csufrsm;onf &_H;edrfhoGm;&onf? Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf }uD;xGm;vmonfh


tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_udk Tenf;emrsm;ESifh ajz&Sif;&ef rjzpfEkdifa=umif; odjrifvm=uonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. jrif hwufvmaom awmfvSefa&;'Da&v_dif;u TykvdyfcsKyfxdef;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk ‚if;.vrf;a=umif;rS wdkufcsypfvdkufygonf?

2? rmhufpf0g' ygwDw&yfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vDeif.pDrHudef;?“pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”.2? rmhufpf0g' ygwDw&yfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vDeif.pDrHudef;?“pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”.2? rmhufpf0g' ygwDw&yfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vDeif.pDrHudef;?“pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”.2? rmhufpf0g' ygwDw&yfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vDeif.pDrHudef;?“pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”.2? rmhufpf0g' ygwDw&yfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vDeif.pDrHudef;?“pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”.tacsmif0g'?vDeif.pDr Hudef;twGuf“tpPu&m”.wd kufyG G J ?vDeif. “u|efawmfwd k @tacsmif0g'?vDeif.pDr Hudef;twGuf“tpPu&m”.wd kufyG G J ?vDeif. “u|efawmfwd k @tacsmif0g'?vDeif.pDr Hudef;twGuf“tpPu&m”.wd kufyG G J ?vDeif. “u|efawmfwd k @tacsmif0g'?vDeif.pDr Hudef;twGuf“tpPu&m”.wd kufyG G J ?vDeif. “u|efawmfwd k @tacsmif0g'?vDeif.pDr Hudef;twGuf“tpPu&m”.wd kufyG G J ?vDeif. “u|efawmfwd k @bmvkyf=urnfenf;”pmtkyf?bmvkyf=urnfenf;”pmtkyf?bmvkyf=urnfenf;”pmtkyf?bmvkyf=urnfenf;”pmtkyf?bmvkyf=urnfenf;”pmtkyf?

rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yftwGuf tawG;tac:a&; tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;?rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yftwGuf tawG;tac:a&; tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;?rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yftwGuf tawG;tac:a&; tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;?rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yftwGuf tawG;tac:a&; tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;?rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yftwGuf tawG;tac:a&; tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;?

±k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD. yxrt}udrfuGef*&ufudk 1898 ckESpftwGif; usif;y+yD;/ygwDzGJ@pnf;a=umif; a=unmcJhaomfvnf; wu,fhygwDw&yf ray:aygufcJhao;yg? ygwDvrf;pOfESifh ygwDpnf;urf;rsm;vnf; r&SdcJhyg? yxruGef*&ufu a&G;aumufwifajrmufvdkufaom ygwDA[dkaumfrwDrsm;vnf; tzrf;cHvdkuf&+yD;/ tpm;xdk;p&mvl r&SdonfhtwGuf wcgrS tpm;xdk;Ekdifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? ydkIqdk;onfrSm tawG;tac:±_yfaxG;r_ESifh ygwDwGif;pnf;±Hk;a&;t& pkpnf;r_csKd‹wJhjcif;wdk@rSm yxruGef*&uft+yD;Y ydkIyif odomxif&Sm;vmygonf?

1884-94 ckESpfrsm; twGif;rSm ema&m'fepf0g'tay: atmifyGJcHvkdufaomumvjzpf+yD;/qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD xlaxmifa&;twGuf tawG;tac:t&jyifqifcJh+yD;/ 1894-98 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ratmifjrifcJhaomfvnf;/ wuGJwjym;jzpfaeaom rmhufpf0g'tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk qdk&S,f'Drkdua&pDygwDw&yftjzpf pk±Hk;aygif;pyf&ef }udK;yrf;r_rsm;jyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf;/ 1898 ckESpf +yD;+yD;csif;umvrsm;Y ygwDtwGif; tawG;tac:a&;&mESifh pnf;±Hk;a&;&m ±_yfaxG;r_rsm; ydkrdkvmygonf?ema&m'fepf0g'tay: rmhufpf0g'Drsm; atmifyGJ&&Sdvdkufr_ESifh rmhufpf0g'Drsm; rSefuefa=umif; oufaojyvdkufonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. awmfvSefa&;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umifh awmfvSefonfhvli,frsm;t=um; rmhufpf0g'tay: pmemaxmufcHr_rsm; ay:xGufvmonf? rmhufpf0g' a&yef;pm;vmygonf? xdka=umifh tusKd;quftm;jzifh rmhufpf0g' tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; awmfvSefonfh vli,fynmwwfrsm; tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf 0ifa&mufvm=uygonf? ‚if;wdk@onf oabmw&m;a&;&mrSm tm;enf;um/ EkdifiHa&;tpnf;t±Hk; vkyfief;rsm;wGif tawG@t}uKH r&SdvSyg?‚if;wdk@wGif pme,fZif;rsm;wGif tjynfhtESufyg0ifaeonfh “w&m;0if rmhufpf0g'Drsm;” .tacsmiform;qefvSonfh a&;om;csufrsm;rS &,lxm;onfh roJruGJ/ ra&r&mESifh trsm;pkrSmrSm;,Gif;wJh rmhufpf0g'tjrifom &Sdae=uygonf? xdk‹a=umifh rmhufpf0g'tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;twGif;oabmw&m;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;a&csdefedrfhus&jcif;/ ‚if;wdk@udk “w&m;0ifrmhufpf 0g'Drsm;” . tacsmiform; wdrf;apmif;r_rsm; ul;pufjcif;ESifh tawG;tac:±_yfaxG;jcif;/ EdkifiHa&;t& ,drf;,kdifjcif;/pnf;±Hk;a&; upOfhuvsm; jzpfjcif;wdk@ jzpfay:&&Sdvm&ygonf?

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A[kdpkpnf;r_&Sdonfh ygwDw&yfxlaxmif&efqkdv#if a'otzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. TuJhokd@aomaemufusr_/ Ekd;=um;wufºuGjcif; uif;rJhr_ESifh usOf;ajrmif;onfhtjrifrsm;udk ausmfeif;ypf&ygvdrfhrnf?

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xdk@tjyif “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif;u todpdwf"mwf&Sdonfh tiftm;pk. tcef;onfvnf;aumif;/ qdk&S,fvpftodpdwf"mwfESihf qdk&S,fvpfoabmw&m;. pk±Hk;v_yf&Sm; !ïef=um;OD;aqmifonfh tcef;onfvnf;aumif; rajymyavmufa=umif; odk@r[kwf rajymyavmufeD;yg;yif jzpfa=umif;/ qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;. pdwf"mwfudk qdk&S,fvpftodpdwf"mwftxd rjr‡ifhwifoifhbJ qef@usifpGmyif ‚if;wdk@udk,f‚if;wdk@xdef;n‡dum tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. omreftqifh odk@r[kwf ydkrdkaemufusonfhtpdwftydkif;tqifhxd av#mhcsoifha=umif;ESif h qdk&S,f'Drd ku&ufrsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk qdk&S,fvpftodpdwf"mwfynmay;jcif;udk r}udK;pm;oifhbJ/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tvkdtavsmuf v_yf&Sm;r_u qdk&S,fvpfpdwf"mwf toda&muf&Sdvmonftxd apmifhoifha=umif;udk azmfjyajymqdk=uonf?


vDeif. ygwDpnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;a&;pDrHudef;ESifhywfoufI “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;” u tvkdtavsmufv_yf&Sm;r_udkqef@usifonfh t=urf;zufvkyf&yfwck eD;yg;r# oabmxm;onf?

“tpPu&m”owif;pmaumfvHrsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ txl;ojzifh ‚if;. ausmf=um;vSaom“u|efawmfwkd@ bmvkyf=urnfenf;” pmtkyfrSvnf;aumif;/ vDeifonf “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;.”Ttcsmiform;tbd"rRmudk tjyif;txef wdkufcdkuf+yD; acsr_ef;vdkufygonf?

(1)(1)(1)(1)(1) vDeifu Zmbk&ifpepfudk qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh taxGaxGEdkifiHa&;wdkufyJGrS tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk v$Jz,f+yD;/ tvkyf&SifESifh tpdk;&qDrSawmif;qdkonfh pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyJGwGifom‚if;[email protected];udk uef@owfxm;+yD;/ wcsdefwnf;rSm tvkyf&SifESifhtpdk;&udk e*dktwkdif;xm;jcif;onf tvkyform;rsm;udk tqHk;tpr&dSaom aus;u|eftjzpf pD&ifcsufcsvdkufjcif;omjzpf a=umif;jyovdkufonf? tvkyf&SifESifh tpdk;&udk qef@usifonfhtvkyform;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&; wdkufyJGonf‚if;[email protected];udk t&if;&Sifrsm;xHa&mif;cs&mwGif ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh tcsuf tvufrsm;&&Sd&efqifE$Jonfh tvkyform;or*~wdkufyGJjzpfonf? odk@aomf tvkyform; rsm;onf [email protected];udk t&if;&Sifrsm;xH a&mif;cs&mwGif ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh tcsuf tvufrsm; &&eftwGufwdkufyJGqifcsif±kHru ‚if;wdk@vkyftm;udk t&if;&Sifrsm;xHa&mif;cs&efESifh aoG;pkyfcH&efpD&ifxm;onfht&if;&Sifpepfudkvnf; zsufodrf;&ef wdkufyJGqifvkd=uygonf// odk@aomfvnf; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_c&D;vrf;udk t&if;&Sifpepf. tdrfapmifhacG; Zmbk&ifpepfu wm;qD;ydwfqdk@xm;oa&G@tvkyform;rsm;taeESifh t&if;&Sifpepfudk qef@usifonfh ‚if;wdk@wdkufyJGESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepftjynfht0&&eftwGuf ‚if;[email protected] jzpfay: wdk;wuf&ef rjyKEdkifacs? xdk@a=umifh ygwDESihftvkyform;vlwef;pm;. vwfwavm wm0efrSm c&D;vrf;rS Zmbk&ifpepfudkz,f&Sm;+yD;/Tenf;jzifh qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ oGm;&mvrf;udk &Sif;vif;&efjzpfygonf?

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) vDeifu tvkyf;orm;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_. tvdktavsmufjzpfpOfudk csD;usL;jcif;/ygwD. acgif;aqmifr_tcef;udk jiif;y,fjcif;/ ygwD.tcef;udk tjzpftysufrsm;. rSwfwrf;wifoltqifhodk@av#mcsjcif;wdk@onf “aemuf+rD;qJG0g'”udka[majym&ef ygwDudk tvdktavsmufjzpfpOf. aemuf+rD;qGJtjzpfodk@vnf;aumif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_. rwufºuGaom tiftm;tjzpfodk@ vnf;aumif; ul;ajymif;ap+yD;/ tvdktavsmuf tjzpftysufrsm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcif±kHESifh tjzpftysufrsm;udk ‚if;wdk@bmom‚if;wkd@ vrf;&SmoGm;a&;udk cGifhðy±kHtjzpfom vkyfaqmif&efudkom qdkvdk&if;jzpfa=umif; azmfjyvdkufygonf? Tt&mrsm;udk a&S@aevdkufajymqdkaejcif;u ygwDzsufqD;a&;udkvkyfae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? qkdvkdwmuawmh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rSm ygwDr&Sdatmif/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rSm vufeufrJhaeatmif vkyfaejcif;omjzpfygonf? ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; vufeufwyfqifxm;onfh Zmbk&ifpepfESifh acwfopfpepfrsm;ESifh zJG@pnf;xm;+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@wdkufyJGudk nïef=um;OD;pD;rnfh udk,fykdifygwD&Sdxm;wJh "e&SifuJhodk@aom &efolrsm;eJ@&ifqdkifae&onfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk vufeufrJhatmifvkyfjcif;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk opPmazmufjcif;jzpfonf?/


(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) vDeifu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tvdktavsmufv_yf&Sm;r_udk umuG,fjcif;ESifhtodpdwf"mwf/ qdk&S,fvpftodpdwf"mwfESifh qdk&S,fvpfoabmw&m;wdk@. ta&;}uD;r_udkao;odrfatmifvkyfjcif;onf yxrtcsuf taeESifh tvif;a&mif&Sd&m qGJaqmifjcif;cH&ouJhokd@todpdwf"mwf&Sdvmonfh tvkyform;rsm;udk apmfum;r_jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,tcsuftaeESifh ygwD.tjrifwGif oabmw&m;. wef;zdk;udk av#mhcsvdkufjcif;/ wenf; ygwDukd vuf&Sdtajctaeukdem;vnfap+yD; tem*wfukd}udKwifjrifEkdifap&efulnDcJhonfh ud&d,mukd wefzkd;av#mhcsvkdufjcif;jzpfum/ wwd, tcsuftaeESifh tacsmif0g'n$efwGif;udk vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; jyKjyifajymif;vJvdk@r&atmif epfjrKyfoGm;a&;wdk@twGufomjzpfa=umif; jyqdkvdkufonf?

vDeifu “awmfvSefwJhoabmw&m;r&SdbJ awmfvSefwJhv_yf&Sm;r_r&SdEkdif -- wyfOD;wdkufcdkufa&;orm;. tcef;udk a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk; oabmw&m;. OD;aqmifr_&Sdonfh ygwDw&yfuomv#if jznfhqnf;Ekdifayvdrfhrnf” vdk@qdkcJhygonf? (vDeifvufa&G;pOfusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/vDeifvufa&G;pOfusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/vDeifvufa&G;pOfusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/vDeifvufa&G;pOfusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/vDeifvufa&G;pOfusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/

armfpudk 47/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 163-164armfpudk 47/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 163-164armfpudk 47/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 163-164armfpudk 47/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 163-164armfpudk 47/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 163-164)

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) vDeifu pDyGm;a&;0g'Drsm;u qdk±S,fvpftawG;tac:[m tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.tvdktavsmufv_yf&SSm;r_rS ay:aygufvmEdkifw,fvdk@ ajymqdkaewJhtcsdefrSm olwdk@[m tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;aejcif;jzpfa=umif; jyovdkufygonf? trSefrSm qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac:rSm tvkdtavsmufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS ay:aygufjcif;r[kwfbJ/ ody`HynmrSay:xGufjcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf// tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk qdk&S,fvpf todpdwf"mwfoGif;ay;jcif;. vdktyfr_udk jiif;qdkjcif;jzifh “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”onf "e&SiftawG;tac:twGuf vrf;&Sif;ay;+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;t=um; TtawG;tac:wifoGif;&ef ysH@ESH@ap&ef vG,fulacsmarmap+yD;/ tusdK;quftm;jzifh tvkyform; vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepf t=um;yl;aygif;r_. t}uH m%fudk jr‡KyfESHypfvkduf+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh "e&Sifrsm;udk ulnDvkduf ygonf?

vDeifu “tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_. tvkdtavsmufjzpfr_tay: udk;uG,fr_tm;vkH; “todpdwf"mwftiftm;”. tcef;/ qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD. tcef;udk ao;odrfatmifvkyfr_tm;vkH;onf ao;odrfatmifvkyfolrsm;u }udKufESpfoufonfjzpfap/ r}udKufonfjzpfap'gawGeJ@ vkH;0rqdkifbJ tvkyform;rsm;t=um; "e&SiftawG;tac:*,ufrsm; tiftm;}uD;vmatmifvkyfaqmifjcif;omjzpfonf?” [kqdkonf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-173txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-173txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-173txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-173txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-173)

xdk‹tjyifqufvuf+yD; “a&G;p&mwckwnf;ygbJ”? "e&SiftawG;tac:vm; (odk@r[kwf)qdk&S,fvpf tawG;tac:vm;? tv,fvrf;r&Sdyg? x‹dka=umifh rnfonfhenf;ESifh jzpfjzpf/qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac:udk ao;odrfatmifvkyfjcif;/ ‚if;rS tenf;i,fav;r# vSnfhvdkufjcif;onf "e&Sif tawG;tac:udk tiftm;}uD;atmifvkyfjcif;jzpfonf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsuftxufygpmapmif/ pmrsuftxufygpmapmif/ pmrsuftxufygpmapmif/ pmrsuftxufygpmapmif/ pmrsuf

ESm-174/ 175ESm-174/ 175ESm-174/ 175ESm-174/ 175ESm-174/ 175)

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”. TtrSm;rsm;udk aygif;csKyf+yD;aemuf/ vDeifu ‚if;wdk@onftvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk t&if;&SifpepfrS vGwfajrmufaprnfh vlr_awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yfudk


vdkcsifwmr[kwfbJ “vlr_jyKjyifa&;” ygwDw&yfudkom vdkcsifwmjzpfa=umif; ed*kH;csKyfay;vdkufygonf? TuJhodk@aomygwDrsKd;onf t&if;&Sifpepf xdef;odrf;a&;udk }udKwif,lqxm;+yD;/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tajccHtusKd;pD;yGm;udk opPmazmufonfh jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;om jzpfayawmhonf?

(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) aemufqkH;taeESifh vDeifu “pD;yGm;a&;0g'”onf ±k&Sm;Y rawmfwqay:xGufvmonfh udpPr[kwfbJ “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay: "e&Sif=oZm vGrf;rdk;vmr_omjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@onf taemufOa&my qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwDrsm;rS vlyk*~dKvfjyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;rsm;/ tacsmiform; bef@pwdef;. aemufvdkufrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;r[mrdwfjyKxm;a=umif;jyovkdufygonf? taemufOa&my qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDygwDrsm;rSm tacsmiform;wdrf;apmif;r_rsm;u tiftm;omvGefae+yD;/ rmhufpfudk “vGwfvyfpGma0zefEdkifcGifh” awmif;qdkcsufESifhrmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk “jyefvnfjyifqif&ef”awmif;qdkvm=uonf// (xdk@a=umifh “jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'” trnfwGifonf?) awmfvSefa&;qdk&S,fvpfpepfESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sif pepfwdk@udkpGef@v$wf&ef awmif;qkdvm=uonf? vDeifu ±k&Sm; “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;” onf awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJ/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfukd pGef@v$wfa&;qdkonfh wlnDonfhay:vpDudkvdkufaea=umif; jyqdkvdkufygonf//

Tt&mrsm;onf vDeifu “u|efawmfwdk@ bmvkyf=urnfenf;” wGif &Sif;vif;jyoxm;onfh t"du oabmw&m;a&;&mrlrsm; jzpfygonf// Tpmtkyf tus,ftjyef@ jzef@csdEdkifr_a=umifh ±k&Sm; qdk±S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD. 'kwd,t}udrfuGef*&ufumv/ xdkpmtkyf ykHESdyfxkwf a0+yD;/wESpftwGif; (pmtkyfudk 1902-rwfvwGif xkwfa0onf) “pD;yGm;a&;0g'”. tawG;tac:a&;&m&yfwnfr_ESifh ywfouf+yD; rESpf+rddK@zG,f owd&p&mtcsuftjzpfuvGJvdk@ bmrSrusef&SdawmhbJ “pDyGm;a&;0g'D” vdk@tac:cH&jcif;udk ygwD0ifxktrsm;pku apmfum;csufw&yfvdk@oabmxm;vm=uygawmhonf? TonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;0g'twGuf tacsmiform;0g'/ aemuf+rD;qGJ0g'/ tvkdtavsmuf0g'wdk@twGuf tawG;tac:a&;&m tjynfht0 &_H;edrfhr_yifjzpfonf//

vDeif. “u|efawmfwdk@ bmvkyf=urnfenf;” pmtkyf.xl;jcm;csufrsm;rSm Tr#ruyg?Tausmf=um;vSonfh pmtkyf. orkdif;0ifxl; jcm;csufrsm;uawmh atmufyg tcsufrsm;jzpf+yD;/‚if;wdk@wGif vDeifu-

1?1?1?1?1? rmhufpf0g' tawG;tac:ordkif;wGif yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf tacsmiform;0g'onft&if;cHtm;jzifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tvdktavsmufv_yf&Sm;r_tay: udk;uG,fr_ESifhtvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; qdk&S,fvpftodpdwf"mwftcef;udk ao;odrfatmifvkyfr_wdk@yg0ifa=umif;jyoum tacsmiform;0g'. tawG;tac: a&aomufjrpfudk &Sif;vif;pGm jyovdkufygonf?

2?2?2?2?2? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tvkdtavsmufv_yf&Sm;r_udk awmfvSefa&;qefa&;ESifh vrf;!ïefa&;wdk@wGif oabmw&m;/ todpdwf"mwfESifh ygwD. }uD;rm;vSonfh ta&;ygr_udk azmfxkwfvdkufonf?


3?3?3?3?3? rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yfonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh qdk±S,[email protected];pyfr_w&yf jzpfonfqdkaom tajccHrmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;w&yfudk ajymifajrmufpGmoufaojyonf?

4?4?4?4?4? rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yf. tawG;tac:a&;&mtajccHtcsufrsm;udk xl;jcm;ajymifajrmufpGm &Sif;vif;jyqdkvdkufonf?

“u|efawmfwdk@ bmvkyf=urnfenf;”wGif tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;cJhaom oabmw&m;a&;&mcH,lcsufrsm;rSm aemifwGif abmf&SDApfygwD. tawG;tac:a&;&mtajccHtkwfjrpf jzpfvmygonf?

TuJhodk@aom oabmw&m;a&;&m ºuG,f0r_rsm;ESif h “tpPu&m”onf vDeif.ygwDwnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;twGuf ‚if;.tiftm;pkrsm;udk pnf;±Hk;&eftwGuf 'kwd,t}udrfygwDuGef*&ufac:&eftwGuf awmfvSefonfh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtwGufESifh “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;rsm;ESifh trsKd;rsKd;aom tacsmiform;rsm;udk qe@fusif&eftwGuf }uD;rm;us,fjyef@onfh wdkufyGJrsm;udk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apEkdif+yD; wu,fvnf; jzpfay:apcJhygonf?

“tpPu&m”aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;twGif; ta&;}uD;qHk; vkyfaqmifcsufrSm ygwD. vkyfief;pOfa&;qJGjcif;jzpfygonf? tvkyform;ygwD. vkyfief;pOfrSm u|efawmfwdk@od=uonfhtwdkif;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ. &nf&G,fcsufESifh&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk wdkwdkwkwfwkwfESifh odyHenf;us yHkazmfxm;onfh a=unmcsufjzpfonf? vkyfief;pOfonf ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_.tqHk;pGefyef;wdkifudka&m/ tqHk;pGefyef;wdkifatmifjrifa&;twGuf csDwuf&mvrf;wav#muf ygwDuawmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifonfh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udka&m t"dy`m,fazmf&Sif;vif;&onf? xdk@a=umifhvkyfief;pOfa&;qJGa&;onf xdyfwef;ta&;}uD;jy\emw&yfjzpfygonf?

vkyfief;pOfa&;qJGaepOf “tpPu&m”. t,f'DwmbkwftzGJ@twGif; vDeifu wzufESifhyvufuaemhAfESihf tjcm;bkwftzGJ@0ifrsm;uwzuf }uD;rm;pGm oabmxm;uGJvGJr_ ay:aygufvmonf? TuGJvGJr_rsm;ESifh tjiif;tcHkrsm;u vDeifESifh yvufuaemhAft=um; vHk;0jywfawmufvkrwwfjzpfvmygawmhonf? odk@aomf jy\emrsm;onf xdktcsdefu xdyftxd wufrvmao;yg? vkyfief;pOfrl=urf;wGif ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepff. ta&;}uD;qHk;pmyk'fESifh awmfvSefa&;wGiftvkyform;vlwef;pm;. acgif;aqmifr_tcef;tay: &Sif;vif;onfh azmfjycsufrsm; xnfhoGif;yg0ifa&;udk vDeifu t&,lvdkufygonf?

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T tacsmiform; (7) a,muf xGufoGm;jcif;u uGef*&uf&Sd tiftm;csdefcGifn‡mwGifvDeiftwGuf ta&;omoGm;apygonf?

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vDeifu “u|efawmfwdk@onf vlwef;pm;w&yf. ygwDjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;eD;yg;r# (ppfyGJumvrsm;/ jynfwGif;ppfumvY vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;) onf u|efawmfwdk@ygwD. acgif;aqmifr_atmufwGif jyKrlvkyfaqmif&rnf? u|efawmfwdk@ygwDESifh eD;uyfEdkifor#eD;uyfpGm apmifhodvdkufem&rnf? odk@aomft&if;&Sifpepfatmuf rnfhonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk vlwef;pm;w&yf okd@r[kwf vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;eD;yg;r#onf ‚if;.wyfOD;/ ‚if;. qdk&S,f 'Drdku&uffwpfygwD. todpdwf"mwfESifh v_yf&Sm;r_tqifhtxd jr‡ifhwifjrifhwufvmEdkifonf[k awG;xifjcif;onf rdkeDavmhAf0g'6 ESifh aemuf+rD;qJG0g'omjzpfayrnf? t&if;¶SifpepfatmufwGif tvkyf

6? monilovism *dka*gvf. aoaeaom0dOmOfrsm; rSZmwfaumifrdkeDavmhAfrS rdrdudk,frdrdauseyf ESpfodrfhjcif;/rv_yfr±Sm;tcsnf;ESD; pdwful;,Ofaer_rsm;-(bmomjyefol)


orm;or*~ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (ydkrdka&S;us+yD; rwdk;wufao;onfhtv$mrsm;twGuf ydkrdkem;vnfEdkifaom) awmifrS tvkyform;vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk; odk@r[kwf w&yfvHk;eD;yg;udk odrf;oGif;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdr_udk todOm%f&Sdonfh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;u rnfonfhtcgur# oHo, r&Sdyg? wyfOD;ESifh ‚if;bufwdrf;apmif;aeonhf xkw&yfvHk;t=um; jcm;em;csufudk arhypfjcif;/ tv$muGmjcm;r_rsm;udk TtjrifhqHk;xd tqufrjywfjr‡ifhwif&rnfhwyfOD;.vkyfief;wm0efudk arhypfjcif;onfrdrdukd,frdrd vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;r_rsm;omjzpf+yD;/ u|efawmfwdk@wm0ef. }uD;av;r_udk rsufpdrSdwfxm;um Twm0efrsm;ukd ao;odrfatmif vkyfjcif;omjzpfayonf”[k a&;om;cJhonf?(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmomarmfpudk 1947/ wGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-294)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmomarmfpudk 1947/ wGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-294)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmomarmfpudk 1947/ wGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-294)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmomarmfpudk 1947/ wGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-294)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmomarmfpudk 1947/ wGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-294)

2?2?2?2?2? ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.wyfOD; vlwef;pm;todpdwf"mwf&Sdonfh wyfcGJw&yfomrubJ/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. pnf;±Hk;pkpnf;xm;onfh wyfcGJw&yfvnf;jzpfumrdrdwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udk wkyfaESmifzGJ@pnf;xm; onfh udk,fydkifpnf;urf;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? xdk@a=umifhygwD0ifrsm;onf ygwD.tzGJ@tpnf;tcsdK@wGif tzGJ@0ifjzpf&ef rv$JraoGvdktyfygonf? tu,fI ygwDonf vlwef;pm;w&yf. pnf;±Hk;pkpnf;xm;aom wyfcGJw&yfr[kwfbJ/ pnf;±Hk;a&;t&pepf wckr[kwfyJ/ rdrdudk,frdrdygwD0if[k a=unmaomfvnf; ygwD. rnfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wGifrS ryg0ifbJ/ xdk@a=umifh pnf;±Hk;pkpnf;xm;jcif;r[kwfbJ ygwD.pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufem&efrvkdtyfonfh pkpnf;aygif;pyfxm;onfh vlpkvla0;w&yfomjzpfaeygu ygwDonf pnf;vHk;nD!GwfonfhqEN rnfonfhtcgr# &&Sdrnfr[kwfbJ tusdK;quftm;jzifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. wkdufyGJukdvnf; nef=um;Ekdifrnfr[kwfyg? ygwDonf ‚if;.ygwD0ifrsm;tm; vHk;ukdwckwnf;aom bHkwyfcGJwGif pnf;±Hk;pkpnf;+yD; waygif;wpnf;wnf;aom pdwfqEN/ waygif;wpnf;wnf;aom vkyfief;ESifh pnf;urf;wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfr_wkd@ESifh aygif;pyfxm;rSomv#if tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. vufawG@wkdufyGJukd acgif;aqmifum &nf&G,fcsufwckqDokd@ nef=um;Ekdifrnfjzpfygonf? rif&SDApfrsm;wifjyvmonfhuef@uGufcsufwGif TuJhodk@qkdygu ynmwwftrsm;tjym;-Oyrm ygarmuQrsm;/ wuUodkvfESifh txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm; pojzifhwkd@onf ygwDtjyifbufwGif usefcJhEdkifonf// ‚if;wdk@onf ygwD.pnf;urf;rsm;ukd vdkufem&ef wGef@qkwfaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; odk@r[kwf 'kwd,uGef*&ufY yvufuaemhAf ajym=um;ouJodk@ olwkd‹onf“wcsKd@a'o tzJG@tpnf;rsm;odk@0if&efrSm ‚if;wdk@*k%foduQm usoGm;onf” [k,lqaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; ygwD. tzGJ@pnf;rsm;xJodk@ r0ifcsifjzpfaeyg onf? Trif&SDApfwdk@. uef@uGufcsufonf rif&SDApfrsm;.acgif;ay:okd@om jyefvnfI wefjyef vdkufygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomfygwDpnf;urf;rvdkufemEdkifolESifh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; rsm;twGif;0if&ef a=umufvef@olrsm;udk ygwDuygwD0iftjzpf rvdktyfaoma=umifh jzpfyg onf? tvkyform;rsm;rSm pnf;urf;ESifh pnf;±kH;a&;udka=umufvef@jcif;r±Sd=ubJ ygwD0ifjzpf&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcs+yD;ygu tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; pdwfygvufyg0ifvm=uygonf? pnf;urf;ESifh pnf;±kH;a&;udka=umufvef@olrSm woD;yk*~vdu ynmwwfrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@onf trSefyif ygwD.tjyifbufwGif usef&pfcJhygvdrfhrnf? odk@aomfvnf;


TonfrSm ydkIaumif;&efjzpfyg onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhcsdefwGif txl;odomxif&Sm;vmonf? rwnf+idrfonfh tpdwftykdif;rsm; tpkvdkuf t+yHKvdkuf ygwDwGif;0ifa&mufvmr_rS oufomcGifh&vdkufEdkifjcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf?

vDeifu “ygwDonf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. pkaygif;xm;r_ (udef;*%ef;t& aygif;pnf; xm;jcif;r#ru tpkta0;w&yf) jzpfoifhonf[k u|efawmfqdkcsdefwGif ygwDonf vlwef;pm;w&yf. wyfOD;tjzpf wwfEdkifor# pnf;±kH;aygif;pyfxm;&ef/ ygwDonf rdrdudk,frdrd tenf;qkH; tedrfhqkH;tzGJ@tpnf;wGif ykHtyfxm;onfh tpdwftykdif;rsm;udkom ygwD0iftjzpf vufcH&ef qdkonfh u|efawmf.qEN/ u|efawmf. awmif;qdkcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;wdwdusus azmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf” [ka&;cJhonf/ (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-292)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-292)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-292)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-292)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-292)

xdk‹tjyif qufvuf+yD; “rm;awmhAf. ykHpHonf tay:,Htm;jzifh us,fjyef@vSaomypPnf;rJhtv$m. tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd umuG,fckcHaomfvnf; wu,fhtjzpfrSm ypPnf;rJhpnf;urf;ESifhpnf;±kH;a&;ukd a=umufvef@aemufwGef@onfh "e&Sifynmwwfrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udkom aqmifjcif;jzpfonf? acwfopf"e&SiftzJG@tpnf;wGif ynmwwfrsm;udk oD;jcm;tv$mtjzpf uGJjym;&onfh a,bk,stcsufrSm twdtustm;jzifh ‚if;wdk@. wOD;csif;0g'ESifh pnf;urf;ESifhpnf;±kH;a&; r vdkufygEdkifr_jzpfa=umif;ukd rnfolur# jiif;qdkvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg?” (txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-298/299)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-298/299)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-298/299)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-298/299)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-298/299)

xdk‹tjyifxyfI “ypPnf;rJhrsm;u pnf;urf;ESifhpnf;±kH;a&;udk ra=umufyg? ypPnf;rJhrsm;onftzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk r0ifcsif=uaom tzkd;wefygarmuQrsm;ESifh txufwef;ausmif;om; rsm;udktzGJ@tpnf;wck. xdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif tvkyfvkyf&Hkr#ESifh ygwD0iftjzpf todt rSwfjyKay;&efbmr#jyKvkyfrnfr[kwfyg? u|efawmfwdk@ygwDwGif pnf;urf;ESifh pnf;±Hk;a&;pdwf "mwfwGif rdrdudk,frdrdavhusif&efvdktyfolrsm;rSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;r[kwfbJ/ wcsdK@ynmwwfrsm; jzpfygonf? (txufyg(txufyg(txufyg(txufyg(txufyg

pmapmif-pmrsufESm-322)pmapmif-pmrsufESm-322)pmapmif-pmrsufESm-322)pmapmif-pmrsufESm-322)pmapmif-pmrsufESm-322)

3?3?3?3?3? ygwDonf pnf;±Hk;pkpnf;xm;onfh wyfcGJr#omru/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. “tzGJ@tpnf;o¿meftm;vHk;.tjrifhqHk;” jzpf+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tjcm;tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk vrf;!ïef&efrSm ‚if;.wm0ef jzpfayonf? tzGJ@tpnf;.tjrifhqHk; o¿meftjzpfvlwef;pm;xJrS taumif;qHk;olrsm;yg0if+yD;/ a&S@wef;a&mufonfh oabmw&m;/ vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJw&m;. tawG@t}uKHESifh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tawG@t}uKHwdk@ESifh vufeufwyfqifxm;onfh ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. wjcm;tzGJ@tpn;ftm;vHk;udk vrf;!ïef&eftcGifhaumif;rsm;&Sd+yD; vrf;!ïef&efvnf; wm0ef&Sdayonf? rif&SDApfrsm;. ygwD.acgif;aqmifr_tcef;udk ao;odrfatmifESifh wefzdk;avsmhusatmif }uKd;yrf;csufonf ygwDu vrf;!ïefr_ ay;aeonfh wjcm;ypPnf;rJhtzGJ‹tpnf;tm;vHk;udk tiftm;csnfheJ@ap+yD;/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk tiftm;csnfheJ@ap+yD; vufeufjzKwf&ef jzpfayonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf “ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tm%m&&Sda&;wdkufyGJwGif tzGJ@tpnf;rSvGJI wjcm;vufeufr&Sdacs?” (txufygpm apmif/(txufygpm apmif/(txufygpm apmif/(txufygpm apmif/(txufygpm apmif/

pmrsufESm-340pmrsufESm-340pmrsufESm-340pmrsufESm-340pmrsufESm-340)))))


4?4?4?4?4? ygwDonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.wyfOD;ESifh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;t=um; qufoG,fr_.jy,k*fjzpfygonf? ygwDonf rnfr#aumif;rGefonfh wyfOD;jzpfygap/ rnfr#aumif;rGefpGm pk±Hk;xm;Edkifygap ygwDy vlxkESifh qufoG,fr_r&SdbJ/ TtquftoG,frsm;udk wdk;yGm;jcif;ESifh cdkifrmawmifhwif;atmif jyKvkyfjcif;r&Sdygu ygwDonfwnf±SdEdkifrnfvnf;r[kwf/ jzpfay:wdk;wufEdkifrnfvnf;r[kwfyg? rdrdtcGHxJomwGif rdrdudk,frdrd ydwfae+yD;/ vlxkESifh uif;uGmum ‚if;.vlwef;pm;ESifh tquftoG,fudk av#mhcsjcif; odk@r[kwf qHk;&_H;vmyguvlxk. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh axmufcHr_udk rv$JraoGqHk;&H_;&rSmjzpf+yD;/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh taotcsm ysufpD;qHk;&H_;&ygvdrfhrnf? tjynfht0 &Sifoefjzpfay:wdk;yGm;&eftwGuf ygwDonf vlxkESifhtquftoG,frsm;udk wdk;yGm;&rSmjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;.vlwef;pm; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm. ,Hk=unfr_udk&atmif,l&ayrnf?

vDeifu “qkd&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDw&yfjzpf&efrSm u|efawmfwdk@onf vlwef;pm;.twdtus axmufcHtm;ay;r_udk &&Sd&rSmjzpfonf?” (vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk/ ±k±Sm;bmom/ twGJ 6/(vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk/ ±k±Sm;bmom/ twGJ 6/(vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk/ ±k±Sm;bmom/ twGJ 6/(vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk/ ±k±Sm;bmom/ twGJ 6/(vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk/ ±k±Sm;bmom/ twGJ 6/

pmrsufESm-208)pmrsufESm-208)pmrsufESm-208)pmrsufESm-208)pmrsufESm-208)

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vDeifu “,cifuu|efawmfwdk@ygwDonf pepfwus wpkwpnf;wnf; pnf;±Hk;pkpnf;xm;jcif;r[kwfbJ/ oD;jcm;tzGJ@rsm; pkaygif;xm;jcif;r#omjzpf+yD;/ xdk@a=umifh Ttpkrsm;t=um;tawG;tac:a&;&m=oZm*,ufrSvGJI wjcm;tquftoG,fr&Sdyg? ,cktcg u|efawmfwdk@ onfpnf;±Hk;pkpnf;xm;onfh ygwDw&yfjzpfvmum/ Tt&mu tm%mydkifudk wnfaxmifvdkufr_tawG;tac:rsm;. tpGrf;owWdudk tm%mydkif. tpGrf;owWdtjzpfajymif;vJr_/ atmufajcygwD


tzGJ@rsm;udk txufygwDtzGJ@rsm;vufatmufcHtjzpf xm;vdkufr_qdkonfh t"dym,foufa&mufaponf?” (txufyg pmapmifpmrsufESm-291)(txufyg pmapmifpmrsufESm-291)(txufyg pmapmifpmrsufESm-291)(txufyg pmapmifpmrsufESm-291)(txufyg pmapmifpmrsufESm-291)

ygwD. tm%mydkifr_ESifh ‚if;.pnf;urf;rsm;udk remcHbJaeonfh rif&SDApfrsm;. pnf;±Hk;a&;&m ypfy,fa&;0g' (nihilism) ESifh rif;pdk;&mZmESifhoufqdkifaom rif;rJh0g'udk tjypfwif&if;vDeifu a&;om;cJhonfrSm-

“Trif;pdk;&mZmESifh oufqdkifaom rif;rJh0g'onf txl;ojzifh ±k&Sm;ypfy,fa&;0g'D(nihilist) rsm;. xl;jcm;csufjzpfonf? olu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;udk a=umufrufzG,f “puf±Hk”uJhodk@ awG;xifum/ wpdwfwydkif;u wckvHk;udk emcHjcif;/ tenf;pku trsm;pkukdemcHjcif;udk“aus;u|efpepf”tjzpfoabmxm;um/ A[dk.!ïef=um;r_atmufY tvkyfwm0efcGJa0r_udk oluvlawGudk “bD;ESifhacG;oGm;pdwfrsm;” tjzpf ajymif;vJypfr_tjzpf tvGrf;w0uf taom w0ufuef@uGufoH xGufvmonf? t,f'Dwmrsm;udk aqmifyg;a&;olrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJ vdkufjcif;onf TuJhodk@aom ajymif;vJr_. txl;ojzifh &ufpufaom trsKd;tpm;tjzpf o abmxm;onf? ygwD. pnf;±Hk;a&;qdkif&m pnf;urf;rsm;udk azmfjy!ïef;qdkvdkufonfESifh rax rJhjrif &H_@rJhr_ESifhrnfolrqkd pnf;urf;ukdrvkdtyfyJ vHk;0ydwfyifEkdifonfqkdonfh txifao; &_wfcsonfhrSwfcsuf(“o¿meform;rsm;” twGuf&nf±G,f+yD;) xGufay:vmygonf? (((((vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*FvdyfvDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*FvdyfvDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*FvdyfvDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*FvdyfvDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyf

bmom/armfpukd 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-324)bmom/armfpukd 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-324)bmom/armfpukd 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-324)bmom/armfpukd 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-324)bmom/armfpukd 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-324)

6?6?6?6?6? ygwD.vufawG@vkyfief;wGif ygwD0ifrsm;. pnf;vkH;nDn$wfr_udk xdef;odrf;vdkygu ygwDonf acgif;aqmifa&m/ atmufajcyg ygwD0iftm;vkH;udk nDr#pGm csKyfaESmifzGJ@pnf;xm;onfh bkHwlnDonfh ypPnf;rJhpnf;urf; w&yfukdcsrSwf&rnf? xkd‹a=umifhygwDwGif;wGif pnf;urf;ESifh csKyfaESmifxm;onfh “rsufESm}uD;rsm;ESifh” pnf;urf;ESifhcsKyfaESmifxm;onfh “trsm;pk”[lI cGJjcm; xm;r_r&Sdoifhyg? Ttcsufudk rxdef;odrf;ygu ygwD.*k%foduQmESifh ‚if;ygwD0ifrsm;. pnf; vkH;nDn$wfa&;udk xdef;odrf;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg?

vDeifu “uGef*&ufucef@tyfchJonfh t,f'DwmbkwftzGJ@udk qef@usifonfh rm;awmhAfESifh tzGJ@bufwGif t"dym,fjynfh0aom jiif;ckHcsufrsm; vkH;0csKd‹wJhr_udk ‚if;wkd@udk,fydkif vl}udKufrsm;vSonfhpum;vHk; “u|Ekfyfwkd@onf aus;u|efrsm;r[kwf”wGif taumif;qkH; azmfjyaeygonf?"e&Sif ynmwwf. rdrdukd,frdrd vlxktzGJ@tpnf;ESifh vlxkpnf;urf;txufrS &yfaeonfh“rsufESm}uD;”wOD;uJhokd@ ,lqaeaom pdwfaepdwfxm;ukd Tae&mwGif xl;jcm;xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyxm;onf? ynmwwfrsm;. woD;yk*~v0g'twGuf ypPnf;rJhtzGJ@tpnf;ESifh pnf;urf;tm;vkH;onf aus;u|efpepfjzpf[ef&Sdygonf?” (vDeif-usrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmom-twGJ6/ pmrsufESm-(vDeif-usrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmom-twGJ6/ pmrsufESm-(vDeif-usrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmom-twGJ6/ pmrsufESm-(vDeif-usrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmom-twGJ6/ pmrsufESm-(vDeif-usrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmom-twGJ6/ pmrsufESm-

282)282)282)282)282)

xkdtjyif qufvuf+yD; “ppfrSefwJhygwDwnfaqmufa&;udk u|efawmfwkd@ qufvufvkyfaqmifwJhtcg vlwef;pm; todpdwf"mwf&Sdonfh tvkyform;onf ypPnf;rJhwyfrawmfrSppfom;wa,muf. pdwfaepdwfxm;ESifh rif;rJhp±kduf rdef@cGef;rsm;ac|aeonfh "e&Sifynmwwf


wa,muf. pdwfaepdwfxm;ukd cGJjcm;Edkifatmif avhvm&rnf? ygwD0ifwa,muf. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk atmufajcygwD0ifrsm;om jynfh0ap&rSmrubJ/ “txufrSvlrsm;uvnf;jynfh0&rnf[k wdkufwGef;ajymqdkwwf&ef avhvm&rnf?” (vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/(vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/(vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/(vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/(vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyf bmom/

armfpudk 1947/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufem-326)armfpudk 1947/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufem-326)armfpudk 1947/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufem-326)armfpudk 1947/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufem-326)armfpudk 1947/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufem-326) jcm;em;csuftay: ol. cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm;csufudk ed*kH;csKyf+yD;/rif&S DApf. tajctaeudk “pnf;±k H;a&;jy\emrsm;tay: tacsmif0g'” [k t"dy`m,fazmfowfrSwfvdkuf+yD;aemuf vDeifu rif&DSApf. }uD;av;aomtrSm;rsm;teuf wpfckrSmypPnf;rJhrsm;. vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJwGif vufeufwcktjzpf ygwDpnf;±kH;a&;. ta&;ygt&ma&mufr_tay: txifao;wGufqjcif;yifjzpfonf[k ,lqonf? rif&SDApfrsm;u ypPnfrJhhrsm;.ygwDpnf;±kH;a&;onf awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJtwGuf }uD;rm;wJh ta&;ygr_r&Sd[k ,kH=unfvufcHxm;onf? rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qef@usifpGmyif vDeifu ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tawG;tac:a&;&m pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_wpfckwnf;ESifh atmifyGJ&&ef rvHkavmuf/ atmifyGJ&vkdygu tawG;tac:a&;&m pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_udk ypPnf;rJh. “±kyfb0t& pnf;vHk;a&;&mnDnGwfr_” ESifh “cdkif+rJatmif” jyKvkyf&rnf?vDeifu TtajccHay:rSmomv#if ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf rcsKd;ESdrfEkdifaomtiftm;pk jzpfvmEkdifonf[kcH,lonf?

vDeifu “ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf tm%m&&Sda&;wdkufyGJtwGuf tzGJ@tpnf;rSvGJI wjcm;vufeufr&Sdyg? "e&SifurBm. rif;rJh+ydKifqdkifr_w&m;a=umifh rnDrnGwfjzpfae+yD;/ t&if;twGuft"rRvkyftm;. zdESdyfaoG;pkyfr_cHae&um vHk;0qif;&JrGJjymusr_/ ±kdif;pdkif;=urf;=uKwfr_ESifhqkwf,kwfysufjym;r_rsm;. “ydkIeuf±d_if;&mt&yf”odk@ tqufrjywf wGef;ydk@jcif; cHae&onfhypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf rmhufpf0g'rlrsm;tay: ‚if;[email protected];tac:a&;&mnDnGwfr_udk tzGJ@tpnf;. ±kyfb0t& nDnGwfr_ESifh cdkifrmatmifjyKvkyf+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. wyfrawmftwGif;odk@ oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;qif;&Jom;rsm;udk pkpnf;vmrSomv#if rcsdK;EdSrfEkdifaom tiftm;pktw&yf jzpfvmEdkif+yD;/ rv$Jra&Smifvnf; jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf? tdkrif;rpGrf;jzpfaeaom Zmbk&ifpepf. tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh roefrpGrf;jzpfaeaom EdkifiHwumt&if;tESD;[email protected]_wdk@onf Twyfrawmfudk ckcHEdkifpGrf;&Sdrnfr[kwfyg?(txufygpmapmif/pmrsufESm- 340)(txufygpmapmif/pmrsufESm- 340)(txufygpmapmif/pmrsufESm- 340)(txufygpmapmif/pmrsufESm- 340)(txufygpmapmif/pmrsufESm- 340)

vDeifonf Tedrdwfzwfcsufrsm;ESifh ol.pmtkyfudk tqHk;owfcJhonf?Tt&mrsm;onf vDeifu ol.ausmf=um;vSaompmtkyf “a&S@wvSrf;wdk; aemufESpf

vrf;qkwf”wGif azmfjycJhaom tajccHpnf;±kH;a&;&mrlrsm; jzpfonf?Tpmtkyf. ta&;}uD;r_rSm t"dutm;jzifh tpkav;rsm;rlrS qef@usif+yD;/ ygwD.rlrsm;

bufrSvnf;aumif;/ pnf;vHk;r_ysufjym;apolrsm;udk qef@usif+yD; ygwDbufrSvnf;aumif;atmifjrifpGm&yfcHcJh+yD;/ rif&SDApfrsm;. pnf;±kH;&mjy\emtay: tacsmiform;0g'udk acsr_ef;vdkuf+yD;/ aAmf&SDApfygwD. pnf;±kH;a&;&m tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;udk csay;vdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf?

Tpmtkyf. xl;jcm;csufrSm TtcsufESifhyif rukefao;yg? ‚if;. ordkif;0ifxl;jcm;csufrSmTpmtkyfwGif vDeifu rmhufpf0g'. ordkif;wGif yxrqkH;t}udrftjzpf ygwDonfypPnf;rJhrsm;.


acgif;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;jzpfa=umif;/ ygwDonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. t"duvufeufjzpfa=umif;ESifhygwDr&SdbJ ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tm%m&SifpepftwGuf wdkufyGJratmifjrifEdkifa=umif; ponfh ygwDESifhywfoufonfhrl0g'rsm;udk tao;pdwfcsJ@xGifa&;om;cJhjcif;yifjzpfonf?

vDeif.pmtkyf “a&S@wvSrf;wdk; aemufESpfvrf;qkwf”udk ygwDvkyfom;rsm;t=um; jzef@csdvdkufjcif;u a'otzGJ@tpnf;trsm;pkudk vDeifbufY pk±Hk;a&muf&Sdapvdkufygonf?

odk@aomfvnf; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u abmf&SDApfrsm;ywfvnfwGif ydkrdkodyfonf;eD;uyfpGm0dkif;&Hvmavav/ rif&SDApfacgif;aqmifrsm;. vkyfaqmifazmfjycsufrsm;onf ydkrdktmCmw}uD;rm;avjzpfygonf?

1904 ckESpf aEG&moDwGif yvufuaemhAf. ulnDr_ESifh pdwf"mwfusaeaom abmf&SDApfESpfOD;u&mqif (Krassin) ESifh EdkpaumhAf (Noskov) wdk@. opPmazmufr_wdk@. tusKd;jyKr_a=umifhrif&SDApfrsm;u A[dkaumfrwDwGif trsm;pk&&SdoGm;onf? rif&SDApfrsm;onf tuGJt+yJtwGufvkyfaqmifaeonfrSm &Sif;aeygonf? tpPu&mESifh A[dkaumfrwDudk qHk;±_H;vdkufr_u abmf&SDApfrsm;udk cufcJonfhtaetxm;odk@ qdkufa&mufoGm;apygonf? ‚if;wdk@twGuf ‚if;wdk@ydkifabmf&DSApf owif;pmxkwfa0&ef vkdtyfvmygonf? A[dkaumfrwDopf wnfaxmif+yD; rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh pm&if;&Sif;&eftwGuf ygwDuGef*&uftopf wwd,t}udrfuGef*&uftwGuf jyifqif&efvdktyfvmygonf?

TudpPudk vDeifacgif;aqmifonfh abmf&SDApfrsm;onf pwifvkyfaqmifvmonf?abmf&SDApfrsm;onf wwd,t}udrf uGef*&ufac:qdk&ef v_yf±Sm;r_ pwifvkyfaqmifvm

onf? 1904 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif vDeif. vrf;!ïefr_ESifh abmf&SDApf 22 OD;onf qGpfZvefEdkifiHYuGefz&ifhw&yfusif;ycJhonf? uGefz&ifhu “ygwDodk@”[k acgif;pOfwyfxm;onfh arwWm&yfcHcsufwapmifudk vufcHtwnfjyKvkdufonf? TarwWm&yfcHcsufu abmf&SDApfrsm;twGuf wwd,t}udrfuGef*&ufac:qdka&;wdkufyGJtwGuf vkyfief;vrf;pOftjzpf aqmif&Gufay;onf?

abmf&SDApfaumfrwD. a'ouGefz&ifhoHk;ck (awmifydkif;aumhau;&SESifhajrmufydkif;)wGiftrsm;pk. aumfrwDAsL±dkudk a&G;cs,fcef@tyfvkduf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@u wwd,uGef*&uftwGuf vufawG@ jyifqifa&;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf=uonf?

1905 ckESpf Zefe0g&D/ 4 &ufae@wGif abmf&SDApfowif;pm Aysm;a&mh (vperyod) (a&S@odk@)yxrpmapmif xGufvmonf?

TuJhodk@ ygwDwGif;wGif udk,fydkifA[dkwck/ udk,fydkifyHkESdyfwdkufudk,fpDESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifhrif&SDApfrsm;[lI oD;jcm;tpkESpfpk xGufay:vmygonf?


tusOf;csKyf

1901-1904 ckESpfumvrsm;twGif; awmfvSefonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;xGm;vmjcif;ESifh ±k&Sm;Y rmhufpf0g'-qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; }uD;xGm;+yD;/tiftm;awmif hwif;vmygonf? “pD;yGm;a&;0g'D”rsm;tay: qef@usifwd kufyG J0ifonfhrl0g'rsm;tay: jyif;xefonfhwdkufyGJwGif vDeif. “tpPu&m” awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfonfatmifyGJ&um tawG;tac:a&;&m±_yfaxG;r_ESifh “taysmfwrf;vkyf[ef”rsm;tay: ausmfeif;vdkufEdkifonf?

“tpPu&monf” usJjyef@aeaom qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftpkav;rsm;udk qufpyfqufoG,fay;+yD;/ 'kwd,t}udrf uGef*&ufusif;yEdkifa&;twGuf vrf;jyifqifay;cJhygonf? 1903 ckESpfwGifusif;yaom'kwd,t}udrfuGef*&ufwGif ±k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtvkyform;ygwDudk xlaxmifvdkuf+yD;/ ygwDvrf;pOfESifhpnf;urf;rsm;udk twnfjyKqHk;jzwfum ygwD. acgif;aqmif A[dktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkvnf; wnfaxmifvdkufygonf?

R.S.D.L.P wGif tpPu&mvrf;pOf vHk;0atmifyGJ&a&;twGuf 'kwd,t}udrfuGef*&ufwGif wdkufyGJqif&mrS abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApf[lI tkyfpk 2 ckay:xGufcJhonf?

'kwd,uGef*&uft+yD; abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApft=um; t"duuGJjym;csufrSm pnf;±Hk;a&;jy\emrsm;jzpfygonf?

rif&SDApfrsm;onf “pD;yGm;a&;0g'Drsm;”teD;odk@ wdk;uyfoGm;+yD;/ ygwDwGif;wGif ‚if;wdk@ae &mudk,lvkdufygonf? xdktcsdefrSmyif rif&[email protected]'onf pnf;±Hk;a&;&mjy\em rsm;wGif‚if;udk,f‚if; azmfxkwfjyovdkufygonf? rif&SDApfrsm;onf vDeif wifjyonfh wufºuGonfhwdkufpGrf;&nf&Sdonfh awmfvSefa&;ygwDyHkpHrsKd;udk qef@usifonf? olwdk@u avsmh avsmh&J&Jpkpnf;r_r&Sdonfhaemufvdkuf (khvostist) ygwDw&yf vdkcsifonf? ‚if;wdk@onf ygwD wGif;uGJ+yJvmatmif vkyfaqmifvmonf? yvufuaemhAf. tultnDjzifh ‚if;wkd@onf tpP u&mESifhA[dkaumfrwDudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;/ TA[dktpnf;t±Hk;rsm;udk ygwDcGJ&efqdkonfh ‚if;wkd@. &nf±G,fcsuftwGuf toHk;jyKcJhonf?

rif&SDApfrsm;u uGJ+yJ&ef +cdrf;ajcmufvmr_udk jrifvmonfhtwGuf abmf&SDApfrsm;onf tuGJ+yJorm;rsm;udkxdef;csKyf&ef vkyfaqmifvm&onf? ‚if;wdk@u a'otzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk wwd,t}udrfuGef*&uf usif;ya&;twGuf axmufcH&ef awmif;qdk+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk,fykdif owif; pmAysm;a&mhudk pwifxkwfa0vdkufonf?

Tenf;jzifh yxr±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&; t}uKdumv/ ±k&Sm;-*syefppfyGJ pwifcsdefwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf oD;jcm;EdkifiHa&;tkyfpk 2 zGJ@uJhodk@ vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf?


tcef; (3)

&k&Sm;=*syefppfyGJumvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifhyxr &k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;}uD;(1904=1907)

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2? tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyGGJrsm;? v,form;rsm;t=um; awmfvSefa&;2? tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyGGJrsm;? v,form;rsm;t=um; awmfvSefa&;2? tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyGGJrsm;? v,form;rsm;t=um; awmfvSefa&;2? tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyGGJrsm;? v,form;rsm;t=um; awmfvSefa&;2? tvkyform;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyGGJrsm;? v,form;rsm;t=um; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ aygufzGm; }uD;xGm;vmjcif;? ppfoabFm “ydkwJrfuif” v_yf&Sm;r_ aygufzGm; }uD;xGm;vmjcif;? ppfoabFm “ydkwJrfuif” v_yf&Sm;r_ aygufzGm; }uD;xGm;vmjcif;? ppfoabFm “ydkwJrfuif” v_yf&Sm;r_ aygufzGm; }uD;xGm;vmjcif;? ppfoabFm “ydkwJrfuif” v_yf&Sm;r_ aygufzGm; }uD;xGm;vmjcif;? ppfoabFm “ydkwJrfuif” (Potemkin) ay:rS ykefuefr_?ay:rS ykefuefr_?ay:rS ykefuefr_?ay:rS ykefuefr_?ay:rS ykefuefr_?

Zefe0g&D 9 &uf+yD;aemuf tvkyform;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJonf ydkrdkjyif;xefvmum EdkifiHa&;vuQ%maqmifvmygonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;oydwfrsm; axmufcHonfh oydwfrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;tjzpfodk@ pwiful;ajymif;vm+yD;/ wcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif Zmbk&ifppfom;rsm;tm; vufeufpGJudkifckcHr_rsm; jzpfay:vmonf? txl;ojzifh tvkyform;trsm;tjym; pkpnf;aeonfh pdef@yDwmpbwf/ armfpudk/ 0gaqm/ &Dum/ bmul;ponfh+rdK@}uD;rsm;wGif oydwfrsm;onf ydkrdkjyif;xef+yD; ydkrdkjyifqifpkpnf;r_ &Sdygonf? owWKvkyfief;rsm;onf wdkufyGJ0ifypPnf;rJhrsm;. wyfOD;rS csDwufcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@. oydwfrsm;a=umifh tvkyform;rsm;. wyfOD;onf vlwef;pm;tod ydkedrfhonfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk v_HaqmfEdkifcJh+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk; wdkufyGJ0if&ef xºuGapvkdufonf? qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;. =oZm tvsiftjref }uD;xGm;vmonf?

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vDeifu ypPnf;rJhrsm; "e&[email protected]&eftiftm;uH=urRmrS vGwfajrmuf&efESifh "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;. acgif;aqmifjzpfvmap&eftwGuf jzpfEdkifacs tm;vHk;&Sdonf[k ,lq onf?vDeif. tqdkt& xdkjzpfEdkifacsrSm atmufygtcsufrsm;a=umifhjzpfonf?

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pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-405)pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-405)pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-405)pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-405)pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-405)

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vDeifu “ypPnf;rJhrsm;omv#if 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf nD!Gwfonfhwyfom; jzpfEdkifonf?v,form;xku ‚if;[email protected] wdkufyGJtwGif; 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;vmrSomv#if ‚if;wdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf atmifjrifonfhwyfom;rsm;jzpfvmEdkifonf?” (txufygpmapmif/(txufygpmapmif/(txufygpmapmif/(txufygpmapmif/(txufygpmapmif/


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TonfrSm vDeifu ‚if;.pmtkyf “'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGif; qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD.enf;y&d,m,f 2 oG,f”wGif tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onfh ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk "e&SifawmfvSefa&;.acgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwfonfh t"duenf;y&d,m,frl/ "e&SifawmfvSefa&;wGif ypPnf;rJh.csKyfudkifr_ (hegemony) (acgif;aqmifr_tcef;)ESifh ywfoufonfh tajccHenf;y&d,m,frlrsm;jzpfygonf?

TonfrSm "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGif; enf;y&d,m,f jy\emrsm;tay:rmhufpf0g'ygwD. vrf;pOfopfjzpf+yD;/ rmhufpf0g' t0ef;t0dkif;twGif; ,cktcsdeftxd wnf&Sdaeonfh enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOfrsm;rS vHk;0uGJjym;jcm;em;aom vrf;pOfjzpfygonf? ,cif tajctaersm;t&qdkv#if "e&SifawmfvSefa&;rsm;Y Oyrm taemufOa&myY acgif;aqmifcJholrSm"e&Sifrsm; jzpf+yD;/ ypPnf;rJhrsm;rSm rv$Jruif;om ‚if;wdk@. tultiftm;jzpfum v,form;uawmh "e&Sifwdk@. t&eftiftm;rsm; jzpfcJhygonf? rmhufpf0g'Drsm;u TuJhodk@aom aygif;pyfr_rsKd;onf tenf;eJ@trsm; rv$Jra&Smifomjzpf&onf[k,lq+yD;/ wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf wwfEdkifor# ‚if;wdk@. udk,fydkif vlwef;pm; vwfwavm awmif;qdkcsufrsm;twGufwdkufyGJ0if+yD;/ udk,fydkifEdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf&Sd&rnf[k awmif;qdkowfrSwfonf? ,cktcg ordkif;ta=umif;tcsuf topfrsm;atmufwGif vDeiftqdkt& ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf "e&SifawmfvSefa&;.vrf;!ïeftiftm;pk jzpfvm+yD;/ "e&Sifrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;. acgif;aqmifr_rS wGef;xkwfjcif;cHvm&um v,form;xkonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. t&eftiftm;jzpfvmonfh tajctaeodk@ajymif;vJvmcJhygonf?

yvufuaemhAfonfvnf; ypPnf;rJhrsm;. (hegemony) csKyfudkifr_udk “axmufcHcJhonf”[lonfhajymqdkcsufrSm t"dy`m,f aumufvGJjcif; jzpfonf? yvufuaemhAfonf ypPnf;rJhrsm;.csKyfudkifr_udk tawG;tac:ESifh ya&my&nf (flirt) vkyfcJh+yD;/ pum;vHk;t& vufcHtwnfjyK&efrvdkvm;jcif;r&SdcJhonfrSm rSefygonf? odk@aomf tppftrSefrSm olonf TtawG;tac:udktESpfom& t&qef@usifcJhonf? ypPnf;rJhrsm;. csKyfudkifr_qdkonfrSm ypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;xkr[mrdwfzG@Jonfhay:vpDESifh vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;udk txD;usefaponfh ay:vpDwdk@ESifh yl;aygif;xm;onfh "e&SifawmfvSefa&;twGif;u ypPnf;rJhrsm;. acgif;aqmifr_tcef;qdkonfhoabm


oufa&mufayonf? odk@aomf yvufuaemhAfu u|efawmfwdk@od=uonfhtwdkif; vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;u txD;usefapa&;ay:vpDudk qef@usif+yD;/ vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDcsuf&a&;ay:vpDudk vdkvm;oabmusum ypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;t=um; r[mrdwfzGJ@a&;ay:vpDudkvnf; qef@usifygonf? trSefrSmrl yvufuaemhAf. enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOfonfypPnf;rJhrsm;.csKyfudkifr_udk jiif;y,fonfh rif&DSApfvrf;pOfyif jzpfygonf?

2?2?2?2?2? vDeifu Zmbk&ifukd jzKwfcs+yD;/ 'Drkdua&pDorRwEkdifiH&&Sda&;twGuf txda&mufqkH;enf;rSm jynfolvlxk. atmifyGJcHaom vufeufukdifykefuefr_omjzpfonf[k cH,lonf?rif&DSApfrsm;ESifh qef@usifpGmyif vDeifu “taxGaxG 'Drkdua&pD awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_u vufeufukdifykefuefr_. vkdtyfcsufukd ,laqmifvm+yD” jzpfa=umif; rSefuefr_twGuf ypPnf;rJh rsm;tm;pnf;±kH;a&;onf ygwD. t"duESifh r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaom vkyfief;rsm;xJrS aqG;aEG;&rnfhvkyfief;w&yfjzpfvm+yD” jzpfa=umif;ESifh “ypPnf;rJhrsm;tm; vufeufwyfqif&ef tpGrf;ukeftm;oGefcGefpkduf enf;emrsm;usifhokH;&efESifh ykefuefr_ukd wkduf±kdufacgif;aqmifjzpfEkdifcsufukdtmrcH&ef” vkdtyfonf[kcH,lonf? (txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)

vlxktm; ykefuef&ef vrf;!ïefr_ay;&efESifh ‚if;udk jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;. ykefuefr_tjzpfajymif;vJ&eftwGuf vDeifu vlxk}uD;w&yfvHk; ‚if;wdk@. awmfvSefa&;vufOD;r_ zefwD;wDxGifEdkifr_udk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;ap+yD;/ vufeufudkifykefuefr_twGuf pnf;±Hk;odrf;oGif;Edkifum Zmbk&ifpepf.tm%mpuf,E W,m;udk +zdKcsEdkifvmaponfh aºuG;a=umfoHrsKd;/ awmif;qdkcsufrsKd; xkwfa0&efvdktyfonf[k ,lqonf? olu aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;onf ol.pmtkyf “enf;y&d,m,fESpf oG,f”u t}uD;tus,f umuG,fckcHay;xm;onfh wwd,uGef*&uf. enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOfrsm;ESifh jynfhpHkatmif jznfhqnf;xm;&rnf[k cH,lonf?

atmufyg aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;onf TuJhodk@aom aºuG;a=umfoHrsm; jzpfonf[k olu,lqonf?

u?u?u?u?u? tpydkif;ESifh vufeufudkifykefuefr_ wu,fhjzpfpOfwGif; tvGefta&;}uD;onfh tcsufjzpfEdkifonfh vlxkEdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;? (txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-386)

c?c?c?c?c? tvkyfcsdef 8 em&D owfrSwfa&;ESifh tjcm;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. vwfwavmawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk awmfvSefaomenf;jzifh tvsiftjref taumiftxnfazmfjcif;?(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-358)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-358)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-358)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-358)(txufyg pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-358)

*?*?*?*?*? ajr,mrsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;tygt0if “'Drdkua&pDajymif;vJr_rsm;tm;vHk;”udk awmfvSefonfhenf;ESifh “taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&ef awmfvSefonfh v,form;aumfrwDrsm;tvsiftjref zGJ@pnf;jcif;”? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-398)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-398)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-398)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-398)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-398)

C?C?C?C?C? tvkyform;rsm;udk vufeuf wyfqifjcif;?Tae&mwGif tcsufESpfcsufrSm txl;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfygonf?yxr? yxr? yxr? yxr? yxr? +rKd@rsm;wGif tvkyfcsdef 8 em&DowfrSwfa&;ESifh aus;vufrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pD

jyKjyifa&;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&;enf;jzifh taumiftxnfazmfonfhenf;emrsm;/ qdkvdkonfrSm


tm%mydkifrsm;udk *±krpdkufonfh/ w&m;Oya'udk *±krpdkufonfh/ tm%mydkifrsm;udka&m/ w&m;Oya'udka&m vpfvsL±_onfh/ wnf&SdqJw&m;Oya'udk azmufzsuf+yD;/ +yD;ajrmufatmifjrif+yD;tcsufw&yftjzpf cGifhjyKcsufr&&Sdonfh vkyfaqmifr_ taetxm;opf (New Order) w&yfudkxlaxmifay;onfhenf;udk qdkvdkonf? tm%mpuf,E W&m;ukd oGufcsmyg' vdkufoGm;apum/vlxk. v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh wDxGifzefwD;Edkifonfh vufOD;r_rsm;udkvnf; vGwfajrmufoGm;apygvdrfhrnf?Tenf;emrsm;u +rdK@rsm;wGif awmfvSefa&;oydwfaumfrwDrsm;/ aus;vufwGif awmfvSefa&;v,form;aumfrwDrsm; ay:aygufvmapcJh+yD; oydwfaumfrwDrsm;onf aemufydkif; tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;ESifh v,form;aumfrwDrsm;onf v,form;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;tjzpf jzpfay:wdk;wufvmcJhygonf?

'kwd,? 'kwd,? 'kwd,? 'kwd,? 'kwd,? vlxkEdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;? taxGaxGEdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;wGif aemufykdif;Y vlxkrsm;ukd awmfvSefonfh v_H@aqmfr_rsm;jyK&mwGif tvGefta&;ygaomtcsufrsm; jzpfvmcJhygonf? TonfrSm ypPnf;rJh rsm;vufwGif;&Sd tvGefta&;}uD;aom vufeufw&yfjzpf+yD;/ xdktcsdefxd rmhufpf0g'ygwDrsm; .vufawG@wGifrnfolrSrod&Sdao;bJ/ wjznf;jznf; tm±HkpdkuftodtrSwfjyKjcif; cHvm&onfh vufeufw&yfvnf; jzpfayonf?

vDeifu jynfolvlxk.tHkºuGr_ atmifyGJ&+yD;aemuf Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk ,m,DawmfvSefa&;tpdk;&ESifh tpm;xdk;oifh[k,lqonf? awmfvSefa&;. atmifoD;atmifyGifhrsm;udk cdkifrm wnfwHhatmifvkyf&ef wefjyefawmfvSefa&;. ckcHr_ukd acsr_ef;&efESifh R.S.D.L.P . tedrfhqHk; vrf;pOfudktaumiftxnfazmf&efwdk@rSm ,m,DawmfvSefa&;tpdk;&. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;jzpf onf?vDeifu Twm0efrsm;atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufjcif;r&Sdygu Zmbk&ifpepftay: tjywftowfatmifyGJcH&efrjzpfEdkif[k ,Hk=unfonf? aemuf+yD; Twm0efrsm; atmifjrif+yD;ajrmuf&efESifh Zmbk&ifpepftay: tjywftowfatmifyGJcH&ef ,m,DawmfvSefa&; tpdk;&onf omreftpdk;&rsKd;rjzpfoifhbJ atmifyGJcHvlwef;pm;rsm;jzpfonfh tvkyform; v,form;rsm;. awmf vSefonfhtm%m&Sifpepftpdk;& jzpf&rnf? ypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;xk. awmfvSefonfh tm%m&Sifpepfjzpf&rnf? rmhufpf. emrnfausmfoabmw&m;jzpfonfh “awmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf.,m,Dtpdk;&wdkif;onf tm%m&SifpepfESifh TonfwGif tiftm;&Sdaom tm %m&Sifpepfvdktyfonf?” qdkonfudk udk;um;&if;/ vDeifu ,m,DawmfvSefa&;tpdk;&onf Zmbk&ifpepftay: tjywftowf atmifyGJcHa&;twGuf tmrcH&rnfqdkv#if ypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;xk.tm%m&SifpepfrSvGJI tjcm;r&SdEdkif[laom ed*Hk;csKyfcsufudk &&Sdxm;onf?

vDeifu “Zmbk&ifpepftay: awmfvSefa&;. tjywftowfatmifyGJrSm ypPnf;rJhESifhv,form;xk. awmfvSefonfh 'Drdkua&pD tm%m&Sifpepfjzpfonf”[kqdkcJhonf? “TuJhodk@aom atmifyGJonf wdusjywfom;aom tm%m&Sifpepfomjzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm ‚if;onfppfa&; tiftm;pktay:/ vlxkudk vufeufwyfqifay;r_tay:/ tHkºuGr_tay: rv$Jra&Smif rSDcdk&rSmjzpf+yD; “w&m;Oya'eJ@tnD” odk@r[kwf “+idrf;csrf;aom”enf;ESifh wnfaxmifxm;onfh


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4? awmfvSefa&;qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;? 1905 ck/ atmufwkdbm ±k&Sm; wjynfvkH;EkdifiHa&;4? awmfvSefa&;qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;? 1905 ck/ atmufwkdbm ±k&Sm; wjynfvkH;EkdifiHa&;4? awmfvSefa&;qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;? 1905 ck/ atmufwkdbm ±k&Sm; wjynfvkH;EkdifiHa&;4? awmfvSefa&;qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;? 1905 ck/ atmufwkdbm ±k&Sm; wjynfvkH;EkdifiHa&;4? awmfvSefa&;qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;? 1905 ck/ atmufwkdbm ±k&Sm; wjynfvkH;EkdifiHa&;oydwf? Zmbk&ifpepfaemufqkwfjcif;? Zmbk&if.a=unmpmwrf;? tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,foydwf? Zmbk&ifpepfaemufqkwfjcif;? Zmbk&if.a=unmpmwrf;? tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,foydwf? Zmbk&ifpepfaemufqkwfjcif;? Zmbk&if.a=unmpmwrf;? tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,foydwf? Zmbk&ifpepfaemufqkwfjcif;? Zmbk&if.a=unmpmwrf;? tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,foydwf? Zmbk&ifpepfaemufqkwfjcif;? Zmbk&if.a=unmpmwrf;? tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;ay:xGufvmjcif;?rsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;ay:xGufvmjcif;?rsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;ay:xGufvmjcif;?rsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;ay:xGufvmjcif;?rsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;ay:xGufvmjcif;?

1905 ckESpf aqmif;OD;umvwGif awmfvSefa&;v_yf±Sm;r_onf wjynfvkH;okd@ ±kdufcwfoGm;+yD;/tvGef}uD;rm;onfh t&Sdeft[kef&aeygonf?

pufwifbm 19 &ufae@Y armfpukdwGif ykHESdyfwkdufvkyfom;rsm;.oydwf ay:aygufvmygonf? ‚if;oydwfonf pdef@yDwmpbwfESifh tjcm;jrdK@}uD;rsm;okd@ ul;pufoGm;ygonf? armfpukdjrdK@rSmyif ykHESdyfwkdufvkyfom;rsm;. oydwfukd wjcm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS vkyfom;rsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;=u+yD;/ taxGaxG EkdifiHa&;oydwf}uD;tjzpf jzpfay:wkd;wufoGm;ygonf? atmufwkdbmvqef;ykdif;wGif armfpukd - uZef rD;&xm;vrf;Y oydwfpwifcJhygonf? ESpf&uftwGif; armfpukdrD;&xm;vrf;qkH&Sd rD;&xm;vkyfom;tm;vkH; oydwfxJyg0ifvm=u+yD;/ wjynfvkH;&Sd rD;&xm;vrf;tm;vkH; r=umrDtwGif; oydwfxJa&mufvm=uonf? pmykd@ESifh a=u;eef;vkyfief;rsm; &yfqkdif;oGm;onf? ±k&Sm;&Sd +rKd@}uD; trsm;tjym;Y tvGef}uD;rm;onfh tpnf;ta0;}uD;rsm;ac:qkdum oydwfarSmuf&efqkH;jzwf=uonf? oydwfrsm;onf tvkyf±HkwckrSwck puf±Hkw±HkrSw±Hk/ w+rdK@rSw+rdK@/a'owckrSwckokd@ ysH@ESH@oGm;onf? tvkyform;rsm;udk vkyfief;i,frS vkyfom;rsm; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh a&S@ae/ tif*sifeD,m/ q&m0efponfh ynmwwfrsm;u yl;aygif;vm=uygonf?

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tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd qef@usifonfh vlxkwkdufyGJukd acgif;aqmifcJhonf?

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vkduf+yD;/ aoavmufatmifa=umuf&GH@aeaom Zmbk&ifukd twif;tusyf 1905 ck/ atmufwkd


bm 17 &uf a=unmpmwrf;ukd xkwfjyefapvkdufonf? Ta=unmpmwrf;wGif jynfolukd“vlr_v$wfvyfcGifh. r,drf;,kdifaom tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm; vlwOD;csif;. ppfrSefaom &ykdifcGifhrsm;ESifh v$wfvyfpGm,kH=unfcGifh/ a[majymcGifh/ pka0;cGifhESifh zGJ@pnf;cGifhrsm;”ukd uwdjyKcJhonf? Oya'jyKv$wfawmfukd ac:qkdusifyay;&efESifh rJqENay;cGifhukd vlxkvlwef;pm;tm;vkH;okd@ wkd;csJ@ay;&efukdyguwdjyKxm;ygonf?

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vDeifu atmufwkdbm 17 &uf a=unmpmwrf;ukd ,m,Dtiftm;rsm; csdefcGifv#mnDaeonfh azmfjycsufw&yf[k oabmxm;onf? Zmbk&ifxHrS a=unmpmwrf;ukd n‡pfxkwf,lvkdufonfhypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;xkonf Zmbk&ifpepfukd jzKwfcs&ef vkHavmufaomtiftm;vkHavmufaomtiftm;vkHavmufaomtiftm;vkHavmufaomtiftm;vkHavmufaomtiftm;awmifhwif;r_ r&Sdao;bJ/awmifhwif;r_ r&Sdao;bJ/awmifhwif;r_ r&Sdao;bJ/awmifhwif;r_ r&Sdao;bJ/awmifhwif;r_ r&Sdao;bJ/ wzufrSmvnf; Zmbk&ifpepfonf enf;vrf;a[mif; wckwnf;ESifhqufvuftkyfcsKyf&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhbJ/qufvuftkyfcsKyf&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhbJ/qufvuftkyfcsKyf&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhbJ/qufvuftkyfcsKyf&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhbJ/qufvuftkyfcsKyf&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhbJ/ “vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;” ESifh “Oya'jyK” v$wfawmf ponfhpuULay:rSuwdrsm;udk rv$Jra&SmifombJ ay;tyfcJh&ygonf?

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tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;onf puf±Hktvkyf±Hktm;vkH;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; pka0;pnf;±kH;aqG;aEG;&m tpnf;ta0;}uD;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ ,cifu urBmrSmrawG@cJhbl;ao;onfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. vlxkEkdifiHa&; tzGJ@tpnf;ykHpHrsKd;udk ukd,fpm;jyKayonf? 1905ckESpfrSm yxrxGufay:cJhonfh qkdAD,ufrsm;onf abmf&SDApfygwD. acgif;aqmifr_ESifh 1917 ckwGifypPnf;rJhrsm;xlaxmifcJhonfh qkdAD,uftm%m. rl&if;ykHprl&if;ykHprl&if;ykHprl&if;ykHprl&if;ykHpH (proto type) jzpfygonf? qkdAD,ufrsm;rSm jynfolvlxk. wDxGifzefwD;a&S@aqmifonfh/ awmfvSefonfh o¿mefopfw&yfjzpfcJhygonf? ‚if;wkd@ukd vlxktwGif;rSawmfvSefonfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;u Zmbk&ifpepf. Oya'ESif hjyÏmef;csuf tm;vHk;ukd tmcH+yD; ‚if;wkd‹bmom oD;oef‹wnfaxmifvkdufjcif;jzpfonf?‚if;wkd‹rSm Zmbk&ifpepfukd wkdufckduf&efxºuGvmonfh vlxk. v$wfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;r_. azmfjycsufjzpfonf?

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pdef@yDwmpbwfY 1905 ckatmufwdkbm 13&uf (jyuQ'deftopf 26 &uf) Y puf±HkESifhtvkyf±Hk tm;vHk;wGif tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,uftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;y=uonf? xdknwGifyif qdkAD,uf. yxrtpnf;ta0;udkusif;ycJhonf? tvkyform;


udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;wnfaxmif&mwGif pdef@yDwmpbwf +yD;oGm;onfhaemufarmfpudkY jzpfygonf?

pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufonf ±k&Sm;&Sd ta&;}uD;qHk;pufr_vufr_ESifh awmfvSefa&;A[dkcsufrESifh Zmbk&iftifyg,m. +rKd@awmfjzpfonfhtwGuf 1905ck awmfvSefa&;wGif jywfom;onfhtcef;rSyg0ifoifhygonf? odk@aomf qdk;0g;vSonfh rif&SDApfacgif;aqmifr_a=umifh ‚if;wdk@wm0efudk ‚if;wdk@ rxrf;aqmifEdkifcJhacs? u|efawmfwdk@od=uonfhtwdkif;vDeifonf pdef@yDwmpbwfodk@ a&muf&SdrvmEdkifao;bJ EdkifiHjcm;Yyif &Sdaeygao;onf? rif&DSApfrsm;onf vDeifr&Sdjcif;ukd tcGifhtaumif;,l+yD; pdef@yDwmpbwf qdkAD,uftwGif; wdk;a0S‹0ifa&mufvmum ‚if;[email protected];aqmifr_udk&&Sd&ef }udK;pm;vm=uonf? TuJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;atmufwGif rif&SDApfrsm;jzpf=uaom c&ufpfwfvufAf (Khrustalev) xa&mhpuD/ yg;Am;pf(Parvus)ESifh wjcm;vlrsm;onf pdef@yDwmpbwf qdkAD,ufudk ykefuefr_awGudk qef@usif&efvSnfhajymif;vdkufEdkifjcif;rSm txl;tqef;r[kwfawmhyg? ppfom;rsm;udk qdkAD,ufrsm;ESifh eD;pyfvmatmifqGJaqmif+yD;/ bkHwdkufyGJrSm yl;aygif;vmatmifvkyf&rnfhtpm; olwdk@u ppfom;rsm;/pdef@yDwmpbwfrS ±kyfodrf;oGm;ay;&ef awmif;qdkonf? qdkAD,ufonf tvkyform;rsm;udkvufeufwyfqif+yD;/ tHkºuGr_twGuf jyifqifay;&rnfhtpm; csdefrSwfvkyf&if; tHkºuGr_twGufjyifqifr_rsm;udk qef@usifae=uygonf?

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5? 'DZifbm vufeufudkiftHkºuGr_? tHkºuGr_ ±_Hk;edrfhjcif;? awmfvSefa&;aemufqkwfjcif;? yxr5? 'DZifbm vufeufudkiftHkºuGr_? tHkºuGr_ ±_Hk;edrfhjcif;? awmfvSefa&;aemufqkwfjcif;? yxr5? 'DZifbm vufeufudkiftHkºuGr_? tHkºuGr_ ±_Hk;edrfhjcif;? awmfvSefa&;aemufqkwfjcif;? yxr5? 'DZifbm vufeufudkiftHkºuGr_? tHkºuGr_ ±_Hk;edrfhjcif;? awmfvSefa&;aemufqkwfjcif;? yxr5? 'DZifbm vufeufudkiftHkºuGr_? tHkºuGr_ ±_Hk;edrfhjcif;? awmfvSefa&;aemufqkwfjcif;? yxrEdkifiHawmf 'l;rm; pwkwˆ (nD!Gwfa&;) ygwDuGef*&uf?EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm; pwkwˆ (nD!Gwfa&;) ygwDuGef*&uf?EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm; pwkwˆ (nD!Gwfa&;) ygwDuGef*&uf?EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm; pwkwˆ (nD!Gwfa&;) ygwDuGef*&uf?EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm; pwkwˆ (nD!Gwfa&;) ygwDuGef*&uf?

1905 ckatmufwdkbmrS Edkif0ifbmumvtwGif; vlxk. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJrsm;onftvGef}uD;rm;onfh t&Sdeft[kefjzifh qufvufjzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeonf? tvkyform;oydwfrsm;qufvufjzpfyGm;aeonf?

ajr&Sifrsm;udkqef@usifonfh v,form;rsm;.wdkufyGJonf 1905 ck aqmif;OD;umvwGiftus,ftjyef@ jzpfyGm;vmonf? v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf wdkif;jynf. c±kdif oHk;yHkwyHkwGifjzpfyGm;aeonf? qm&mawmhAf/ wrfabmhAf/ csmeDaumhAf/ wpfzvpf/ ulawpfh jynfe,fESifh wjcm;ae&m trsm;tjym;wGif v,form;ykefuefr_ tppftrSefESifh }uHKawG@ae=u&onf? odk@aomfv,form;rsm; yg0ifwdkufcdkufr_rSm rvHkavmufao;bJ &Sdygonf? v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_onfpnf;±Hk;a&;a&m/ acgif;aqmifr_yg csKd@wJhaeygonf?

wpfzvpf/ AvmwDaAmhpawmh/ wmh&Sfuifh/ qmrmuef/ um;pf/ qlcrf/ 0gaqm/ uD;AfESifh&D*gponf h+rdK@}uD; trsm;tjym;wGifvnf; ppfom;rsm;t=um; r+idrfroufr_rsm; wdk;yGm;vmaeygonf? 1905/ Edk0ifbm c±kef;pw'fESifh qD;Amhpfwdkaygvf&Sd yifv,feufa&wyfrS a&wyfom;rsm;t=um; ykefuefr_ ay:aygufvmonf? odk@aomf ykefuefr_rsm;rSm txD;usefjzpfaeojzifh Zmbk&iftpdk;&u ESdrfeif;acsr_ef;ypfvdkufEdkifygonf? ppfwyfESifha&wyfzGJ@rsm;Y awmfvSefr_rsm; ay:ayguf&onfrSm r=umc% t&m&Sdrsm;. &ufpufaomvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ qdk;0g;vSonfh tpm;taomuf (“yJt"du±k%f;”) rsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ wjcm;wlnDonfhta=umif;t&if;rsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif; jzpfygonf? ykefuefr_twGif;u ppfom;ESifh a&wyfom;trsm;pkrSm Zmbk&iftpdk;&zsufcsa&;twGuf wufºuGonfh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ vdktyfcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnfod&Sdjcif; r&Sdao;acs? ‚if;wdk@onf tvGefat;at;aq;aq;+idrfouf+yD; tm;&ESpfodrfhauseyfaeum ykefuefr_pwifcsdefu zrf;qD;xm;onfh t&m&Sdrsm;v$wfay;jcif;jzifh trSm;rsm;udk r=umc% usL;vGefae=u+yD;/ txuft&m±Sdrsm;. uwdpum;rsm;/ acsmhjrLr_rsm;udk wu,fxifrSwf ,HkrSm;ae=uygonf?

awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf vufeufudkifykefuefr_ tajctaeodk@ usa&muftHqJqJ jzpfvmygonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;u vlxkudk Zmbk&ifESifh ajr&Sifukd wkdufckduf&ef/ vufeufukdifpGJ&efv_H‹aqmf+yD;/ TonfrSm rv$Ja&Smifomonfhtjzpf jzpfa=umif; &Sif;jyygonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onfZGJebJ}uD;pGmjzifh vufeufukdifykefuefr_twGuf jyifqifvkyfaqmif=uonf? ppfom;rsm;ESifha&wyfom;rsm;t=um; awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif=u+yD;/ vufeufukdiftiftm;pkrsm;twGif; ygwD. ppfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd wnfaxmif=uonf? tvkyform; wkdufckdufa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;udk +rdK@}uD;tcsKd@wGif wnfaxmif+yD;/ wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u vufeufukdifpGJenf;rsm;ukd oif=um;ay;onf? EkdifiHjcm;rS vufeufrsm; 0,f,l+yD;/ ±k&Sm;okd@ ckd;oGif;jcif;rsm;ukd pnf;±kH; vkyfaqmif=u+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@ukd o,f,lykd@aqmif&mY xif;&Sm;onfhygwD0ifrsm;u vkyfaqmiff=uygonf?


1905 ck Ekd0ifbmwGif vDeif ±k&Sm;okd@jyefa&mufvmonf? Zmbk&ifykvdyfESifh olv#Kdrsm;ukdwdrf;a&Smif&if;/ olonf vufeufukdifykefuefr_twGuf jyifqif&ef wkduf±kdufvkyfaqmifvmonf?abmf&SSDApfowif;pm/ EkdAm&mZif (b0opf) yg ‚if;.aqmif;yg;rsm;onf ygwDukd ‚if;. ae@pOfvkyfief;wGif OD;aqmifvrf;!ïefr_ ay;aeygonf?

TtcsdefwGif &Jabmfpwmvif (Stalin)onf x&ef@aumhau;&Sm;&Sd }uD;rm;av;vHvSonfh awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifaeygonf? olonf rif&SDApfrsm;ukd awmfvSefa&;ESifhvufeuf ukdiftkHºuGr_. &efoltjzpf zGifhcswkdufckdufvkdufonf? olonf oufOD;qHykdifpepfukdwkdufckdufonfh t+yD;owfwkdufyGJtwGuf tvkyform;rsm;ukd ckdifckdifrmrm jyifqifay;onf?Zmbk&ifa=unm csufxGufonfhae@u wpfzvpf tvkyform;rsm; tpnf;ta0;Y rdef@cGef;ajym&mwGif &Jabmf pwmvifu atmufygtwkdif; ajym=um;cJhonf?

“u|efawmfwkd@ wu,fwrf;Ekdifzdk@twGuf bmvkdtyfovJ/ u|efawmfwkd@t&m 3 rsKd;vkdtyfw,f? yxr-vufeuf? 'kwd,-vufeuf? wwd,-vufeufESifh aemufxyf vufeufyJ”

1905 'DZifbmwGif zifvef-wefrmazmhpfY abmfvf&SDApfuGefz&ifh usif;ycJhonf? abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf w&m;0iftm;jzifh qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD wckwnf;wGif&Sdaomfvnf;/trSefpifppfrSmrl ‚if;wkd@onf ukd,fykdifacgif;aqmif A[kdwzGJ@pDESifh uGJjym;onfh ygwDESpfck jzpfaeygonf? TuGefz&ifhY vDeifESifh pwmvif yxrqkH;t}udrf awG‹qkHrd=uonf? xkdtcsdefxd ‚if;wkd@onf pmay;pm,ljzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ &Jabmfrsm;rSwqifh aomfvnf;aumif; qufoG,fae=uygonf//

wefrmazmhpf uGefz&ifh. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;xJrS atmufyg ESpfcsufrSm rSwfom;oifhayonf?wpf-wpf-wpf-wpf-wpf-wu,ftm;jzifh ygwD 2 &yftjzpfodk@ uGJaeonfh ygwD. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&efESifh aemufwcsuaemufwcsuaemufwcsuaemufwcsuaemufwcsufrSm 0pfwD (Witte) 'l;rm;[k trsm;od=uonfh yxr'l;rm;v$wfawmfudk oydwfarSmuf&efjzpfygonf? xdktcsdefwGif armfpudkY vufeufudkifykefuefr_rSmpwifae+yDjzpfojzifh/ vDeif. t}uHay;csuft& uGefz&ifhvkyfief;rsm; tjrefvufpowf+yD;ykefuefr_wGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm; udk,fwdkifudk,fusyg0if&ef vlpkcGJvdkufygonf?

odk@aomf Zmbk&iftpdk;&uvnf; tdyfpufidkufjrnf; aejcif;r&Sdyg? ‚if;uvnf; tjywftowf wdkufyGJtwGuf jyifqifaeygonf? *syefESifh t+yD;owf+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;+yD;aemuf/‚if;tajctae tcuftcJrsm; avsmhyg;apum Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf tvkyform;ESifh v,form;rsm;udk xdk;ppfqif&efvkyfaqmifvm=uonf? v,form;ykefuefr_ trsm;tjym; jzpfyGm;aeonfhjynfe,frsm;wGif rm&S,favm xkwfjyefxm;+yD;/ “tusOf;om;vufrcH”/ “usnfqH rac|wmESifh”ponfh &ufpufonfh trdef@rsm;xkwfjyefum awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmifrsm;udkzrf;qD;&efESifh tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;udk zsufodrf;&ef trdef@xkwf=uonf?

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'DZifbm 7 &uf/ (20) Y armfpudkwGif EdkifiHa&;oydwf}uD; pwifcJhonf? odk@aomf wjynfvHk; ysH@ESH@&ef}udK;yrf;r_rSm ratmifjrifcJhacs? pdef@yDwmpbwfrS vHkavmufaom axmufcHr_r&bJ/tHkºuGr_twGuf atmifjrifzdk@tcGifhtvrf;rSm puwnf;u avsmhenf;cJh&ygonf? eDudkvm&ufpum&m (,ckatmufwdkbm) rD;&xm;vrf;rSm Zmbk&iftpdk;&vufxJrSmyif &Sdaeonf? xdkvrf;ay:rSm toGm;tvmrSm twm;tqD; taESmifht,Sufr&Sdojzifh tpdk;&taejzifh ykefuefr_udkESdrfESif;&ef pdef@yDwmpbwfrS tapmifhwyf&if;rsm;udk armfpudkodk@ ydk@ay;EdkifcJhygonf?

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&S&Sm;. tzdESdyfcHvlrsKd;pkrsm;vnf; vufeufukdifwdkufyGJ 0ifvmygonf? a*smf*sD,m wckvHk;eDyg; vufeufukdif xºuGvmonf? ,lu&def;ESifh 'dkeufjrpf0Srf;&Sd a*:avmhAfum/ tufvufZE Wa&mhAfpfcfESifh vl*ef@pf (,ck Adk±dk&SDavmhAf*&uf) +rKd@rsm;wGif }uD;rm;vSonfhtHkºuGr_rsm;ay:aygufvmonf? vwfAD;,m;Y jyif;xefonfhwdkufyGJrsm; jzpfaeonf? zifvefwGif tvkyform;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@wyfeDrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;+yD; ykefuefxºuGvmonf?

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'DZifbm vufeufukdiftHkºuGr_tay: rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDApfwdk@. tuJjzwfcsufrsm;rSmuGmjcm;ygonf?

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abmf&DSApfrsm;u T&yfwnfr_ukd opPmazmufr_[k pGyfpJGvkdufonf? armfpukdvufeufukdiftHkºuGr_. tawG‹t}uHKu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf atmifjrifpGm vufeufukdifwdkufyGJqifE$JEdkifonfukd twnfjyKay;vkdufonf[k olwdk@u xifjrif,lqonf? yvufuaemhAf. tjypfwifcsuf “olwdk@ vufeufrukdifoifh=ubl;”ukd vDeifacsy&mwGif- “'geJ@qefusifpGmyif u|efawmfwdk@onf vufeufukd ydkIcdkifrmjywfom;pGm wufºuGpGm twif;t"rRudkifpGJxm;&rnf?u|efawmfwdk@ vlxkudk rdrdukd,frdrd +idrf;csrf;aomoydwfrsm;ESifhom uef@owfxm;&ef rjzpfEkdifa=umif;/ tn‡mwmuif;rJhonfh vufeufukdifwkdufyGJukd rvGJra&SmifEkdifa=umif; &Sif;jy&rnf?”(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 446)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 446)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 446)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 446)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 47/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 446)

1905/ 'DZifbm tkHºuGr_onf awmfvSefa&;. txGwftxdyfjzpfonf? Zmbk&ifoufOD;qHykdifpepfu tkHºuGr_ukd acsr_ef;vdkufonf? xdk@aemuf awmfvSefa&;onf vSnfhajymif;oGm;+yD;'Da&uspjyKvmonf? awmfvSefa&;'Da&onf wjznf;jznf;avsmhusvmonf?


Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf ±_H;edr@fr_udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;udk aemufqHk;xdk;ESufwdkufcdkuf&ef tvsiftjrefjyifqifonf? Zmbk&if. yg;uGuftm%mom;rsm;ESifh axmif0efxrf;rsm;onf ‚if;[email protected];pGef;aomvkyfief;rsm;ukd pwifvm=uonf? ydkvef/ vwfAD;,m;/tufpwdkeD;,m;/ x&ef‹aumhau;&Sm;ESifh qdkufaA;&D;,m;wdk@wGif tjypfay;ta&;,lr_rsm; zkH;v$rf;aeonf?

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R.S.D.L.P. . pwkwÎuGef*&uf-nD!Gwfa&;uGef*&ufudk 1906 {+yDY pawmh[krf; (qGD'if)wGif usif;ycJhonf? ygwD.a'otzGJ@tpnf; 57 ckudk udk,fpm;jyKonfh rJqENay;Edkifonfhudk,fpm;vS,f 111 a,muf wufcJhonf? xdk‹tjyif trsKd;om; qkd&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwDrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; wufa&mufcJhonf? bef;rS 3 a,muf/ ydkvef qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwDrS 3 a,muf/vufwpf qdk&S,ff'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@tpnf; (Lettish Social Democratic organization) rS 3a,muf jzpfonf?

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ajr,mjy\emay:wGif- vDeifu ajr,mEkdifiHawmfykdifEkdifiHawmfykdifEkdifiHawmfykdifEkdifiHawmfykdifEkdifiHawmfykdiff jyKvkyfa&;ukd wifoGif;onf? oluajr,mEkdifiHykdifjyKvkyfa&;onf Zmbk&ifpepfukd jzKwfcs+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&; atmifyGJcHrS omv#ifjzpfEkdifonf[kcH,lonf? TuJhokd@ aom tajctaersKd;atmufrSm ajr,mEdkifiHykdifjyK vkyfjcif;onfypPnf;rJhrsm;tzkd@ qif;&Jv,form;rsm;ukd r[mrdwfjyKum qkd±S,fvpfawmf vSefa&; ul;ajymif;&efykdrk dvG,fulapygvdrfhrnf? ajr,m EkdifiHykdifjyKvkyfjcif;qkdonfrSm ajr,mykdif euftm;vkH;avsmfa=u;ray;bJodrf;,l+yD;/ v,form;xkokd@ ay;tyf&efjzpfygonf? abmf&DSApf [email protected],mpDrHudef;vrf;pOfu v,form;rsm;ukd Zmbk&ifESif h ajr&Sifrsm;ukd qef@usifonfhawmfvSefa&;xJyg0ifvm&ef v_H‹aqmfvkdufonf?

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rif&SDApfvrf;pOfonf uGef*&ufwGif rJtrsm;pk &&Sdvkdufygonf//rif&SDApfrsm;onf txl;ojzifh vuf±SdtajctaeESifh EkdifiHawmf'l;rm;jy\em tay:

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“ypPnf;rJhrsm;ukd csLyfukdifrvm;/ okd@r[kwf 'Drkdu&ufwpf"e&Sifrsm;ukd csLyfukdifrvm;? 'g[mygwDwGif;wnf±S daewJhjy\em/ 'g[m u|efawmfwkd@ uGJjym;jcm;em;wJhae&m”vkd@ ajym=um;vkdufygonf//

EkdifiHawmf'l;rm;ESifhywfouf+yD;/ rif&SDApfrsm;u ‚if;wkd@qkH;jzwfcsufxJwGif awmfvSefa&;.jy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;+yD;/ jynfolvlxkukd Zmbk&ifvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuftaumif;qkH;enf;emtjzpf csD;usK;xm;onf/ qef@usifpGmyif abmf&SDApfrsm;u 'l;rm;ukd Zmbk&ifpepf. tpGrf;r&Sdonfh tpG,ftyGm;w&yftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ Zmbk&ifpepf. raumif;r_rsm;ukdumuG,fxm;onfh uef@vefumzkH; tjzpfvnf;aumif; oa&mfxm;+yD;/ tqifrajy tokH;rus jzpfvmwmESifh w+ydKifeuf Zmpepfu pGef@ypfvkdufrSmjzpfonf?

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abmf&SDApfrsm;taeESifh 'kwd,'l;rm;ukd yl;aygif;rvm; okd@r[kwf oydwfarSmufrvm;ukdqkH;jzwf&ef jzpfvmygonf? oydwfarSmufonf[kqkd&mY abmf&SDApfrsm;u qkdvkdcsifonfrSmwufºuGonfh oydwfarSmufjcif;ukd qkdvkd+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJrxnfhyJ aejcif;r#avmufukdom qkdvkd&if;r[kwfyg? abmf&SDApfrsm;u wufºuGonfh oydwfarSmufjcif;ukd Zmbk&ifpepfujynfolvlxkukd awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;rS Zmbk&if. “zGJ‹pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk”vrf;a=umif;okd‹ vSnfhajymif;ay;&ef}udK;yrf;r_ukd jynfolvlxktm; owday;onfh awmfvSefa&;enf;emwck tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ T}udK;yrf;r_rsm;ukd tcsnf;ESD;jzpfap+yD;/ jynfolvlxk. wkdufckdufa&;pGrf; &nf opfukdpnf;±kH;&ef enf;emwcktjzpfvnf;aumif; oabmxm;ygonf?

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ToydwfarSmufr_onf jynfolvlxkukd Zmbk&if. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;Oya' vrf;a=umif;. tE W&m,fukd owday;cJhEdkif±Hkru 'l;rm;ay:xGufvmr_ukdvnf; tcsD;tESD; jzpfapvkdufonfhtwGuf atmifjrifayonf? ToydwfarSmufr_onf awmfvSefa&;'Da&uscsdefrSm r[kwfbJ'Da&wufcsdefrSm vkyfaqmifcJh+yD;/ xkd'Da&. axmufcHr_ukdvnf; &&SdcJhonfhtwGuf atmifjrifcJhayonf? 'l;rm; ac:qkdusif;yjcif;ukd awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhumvwGifom acszsufEkdifygonf?

0SpfwD (Wittle) 'l;rm; okd@r[kwf yxr'l;rm;ukd oydwfarSmufjcif;ukd 'DZifbmtkHºuGr_±H_;edrfh+yD;csdefrSm jyKvkyfcJh+yD;/ Zmbk&ifu atmifEkdifoljzpfaeaom tcsdefvnf;jzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm awmfvSefa&;'Da& pwifusqif;ae+yDukd jrifawG@vmEkdifonfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm; &Sdvmonfh tcsdefjzpfonf?

vDeifu “okd@aomf TatmifyGJ (Zmbk&if. - t,f'Dwm)ukd tjywftowf atmifyGJtjzpf xkdtcsdefu oabmxm;&efrSm rnfonfh tajccHta=umif;r# r&Sda=umif; ajym&efawmifrvkdyg? 1905 ckESpf 'DZifbmtkHºuGr_. tusKd;qufrsm;taejzifh 1906 aEGwGif tquftpyfr&Sdaom wpdwfwykdif; ppfwyfwGif;ykefuefr_ESifh oydwfrsm; woDwwef;}uD; ay:xGufvmyg onf?0SpfwD'l;rm;ukd oydwfarSmuf&efv_H‹aqmfjcif;onf TtkHºuGr_rsm;ukd aygif;pnf;pk±Hk;+yD;/ trsm;oabm vuQ%maqmifvmatmifvkyf&ef jzpfygonf? (vDeifusrf;aygif;csKyf/ ±k&Sm; bmomtwGJ(vDeifusrf;aygif;csKyf/ ±k&Sm; bmomtwGJ(vDeifusrf;aygif;csKyf/ ±k&Sm; bmomtwGJ(vDeifusrf;aygif;csKyf/ ±k&Sm; bmomtwGJ(vDeifusrf;aygif;csKyf/ ±k&Sm; bmomtwGJ

12/ pmrsufESm-20)12/ pmrsufESm-20)12/ pmrsufESm-20)12/ pmrsufESm-20)12/ pmrsufESm-20)

0SpfwD'l;rm;ukd oydwfarSmufjcif;onf ‚if;.*k%foduQmukd tawmfoifhxdckdufap+yD;/ vlwcsdK@. ,kH=unfr_ukd tm;enf;apEkdifvkdufaomfvnf;/ 'l;rm;usif;yjcif;ukdrl rwm;qD;Ekdifyg/oydwfarSmufjcif;u 'l;rm;usif;yjcif;ukd rwm;qD;Ekdifonfh ta=umif;rSm aemufykdif; ykdI&Sif;vm


onfrSm oydwfarSmufjcif;ukd awmfvSef;a&;uscsdef/ usqif;csdefrSm jyKvkyfaoma=umifh jzpfyg onf?xkdta=umif;a=umifh 1906 ckESpf yxr'l;rm;ukd oydwfarSmufjcif;onf ratmifrjrif jzpfoGm;&ygonf? TonfESifhywfouf+yD; vDeifu ol.ausmf=um;vSaom pmwrf; “uGefjrL epf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd “vuf0J*kd%f;” oli,fempmtkyfwGif a&;cJhonfrSm -

“1905 ckESpfwGif abmf&SDApfwkd@u ‘ygvDref’ukd oydwfarSmufjcif;onf awmfvSefaomypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ukd tzkd;rjzwfEkdifaom EkdifiHa&;tawG@t}uKHjzifh ºuG,f0ap+yD;/ Oya'wGif;ukdOya'yjzifhvnf;aumif;/ ygvDrefukd ygvDrefjyifywkdufyGJo¿mefrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; aygif;pyfay;&mwGif ygvDrefo¿mefrsm;ukd jiif;y,f&jcif;rSm wcgw&HtusKd;±Sd+yD; vkdvnf;vkdtyfa=umif;ukd jyovkdufonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;u “'l;rm;”ukd oydwfarSmufjcif;onfao;i,f+yD;/ tvG,fwul ukpm;Ekdifaomt&mwckjzpfapumrl trSm;wckjzpfonf? wOD;wa,muf twGuf tokH;jyKEkdifaomt&mrsm;ukd vkdtyfonfh ajymif;vJjyifqifr_rsm; jyKvkyfI EkdifiHa&;ESifh ygwDrsm;twGuf tokH;jyKEkdifonf? trSm;rusL;vGefzl;olonf ynm&Sd r[kwfTuhJokd@aom vlrsKd;r&Sd/ &Sdvnf; r&SdEkdif/ tvGef}uD;av;aomtrSm;ukd rusK;vGefolESifh ‚if;wkd@tm;vG,fulpGmESifh vsifjrefpGm rnfokd@jyifqif&rnfukd od&Sdolom ynm&Sdjzpfayonf?” (vDeifvufa&G;(vDeifvufa&G;(vDeifvufa&G;(vDeifvufa&G;(vDeifvufa&G;

pifusrf;/ twGJ(2) pmrsufESm-528)pifusrf;/ twGJ(2) pmrsufESm-528)pifusrf;/ twGJ(2) pmrsufESm-528)pifusrf;/ twGJ(2) pmrsufESm-528)pifusrf;/ twGJ(2) pmrsufESm-528)

'kwd,EkdifiHawmf 'l;rm;ESifh ywfouf+yD;/ vDeifu ajymif;vJoGm;aom tajctaeESifh awmfvSefa&;usqif;oGm;r_a=umifh abmf&SDApfrsm;onf EkdifiHawmf'l;rm;ukd oydwfarSmufa&;udpPukdjyefvnfpOf;pm;&rnf[k ,lqonf? (txufygtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-450)(txufygtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-450)(txufygtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-450)(txufygtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-450)(txufygtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-450)

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tm;vkH;ujyovkdufonfrSm wpkHwa,mufonf awmfvSefa&;wufaecsdefwGif rnfuJhokd@ckdifrm}uHhckdifpGm a&S@quf&rnf? a&S@wef;rS rnfuJhokd@ yg0if&rnfukd od&rnfomru awmfvSefa&;qufrwufaeonfhtcsdefwGif tpDtpOf&SdpGm rnfuJhokd@aemufqkwf&rnf? aemufqHk;rS qkwfcGm&rnf/ ajymif;vJoGm;onfh tajctaeESifhtnD enf;em;rsm;ukd ajymif;vJ+yD;/ z±kdz&JqkwfcGmjcif;r[kwfbJ pnf;±kH;r_&SdpGm/ wnf+idrfpGmESifh a=umufvef@w=um; r&SdbJ qkwfcGm &rnf? tvGefao;i,fonfh tcGifhta&;uav;rsm;ukd tokH;cs+yD;/ &efolrD;tm;atmufrS au'grsm;ukd aemufqkwfckdif;&rnf/ rdrdtiftm;rsm;ukd jyefvnf pkpnf;wnfaqmuf+yD; &efoltwGuf xkd;ppftopfukd jyifqif&efvnf; odem;vnf&rnf jzpfayonf?

abmf&SDApfrsm;u 'kwd,'l;rm;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0if&ef qkH;jzwfvkduf=uygonf? okd@aomfvnf; abmf&SDApfrsm; 'l;rm;okd‹0ifa&mufcJhonfh &nf&G,fcsufrSm rif&SDApfrsm;uJhokd‹ zGJ‹pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk 'Drkdu&ufrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;+yD;/ v$wfawmfwGif; ay:aygufvm rnfh


“Oya'jyK”vkyfief;vkyfaqmif&ef r[kwfbJ awmfvSefa&; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf pifjrifh w&yftjzpftokH;cs&ef &nf&G,fayonf?

qef@usifpGmyif rif&SDApfA[kdaumfrwDu a&G;aumufyGJoabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH'Drkdu&ufrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;&ef wkdufwGef;+yD;/ 'l;rm;twGif;wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH'Drkdu&ufrsm;ukd axmufcH&efvnf; ajym=um;=uonf? ‚if;[email protected] 'l;rm;onf Zmbk&iftpkd;&ukd Zuf}udK;csKyfxdef;Ekdifonfh Oya'jyKtaqmufttkHw&yf jzpfaeygonf?

ygwDtzGJ@pnf;trsm;pku rif&SDApfA[kdaumfrwD. ay:vpDukd qef@usifa=umif; azmfjyvm=uonf//

abmf&SDApfrsm;u ygwDuGef*&uftopf ac:,l&ef awmif;qkdvkdufonf?1907 arvwGif yOPrt}udrf uGef*&ufukd vef'efwGif usif;ycJhonf? TuGef*&ufumv

wGif R.S.D.L.P. onf (trsKd;om;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tyg) ygwD0ifaygif;150˜000 eD;yg;&Sdaeygonf? tm;vkH;wGif uGef*&ufokd@ ukd,fpm;vS,f 336 OD; wufa&muf+yD;/‚if;wkd@xJwGif 105 OD;rSm abmf&SDApfjzpf+yD;/ 97 OD;rSm rif&SDApfrsm;jzpfonf? usefukd,fpm; vS,frsm;rSmtrsKd;om;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh ykdvefESifh vufwpf qkd&S,f 'Drkdu&ufrsm;ESifhbef;wkd@. ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@ukd ,cifuGef*&ufY R.S.D.L.P. wGif;okd@0ifcGifay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?

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ykH'Drd ku&ufygwD. twkta,miftvdrftnm 'Drk dua&pDudk azmfxkwfzGif hcs&rSmjzpf+yD;vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;. v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_tay: csKyfxdef;Ekdif&ef }uKd;pm;vmr_udk wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;&rnf?

*ea&m'fepf odk@r[kwf x±l;xdkApfygwD[k ac:qdk=uonf (ay: jyLvmqdk&S,fvpfrsm;/x±l;xdkApftkyfpkESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;) ESifhyufoufIrl uGef*&ufu ‚if;wdk@qdk&S,fvpf rsufESmzHk; wyfqifEdkifa&; }udK;yrf;csufrsm;ukd zGifhcs&rnf[kcH,lonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmuGef*&ufu TygwDrsm;ESifh yl;wGJ+yD; Zmbk&ifpepfESifh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk 'Drdku&ufrsm;udk wdkufyGJqif&ef r=umc% oabmwlnDcsufrsm; &,lEdkifonf[k vnf;jrifonf? xdktcsdefu TygwDrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDygwDrsm; jzpfae=u+yD;/ +rdK@ESifh aus;vuf&Sd "e&Sifaygufprsm;. tusKd;aus;Zl;ukd xkwfazmfjyoaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

T uGef*&ufrwdkifcifrSmawmif rif&SDApfrsm;u “vkyfom;uGef*&uf”qdkonfudk ac:qdk&efwifjycJhonf? rif&SDApfrsm;. t}uHrSm qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif;rJh0g'Drsm;tm;vHk; udk,fpm;vS,fv$wf wufa&mufonfh uGef*&ufac:,l&ef jzpfygonf?T “vkyfom;uGef*&uf”rSm vrf;pOfrygonfh “ygwD0ifr[kwfonfh ygwD (non-partism

party)” odk@r[kwf “us,fjyef@onfh”"e&Sifaygufp tvkyform;ygwDqdkonfh o¿mefwrsKd;rsKd;ESifhwnfaxmif&efjzpfonf? vDeifu TonfrSm qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD tvkyform;ygwD udk zsufodrf;&efESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.wyfOD;udk "e&Sifaygufpvlxkt=um; acsr_ef;vdkuf&ef rif&SDApfrsm;taeESifh tE W&m,f}uD;vSaom }udK;yrf;csufw&yftjzpf azmfxkwfzGifhcs vdkufonf? uGef*&ufurif&SDApfrsm;. “vkyfom;uGef*&uf” ac:a&;udk jyif;xefpGm a0zef±_wfcsvdkufonf?

uGef*&ufY tvkyform;or*~jy\emESifh ywfouf+yD; txl;tav;xm; aqG;aEG;=uonf? rif±SDApfrsm;u tvkyform;or*~rsm;“=um;aea&;”udk axmufcHtm;ay;onf?qdkvdkonfrSm ‚if;wdk@xJwGif ygwDu acgif;aqmifr_tcef;u yg0ifaer_udk qef@usifaejcif;yifjzpfonf? uGef*&ufu rif&SDApfwdk@. tqdkukdy,fcsvdkuf+yD;/ abmf&SDApfrsm;wifoGif;onfh qHk;jzwfcsufudk vufcHvdkufonf? TqHk;jzwfcsufu ygwDonf tvkyform;or*~rsm;wGif tawG;tac:a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& acgif;aqmifr_&atmif,l&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf?

yÌrt}udrfajrmufuGef*&ufonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; abmf&SDApfrsm;twGuf }uD;rm;onfh atmifyGJjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; abmf&SDApfrsm; b0ifjrifhoGm;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ atmifyGJtay: ,pfrl;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; r&SdcJhyg? vDeifu olwdk@tm;oif=um;cJhonfrSm Tvdkr[kwfacs? abmf&SDApfrsm;u rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh ydkrdkwdkufcdkuf&OD;rnfudkodaecJhygonf?

* 1906 ckESpfu wnfaxmifcJhonf? "e&Sifaygufp tzGJ@jzpf+yD; qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm; ynmwwfrsm;acgif;aqmif+yD; yxrEdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;rS v,form;udk,fpm;vS,fwcsdK@ yg0ifonf?


1907 ckESpfu xkwfa0onfh “udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;.rSwfpkrsm;”[kacgif;pOfwyfxm; onfhaqmif;yg;wGif &Jabmfpwmvifu uGef*&uf. tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;tuJjzwfcJhygonf?

“±k&Sm;wjynfvkH;±Sd a&S@wef;a&mufonfh tvkyform;rsm;udk awmfvSefonfh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD[lonfh tvHawmfatmufwGif wckwnf;aom ±k&Sm;wjynfvHk;. ygwDw&yftjzpftppftrSef pnf;±kH;nD!GwfEdkifapr_/ TonfrSm vef'efuGef*&uf xl;jcm;av;eufcsuf? ‚if;.a,bk,svuQ%m jzpfonf//”

xdkaqmif;yg;wGif &Jabmfpwmvifu uGef*&uf. zGJ@pnf;ykHtaetxm;udk jyoonfhpm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd azmfjyxm;onf? xdkZ,m;rsm;t& abmf&SDApfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm t"dutm;jzifh pufr_vufr_Xme}uD;rsm; (pdef@yDwmpbwf/ armfpudk/ ,l&Jvf/ tdkifAifEdkifAdk- aAmhpeifppfpojzifh) rSjzpf+yD;/ rif&SDApfrsm;uawmh ‚if;wdk@udk,fpm;vS,frSm xkwfvkyfr_uav;rsm;/ vufr_ynmonfrsm;/ ypPnf;rJhwydkif;rsm; v$rf;rdk;onfhc±kdifrsm;rS jzpf+yD;/ aus;vuf a'o oufoufrsm;rSvnf;ygonf?

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t"dutm;jzifh vufrlynmonfvkyfom;rsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhwykdif; v,form;rsm;.enf;emrsm;/ vlwef;pm;yËdyuQodyfr&Sif;bJ/ vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ zHk;uG,faeonfha'orsm;rSenf;y&d,m,frsm; jzpfaeygonf? rif&S DApf0g'onf ypPnf;rJ hrsm;t=um; "e&Sifwydkif;tpdwftydkif;rsm;. enf;y&d,m,frsm;jzpfonf? udef;*%ef;rsm;u TuhJodk@ajymayonf?”(R.S.D.L.P . yÌrt}udrf uGef*&uf. tjynfhtpHk tpD&ifcHpm/ ±k&Sm;bmom 1935-pmrsufESm 11-12). yÌrt}udrf uGef*&uf. tjynfhtpHk tpD&ifcHpm/ ±k&Sm;bmom 1935-pmrsufESm 11-12). yÌrt}udrf uGef*&uf. tjynfhtpHk tpD&ifcHpm/ ±k&Sm;bmom 1935-pmrsufESm 11-12). yÌrt}udrf uGef*&uf. tjynfhtpHk tpD&ifcHpm/ ±k&Sm;bmom 1935-pmrsufESm 11-12). yÌrt}udrf uGef*&uf. tjynfhtpHk tpD&ifcHpm/ ±k&Sm;bmom 1935-pmrsufESm 11-12)

Zmbk&ifu yxr'l;rm;udk zsufodrf;csdefY 'kwd,'l;rm;onf ydkIemcHvdrfhrnf[k olu ar#mfvifhcJhonf? odk@aomf 'kwd,'l;rm;onfvnf; ol.ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ysufapcJhonf? xdk@a=umifhZmbk&ifonf 'kwd,'l;rm;udkvnf; zsufodrf;&efqHk;jzwfvdkuf+yD;/ wwd, 'l;rm;udk ydkrdkemcHvG,fvdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh ydkIwif;usyfaom rJqENay;EdkifcGifhrsm;jzifh ac:qdk&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf?

yÌrt}udrfuGef*&uft+yD; r=umrDrSmyif Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf ZGefv 3 &ufae@Y tm%modrf;yGJqdkonfudk jyKvkyfcJhonf? 1907 ckESpf ZGefv 3&ufae@Y Zmbk&ifonf 'kwd,EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;udk zsufodrf;vdkufonf? qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftkyfpkrS 'l;rm;udk,fpm;vS,f 65 a,mufudkzrf;qD;+yD;/ qdkufab;&D;,m;odk@ e,fESifvdkufonf? a&G;aumufyGJOya'opfudk xkwfjyefa=unmonf? tvkyform;ESifh v,form;rsm;. tcGifhta&; ydkrdkjzwfawmufjcif; cHae&ayonf? Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf ‚if;.xdk;ppfudk qufvufvkyfaqmifaeonf?


Zmbk&ifh0ef}uD; pwdkvDyif (Stolypin) u tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;tm; aoG;acsmif;pD;onfh vufpm;acsr_ef;ppfqifa&;}uD;udk wdk;jr‡ifhvkyfaqmifaeonf? axmifeJ@csDaomtvkyform;/ v,form;udk tjypf'%fpD&ifonfh tzGJ@rsm;u ypfowfjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/}udK;ay;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; vkyfcJh=uonf? Zmbk&if. tusOf;axmifrsm; twGif;wGifawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf pdwf"mwfa&;t&a&m/ ±kyfb0t&a&m n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;cH& onf?txl;ojzifh &ufpufjyif;xefr_rSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; txl;ojzifh abmf&SDApfrsm;tay: jzpfonf? Zmbk&if pHkaxmufrsm;u zifvefwGif ykef;atmif;aexdkifonfh vDeifudkrJ&Smae=uonf? olwdk@u awmfvSefa&;. acgif;aqmiftay: vufpm;acscsifae=u onf? 1907ck/ 'DZifbmwGif vDeifonf t}uD;tus,f pGef@pm;+yD; EdkifiHjcm;odk@xGufum jynfESif'%fc&D; p ,&jyefygonf?

pwdkvDyif azmufjyefa&;. tarSmifumv 0ifa&mufvmcJhay+yD?yxr±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;onf TuJodk@jzifh t±H_;eJ@ tqHk;owfoGm;ay+yD?Todk@qHk;±_H;r_udk jzpfay:apcJhonfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm-1?1?1?1?1? awmfvSefa&;wGif Zmbk&ifpepfudkqef@usifonfh tvkyform;ESifh v,form;t=um;

wnf+idrfonfh r[mrdwfzGJ@r_ r&Sdao;yg? v,form;rsm;onf ajr&Sifrsm;qef@usifonfh wdkufyGJwGif xºuGykefuefvm+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udkqef@usif&eftwGuf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@&efvdkvm;ae=uygonf? odk@aomf olwdk@onf Zmbk&ifpepf rysufpD;apbJ ajr&Sifrsm;udk r+zdK zsufEdkifbl;qdkwm odem;vnfjcif;r&Sdyg? olwdk@onf Zmbk&if[m ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh w}udwfwnf; w^m%fwnf;qdkwm odem;vnfjcif;r&SdbJ v,form;trsm;tjym;onf Zmbk&iftay: opPmapmifhod+rJapmifhodae+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@. ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk Zmbk&if. EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;tay: yHkxm;ayonf?Tonfa=umifh v,form;wpdwfwydkif;onf Zmbk&ifpepfudk +zdKzsuf&ef tvkyform;rsm;ESifhr[mrdwfzGJ@&ef ysufuGufcJhonf? v,form;rsm;onf ppfrSefonfh awmf vSefa&;orm;rsm; abmf&SDApfrsm;xuf aphpyfajy+idrf;vdkonfh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; tay:ykd,Hk=unfcJhonf?tusKd;tm;jzifh ajr&Sifqef@usifa&; v,form;wdkufyGJonf vHkavmuf aom pkpnf;pnf;±Hk;r_r&SdcJhyg?vDeifu-

“v,form;rsm;. jyKrlaqmif&Gufr_rsm;onf odyfusJvGef;onf/ odyfz±kdz&JjzpfvGef; onf?vHkavmufonfh xufjrufwufºuGr_vnf;r&Sd? TonfrSm awmfvSefa&;±_H;edrfhr_. tajc cHta=umif;&if;wcsufjzpfonf?”(vDeifusrf; aygif;pHk/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm-354)(vDeifusrf; aygif;pHk/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm-354)(vDeifusrf; aygif;pHk/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm-354)(vDeifusrf; aygif;pHk/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm-354)(vDeifusrf; aygif;pHk/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm-354)

2?2?2?2?2? Zmbk&ifjzKwfcsa&;twGuf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;&ef v,form;tpdwftydkif;trsm;tjym; ysufuGufr_onf ppfom;,lepfazmif;0wfqifxm;onfh v,form;om; trsm;tjym;jzpfonfh wyfom;rsm;tay: ppfwyf. vkyf[efudkvnf; =oZmoufa&mufcJhonf?Zmbk&ifwyfwGif; r+idrfoufr_ESifh awmfvSefykefuefr_rsm; wcsKd@,lepfrsm;wGif jzpfay:cJhaomfvnf;/ppfom;trsm;pkrSm tvkyform;rsm;. oydwfrsm;ESifh tHkºuGr_rsm;udk zdESdyf&mwGif Zmbk&ifudkulnD vkyfaqmif+rJ vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf?


3?3?3?3?3? tvkyform;rsm;. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onfvnf; vHkavmufaom nD!Gwfpnf;0g;udkufr_r&Sdyg? 1905 ckESpf. &JpGrf;owWd&SdvSonfh awmfvSefa&;udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.a&S@wef;a&mufonfh tpdwftydkif;u pwifcJhonf? pufr_vufr_vkyfief; odyfrxGef;um;onfhjynfe,frsm;ESifh aus;&Gmrsm;wGifaexdkif=uaom ydkrdkaemufusonfh tpdwftydkif;u ydkrdk aES;auG;pGm v_yf&Sm;vm=uygonf? ‚if;wdk@. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJwGif; 0ifa&mufyg0ifvmr_rSm 1906ckESpfrSm txl;ojzifh wufºuGvmaomfvnf; xdktcsdefwGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. wyfOD;rSmtawmfyif tiftm;csnfheJ@ oGm;+yDjzpfonf?

4?4?4?4?4? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf awmfvSefa&;. a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk;ESifh t"duusaomtiftm;pkjzpfaomfvnf; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. ygwDwGif;vkdtyfonfh nD!Gwfa&;ESifhaoG;pnf;cdkifrmr_ csKd@wJhaeygonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.ygwD R.S.D.L.P onf abmf&SDApfESifhrif&SDApf[lI 2 ydkif; uGJaeygonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;u nD!Gwfcdkifrmonfh awmfvSefa&; vrf;pOftwdkif; tvkyform;rsm;udk Zmbk&ifpepf+zdKcs&ef v_H‹aqmfpnf;±Hk;onf? rif&SDApfrsm;u ‚if;[email protected]&; enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh awmfvSefa&;udk taESmifht,SufjyKum tvkyform; trsm;tjym;. tawG;tac:udk±_yfaxG;ap+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk uGJ+yJaponf? xdka=umifh tvkyform;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;twGif; t+rJpnf;0g;udkufv_yf&Sm;jcif;rjyKEdkifbJ/ rdrdwdk@twGif;rSmawmif pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfjcif; rjyKEdkifonfhtwGuf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf awmfvSefa&;.ppfrSefonfh acgif;aqmifjzpfrvmEdkifacs?

5?5?5?5?5? 1905 ck awmfvSefa&;udk acsr_ef;&mwGif Zmbk&ifonf taemufOa&mye,fcsJ@orm;rsm;xHrS tultnDrsm;&&SdcJhonf? EdkifiHjcm;t&if;&Sifrsm;onf ±k&Sm;&Sd ‚if;[email protected]&if;tESD;rsm;ESifh }uD;rm;vSonfh tjrwftpGef;rsm;twGuf ylyefa=umuf&GH@vmonf? 'ghtjyif ‚if;wdk@onftu,fI ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&; atmifjrifoGm;ygu wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;vnf;awmfvSefvm=urnfudk pdk;&drfa=umufvef@onf? xdk@a=umifh taemufOa&my e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;onf vlowform; Zmbk&ifudk ulnDjcif;jzpfonf? jyifopfb%folaX;rsm;u awmfvSefa&;udkzdESdyf&ef/ Zmbk&ifudk aiGtrsm;tjym;acs;ay;onf? *smref udkifZmbk&ifu ±k&Sm;Zmbk&ifudkulnD&ef 0ifa&mufzkd@ ppfwyf}uD;wwyf tqifoifh jyifqifxm;onf?

6?6?6?6?6? 1905ck pufwifbmwGif *syefESifh ppfajy+idrf;a&; jyKvkyfEdkifr_uvnf; Zmbk&iftm;tultnDtawmfay;vdkufayonf? ppfyGJtwGif;±H_;edrfhr_ESifh awmfvSefa&;. a=umufrufzG,f}uD;xGm;vmr_u Zmbk&ifudk +idrf;csrf;a&;vufrSwfxdk;&ef wGef;ay;vdkufayonf? ppfyGJ±_H;r_uZmbk&ifpepfudk tiftm;csnfheJ@aponf? ppfajy+idrf;vdkufr_u Zmbk&if. taetxm;udkcdkifrmawmifhwif;aponf?


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awmfvSefa&;u Zmbk&ifpepfonf vlxk.&efol tppftrSefjzpfa=umif;ESifh Zmbk&ifpepfonf yHkjyifrsm;xJ&Sd ocsFLdif;*lrsm;uom ukoay;Edkifonfh wap>ol&Jrsm;jzpfa=umif; xkwfazmfjyovdkufonf?

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tcef;(4)

pwkdvDyifazmufjyefa&;umvtwGif;u rif&SDApfESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;?abmf&SDApfrsm; oD;jcm;rmhufpf0g'ygwD xlaxmifjcif;

1? pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;umv? twdkuftcHynmwwftrsm;tjym; +ydKuGJoGm;jcif;? ysufjym;1? pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;umv? twdkuftcHynmwwftrsm;tjym; +ydKuGJoGm;jcif;? ysufjym;1? pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;umv? twdkuftcHynmwwftrsm;tjym; +ydKuGJoGm;jcif;? ysufjym;1? pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;umv? twdkuftcHynmwwftrsm;tjym; +ydKuGJoGm;jcif;? ysufjym;1? pwdkvDyifazmufjyefa&;umv? twdkuftcHynmwwftrsm;tjym; +ydKuGJoGm;jcif;? ysufjym;qkwf,kwfjcif;? ynmwwf tpdwftydkif; tcsKd@ygwDudk pGefhcGm+yD; rmhufpf0g'. &efolrsm;xHqkwf,kwfjcif;? ynmwwf tpdwftydkif; tcsKd@ygwDudk pGefhcGm+yD; rmhufpf0g'. &efolrsm;xHqkwf,kwfjcif;? ynmwwf tpdwftydkif; tcsKd@ygwDudk pGefhcGm+yD; rmhufpf0g'. &efolrsm;xHqkwf,kwfjcif;? ynmwwf tpdwftydkif; tcsKd@ygwDudk pGefhcGm+yD; rmhufpf0g'. &efolrsm;xHqkwf,kwfjcif;? ynmwwf tpdwftydkif; tcsKd@ygwDudk pGefhcGm+yD; rmhufpf0g'. &efolrsm;xHa&muf&SdoGm;jcif;ESifh rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef }udK;yrf;r_rsm;? vDeif.a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;ESifh rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef }udK;yrf;r_rsm;? vDeif.a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;ESifh rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef }udK;yrf;r_rsm;? vDeif.a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;ESifh rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef }udK;yrf;r_rsm;? vDeif.a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;ESifh rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef }udK;yrf;r_rsm;? vDeif.jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'Drsm;tay: ol. “±kyf0g'ESifh tawG@tóuHa0zefa&;”pmtkyfrS jyefvnfjyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'Drsm;tay: ol. “±kyf0g'ESifh tawG@tóuHa0zefa&;”pmtkyfrS jyefvnfjyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'Drsm;tay: ol. “±kyf0g'ESifh tawG@tóuHa0zefa&;”pmtkyfrS jyefvnfjyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'Drsm;tay: ol. “±kyf0g'ESifh tawG@tóuHa0zefa&;”pmtkyfrS jyefvnfjyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'Drsm;tay: ol. “±kyf0g'ESifh tawG@tóuHa0zefa&;”pmtkyfrS jyefvnfacsycsufESifh rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;tajccHrsm;tay: ol. umuG,fcsuf?acsycsufESifh rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;tajccHrsm;tay: ol. umuG,fcsuf?acsycsufESifh rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;tajccHrsm;tay: ol. umuG,fcsuf?acsycsufESifh rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;tajccHrsm;tay: ol. umuG,fcsuf?acsycsufESifh rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;tajccHrsm;tay: ol. umuG,fcsuf?

1907 ck/ ZGef 3 &ufwGif Zmbk&iftpdk;&u 'kwd,EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;udk zsufodrf;vdkufonf?Tonfukd ordkif;wGif ZGef 3 &uf tm%modrf;yGJ[k xHk;pHtwdkif; azmfjyavh&Sdonf? Zmbk&iftpdk;&u wwd,EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJOya'opfudk xkwfjyefvdkuf+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh 1905ck/ atmufwdkbm 17 &ufu xkwfjyefcJhonfh w&m;Oya'opfrsm;udk 'l;rm;. oabmwl cGifhjyKcsuf&rSomv#if xkwfjyefEdkifonf[k azmfjyxm;onfh ‚if;wkd@a=unmpmwrf;udk csKd;azmuf vkdufonf?'kwd,'l;rm;rS qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufudk,fpm;vS,frsm; w&m;pGJqdkcH&+yD;/ tvkyform; vlwef;pm;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm tvkyf=urf;/ axmif'%fESifh jynfESif'%frsm; uscHoGm;&onf?

a&G;aumufyGJw&m;Oya'opfrSm 'l;rm;twGif;Y ajr&SifESifh ukefoG,fa&;ESifh pufr_vufr_"e&Sif}uD;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. ta&twGuf ododomom wdk;rsm;vma&;twGuf a&;qGJxm;ygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif v,form;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm; e*dku enf;,&onfhtxJ xyfIyifav#mhcsvdkufygonf?


wwd,'l;rm;wGif bvufpf[ef'&ufrsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufrsm; v$rf;rdk;aeygonf? udk,fpm;vS,fpkpkaygif; 442 OD;±Sdonfhteuf 171 OD;rSm vuf,mrsm; (bvufpf[ef'&ufrsm;)/ 113 OD;rSm atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm; odk@r[kwf trsKd;wltzGJ@0ifrsm;/ 101 OD; rSm zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufrsm; odk@r[kwf trsKd;wltzGJ@0ifrsm;/ 13 OD;rSm x¶l;'kdADuD (Trudoviki) ESifh18 OD;rSm qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwdk@ jzpf=uygonf?

vuf,morm;rsm; (v$wfawmf'l;rm;. vuf,mbufcHkwef;rsm;wGif xdkif=uaoma=umifhTuJhodk@ac:=uonf?) onf tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. tqdk;qHk;&efolrsm;jzpfonfh bvuf[ef'&uf ya'o&mZfajr&Sifrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@rSm v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_ zdESdyfr_twGif; v,form;rsm;udk tpkvkduft+yHKvdkuf ¶kdufESufypfcwfr_cH&ap&ef wGef;ay;cJh=u+yD;/ *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;trsm;tjym; owfjzwfr_wGifvnf;aumif;/ qENjytvkyform;rsm;udk =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;zdESdyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ awmfvSefa&;twGif; tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yjyKvkyf&mae&m taqmuftOD;rsm;ukd &uf&ufpufpuf rD;±_d@&mwGif;vnf;aumif;/ pnf;¶kH;vkyfaqmifolrsm; jzpfcJh=uonf? vuf,morm;rsm;[m tvkyform; jynfolrsm;udk toem;tn‡mwmuif;pGmzdESdyfr_udkvnf;aumif;/ Zmbk&if. tuef@towfr&Sd tm%mtwGufvnf;aumif; &yfwnfcJh=u+yD;/ 1905 ck/ atmufwdkbm 17 &ufae@xkwf Zmbk&if. a=unmpmwrf;udk qef@usifcJh=uygonf?

atmufwdkbmygwD okd@r[kwf atmufwdkbm 17 &uf or*~onf 'l;rm;v$wfawmfwGif;&Sdvuf,morm;rsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGm,SOfwGJcJhygonf? atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm;onf pufr_vufr_t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. ydkife,frsm;udk t&if;&Sifrsm;. vrf;pOftwdkif; usifhoHk;cJhonfhajr&Sif}uD;rsm; (1905 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;pwifcJhpOfu zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdkua&pDygwDrS ajr&Sif}uD;tajrmuftjrm;onf atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm;bufodk@ ul;ajymif;cJh=uonf?) . tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonf? atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm;onf vuf,morm;rsm;ESifh uJGjym;onfh wckwnf;aomta=umif;rSm pum;vHk;t&jzifh atmufwdkbm 17 &uf xkwfa=unmpmwrf;udk‚if;wdk@vufcHr_jzpfygonf? atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm;onf Zmbk&iftpdk;&. jynfwGif;jynfyay:vpDtm;vHk;udk tjynfht0 axmufcHcJh=uygonf?

zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drkdu&ufygwDonf wwd,'l;rm;wGif yxrESifh 'kwd,'l;rm;rSmxuf ae&mydkenf;oGm;onf? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufrsm;xJrS ajr&Sifwpdwfwydkif;u atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm;buf ul;ajymif;oGm;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

wwd,'l;rm;wGif x¶l;'DkADuD[k ac:wGifonfh "e&Sifaygufp'Drdkua&pD tkyfpkav; wck&SdcJhygonf? ‚if;wdk@onf zGJ@ pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk 'Drdkua&pDorm;rsm;ESifh tvkyform; 'Drdkua&pDorm;rsm;(abmf&SDApf) rsm;t=um; ,drf;,dkifaeygonf? vDeifu 'l;rm;wGif;&Sd x¶l;'DkADuDwdk@rSm tvGefw&mtiftm;enf;aomfvnf;/ ‚if;wdk@onf vlxkrsm;/ v,form;xkrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonf[kaxmufjycJhygonf? x¶l;'DkADuDwdk@. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufESifh tvkyform; 'Drdku&ufrsm;t=um; ,drf;,dkifr_rSm ydkifqdkifolav;rsm;. vlwef;pm;tqifhae&m. rv$Jra&Smifomaom


tusKd;qufw&yf jzpfygonf? vDeifu abmf&SDApfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfonfh tvkyform;'Drdku&ufrsm;udk “tm;enf;onfh "e&Sifaygufp'Drdku&ufrsm;udk ulnDum vpfb&,frsm;.=oZm*,ufrS qGJxkwf+yD;/ vuf,morm;rsm;omru wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufrsm;udkqef@usifonfh 'Drdkua&pDwyfzGJ@udk 0dkif;0ef;&ef” wm0efudk ay;tyfcJh onf?(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-535)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-535)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-535)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-535)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-535)

1905 awmfvSefa&;twGif;ESifh txl;ojzifh awmfvSefa&; ¶_H;edrfh+yD;aemuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@udk,f‚if;wdk@ wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm; tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfa=umif;ydkrdkjyovmcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@. “'Drdkua&pD” rsufESmzHk;udk ydkrdkz,f&Sm;vm+yD;/ Zmbk&ifpepfudkumuG,fay;onfh rif;pdk;&mZmtppfrsm;uJhodk@ jyKrlvkyfaqmifvm=uonf? 1909 wGif xif&Sm;onfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&uf pma&;q&mtkyfpkwpku “ADuD” Vekhi (rSwfwdkif) qdkonfhacgif;pD;jzifh aqmif;yg;wGJrsm; xkwfa0cJh+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@xJwGif "e&Sifrsm;udk,fpm; awmfvSefa&;udkacsr_ef;onfhtwGuf Zmbk&ifudk aus;Zl;wif&Sdxm;onf? =umyGwfESifh acgif;jzwfpufwdk@. tpdk;&jzpfonfh Zmbk&iftpdk;&tay:rSDwG,fzufvsuf/ rsufESmvdkrsufESm& jyKvkyf&if;/ zGJ@pnf;yHk 'Drdku&ufrsm;onf xdkpmtkyfwGif “u|efawmfwdk@onf jynfolvlxk. trsufa'gorS u|efawmfwdk@tm; (vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;) ‚if;.vSHpGyfrsm;/ axmifrsm;ESifhwOD;wnf; umuG,fay;cJhonfhTtpdk;&udk aumif;csD;ay;&rnf?” [kajAmiftwdtvif; a&;xm;cJhonf?

'kwd,EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;udk zsufodrf;+yD;/ ‚if;xJrS qdk&S,f'Drkdu&uftkyfpkudk xkwfy,f+yD; aemufZmbk&iftpdk;&onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;&ef wufwufºuGºuG jyifqifvkyfaqmifvmonf? tusOf;axmifrsm;/ cHwyfrsm;ESifh jynfESif'%fcH a'orsm;rSmawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;jzifh jynfhv#Haeygonf? axmifrsm;xJwGif ‚if;wdk@udk &uf&ufpufpuf¶k dufESufn‡Of;yef; ES dy fpuf=uygonf? bvufpf[ef'&ufrsm;. +cdrf;ajcmufr_ onftxdef;tuGyfr&Sd v$rf;rdk;aeygonf? Zmbk&if0ef}uD; pwdkvDyifonf wwdkif;jynfvHk;tES@Hacgif;jzwfpufrsm; xlaxmifonf? awmfvSefa&;orm; axmifaomif;csDI owfjzwfcH&onf?xdk&ufrsm;twGif;u acgif;jzwfpufrsm;udk “pwdkvDyif.vnfpD;rsm;” (eufcfwdkif Necktie)[kac:onf?

tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk acsr_ef;&ef}udK;yrf;&mwGif Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf zdESdyfr_rsm;/ tvkyf=urf;ESifh axmif'%frsm;/ tjypfay;ta&;,lr_rsm;/ ypfcwfowfjzwfr_rsm;ESifh axmifoGif;tusOf;csr_ESifhom owfrSwfEdkifjcif; r&Sdygbl;? v,form;rsm;.“tzbk&m;av;Zm”tay: ¶kd;pif;pGm ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_onf wjznf;jznf;usqif; aysmufuG,fvm+yDqdkonfudk xdwfvef@w=um; awG@&Sdvm&yg+yD? xdk@a=umifh us,fjyef@vSonfh enf;AsL[mrsm;udk &SmazGvm&ygonf? }uD;rm;vSonfh aus;vuf"e&Sifvlwef;pm;t=um; aus;vuf awm&Gmrsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@udk tckdiftrmaxmufcHrnfh ul;vwfrsm;zefwD;&ef t}uHH^m%fudk &&SdvmcJhygonf? 1906 ck Edkif0ifbm 9 &ufwGif pwdkvDyifonf ajr,mOya'opfw&yfudk xkwfjyef+yD;/ v,form;rsm;ukd bkHtzGJ@rsm;rSxGuf+yD; oD;jcm;v,fajrrsm; xlaxmifcGifhay;vdkufyg onf?


pwdkvDyif. ajr,mOya'onf trsm;ydkifajr,m tiSm;csonfhpepfudk zsufodrf;vdkuf onf?v,form;rsm;udk zdwf=um;+yD;/ ypPnf;rsm;udk cGJwrf;csa0ay;um bHktzGJ@rsm;rS E_wfxGufcGifhjyKvdkufonf? ,cifu ‚if;[email protected];udk a&mif;cscGifhr±Sdaomfvnf; ,cktcg ‚if;wdk@. cGJwrf;rsm;udk a&mif;csEdkifonf? v,form;u bHktzGJ@rS E_wfxGufoGm;onfhtcg bHktzGJ@u ‚if;.ajrudke,fy,fowfrSwf+yD; (oD;jcm;vkyfuGuftvkduf) ay;vdkuf&onf?

csrf;omv,form; ul;vwfrsm;onf qif;&Jv,form;rsm;xHrS ajr,mrsm;udk aps; aygaygESifh0,f,lcGifh&&SdoGm;ygonf? Oya'xkwfjyef+yD; ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; qif;&Jv,form;woef;ausmfonf vHk;0v,frJh,mrJh jzpfoGm;+yD;/ qif;&JrGJjymusoGm;ygonf? qif;&Jv,form;rsm; v,frJh,mrJh jzpfoGm;onfESifhtr# ul;vwfrsm;. v,f,mydkifqdkifr_ wdk;vmonf?

Tajr,mrsm;rSm &Hzef&Hcg tiSm;vkyfom;-pm;&if;iSm;trsm;tjym; iSm;&rf;vkyfudkifonfhyHkrSefajr,mrsm;jzpfonf? tpdk;&onf bHktzGJ@rsm;rS taumif;qHk;ajrrsm;udk ul;vwfv,form;rsm;udk cGJwrf;csay;&ef v,form;rsm;udk zdtm;ay;cJhonf?

v,form;rsm;. “vGwfajrmufa&;”twGif;/ ajr&Sifrsm;u v,form;rsm;xHrS ajr,mrsm;udk "m;jywdkuf,lcJh+yD;/ tcktcg ul;vwfrsm;onf bHktzGJ@rsm;rS taumif;qHk;tuGufrsm;udkxdef;odrf;xm;um qif;&Jv,form;rsm;. cGJwrf;rsm;udk aps;aygaygESifh 0,f,ljcif;jzifh v,form;rsm;. ajr,mrsm;udk pwifvk,ufvmjyefonf?

Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf v,fajrESifh v,fvkyfu&d,mrsm; 0,f,l&eftwGuf ul;vwfrsm;udkacs;aiGtajrmuftjrm; xkwfay;onf? pwdkvDyifu ul;vwfrsm;udk ajr&Sifi,fav;rsm;tjzpfZmbk&ifoufOD;qHykdifpepfudk opPmapmifhodumuG,folrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJapcsifcJhonf?

1906-15 ckESpf/ udk;ESpfumvtwGif;rSmyif tdrfaxmifpk ESpfoef;ausmf bHktzGJ@rsm;rSEkwfxGufcJh=uonf?

pwdkvDyifay:vpDa=umifh ajr,mtenf;i,fydkifqdkifonfh v,form;rsm;ESifh qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;. tajctaeonf ,cifuxuf ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmcJhygonf? v,form;xktwGif;uGmjcm;r_jzpfpOfonf ydkIyif odomxif&Sm;vmonf? v,form;rsm;onf ul;vwfv,form;rsm;ESifh yËdyuQ pwifjzpfay:vmonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif Zmbk&iftpdk;&ESihf ajr&SSifrsm;/zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk'Drdku&ufrsm;. EdkifiHawmf'l;rm; wnf&Sdaeoa&G@ ‚if;wdk@taeESifh ajr,mydkif qdkifcGifhrnfonfhtcgrSmrS &&Sdrnfr[kwfa=umif;udk v,form;rsm;u pwifod&Sd em;vnf vmygonf?

ul;vwfv,fajrrsm; t}uD;tus,f wdk;yGm;aeonfhumv 190&-09 twGif; v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_onf pwifusqif;vmaomfvnf;/ ‚if;aemufr=umrDrSmyif 1910/ 1911 ESifhaemufydkif;wGif aus;&GmbHktzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh ul;vwfv,form;rsm;t=um; yËdyuQrsm;a=umifhajr&SifESifh ul;vwfv,form;rsm;udkqef@usifonfh v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf t&Sdefwdk;wufvmayonf?

pufr_vkyfief;wGifvnf; awmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf tajymif;tvJ}uD;rsm; ay:aygufcJhyg onf?pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tay: pkpnf;r_ odk@r[kwf pufr_vkyfief;rsm; }uD;xGm;vmr_ESifh pufr_ vkyfief;rsm;


A[dkY pkpnf;vmr_wdk@onf ydkrdktiftm;}uD;rm;vmonfh t&if;&Siftkyfpk}uD;rsm; vufwGifusa&mufvmr_rSm ydkrdkvsifjrefvmonf? 1905 ck awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrDuawmif t&if;&Sifrsm;onfjynfwGif;wGifaps;E_ef;rsm;jr‡ifh+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh &&Sdvmonfh tjrwftpGef;}uD;pGmudk EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&; wdk;jr‡ifhvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf toHk;jyK+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;odk@ aps;aygaygESifhukefypPnf;rsm;wifydk@+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;aps;uGufudk tkyfpdk;&ef &nf±G,fcsufjzifh toif; tzGJ@rsm;udkpwifzGJ@pnf;vmonf? Tt&if;&Siftoif;tzGJ@rsm; (rdkEdkydkvD-monopoly)rsm;udk x&yfpf(trusts)ESifh qif'Dudwf (Syndicates) rsm;[kac:+yD;/ 1905 awmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf ta&twGuf ydk+yD;rsm;jym;vmonf? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif ydkrdk ta&;}uD;onfhtcef;rSm yg0if vmonfhb%f}uD;rsm;. ta&twGufvnf; wdk;rsm;vmonf?

±k&Sm;jynfwGif;okd‹ EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;pD;0ifvmr_onf wkd;jrifhvmonf? Tenf;jzifh±k&Sm;jynf. t&if;&Sifpepfonf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepf/ e,fcsJ@t&if;&Sifpepf tjzpfodk@ twkdif;twm us,fjyef@pGmjzifh ajymif;vJvmonf?

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pD;qif;ae+yD;aemuf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf jyefvnf &Sifoefvmonf?ausmufrD;aoG;/ "mwfowWK/ a&eH/ txnftvdyfESifh o=um;txGufE_ef;rsm; wdk;jrifhvmonf?oD;ESHxkwfukefrsm; t}uD;tus,fwdk;wufvmonf? xdktcsdefu ±k&Sm;wGif pufr_vkyfief; wdk;wufr_ wpkHw&m&SdcJhaomfvnf; taemufOa&myESifh Ed_if;pmv#if acwfaemufusaeao;+yD;/EdkifiHjcm;t&if;&Sifrsm;tay: rSDcdk+rJrSDcdkae&ygonf? ±k&Sm;Y puf,E W&m;rsm;ESifh pufr_ud&d,mrsm;rxkwfvkyfEdkifao;bJ EdkifiHjcm;rS oGif;,l&ygonf? um;vkyfief;puf±kH okd@r[kwf "mwkpufr_vkyfief;rsm; r&Sdao;bJ "mwfajr=oZmrsm; rxkwfvkyfEdkifao;yg? ±k&Sm;onf vufeufxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;wGifvnf; tjcm;t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;xuf aemufusaeao;onf?

±k&Sm;. edrfhusaom owWKoHk;pGJE_ef;ukd wdkif;jynf. acwfaemufusr_trSwftom;tjzpfaxmufjy+yD;/ vDeifua&;om; cJhonfrSm-

“v,form;rsm; vGwfajrmuf+yD;aemuf ESpf&mpk0uftwGif; ±k&Sm;. oHokH;pGJr_rSm 5 qwdk;vmonf? odk@aomf ±k&Sm;onf r,kH=unfEkdifzG,f tpOftvm r&SdcJhpzl;/ acwfaemufusaomqif;&JrJGawvSaom vl±kdif;wykdif; wkdif;jynf jzpfaeum acwfrDxkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf; ud&d,mrsm;wGif t*Fvefjynf&Sd ypPnf;. av;ykHwykH/ *smreDjynf&Sd ypPnf;. ig;ykHwykHESifh tar&duefjynf&SdypPnf;. q,fykHwykHom wyfqifxm;ygonf? (vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm-(vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm-(vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm-(vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm-(vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 15/ pmrsufESm-

543 )543 )543 )543 )543 )

±k&Sm;.pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&; acwfaemufusr_. wkduf±kduftusKd;qufwckrSm taemufOa&myt&if;&Sifpepftay: ±k&Sm;t&if;&Sifpepfa&m/ ZmpepfygESpfckpvkH; rSDckdae&r_ jzpfygonf?

ausmufrD;aoG;/ a&eH/ v#yfppfypPnf;ESifh owWKypPnf;uJhokd@aom tvGefta&;ygaompufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm; EdkifiHjcm;t&if;&Sifrsm; vufxJwGif &SdonfhtcsufESifh Zmbk&if±k&Sm;jynfonf‚if;. pufr_ypPnf;ud&d,m tm;vHk;eDyg;r# EdkifiHjcm;odk@wifydk@ae&onfh tcsufrsm;u txufygta=umif;udk xif&Sm;odomapcJhygonf?


taESmiftzGJ@ tcsKyftxdef;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;aºuG;+rDudpPrsm;wGifvnf; odomEdkifygonf?xdkaºuG;+rDrsm;tay: twdk;rsm;ay;qyfEdkif&ef Zmbk&ifpepfonf jynfolrsm;xHrS ESpfpOf ¶lbJvfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm n‡pfxkwf,lcJhygonf?

xdk@tjyif ¶k&Sm;. “r[mrdwfrsm;”ESifh csKyffqdkxm;onfh v#Kd@0SufpmcsKyfrsm;wGif ydkIyifodomEdkifygonf? xdkpmcsKyfrsm;t& Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf e,fcsJ@ppfrsufESm&Sd “r[mrdwfrsm;”udkaxmufcH&efESifh +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopft&if;&Sifrsm;. }uD;rm;vSonfh tjrwfpGef;rsm;udkumuG,f&ef ¶k&Sm;ppfom; oef;ESifhcsD+yD; ydk@v$wfum ppfyGJYyg0if&ef oabmwlxm;ygonf?

pwdkvDyif azmufjyefa&;umvonf pHkaxmufESifhykvdyfrsm;/ Zmbk&ifolv#Kdrsm;ESifhbvuf[ef'&uf vlqdk;rsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay: txl;ojzifh &ufpufonfhwdkufcdkufr_rsm;jzifh jynfhESufxif&Sm;aeygonf? tvkyform;rsm;udk ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;cJholrsm;rSmZmbk&if. aemufvdkufacG;rsm;omruyg? TbufwGif puf¶kHESifh tvkyf¶kHydkif&Sifrsm;. wufºuGr_onfvnf; tenf;i,fr# ravsmhenf;cJhyg? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;tay: ‚if;[email protected];ppfonf pufr_vkyfief; tDqif;oGm;+yD;/ tvkyfvufrJhE_ef; wdk;jrifhvmonfhESpfrsm;wGif txl;ojzifhydkrdk=urf;wrf; &ufpufvmcJhonf? tvkyf¶kHydkif&Sifrsm;u wefjyefoydwf (tvkyform;rsm;tm;vkdtyfonfh tcsuftvufrsm; vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;jcif;? bmomjyefol) rsm; a=unm+yD;/ oydwfrsm;twGif; wufºuGpGmyg0ifcJ honf? vlwef;pm;todEkd;=um;onfh tvkyform;rsm;udkvlqdk;pm&if; (Blacklist) oGif;cJhonf? vlqdk;pm&if;oGif;cH&onfESifh xdkvkyfief;ESifh ywfoufonfhpufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;&Sd xkwfvkyfoltzGJ@tpnf;ESifh oufqdkifonfh rnfonfhtvkyf¶kHwGifrSmrStvkyf&&ef rar#mfvifhEdkifawmhyg? 1908 ckESpfwGifyif vkyftm;c 10-15 &mcdkifE_ef; jzwfawmufcJhygonf? tvkyfcsdefrsm;rSmvnf; ae&mwumwGif 10-12 em&Dxd wdk;jr‡ifhcJhonf? jyif;xefvSonfh '%f¶dkufonfhpepf jyefvnfxGef;um;vmjyefonf?

1905 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;¶_H;edrfhr_u awmfvSefa&;avS}uHKpD;olrsm;t=um; +ydKuGJjcif;ESifhysufjym;qkwf,kwfjcif; jzpfpOfudk pwifvdkufygonf? +ydKuGJjcif;ESifh ysufjym;qkwf,kwfonfh tjcif;t&mrsm;onf txl;ojzifh ynmwwfrsm;t=um; ydkrdkxif&Sm; odomygonf? awmfvSefa&;'Da&wufcsdefwGif v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; yg0ifvmcJh=uonfh "e&SiftkyfpkrS avS}uKHpD;orm;rsm;onfazmufjyefa&;umvrsm;twGif; ygwDudk pGef@cGmcJh=uonf? wcsKd@onf awmfvSefa&;. ajAmif&efolrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;+yD;/ wcsKd@rSm qufvuf&SifoefEdkifonfh w&m;0if tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; 0ifa&mufum/ awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;rS ypPnf;rJhrsm; aoGzDoGm;&efESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&;ygwDudk *k%foduQm!d‡K;EGrf;oGm;&ef t}uD;tus,f vHk;yef;=uygonf? awmfvSefa&;udk pGef@cGm+yD;aemuf/ avS}uKHpD;orm;rsm;onf azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;.rsufESmom&a&;ESifh Zmbk&ifpepfESifh +idrf;csrf;pGmaeEdkifa&;twGuf }udK;pm;=uonf?

Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf awmfvSefa&;¶_H;edrfhr_udk tcGifhaumif;,lum awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;txJrS ydkrdkol&Jabma=umifolESifh udk,fusKd;}uD;olrsm;udk olv#Kdtjzpf &SmazGcJhonf? Zmbk&if.tkdu&memu T&HGrkef;zG,f opPmazmufrsm;udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;


rsm;twGif; apv$wf+yD;/ twGif;rS pHkprf;&efESifh awmfvSefa&;udk opPmazmuf&ef apcdkif;cJhygonf?wefjyefawmfvSefa&;. xdk;ppfonf oabmw&m;a&;&m ppfrsufESmwGifvnf; qifEGJvmonf?rmhufpf0g'udk a0zefwdkufcdkuf+yD;/ “tqHk;wdkifacsr_ef;um” awmfvSefa&;udk ajymifavSmifoa&mf¶_wfcs+yD;/ opPmazmufr_rsm;udk csD;usL;+yD; “wOD;wa,muftay: yk*~Kdvfa&;udk;uG,fr_” qdkonhfrsufESmzHk;ESifh vdifazmufjyefr_rsm;udk rdk;xd csD;jr‡ifh=uonfh pma&;q&mwtkyf}uD; acwfpm;Iausmf=um;vmonf?

tbd"rRme,fy,fwGif rmhufpf0g'udk “a0zef&ef ” ESifh jyefvnfjyKjyif&ef ydkrdk }udK;yrf;vm=u+yD;/ odyHoabmw&m; twkta,mifrsm;jzifh zkef;uG,fxm;onfh bmoma&; oabmw&m; trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHkvnf; ay:aygufvmonf?

rmhufpf0g'udk “a0zefjcif;”onf tvGefacwfpm;vmonf?Tvl}uD;vlaumif;tm;vHk;onf ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;xGufaeaomfvnf; vlxkudk awmf

vSefa&;rSaoGzDoGm;ap&efqdkonfh wckwnf;aom &nf&G,fcsufom&SdcJhonf?azmufjyefysufpD;jcif;ESifh ,Hk=unfr_tay: uyfqdkufjcif; (Scepticism) onfvnf; ygwD

ynmwwf tpdwftydkif;tay: *,uf¶kdufcwfcJhonf?‚if;wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@udk,f‚if;wdk@ rmhufpf0g'Drsm;[k oabmydkufcJhaomfvnf; rmhufpf0g'D

wa,muf. tjrifudk b,fwHk;ur# pGJ+rJpGmudkifpGJjcif;r±SdcJhyg?‚if;wdk@xJwGif abmh'g;aemhAf (Bogdanov)/ bmZma&mhAf (Bazsrov)/ vlemcsmpuD;

(Lunacharsky) (1905 ckESpfwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifhaygif;cJhol)/ ,lpuD;Apfcsf (Yushkevich)

ESifh AvifwDaemhAf (Valentinov)(rif&SDApf) ponfh pma&;q&mrsm; yg0ifayonf? ‚if;wdk@onfrmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;. tbd"rRma&;&mtajccH (0g) tEkyÉdavmr ¶kyf0g'ESifh ordkif;a&;&modyHynm. tajccHrmhufpf0g'rsm; odk@r[kwf ordkif;¶kyf0g'udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh ‚if;wdk@.“a0zefa&;”wdkufyGJudk w+ydKifwnf; pwifwdkufcdkufcJhonf? Ta0zefa&;onf jyKvkyfaeusa0zefa&;rsm;ESifh uGmjcm;+yD;/ ajAmifESifh wdkuf¶dkuf yGifhyGifhvif;vif; a0zefwdkufcdkufjcif; r[kwfbJrmhufpf0g'. tajccHtqifhtwef;udk “umuG,f&ef” qdkonfh rsufESmzHk;ESifh ta,mifaqmifzHk;uG,f wdkufcdkufr_jzpfygonf?

Tvlrsm;u ‚if;wdk@udk,f‚if;wdk@ t"dutm;jzifh rmhufpf0g'Drsm;jzpf=uayr,fh tajccHrl0g'tcsKd@udk jzwfawmufxkwfy,fypf+yD;/ rmhufpf0g'udk “wdk;wufaumif;rGef” apcsifolrsm;jzpfonf[k aºuG;a=umf=uonf? trSefrSm ‚if;wdk@onf rmhufpf0g'tay: ‚if;wdk@. &efvdkr_udkvdrfnmjiif;qdk+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@ESpfzufrsufESmjzifh rmhufpf0g'D yHkzrf;aeaomfvnf; rmhufpf0g'. oabmw&m;tajccHrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf&ef}udK;pm;+yD;/ rmhufpf0g'tay: &efowWK jyKcJhygonf? Tvdrfnm a0zefa&;. tE W&m,frSm ygwD0ifxkrsm;udk vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;+yD; vrf;rSm;odk@ a&mufap&ef&nf&G,fjcif;yifjzpfonf? rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;a&;&m tajccHrsm;udk zsufvdkzsuffqD;&nf&G,fcsufjzifh Ta0zefa&;udk ydkrdkI nmv_dif;av ygwDtwGuf ykdrdk tE W&m,f}uD;av jzpfcJh+yD;/ ygwDESifhawmfvSefa&;udk qef@usifonfh azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;. taxGaxGwdkufcdkufr_ESifh ydkrdk aygif;


pyfrdavjzpfoGm;jcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? rmhufpf0g'udk pGef@ypfoGm;onfh ynmwwftcsKd@onf um;oabmw&m;topf xlaxmif&ef txdyif ajymqdkvm=uonf? (‚if;wdk@udk “bk&m;&Smolrsm;”ESifh “bk&m;wnfaqmufolrsm;”[k ac:=uonf?)

Trmhufpf0g'oabmw&m; opPmazmufrsm;udk tuGufrdrd jyefvnfacsy&ef/ ‚if;wdk@rsufESmzHk;udk qGJc|wf+yD; tukeftpif azmfxkwf&efESifh TuJhodk@aomenf;jzifh rmhufpf0g' ygwD.oabmw&m;a&;&m tajccHrsm;udk umuG,fxdef;odrf;&efrSm rmhufpf0g'Drsm;twGuf ta&;w}uD;vdktyfvmygonf?

Twm0efudk ‚if;wdk@udk,f‚if;wdk@ “xif&Sm;onfhrmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;q&mrsm;” [kowfrSwfxm;onfh yvufuaemhAfESifh ‚if;. rif&SDApfrdwfaqGrsm;u xrf;aqmifvdrfhrnf[kxifrSwfp&m&Sdygonf? odk@aomf ‚if;wdk@onf owif;pmyHkpH a0zefa&;rSwfcsuf wckESpfck rxifr&SSm;xkwfvkduf+yD;aemuf Te,fy,frS xGufcGmoGm;cJhonf?

1909 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0onfh ‚if;.ausmf=um;vSaom “±kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHKa0zefa&;” pmtkyfwGif Twm0efukd vDeifu atmifjrifpGm xrf;aqmifcJhonf//

vDeifua&;om;chJonfrSm “ESpf0ufxufavsmhenf;aom tcsdeftwGif;wGif tEkyËd avmr±kyf0g'ukd t"dutm;jzifh tºuGif;rJheD;yg;r# wkdufckduf&ef vkH;yef;cJhonf? pmtkyf av;tkyfay:xGufcJhonf? ‚if;wkd@xJwGif bmZma&mhAf/ abmh'g;aemhAf/ vlemcsmpuD;/ bmrif (Berman)/[Jvfz Ge f (Helfond)/ ,lpuD;Apfcs fE Si f hp lA k da&mhA f (Suvorov) wk d @p kaygi f;a&;onf h“rmhufpf0g'tbd"rRmtay: avhvma&;” (“qef@usifa&;”vkd@qkdygu ykdrkdoifhavsmfrnf xif onf)))))(pdef@yDwmpbwf 1908 xkwf)? ? ? ? ? ,lpuD;Apfcsf. “±kyf0g'ESifh ykdif;jcm;pdwfjzmonfh (critical)

trSefw&m;”/ bmrif. “acwfopf A[kokwoabmw&m;e,fy,frS tvif;.tEkyËdavmrw&m;”ESifh AvifwDaemhAf . “rmhufpf0g'ukd tbd"rRma&;&mwnfaqmufr_rsm;”qkdonfhpmtkyfrsm; yg0ifonf? Tvlrsm; tm;vkH;onf ‚if;wkd@. EkdifiHa&;tjrifrsm;wGif uGJjym;r_rsm; &Sdaeapumrl tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'tay: &efvkdrkef;wD;&mY nD!GwfaoG;pnf;=u+yD;/wcsdefwnf;wGif tbd"rRma&;&mY rmhuf0g'Drsm;jzpf=uonf[k a=unmajymqkd=uonf? bmrifu “tdef*,f. tEkyËdavmr[m “psmef0g'w&m;” (mysticism) jzpfw,f”vkd‹qkdcJhygonf?bZma&mhAfuawmh xif&Sm;+yD;om;tcsufw&yfuJhokd‹ “tdef*,f. tjrifrsm;[m acwfaemufusoGm;+yD”vkd‹ ayghayghqq ajym=um;cJhygonf? Tokd@ jzifh “acwfopfA[kokw oabmw&m;”/“vwfwavmtbd"rRm” (okd@r[kwf vwfwavm tjyK0g' (positivism)/ “acwfopfobm0 odyHynm. tbd"rRm” okd‹r[kwf “20 &mpkESpf. acwfopfobm0 odyHynm. tbd"rRm”qkdwmrsm; txdawmif *k%f,l0HhºuGm;pGm &nf!ïef; ajymqkdvm=uonfh u|efawmfwkd@. &J&ifhvSonhfppfonfawmf}uD;rsm;u ±kyf0g'ukd r,kHouFmuef@uGuf ajymqkdvmykH&onf?” (vDeif ±kyf0g'ESifh(vDeif ±kyf0g'ESifh(vDeif ±kyf0g'ESifh(vDeif ±kyf0g'ESifh(vDeif ±kyf0g'ESifh

tawG@t=uHKa0zefa&;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/armfpukd/ 1947/ pmrsufESm-9)tawG@t=uHKa0zefa&;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/armfpukd/ 1947/ pmrsufESm-9)tawG@t=uHKa0zefa&;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/armfpukd/ 1947/ pmrsufESm-9)tawG@t=uHKa0zefa&;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/armfpukd/ 1947/ pmrsufESm-9)tawG@t=uHKa0zefa&;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/armfpukd/ 1947/ pmrsufESm-9)

tbd"rRma&;&mY jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm; rdwfaqGrsm;ukd rSefuefa=umif; jyefvnfajymqkd&eftvkd@iSm “u|efawmfwdk@vrf;vGJoGm;wm jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifayr,fh u|efawmfwkd@[m


qufvuf&SmazGaeygw,f”vkd@ajym=um;cJhwJh vlemcsmpuD;ukd jyefvnfacsy&mY vDeifu “u|efawmfqkd&ifvnf; tbd"rRmrSm &SmazGaeolwa,mufom jzpfygw,f?” ajym&&ifawmh TrSwfcsufrsm; (qkdvkdonfrSm ±kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t=uKH0g'-t,f'Dwm)rSm u|efawmfhukd,f u|efawmf ay;tyfwJhwm0efrSm rmhufpf0g'ta&+cKH+yD;/ r,kH=unfavmufatmif ±_yfaxG;ayGvD azmufjyefvSwJht&mrsm;ukd ay;urf;pGef@}uJaeonfh Tvlrsm;twGuf cvkwfuefoif;awG bmawGjzpfw,fqkdwm &SmazG&efjzpfygonf?” (txufygpmapmif pmrsuf ESm-10) txufygpmapmif pmrsuf ESm-10) txufygpmapmif pmrsuf ESm-10) txufygpmapmif pmrsuf ESm-10) txufygpmapmif pmrsuf ESm-10) [k a&;om;cJhonf/

okd@aomf trSefpifppf vDeif. pmtkyfrSm Ttoifhtwifh wm0efxuf ausmfvGefcJh ygonf?trSefrSmrl Tpmtkyfonf abmh'g;aemhAf/ ,lpuD;Apfcsf/ bmZma&mhAf/ AvifwDaemhAfESifhtbd"rRmwGif ‚if;wkd@. q&mrsm;jzpfaom tJAfem&D;pf (Avenarius)ESifh rwfcsf (Mach) wkd@tay: a0zefa&;xuf wpkHw&mykdygonf? Ttbd"rRmq&mrsm;u ‚if;wkd@. aqmif;yg;rsm;wGifrmhufpf. ±kyf0g'ukd qef@usif+yD;/ aq;a=umta&mifwifxm;onfh pdwf0g'ukdwifjyzkd@ t}uD;tus,f }udK;yrf;cJh=uygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif Tpmtkyfonf rmhufpf0g'. oabmw&m;a&;&m tajccHrsm;jzpfaom tEkyËdavmrESifh orkdif;±kyf0g'ESifh orkdif;umvwckvkH;/ tdef*,faoqkH;csdefrS vDeif. “±kyf0g'ESifh taw‹Gt}uKHa0zefa&;”ay:aygufvmonfh umvwav#mufodyHynmESifh txl;ojzifh obm0odyHynmwkd@u &&SdcJhonfh ta&;}uD;+yD; r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfonfh±kyf0g'usonfh avhvmokH;oyfcsuf tm;vkH;ukd umuG,fygonf//

TpmtkyfwGif ±k&Sm;tawG@tóuHa0zefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@. EkdifiHjcm;q&mrsm;udkxda&mufpGma0zef+yD;aemuf vDeifonf tbd"rRma&;&mESifhoabmw&m;a&;&m jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'ESifhywfouf+yD; atmufyg ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm;&vmonf?

(1)(1)(1)(1)(1) rmhufpf0g'ta&+cKH+yD; rmhufpf0g'ukd t+rJykdrkdtEkpdwf vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm; ykHzsufjcif;?±kyf0g'qef@usifonfh t,l0g'rsm;ukd t+rJykdrkd tEkpdwfwifjyum ajymqkdaejcif;? TonfrSmacwfop fjyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'. EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ enf;y&d,m,fjy\emESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh tbd"rRmwdk@wGif xl;jcm;xif±Sm;onfh vuQ%mjzpfonf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm- 342/(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm- 342/(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm- 342/(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm- 342/(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm- 342/

343 )343 )343 )343 )343 )

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) rwfcsfESifh tJAfem&D;pfwkd@wtkyfvkH;onf pdwf0g'qDokd@ a&G@&Sm;ae=uonf? (txufyg(txufyg(txufyg(txufyg(txufyg

pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-70)pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-70)pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-70)pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-70)pmapmif/ pmrsufESm-70)

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) u|efawmfwkd@. rwfcsfaemufvkdufrsm; (machians) tm;vkH;onfvnf; pdwf0g'axmifacsmufwGif; usoGm;=u+yD? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-359)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-359)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-359)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-359)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-359)

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) “tawG@tóuHa0zefa&;.tbd"rRmrsm; epistemological scholasticism77777

aemufwGif tbd"rRma&;wGif ygwDrsm;. wkdufyGJ/ aemufqkH;ydwfcGJjcrf; pdwfjzmcsufwGif acwfopf

7? A[kokw. rlvtp/ obm0ESifh tuef@towfwdk@udk avhvmonfh tbd"rRmykdif;/ Scholasticism tv,facwfrsm;u wuUodkvfwGif oif=um;onfh tbd"rRmpepf? (bmomjyefol)


vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif;±Sd twkduftcH vlwef;pm;rsm;. wdrf;apmif;r_rsm; ESifh tawG;tac:wkd@ukdazmfjyonfhwkdufyGJukd rjrifawG@&efrSm rjzpfEkdifacs? “(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) “&nf±G,fcsuf/ tawG@t}uKHa0zefa&;. vlwef;pm;tcef;rSm odyHynm. txufwGif ,kH=unfr_ukd xm;±Sdonfh azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm; (fideists) ukd a,bk,stm;jzifh ±kyf0g'ukdqef@usif+yD;/ txl;ojzifh orkdif;±kyf0g'ukd qef@usifonfh wkdufyGJwGif opPm&SdpGmtr_awmfxrf;&efvkH;0jzpfayonf?”(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-371)

(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) tbd"rRma&;&m pdwf0g'onf bmoma&;qkdif&m rxifr&Sm; ra&r&mjzpfjcif; okd@r[kwf zkH;zdydwfyifjcif; (clerical obscurantism) vrf;omjzpfonf// (((((vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomvDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomvDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomvDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomvDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmom

twGJ12/ pmrsufESm-304)twGJ12/ pmrsufESm-304)twGJ12/ pmrsufESm-304)twGJ12/ pmrsufESm-304)twGJ12/ pmrsufESm-304)

u|efawmfwkd@ ygwDorkdif;wGif vDeifpmtkyf. }uD;rm;vSonfh tcef;yg0ifr_ukd tav;*±kjyKtodtrSwfjyK&efESifh pwkdvDyif azmufjyefa&;umvtwGif; jyefvnfjyifqifa&;ESifh opPmazmuftrsKd;rsKd;wkd@xHrS vDeifumuG,fcJhonfh oabmw&m;a&;&m &wemrsm;ukd od&Sdem;vnf&efu|efawmfwkd@onf tusOf;csKyfr#jzpfygap? tEkyËdavmrESifh orkdif;±kyf0g' tajccHrsm;tay:u|rf;usifatmif jyKvkyf&ygvdrfhrnf?

tEkyËdavmrESifh orkdif;±kyf0g'onf uGefjrLepf0g'. oabmw&m;a&; tajccH/ rmhufpf0g'ygwDw&yf. oabmw&m;a&;&m tajccHrsm; yg0ifzGJ@pnf;aeonfhtwGuf ykdrkdyifvkdtyf+yD;/Trlrsm;ukd od&Sd&efESifh avhvm&efrSm u|efawmfwkd@ygwD. wufºuGonfh ygwD0ifwkdif;. wm0efjzpfayonf?

TuJhokd@qkdv#if 1?1?1?1?1? tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' (Dialectical materialism)

2? 2? 2? 2? 2? orkdif;±kyf0g' (Historical materialism) wkd@rSmbmawGenf;?

tEkyËdavmr¶kyf0g'ESifh orkdif;¶kyf0g'

tEkyËdravmr¶kyf0g'onf rmhufpfvDeifygwD. urBmhtjrifjzpfonf? tEkyËdavmr ¶kyf0g'[kac:&jcif;rSm ‚if;. obm0tjcif;t&mrsm;udk csOf;uyfr_/ obm0tjcif;t&mrsm;udk avhvm+yD;odjrifonfhenf;emrsm;onf tEkyËdavmrjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;. obm0tjcif;t&mtay:t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsuf/ t,ltqoabmw&m;onf ¶kyf0g'jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

ordkif;¶kyf0g'qdkonfrSm tEkyËdavmr¶kyf0g'rlrsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;avhvma&;txdwdk;csJ@vkduf+yD;/ vl@tzGJtpnf; b0tjcif;t&mrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ‚if;.ordkif;udkavhvm&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ tEkyËdavmr ¶kyf0g'rlrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;yifjzpfonf?

rmhufpf (Marx) ESifh tdef*,f (Engels) wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@. tEkyËdavmrenf;emrsm;udkazmfjy&mwGif tEkyËdavmrenf;em. t"duvuQ%mrsm;udk wDxGifcJhonfh tbd"rRmq&m}uD;tjzpf [D*,f (Hegel) udk udk;um;azmfjyavh&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; rmhufpfESifh tdef*,[email protected]Ëdavmronf [D*,f. tEkyËdavmrESifhwlnDonf[krqdkvdkyg? trSefrSmrl rmhufpfESifh


tdef*,fwdk@. tEkyËdavmronf [D*,f.tEkyËdavmrrS “tusKd;ta=umif;&Sdaom twGif;ydkif;” (Rational Kernal) udkom xkwfEkwf,l+yD;/ [D*,f.pdwf0g' ta&cGHudk pGef@ypfum acwfrDodyHynmo¿mefw&yftjzpf azmfxkwf&eftvdk@iSm tEkyËdavmrudk qufvuf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;cJhonf?

rmhufpfu “u|Ekfyf. tEkyËdavmrenf;emonf [D*,f.enf;emESifh jcm;em;¶Hkr#ru/ ‚if;ESifhwdkuf¶dkufqef@usifbufjzpfonf? [D*,fu “pdwful;” (the Idea) [laomtrnfjzifh awG;awmqifjcifr_jzpfpOf (the Process of thinking) udk trSDtcdkuif;aom t&mtjzpf ajymif;vJypf+yD;/‚if;u wu,fhurBmavmu}uD;udk zefwD;oljzpfum wu,fhurBmavmuonf pdwful;tjcif;t&mo¿meftjzpf jyifywGifom&Sdaeonf[k qdkcJhonf? u|EkfyftwGufrl TonfESifh qef@usifpGmyif pdwful;onf tjcm;r[kwf? vlom;rsm;.pdwfwGif xif[yfvm+yD; tawG;tac:o¿mefrsm;tjzpf jyefqdkazmfjyxm;onfh¶kyfurBm (Material world) jzpfonf” [kqdkcJhygonf? (um;vfum;vfum;vfum;vfum;vfrmhufpf“t&if;usrf;”twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-30rmhufpf“t&if;usrf;”twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-30rmhufpf“t&if;usrf;”twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-30rmhufpf“t&if;usrf;”twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-30rmhufpf“t&if;usrf;”twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-30)

rmhufpfESifhtdef*,fwdk@onf ‚if;wdk@. ¶kyf0g'udk azmfjyzGifhqdk&mwGif ¶kyf0g'w&m;rsm;udkae&mrSefjyefvnfay;cJhaom tbd"rRmq&m}uD;tjzpf jzL;0g;bwf (Feuerbach) udk udk;um;azmfjyavh&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@. ¶kyf0g'onf jzL;0g;bwf. ¶kyf0g'ESifhwlnDonf[k rqdkvdkyg? trSefrSmrl rmhufpfESifh tdef*,fwdk@onf jzL;0g;bwf ¶kyf0g'rS twGif;ydkif;tqH (inner kernal) udkxkwf,l+yD;/ odyHenf;us tbd"rRmqdkif&m ¶kyf0g' oabmw&m;tjzpfjzpfay:wdk;yGm;apum/ ‚if;.pdwf0g' bmoma&;usifh0wf tay:v$mudk z,f&Sm;ypf vdkufygonf?jzL;0g;bwfonf tajccHtm;jzif h ¶kyf0g'DwOD;jzpfaomfvnf; ¶kyf0g'qkdaomtrnfudkqef@usifcJha=umif; u|efawmfwdk@ od=uygonf? tdef*,fu w}udrfxufru ajymcJhonfrSmjzL;0g;bwfonf ¶kyf0g' “tajccH” &SdcJhaomfvnf; “a&S;¶dk;tpOftvm pdwf0g' taESmiftzGJ@rsm;. wkyfaESmifjcif;cHae&onf”[kvnf;aumif;/ “ol. bmoma&;ESifh usifh0wfqdkif&m tbd"rRmudk =unfhvdkufygu jzL;0g;bwf. wu,fhpdwf0g' ay:vGifxif&Sm;vmonf?” (um;vfrmhufpfum;vfrmhufpfum;vfrmhufpfum;vfrmhufpfum;vfrmhufpf

vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk/ 1946/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 373/ 375vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk/ 1946/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 373/ 375vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk/ 1946/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 373/ 375vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk/ 1946/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 373/ 375vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk/ 1946/ twGJ1/ pmrsufESm 373/ 375)

tEkyËdavmr (Dialectics) pum;vHk;rSm *&dpum;vHk; 'dkif&mvD*dk (Dialego) rS qif;oufvm+yD;/ aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefonf[k t"dy`m,f&onf? a&S;acwftcgu tEkyËdavmrw&m;onfqef@usifbufjyKol. jiif;ckefr_twGif;±Sd yËdyuQrsm;udk azmfxkwf+yD;/ ‚if;yËdyuQrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ausmfv$m;jcif;jzifh trSefw&m;udk&&SdEdkifonfh tEkynmw&yfjzpfcJhonf? a&S;acwfu awG;ac:r_twGif;&Sd yËdyuQrsm;udk azmfxkwfjcif;ESifh qef@usifbuftjrifrsm;. twdkuftcHjzpfr_wdk@onftrSefw&m;odk@a&muf&Sd&ef taumif;qHk;enf;emjzpfonf[k wcsKd@tbd"rRmq&mrsm;u,Hk=unfcJh=uonf? T tEkyËdavmrawG;ac:r_enf;emonf aemufydkif;wGif obm0tjcif;t&mtjzpfodk@ wdk;csJ@vdkuf+yD; obm0udk odem;vnfaom tEkyÉdavmrenf;emw&yftjzpfodk@jzpfay:wdk;yGm; oGm;onf? ‚if;onf obm0tjcif;t&mudk xm0pOfv_yf&Sm;ae+yD; tqufrjywf


ajymif;vJaeonf[k,lqum obm0.jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk obm0. yËdyuQrsm;. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. tusKd;&v'f[kvnf;aumif;/ obm0. qef@usifbuftiftm;pk. tjyeftvSefv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;. tusKd;&v'f[kvnf;aumif; ,lqonf?

tESpfom&tm;jzifh tEkyËdavmrw&m;onf wuUaA'. wdkuf¶dkufqef@usifbuf jzpfayonf?

1? rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;em. t"dutcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?1? rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;em. t"dutcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?1? rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;em. t"dutcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?1? rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;em. t"dutcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?1? rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;em. t"dutcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?

(u)(u)(u)(u)(u) wuUaA'ESif h qef@usifpGmyif tEkyËdavmronf obm0udk=unfhjrif&mYt&m0wWKrsm;/ tjcif;t&mrsm;onf wckESifhwck oD;jcm;uif;uGmpGm tquftpyfr&Sd trSDtcdkuif;pGm a&Smifwcifpk+yHKaer_w&yftjzpf vufrcHbJ/ ‚if;wdk@udk wqufwpyfwnf;/ wckwnf;tjzpf=unfhjrifum t&m0wWKrsm;/ tjcif;t&mrsm;onf wckESifhwck ¶kyfoabmtm;jzifh(organically) qufoG,fum tjyeftvSef trSDo[JjyK+yD; tuef@towf cHxm;&onf[k,lqonf?

xdk@a=umifh tEkyËdavmrenf;emu vufcH,lqxm;onfrSm obm0. rnfonfhtjcif;t&mudkrqdk ywf0ef;usif tjcif;t&mrsm;ESifh cGJjcm;+yD; wOD;wnf;oD;jcm; =unfhjrifygu em;vnfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs? obm0e,fy,frS rnfonfhtjcif;t&myifjzpfap ywf0ef;usiftajctaeESifh qufpyfjcif;rjyKbJ/ uif;uGmpGm=unfh¶_v#if t"dy`m,fr&Sdjzpfayvdrfhrnf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh rnfonfhtjcif;t&myifjzpfygap/ ‚if;. cGJcGmr&aom ywf0ef;usiftjcif;t&mrsm;ESifh qufpyfpOf;pm;=unfhjrifygu ywf0ef;usiftjcif;t&mu xdef;csKyfuef@owfxm;onfht&mtjzpf em;vnfajz&Sif;Edkifayvdrfhrnf?

(c)(c)(c)(c)(c) wuUaA'ESifh qef@usifpGmyif/ tEkyËdavmru obm0udk=unfhjrif,lqonfrSm+idrfoufat;aq;+yD;/ rv_yfr&Sm;jzpfaeaomt&m/ wnf+idrf+yD; rajymif;rvJ&Sdaeaomt&mtjzpfr[kwfbJ/ tqufrjywf v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeaomt&m/ tqufrjywf topfjzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeaom t&mjzpf+yD;/ wpHkwcku t+rJay:xGuf wdk;yGm;vmaeum/ wpHkwcku t+rJysufpD;,dk,Gif;aoqHk;oGm;aeonf [lIjzpfygonf?

xdk‹a=umifh tEkyËdavmrenf;emuvdktyfonfrSm tjcif;t&mrsm;udk =unfhjrif&mY‚if;wdk@. tjyeftvSef qufpyfr_ESifh tjyeftvSef trSDo[JjyKr_tjrift&omru/ ‚if;[email protected]_yf±Sm;r_/ ajymif;vJr_/ jzpfay:vmr_ESifh ysufpD;oGm;r_ tjrifbufrSvnf; =unfhjrif&rnf jzpfayonf?

tEkyËdavmrenf;emu rsufarSmufumvwGif wnf+rJcdkifusnfoa,mif&Sdaomfvnf;/a=ujyKef;pjyKaeaom t&mtay: t"dutm;jzifh ta&;xm;jcif; rjyKbJ/ rsufarSmufumvwGifwnf+rJ[efr&Sdaomfvnf;/ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmaeaomt&mtay: ta&;xm;ygonf? t


a=umif;rSm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmaeaomt&momv#if ckdifrm+rJjrefonf[k tEkËdavmrenf;emu ,lqaoma=umifhjzpfygonf?

tdef*,fu “obm0tm;vkH;/ tao;qkH;t&m0wˆKrS t}uD;qHk;txd/ oJr_efuav;rSaep}uFm0VmtqHk;/ rlvouf&Sduvmyfpnf;rS vlowW0gtqHk;wdk@onf tqufrjywfaomjzpfjcif;ESifhysufjcif;w&m;/ tqufrjywfajymif;vJ pD;qif;aejcif;/ r&yfrem; ajymif;vJv_yf&Sm;aeaomtajctae &Sdaeygonf?” (tdef*,f/ obm0 tEkyËdavmrtdef*,f/ obm0 tEkyËdavmrtdef*,f/ obm0 tEkyËdavmrtdef*,f/ obm0 tEkyËdavmrtdef*,f/ obm0 tEkyËdavmr) [kqkdcJhygonf?

tdef*,fu xdk‹a=umifh tEkyËdavmronf “t&m0wWKrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. odjrifr_ pdwful;yHkpHkrsm;udk txl;ojzifh ‚if;wdk@tjyeftvSefqufpyfr_/ qufoG,fr_/ v_yf&Sm;r_/ ay:xGufr_ESifhaysmufuG,fr_wdk@tay: =unfhjrifoHk;oyfonf?” [k qdkcJhonf? (tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;)

(*)(*)(*)(*)(*) wuUaA'ESifh qef@usifpGmyif tEkyËdavmru jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_jzpfpOfudk =unfhjrif&mYta&twGufajymif;vJr_rS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_odk@ ra&muf&Sdonfh ¶dk;¶dk;omref}uD;xGm;r_jzpfpOftjzpfr[kwfbJ/ rxifr&Sm;/ rodrom jzpfay:aeaom ta&twGufajymif;vJr_rsm;rStwdtvif;ESifh t&if;cHuspGmajymif;vJr_/ t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_odk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;+yD;/Tjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_wGif t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_onf wjznf;jznf;csif; r[kwfbJ/ tajctaewckrS tjcm;tajctaewckodk@ ¶kwfw&ufESifh vsifjrefpGmckeful;ajymif;vJaom o¿mefjzifhjzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@onf trSwfrxif a&Smifwcifay:aygufvmjcif;r[kwfbJ/ rodromESifhwpwpta&twGuf ajymif;vJr_rsm; pk+yHKvmr_. obm0tusKd;quftjzpf ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf?

xdk@a=umifh tEkyËdavmrenf;emu vufcH,lqxm;onfrSm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_jzpfpOfudkpuf0dkif;ozG,f v_yf&Sm;r_tjzpf r,lqoifh/ jzpf+yD;om;rsm; xyfjyefwvJvJ jzpfay:aejcif;r[kwfbJ/ a±S@odk@csDaeaom/ txufodk@wufvSrf;aeaom v_yf&Sm;r_tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tdkrif;a[mif;EGrf;aom t&nftcsif; tajctaew&yfrS opfvGifaom t&nftcsif; tajctaew&yfodk@ul;ajymif;r_tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ¶dk;¶dk;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_rS ¶_yfaxG;aomjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ESifh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ tqifhedrfhrS tqifhjrifhw&yftjzpfvnf;aumif; vufcHxm;ygonf?

tdef*,fu “obm0onf tEkyËdavmr. rSwfausmufjzpf+yD;/ acwfopfobm0odyHynmu TrSwfcsufudk wae@wjcm; wdk;yGm;vmonfh tvGefºuG,f0aom taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh ta&mifwifay;vdkufonf[k qdk&ayrnf? Tenf;jzifh aemufqHk; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_t&obm0.jzpfpOfonf wuUaA'twdkif; r[kwfbJ/ tEkyËdavmrenf;t&omjzpfa=umif;ESifh‚if;onf xm0& wrsKd;wnf;ESifh tqufrjywf xyfjyefwvJvJ puf0dkif;twdkif; vnfywfv_yf&Sm;aejcif; r[kwfbJ/ wu,fhordkif;udk ausmfvGefjzwfoef;&a=umif; oufaojyvdkufayonf?Tae&mwGif 'g0ifudk txl;azmfjy&rnfjzpf+yD;/ olu ,ae@±kyfurBm (organic wold) wGiftyifrsm;/ wd&dp>mefrsm;ESifh vlrsm;tm;vHk;yifv#if ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; wdk;wufaeonfhjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ jzpfpOf. &vm'fjzpfa=umif; oufaoxljyum/ wuUaA'. obm0t,ltqudk jyif;xefpGmxdk;ESufvdkufonf? (txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;)


tEkyËdavmr jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk ta&twGufajymif;vJr_rsm;rS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_rsm;odk@ ul;ajymif;r_tjzpf azmfjyajymqdk&mwGif tdef*,fu “±lyaA'wGif ajymif;vJr_wdkif;onfta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;odk@ ul;ajymif;r_jzpfonf? ‚if;onf udk,fcE<mwckwGif rlvwnf;u&Sdaom odk@r[kwf tjcm;ae&mrSvmaom v_yf&Sm;r_o¿mefwckck. ta&twGufajymif;vJr_.&vm'fjzpfonf? Oyrm a&.tylcsdefonf yxrwGif ‚if;.t&nftaetxm;udk tusKd;oufa&mufr_r±Sdaomfvnf; xdkt&nftaetxm; (liquid state) a&. tylcsdefudk wdk;jr‡ifhjcif; odk@r[kwf avsmhcsjcif;jyKvkyfvdkufygu Taygif;¶Hk;pnf;uyfxm;onfh (cohesion) taetxm;ajymif;vJonfh tcsdefumvodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;+yD;/ a&onf tajctaewckwGif a&aEG;aiG@jzpfoGm;+yD;/ aemuftajctaewckwGif a&cJtjzpfajymif;vJoGm;onf? yvufwDerf0dkif,m}uKd;wGif tvif;a&mifxGuf&ef tedrfhqHk; v#yfpD;tiftm; (current) twdtuswckvdktyf+yD;/vdktyfonfh tylcsdef&&Sd&ef u|efawmfwdk@ pDrHcef@cGJEdkifoa&G@ owWKwdkif;wGif ‚if;.t&nfaysmftylcsdef&Sd+yD;/ t&nfwdkif;wGif wpHkwckaomzdtm;Y a&cJtrSwfESifh a&qltrSwf twdtus&Sdonf? tqHk;wGif "mwfaiG@wdkif;Y oifhawmfaom zdtm;ay;jcif;ESifh tat;cHjcif;wdk@jzifht&nftjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifonfh tcsuftcsmta&;}uD;onfh trSwfwck&Sdonf? trsm;od=uaom¶lyaA'udef;aorsm; (tae txm;wckrS tjcm;taetxm;wckodk@ ul;ajymif;onfhtrSwf-t,f'Dwm)rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh qufxHk;trSwf (Nodal point) twGuf t!ïef;azmfjycsufrsm;omjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wGif v_yf&Sm;r_. twdk;tavsmhta&twGuf (ajymif;vJr_) uudk,fcE<mwck. tajctaewGif t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJr_udk jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wGif tusKd;quftm;jzifhta&twGufonf t&nftcsif;odk@ ajymif;vJoGm;onf?” (tdef*,f-obm0 tEkyËdavmrtdef*,f-obm0 tEkyËdavmrtdef*,f-obm0 tEkyËdavmrtdef*,f-obm0 tEkyËdavmrtdef*,f-obm0 tEkyËdavmr)

"mwkaA'ta=umif;qufvufajym=um;&mY tdef*,fu-“"mwkaA'udk ta&twGuf aygif;pnf;zGJ@wnfr_ tajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh cE<mtpk

ta0;rsm;wGif jzpfay:vmaom t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_ ody`Hynm[kac:qdkEdkifayonf?Tonfudk [D*,fuyifod+yD;jzpfonf? Oyrm atmufqD*sif/ tu,fI armfvDusL;wGif cgwdkif;yg0ifaeus tEkjrLr[kwfbJ oHk;ckyg0ifoGm;ygu omrefatmufqD*sifESifh te‹H/ wkH@jyefr_wdk@wGifvHk;0jcm;em;aom tdkZkef;qdkonfh cE<mtpkta0; wck&&Sdonf? ajym&ygrl atmufqD*sifonfEdkuf}wdK*sif odk@r[kwf qmvfzmwdk@ESifh rwlaomtcsKd;tpm;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh aygif;pyfygu wjcm;cE<mtpkta0;rsm;ESifh t&nftcsif;t&uGmjcm;onfh cE<mtpkta0;wckpDudk xkwfay;vdkufonf? (txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;)

[D*,f. }uKd;yrf;tm;xkwfr_tm;vHk;tay: jypfwifa0zefaomfvnf; ol.ausmf=um;vSaom ppfwrf;jzpfonfh cHpm;r_r&Sdonfh avmue,fy,frS tm¶HkcHpm;r_&Sdonfh e,fy,fodk@/ oufrJh(Inorganic) avmurS ouf±Sd (organic) avmuodk@ ul;ajymif;r_onf tajctaeopfw&yfodk@ckeful;r_jzpfonfqdkonfudk cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf iSm;&rf;xm;ol 'l;&if;udk tqHk;owfY a0zef&if;tdef*,fu-


“TonfrSm twdtustm;jzifh [D*,f. wdkif;xGma&; qufqHr_. qufxHk;jzpf+yD;/‚if;wGif twdtus qufxHk;trSwfrsm;Y ta&twGuf oufoufwdk;jr‡ifhjcif; odk@r[kwf avsmhenf;jcif;onf t&nftcsif; ckeful;ajymif;vJr_ jzpfapEdkifonf? Oyrm tylay;xm;onfh odk@r[kwftat;cHxm;onfh a&wGif rSefwef;zdtm;atmufY a&qltrSwfESifh a&cJtrSwfwdk@ onf pkpnf;r_tqifhopfw&yfodk @ckeful;+yD;/ Todk@tm;jzif h ta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;w&yf odk @ajymif;vJoGm;onfh qufxHk;rsm;jzpfayonf? (tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;tdef*,f-'l;&if;qef@usifa&;)

(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) wuUaA'ESifh qef@usifpGmyif tEkyËdavmru cH,lxm;onfrSm twGif;ydkif;yËdyuQrsm;onf t&m0wWKrsm;ESifh obm0tjcif;t&mrsm; tm;vHk;wGif yifudk,fyg&Sd+yD;jzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm ‚if;wkd@tm;vHk;wGif tqdk;bufESifh taumif;bufrsm;/ twdwfESifh tem*wf/ wpHkw&mcsKyf+idrf;aer_ESifh wpHkw&mjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_rsm;&Sdae+yD;/ Tqef@usifbufrsm;t=um; wdkufyGJ/ta[mif;ESifhtopft=um;/ aoqHk;oGm;onfht&mESifh aygufzGm;vmonfht&mt=um;/aysmufuG,foGm;onhft&mESifh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeonfht&mt=um; wdkufyGJrsm;onf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_jzpfpOf. twGif;ydkif;tESpfom&/ ta&twGufajymif;vJr_rsm;rS t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJr_rsm;odk@ ul;ajymif;jcif;. twGif;ydkif;tESpfom&wdk@jzpfygonf?

xdk@a=umifh tEkyËdavmrenf;emu ,lqonfrSm tqifhedrfhrS tqifhjrifhodk@ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aom jzpfpOfonf tjcif;t&mrsm;udk vdkufavsmnDaxG zGifhvSpfxkwfazmfaomjzpfpOfr[kwfbJ/t&m0wWKrsm;ESifh tjcif;t&mrsm;wGif yifudk,fyg&Sd+yD; yËdyuQrsm;udk azmfxkwfaomjzpfpOf/ TyËdyuQrsm;udk tajccHum jyKrlv_yf&Sm;aeaom qef@usifbuf wdrf;apmif;r_rsm;. “wdkufyGJ”jzpfpOfjzpfonf?

vDeifu “tEkyËdavmr. yifudk,ft"dy`m,frSm t&m0wWKrsm;. wu,fhtESpfom&twGif;rS yËdyuQudk avhvmjcif; jzpfonf? (vDeif-tbd"r<mrSwfpkrsm;/ ¶k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm- 263vDeif-tbd"r<mrSwfpkrsm;/ ¶k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm- 263vDeif-tbd"r<mrSwfpkrsm;/ ¶k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm- 263vDeif-tbd"r<mrSwfpkrsm;/ ¶k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm- 263vDeif-tbd"r<mrSwfpkrsm;/ ¶k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm- 263)

xdk@tjyif qufvufajym=um;onfrSm “jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_qdkonfrSm qef@usifbufrsm;.“wdkufyGJ”jzpfonf?” (vDeifusrf;aygif; pHk/ ¶k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 13/ pmrsufESm-301vDeifusrf;aygif; pHk/ ¶k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 13/ pmrsufESm-301vDeifusrf;aygif; pHk/ ¶k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 13/ pmrsufESm-301vDeifusrf;aygif; pHk/ ¶k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 13/ pmrsufESm-301vDeifusrf;aygif; pHk/ ¶k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 13/ pmrsufESm-301)

txufygrsm;onf twdkcsKyftm;jzifh rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;em. t"du vuQ%mrsm;jzpfonf?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf; b0avhvma&;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;orkdif;avhvma&;wdk@wGif tEkyËdavmrenf;em. rlrsm;udk wdk;csJ@jyef@yGm;vdkufr_. }uD;rm;vSaom ta&;ygt&ma&mufr_ESifhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif;ESifh ypPnf;rJhygwD. vufawG@v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@wGif Trlrsm;udk toHk;csvdkufr_. }uD;rm;vSaom ta&;ygt&ma&mufr_udk tvG,fwul em;vnfEdkifygonf?

urBmay: Y oD;jcm;tjcif;t&m[lIr&SdbJ/ tjcif;t&mtm;vHk; tjyeftvSef qufpyftrSDo[JjyKaeygu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepfwdkif;ESifh ordkif;wGif;&Sd vlr_v_yf&Sm;r_wdkif;udk “xm0&r#wr_ (Eternal Justic) odk@r[kwf orkdif;ynm&SSifrsm; r=umc%ajymqdkae=uaom tjcm;}udKwifodjrifaom pdwful; (Preconceived idea) &yfwnfcsuf tjrifrsm;rS r[kwfbJ xdkpepf


odk@r[kwf xdkvlr_v_yf&Sm;r_udk ay:xGufvmap+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@ESifhvnf; qufoG,faeonfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;. &yfwnfcsuf tjrifrsm;rS tuJjzwf&rnfrSm &Sif;aeayonf?

aus;u|efpepfonf acwfopf ta=umif;tcsufrsm;atmufwGif t"dy`m,fr&SdSaom/obm0rusaom rdkufrJr_yifjzpfonf? odk@aomf +ydKusysufpD;aeonfh a&S;acwfbHktzGJ@ ta=umif;tcsufrsm; atmufwGifrl aus;u|efpepfonf a&S;acwfbHkpepf. wdk;wufr_w&yfudkudk,fpm;jyKonfhtwGuf vHk;0em;vnfEdkifaom obm0tjcif;t&m w&yfjzpfonf? qdkygpdk@?1905 ck ¶k&Sm;Y Zmbk&ifpepfESifh "e&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnf&Sdaer_atmufwGif "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiH awmif;qdkr_onf vHk;0em;vnfEdkifaom/ oifhawmfaom/ awmfvSefa&;awmif;qdkcsufw&yfjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdktcsdefu "e&SiforRwEdkifiHonf a&S@wvSrf;wdk;jcif;yifjzpfonf? odk@aomf ,cktcsdef qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpf ¶k&Sm;orRwEdkifiH (U.S.S.R) tajctaeY "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiH awmif;qdkr_onf t"dy`m,fr&Sdaom wefjyefawmfvSefa&;awmif;qdkr_w&yfjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf "e&SiforRwEdkifiHonf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHESifh E_dif;pmygu aemufwvSrf;qkwfr_jzpfonf?

t&m&mwdkif;onf tajctaeta=umif;tcsuf/ tcsdefumvESifh ae&ma'owdk@ay:wGifrlwnfaeayonf?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf; tjcif;t&mudk TuJhodk@aom ordkif;a&;&m csOf;uyfr_r&Sdygu ordkif;qdkif&modyHynm wnf&Sdr_ESifh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_r&SdEdkif? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf TuJhodk@csOf;uyfr_onfomv#if ordkif;odyHynmtm; rawmfwqr_rsm; a&maxG;pkyHkoGm;r_ESifh trdkufrJqHk;aom trSm;rsm; pkaygif;oGm;r_rsm;rS u,fwifEdkifayrnf?

xdk@tjyif tu,fI urBmavmu}uD;onf tqufrjywfv_yf±Sm;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeyguta[mif;csKyf+idrf;+yD;/ topfjzpfay: }uD;xGm;r_onf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. w&m;Oya'ojzpfygu“rajymif;vJEdkifaom”vlr_pepfrsm;/ yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ESifh aoG;pkyfr_wdk@ “xm0&rlrsm;”/ v,form;rsm;u ajr&Sifrsm;udkemcH&jcif;/ tvkyform;rsm;u t&if;&Sifudk emcH&jcif;qdkonfh“xm0&t,ltqrsm;”onf r&SdEdkifa=umif; &Sif;aeayonf?

qdkvdkonfrSm w}udrfwcgu ya'o&mZfpepfudk t&if;&Sifpepfu tpm;xdk;vdkufouJhodk@t&if;&Sifpepfudkvnf; qdk±S,fvpfpepfu tpm;xdk;Edkifayonf?

xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@onf rsufarSmufumvwGif v$rf;rdk;aeaom tiftm;pkjzpfaeaomfvnf; qufvufjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ r&Sdonfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tv$may:wGif u|[email protected];wnfcsufudk tajcrcHoifhbJ/ rsufarSmufumvwGif v$rf;rdk;aeaom tiftm;pkr[kwfaomfvnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;ae+yD; tem*wfvnf;&Sdonfh vl@tv$mrsm;ay:wGif tajccHoifhonf?

vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpf. &Spfq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; rmhufpf0g'Drsm;ESifh ema&m'fepfrsm;t=um;wdkufyGJumvY ¶k&Sm;. ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf vlOD;a&. rajymavmufonfh tenf;pkjzpfae+yD;/v,form;rsm;rSmrl vlOD;a&. trsm;wumh trsm;pk jzpfaeayonf? odk@aomf ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf }uD;xGm;jzpfay:vmum v,form;xkonf vlwef;pm;t& +ydKuGJ


oGm;cJhonf? ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aer_a=umifhomv#if rmhufpf0g'Drsm;u ‚if;wdk@. OD;wnfcsufudk ypPnf;rJhrsm;tay: tajccHcJhayonf? olwdk@ rrSm;cJh=uyg?ta=umif;rl u|efawmfwdk@ od=uonfhtwdkif; ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf aemufydkif;wGif rajymyavmufaom tiftm;pkav;rS yxrwef; ordkif;0iftiftm;pkw&yftjzpfodk@ }uD;xGm;vmjcif;a=umifhjzpfygonf?

xdk@a=umifh ay:vpDt& rSm;,Gif;r_r&Sd&efrSm aemufodk@r=unfhrlbJ a&S@odk@ar#mfac:=unfh¶_&rnf?

xkd@tjyif aES;auG;aomt&nftwGufajymif;vJr_rsm;rS ¶kwfw&uf vsifjrefaomt&nftcsif; ajymif;vJr_rsm;odk@ ul;ajymif;jcif;onf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_w&m;jzpfygu tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;rsm;uqifEGJonfh awmfvSefa&;rsm;onf obm0usonfh/ rv$Jra&Smifomonfhtjcif;t&mrsm;omjzpfonfrSm &Sif;aeayonf?

xdk@a=umifh t&if;&SifpepfrS qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ul;ajymif;a&;ESifh t&if;&Sifxrf;ydk;atmufrStvkyform;vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;onf aES;auG;pGm ajymif;vJaomvrf;/ jyKjyifa&;vrf;rsm;twdkif; jzpfEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfbJ t&if;&Sifpepf. t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_/ awmfvSefa&;vrf;omv#if jzpfayrnf?

xdk@a=umifh ay:vpDt& rSm;,Gif;r_r&Sdap&efrSm awmfvSefa&;orm; jzpf&rnf? ðyjyifa&;orm;rjzpf&?

xdk@tjyif jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_onf twGif;ydkif;yËdyuQrsm;udk azmfxkwf&mrSvnf;aumif;/xdkyËdyuQrsm;udk ausmfeif;Edkifzkd@twGuf xdkyËdyuQrsm;tajccHay:wGif qef@usifbuftiftm;pkrsm;.twdkuftcH jzpfay:r_rsm;rSvnf;aumif; ay:xGufvmcJhonf qdkygu ypPnf;rJh.vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJonf obm0vnf;usum rv$Jra&Smifomonfh tjcif;t&mjzpfonfrSm &Sif;aeay onf?

xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@onf t&if;&Sifpepf. yËdyuQrsm;udk zHk;uG,frypf&bJ azmfxkwfajz&Sif;&rnf? u|efawmfwdk@onf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk rwm;qD;&bJ tqHk;wdkifqifEGJ oGm;&rnf?

xdk@a=umifh ay:vpDt& rSm;,Gif;r_r&Sdap&efrSm tav#mhay;aphpyfjcif;rjyKonfh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; ay:vpDusifhoHk;&rnf?

ypPnf;rJhESifh "e&Sifwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk o[Zmwr#wxm;onfh jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;.ay:vpDrsKd; “t&if;&SifpepftwGif;rS qdk&SS,fvpfaygufa&muf}uD;xGm;vma&;” qdkonfh aphpyfajy+idrf;onfh ay:vpDrsKd;rjyKvkyf&?

Tonf vltzGJ@pnf;b0/ vltzGJ@pnf;ordkif;wdk@wGif csrSwfusifhoHk;&rnfh rmhufpf0g'tEkyËdavmrenf;em jzpfayonf?

rmhuf0g'. ±kyf0g'tbd"drRmESifhywfoufIrl ‚if;onf tajccHtm;jzifh pdwf0g' tbd"rRmESifhvHk;0qef‹usifbufjzpfonf?


2? rmhufpf0g'. ±kyf0g'tbd"rRm. t"duvuQ%mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf2? rmhufpf0g'. ±kyf0g'tbd"rRm. t"duvuQ%mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf2? rmhufpf0g'. ±kyf0g'tbd"rRm. t"duvuQ%mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf2? rmhufpf0g'. ±kyf0g'tbd"rRm. t"duvuQ%mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf2? rmhufpf0g'. ±kyf0g'tbd"rRm. t"duvuQ%mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?????

(u)(u)(u)(u)(u) urBmavmuonf “tºuGif;rJhpdwful;”/ “wavmuvHk;qdkif&mpdwf"mwf”/ “tod”wdk@. aygif;zGJ@xm;r_jzpfonf[k cH,lonfh pdwf0g'ESifh qef@usifpGm/ rmhufpf±kyf0g' tbd"rRmucH,lonfrSm urBmavmuonf obm0tm;jzifh ±kyfjzpfonf? urBmavmu. rsm;jym;vSaomtjcif;t&mrsm;onf v_yf&Sm;aeonfho¿meftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdaom ±kyfj'yfrsm;jzpfonf? tjcif;t&mrsm;. tjyeftvSef qufpyfr_ESifh trSDo[JjyKr_onf tEkyËdavmrenf;emu azmfjy+yD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; v_yf&Sm;aeaom ±kyfj'yf. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_w&m;jzpfonf? urBmavmuonf±kyfv_yf&Sm;r_ w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD jzpfay:wdk;yGm;ae+yD;/ rnfonfh “wavmuvHk;qdkif&m pdwf"mwf”rSrvdktyfacs? tdef*,fu “obm0tay: ±kyf0g'usonfh tjrifqdkonfrSm rnfonfhjyify a&mpyfr_rSrygbJ/ ‚if;wnf&Sdaeonfhtwdkif; obm0tay: ±dk;±dk;omref vufcHjcif;yifjzpfonf?” (tdef*,f/ vl'0pf-jzL;0g;bwff/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1943/ pmrsufESm-79tdef*,f/ vl'0pf-jzL;0g;bwff/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1943/ pmrsufESm-79tdef*,f/ vl'0pf-jzL;0g;bwff/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1943/ pmrsufESm-79tdef*,f/ vl'0pf-jzL;0g;bwff/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1943/ pmrsufESm-79tdef*,f/ vl'0pf-jzL;0g;bwff/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1943/ pmrsufESm-79)

“urBmavmuonf wckwnf;jzpfonf? rnfonfhbk&m;ocif odk@r[kwf rnfolur#zefwD;jcif;r[kwfbJ/ ,cifuvnf;&SdcJh+yD;/ ,ckvnf;&Sdum aemifvnf;t+rJquf&SdaeOD;rnfhtouf&Sifaeaom rD;v#Hjzpfum w&m;oabmt& rD;xawmufavmifjcif;ESifh w&m;oabmt& csKyf+idrf;aoqHk; aeayvdrfhrnf” [kcH,lcJhonfh a&S;acmwf tbd"rRmq&m}uD; [D&mu vDwyf(Heraclitus) . ±kyf0g'tjrifrsm;tay: vDeifu “tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'. rlvtajccH rsm;.aumif;rGefvSaom &Sif;vif;csufjzpfonf[k rSwfcsufcscJhonf? (vDeif/ tbd"rRm a&;&mrSwf csufrsm;/vDeif/ tbd"rRm a&;&mrSwf csufrsm;/vDeif/ tbd"rRm a&;&mrSwf csufrsm;/vDeif/ tbd"rRm a&;&mrSwf csufrsm;/vDeif/ tbd"rRm a&;&mrSwf csufrsm;/

±k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm-318±k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm-318±k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm-318±k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm-318±k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm-318)

(c)(c)(c)(c)(c) u|efawmfwdk@. todonfom trSefpifppfwnf&SSd+yD;/ ±kyfurBmavmu/ owW0g/obm0onf u|[email protected]/ u|efawmfwdk@. tm±HkcHpm;r_rsm;/ pdwful;rsm;ESifh odem;vnfr_wkd‹wGifom wnf&Sdonf[k twnfjyKcH,lxm;onfh pdwf0g'ESifh qef‹usifpGm rmhufpf ±kyf0g'tbd"rRmu cH,lonfrSm ±kyfj'yfobm0/ owW0gonf u|efawmfwkd‹ tod. jyifywGiftrSDcdkuif;pGm wnf&Sdaeonfh yuwd tjzpftrSefjzpfonf? ±kyfj'yfonf tm±kHcHpm;r_/ pdwful;ESifhtodwkd‹. a&aomufjrpfjzpfonfhtwkdif; rlvyxrtajccHjzpfonf? todonf ±kyfj'yf.a&mifjyef[yfcsuf/ owW0g. a&mifjyef[yfcsuf jzpfonfhtwdkif;/ ta&;r}uD;vSaom 'kwd,wef;pm; tqG,ftyGm;jzpfonfh tawG;tac:onf vHk;0jynfhpHk+yD;ajrmufjcif;. tqifhjrifhodk@jzpfay:wdk;yGm;a&muf&Sdvmonfh ±kyfj'yf/ qdkvdkonfrSm OD;aESmuf. &vm'fjzpf+yD;/ OD;aESmufonftawG;tac:. taqmufttHk cE<mudk,fjzpf+yD;/ xdk@a=umifhyif }uD;rm;vSonfh trSm;rusL;vGefbJ/ tawG;tac:udk ±kyfj'yfrS rcGJcGmEdkifyg?

tdef*,ffu -“awG;awmqifjcifr_ESifh owW0gt=um;qufqHa&;/ pdwf"mwfESifh obm0t=um; qufqH

a&;jy\emonf tbd"rRmwckvHk;. tjrifhqHk;/ ta&;}uD;qHk;jy\emjzpfonf? tbd"rRmq&mrsm;onf Tjy\emudk tajzay;&mY *dk%f;}uD;ESpf*dk%f; uGJxGufoGm;onf? obm0rwdkifrD


pdwf wnf&Sdonf[k ,lqolrsmu pdwf0g'*dk%f;0ifrsm; jzpfoGm;=uonf? obm0u rlvtpjzpfonf[k ,lqolrsm;onf ¶kyf0g'*dk%f; trsKd;rsKd;wGifyg0if=uonf?” (um;vfrmufpf/um;vfrmufpf/um;vfrmufpf/um;vfrmufpf/um;vfrmufpf/

vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1)

qufvufI-u|efawmfwdk@udk,fwdkifESifh ywfoufaeaom odjrifcHpm;Edkifaom urBmavmu ±kyf0wKonfom wu,fhtjzpfrSefjzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@. todESifh awG;ac:qifjcifr_onf vGefuJonfhtm±kHcHpm;r_ &Sd[ef&Sdaomfvnf; ±kyfcE<mOD;aESmuf. &v'frsm;omjzpfonf?±kyfonf tod.&v'f r[kwfbJ todukd,fwkdifyifv#if ±kyf. tjrifhqHk;&v'fr#omjzpfonf?(um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf; &k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-332um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf; &k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-332um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf; &k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-332um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf; &k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-332um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf; &k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-332)

±kyfESifh tawG;tac: jy\emESifh ywfouf+yD; rmhufpfu-“tawG;tac:udk awG;awmqifjcifonfh±kyfrS cGJcGmI rjzpfEdkif? ±kyfonf ajymif;vJr_ tm;vHk;

. ta=umif;t&m (subject) jzpfonf? (txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;)

rmhufpf. ±kyf0g'tbd"rRmudk azmfjy&mY vDeifu “±kyf0g'udk a,bk,stm;jzifh wuh,fb0 (±kyf) udk todtm±kHcHpm;r_/ tawG@t}uKHwdk@ESifh uif;vGwfpGm "rR"dÏmefusus todtrSwfjyKonf? todonf b0.a&mifjyef[yfr_omv#if jzpf+yD;/ tvGefqHk;tm;jzifh teD;pyfqHk;rSefuefaom (jynfpHkaom/ tvGefwdusaom) a&mifjyef[yfr_jzpfonf?” (vDeif/ ±kyf0g'tawG@vDeif/ ±kyf0g'tawG@vDeif/ ±kyf0g'tawG@vDeif/ ±kyf0g'tawG@vDeif/ ±kyf0g'tawG@

t}uHKa0zefa&;rSt}uHKa0zefa&;rSt}uHKa0zefa&;rSt}uHKa0zefa&;rSt}uHKa0zefa&;rS)

qufvufI “±kyfonf u|efawmfwdk@. tm±kHcHpm;aom udk,fcE<m tpdwftydkif;rsm;ay:wGif jyKrlvkyfaqmif=u&if;/ tm±kHcHpm;r_udk xkwfvkyfay;onf? ±kyf/ obm0/ owW0g/±kyfydkif;qdkif&m (physical) onf rlv t"du yxrjzpf+yD;/ pdwf"mwf/ tod/ tm±kHcHpm;r_/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m (emrfydkif;) (Psychical) onf 'kwd,vufatmufcHjzpfonf? (txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;)

“urBmavmu. ¶kyfyHkum;csyfonf ¶kyf. jyKrlv_yf&Sm;jcif;ESifh “¶kyf.awG;ac: jcif;” wdk@.¶kyfyHkum;csyfjzpfonf? (txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;)

“OD;aESmufonf tawG;tac:. taqmufttHk cE<mudk,fjzpfonf?” (txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;txufygusrf;)

(*)(*)(*)(*)(*) urBmavmuESifh ‚if;.w&m;rsm;udk odem;vnfEdkifr_udk jiif;y,f+yD;/ u|[email protected]: rSDcdktm;xm;&r_udk r,Hk=unfbJ/ yuwdtrSefw&m;udk todtrSwfrjyKbJ/urBmavmuonf odyHynmu b,fawmhrS rod&SdEdkifaom vHk;0 “rdrdbmom&Sdaom t&mrsm;” (things in themselves) jzpfonf[k ,lqonfh pdwf0g'ESifh qef@usifpGmyif rmhufpf¶kyf0g'tbd"rRmu cH,lxm;onfrSm urBmavmuESifh ‚if;.w&m;rsm;udk tjynfht0 od&Sdem;vnfEdkifonf? u|efawmfwdk@. oabmw&m;qdkif&m todynmonf tawG@t}uHKESifh [email protected];oyfppfaq;r_udk cH,lxm;onfhtwdkif; rSDcdktm;xm;&aom yuwdtrSefw&m;vuQ%maqmifaom todynmjzpfonf? urBmavmuY rodEdkifaomt&m[lI r&Sd? rodjrifao;aomt&mrsm;om &Sdaeao;aomfvnf; odyHynmESifh vufawG@}udK;yrf;r_rsm;u azmfxkwfod&SdEdkifygvdrfhrnf?


urBmavmuonf rod&S dEd kifbJ/ rod&S dEd kifaom“rdrdbmom&Sdaeaomt&mrsm;”jzpfonf[k ppfwrf;xkwfxm;onfh uef@ (Kent) ESifhwjcm;pdwf0g'Drsm;udk a0zef&if;/ u|efawmfwdk@. todynmonf rSDcdktm;xm;&aom todynmjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;onfh ¶kyf0g'ppfwrf;udk umuG,fum tdef*,fu a&;om;cJhonfrSm-

“tbd"rRmqdkif&m xl;qef;onfhtawG;rsm; tm;vHk;udk tjywfom;qHk;acsy&efrSm vufawG@jzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm vufawG@prf;oyfr_ESifh pufr_vkyfief;jzpfonf? obm0jzpfpOftay:u|efawmfwdk@ xifjrif,lqcsuf. rSefuefr_udk u|efawmfwdk@ bmomvkyfaqmif+yD; oufaojyEdkifygu/ obm0tajctaersm;rS xkwfEkwf,lum/ u|efawmfwdk@ &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk tvkyftau|; jyKapEdkifygu/ uef@0g'Drsm;. em;rvnfEdkifaom “rdrdbmom&Sdaomt&mrsm;”onf vrf;qHk;oGm;ayrnf? =o*Jepf"mwkaA' (organic chemistry) u wck+yD;wck pwif xkwf,ljyoonftxd/ tyifrsm;ESifh owW0grsm;. cE<mudk,frsm;rS xkwfvkyfonfh "mwkj'yfrsm;onf“rdrdbmom&Sdaeaomt&mrsKd;” qdkonfom jzpf+rJjzpfaecJhygonf? xdktcsdefusrS “rdrdbmom&Sdaeaomt&m”onf u|efawmfwdk@twGuf t&m0wÎKjzpfvmonf? Oyrm ta&mifqdk;aq;t,fvDu&ifudk EG,fyifwrsKd;rS&&SdEdkifaomfvnf;/ EG,fyifudk 'kuQcHrpdkufysKd;awmhbJ ydkrdkaps;ayg+yD;/oufompGm&&SdEdkifonfh uwW&m;ap;rS xkwf,l&&SdEdkifvmonf? udkyg;eD;uyfpf. aep=um0Vmpepfonf tESpf(300)wdkifwdkif“rSef;qcsuf” (hypothesis)w&yfomjzpfcJh+yD;/ tvGef@tvGefjzpfcJonfh rSef;qcsufw&yfom jzpf+rJjzpfcJhonf? odk@aomf Tpepfu xkwf,lay;vdkufonfhpm&if;Z,m;rsm; tultnDjzifh vmAm;&D;,m; (Leverrier) u xdkumv txd rod&SdcJhaom+*dK[fwck&Sd&rnfudk oufaojy¶kHru/ &Sd&rnfhae&mudkyg wGufcsufjyonfhtcg/ *Jvfav; (Galle)

u xdk+*dK[fudk wu,fyif awG@&Sdvmonfhtcg/ udkyg;eD;uyfpf.pepfonf oufaojy+yD;jzpfoGm;ygonf? (um;vfrmhufpf vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk 46/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESSm- 368um;vfrmhufpf vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk 46/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESSm- 368um;vfrmhufpf vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk 46/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESSm- 368um;vfrmhufpf vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk 46/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESSm- 368um;vfrmhufpf vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom armfpudk 46/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESSm- 368)

abmh'g;aemhAf/ bmZma&mhAf/ ,lpuD;ApfcsfESifh wjcm;rwfcsf.aemufvdkufrsm;udk zD;'D;0g'(Fideism) (ody`Hynmxuf ,Hk=unfr_udk OD;pm;ay;aom azmufjyefonfhoabmw&m; æbmomjyefol) tjzpfpGyfpGJum/ u|efawmfwdk@. obm0w&m;qdkif&m odyHenf;us todynmonf rSDcdktm;xm;&aom todynmjzpf+yD;/ ody`Hynmw&m;onf yuwd trSefw&m;udkudk,fpm;jyKonfqdkonfh xif&Sm;vSaom ¶kyf0g'pmwrf;udk umuG,f&if; vDeifajymcJhonfrSm-

“rsufarSmuf zD;'D;0g'onf odyHynmudk a,bk,srypfy,f/ ypfy,fonfrSm odyHynm. “csJ@um;xm;aom tcdkiftrmajymqdkcsufrsm;/ qdkvdkonfrSm yuwdtrSefw&m;tay:tcdkiftrm ajymqdkcsufrsm;udkom jzpfonf? tu,fI (¶kyf0g'Drsm;pOf;pm;ovdk) yuwdtrSefw&m; wnf&Sdaeygu/ vlom; “tawG@t}uHK”wGif jyifyurBmudk a&mifjyef[yf&if; obm0odyHynmonfomv#if u|efawmfwdk@udk yuwdtrSefw&m; ay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdygu/ zD;'D;0g'tm; vHk;udktºuGif;rJhacszsuf+yD; jzpfonf? (vDeif/ ¶kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHK0g'a0zefa&;/ pmrsufESm- 123/ 124vDeif/ ¶kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHK0g'a0zefa&;/ pmrsufESm- 123/ 124vDeif/ ¶kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHK0g'a0zefa&;/ pmrsufESm- 123/ 124vDeif/ ¶kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHK0g'a0zefa&;/ pmrsufESm- 123/ 124vDeif/ ¶kyf0g'ESifh tawG@t}uHK0g'a0zefa&;/ pmrsufESm- 123/ 124)

txufygrsm;onf twdkcsKyftm;jzifh rmhufpf¶kyf0g'tbd"rRm. xl;jcm;xif&Sm;onfhvuQ%mrsm;jzpfonf?


vl@tzGJ@tpnf;b0 avhvma&;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif; avhvma&;wdk@wGif ¶kyf0g'tbd"rRm. rlrsm;udk wdk;csJ@jyef@yGm;vkdufr_. }uD;rm;vSaom ta&;yg t&ma&mufr_ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif;ESifh ypPnf;rJhygwD. vufawG@v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@wGif Trlrsm;udk toHk;csvdkufr_.}uD;rm;vSaom ta&;ygt&ma&mufr_udk tvG,fwul em;vnfEdkifygonf? obm0tjcif;t&mESifh ‚if;wkd@. tjyeftvSefrSDckdr_t=um; qufpyfr_onf obm0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. w&m;jzpfygu/ vlrla&; b0tjcif;t&m. qufpyfr_ESifh tjyeftvSefrSDckdr_onfvnf; a&SmifwcifudpP&yfr[kwfbJ/ vltzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. w&m;om jzpfygvdrfhrnf?

xdk@a=umifh vlr_a&;b0/ vltzGJ@pnf;ordkif;onf “a&Smifwcif”udpPrsm; pk+yHKaygif;pyfxm;jcif; r[kwfawmhbJ/ ykHrSefw&m;rsm;ESifhtnD vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ ordkif;jzpfvm+yD;/vltzGJ@tpnf;ordkif; avhvma&;onf odyHynm&yfwpfckjzpfvmay+yD?

xdk@a=umifh ypPnf;rJhygwD. vufawG@vkyfief;onf “xl;c|efonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;”. pdwfapwemaumif;rsm;ay:wGifvnf;aumif;/“ta=umif;jycsuf”/“wpfavmuvHk;qkdif&m usifh0wf”pojzifhwdk@. trdef@=oZmrsm;ay:wGifvnf;aumif;/ tajccHjyK&rnfr[kwfbJ vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay: wdk;yGm;r_w&m;ESifh ‚if;w&m;udk pl;prf;avhvmr_rsm; tay:wGif tajccH&rnf?

xdk@tjyif urBm}uD;onf od&Sdem;vnfEdkif+yD;/ obm0jzpfay:wdk;wufr_w&m;tay: u|efawmfwdk@. todynmonf rSDcdktm;xm;&aom todynmjzpfum/ yuwdtrSefw&m; t"dym,faqmifygu/ ‚if;rS&&SdEdkifonfrSm vlr_a&;b0/ vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_wdk@onf vnf;od&Sdem;vnfEdkifum vl‹tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_w&m;ESifhywfoufonfh ody`Hynm.tcsuftvuf udef;*%ef;rsm;onf od&Sdem;vnfEdkifonfh tcsuftvuf udef;*%ef;rsm; (data)

jzpfum yuwdtrSefw&m;rsm;tjzpf cdkifrmr_&SdcJhygonf?xdk@a=umifh vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif;. ody`Hynmonf vlr_a&;b0tjcif;t&m ±_yfaxG;r_

trsKd;rsKd;&Sdapumrl/ qdk=uygpdk@/ ZD0aA'uJhodk@ wdusonfh odyHynm&yfjzpfvmEdkifum vl‹tzGJ@ tpnf;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_w&m;rsm;ukd vufawG‹&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGufvnf; toHk;csEk difpGrf;vnf;&Sdayonf?

xkd‹a=umifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ygwDonf rdrd. vufawG‹vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGif a&Smifwcifta=umif;rsm; (Casual motives) . vrf;n¸efr_ukdrcHoifhbJ/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;a&;w&m;rsm;ESifh ‚if;w&m;rsm;rS vufawG@ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm;. vrf;!¸efr_udkom cH,loifhonf?

xkda=umifh qkd&SS,fvpf0g'onf vlom;rsm;. ykdrkd om,maom tem*wftdrfrufw&yfrSodyHynmw&yftjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJoGm;onf? xkda=umifh odyHynmESifh vufawG@aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;t=um;/ oabmw&m;ESifh vufawG@t=um; qufoG,fr_/ ‚if;wkd@. nDn$wfr_wkd@onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ygwDw&yf. vrf;!ïef=u,fwHcGef jzpfoifhygonf?


xkd‹jyif obm0/ owW0g/ ±kyfurBmavmuonf rlvtp jzpf+yD;/ todtawG;tac:onf'kwd, vufatmufcHt&mjzpfygu/ ±kyfurBmavmuonf yuwdtrSefjzpf+yD;/ vlrsm;. todrStrSDckduif;pGm wnf&Sdaeum/ todonfvnf; yuwdtjzpfrSef. a&mifjyef[yfcsufjzpf ygu/vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;±kyfb0/ ‚if;.jzpfwnfr_onfvnf; rlvtpjzpfum/ ‚if;. pdwfykdif;b0 onf'kwd, vufatmufcHt&m jzpfvdrfhrnf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfb0onf yuwdtrSef jzpf+yD;/vlrsm;. pdwfqENESif h uif;uGmpGm wnf&S daeum/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pdwfyk dif;b0onfTyuwdtjzpfrSef. a&mifjyef[yfcsuf/ owW0g.a&mifjyef[yfcsufaywnf;//

xkd@a=umifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pdwfykdif;b0wnfaqmufjcif;. rlvtp/ vlr_a&;tawG;rsm;/vlr_a&;oabmw&m;rsm;/ EkdifiHa&;tjrifrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&; taqmufttkHrsm;. rlvZpfjrpfudktawG;rsm;/ oabmw&m;tjrifrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;taqmufttkHrsm;xJwGifom &SmazGjcif;rjyKoifhbJ/ TtawG;rsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;tjrifrsm; ponfwkd@u a&mifjyef[yfjyaeonfhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ ±kyfb0ta=umif;tcsufrsm;/ vlr_a&;b0wkd@wGif &SmazG&rnf?

xkd‹a=umifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;orkdif;. rwlaomumvrsm;wGif rwlaom vlr_a&; tawG;rsm;/oabmw&m;rsm;/ tjrifrsm;/ Ek difiHa&;taqmufttkHrsm;ukd vkdufemusif hok H;&yguaus;u|efpepfatmufwGif vlr_a&;tawG;rsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/ tjrifrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;taqmufttkHuwrsKd;/ ya'o&mZfpepfatmufwGif wrsKd;ESifh t&if;&Sifpepf atmufwGiftjcm;wrsKd;ukd u|efawmfwkd@awG@ae&ygu/ “obm0” ESifh tawG;rsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/tjrifrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&; taqmufttkHukd,fYwkd@. ykdifqkdifonfhypPnf;rsm; (properties) wkd@u&Sif;vif;jyo&ef r[kwfbJ/ vlr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. rwlaomumvrsm;&Sd vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;±kyfb0. rwlaomta=umif;tcsufrsm;u &Sif;vif;jyoygvdrfhrnf?

vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;. obm0onf rnfokd@yifjzpfaeygap/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;±kyfb0. ta=umif;tcsufrsm;onf rnfokd@yifjzpfaeygap/ Tonfrsm;onf xkdvl‹tzGJ@tpnf;. tawG;rsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/ EkdifiHa&;tjrifrsm;ESifh/ EkdifiHa&;taqmufttkHrsm; jzpfonf//

TtcsufESifhywfoufI rmhufpfajymonfrSm “[email protected] ‚if;[email protected] (being)

ukdqkH;jzwfvkdufonfr[kwf/ qef@usifbuftm;jzifh ‚if;wkd‹. vlr_a&;b0u ‚if;[email protected];jzwfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? (um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-300um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-300um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-300um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-300um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-300)

xkd‹a=umifh ay:vpDwGif trSm;rjyKrd&ef/ pdwful;,Oftdyfruf rufaeolrjzpf&ef/ ypPnf;rJhygwDonf rdrd.vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ukd taumiftxnfrJhaom “vlom;rsm;.ta=umif;jycsufrlrsm;”ukd (principle of human reson) tay:tajcrcH&bJ/ vlr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_.tqkHH;tjzwfay;aom tiftm;tjzpf vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;±kyfb0 tckdiftrm ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ay: tajccH&rnf? “}uD;jrwfaomolrsm;”. apwemaumif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcrcHbJ/vl‹tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfb0jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. wu,fhvdktyfcsufrsm;tay: tajccH&rnf?

ema&m'fepf0g'Drsm;/ rif;rJhrsm;ESifh qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; tygt0if pdwful;,Oform;rsm; usqHk;oGm;&jcif;rSm wjcm;ta=umif;rsm;tjyif/ olwkd@onf vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;jzpf


ay: wkd;yGm;r_wGif vlr_±kyfb0ta=umif;tcsufrsm;. t"duyg0if&mtcef;udk todtrSwfrjyKbJ/pdwf0g'wGif oufqif;usqif;um/ olwdk@. vufawG@vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;±kyfb0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. vdktyfcsufrsm;tay: tajcrcHbJ/ xdkvdktyfcsufrsm;rS trSDcdkuif;pGmqef‹usifpGmyif vl‹tzG J @tpnf; wu,fhb0rS uif;uGmaeonfh“pHjypDrHudef;”rsm;ESif h“tm;vHk;t}uHK;0ifonfh pDrHcsufrsm;”tay: tajcjyKcJh=uaoma=umifhwnf;?

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odk@aomfvnf; rmhufpfpum;rsm;t& vlr_a&;t,ltqrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tjrifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHkrsm;onf vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;b0tay: rnfonfht"dy`m,frSr&Sd[kvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;wdk@onf vlr_b0tay:/ vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;±kyfb0 ta=umif;tcsufrsm;.jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_tay: tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh tusKd;oufa&mufr_r&Sd[k vnf;aumif; rqdkvkday?u|efawmfwkd@ ,ckxdajymqdkae=uonfrSm vlr_t,ltqrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;/ tjrifrsm;ESifhEdkifiHa&;taqmufttHkrsm;. rlvtp/ ‚if;wkd@ay:xGufvmonfhenf;/ vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;.pdwfydkif;b0onf ‚if;.±kyfb0ta=umif;tcsufrsm;. a&mifjyef[yfcsufjzpfonfqdkonfh tcsufjzpfonf? vlr_t,ltqrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm; tjrifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHk.t"dy`m,fESifhywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ ordkif;twGif;&Sd ‚if;wdk@. tcef;u¾ESifhywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ ordkif;±kyf0g'onf rypfy,f±kHru/ vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;b0wGifvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;.ordkif;wGifvnf;aumif;/ Ttcsufrsm;. ta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾ESifht"dy`m,fudk tav;xm;aazmfjyvdkufonf?

vlr_t,ltqrsm;ESifh oabmw&m;rsm;onf trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk rwluGJjym;pGm&Sd=uonf?vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. aotHhqJqJ tiftm;pkrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk tvkyftau|;jyK+yD;/ acwfukefoGm;+yDjzpfaom t,ltqa[mif;rsm;ESifh oabmw&m;a[mif;rsm;&Sdonf? ‚if;wdk@. t"dy`m,frSm ‚if;wkd@onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_/ a&S@odk@wkd;wufr_wdk@udk qkwfqdkif;aponf?xdk@tjyif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. wkd;wufaomtiftm;pk. tusLd;pD;yGm;udk tvkyf tau|;jyKonfha&S@wef;a&mufaom t,ltqopfrsm;ESifh oabmw&m;opfrsm; &Sdonf? ‚if;wdk@. t"dym,frSmvl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_/ a&S@odk@wdk;wufr_wkd@udk vsifjrefacsmarmap+yD;/ vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;±kyfb0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk ydkrdkwduspGm a&mifjyef[yfEdkifonfESifhtr# ‚if;[email protected]"dy`m,fonfvnf; ydkrdk}uD;rm;ayonf?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfb0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_u tvkyfwm0efopfrsm;udkcsrSwfvkyfaqmifvmrSomv#if/ opfvGifaomvlr_t,ltqrsm;ESifh oabmw&m;rsm;ay:xGufvmEdkifonf? odk@aomf TuJhodk@ay:xGufvmonfESifhw+ydKifeuf/ vl‹tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfb0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_u csrSwfvkyfaqmifonfhtvkyfwm0efopfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif


vsifjrefoufom vG,fulacsmarmaponfh tpGrf;t&SdqkH; tiftm;pktjzpfvnf;aumif;/ vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;.a&S@odk@wkd;wufr_udk vsifjrefacsmarG@aponfh tiftm;pkrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;a&muf&SdoGm;ayonf? Tae&monf twdtustm;jzihf opfvGifaom t,ltqrsm;/ opfvGifaom oabmw&m;rsm;/ opfvGifaom EdkifiHa&;tjrifrsm;ESifh opfvGifaom EdkifiHa&; taqmufttHkrsm;. }uD;rm;vSaom pnf;±kH;/ v_H‹aqmf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifonfh wefzdk;udk txift&Sm;azmfjyEdkifaomae&myifwnf;? opfvGifaom vlr_t,ltqrsm;ESifh oabmw&m;rsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;rSm ‚if;wkd@udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf vdktyfaoma=umifhom jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@. pnf;±kH;/v_H‹aqmf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJypfaom v_yf&Sm;r_r±SdbJ? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfb0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_.avmavmq,f vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifEdkifrnf r[kwfaoma=umifhvnf;jzpfonf?vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfb0jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_u csrSwfvdkufonfh wm0ef0wW&m;opfrsm;rS xGufay:vmonfh opfvGifaom vlr_t,ltqrsm;ESifh oabmw&m;rsm;onf rdrdvrf; rdrdxGifumvlxku ydkifqdkifoGm+yD;/ vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;. aotHhqJqJtiftm;pkrsm;udk qef@usifwkdufcdkuf&efvlxkudk pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif; v_H‹aqmfvkdufonf? Tenf;jzifh vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;. ±kyfb0jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk qkwfqdkif;wkH@aES;aponf? Ttiftm;pkrsm;udk jzKwfcs&mwGif vsifjrefvG,fulaponf?

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TtcsufESifhywfouf+yD; rmhufpfu-“oabmw&m;onf vlxkudk qkyfudkifrdvdkufonfESifh w+ydKifeuf ±kyf0wÎKtiftm;w&yf

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tcsufrsm;.tcef;u¾udk oknodk@a&mufvkeD;yg;xd av#mhcsum Tenf;jzifh ygwDudk rwufrºuGESifh acgif;yg;iwfrGwfatmif vkyfvdkufaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfayonf?

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3? ordkif;±kyf0g'3? ordkif;±kyf0g'3? ordkif;±kyf0g'3? ordkif;±kyf0g'3? ordkif;±kyf0g'

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3 ck/ a&S;bkHpepf/ aus;u|efpepfESifh ya'o&mZfpepf qufwkduf tpm;xkd; ajymif;vJ cJhonf?Oa&myta&S@ykdif;ESifh qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif vlr_pepfav;ckr#yif tpm;xkd; ajymif; vJcJhonf?odk@aomf xkdumvtwGif; Oa&my. yx0Dtajctaeonf vkH;0rajymif;vJwmaomfvnf;aumif; okd@r[kwf yx0Du *±krjyKrdonfhtao;tzGJ ajymif;vJr_r#aomfvnf;aumif;jzpfcJhonf? TonfrSmvnf; obm0usayonf? ta&;ygonfh yx0Dtaetxm; tajymif;tvJrsm; ay:ayguf&ef ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm vkdtyfaomfvnf; vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;pepfwGifta&;}uD;onfh ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzpfap&efrSm ESpf&mtcsKd‹ odk@r[kwf tESpf ESpfaxmifcef@r#jzifhvHkavmufayonf?

TtcsufrS odEdkifonfrSm yx0Dywf0ef;usifonf vlr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. t"duta=umif;t&if;/ tqHk;tjzwfay;onfh ta=umif;t&if; rjzpfEdkif? ta=umif;rSm ESpf axmif aomif;csDaeonfhumvtwGif; rajymif;rvJ wnf&SdaeEdkifaomt&monf ESpf &mtenf;i,f twGif;t&if;tjrpfrS ajymif;vGJoGm;Edkifonfht&m. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. t"duta=umif; t&if;rjzpfEdkifaoma=umifhaywnf;?

xkd@tjyif “vl‹tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfb0ta=umif;tcsufrsm;” .,lqcsufwGif vlOD;a&wkd;yGm;rl/vlOD;a&odyfonf;r_wkd@ yg0ifaeonfrSmvnf; oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay? ta=umif;rSm vlrsm;onfvl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfb0ta=umif;tcsufrsm;. r&Sdrjzpf tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpf+yD;/ tedrfhqHk;vlOD;a&twdtusta&twGuf r&SdbJ/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;±kyfb0 r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpf onf? vlOD;a&wkd;yGm;r_onf vlom;rsm;. vlaer_pepfvuQ%mudk tqHk;tjzwfay;onfh t"dutiftm;pkr[kwfygavm?

orkdif;±kyf0g'u Tjy\emtay:wGifvnf; qef@usifbuftajzay;vkdufjyefonf?trSefyif vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;r_u vltzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tay: =oZm*,uf±dkuf Edkif+yD;/

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vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;r_onf vlr_jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. tqkH;tjzwftiftm;pk jzpfygu vlOD;a& ydkrdkjrifhrm;odyfonf;r_u ‚if;wkd@ESifh avsmfnDaom ydkrdkjrifhrm;onfh vlr_pepftrsKd;tpm;udk r vGJraoGay:xGufap&ayrnf? odk@aomf TuJhodk@ u|efawmfwdk@rawG@&ay? w±kwfjynf. vlOD;a&odyfonf;r_onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkxuf av;qjrifhaomfvnf; vlr_jzpfay:wdk;yGm;


r_E_ef; t&qdk&if tar&duefu w±kwfjynfxufjrifhaeayonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf w±kwfjynfwGif ya'o&mZfwydkif;pepfu v$rf;rdk;aeqJjzpf+yD;/ tar&duefurl t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. tjrifhqkH;pepfodk@ a&mufaeonfrSm umv&Snf=um&SdcJh+yD;jzpfonf? b,fvf *sD,H.vlOD;a&odyfonf;r_onf tar&duefxuf 19 q &SdcJh+yD;/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkxuf26 qjrifhrm;aeonf? odk@aomf vlr_jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_E_ef;xm;t& b,fvf*sD,Honf tar&duef xufedrfhusae+yD;/ qdkAD,ufESifhrl ordkif;acwfumv wckvkH; aemufusaeayonf? ta=umif;rSmb,fvf*sD,HwGif t&if;&Sifpepf v$rf;rdk;ae+yD;/ qdkAD,ufwGifrl t&if;&Sifpepf tqkH;owfoGm;+yD;/qkd&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufxm;+yD; jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

Tonfudk=unfhygu vlOD;a&;wdk;yGm;r_onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. t"dutiftm;pk/ vlr_pepf.vuQ%m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;.toGiftjyifudk tqkH;tjzwfay;onfh tiftm;pk [kwfvnf;r[kwfcJh/ jzpfvnf;rjzpfEdkif qdkonfyifjzpfygonf?

(u)(u)(u)(u)(u) TuJhodk@qdkygu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toGiftjyif/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;. vuQ%mESifhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepftwGif; pepfwckrSwckodk@ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk tqkH;tjzwfay;onhf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfb0ta=umif;tcsufpepfwGif t"dutiftm;pkrSm tb,fenf;?

ordkif;±kyf0g'u ,lqxm;onfrSm Ttiftm;pkonf vlom;rsm;. touf&SSifwnf±Sdr_twGuf vdktyfaom b0qdkif&mypPnf;rsm; &&Sdapaomenf;em (method of procuring the

means of life)/ tpma&pm/ t0wftxnf/ zdeyf/ aetdrf/ avmifpm/ xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mtp&Sdaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhjzpfay:wdk;wufr_twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom ±kyf0wÎK"eOpPmrsm;. xkwfvkyfa&;enf;em (mode of production of material values)wkd‹jzpfonf?

touf&Sifaexdkifzdk@twGuf vlrsm;onf tpm/ t0wf/ zdeyf/ aetdrf/ avmifpm tp&Sdonfwdk@&Sd&rnf? T±kyf0wÎK "eOpPmrsm;&&Sd&ef vlrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@udk xkwfvkyf&rnf? Tonfrsm;udk xkwfvkyf&ef vlom;rsm; tpm/ t0wf/ zdeyf/ aetdrf/ avmifpm tp&Sdonfwdk@xkwfvkyfEdkifonfh xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm; &Sd&rnf? olwkd‹onf Tud&d,mrsm;ukd xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;/ tokH;csEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnf?

±kyf0wÎK"eOpPmrsm;udk xkwfvkyfay;Edkifonfh xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm; wpkHw&maomxkwfvkyfa&;tawG@t}uHKESifh tvkyfu|rf;usifr_wkd@a=umifh/ xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm;udk udkif wG,fvkyfaqmif+yD;/ ±kyf0wÎK"eOpPmxkwfvkyfa&;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfudkifaeonfh vlrsm;/Ttpdwftydkif;rsm;tm;vkH;onf waygif;wpnf;wnf;yif vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;. xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm; (productive force) jzpfonf?

odk@aomf xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk}uD;onf xkwfvkyfa&;. bufwzufomjzpfonf? ±kyf0wÎK"eOpPmrsm; xkwfvkyf&ef tokH;jyKonfh t&m0wÎKrsm;ESifh obm0tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh [email protected]_udk azmfjyonfh xkwfvkyfa&;enf;em. bufwzufomjzpfonf? xkwfvkyfa&;.tjcm;bufwzuf/ xkwfvkyfa&;enf;em. tjcm;bufwzufonf xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOftwGif;/vlwOD;ESifh wOD;t=um;qufqHa&;/ vlrsm;. xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ (men’s relations of


production) jzpfonf? vlrsm;onf wOD;ESifhwOD;uif;uGm+yD;/ wOD;csif;yk*~Kdvftaejzifh r[kwf=ubJ twlwuG wpkwpnf;wnf;jzifh tkyfpkrsm;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taeESifh obm0udk wdkufyGJqif=u+yD;/ ±kyfb0"eOpPmrsm; xkwfvkyf&ef obm0udk tokH;cs=uonf? xdk@a=umifh xkwfvkyfa&;qdkonfrSm tcsdefwdkif;/ ta=umif;tcsufwdkif;Y vlr_vlr_vlr_vlr_vlr_xkwfvkyfa&; (social) jzpfonf? ±kyf0wK"eOpPmrsm;xkwfvkyf&mwGif vlrsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;twGif; tjyeftvSefqufqHr_ wrsKd;r[kwfwrsKd;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0ifvm=uonf? xdkqufqHa&;rsm;onf aoG;pkyfr_uif;aomylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh tjyeftvSefulnDaom qufqHa&;aomfvnf;aumif;/ pkd;rkd;vGrf;rkd;r_ESifhemcH&jcif;. qufqHa&;aomfvnf;aumif;/ aemufqkH;tm;jzifh xkwfvkyfr_ qufqHa&;o¿mefwckrSwckokd@ ul;ajymif;aom qufqHa&;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf rnfodk@aom xkwfvkyfr_qufqHa&; vuQ%myifjzpfap t+rJojzifhESifh pepfwdkif;wGif ‚if;wdk@onfvl‹tzGJ@tpnf;. xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkuJhodk@yif xkwfvkyfa&;wGif r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonhf tpdwftydkif; jzpfaeayrnf?

rmhufpfuajymonfrSm- “xkwfvkyfa&;wGif vlrsm;onf obm0ESifh omru/ wOD;ESifhwOD;vnf; jyKrlv_yf&Sm;=uonf? olwdk@onf wpkHwckaom enf;vrf;t& yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifum‚if;wdk@. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk tjyeftvSef zvS,f=ujcif;jzifhomv#if xkwfvkyfa&;udk vkyfEdkif=uonf? xkwfvkyfEdkif&eftwGuf olwdk@onf wOD;ESifhwOD;qufoG,fr_/ qufqHr_wdk@ twdtus &Sd&rSmjzpf+yD;/ Tvlr_qufoG,fr_rsm;ESifh qufqHr_rsm; twGif;rSmomv#if obm0 tay:‚if;wdk@. jyKrlvkyfaqmifcsuf/ xkwfvkyfa&;wdk@ &SdaeEdkifonf”? (um;vf rmhufpf vuf a&G;pifusrf;/um;vf rmhufpf vuf a&G;pifusrf;/um;vf rmhufpf vuf a&G;pifusrf;/um;vf rmhufpf vuf a&G;pifusrf;/um;vf rmhufpf vuf a&G;pifusrf;/

twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-211twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-211twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-211twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-211twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm-211)

tusKd;quftm;jzifh xkwfvkyfa&;/ xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emonf vl@tzGJ@pnf;xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh [email protected]&;qufqHr_ 2 ckpvkH;udk v$rf;+cHKxm;+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh ±kyf0wÎK"eypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOfwGif ‚if;wdk@. nD!Gwfr_udk tckdiftrmazmfjyonf?

(c)(c)(c)(c)(c) xkwfvkyfa&;. yxr xl;jcm;onfhvuQ%myxr xl;jcm;onfhvuQ%myxr xl;jcm;onfhvuQ%myxr xl;jcm;onfhvuQ%myxr xl;jcm;onfhvuQ%mrSm/ ‚if;onf wae&mwnf;wGif umv&Snf=umpGm rnfonfhtcgr# raebJ/ tpOft+rJ ajymif;vJjzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeonfhtjyif/ xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emtwGif; ajymif;vJr_rsm;u vlr_pepfwckvkH;/ vlr_t,ltqrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tjrifrsm;/EdkifiHa&;taqmufttkHrsm;twGif; ajymif;vJr_rsm;udk rvGJraoG awmif;qdkvmonf? vlr_ESifhEdkifiHa&; taetxm;wckvkH;udk jyKjyifwnfaqmuf&ef awmif;qdkvmonf? rwlaom jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ tqifhtoD;oD;wGif vlwdk@onf rwlonfh xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emrsm;udk tokH;jyK=uonf?odk@r[kwf t=urf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf b0ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; jzwfcJh&onf? a&S;bkHpepfwGif xkwfvkyfa&; enf;emwrsKd;/ aus;u|efpepfwGif aemufxkwfvkyfa&; enf;emwrsKd;/ ya'o&mZfpepfwGifxkwfvkyfa&;enf;em wwd,wrsKd;tp&Sdojzifh jzpfonf? aemufvlwkd@. vlr_pepfESifh avsmfnDpGmyif ‚if;wdk@. pdwfydkif;b0/ ‚if;wdk@. tjrifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&; taqmufttkHrsm;onfvnf;trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;aeayonf?


vltzGJ@tpnf;. xkwfvkyfa&;enf;em rnfodk@yifjzpfapumrl t"durSm vltzGJ@tpnf;udk,fwdkifESifh ‚if;.t,ltqrsm;ESifh oabmxm;rsm;/ ‚if;.EdkifiHa&;tjrifESifh taqmufttkHrsm;jzpfonf? odk@r[kwf t=urf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf vlwdk@. b0ykHo¿meftwdkif;yif [email protected];ac:r_ykHo¿mef&Sdonf? qkdvkdonfrSm vl@tzJG@tpnf;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_onf tjcm;ta=umif;rsm;tjyif xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_.orkdif;/ ESpf&mpkrsm;twGif; wckukdwck tpm;xkd;cJhaom xkwfvkyfa&;enf;em.orkdif; xkwfvkyfa&;tif;tm;pkrsm;ESifh vlwkd@. xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_ jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_orkdif;yif jzpfonf?

xkd@a=umifh vlr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_orkdif;onf wcsdefwnf;wGif ±kyf0wˆK"eOpPmrsm;ukd xkwfvkyfolrsm;.orkdif; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnfwHha&;twGuf vkdtyfaom ±kyf0wˆK"eOpPmrsm; xkwfvkyfa&;wm0efukd xrf;aqmif+yD;/ xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOfwGif t"dutiftm;jzpfonfh tvkyform;xkrsm;.orkdif;jzpfonf?

xkd@a=umifh orkdif;ody`Hynmukd ppfrSefaomody`Hynm&yf wckjzpfvkdygu vlr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_orkdif;ukd &Sifbk&ifrsm;ESifh ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;. jyKrlv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ EkdifiHrsm;. “atmifEkdifolrsm;”ESifh “odrf;ykdufolrsm;” . jyKrlv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGifom uef@owfrxm;bJ tjcm;ta=umif;rsm;xuf ±kyf0wˆK"eOpPm xkwfvkyfolrsm;.orkdif;/ tvkyform;xk.orkdif;/ jynfolvlxk.orkdif;wGifom pl;pkduf=u&rnf?

xkda=umifh vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;orkdif;qkdif&mw&m;rsm; avhvma&;oJvGefpukd vlrsm;.pdwfrsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;. tjrifrsm;ESifh t,ltqrsm;rSvnf;aumif; &SmazG&efr[kwfbJ/ wpkHwckaom orkdif;umvtwGif;&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif usifhokH;cJhonfh xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emwGif/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;b0wGif &SmazG=u&rnf?

xkd@a=umifh orkdif;odyHynm.xdyfwef;wm0efrSm xkwfvkyfa&;w&m;rsm;/ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_w&m;rsm;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_w&m;rsm;ukd avhvmazmfxkwf&efjzpfayonf?

xkd@a=umifh ypPnf;rJhygwDonf ppfrSefaomygwDw&yf jzpfvkdygu wjcm;ta=umif;rsm; tjyifxkwfvkyfa&; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_w&m;rsm; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_w &m;rsm;.todynm&Sdzkd@ vkdtyfygonf?

xkd@a=umifh ay:vpDrrSm;&ef ypPnf;rJhygwDonf ‚if;.vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd a&;qGJ&mwGifjzpfap/vufawG@vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGifjzpfap/ t"dutm;jzifh xkwfvkyfa&; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_w&m;/vl@tzJG@tpnf;pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_w&m;rsm;rS tpcsD&rnf?

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odk@aomf xkwfvkyfa&;tif;tm;pkrsm;udk tvGef}uD;rm;vSaom twdkif;twmtxdjzpfay:wdk;yGm;vdkuf+yDjzpfI t&if;&Sifpepfonf rajz¶Sif;Edkifaom yÉdyuQrsm;jzifh ±_yfaxG; oGm;ayonf? ukefpnfta&twGuf trsm;tjym; ydkI ydkIxkwfvkyfvm+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@. aps;E_ef;udkavsmhusapum/ t&if;&Sifpepfonf +yKdifqdkifr_udk jyif;xefapayonf? ti,fpm;/ tvwfpm;yk*~vdu ydkif&Sifrsm;udk ysufpD;ap+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk ypPnf;rJhrsm; jzpfapvdkufum ‚if;wkd@0,ftm;vnf;avsmhusoGm;onf? tusKd;tm;jzifh xkwfvkyf+yD;onfhukefpnfrsm; a&mif;xGufa&;rSm rjzpfEdkifawmhacs? wzufwGif xkwfvkyfa&;udk wdk;csJ@+yD;/ oef;ESifhcsDaom tvkyform;rsm;udk }uD;rm;vSaom puf±kHtvkyf±kHrsm;wGif pkpnf;xm;vdkufjcif;jzifh t&if;&Sifpepfonf xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOfudk vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;vuQ%maqmifap+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh rdrd.tajccH tkwfjrpfudktiftm;csnfheJ@ apvkdufayonf// tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf. vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;vuQ%mu xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*udk vl‹tzGJ@tpnf;u ydkifqdkif&ef awmif;qdkvmonf?odk@aomf xkwfvkyfa&; y&dabm*rsm;udk yk*~vdut&if;&Sif ydkifqdkif+rJ ydkifqdkifae+yD;/ TonfrSmxkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;vuQ%maqmifvmr_ESifh rudkufnD rtyfpyf awmhay?

xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkvuQ%mESif h xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;t=um;/ TaphpyfnD!GwfI r&Edkifaom yËdyuQrsm;onf tcsdefumvtvdkuf xkwfvkyfa&; ydkv#Haomuyfrsm;qdkufa&mufap+yD;/ t&if;&Sifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@a=umifhyif jynfolvlxk rGJjymus+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@ ukefypPnf;rsm;udk0,f,l&ef xda&mufonfhenf;vrf; rawG@aomtcg/ ukefrsm;udk rD;±_d@/ xkwfvkyf+yD;om; ypPnf;rsm;udkzsufpD;/ xkwfvkyfa&;udk av#mhcs/ xkwfvkyfa&;tif;tm;pkrsm;udk zsufqD;jypf=uonf? xdktcsdefwGif vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdk@onf r&SdonfhtwGuf r[kwfbJ/ukefypPnf;rsm; ydkv#Hr_a=umifh tvkyfvufrJhjzpfr_wdk@ESifh iwfrGwfr_qDodk@ twif;tusyf wGef;ydk@jcif;cHvdkuf&onf?

Tonfu t&if;&Sifpepf xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pktajctaeESifh udkufnDoifhawmfjcif;r&SdawmhbJ ‚if;wdk@ESifh aphpyfn‡dEd_if;Ir&aom yËd yuQodk@a&muf&Sdvm+yD[k qdkvdkayonf?

Tonfu t&if;&Sifpepfonf awmfvSefa&;ESifh jynfh0ae+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;. wm0efrSmwnf&Sdaeonfh xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;tm; t&if;&Sifrsm; ydkifqdkifr_udk qdk±S,fvpfydkifqdkifr_ESifhtpm;xdk;&rnf[k qdkvkdayonf?


Tonfu t&if;&Sifpepf. t"duvuQ%monf aoG;pkyfolESifh aoG;pkyfcHt=um; tjyif;xefqHk;aom vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJjzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf?

qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGifom wnfaxmifxm;&aom qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmuf&SdtajccHxkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_rSm xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u ydkifqdkifjcif;jzpfonf? Tae&mwGif aoG;pkyfcHa&m/ aoG;pkyfola&m r&Sdawmhacs? “tvkyfrvkyfol rpm;&” [laomrlay:wGif xGufvmaomypPnf;rsm;udk tvkyft& cGJa0onf? Tae&mwGif xkwfvkyfa&; jzpfpOf&Sdvlrsm;. tjyeftvSefqufqHr_ukd aoG;pkyffr_rS vGwfuif;aom tvkyform;rsm;. &JabmfozG,fylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh qdk&S,fvpf tjyeftvSefulnDr_wdk@jzihf azmfjyayonf? Tae&mwGifxkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_rsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk tajctaeESif h t jynfht0avsmfnDayonf? ta=umif;rSm xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf. vl‹tzG J ‹tpnf; vuQ%mukdxkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ydkifqdkifr_u xyfrHtm;jznfhay;vdkufjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?

Tta=umif;a=umifhyif qdkAD,ufjynfawmifpk&Sd qkd&S,fvpfxkwfvkyfa&;wGif xkwfvkyfa&;ydkv#Hr_ umvtvdkuf uyfqdkufr_rsm;ESifh ‚if;ESifhtwlygvmonfh uarmufur jzpfr_rsm;r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf?

Tta=umif;a=umifhyif Tae&mwGif&Sdaom xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;onf vsifjrefaomt&Sdeft[kefESifh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;cJhonfhta=umif;rSm ‚if;wdk@ESifh oifhavsmfudkufnDaomxkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;u TuJhodk@aom jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ tjynfht0jzpfap&ef tm;ay;vdkufonf?

TonfrSm vl‹ordkif;wav#muf vlom;rsm;. xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_rsm;/ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmr_. ±kyfyHkum;csyf aywnf;?

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rmhufpfuajymcJhonfrSm-“tvkyf.ud&d,mrsm; (instrument of labour)88888udk toHk;jyKjcif;ESifh wDxGifjcif; wdk@onf

wcsKd@aomwd&p>mefrsKd;rsm;wGif tptersm;±Sd=uaomfvnf;/ vlom;rsm;. tvkyfjzpfpOf (labour

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8? tvkyf.ud&d,mrsm; (instrument of labour)[k qdk&mY rmhufpfonf t"dutm;jzifh xkwfvkyfa&;u&d,mrsm; (instrument of production) udk qdkvdk&ifjzpfonf?


uG,faysmufoGm;aom wd&dp>mefrsKd;pkrsm;udk owfrSwfay;ouJhodk@ a&S; acwf tvkyfud&d,mrsm;.tarGtESpfusef&pfonfh tptersm;uvnf; uG,faysmufoGm;aom vl‹tzGJ@tpnf; pD;yGm;a&;o¿mefrsm;udk pHkprf;avhvm&eftwGuf tvm;wlta&;ygr_ &Sdayonf? rwlaom pD;yGm;a&;acwfumvrsm;udk u|Ekfyfwkd@cGJjcm;Ekdifaponfht&mrS xkwfvkyfvdkufonfh ypPnf;rsm;r[kwfbJ/ TypPnf;rsm;udk rnfodk@ xkwfvkyfonf/ rnfonfh ud&d,mrsm;u xkwfvkyfonfqdkonfh tcsufjzpfonf?tvkyfud&d,mrsm;onf vlom; tvkyfrS&&SdcJhonfh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ tqifh'D*&D twdkif;txGmjy±kHru tqdkyg tvkyfvkyfaqmifcJhonfh vlr_a&;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udkvnf; azmfjyonfhud&d,mrsm;jzpfonf? (um;vf rmhufpf/ t&if;usrf;/ vef'ef-1908/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-159um;vf rmhufpf/ t&if;usrf;/ vef'ef-1908/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-159um;vf rmhufpf/ t&if;usrf;/ vef'ef-1908/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-159um;vf rmhufpf/ t&if;usrf;/ vef'ef-1908/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-159um;vf rmhufpf/ t&if;usrf;/ vef'ef-1908/ twGJ(1)/ pmrsufESm-159)

xdk@tjyif qufvufI-“vlr_qufqHa&;rsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh eD;pyfpGm aygif;pnf;zGJ@pnf;

xm;onf? xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm; &,l&mwGif vlwdk@onf rdrdwdk@. xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emrsm;udk ajymif;vJ&onf? rdrdwkd@ xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emrsm;udk ajymif;vJ&mwGif rdrdwdk@. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_udk ajymif;vJ&mwGif vlwdk@onf rdrdwdk@. vlr_qufqHa&;rltm;vHk;udkvnf;ajymif;vJ&onf? vufvSnfhpufonf ya'o&mZfajr&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk&&Sdap+yD;/ a&aEG;aiG@pufonf pufr_t&if;&Sif vl@tzJG@tpnf;udk &&Sdaponf?” (um;vfrmhufpf/ “tbd"rRm qif;&Jjcif;”/um;vfrmhufpf/ “tbd"rRm qif;&Jjcif;”/um;vfrmhufpf/ “tbd"rRm qif;&Jjcif;”/um;vfrmhufpf/ “tbd"rRm qif;&Jjcif;”/um;vfrmhufpf/ “tbd"rRm qif;&Jjcif;”/

t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1935/ pmrsufESm-92t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1935/ pmrsufESm-92t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1935/ pmrsufESm-92t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1935/ pmrsufESm-92t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 1935/ pmrsufESm-92)

xkwffvkyfa&;tiftm;pkrsm; }uD;xGm;vmr_/ vlr_qufqHa&;rsm; ysufpD;r_/ t,ltqrsm;zGJ@wnfvmr_wkd@. tqufrjywfv_yf±Sm;r_wnf±Sdae+yD;/ wckwnf;aom rajymif;vJonfh t&mrSm v_yf&Sm;r_oabmw&m; (Abstraction of movement) omjzpfonf?” (txufyg usrf;txufyg usrf;txufyg usrf;txufyg usrf;txufyg usrf;)

“uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmmpmwrff;”wGif pepfwus azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; ordkif;±kyf0g'ta=umif; azmfjy&mwGif tdef*,fu-

ordkif;acwfumvwkdif;. pD;yGm;a&;xkwfvkyfr_ESifh ‚if;rS rkcsrv$JraoG ay:ayguf&onfhvlr_taqmufttHkonf tqdkygacwfumv. EdkifiHa&;ESifh todynmqdkif&mordkif;twGuftajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfa=umif;/ odk@jzifh (ajr,mtay: a&S;OD;ydkifqdkifr_ +ydKuGJoGm;+yD;uwnf;u) ordkif;wckvHk;onf vlr_wppwdk;yGm;r_ (evolution) tqifh toD;oD;&Sd vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;. ordkif;/aoG;pkyfolESifh aoG;pkyfcHt=um;/ tkyfpkd;oleJ@tkyfpdk;cH t=um;&Sd wdkufyGJordkif;jzpfcJha=umif;/ odk@aomfTwdkufyGJonf ,cktcg aoG;pkyfzdESdyfcH&aomvlwef;pm; (ypPnf;rJh) u vl‹tzGJ@tpnf; wckvHk;udk aoG;pkyfr_/ zdEdSyfr_ESifh vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrsm;rS xm0pOf vGwfu|wfoGm;atmif wcsdef wnf;rSmrvkyfaqmifEdkifv#if rdrdtay: aoG;pkyffzdEdSyfaom vlwef;pm; ("e&Sifvlwef;pm;) vufatmufrSrdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; vGwfajrmufEdkifrnf r[kwfawmhonfhtqifhodk@ a&muf&Sd vma=umif;”/(uGefjrLepfygwDa=unm pmwrf;/ *smref bmomtwGuf trSmpm/ um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/uGefjrLepfygwDa=unm pmwrf;/ *smref bmomtwGuf trSmpm/ um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/uGefjrLepfygwDa=unm pmwrf;/ *smref bmomtwGuf trSmpm/ um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/uGefjrLepfygwDa=unm pmwrf;/ *smref bmomtwGuf trSmpm/ um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/uGefjrLepfygwDa=unm pmwrf;/ *smref bmomtwGuf trSmpm/ um;vfrmhufpf/ vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1/pmrsufESm 100/ 101pmrsufESm 100/ 101pmrsufESm 100/ 101pmrsufESm 100/ 101pmrsufESm 100/ 101)

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vDeifu TuJhodk@aom tcsdefrsKd;wGif awmfvSefa&;0g'Drsm;onf ‚if;[email protected]_udk jynfh0ukefvHkapoifhonf[k axmufjyonf? awmfvSefa&; 'Da&wufcsdefwGif rnfuJhodk@ a&S@csDwufrnfudk ‚if;wdk@ oif=um;wwfajrmufcJhonf? azmufjyefa&;umvwGif rnfuJhodk@pepf wusqkwfcGmoifhonf/ rnfuJhodk@ajratmufv#Kdoifhonf/ w&m;r0ifygwDudk rnfuJhodk@ xdef;odrf;awmifhwif;apoifhonf/ vlxkESifh qufqHa&; awmifhwif;cdkifrmap&ef wnf&SdqJ/ txl;ojzifhvlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh w&m;0iftcGifhta&;/ w&m;0iftm;vHk;udk rnfodk@toHk;cs oifhonfwdk@ukd wwfajrmufatmif oif=um;&rnf?

rif&SDApfrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhwuf jzpfay:vmEdkifonfudk r,Hk=unfbJ tvef@w=um; qkwfcGmoGm;=uonf? ‚if;wkd@onf *k%foduQmrJhpGm ygwD. awmfvSefa&;aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOf. awmfvSefa&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk pGef@vGwfvdkuf=uonf? olwkd@onfw&m;r0ifaom awmfvSefa&;ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ygwDudk zsufodrf;vkduf=uonf? xdk ta=umif;a=umifh TuJhodk@aom rif&SDApftrsKd;tpm;udk zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm; (Liquidators) [k trnfwGifonf?

abmf&SDApfrsm;url rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh rwlbJ aemifvmrnfh ESpftcsKd@twGif; awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhvmrnfudk rkcs ,Hk=unf+yD;/ TawmfvSefa&; 'Da&jrifhopftwGuf vlxkudkjyifqif&efrSmygwD.wm0efjzpfonf[k =unfhjrifonf? awmfvSefa&;. tajccHjy\emrsm;udk rajz&Sif;&ao;acs? v,form;rsm;onf ajr&Sifwdk@. v,fajrrsm;udk r&&Sdao;/ tvkyform;rsm;onf&Spfem&D tvkyfcsdefr&ao;/ jynfolvlxk. tvGef&GH&Sm pufqkyffjcif;cH&aom Zmbk&if oufOD;qHydkifpepfonf +zdKcsrcH&ao;? xdk‹tjyif 1905 ckESpfu jynfolvlxku n‡pf,lxm;onfhtoifhtwifh EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udkyif jyefvnfzdESdyfwm; qD;vmjyefonf? xkd@a=umifh1905 ckESpf awmfvSefa&;udkjzpfapcJhonfh ta=umif;&if;rsm; &Sd+rJ&Sdvsufyif? Tta=umif;a=umifhyif abmf&SDApfrsm;u awmfvSefa&;v_yf±Sm;r_twGif; 'Da&jrifhopfay:xGufvmrnfudk rkcs,Hk=unf=u+yD;/ TtwGufjyifqifum tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tiftm;pkrsm;udk pnf;±kH;cJhonf?

abmf&SDApfrsm;u awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhopf rv$Jra&Smifomay:&rnf[laom ‚if;wdk@.,kH=unfcsufudk 1905 ck awmfvSefa&;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk vlxkvuQ%maqmifaom awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJwGif rdrdwdk@tcGifhta&;udk wdkuf,l&rnf[k oif=um;ay;vkdufonfhtcsufrSvnf; &&Sdayonf? azmufjyefa&;umvtwGif; t&if;&Sifrsm;u xdk;ppfqifpOf tvkyf


orm;rsm;onf 1905 ckESpfrS Toifcef;pmrsm;udk arhIr&acs? vDeifxHa&;onfh tvkyform;rsm;. pmxJwGif puf¶kHydkif&Sifrsm;/ olwdk@udk rnfuJhodk@ xyfrHzdESdyf&ufpufonfh ta=umif;rsm;yg0if+yD; “aeESifhOD;aygh/ aemufxyf 1905 vmvdrfhr,f” vdk@vnf; yg&Sdygonf?

abmf&SDApfrsm;. tajccHEdkifiHa&;&nf&GufcsufrSm 1905 ckESpfwkH;u twkdif;yif wnf&Sd +rJjzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm Zmbk&ifpepfukd jzKwfcs&ef/ "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;ukd tqkH;xdvkyfaqmif&efESifh qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;okd@ quf&efjzpfonf? T&nf&G,fcsufukd abmf&SDApfrsm;onf wpfpuUef@r# rarhcJhbJ/ vlxka&S@arSmufokd@ 'Drkdua&pDorRwEkdifiH/ v,fajrrsm;odrf;,la&;/ tvkyfcsdef 8 em&Dqkdonfh t"du awmfvSefa&;aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;ukd qufvufwifjycJhayonf?

okd@aomf ygwD.enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukdrl ygwD.enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukdrl ygwD.enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukdrl ygwD.enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukdrl ygwD.enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukdrl 1905 ckawmfvSefa&;. 'Da&jrifhumvtwGif;u twkdif; qufvufxm;&Sd&efrjzpfacs/ Oyrm r=umrDtem*wftwGif; vlxkukd taxGaxGEkdifiHa&;oydwfarSmuf&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ okd@r[kwf vufeufukdifykefuef&efaomfvnf;aumif; v_H‹aqmfygu rSm;ayvdrfhrnf// tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf awmfvSefa&;v_yf±Sm;r_onf tuszuf a&mufae+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf tvGeftrif; armyef;aeum/ azmufjyefa&;vlwef;pm;rsm;uvnf; tawmftoifh tiftm;awmifhwif;vmaoma=umifh jzpfonf? ygwDonf tajcaeopfukd xnfhoGif;wGufcsuf&rnf? xkd;ppfo¿mef enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd cHppfenf;y&d,m,frsm;/ tiftm;rsm;ukd pkpnf;onfh enf;y&d,m,frsm;/ au'grsm;ukd ajratmuf v#Kd;ap+yD;/ajratmufr S ygwDvky fie f;rsm;uk d qufvufvky faqmifonf h enf;y&d,m,frsm;/w&m;r0ifonfhvkyfief;ESifh w&m;0if tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfonfhenf;y&d,m,frsm;ESifh tpm;xkd;&rnf?

abmf&SDApfrsm;onf Twm0efukd atmifjrifpGmxrf;aqmifEkdifa=umif; jyoEkdifcJhonf?“u|efawmfwkd@onf awmfvSefa&;rwkdifrD ESpf&Snfvrsm;twGif; rnfuJhokd@ vkyfaqmif

&rnfukd odcJh=uonf? u|efawmfwkd@ukd ausmufpkdifausmufom;uJhokd@ ckdifrmonf[kajymqkd=uonfrSm tvum;r[kwfacs? qkd&S,ff'Drkdu&uffrsm;onf yxrt}udrf vufeufukdifwkdufyGJ&_H;edrfhr_a=umif pdwfysufjcif;r&Sd/ xdwfxdwfjymjymrjzpfbJ/ pGef@pm;cef;rsm;. o,faqmif&mokd@ygroGm;onfh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ygwDw&yfukd wnfaxmifcJh=uonf[k vDeifu a&;om;cJh onf?(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/twGJ(1)pmrsufESm-467)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/twGJ(1)pmrsufESm-467)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/twGJ(1)pmrsufESm-467)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/twGJ(1)pmrsufESm-467)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/twGJ(1)pmrsufESm-467)

abmf&SDApfrsm;onf w&m;r0ifygwDtzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ukd xdrf;odrf;&efESifh tiftm;awmifhwif;vmap&ef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh=uonf? okd‹aomf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif olwkd‹onf w&m;0iftcGifhta&;wkdif;ukd toHk;cs+yD;/ w&m;0if wHcg;aygufwkdif;ukd jynfolvlxkESifh qufoG,fa&;twGuf xdef;odrf;um Tenf;jzifh ygwDtiftm;awmifhwif;vmap&ef vkdtyfonf[k ,lq=uonf?

“TumvrSm usaemfwkd‹ygwDu Zmbk&ifpepfukd qef‹usifonfh ajAmifawmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJukd a0hvnfa=umifywfwkdufyGJrsm;okd‹/ w&m;0iftcGihfta&;wkdif;ukd toHk;csjcif;okd‹


tjyeftvSef tultnDay;onfh tpnf;t±Hk;rsm;ukd 'l;rm;v$wfawmfokd‹ ajymif;vkdufonfhumv jzpfonf? TumvrSm 1905 ck awmfvSefa&;±H_;edrfh+yD;aemuf/ aemufqkwfonfhumvjzpfonf? TvSnfhajymif;r_u u|efawmfwkd‹ tiftm;pkrsm;ukd pnf;±Hk;&efESifh Zmbk&ifpepfukdqef‹usifonfh ajAmifawmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJ jyefazmf&eftwGuf wkdufyGJenf;emopfrsm; wwfuírf;z k d ‹&m u|efawmfwk d ‹tay: wm0efusa&mufaponf”? ? ? ? ? (a*s / pwmvif / 15}udr f(a*s / pwmvif / 15}udr f(a*s / pwmvif / 15}udr f(a*s / pwmvif / 15}udr f(a*s / pwmvif / 15}udr f

ajrmufygwDuGef*&uf. tpD&ifcHpmtjynfhtpHk? ±k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm 366/ 367 - 1935)ajrmufygwDuGef*&uf. tpD&ifcHpmtjynfhtpHk? ±k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm 366/ 367 - 1935)ajrmufygwDuGef*&uf. tpD&ifcHpmtjynfhtpHk? ±k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm 366/ 367 - 1935)ajrmufygwDuGef*&uf. tpD&ifcHpmtjynfhtpHk? ±k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm 366/ 367 - 1935)ajrmufygwDuGef*&uf. tpD&ifcHpmtjynfhtpHk? ±k&Sm;bmom/ pmrsufESm 366/ 367 - 1935)

w&m;0ifusef&Sdaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf ygwD. ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; t wGufuvef@umrsm;jzpfum/ vlxkESifhqufoG,fa&; xdef;odrf;xm;onfh enf;vrf;rsm;vnf; jzpfonf?vlxkESifh qufoG,fa&;udk xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf abmf&SDApfrsm;onf tvkyform; or*~rsm;ESifhwjcm;w&m;0ifwnf&SdqJ trsm;qdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ Oyrm- emrusef;olrsm; axmufyHha&;tzGJ@tpnf;/ tvkyform;or0g,r tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ uvyfrsm;/ ynma&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifhjynfol@a*[mrsm; ponfwdk@udk tokH;jyK=uonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf Zmbk&iftpdk;&. ay:vpDudkzGifhcs&ef/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH 'Drdku&ufrsm;udk zGifhcs&efESifh ypPnf; rJhrsm;twGuf v,form;rsm;.axmufcHr_udk&&efwkd@twGuf EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;pifjrifhudk tokH;cscJhonf? w&m;r0ifonfh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;udk xdef;odrf;xm;r_ESihf wjcm;EdkifiHa&;vkyf ief;o¿meftm;vkH;udk TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh !ïef=um;Edkifr_a=umifh ygwDukd rSefuefonfhvrf;pOfodk@ vdkufemapEdkif+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhtwGuf jyifqif&mwGif tiftm;pkrsm;udk pnf;¶kH;EdkifapcJhonf?

abmf±SDApfrsm;onf ppfrsufESmESpfckwGifppfrsufESmESpfckwGifppfrsufESmESpfckwGifppfrsufESmESpfckwGifppfrsufESmESpfckwGif wkdufyGJqif&if;/ ‚if;wdk@. awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfudkazmfaqmifcJh=uonf? TwdkufyGJonf ygwDwGif;u tacsmif0g' 2 rsKd; 2 pm;udk qef@usif&jcif;jzpfonf? wrsKd;rSm ygwDukd ajAmifqef@usifol rsm;jzpfonf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk qef@usif& onfhwdkufyGJjzpf+yD;/ wrsKd;rSm ygwD. zkH;uG,faeaom &efolrsm;jzpfaom atmhZdkApfrsm;udk wdkuf&onfhwdkufyGJ jzpfonf?

vDeifESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;onf Ttacsmiform; wdrf;apmif;r_ ay:xGufv#if ay:xGufcsif;zsufodrf;a&;0g'udk qef@usifonfh wdkufyGJudk r!‡mrwm qifEGJcJhonf? vDeifu zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;onf ygwDwGif;&Sd vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;. olv#Kdrsm;jzpfonf[k axmufjycJhonf?

1908 ck/ 'DZifbmwGif R.S.D.L.P . yÌr}udrfajrmuf (¶k&Sm;jynfvkH;qdkif&m) uGefz&ifhudkyJ&pfwGif usif;yonf? vDeif. OD;aqmifv_H‹aqmfr_jzifh TuGefz&ifhu zsufodrf;a&;0g'udk ¶_wfcsvdkufonf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'qdkonf rSm “R.S.D.L.P . wnf±SdqJtzGJ@rsm;udk zsufodrf;+yD;/Tae&mwGif rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqdk/ ygwD. vrf;pOfenf;y&d,m,fESifh tpOftvmrsm; vkH;0pGef@v$ufzdk@vdkyguvnf; pGef@v$wf+yD;/ w&m;0ifv_yf&Sm;Edkifonfh ykHyef;r±Sd/ yHkyef;rusonfh tpnf;t¶kH;wckESifh tpm;xdk;&ef”qkdonfh ygwD. ynmwwftpdwftydkif; (rif&SDApf)wpk. }udK;yrf;csufrsm;udkqdkvdkonf?(((((C.P.S.U (B) .qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ ¶k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 128).qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ ¶k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 128).qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ ¶k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 128).qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ ¶k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 128).qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ ¶k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 1/ pmrsufESm- 128)

uGefz&ifhu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;tm;vkH;ukd zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;. }udK;yrf;r_rsm;udk qef@usifonfhwdkufyGJudk cdkifrmjywfom;pGmqifEGJzdk h v_H‹aqmfvdkufonf?


odk@aomf rif&SDApfrsm;onf uGefz&ifh. TqkH;jzwfcsufudk vdkufemjcif;rjyKbJ/ zsufodrf;a&;0g'udk ydkrkdvkyfaqmifvmum awmfvSefa&;udk opPmazmuf+yD;/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH'Drdku&ufrsm;ESifhydkrdk yl;aygif;vm=uonf? rif&SDApfrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhygwD. awmfvSefonfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;/ 'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiH/ tvkyfcsdef 8 em&D/ v,fajrrsm;udk odrf;ydkufa&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ydkIydkIajAmifuspGm pGef@v$wfvm=uonf? olwdk@onf ygwD. vkyfief;pOfESifh enf;y&d,m,frsm;udkpGef@v$wfvdkufjcif;jzifh tzdk;tctaeESifh Zmbk&iftpdk;&xHrS ajAmifw&m;0if tac:tm;jzifh “tvkyform;”ygwD w&yfwnf&SdcGifhudk vdkcsif=uonf? olwdk@onf pwdkvDyiftkyfpdk;r_ESifh aphpyf+idrf;csrf;+yD;/ tvdkufoifh/ tvsm;oifhaeoGm;&ef jyifqif+yD;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhyif zsufodrf;zsufodrf;zsufodrf;zsufodrf;zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;a&;0g'Drsm;a&;0g'Drsm;a&;0g'Drsm;a&;0g'Drsm;udk “pwdkvDyif tvkyform;ygwD”[lIvnf; ac:qdk=ujcif; jzpfonf?

rm;awmhAf (Martov)/ xa&mhpuDESifh wjcm;rif&SDApfrsm;. tultnDjzifh 'ef (Dan)/tZmva&mh'f (Axelrod)ESifh ydkx&ufpfaqmhAf (Potressov)wdk@ OD;aqmifonfh awmfvSefa&;.ajAmif &efolrsm; jzpfaom zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk r!‡mrwm wdkufyGJqifae&onfhtjyifabmf&SDApfrsm; onf rdrdwdk@. tacsmif0g'udk “vuf0J”pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh zkH;v$rf;xm;onfhcdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;jzpfonfh atmhZdkApfrsm; (Otzovists) ESifhvnf; wdkufyGJqif&ao;onf? atmhZdkApfqdkonfh trnfrSm 'l;rm;v$wfawmfrS tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk jyefac:,l+yD; (Otzyo=Recall-jyefac: ) w&m;0if&Sd+yD;om; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS vkyfief;rsm;udkyg wcgwnf; jzwfypf&ef awmif;qdkonfh ,cifabmf&SDApftcsKd@udk ay;xm;onfhtrnfjzpfonf?

1908 ckESpfwGif abmf&SDApftcsKd@u 'l;rm;v$wfawmfrS qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk jyefac:,l&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? xdk@a=umifh ‚ifwdk@udk atmhZdkApfrsm;[k ac:onf? atmhZdkApfrsm;onf rdrdwdk@tkyfpk(abmh'gaemhAf/ vlemcsmpuD;/ tufvufZifpuD; (Alexinsky)/ydkua&mhAfpuD; (Pokrovsky)/ abmhaemhAf (Bubnov) ESifhtjcm;vlrsm;) udkzGJ@+yD;/ vDeifESifhvDeifvrf;pOfudk pwifwdkuf=uonf? atmhZdkApfrsm;onf tvkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh tjcm;Oya'wGif; tpnf;t¶kH;rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&ef acgif;rmrmESifh jiif;qdk=uonf? TuJhodk@jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh tvkyform;rsm;. ta&;awmfykHudk }uD;rm;pGm xdckdufepfemapcJhonf? atmhZdkApfrsm;onf ygwDESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;t=um; oyfv#dK+yD;/ ygwDESifh ‚if;. ygwDjyifyrS vlxkESifh qufoG,fa&;rsm;udk jywfawmufapcJhonf? olwdk@onf ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;wGif;at;aq;vkH+cHKpGm aecsif=uaomfvnf; wcsdefwnf;rSmyif w&m;0iftumtuG,fukd tokH;csr_tcGifhta&;ukd jiif;qkdjcif;jzifh Tonfukd ab;ruif; rvkH+cHKr_ukd jzpfaponf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf'l;rm;wGif;rS vnf;aumif;/ 'l;rm;rSwqifhvnf;aumif;/ v,form;xkudk =oZm*,uf¶kdufapEdkif+yD; Zmbk&if. ay:vpDESihf v,form;rsm; rdrdwdk@aemufygvma&;twGuf uvdef m%fqifaeonfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH'Drdku&ufrsm;.ay:vpDudk azmfxkwf zGifhcsEdkifa=umif;udk atmhZdkApfrsm;uem;rvnfEdkifcJhacs? atmhZkdApfrsm;onf awmfvSefa&; a&S@csDwufa&; topftwGuf tiftm;rsm;pkpnf;&mwGif twm;tqD; taESmifht,Suf jzpfapcJhonf? xkd@a=umifh atmhZdkApfrsm;ukd “t


wGif;tjyif zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;” (liquidators inside-out) [kac: qkd=uonf? olwkd@onfw&m;0if wnf&SdqJtzGJ@tpnfrsm;ukd tokH;csEkdifacs&Sdr_udk zsufqD;&ef t}uD;tus,f}udK;pm;cJh=u+yD;/ wu,fawmh us,fjyef@vSaom ygwDyrSvlxk. ypPnf;rJhacgif;aqmifr_ukd pGef@v$wfjcif;/awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pGef@v$wfjcif;omjzpfonf?

1909 ckESpfrSm atmhZkdApfrsm;. vkyf[efrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;&ef qifhac:cJhaom abmf&SDApfowif;pm (proletary) . wdk;csJ@t,f'DwmbkwftzGJ@ uGefz&ifhu ‚if;wdk@udk ¶_wfcscJhonf?abmf&SDApfrsm;u atmhZdkApfrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@bmrSrqdkifbJ/ ‚if;wdk@udk abmf&SDApftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSxkwfy,fypfvdkufa=umif; a=unmonf?

zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;a&m/ atmhZkdApfrsm;yg ESpfrsKd;pvHk;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh ‚if;ygwD."e&Sifaygufp c&D;oGm;zufrsm;omjzpfonf? ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGuf cufcJonfhtcsdeftcga&mufvmonhftcg zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh atmhZkdApfrsm;. wu,fhvuQ%mrSefonf txl;&Sif;vif;pGm ay:xGufvmonf?

4? xa&mhpuD0g'tm; wdkufcdkuf&onfh abmf&SDApfwdk@. wdkufyJGrsm; ygwDqef@usifonfh =o*kwfv4? xa&mhpuD0g'tm; wdkufcdkuf&onfh abmf&SDApfwdk@. wdkufyJGrsm; ygwDqef@usifonfh =o*kwfv4? xa&mhpuD0g'tm; wdkufcdkuf&onfh abmf&SDApfwdk@. wdkufyJGrsm; ygwDqef@usifonfh =o*kwfv4? xa&mhpuD0g'tm; wdkufcdkuf&onfh abmf&SDApfwdk@. wdkufyJGrsm; ygwDqef@usifonfh =o*kwfv4? xa&mhpuD0g'tm; wdkufcdkuf&onfh abmf&SDApfwdk@. wdkufyJGrsm; ygwDqef@usifonfh =o*kwfvtkyfpk?tkyfpk?tkyfpk?tkyfpk?tkyfpk?

abmf&SDApfrsm;u zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;/ atmZdkApfrsm;udk ppfrsufESmESpfzufppfrsufESmESpfzufppfrsufESmESpfzufppfrsufESmESpfzufppfrsufESmESpfzufESifh tjyif;txefwdkufyGJqif+yD; ypPnf;rJhygwD. r,drf;r,dkifcdkifrmonfhvrf;pOfudk umuG,faepOf xa&mhpuD (Trotsky) onf rif&SDApfzsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk axmufcHcJhonf? ol@udk vDeifu “*sL'g;pfxa&mhpuD”9 [ktrnfay;cJhonfrSm TumvwGifjzpfygonf? xa&mhpuDonf pma&;q&mtkyfpkwpkudk AD,ifem (=op}wD;,m;) wGifpkpnf;+yD; *dk%f;*ercGJ[kqdkxm; aomf vnf;/ trSefrSmrif&SDApfowif;pmudkxkwfa0cJhonf? xdktcsdefu vDeifu “xa&mhpuD onf pufqkyfzG,ftaumif;qHk; tacsmiform;ESifh *dk%f;cGJa&;orm;uJhodk@ jyKrlcJhonf æ olonf ygwDukd yg;pyfuavmuGwfpum;rsm; ajymaomfvnf; tqkd;qHk;aom *kd%f;cGJa&;orm;uJhokd@ jyKrlcJhonf[ka&;om;cJhonf?

aemufydkif; 1912 ckwGif xa&mhpuDonf abmf&SDApfrsm;udk qef@usifonfh tpkrsm; tm;vHk;udkpk+yD;/ =o*kwfvtkyfpk (August Bloc) udk zGJ@pnf;um vDeifESifh abmf&SDApfygwDudk qef@usif&efa&S@±_cJhonf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh atmhZkdApfrsm;onf Tabmf&SDApfqef@usifonfh tkyfpkESifhpnf;vHk;nDnGwfoGm;+yD; aqGrsKd;awmfpyfr_udk azmfxkwfjyvkdufonf? xa&mhpuDESifh ol.aemufvdkufrsm;onf tajccHjy\emtm;vHk;wGif zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;. &yfwnfr_udk cH,l=uonf?odk@aomf xa&mhpuDonf ol. zsufodrf;a&;0g'udk tv,ftvwf0g' (Centrism) qdkonfESifhzHk;uG,fxm;onf? qdkvdkonfrSm jzefajzaphpyfa&;0g' (concilionism) jzpfonf? olu olonf

9? *sL'g;pf xa&mhpuD (JudasTrotsky)- *sL'g;pfrSm c&pfawmftm; opPmazmufonfh aemufvdkuf&[ef;jzpfonf?Tonfudk tpGJjyK+yD; qdk;0g;vSonfh opPmazmufudkac:onf? (bmomjyefol)


abmf&SDApfvnf;r[kwf/ rif&SDApfvnf;r[kwfbJ olwdk@ukd jyefvnfaphpyfay;&ef }udK;pm; ay;aeonf[kqdkonf? TonfESifhywfouf+yD; vDeifu xa&mhpuDonf ajAmifzsufodrf;a&; 0g'Dxuf ydkI,kwfrm+yD;/ ydktE W&m,f}uD;onf [kqdkonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf olonf wu,fwrf;wGifrif&SDApfrsm;udk tjynfht0axmufcHaeaomfvnf; tvkyform;rsm;u ol@ukd “*dk%frsm;txufrSm” [kxifvmap&ef vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;aejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;onf“tv,ftvwf0g'” udk arG;jrLzGH@+zdK;aponfh t"dutpkjzpfonf?

&Jabmfpwmvif (Stalin) u “tv,ftvwf0g'onf EdkifiHa&;cH,lcsuf jzpfonf? ‚if;.tawG;tac:rSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk wckwnf;aom bHkygwDwGif;&Sd "e&[email protected];pD;yGm;ESifh oifhwifhavsmufywfatmif jyKvkyfjcif;/ vufatmufcHjyKjcif;omv#if jzpfonf?TtawG;tac:onf vDeif0g'ESifh roufqdkifbJ vDeif0g'udkpufqkyf&GH&Smayonf?” (a*s/ pwmvif/(a*s/ pwmvif/(a*s/ pwmvif/(a*s/ pwmvif/(a*s/ pwmvif/

vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ ±k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ-9 /pmrsufESm(379)vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ ±k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ-9 /pmrsufESm(379)vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ ±k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ-9 /pmrsufESm(379)vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ ±k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ-9 /pmrsufESm(379)vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ ±k&Sm;bmom/ twGJ-9 /pmrsufESm(379) [k a&;om;cJhonf?TumvwGif uJrDeufAf (Kamenev)/ ZDEdkApf (Zinoviev)ESifh ±dkifaumhAf (Rykov) wdk@

onf trSefpifppf xa&mhpuD. ykef;v#Kdaeonfh olv#Kdrsm;jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomfolwdk@onf vDeifudk wkdufcdkuf&eftwGuf xa&mhpuDudk r=umc%ulnDcJhonf? ZDEdkApf/ umrDeufAf/±dkif;aumhAfESifhwjcm; xa&mhpuD. ykef;v#Kdaeaom r[mrdwfrsm;.tultnDjzifh vDeif. awmif;vDeif. awmif;vDeif. awmif;vDeif. awmif;vDeif. awmif;qdkcsufESifhqef@usifpGmqdkcsufESifhqef@usifpGmqdkcsufESifhqef@usifpGmqdkcsufESifhqef@usifpGmqdkcsufESifhqef@usifpGm/ 1910 Zefe0g&DwGif A[dkaumfrwDpHknD tpnf;ta0; ac:qdkusif;yonf?xdktcsdefu abmf&SDApftcsKd@ tzrf;cHxm;&r_a=umifh A[dkaumfrwD. zGJ@pnf;r_rSm ajymif;vJoGm;+yD;/,drf;,dkifonfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk vDeif0g' qef@usifonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;vufcH&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;cHvdkuf&onf? xdk@a=umihf Ttpnf;ta0;rS abmf&SDApfowif;pm (proletary) udk ydwfypf&efESifh AD,ifemYxkwfa0aom xa&mpuDowif;pm (Pravda) y&mAwmudk b¾ma&; axmufyHh&efqHk;jzwfvdkuf=uonf? umrDeufAfu xa&mhpuD. owif;pmt,f'DwmbkwftzGJ@ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;+yD;/ ZDEdkApfESifhtwl ‚if;udk A[dkaumfrwD. tmabmfjzpfatmif }udK;yrf;cJhonf?

vDeif. wdkufwGef;r_a=umifhomv#if/ Zefe0g&D A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;u zsufodrf;a&;0g'ESifh atmhZkdApf0g'wdk@udk jypfwif¶_wfcsonfh qHk;jzwfcsufudk vufcHtwnfjyKaomfvnf;/Tae&mwGif ZDEdkApfESifh umrDeufAfwdk@u xa&mhpuD. wifjycsufjzpfaom zsufodrf;a&;0g'D rsm;udkTemrnfESifh r&nf!ïef;&ef/ vufcH&efwdkufwGef;cJhonf?

vDeif }udKwifjrifcJh+yD;/ }udKwifowday;cJhonfhtwdkif; jzpfvmygonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;omv#if A[dkaumfrwDpHknDtpnf;ta0;. qHk;jzwfcsufudkemcH+yD;/ [email protected];pm proletary

udk ydwfay;cJhaomfvnf;/ rif&SDApfrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@*dk%f;rS zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;. owif;pm(qdk±S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;.toH Voice of the Social Democrat) udk qufvufxkwfa0cJhonf?

vDeif.taetxm;udk &Jabmfpwmvifu tjynfht0 axmufcHcJhonf? olu qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf (Sotcial Demokrat) trSwf 11 wGif txl;aqmif;yg; a&;om;+yD;/ xdktxJwGif oluxa&mhpuD0g'}uH&mygrsm;. vkyf[efudk ¶_wfcs+yD;/ umrDeufAf/ ZDEdkApfESifh ¶kdifaumhAfwdk@. opPmazmufvkyf&yfa=umifh abmf&SDApftkyfpktwGif; ay:aygufvmonfh rSefwef;rusonfh tajc


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&Jabmfpwmvifu Ttkyfpkudk vHk;0 axmufcHonf? olonf xdktcsdefu jynfESif'%fcHae&+yD;/ xdkrS vDeifxHodk@ pma&;om;vdkufonfrSm-

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abmf&SDApfrsm;onf w&m;0iftjzpf&Sifoefaeao;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;twGif;&Sdzsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk wjznf;jznf; wGef;xkwfcJhonf? yvufuaemhAf ygwDvdkvm;onfh tkyfpkESifhwyfaygif;pkzGJ@vdkufonfh xl;jcm;onfh enf;y&d,m,fa=umifh abmf&SDApfrsm;onf rif&SDApftvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (Adkifabmh*fc¶dkif/ tDumwD&DEkdpvmAf ponfwdk@&Sd) tcsKd@udk pnf;¶Hk;EdkifcJhonf?

TcufcJonfhumvwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;u w&m;0ifvkyfief;rsm;ESifh w&m;r0ifvkyfief;rsm;udk rnfodk@aygif;pyf&rnfudk erlemjycJhayonf?

5? ya&mh*fygwDuGefz&ifh- 1912/ abmf&SDApfrsm; rmhufpfygwD oD;jcm;xlaxmifjcif;?5? ya&mh*fygwDuGefz&ifh- 1912/ abmf&SDApfrsm; rmhufpfygwD oD;jcm;xlaxmifjcif;?5? ya&mh*fygwDuGefz&ifh- 1912/ abmf&SDApfrsm; rmhufpfygwD oD;jcm;xlaxmifjcif;?5? ya&mh*fygwDuGefz&ifh- 1912/ abmf&SDApfrsm; rmhufpfygwD oD;jcm;xlaxmifjcif;?5? ya&mh*fygwDuGefz&ifh- 1912/ abmf&SDApfrsm; rmhufpfygwD oD;jcm;xlaxmifjcif;?

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awmfvSefa&;±_H;edrfhr_/ twdkuftcHtpkrsm; tiftm;+ydKuGJoGm;jcif;/ awmfvSefa&;tay:pdwf"mwfusjcif;ESifh ygwDukd pGef@cGmoGm;onfh ynmwwfrsm; (abmh'g;aemhAf/ bmZma&mhAfESifhtjcm; olrsm;) . oabmw&m;a&;&mtajccHrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef wdk;wuf}udK;yrf;r_rsm;a=umifh cufcJvmonfh tajctaersm;atmufwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf ygwD. tvHudk vdyfrypfonfh ygwDvkyfief;pOftay: opPm&Sd+rJ&Sdonf? rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m; tay: “a0zefa&;”.xdk;ESuf wdkufcdkufr_rsm;udk ESdrfeif;ypfonfh ygwDwGif;&Sd wckwnf;aom tiftm;pkrsm;onf (vDeif.±kyf0g' ESifh tawG@t}uHKa0zefa&;) ygwDESifh ‚if;. awmfvSefa&;rl0g'rsm;udk umuG,fxdef;odrf;&mwGif vDeifywfvnfY0ef;&Hxm;aom abmf&SDApfrsm; acgif;aqmifr_ A[dkr¾dKifudk rnfonfutultnDay;cJhoenf; qdkaomf TA[dkr¾dKifonf rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g' tawG;tac:wdk@jzifhoHr%dcJwifxm;+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;tvm;tvmudk vnf; qkyfudkifxm;onf? “u|efawmfwdk@udkausmufpdkifausmufom;uJhodk@ cdkifrmonf[k ajymqdkonfrSm tvum;r[kwfacs” [k vDeifuabmf&SDApfrsm;udk !ïef;qdk&mwGif ajym=um;onf?

rif&SDApfrsm;onf xdktcsdefwGif awmfvSefa&;rS a0;onfxuf a0;oGm;=uonf? ‚if;wdk@onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. w&m;r0ifonfh awmfvSefa&;ygwDudk zsufodrf;ypf&ef awmif;qdk&if;zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm; jzpfvm=uonf? olwdk@onf ygwD.vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk ydkI ajAmifuspGmpGef@ypfvm=uonf? awmfvSefa&; &nfrSefcsufrsm;/ ygwD.aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;udk ydkI pGef@v$wfvm=u+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;u “pwdkvDyiftvkyform;ygwD” [ktrnfay;xm;aom ‚if;wdk@udk udk,fydkifjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; ygwDw&yfudk xlaxmif&ef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhonf? xa&mhpuDonf pum;vkH;t& “ygwDaoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;” aºuG;a=umfoHudk uef@vef@umtjzpf tokH;jyK+yD;/ zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk axmufcH+yD;/ trSefwu,frSmrl zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;udk qdkvdkayonf?

wzufwGifvnf; Zmbk&ifudk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif a0hvnfa=umifywfenf;opfrsm; tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfr_udk em;rvnfonfh abmf&SDApftcsKd@u w&m;0iftcGifhta&;rsm; tokH;rjyK&efESifh


EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;rS tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jyefac:&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? T atmhZdkApfrsm;onf ygwDudk vlxkESifh tquftoG,fjywfoGm;ap&ef a*smufwGef;+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhopftwGuf tiftm;pkrsm; pkpnf;&mwGif taESmifht,Suf t[ef@twm; jzpfapay onf?“vuf0J”pum;vkH;rsm;udk uef@vef@umtjzpf tokH;jyK+yD; atmhZdkApfrsm;onf zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;uJhodk@yif tESpfom&tm;jzifh awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJudk pGef@cGmoGm;=uonf?

xa&mhpuDpnf;±kH;zGJ@pnf;onhf =o*kwfvtkyfpk[kac:wGifaom vDeifqef@usifonfh bkHtkyfpkwGif zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh atmhZdkApfrsm;pnf;vkH; yl;aygif;oGm;=uonf?

zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh atmZdkApfrsm;udk qef@usifonfhwdkufyGJESifh =o*kwfvtkyfpkudkqef@usifonfhwdkufyGJwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf tay:pD;&&Sd+yD; w&m;r0if ypPnf;rJhygwDudk umuG,fa&;wGif atmifjrifcJhonf?

TumvwGif xl;jcm;xif&Sm;onfhtjzpftysufrSm R.S.D.L.P . ya&mh*fuGefz&ihf(Zefe0g&D/ 1912) jzpfygonf? TuGefz&ifhwGif rif&SDApfrsm;udk ygwDrS xkwfy,fypfvdkuf+yD;/abmf&SDApfESifh rif&SDApfwdk@. ygwDwcktwGif; o¿meft& pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfaer_/ t+yD;wdkif tqkH;owfypfvdkufygonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkwck tjzpfrS w&m;0iftm;jzifhwoD;wjcm;jzpfaom ±k&Sm;qkd±S,f'Drdku&uf tvkyform;ygwD (abmf&SDApf) [lI zGJ@pnf;jzpfay:vmonf? ya&mh*fnDvmcHonf vDeif0g'.ygwD/ abmf&SDApfygwDabmf&SDApfygwDabmf&SDApfygwDabmf&SDApfygwDabmf&SDApfygwD trsKd;tpm;topfygwDw&yfudk xlaxmifay;vkdufonf?

ypPnf;rJhygwDtwGif;rS tacsmiform; rif&SDApfrsm;udk ya&mh*fuGefz&ifhwGif xkwfy,fypfvdkufjcif;onf ygwDESifh awmfvSefa&;twGuf qufvufjzpfay:vmonfh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tay:tvGefta&;yg+yD;/ jywfom;onfh =oZm*,ufrsm; oufa&mufapcJhonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onftvkyform;ta&;awmfykHtay: opPmazmufolrsm;jzpfonfh aphpyfa&;orm;rif&SDApfrsm;udk ygwDrSrxkwfy,fcJhygu ypPnf;rJhygwDonf 1917 ckESpfwGif ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&efvlxkudk v_H‹aqmfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs?


tcef; (5)

yxre,fcsJ hppfrwdkifrD tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v+yf&Sm;r+'Da&jrifhopftwGif;uabmf&SDApfygwD (1912=1914)

1? 1912-1914 ckESpftwGif; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?1? 1912-1914 ckESpftwGif; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?1? 1912-1914 ckESpftwGif; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?1? 1912-1914 ckESpftwGif; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?1? 1912-1914 ckESpftwGif; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifh?

pwkdvDyif azmufjyefa&;atmifyGJonf oufwrf;wdkcJhygonf? jynfolvlxktm; =umyGwfESifhacgif;jzwfpufuvGJvdk@ wjcm;ay;&ef r&Sdonfhtpkd;&tzdk@ a&&SnfrcHEdkifacs? zdESdyfonfhenf;emrsm;onf tvGefrsm;jym;vGef;+yD;/ tavhtx tusifhuJhodk@jzpfoGm;ojzifh jynfol rsm;uydkI a=umufvef@jcif; r&Sdawmhacs? awmfvSefa&;±_H;edrfhoGm;+yD;aemuf csufcsif;vdkvdk ESpfrsm;twGif;u tvkyform;rsm;. armyef;EGrf;e,fr_rSmvnf; wjznf;jznf; oufomaysmufuif;pjyKvmay+yD? tvkyform;rsm;onf wdkufyGJrsm;udk jyefvnfpwifvmonf? awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhopfonf rvGJra&Smif jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnfqdkonfh abmf&SDApfrsm;. }udKwifrSef;qcsufonf rSefuefa=umif;awG@vm&onf? 1911 ckESpfwGif oydwfarSmufol ta&twGufrSm 100˜000xufausmfvGefcJ haomfvnf; ‚if;t&ifESpfrsm;rSm ESpfpOf 50˜000 odk@r[kwf 60˜000xufrausmfvGefay? 1912 Zefe0g&DvwGif usif;ycJhonfh ya&mh*fygwDuGefz&ifhonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ jyefvnftouf0ifvmjcif;. tpjyKcsufudk txdrf;trSwf jyKayonf?odk@aomf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. wu,fh'Da&jrifhrSm 1912 {+yDESifharvwGif p wifcJh+yD;/vDema&$wGif;rsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;udk ypfowfr_ESifh qufpyf+yD; vlxkEkdifiHa&;oydwfyGJ rsm;jzpfay:vmcsdefwGifjzpfonf?


1912 {+yD 4 &uf qdkufaA&D;,m; vDem a&$wGif; oydwfwGif Zmbk&ihf vufeufudkift&m&Sdrsm;. trdef@t& tvkyform; 500 ausmf aoqkH; odk@r[kwf '%f&m& jzpfcJhygonf? tkyfcsKyfolrsm;ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm aqG;aEG;wdkifyif aphpyf&ef csDwufvmonfh vufeufrJh vDemrdkif;tvkyform;rsm;udkypfowfr_onf wjynfvkH;udk v_yf&Sm;oGm;aponf? Zmbk&ifoufOD;qHydkifrsm;.TaoG;pGef;onfh vkyf&yfopfonf rdkif;tvkyform;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;oydwfudk +zdKcGJ&efjzpf+yD;/Tenf;jzifh vDema&$wGif;rsm;. t&Sifocif +Adwdo# t&if;&Sifrsm;udk rsufESmvdktm;& vkyfjcif;jzpfonf? +Adwdo#t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. ±k&Sm;taygif;tyg tpkpyfrsm;onf vDema&$wGif;wGif tvkyform;rsm;udk t&Suftuif;rJhqkH; aoG;pkyfum ESpfpOf ±lb,f 7 oef;ausmftvGef}uDrm;onfh tjrwftpGef;udk &&Sdaeonf? olwdk@onf tvkyform;rsm;udk tvGefenf;yg;vSonfh vcrsm; ay;um/ pm;&efroifhawmfonfh tpmtykyftodk;rsm;udk axmuf yHhay;onf?zdESdyfr_ESifh &ufpufapmfum;r_wdk@udk rcHEdkifonfhtqkH;Y vDema&$wGif;rS tvkyform; 6˜000oydwfarSmufvkdufonf?

pdef@yDwmpbwf/ armfpudkESifh wjcm;pufr_vkyfief;Xmersm;ESifh a'orsm;rS ypPnf;rJhrsm;onfvlxkoydwfyGJrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yjcif;jzifh vDem ypfowfyGJudk wkH@jyefvkdufonf?

“u|efawmfwdk@onf tvGeftrif; xdyfvef@wkefv_yf rl;rdkufoGm;onfhtwGuf ±kwfw&ufcsufcsif; u|efawmfwdk@. cHpm;r_udk azmfjy&efpum;vkH; &SmrawG@yg? u|efawmfwdk@ rnfuJhodk@aomuef@uGufr_awG/ qENjyr_awG jyKvkyfaomfvnf;/ Tonfrsm;rSm u|efawmfwkd@tm;vkH;. toJESvkH;wGif awmufavmifaeonfh a'gorsm;. enf;yg;vSaom azmfjycsufav;r#om jzpfygonf?pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfonfh vlxkwdkufyGJuvGJvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@. rsuf&nfrsm;uaomfvnf;aumif;/qENjyuef@uGufyGJrsm;u aomfvnf;aumif;/ rnfonfht&mr# u|efawmfwdk@udk ulnDEdkifrnfr[kwfyg”[k puf±kHtvkyform; tkyfpkwpku ‚if;wdk h.qkH;jzwfcsufwGif a=unmcJhonf//

EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;twGif; qdk&S,f'Drdku&uftkyfpku vDem tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf vlowfr_jy\emtay: ajzqdk&Sif;vif;&ef Zmbk&if tpdk;&0ef}uD; rmuma&mhAf (Makarov) udk awmif;qdkojzifh/ xdkvlu “[kwfygw,f 'DvkdyJ jzpfcJhygw,f? aemifvnf; 'DvdkdyJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f” [k raxrJhjrif apmfum;armfum; ajym=um;vkdufaomtcg tvkyform;rsm;. a'goykefxr_onfydkrdk}uD;oGm;yg onf? vDem tvkyform;rsm; aoG;acsmif;pD;owfjzwfr_udk qef@usifonfh EdkifiHa&;uef@uGufoydwfyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm 300˜000 xdwdk;wwfvmcJhonf?

vDem tjzpftysufonf pwdkvDyiftkyfpku zefwD;xm;onfh “+idrf;csrf;a&;”avxkudk+zdKcGJzsufqD;vdkufaom avrkefwdkif;tvm; jzpfcJhonf? TonfESifh qufpyf+yD; 1912 ck pdef‹yDwmpbwf/ abmf&SDApfowif;pm ZmAufZ'g (Zvezda-rdk;aomuf=u,f)wGif &Jabmfpwmvifua&;om;cJhonfrSm-

“vDemypfcwfr_u at;aq;+idrfowfr_ a&cJxkudk +zdKcGJvdkuf+yD;/ vlxkv_yf±Sm;r_ jrpfjyifonf pwifpD;qif;cJhay+yD/ a&cJuawmhuGJoGm;yg+yD? ,ckvuf±Sd tkyfpdk;r_twGif;u raumif;qkd;0g;


tE W&m,f[lor#udk jyif;xefpGmcHae&onfh ±k&Sm;. tedÏm±kH[lor#onf vDem tjzpftysuf[laom tcsufwckwnf;wGifom tm±kHpl;pdkufae=uonf? xdk@a=umifhyif vDem ypfcwfr_uoydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyGJrsm;twGuf tcsufjyozG,f jzpfcJh&jcif;jzpfonf?

zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;. awmfvSefa&;udk jrK‡yfESHypfa&; }uHpnf}udK;yrff;csufrsm;onf tcsnf;ESD;aywnf;? vDem tjzpftysufrsm;u awmfvSefa&;. tiftm;pkrsm;onf &Sifoefvsuf&Sdao;a=umif;/ awmfvSefa&;pGrf;&nf tiftm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;wGif t}uD;tus,f pk+yHKodkavSmifxm;a=umif; jyovdkufayonf? 1912 ara';oydwfwGiftvkyform; 4 odef;cef@ yg0ifcJhonf? Toydwfrsm;onf xl;jcm;xif&Sm;onfh EdkifiHa&;vuQ%maqmif+yD;/ abmf&SDApfrsm;. awmfvSefa&;aºuG;a=umfoHjzpfaom 'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiH/ tvkyfcsdef8 em&D/ ajr,mrsm;udk jynfolydkifjyKvkyfa&;qdkonfrsm;atmufwGif usif;ycJhjcif;jzpfonf? oufOD;qHydkifpepftay: awmfvSefa&;rkefwdkif;twGuf us,fjyef@aom tvkyform;xk}uD;ukd omru/v,form;ESifhppfom;rsm;udkyg pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfvmap&eftwGuf Tt"du aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;udkxkwfazmfjcif;jzpfonf?

“awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifh” qkdonfhaqmif;ygwGif vDeifu a&;om;cJhonfrSm-“±k&Sm;wjynfvHk;&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm;. }uD;rm;vSonfh ara';oydwfESifhtwlqifEGJcJhonfh

vrf;rsm;ay:rS qENjyyGJrsm;/ awmfvSefa&;a=unmcsufrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;pka0;&mwGifajym=um;cJhonfh awmfvSefa&;rdef‹cGef;rsm;u awmfvSefa&; tqifhjrifh wckqDodk@ 0ifa&mufvm+yDjzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGmjyovkdufonf?” (vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 47-vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 47-vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 47-vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 47-vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk/ 47-

twGJ(1)pmrsufESm- 537twGJ(1)pmrsufESm- 537twGJ(1)pmrsufESm- 537twGJ(1)pmrsufESm- 537twGJ(1)pmrsufESm- 537)

tvkyform;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfudk vef@zsef@um zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;onfoydwfv_yf±Sm;r_udk qef@usif&ef xGufay:vm=ujyefonf? olwdk@u”oydwftzsm;a&m*g”[kac:a0: orkwf=uonf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh [email protected][mrdwf xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;onfypPnfrJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJudk “toem;cHv_yf&Sm;r_” ESifh tpm;xdk;vdk =uonf? olwdk@utvkyform;rsm;udk pm&Gufw&Gufr#omjzpfaom toem;cHpmwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;&ef zdwfac:onf? xdkpmwGif “tcGifhta&;rsm;”(tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ oydwfarSmufcGifh ponfrsm;tay: csKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk zsufodrf;&ef) ay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;+yD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;odk@yd k @ay;&efjzpfonf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;onf axmifaomif;csDaom tvkyform;rsm;/abmf&SDApfwdk@. aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;udk axmufcHaepOf vufrSwfxdk;ol 1˜300 udkom pkaqmif;Edkifvdkufonf?

tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf abmf&SDApfrsm; !ïefjyonfhvrf;ukd vdkufcJh=uayonf?xdkumvu wdkif;jynfwGif;±Sd pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?1910 ckwGif pufr_vkyfief; xdkif;rd_if;pkykHr_onf jyefvnftouf0if &Sifoefvm+yD;/ pufr_

vkyfief;cGJ}uD;rsm;wGif xkwfvkyfa&;rsm; csJ@xGif}uD;xGm;vmygonf? oHpdrf;xGuf&Sdr_onf 1910


ckwGif 186˜000˜000 *ydk'f(poods)10/ 1912 ckwGif 256˜000˜000/ 1913 ckwGif 283˜000˜000wdk@jzpfvmonf? ausmufrD;aoG;txGufE_ef;rSm 1910 ckwGif 1˜522˜000˜000 ydk'frS 1913 ckwGif2,214,000,000 odk@wufvmonf?

pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm; us,fjyef@vmr_ESifhtwl ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onfvnf; tvGefvsifjrefpGm }uD;xGm;vmygonf? pufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. xl;jcm;onfh vuQ%mrSm}uD;rm;vSaom puf±kHrsm;wGif xkwfvkyfa&; ydkrdkpkpnf;vmr_yifjzpf onf? 1901 ckESpfwGif tvkyform; 500 ESifhtxuf±Sd puf±kH}uD;rsm;&Sd tvkyform;OD;a&onf pkpkaygif; tvkyform;tm;vHk;aygif;. 46³7 &mckdifE_ef; &SdcJhaomfvnf;/ 1910 ckESpfwGif xdkta&twGufonf 54 &mckdifE_ef;okd@r[kwf pkpkaygif; tvkyform;xuf0ufodk@ a&muf&Sdvmonf? TuJhodk@aom pufr_vkyfief;pkpnf;r_tqifhrSm ,cifur&SdcJhbl;acs? tar&duefuJhokd@ pufr_wdk;wufxGef;um;onfh EdkifiHrsm;rSmyif xdkumvu puf±kH}uD;rsm;&Sd tvkyform;OD;a&rSm tvkyform;pkpkaygif; oHk;yHk wpfyHkcef@r#omjzpfonf?

ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; }uD;xGm;vm+yD;/ puf±kHvkyfief;}uD;rsm;Y pkpnf;vmr_onf awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yftjzpf abmf&SDApfygwD&Sdaer_ESifh aygif;pyfvdkufaomtcg ±k&Sm; tvkyform;vl wef;pm;udkwdkif;jynf. EdkifiHa&;b0wGif t}uD;tus,fqHk;aom tiftm;pktjzpf ajymif;vJ ay;apvdkufonf?tvkyf±kHrsm;Y tvkyform;rsm;tay: jyKusifhonfh ±kdif;pdkif; &ufpufvSonfh aoG;pkyfr_enf;emrsm;ESifhtwl Zmbk&ifhtaptyg;rsm;/ ykvdyfrsm;. onf;cHEdkifzG,fr±Sdaom tkyfpdk;r_wdk@u oydwf}uD;wdkif;ukd EdkifiHa&;vuQ%m ay:vGifa&muf&Sdapygonf? xdk@tjyif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJrsm;udka&maxG; &Sufvdrfvdkufr_u vlxkoydwfrsm;udk xl;jcm;onfh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;udk ay;tyfvkdufygonf?

awmfvSefa&;tvkyform; vlwef;pm;v_yf±Sm;r_c&D;wGif pdef‹yDwmpbwfrS ol&Jaumif;ypPnf;rJhrsm; csDwwfvm=u+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@aemufrS abmvfwpfjynfe,frsm;/ armfpudkESifh armfpudkjynfe,f/ aAmfvf*ga'oESifh±k&Sm;awmifykdif;wdk@ vdkufygvm=uonf? 1913 ckESpfwGif v_yf&SSm;r_onf taemufydkif;a'o/ ydkvefESifh aumhau;&Sodk@ ul;pufysHESH@oGm;onf? tm;vHk;wGif w&m;0ifudef;*%ef;t& tvkyform; 725˜000/ ydkrdk jynfhpHkaom pm&if;t& tvkyform; 1˜000˜000wdk@onf 1912 ckoydwfrsm;wGif yg0if+yD;/ w&m;0ifudef;*%ef;rsm;t& 861˜000/ ydkrdk jynfhpHkaompm&if;tif;t& 1˜272˜000 wkd@onf 1913 ck oydwfrsm;wGif yg0ifcJh=uonf? 1914 ckyxrESpf0ufwGifyif oydwfarSmufolrSm 1˜500˜000 jzpfvmay+yD?

Tenf;jzifh 1912-14 awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifh/ oydwfv_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdefonf wdkif;jynfwGif1905 ckawmfvSefa&;}uD;tpydkif;wGif wnf&SdcJhaomtajctaeESifh wlnDaom tajctaeudkzefwD;vdkufonf?

10? ydk'f ] ±k&Sm;tav;csdef] 36²113 aygif (bmomjyefol)10? ydk'f ] ±k&Sm;tav;csdef] 36²113 aygif (bmomjyefol)10? ydk'f ] ±k&Sm;tav;csdef] 36²113 aygif (bmomjyefol)10? ydk'f ] ±k&Sm;tav;csdef] 36²113 aygif (bmomjyefol)10? ydk'f ] ±k&Sm;tav;csdef] 36²113 aygif (bmomjyefol)


ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. awmfvSefaom vlxkoydwfrsm;onf jynfolw&yfvHk;. v_yf±Sm;r_jzpfonf? olwdk@onf oufOD;qHydkifpepfudk wdkuf±dkufqef@usif+yD;/ tvkyform; vlxktrsm; pk}uD;.pmemaxmufcHr_udk &&SdcJhonf? xkwfvkyfolrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;tay: tvkyf±kHrsm;ydwfvdkufjcif;jzifh vufpm;acsvkdufonf? 1913 ckESpfwGif armfpukdjynfe,fY t&if;&Sifrsm;ut0wftxnfpuf±kH tvkyform; 50˜000 udk vrf;ay:odk@ armif;xkwfypfvdkufonf? 1914rwfvwGif pdef‹yDwmpbwfY w&ufwnf;wGiftvkyform; 70˜000 udkxkwfypfvdkufonf?wjcm;puf±kHrsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfarSmufolrsm;ESifhtvkyfxkwfcH&onfh &JJabmfrsm;udk tvSLaiGaumufcHay;jcif;ESifh wcgw&H pmemaxmufcHonfhoydwfrsm;jzifh tultnDay;=uonf?

jrifhrm;vSonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vlxkoydwfrsm;uvnf;/ v,form;rsm;udk v_H‹aqmfEdk;=um;ap+yD;/ wdkufyGJtwGif;odk@ qGJoGif;vmonf? v,form;rsm;onfajr&Sifrsm;udk aemufxyfwzef qef@usif&ef pwif xºuGvm+yD;/ ajr&Sif.ydkifeufrsm;ESifh ul;vwf.ajr/ v,fajrrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf=uonf? 1910-14 ckESpfrsm;twGif; v,form;rsm;. rauseyfr_/ tkHºuGr_ 13˜000 ausmfay: aygufcJhonf?

vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm; twGif;wGifvnf; awmfvSefa&;tkHºuGr_rsm; ay:aygufvmonf? 1912 ckwGif wmuDpwef (Turkestan) &SdwyfzGJ@rsm;twGif; vufeufudkifykefuefr_ay:aygufcJhonf? abmvfwpf a&wyftwGif;ESifh qrm;pwdkaygvfwGifvnf; ykefuefr_rsm; tpysKd;aeayonf?

abmf&SdApfygwD OD;aqmifonfh awmfvSefa&;oydwfv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh qENjyyGJrsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm; wdkufcdkufaeonfrSm wpdwfwydkif;aomawmif;qdkcsufrsm; “jyKjyifa&;”rsm;twGufr[kwfbJ/ Zmbk&ifpepfrS jynfolrsm; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf jzpfonf? wdkif;jynfonf awmfvSefa&;opfqDodk@ OD;wnfaeay+yD?

1912 ck aEGwGif vDeifonf ¶k&Sm;ESifh ydkrdkeD;uyfvm&ef/ yJ&pfrS *gvDpD;,m; (,cif=op}wD;,m;) odk@ a&$@ajymif;vmonf? Tae&mwGif olonf A[dkaumfrwDrsm;ESifh acgif;aqmifygwDvkyfom;rsm; yg0ifonfh uGefz&ifh 2 &yfudk OD;pD;usif;ycJhonf? wckrSm 1912 ck ukefcgeD; u&maumY usif;ycJh+yD;/ aemufwckrSm 1913 ck aqmif;OD;wGif um&maum teD;&Sd ydk¶dkeDEdk+rdK@ uav;Yusif;ycJhonf? TuGefz&ifhrsm;rS tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_rS ta&;}uD;onfh jy\emrsm;tay: qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifcJhonf? awmfvSefa&; v_yf&SSm;r_'Da&jrifh/ oydwfESifh qufpyf+yD; ygwD. vkyfief;wm0efrsm;/ w&m;r0iftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; awmifhwif;cdkifrma&;/ 'l;rm;wGif;&Sdqdk&S,f'Drdku&uftkyfpk/ ygwDyHkESdyfwdkuf tvkyform; tmrcHv_yf&Sm;r_ponfh jy\emrsm; jzpfonf?


2? abmf&SDApfowif;pm “y&mA'g”? pwkwˆt}udrfEdkifiHawmf'l;rm;twGif;&Sd abmf&SDApftkyfpk2? abmf&SDApfowif;pm “y&mA'g”? pwkwˆt}udrfEdkifiHawmf'l;rm;twGif;&Sd abmf&SDApftkyfpk2? abmf&SDApfowif;pm “y&mA'g”? pwkwˆt}udrfEdkifiHawmf'l;rm;twGif;&Sd abmf&SDApftkyfpk2? abmf&SDApfowif;pm “y&mA'g”? pwkwˆt}udrfEdkifiHawmf'l;rm;twGif;&Sd abmf&SDApftkyfpk2? abmf&SDApfowif;pm “y&mA'g”? pwkwˆt}udrfEdkifiHawmf'l;rm;twGif;&Sd abmf&SDApftkyfpk

abmf&SDApfygwDu ‚if;. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; awmifhwif;cdkifrm+yD;/ vlxkt=um; =oZmysHESH‹&eftokH;jyKonfh tpGrf; xufonfhvufeufrSm abmf&SDApf ae@pOfowif;pm “y&mAm'g” (trSefw&m;) jzpf+yD;/ pdef@yDwmpbwfrSm ykHESdyfxkwfa0onf? Towif;pmudk vDeif. !ïef=um;csufESifhtnD/ pwmvif/ tdkrifpuD (Oleminsky)ESifh ydkvDwm&@JAf (Poletayev) [email protected];aqmifr_ESifhwnfaxmifcJhonf? “y&mA'g”onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlxkowif;pmjzpf+yD;/ awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_'Da&jrifhopfESifhtwl w+ydKifwnf; ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf? 1912 {+yD 22 &uf(jyuQ'defopf/ ar 5) wGif trSwf 1 xGufvmonf? Tae@onf tvkyform;rsm;twGufwu,fhyGJawmf usif;y&rnfhae@ jzpfygonf? “y&mA'g” ay:xGufvmjcif;udk *k%f jyKaomtm;jzifhxdktcsdefrSpI arv 5 &ufae@udk tvkyform;rsm; owif;avmuae@ (press day) tjzpfusif;y&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf?

“y&mA'g”rxGufrDtcsdefu abmf&DSApfrsm;wGif wdk;wufonfh tvkyform;rsm;twGuf&nf&G,fonfh “ZAufZwm” (Zvezda) tywfpOfowif;pm&Sd+yD; jzpfygonf? “ZAufZwm”onf vDem ta&;tcif;umvu ta&;}uD;onfhtcef;rS yg0ifcJhonf? ‚if;pmapmifwGiftvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk wdkufyGJwGif;0ifa&mufvm&ef v_H‹aqmfcJhonfh [email protected] EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; xnfhoGif;azmfjycJhonf? odk@aomfawmfvSefa&; 'Da&jrifhcsdefwGif tywfpOfowif;pmonf abmf&SDApfygwD vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhrudkufnDawmhay? tus,fjyef@qHk;aom tvkyform;tpdwftydkif;rsm;twGuf ae@pOf vlxkEdkifiHa&;owif;pm vdktyfvmygonf? “y&mA'g”onf TuJhodk@aom owif;pmrsKd;wnf;?

“y&mA'g”onf TumvwGif txl;wvnf ta&;}uD;onfhtcef;u yg0ifonf?tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. us,fjyef@vSaomxk}uD;twGif; abmf&SDApf0g'axmufcHr_udk &&SdapcJhonf? qifqmtzGJ@u }udKufESpfoufEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;/ pmwrf;rsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_twGuf ykvdyf. tqufrjywf n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_/ '%f¶dkufr_ESifh owif;pmrsm;udk awG@&mae&m odrf;ypfr_wdk@a=umifh/ “y&mA'g”onf wdk;wufonfh tvkyform; axmifaomif;[email protected]ºuGpGm axmufcHr_a=umihfom &yfwnfEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? “y&mA'g” onf tvkyform;rsm;t=um; tvªaiGaumufcHa=u; trsm;tjym;&&Sdxm;r_a=umifhomv#if }uD;rm;vSonfh'%faiGudkaqmifEdkifjcif;jzpfonf? r=umc%yif todrf;cH&aom “y&mA'g”owif;pm tcsKd@ onfenf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh pmzwfolrsm;vufokd@ a&muf&SdcJh=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ydkrdkwufºuGonfh tvkyform;rsm;onf nrsm;wGifyif yHkESdyf&modk@ a&muf&Sdvm+yD; owif;pmrsm;udko,f,loGm;=uonf Zmbk&iftpdk;&onf ESpfESpfcGJumvtwGif; “y&mA'g”udk &Spf}udrf zdESdyfcJhonf? odk@aomf t}udrfwdkif;yif tvkyform; rsm;. ulnDaxmufcHr_jzifh emrnfopfESifh jzpfaomfvnf;/ wlnDonfhtrnfrsm; Oyrm Zmy&mA'g (trSefw&m;twGuf)/ ylwfy&mAwd (Put


Pravdy trSefw&m;vrf;a=umif; )/ x¶l;'dkA&m (tvkyform;rsm;. trSefw&m;) ponfhtrnfrsm;jzifh jyefvnfay:xGufvmonf?

“y&mA'g”.ysrf;r#apmifa&rSm wae@ 40,000 &SdaecsdefwGif rif&SDApfrsm;. owif;pm vl@&Sf(a&mifjcnf) apmifa& rSm 15,000/ 16,000 xuf rausmfacs?

tvkyform;rsm;u “y&mA'g”udk ‚if;[email protected],fydkifowif;pmtjzpf owfrSwfxm;+yD;/‚if;tay: tvGef,Hk=unfum ‚if;. qifhac:oHrsm;udkvnf; tvGef*¶kpdkuf wk@HjyefcJhonf?pmapmifwdkif;onf wvufrS wvufodk@ajymif;+yD;/ pmzwfolrsm;tjym;u zwf=u+yD;/ ‚if;[email protected];pm;Edk;=um;r_udk wnfaqmufay;onf? ‚if;wdk@udk pnf;¶Hk;odrf;oGif;+yD;/ wdkufyGJwGif;0ifvm&ef qifhac:cJhonf?

“y&mA'g”u rnfonfrsm;udk a&;om;cJhygoenf;?tvkyform;rsm;u ‚if;[email protected];udk azmfjyxm;csufrsm;/ t&if;&Sifrsm;/ refae*sm rsm;ESifh

tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;vufwGif cHpm;ae&aom jyif;xef&ufpufonfh aoG;pkyff r_rsm;ESifhzdESdyfn‡Of;yef;onfh enf;emtrsKd;rsKd;wdk@udk azmfjyonfhpmrsm; trsm;tjym;udk pmapmifwdkif;wGifawG@Edkifonf? Tonfrsm;onf t&if;&Siftajctaersm; tay: ajymifajrmuf xda&mufaomw&m;pGJqdkcsufrsm;jzpfonf? “y&mA'g”onf r=umc% tvkyf&Sm&ef ar#mfvifh csufysufjym;oGm;onfh tvkyfvufrJhESif h iwfrGwfaeonfh tvkyform;rsm;. rdrdudk,frdrdowfaoonfh tr_rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyay;onf?

“y&mA'g”u puf¶HktrsKd;rsKd;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;iSmecGJrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;. vdktyf csufESifhawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk a&;om;+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@ awmif;qdkr_rsm;twGuf tvkyform;rsm; rnfuJhodk@wd kufcd kufae=uonfudkvnf; ajymjyonf? pmapmifwd ki f;vd kvd kyif puf¶H ktrsK d;rsK d ;rSoydwftpD&ifcHpmrsm; yg0ifonf? a&&Snfoydwf}uD;rsm;wGif owif;pmrS wjcm;tvkyf¶HkESifhpufr_vkyfief;cGJ tvkyform;rsm;t=um; tvSLaiGaumufcHay;+yD;/ oydwfudk ulnDaxmufcHay;cJhonf? wcgw&H oydwf&efyHkaiGtjzpf ¶lb,faomif;tcsKd@ &±SdcJh+yD;/ tvkyform;trsm;pkwpfae@v#if 70-80 udkAufxuf ydkr&aom xdkumvtwGif; T*%ef;rSm tvGefrsm;jym;vSygonf? Tonfu tvkyform;rsm;t=um; ypPnf;rJh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;pdwf"mwfESifhtvkyform;tm;vHk;. tusKd;pD;yGm;nD!Gwfa&; todpdwf"mwfudk zG@H+zdK;apcJhonf?

tvkyform;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tjzpftysufwdkif;/ atmifjrifr_ odk@r[kwf ¶_H;edrfhr_wdkif;ukd“y&mA'g”ay;pm;rsm;/ qkawmif;arwWmydk@pmrsm;/ qef@usifuef@uGufv$mrsm; tp&Sdonfwdk@ydk@ay;jcif;jzifhwkH@jyef=uonf? “y&mA'g” aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif tvkyform; vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_.vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk cdkifrmonfhabmf&SDApf&yfwnfr_rS azmfjyxm;onf? w&m;0if xkwfa0aeonfh owif;pmwGif Zmbk&ifpepf jzKwfcs&ef ajymifv_H‹aqmf&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? t&dyft¹rGufr#om azmfjyEdkifaomfvnf; vlwef;pm;tod&Sdonfh tvkyform;rsm;onf aumif;rGefpGmem;vnf+yD;/ vlxkudk jyefvnf&Sif;vif;jyygonf? Oyrm “y&mA'g”u “ckepf-ig; .jzwfawmufjcif;rjyKaom awmif;qdkcsuf tjynfhrsm;”[k a&;om;vdkufaom tcg TonfrSm


Zmbk&ifpepfudk jzKwfcsa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;/ ajr,mrsm;udk jynfolydkif odrf;a&;/tvkyfcsdef 8 em&D owfrSwf a&;qdkonfh abmf&SDApfrsm;. awmfvSefa&;aºuG;a=umf oHrsm;udkqdkvdka=umif; tvkyform;rsm;u em;vnfod&Sd=uonf?

“y&mA'g”onf pwkw'l;rm; a&G;aumufyGJ t}udKumvwGif wdk;wufonfh tvkyform;rsm;udk pnf;¶Hk;cJhonf? “pwdkvDyiftvkyform;ygwD”/ rif&SDApfrsm;. a&S@ae/ vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDr_ &,lvdkolrsm;. opPmazmufvkyf&yfudk zGifhcscJhonf? “y&mA'g”u “ckepf-ig;. jzwfawmufjcif;rjyKaom awmif;qdkcsuftjynfhrsm;”udk &,lvdkolrsm;/ qdkvkdonf rSmabmf&SDApfrsm;udk rJay;&ef tvkyform;rsm;udk wdkufwGef;vdkufonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udkoG,f0dkufpGm tqifhqifhusif;y=uonf? yxrtvkyform; tpnf;ta0;rsm;u udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,f=uonf? Tudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u rJay;Edkifoludk a&G;cs,f+yD;/ T rJay;Edkifolrsm;uomv#if 'l;rm;odk@ tvkyform;trwf a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifcGifh&Sdonf? rJay;Edkifoludka&G;cs,fonfh a&G;aumufyGJae@wGif “y&mA'g”u abmf&SDApftrwfavmif;rsm;. pm&if;udka=unm+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;udk Tpm&if;udk rJay;&ef axmufcHcsufay;onf? pm&if;rSmygolrsm;tzrf;cH&rnfh tE W&m,f±SdonfhtwGuf apm+yD; Tpm&if;udkxkwfjyefEdkifjcif; rjyKEdkifacs?

“y&mA'g”onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vlxkvkyfief;rsm;udk pnf;±kH;&mY ulnDcJhonf? 1914aEGOD;umv pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyf&Sifrsm;. wefjyefoydwftcsdefwGif vlxkoydwf}uD; a=unm&efroifhawmfonfhtcsdefwGif “y&mA'g” u puf±kHrsm;wGif vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yjcif;/vrf;rsm;ay:wGif qENjyyGJrsm; usif;yjcif;ponfh wjcm;wdkufyGJykHpHrsm;udk jyKvkyf&ef E_d;aqmfcJhonf?Tonfudk owif;pmxJwGif ajAmifa&;om;&ef rjzpfEdkifyg? odk@aomf tvkyform;rsm;onfvDeifa&;om;onfh “tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_o¿mefrsm;”[k oifhwifhpGmacgif;pOfygaqmif;yg;udk zwf&aomtcg oabmaygufoGm;+yD;/ xdktxJwGif ,ck vuf&SdtcsdefwGifoydwfrsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm; r_. ydkrdkjrifhaomo¿mefodk@ a&muf&Sdap&rnf[kqdkxm;+yD;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;ac:qdk usif;y&efqdkvdkayonf?

TuJhodk@aomenf;jzifh abmf&SDApfwdk@. w&m;r0ifaom awmfvSefa&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;udk“y&mAm'g”rS wqifh tvkyform;vlxkrsm;udk v_H‹aqmfpnf;±kH;onfh w&m;0ifo¿mefrsm;ESifhaygif;pyf=uonf?

“y&mA'g”onf tvkyform;rsm;.b0/ ‚if;wdk@. oydwfrsm;ESifh qENjyyGJrsm;udkom a&;om;azmfjyaeonf r[kwfbJ/ v,form;rsm;.b0/ ‚if;wdk@cHpm;ae&onfhuyfab;ESif hya'o&mZfajr&Sifrsm;. aoG;pkyfr_rsm;udkvnf; rSefrSefazmfjyavh&Sdonf? pwdkvDyif “jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;”. tusKd;a=umifh ul;vwfv,form;rsm;onf v,form;rsm;vufrStaumif;qkH;ajrrsm;udk rnfuJhodk@ vk,ufoGm;a=umif;udkvnf;azmfjyonf? “y&mA'g”uvlwef;pm;tod&dSaom tvkyform;rsm;/ aus;vufawm&Gm&Sd waiG@aiG@ avmifaeonfh tus,ftjyef@ rauseyfr_rsm;udk *±kðyvm&ef qGJaqmifcJhonf? 1905 ck awmfvSefa&;. &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifodk@ ra&muf&Sdao;a=umif;ESifh awmfvSefa&;opf ay:aygufvmrnfjzpf a=umif;udk


ypPnf;rJhrsm;tm; oif=um;jyoay;onf? T 'kwd,awmfvSefa&;wGif ypPnf;rJhvl wef;pm;onfvlxk. wu,fhacgi f;aqmifE Si f h vrf;!¸e foltjzpf aqmif& Gufrnfjzpfa=umif;E Si f hTawmfvSefa&;wGif awmfvSefonfh v,form;xkuJhodk@aom tiftm;}uD;rm;aom r[mrdwf&Sdrnf jzpfa=umif;udkvnf; oif=um;jyoay;onf?

rif&SDApfrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&;t}uHudk pGef@v$wf&ef/ jynfolrsm;twGuf/iwfrGwfaeonfh v,form;rsm;twGufESifh bvuf[ef'&uf ya'o&mZfajr&Sifrsm;. pdk;rdk;r_wdk@udk rpOf;pm;awmh&efESifh “vGwfvyfpGmpnf;±kH; zGJ@pnf;cGifh&&efESifh xdktwGuf Zmbk&iftpdk;&xH“toem;cHpm”wifoGif;&eftwGufom wdkufcdkuf&ef }udK;yrf;cJh=uonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;onftvkyform;rsm;udk Trif&SDApfrsm;. awmfvSefa&;pGef@v$wfonfh v,form;rsm;ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@a&;udk pGef@v$wfonfhw&m;rsm;onf "e&Sifrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;ay:wGifom rlwnfxm; a=umif;&Sif;vif;jy+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;onf v,form;xkudk r[mrdwfzGJ@EdkifrSomv#if Zm bk&ifpepfudkrkcsacsr_ef;Edkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ rif&SDApfuJhodk@ odk;xdef;orm;vlqkd;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&;. &efolrsm;tjzpfarmif;xkwf&rnf[k &Sif;vif;ajymjyonf?

“v,form;b0”qdkonfhu¾wGif “y&mA'g”u bmawGa&;cJhoenf;?Oyrmtjzpf 1913 ckESpfudk azmfjyonfh pmtrsm;tjym;udk =unfh¶_ygu atmufygtwdkif;

awG@Edkifonf?“ajr,mtr_”[kacgif;pOfwyfxm;onfh qrm&mrS pmwapmifwGif bl¶lvfrm;c¶dkif/

EdkAdkcg;pfbl;vwfaus;&Gm&Sd v,form; 45 a,mufonf trsm;ydkifajrrsm;udk bHktzGJ@rS E_wfxGufrnfh v,form;rsm;twGuf tuGufcsvkyfaqmifay;aeonfh ajrwdkif;pma&;udk aESmifh,Sufr_jzifh w&m;pGJcH&+yD;/ trsm;pkrSm axmifESpf&SnfusoGm;a=umif; owif;ydk@xm;yg onf?

ywfpaumhAfjynfe,frS pmwdkav;wapmifwGif “yppfpm&Gm (ZmAm&JvfblwmteD;) rSv,form;rsm;onf aus;&Gmykvdyfrsm;udk vufeufESifhckcHumuG,fonfh vltrsm;tjym;'%f&m&onf? ajr,mtjiif;tcHka=umifh yËdyuQ ay:&jcif;jzpfonf? aus;&Gmykvdyfrsm;udkyppfpmodk@ apv$wf+yD;/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHESifh w&m;ol}uD;wdk@rSmvnf; &Gmodk@oGm;aeygonf”[ka&;om;xm; onf?

OD;Amjynfe,frSpmwapmifwGif v,form;rsm;. ajruGufrsm; trsm;tjym; a&mif;csvdkuf&+yD;/ uyfab;'kuQrsm;ESifhv,form;rsm; &GmbHktzGJ@rS xGufcGifhjyKonfh Oya'u v,form;trsm;tjym;udk ajr,mrsm; vufrJhjzpfoGm;apvkdufygonf? bdk&DaqmhAfum ±Gm i,fav;udk=unfhyg? v,form;tdrfaxmifpk 27 tdrfaxmif&Sd+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@wGif pdkufysKd;Edkif aomajr 543dessiatins (dessiatin- ¶k±Sm;ajrtwdkif;txGm-2.7{u) ydkifqdkifxm;onf? uyf ab;twGif;ig;tdrfaxmifu 31 dessiatin udk 1 dessiatins v#if 25ESifh 33 ¶lb,f t=um;aps;E_ef;ESifha&mif;cscJh&onf? ajrrSm Twefzdk;xuf 3 qrS 4 qtxd wefonf? T&GmwGif v,form; 7OD;rSm pdkufysKd;Edkifaomajr 177 dessiatins aygif;ESH xm;&+yD;/ xkdajrudk ajcmufESpftwGuf 1dessiatin udk 18-20 ¶lb,fE_ef;jzifh wESpf 12 &mckdifE_ef;om&ayonf? vlxk. qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ESifh


rw&m;twdk;}uD;pm;jcif;wdk@ xnfhoGif;wGufcsufygu twdk;}uD;pm; rsm;.vufodk@ txufygajr.xuf0ufrSm rkcs a&muf&SdoGm;ayrnf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf aºuG;,lolrsm;xJrSmTr# }uD;rm;vSonf hai Gud k a jcmufE Sp ftwGi f ; jye fqyf&e fr Sm vlxuf0ufr#yi fwwfEdkifrnfr[kwfay?

“¶k&Sm;&Sdajr&Sif}uD;ESifh v,form;uav;rsm;. ajr,mydkifqdkifr_”[k acgif;pOfwyffxm;aom“y&mA'g” rS aqmif;yg;wapmifwGif vDeifu uyfyg;ajr&Sifrsm; vufxJwGif rnfr#rsm;jym;vSonfh ajr,mypPnf;rsm;a&muf&Sdaea=umif;udk tvGefodomxif&Sm;pGm jyocJhonf? ajr&Sif}uD;oHk;aomif;xJu ydkifqdkifr_rSm ajr 70,000,000 dessiatins jzpfygonf? TonfESifh nDr#onfhajr,mudk v,form;tdrfaxmifpk 10,000,000u a0r#&&S dxm;onf? ysrf;r#qdkv#ifajr&Sif}uD;wOD;v#if 2,300 dessiatins &Sd+yD;/ ul;vwftygt0if v,form; tdrfaxmifrSmwOD;v#if 7 dessiatins r#omjzpfonf? xdk@jyif v,form;av; tdrfaxmif 5,000,000qdkvkdonfrSm v,form;xk. xuf0ufydkifqdkifr_onf wOD;v#if 1 odk@r[kwf 2 dessiatins

xufrydkay? T*%ef;rsm;u v,form;wdk@. qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ESifh xyfjyefwvJvJ usa&mufaeaom uyfab;wdk@. t&if;tjrpfrSm ajr,mydkifqdkifr_}uD;rsm;ESifh aus;u|efpepf qufvuf&Sifoefaer_wdk@a=umifhjzpfa=umif; jyoae+yD;/ TonfrS vGwfajrmuf&efrSm v,form;rsm;twGuf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; OD;aqmifonfh awmfvSefa&;uom jzpfEdkifayonf?

aus;vufESifhtquftoG,f&Sdonfh v,form;rsm;rSwqifh “y&mA'g”onf aus;vufrsm;twGif; 0ifa&mufum/ EdkifiHa&;t& wdk;wufonfh v,form;rsm;udk awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJwGif;odk@0ifa&mufvmap&ef v_H‹aqmfcJhayonf?

“y&mA'g”udkwnfaxmifpOfu w&m;r0if qdk&,f'Drdku&uf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf abmf&SDApfrsm;. !ïef=um;r_atmufwGif vkH;0wnf&Sdonf? wzufwGifvnf; tzGJ@tpnf;. w&m;0ifo¿mefrsm;/ Oyrm 'l;rm;tkyfpk/ ykHESdyfwdkuf/ rusef;rmolrsm;axmufyHhonfh tpnf;t±kH;rsm;/tvkyform;or*~rsm;wGifrl rif&SDApfrsm;xHrS vkH;vkH;&,lEdkifjcif; r&Sdao;acs? abmf&SSDApfrsm;onftvkyform;vlwef;pm;. w&m;0ifwnf&SdqJ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;rS zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udkarmif;xkwf&ef ydkif;ydkif;jzwfjzwf wdkufyGJqifE$J&onf? “y&mA'g”. aus;Zl;a=umifh tqkH;wGifatmifyGJ&cJhonf?

“y&mA'g”onf ygwD.rlrsm;twGuf/ vlxkvlxkvlxkvlxkvlxk/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yf wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf wdkufyGJA[dkwGif a&muf&Sdaeygonf? “y&m A'g”onfabmf&SDApfygwD. w&m;r0if A[dkcsufrrsm;ywfvnfwGif w&m;0if&SdqJ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk 0dkif;&Hap+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_udk awmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqiffjcif;qdkonfh wckwnf;aomwdusonfh&nf&G,fcsufodk@ !ïef=um;cJhhonf?

“y&mA'g”wGif tvkyform;owif;axmuf trsm;tjym; &Sdonf? wESpftwGif;rSmyiftvkyform;rsm;xHrS pmaygif; aomif;wpfaxmifausmf ykHESdyfcJhonf? “y&mA'g”u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;vlxk}uD;ESifh tquftoG,f&Sd xm;onfrSm pmrsm;ESifhomruyg// puf±kHrsm;rS tvkyf


orm;trsm;tjym;onf ae@pOft,f'Dwm±kH;odk@ vma&mufvnfywf=uonf? “y&mA'g”.t,f'DwmtzGJ@±kH;wGif ygwD. pnf;±kH;a&;vkyfief;trsm;ydkif; pkpnf;cJh&mjzpfonf? Tae&mwGiftpnf;ta0;rsm;udk ygwDtjrKaw udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh pDpOfusif;ycJh=u+yD;/ puf±kH/ tvkyf±kH rsm;rSygwDvkyfief; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udkvnf; vufcH&&SdcJhonf? x@dkjyif Tae&mrSyif pdef@yDwmpbwfaumfrwDESifh ygwDA[dkaumfrwDwdk@. !ïef=um;csufrsm;udk ydk@ay;cJhayonf?

awmfvSefa&; tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlxkygwDw&yfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;udk ZGJebJaumif;pGm ESpfESpfcGJwdwd wkdufyGJqifonfhtusKd;a=umifh/ 1914 ck aEGumvwGifabmf&SDApfrsm;onf abmf&SDApfygwDESifh “y&mA'g”enf;y&d,m,frsm;twGuf ±k&Sm; &Sd EdkifiHa&;t&wufºuGaom tvkyform;rsm; ig;ykHav;ykHig;ykHav;ykHig;ykHav;ykHig;ykHav;ykHig;ykHav;ykH. axmufcHtm;ay;r_udk &&SdcJhayonf? TonfudkOyrmtm;jzifh atmufygtcsufwGif awG@Edkifonf? 1914 ck tvkyform; owif;pOf twGuftvSLaiGaumufcHonfh tvkyform;tzGJ@aygif; 7˜000 wGif abmf&SDApfowif;pm t wGuf tzGJ@5˜600 u aiGpk aqmif;ay;cJh+yD;/ rif&SDApfowif;pmtwGuf tzGJ@aygif; 1˜400 uom pkaqmif;ay;cJhonf? odk@aomf tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; rif&SDApfrsm;Y vpfb&,f"e&SifESifh "e&Sifynmwwfrsm;t=um; “csrf;omºuG,f0onfhrdwfaqG” tajrmuftjrm;&Sd+yD;/ rif&DSApf owif;pm vnfywfEdkifa&;twGuf vkdtyfonfh &efykHaiGxuf0ufausmfudk }udKwifay;xm;EdkifcJh ayonf?

xkdtcsdefu abmf&SDApfrsm;ukd “y&mA'g0g'Drsm;” (Pravdists) [kac:=uonf? awmfvSefonfh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. rsKd;qufwckvkH;ukd “y&mA'g” uarG;jrLcJh+yD;/ TrsKd;qufonf aemifwGif atmufwkdbm qkd&S,fvpfawmfa&;ukd vkyfaqmifcJholrsm;jzpfonf? tvkyform; &maygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmonf “y&mA'g” ukdaxmufcHcJh=uonf? awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ 'Da&jrifhvmcsdefwGif 1912-1914 vlxk abmf&SDApfygwDtwGuf tckdiftrmtkwfjrpfcs+yD;jzpf+yD;/ Ttkwfjrpfukd e,fcsJ@ppfyGJtwGif; Zmbk&ifpepf. ESdyfpufzdESdyfr_rsm;u zsufqD;Ekdifjcif; r&Sday?

“1912 ckESpf. “y&mA'g”onf 1917 ck abmf&SDApf0g' atmifyJGtwGuf tajccHtcsuf}uD;jzpfonf?” (pwmvif)

ygwD. w&m;0if v_yf&Sm;aeonfh A[kdtmabmf aemufwckrSm pwkwœEkdifiHawmf'l;rm;wGif&Sdabmf&SDApftkyfpkjzpfonf?

(1912) wGif tpkd;&u pwkwÎ'l;rm; twGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm; owfrSwfay;onf?u|efawmfwkd@ygwDu a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKifa&;ukd ta&;w}uD;xm;cJhygonf? 'l;rm;qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDtkyfpkESifh “y&mA'g” onf vlxkt=um;/ wkdif;jynftES@H w&m;0if v_yf&Sm;aeonfh awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;. t"dutajccHpcef;rsm; jzpfcJhayonf?

abmf&SDApfygwDonf 'l;rm;a&GG;aumufyGJwGif rdrdwkd@ ukd,fykdifaºuG;a=umfoHrsm;atmuf wGifvGwfvGwfvyfvyf trSDtckduif;pGm vkyfaqmifcJh+yD;/ w+ydKifeufwnf;rSmyif tpkd;&ygwDrsm; ukda&m/vpfb&,f"e&Sif (zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH'Drkdu&uf) rsm;ukdyg wkdufckdufcJhonf? a&G;aumufyJGw&m;yGJrsm;wGif abmf&SDApfwkd@. aºuG;a=umfoHrSm 'Drkdua&pDorRwEkdifiH/ tvkyfcsdef 8 em&DESifhajr,mtm;vkH;ukd odrf;,la&;wkd@yifjzpfonf?


pwkwÎ 'l;rm;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJukd 1912 aqmif;OD;wGif usif;ycJhonf? atmufwkdbmtpykdif;wGif pdef@yDwmpbwf a&G;aumufyJGrsm;ukd rausreyfjzpfaeonfhtpkd;&onf puf±kH}uD;tcsKd@rS tvkyform;rsm;. rJay;cGifhukd ±kyfodrf;/ pGufzuf&ef }udK;pm;cJh=uonf? wkH@jyefonfhtaejzifh &Jabmfpwmvif. t}uHay;csuft& ygwD. pdef@yDwmpbwfaumfrwDrS puf±kH}uD;rsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;ukd w&ufoydwfarSmuf&ef qifhac:vkdufonf? tpkd;&rSm tcwftcJ tusyftwnf;awG@oGm;+yD;/ rv$Jra&Smifomvkdufavsm&um tvkyform;rsm;onf tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif rdrdwkd@}uKdufESpfoufolukd a&G;cs,fcGifh&cJhonf? tvkyform;trsm;pk}uD;onf ‚if;wkd@ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh trwfavmif;rsm;okd@ &Jabmfpwmvif a&;qJGxm;onfh trdef@tm%m (Mandate)

twGuf rJay;cJh=uonf? “pdef@yDwmpbwftvkyform;rsm;rS ‚if;wkd@. tvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,f(trwf) twGuf trdef@tm%m” wGif 1905 ck r+yD;qkH;aomwm0efrsm;ukd *±kjyK&ef awmif;qkdxm;onf?

“trdef@tm%m”wGif “&S&Sm;onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;. t}udKumvwGif a&muf&Sdae+yD;/Tonf 1905 ckESpfuxuf ydkrdkeuf±_dif;aumif; euf±_dif;vdrfhrnf[k u|efawmfwkd@ xifjrifonf?1905 ckESpfwkef;uvdkyiff/ Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. wJGrsm;ay:wGifum; ±k&Sm;vl@tzJG@tpnf;. a&S@wef;ta&mufqkH;vlwef;pm;/ ±k&Sm;ypPnf;rJhrsm;yifjzpfonf? ol. wOD;wnf;aomr[mrdwfrSm qif;&J'kuQwGif; usaeonfh v,form;xk}uD;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@onf ±k&Sm;jynfvGwfajrmufa&;wGif aoa&;&Sifa&;wr# tm±kHpkduf pdwf0ifpm;vsuf&Sdonf?”

“trdef@tm%m”wGif tem*wfjynfolvlxk. v_yf&Sm;r_ukd ppfrsufESmESpfzufwGif wkdufyGJo¿mefaqmif&rnf? wckrSm Zmbk&ifpepfukd wkduf&efjzpf+yD;/ aemufwzufrSm Zmbk&ifESifhtay;t,l vkyfaeonfh vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;ukd wkduf&efjzpfonf?

tvkyform;rsm;ukd awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJwGif;okd@ v_H‹aqmfay;onf? trdef@tm%mtay:vDeifonf ta&;w,lxm;onf? tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;[email protected];jzwfcsufrsm;wGif Tv_H‹aqmfcsufukd wkH@jyefonf?

abmf&SDApfrsm;onf a±G;aumufyGJwGif atmifyGJ&&Sd+yD;/ pdef@yDwmpbwf tvkyform;rsm;u&Jabmfbm'g&@JAf (Badayev) ukd 'l;rm;okd@ a&G;cs,fvkdufonf?

'l;rm;a±G;aumufyGJwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf vlxk.wjcm;tpdwftykdif;rsm;rSvnf;oD;jcm;rJay;cJhao;onf? (Tonfukd tvkyform;aumifpD (curia)1111111111 [kvnf;ac:onf?)tvkyform;aumifpDrS ta&G;cH&onfh ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwf 9 OD;wGif ajcmufOD;rSm abmf&SDApfygwD0ifrsm;jzpfonf? bm'g&@JAf/ yDxa&mhAfpuD; (Petrovsky)/ rl&maemhAf (Muranov)/ qrGKdif;avmhAf (Smoilov)/ &Sma*ghAf (Shagov)ESifh rmvifaemhpuD; (Malinovsky) (xkdolrSm aemufykdif;wGif twGif;olvsKdjzpfoGm;onf)wkd@jzpf=uonf? abmf&SDApfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd tvkyform;vlwef;pm; ig;ykHav;ykHxuf renf;pka0;aeonfh pufr_vkyfief;Xme}uD;rsm;u a&G;aumufvkdufjcif;

11? tv,facwf tjrifhqkH;aumifpD


jzpfonf? wzufwGif ta&G;cH&onfhzsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;onf tvkyform;aumifpDrS ‚if;[email protected]@tm%mrsm;&&Sdxm;jcif;r&Sday? qkdvkdonfrSm ‚if;wkd@rSm tvkyform;rsm;u a&G;aumufjcif;r[kwfay? tusKd;&&SdcsufrSm 'l;rm;wGif zsufodrf;a&;0g'D 7 OD;&Sd+yD;/ abmf&SDApfrSm 6 OD;om jzpfonf?tpyxrwGif abmf&SDApfESifh zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;onf 'l;rm;wGif yl;wGJqkd&S,f'Drkdu&uftzJG@ukdzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? 1913 ck atmufwkdbmwGif abmf&SD Apfrsm;. awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;ukd aESmifh,Sufonfh zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ukd tjyif;txef wkdufckduf+yD; aemufwGif abmf&SDApftrwfrsm;onfygwDA[kdaumfrwD!ïef=um;r_jzifh yl;wGJ qkd&S,f'Drkdu&uftzGJ@rS E_wfxGuf+yD;/ vGwfvyfonfhabmf&SDApftkyfpkukd zGJ@pnf;vkdufonf?

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3? w&m;0ifwnf±Sdaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;rS abmf&SDApfrsm;.atmifyGJ? e,[email protected]? w&m;0ifwnf±Sdaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;rS abmf&SDApfrsm;.atmifyGJ? e,[email protected]? w&m;0ifwnf±Sdaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;rS abmf&SDApfrsm;.atmifyGJ? e,[email protected]? w&m;0ifwnf±Sdaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;rS abmf&SDApfrsm;.atmifyGJ? e,[email protected]? w&m;0ifwnf±Sdaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;rS abmf&SDApfrsm;.atmifyGJ? e,[email protected]}udK awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;?t}udK awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;?t}udK awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;?t}udK awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;?t}udK awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufjrifhwufvmjcif;?

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ausmvmum tvkyform;OD;a&rSmvnf; ykdIykdI rsm;jym;vmygawmhonf? Zefe0g&D 9 &ufwGiftvkyform;aygif; 250˜000 oydwfarSmufcJh+yD;/ pdef@yDwmpbwfwGif 140˜000 &SdcJhonf? arvw&ufwGif tvkyform; 500˜000 ausmf oydwfarSmufvm=u+yD;/ pdef@yDwmpbwfwGif 250˜000ausmf&S dayonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfrsm;wGif r}uKHpzl;aom pG J+rJck difrmr_ukdjyocJhayonf? pdef‹yDwmpbwf&Sd tkdblacghAfvkyfief;oydwfonf ESpfvausmf=umcJh+yD;/ vufpfemvkyfief;oydwfwGifrl okH;veD;yg;=umcJhonf? pdef@yDwmpbwf puf&kHtcsKd@rS tvkyform; trsm;tjym;ukd tqdyfcwfr_ (Whole sale poisoning) onf tvkyform; 115˜000 oydwfarSmuf&onfh ta=umif;t&if;jzpf+yD; qENjyyGJrsm;yg usif;yvm=uonf? v_yf&Sm;r_onf qufvufys@HES@HoGm;cJhonf? 1914 ck yxr ESpf0ufwGif (Zlvkdifv tapmykdif; tyg) pkpkaygif; tvkyform; 1˜425˜000oydwfrsm;wGifyg0ifcJhonf?

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awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhumvtwGif; 1912-14 abmf&SDApfygwDonf tvkyform; vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmif+yD;/ abmf&SDApfaºuG;a=umfoHrsm;atmufwGif awmfvSefa&;opfw&yf qDodk@acgif;aqmifcJhonf? ygwDonf w&m;r0ifvkyfief;ESif h w&m;0ifvkyfief;udk u|rf;usifpGmaygif;pyfcJhonf? zsufodrf;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. rdwfaqGrsm;jzpfaom xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifhatmfhZdkApfrsm;. ckHcHr_udk acsr_ef;&if; ygwDonf w&m;0if v_yf&Sm;r_o¿meftm;vkH;wGif acgif;aqmifr_udk &&SdcJh+yD;/ w&m;0if wnf&SSdqJtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk ygwDawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;. tajccHpcef;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJapcJhonf?

tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. &efolrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. olv#Kdrsm;udk wdkufyGJqif&if;/ ygwDonf rdrdwdk@tcsif;csif;t=um; ydkrdkodyfonf;cdkifrm uspfvpfapumtvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh qufoG,fr_udk ydkrdk wdk;csJ@EdkifcJhonf? 'l;rm;udk awmfvSefa&; v_H‹ aqmf&mpifjrifhtjzpf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ tokH;jyK+yD;/ tvGefwef;zdk;&SdvSonfh vlxk tvkyf orm;owif;pm“y&mA'g”udk wnfaxmifum ygwDonf awmfvSefa&; tvkyform; rsKd; qufopf y&mA'g0g'Drsm;udk avhusifharG;jrLay;onf? e,fcsJ@ppfyGJumvtwGif; T tvkyf orm;tpdwftydkif;onfEdkifiHwmum0g'ESifh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;tvHtay: opPm&SdcJh=uonf? olwdk@onf aemufydkif;wGif1917 ck atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;twGif; abmf&SDApfygwD. A[dk r¾dKifjzpfonf?

e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ t}udKumvwGif ygwDonf ‚if;. awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk acgif;aqmifcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@onf wyfOD;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;jzpfum e,fcsJ hppfyGJ. jzwfawmufjcif;cHvdkuf&aomfvnf;/ aemuf 3 ESpft=umwGif Zmbk&ifpepf acsr_ef;a&;wGif jyefvnfay:aygufvmonf? abmf&SDApfygwDonf ypPnf;rJhEdkifiHwumtvHudkv$ifh+yD;/ e,[email protected] 0ifa&mufjzwfoef;vmcJhonf?


tcef; (6)

e,fcsJ hppfyGJumvwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD&k&Sm;EdkifiH 'kwd,awmfvSefa&;umv (1914=1917/ rwfv)

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ppfyGJppcsif; abmf&SDApfygwDu TppfyGJpwifcJhjcif;rSm wkdif;jynfumuG,fzkd@r[kwfyJ/ EkdifiHjcm;e,fajrrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufzkd@/ ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh t&if;&Sifrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf EkdifiHjcm; wkdif;jynfrsm;ukd vk,ufzsufqD;zkd@/ tvkyform;rsm;u 'DppfyGJtay: ykdif;jzwfcsuf&Sd&Sd wkdufyGJ0if&ef aqmf=ocJhonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u abmf&SDApfygwDukd axmufcHcJhonf?

trSefygbJ/ ppfyGJtapmykdif;wGif ynmwwfrsm;ESifh v,form;xJrS ul;vwftpdwftykdif;rsm;u "e&Sifw,loefrsKd;cspf0g'ukd azmfjycJh+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@u tvkyform; tpdwftykdif;tcsKd@okd@ul;pufcJhygonf? okd@aomf Tolrsm;rSm “±k&Sm;jynfol@tzGJ@csKyfrS” tzGJ@0if vlayvlawrsm; jzpf+yD;/wcsK@drSm qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApf=oZmrsm; v$rf;rkd;cHae&onfh tvkyform;tcsK@djzpfonf? obm0uspGmyJ olwkd@wawG[m tvkyform;vlwef;pm;&@J cHpm;csufrsm;ukdukd,fpm;vnf;rjyKbl;? ukd,fpm;vnf;rjyKEkdifygbl;? ppfyGJtapmykdif; ae@&uf rsm;twGif; Zmbk&iftpkd;&u zefwD;cJhwJh "e&Sifrsm;&@J rsKd;cspfqENjyyGJrsm;rSm yg0ifcJholrsm;[m Ttpdwftykdif;rsm;jzpfygonf?

2? 2? 2? 2? 2? '''''kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;/ ‚if;[email protected],fcs@Jtpkd;&rsm;ESif h yl;aygif;oGm;jcif;/kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;/ ‚if;[email protected],fcs@Jtpkd;&rsm;ESif h yl;aygif;oGm;jcif;/kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;/ ‚if;[email protected],fcs@Jtpkd;&rsm;ESif h yl;aygif;oGm;jcif;/kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;/ ‚if;[email protected],fcs@Jtpkd;&rsm;ESif h yl;aygif;oGm;jcif;/kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;/ ‚if;[email protected],fcs@Jtpkd;&rsm;ESif h yl;aygif;oGm;jcif;/oD;jcm;qkd&S,fa&SmfAifygwDrsm;tjzpfokd@ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ysufjyKef;oGm;jcif;oD;jcm;qkd&S,fa&SmfAifygwDrsm;tjzpfokd@ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ysufjyKef;oGm;jcif;oD;jcm;qkd&S,fa&SmfAifygwDrsm;tjzpfokd@ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ysufjyKef;oGm;jcif;oD;jcm;qkd&S,fa&SmfAifygwDrsm;tjzpfokd@ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ysufjyKef;oGm;jcif;oD;jcm;qkd&S,fa&SmfAifygwDrsm;tjzpfokd@ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ysufjyKef;oGm;jcif;

vDeifu 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. tacsmif0g'ESifh ‚if;acgif;aqmifrsm;. ,drf;,kdifonfhoabmxm;rsm;tay: r=umc% owday;cJhygonf? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ppfqef@usifa&;ukd yg;pyfuom ajymae=u+yD;/ ppfjzpfvmygu ‚if;wkd@ oabmxm;rsm;ukdajymif;vJ+yD;/ e,fcs@Jt&if;&SifrsmxH ajy;0ifum/ ppfaxmufcHolrsm; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k vDeifut+rJajym=um;cJhonf? ppfyGJ. yxr&ufrsm; twGif;rSmyif vDeif }udKwifajymqkdcJhr_rsm; rSefuefa=umif; awG@vm&onf?

1910 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f. ukdyifa[*ifuGef*&ufwGif ygvDreftwGif;&Sd qkd&S,fvpfrsm;onf ppfyGJtokH;pm;&dwfrsm;udk qef@usifrJay;&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf? 1912 abmfvfuifppfyGJwGif 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f. bmqJvf (Basle) urBm@uGef*&ufu EkdifiHtm;vkH;&Sdtvkyform;rsm;onf t&if;&Sifrsm;. tjrwfwkd;rsm;apa&;twGuf wOD;ESifhwOD; ypfcwfv#ifjypfr_usK;vGefonf[k oabmxm;rnf[k a=unmcJhonf? TonfrSm olwkd@ajymcJhonfh pum;/ol@wkd@ qkH;jzwfcsufxJrSm aºuG;a=umfcJhcsufrsm; jzpfygonf?

okd@aomf rkefwkdif;usa&mufcJh+yD; e,fcs@JppfyGJ}uD;ay:aygufvm+yD;aemuf TqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmf&ef tcsdefusa&mufvmonfhtcg 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frSacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;ukd opPmazmuf+yD;/ "e&Sifrsm;ukd tusKd;jyKonfh opPmazmufavmufaumifrsm;tjzpfokd@ qkdufa&mufoGm;ygonf? olwkd@onf ppfyGJukd axmufcH olrsm;jzpfvm=uonf?


1914 =o*kwf 4 &ufae@wGif ygvDref&Sd *smref qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;u ppfokH;p&dwftwGufrJay;cJh=uonf? olwkd@onf e,fcs@JppfyGJwGif axmufcHrJay;cJh=uonf? jyifopf/ *&dwf+Adwdef/b,fvf*sD,HESifh wjcm;EkdifiHrsm;&Sd qkd&S,fvpf trsm;pk}uD;onfvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif; vkyfcJhonf?

'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f &yfqdkif;oGm;cJhay+yD? trSefrSmrl ‚if;onf wOD;ESihfwOD; ppfyGJqifEGJaeonfh oD;jcm; qdk&S,fa&SmfAifygwDrsm;tjzpf +yKduGJoGm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?

qdk&S,fvpfygwDrsm;. acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk opPmazmufum/ qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g' taetxm;udk vufcHusifhokH;+yD; e,fcsJ@t&if;&Sifrsm;udk umuG,fcJhonf? olwdk@onf e,fcsJ@tpdk;&rsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk vdrfnm+yD; trsdK;om;pdwf tqdyftawmufoifhatmifvkyf&mY ulnDcJhonf? tzEdkifiHudk umuG,f&efqdkonfh aºuG;a=umfoHudktokH;jyK+yD; Tqdk&S,fopPmazmufrsm;onf jyifopftvkyform;rsm;udk qef@usif&ef *smreftvkyform;rsm;udk v_H‹aqmf+yD;/ *smreftvkyform;rsm;udk qef@usif&ef jyifopfESifh t*Fvdyf tvkyform;rsm;udk v_H‹aqmfcJh=uonf? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS rxif&Sm;vSonfh tenf;pk uomEdkifiHwum0g'Dtaexm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;+yD; a&pD;udkqefcJh=uonf? trSefyif olwdk@onf vHkavmufaom,Hk=unfr_ESifh jywfom;r_r&SdcJhaomfvnf; a&pD;udkawmhqefcJhonf?

abmf&SDApfygwDomv#if tvsiftjrefcsufjcif;ESifh awGa0,drf;,dkifjcif;r&SdbJ/ e,fcJs@ppfyGJqef@usifonfh jywfom;aomwdkufyGJtvH v$ifhcJhonf? 1914 ck aqmif;OD;wGif vDeif a&;om;cJhaom ppfyGJpmwrf;Y 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f usqHk;r_onf rawmfwqwdkufqdkifr_r[kwf [kaxmufjycJhonf? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fonf tacsmiform;rsm;. zsufqD;+zdKzsufjcif; cH&+yD;/‚if;wdk@tay: awmfvSefonfh ypPnf;rJhrsm;. a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u tawmfapmapmuyif owday;cJh+yD; jzpfonf?

'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;twGif; ppfyGJrwdkifrDuyif tacsmif0g'u ul;pufjyef@yGm;ae+yDjzpfonf? tacsmiform;rsm;u awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJrsm;udk pGef@v$wf&ef ajr‡mufyifhajymqdkae+yD;jzpfonf? olwdk@u “t&if;&SifpepfrS qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ +idrf;csrf;pGmul;ajymif;a&;”oabmw&m;udk a[majymae+yD;jzpfonf? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fonf tacsmif0g'udkwdkufcdkufcsifpdwfr&Sday? tacsmif0g'ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGmaecsif+yD;/ ‚if;udk cdkifrmpGm&yfwnf vmEdkifatmifcGifhjyKcJhonf? tacsmif0g'ESifh aphpyfa&;aemufvdkuf+yD;aemuf/ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fonf ‚if;udk,fwdkif tacsmiform;jzpfvmcJhonf?

tvkyform; rif;pdk;&mZmrsm;[k ac:qdkavh&Sdonfh u|rf;usifonfhtvkyform; txufv$mukd e,fcsJ@"e&Sifrsm;onf jrifhrm;onfh vpmaiGrsm;ESifh wjcm;pm;ºuGif;pm;usefrsm;jzifh pepfwus vmbfxdk;cJhonf? udkvdkeDrsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ acwfaemufusonfh EdkifiHrsm;udkaoG;pkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ &&SdcJhaom tjrwfwpdwfwydkif;udk T&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf toHk;jyKcJh=uonf? Ttvkyform; tpdwftydkif;rSonf tvkyform;or*~ESifh or0g,rtzGJ@ acgif;aqmifrsm;/ jrLeDpy,fESifh ygvDreftzGJ@0ifrsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf tzGJ@


tpnf;rsm;rS tr_xrf;t&mxrf;rsm; ay:xGufvmonf? ppfyGJjzpfvmaomtcg tqifhae&maysmufqHk;oGm;rnfudk a=umuf&HG@onfh Tolrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;. &efolrsm;jzpfvmumolwdk@. "e&Sifrsm;/ olwdk@. e,fcsJ@tpdk;&rsm;udk twufºuGqHk;umuG,folrsm;jzpfvm =uyg onf?

tacsmiform;rsm;onf qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm; jzpfvm=uonf?±k&Sm; rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonfh qkd&S,fa&SmfAif

0g'Drsm;u jynfwGif;wGif tvkyform;ESifh "e&Sift=um; vlwef;pm;ajy+idrf;a&;vlwef;pm;ajy+idrf;a&;vlwef;pm;ajy+idrf;a&;vlwef;pm;ajy+idrf;a&;vlwef;pm;ajy+idrf;a&; azmfaqmif+yD;/EdkifiHjcm; wjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;tay: ppfcif;&ef a[majym=uonf? olwdk@ppfyGJtwGuf rnfol@wGifwu,f wm0ef&Sdonfqdkjcif;udk vlxkrodatmif zHk;uG,fvdrfnm+yD;/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiH. "e&Sifrsm;udktjypfwif&ef r[kwfa=umif;ajymqdk=uonf? qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'D trsm;tjym;[m olwdk@EdkifiH e,fcsJ@tpdk;&rsm;. 0ef}uD;rsm; jzpfvm=uonf?

tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm; (Centralist) [k ac:qdkavh±Sdonfh ykef;atmif;aeaom qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm;xuf ypPnf;rJhta&;awmfyHktwGuf tE W&m,f&Sdolr&Sdyg? tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;jzpfaom aumufpuD; (Kautsky)/ xa&mhpuD/ rm;awmhAfESifh wjcm;olrsm;onf ajAmif qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm;udk umuG,fckcHajymqdkjcif;jzifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk opPmazmuf&mwGif qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vdkufygonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk vdrfvnf&ef &G,fcsufjzifh ppfyGJudkqef@usifwdkufcdkufjcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh “vuf0J0g'D” a[majymcsufrsm;jzifh ‚if;wdk@ opPmazmufr_udk zHk;uG,fcJhonf? trSefrSmrl tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;onf ppfyGJudk axmufcHcJhonf?ppfyGJtoHk;p&dwfudk qef@usifrJray;bJ/ ysufuGufrJay;&ef omjzpfonfh ‚if;wdk@. qHk;jzwfcsufonf ppfyGJudkaxmufcHjcif;rnfayonf? qdk&S,fa&SmfAif 0g'Drsm;uJhodk@yif ppfyGJtwGif; vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk pGef@v$wf&ef olwdk@u awmif;qdk=u+yD;/ [email protected],fcsJ@tpdk;&rsm; ppfyGJqifEëJ&mrSmtaESmifht,Suf rjzpfap&ef jzpfayonf? tv,ftvwf0g'D xa&mhpuDonf ppfyGJESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepf. ta&;}uD;onfhjy\emtm;vHk;wGif vDeifESifh abmf&SDApfygwDudk qef@usifcJhonf?

ppfyGJpwifonfESifhtwl vDeifu tifwmae&Sife,fopf/ wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fudkzefwD;wnfaxmif&ef tiftm;rsm;udk pwifpkpnf;cJhygonf? 1914 ck/ Ekd0ifbmwGifxkwfa0onfhppfqef@usifonfh a=unmpmwrf;wGif abmf&SDApfygwD A[kdaumfrwDu t&SufwuGJ tusdL; enf;usqHk;oGm;onfh 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fae&mwGif wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f wnf axmif&efaqmf=ovdkuf+yD;jzpfygonf?

1915 azazmf&DvwGif r[mrdwfpmcsKyf0ifEdkifiHrsm;rS qdk&S,fvpfrsm;. uGefz&ifhudk vef'efY usif;ycJhonf? vDeif. !ïef=um;csuft& &JabmfvpfADaemhAf (Litvinov) u uGefz&ifhwGifb,fvf*sD,HESifh jyifopf"e&Siftpdk;&tzGJ@rS qdk&S,fvpfrsm; (Aef'gvfAJvf'D; Vandervelde /qJrfbwf Sembat ESifh *wfpf'D; Guesde) wdk@ E_wfxGuf+yD; e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;ESifh vHk;0jywfpJ&efESifhryl;aygif;awmh&ef ajymqdkcJhonf? olu qdk&S,fvpftm;vHk;onf olwdk@. e,fcsJ@tpdk;& rsm;udkqef@usif+yD; jywfom;onfhwdkufyGJ qifE$Joifha=umif;ESifh ppftoHk;pm;&dwftwGuf rJay;jcif;udk


±_wfcscJhonf? odk@ aomf uGefz&ifhwGif vpfADaemhAfudk axmufcHonfh toHwpfoHrS xGufrvmacs?

1915 ck pufwifbmtpydkif;wGif EdkifiHwum0g'Drsm;. yxruGefz&ifhudk Zifrm0Jvf(Zimmerwald) Y usif;y=uonf? vDeifu TuGefz&ifhudk ppfqef@usifonfh EdkifiHwum jzpfay:wdk;wufr_. “yxrajcvSrf;”[kac:qdkcJhonf? TuGefz&ifhwGif vDeifu Zifrm0Jvf vuf0Jtkyfpkudk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? okd@aomf Zifrm0Jvf vuf0JtkyfpkxJrSmyif vDeifOD; aqmifonfh abmf&SDApfygwDomv#if ppfqef@usifonfh rSefuefukefpifnDnGwfonfh taetxm;ESifh &yfwnfcJh onf?Zifrm0Jvf vuf0Jtkyfpku *smrefbmomjzifh “qifhac:oH”(Herald) udkxkwfa0+yD;/ vDeif uaqmifyg;rsm;ay;ydk@cJhonf?

1916 ckwGif EdkifiHwum0g'Drsm;onf cJefomvf (Kienthal) qdkonfh qëpf&Gmav;w&GmwGif'kwd,uGefz&ifhudk ac:qdkEdkifcJhonf? ‚if;udk 'kwd, Zifrm0JvfuGefz&ifh[k vlodrsm;cJhonf?TtcsdefwGif EdkifiHwdkif;eDyg;Y EkdifiHwum0g'Dtpkrsm; wnfaxmif+yD;jzpfum/ EdkifiHwum0g'D tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm;t=um; uGJtufr_onf ydkrdk euf±_dif;vmonf? odk@aomfta&;}uD;qHk;t&mrSm TtcsdefwGif vlxkudk,fwdkif ppfyGJESifh ‚if;.tedÏm±Hk*,ufrsm;a=umifhvuf0Jtkyfpkbufodk@ ajymif;vJvmcJhonf? cJefomvf uGefz&ifhwGif a&;qGJcJhonfh a=unmpmwrf;onf qef@usifbuf tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;t=um; &&SdcJhaom oabmwlnDcsuf&v'f jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;onfZifrm0Jvf a=unmpmwrf;xuf a&S@wdk;wufcJhonf?

odk@aomf cJefomvfuGefz&ifhonf Zifrm0JvfuGefz&ifhuJhodk@yif abmf&SDApfay:vpD.tajccHrlrsm;jzpfaom e,fcsJ@ppfyGJudk jynfwGif;ppftjzpf ul;ajymif;&ef/ ppfyGJwGif rdrdwdk@. e,fcsJ@tpdk;& ±_H;edrfhap&ef/ wwd,tifwmae&Sife,fwnfaxmif&efudk vufrcHcJhyg? rnfodk@yif qdkap/cJefomvfuGefz&ifhonf aemufydkif; uGefjrLepf wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f xlaxmifvmrnfhEdkifiHwum0g'D tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk ulnDpkpnf;ay;cJhygonf?

vDeifonf vuf0Jqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;xJrS rcdkif+rJonfh EdkifiHwum0g'Drsm; Oyrm -±kdZmvlZifbwf (Rosa Luxemburg) ESifh um;vfvpfbfeuf (Karl Liebknecht) wdk@. trSm;rsm;udk a0zefaomfvnf; wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; rSefuefonfh taetxm;&&Sd&ef/ ulnDcJhonf?

3? ppf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;jy\emrsm;tay: abmf&SDApfygwD. oabmw&m;ESifh3? ppf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;jy\emrsm;tay: abmf&SDApfygwD. oabmw&m;ESifh3? ppf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;jy\emrsm;tay: abmf&SDApfygwD. oabmw&m;ESifh3? ppf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;jy\emrsm;tay: abmf&SDApfygwD. oabmw&m;ESifh3? ppf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;jy\emrsm;tay: abmf&SDApfygwD. oabmw&m;ESifhenf;y&d,m,frsm;enf;y&d,m,frsm;enf;y&d,m,frsm;enf;y&d,m,frsm;enf;y&d,m,frsm;

abmf&SDApfrsm;onf vuf0J qkd&S,f'Drdku&uftrsm;pk jyKvkyfaeouJhodk@ +idrf;csrf;a&;udkomar#mfrSef;wrf;wae+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf 0g'jzef@csDa&;udkom vkyfudkifaeonfh +idrf;csrf;a&;0g'Doufoufr#omr[kwfyg? abmf&SDApfrsm;onf &efrlaom "e&Sife,fcsJ@wdk@. tkyfpdk;r_udk wGef;vSef+zdKcsonfhtqifhxda&muf+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf wufºuGaom awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJudk axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;jzpfonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;rSm +idrf;csrf;a&;ta&;awmfyHkESifh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;


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rsm;. }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;udk qef@usif&mwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf tvGeftusKd;xda&mufpGmvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhonf? vlwdkif;u e,fcsJ@ppfyGJudk jynfol@ppfyGJtjzpf ,kH=unf&efrSm "e&Sifrsm;tzdk@aoa&;&Sifa&;wr# ta&;}uD;aeygonf? ppfyGJtwGif; "e&Sifrsm;onf EdkifiHawmf ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif tawmftoifh =oZmv$rf;rdk;vmEdkif+yD;/ wjynfvkH;Y Zrfpawmh (Zemstovs) c±kdifESifh+rdK@rsm;.or*~[k ac:qdkonfh ‚if;wkd@ykdiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk xlaxmifcJhonf? "e&Sifrsm;tzkd@tvkyform;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@. acgif;aqmifr_ atmufa&muf&efESifh =oZmanmif;&efvnf;vkdtyfao;onf? Tonfudkvkyfaqmifzdk@twGuf ppfpufr_vkyfief; aumfrwD. “tvkyform;tkyfpkrsm;”zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzifh enf;vrf;&SmcJhonf? Tt}uHOm%fudk rif&SDApfwdk@u qkyfudkifcJhonf?Tppfpufr_ vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;wGif tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;&&Sdygu "e&Sifrsm; twGuftusKd;&Sdayonf? xkdudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vlxk}uD;udk AHk;qef rsm;/aoewfrsm;/ ±kdifz,frsm;/ usnfqefrsm;ESifh wjcm;ypPnf;udk xkwfvkyfonfh puf±kHrsm;wGifxkwfvkyfa&;rsm; wdk;jr‡ifh&ef wdkufwGef; Ed_;aqmfay;Edkifonf? “t&m&m ppftwGuf/ t&mtm;vHk;ppftwGuf”qdkonfrSm "e&Sifwdk@. aºuG;a=umfoHjzpfonf? trSefpifppf aºuG;a=umfoHuqdkvdk&if;rSm “ppfuefx±kdufrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;e,fajrrsm;udk odrf;,l&mwGif csrf;omor# csrf;omEdkif&ef” [lIyifjzpfonf? rif&SDApfrsm;onf "e&Sifrsm;. TrsKd;cspftwkta,mif pDrHudef;wGifwufwufºuGºuG yg0ifcJhonf? ppfpufr_vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;. “tvkyform;tkyfpk” a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm; yg0ifvmap&ef jyif;xefonfh rJqG,fyGJrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;jzifhrif&SDApfrsm;onf “t&if;&Sifrsm;udk ulnDcJhonf? TtpDtpOfudk abmf&SDApfrsm;u qef@usifcJh=uonf? olwdk@u ppfpufr_vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&ef aqmf=o+yD;/ oydwfudkxdef;odrf;&mwGif atmifjrifcJhonf? odk@aomf aAmhpf'ufAf (Gvozdev) qdkonfh xif&Sm;aomrif&SDApfESifh twGif;olv#Kd tmba&mpDarmhAf (Abrosimov) wdk@acgif;aqmifonfh tvkyform;tcsKd@onf ppfpufr_vkyfief;aumfrwD. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifjzpfatmif yg0ifvdkufao;onf? odk@aomf 1915 ck/ pufwifbmvwGif tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; awG@qkH+yD;/ppfpufr_vkyfief;aumfrwD. “tvkyform;tkyfpk” aemufqkH; a&G;aumuf&mwGif udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pkrSm yg0ifvkyfudkifa&;udk qef@usifa=umif;awG@&Sd&onf? tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pkonf ppfpufr_vkyfief;aumfrwDwGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef jiif;qdkonfh jywfom; aomqkH;jzwfcsufudk vufcHusifhokH;+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;onf olwdk@. &nf±G,fcsufudk +idrf;csrf;a&;twGufESifh Zmbk&ifpepf jzKwfcsa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf&efjzpfa=umif; a=unmonf?

abmf&SDApfrsm;onf wyfrawmfESihf a&wyfwGifvnf; tifrwefrsm;jym; us,fjyef@onfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifaeonfh ppfyGJ. +yKdifbufr&Sdaom a=umufrufzG,f&mrsm;ESihf jynfolrsm;. 'kuQrsm;twGuf rnfolw&m;cH jzpfonfqdkonfudk olwdk@u ppfom;rsm;ESifh oabFmom;rsm;udk&Sif;vif;ajymjy=uonf? olwdk@u e,fcsJ@om;owf±kHrS jynfolrsm; vGwfajrmufEdkifonfhvrf; wvrf;wnf;om&Sda=umif;ESifh ‚if;rSm awmfvSefa&;jzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;ajym=uonf?


wyfwGif;ESifha&wyfwGif/ a&S@wef;ESifhaemufwef;wdk@wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf tjrKawrsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ ppfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ0if&ef qifhac:onfhpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk jzef@a0=uonf?

c±kef;pwufrS abmf&SDApfrsm;onf ygwD. yDx±kd*&uf aumfrwDESifh eD;uyfpGm qufoG,fr_&Sdonfh “c±kef;pwuf ppfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;. A[dkpkaygif;tzGJ@”udkwnfaxmifonf? yDx±kd*&ufygwDaumfrwD. ppfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;udk ppfwef;vsm;rsm;t=um; vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef xlaxmifvdkufonf? 1916/ =o*kwfvwGif yDx±kd*&uf tdku&mem (Okarana) t}uD;tuJu“c±kef;pwuf pkaygif;tzGJ@onf tvGefaumif;rGefpGmpnf;¶kH;xm;+yD; tvGefvsKd@0Sufum/ ‚if;tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;onf tvGefowd}uD;+yD; awrdrsm;jzpf=uonf? pkaygif;tzGJ@wGif axmufcHonfhudk,fpm;vS,frsm;&Sd=uonf?”[k owif;ydk@cJhonf?

ygwDu a&S@wef;ppfrsufESmwGif ppfjzpfaeonfh wyfrsm;t=um; ppfom;rsm;/ nDaemifom;csif;ozG,f qufqHzdk@ v_H‹aqmfI urBmh"e&Sifrsm;om &efoljzpfa=umif; tav;xm;ajym=um;+yD;/e,fcsJ@ppfyGJudk jynfwGif;ppftjzpf ajymif;vJum aoewfajymif;0rsm;udk rdrdwdk@ "e&Sifrsm;ESifhtpdk;&rsm;bufokd@om vSnfhajymif;rSomv#if ppfyGJtqkH;owfEdkifa=umif; ajymjy=uonf? wyfzGJ@rsm; xdk;ppfqif&eftrdef@udk jiif;qefonfhtr_rsm; ydkIydkI rsm;jym;vmonf? 1915 ckwGifTuJhodk@aomudpPrsm; ay:aygufae+yD;jzpfum 1916 ckESpfwGif ydkrsm;vmonf?

abmvfwpfjynfe,frsm;&Sd ajrmufydkif;ppfrsufESmrS wyfrsm;twGif;&Sd abmf&SDApfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm txl;yifus,fjyef@vSonf? 1917 ck tpydkif;wGif ajrmufydkif;ppfrsufESmrS wyfrSL;AdkvfcsKyf&mZfpuD;u XmecsKyfodk@ ta=umif;=um;&mrS ‚if;wdk@ppfrsufESmwGif abmf&SDApfrsm;u awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tjyif;txef wdk;wufjzpfay:aeonf[lI jzpfonf?

jynfolrsm;.b0/ urBmh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;. b0udk ppfyGJueuf±_dif;pGm ajymif;vJapvdkufygonf? Ed kifiHrsm;.uH=urRm/ vlrsK d;rsm;.uH=urRm/ qdk&S,fvpfv_yf±Sm;r_.uH=urRmwdk@onf wJwJav;om usefygawmhonf? xdk@a=umifh ppfyGJonf rdrdudk,frdrd qdk&S,fvpf[k ac:qdk=uonfhygwDrsm;ESifh t,ltqtEG,frsm;tm;vkH;udk prf;oyfonfh rSwfausmufjzpfonf? TygwDESihf t,ltqEG,frsm;rSm qdk&S,fvpfta&;awmfykHtay: opPm&Sdyghrvm;?EdkifiHwum0g' ta&;awmfykHtay: opPm&Sdyghrvm;? odk@r[kwf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk opPmazmufonfhvrf;a&G;+yD; udk,fhtvHudk,fvdyfum udk,fEdkifiH&Sd "e&Sifrsm;. ajc&if;rSm 0yfpif;=urvm;? TonfrSm xdktcsdefu ay:xGufvmonfhar;cGef; jzpfayonf?

ppfyGJu 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,frS ygwDrsm;onf Tprf;oyfr_udk rcHEdkifa=umif;/ olwkd@onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk opPmazmuf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynfrS e,fcsJ@"e&Sifrsm; a&S@arSmufwGif vufeufcstnHhcHvkdufa=umif; jyovdkufonf?

‚if;wdk@t=um; tacsmif;orm;0g'udk jyKpkarG;jrL+yD;/ tacsmiform;rsm;/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh aphpyfajz&Sif;&ef }uD;xGm;vmaom TygwDrsm;onf wjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udk vdkuf&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifacs?


ppfyGJu abmf&SDApfygwDomv#if Tprf;oyfr_wGif xl;c|efpGmatmifjrifcJhonfh wpfckwnf;aomygwDjzpfa=umif;/ qdk&S,fvpfpepfta&;awmfykH/ ypPnf;rJhEdkifiHwumh0g' ta&;awmfykHwdk@ tay:r,drf;r,kdif worwfwnf; opPm&Sda=umif;wdk@udk jyovdkufonf?

TonfrSmvnf; ar#mfvifhouJhodk@yifjzpfonf? ygwDtrsKd;tpm;opf wpf&yfomv#iftacsmif0g'udk raphpyfpwrf; wdkufyJG0ifonfh pdwf"mwfudkarG;jrLxm;Ekdifonf? tacsmif0g'ESifhtrsKd;om;a&;0g'uif;pifonfh TuJhodk@aom ygwDwpf&yfomv#if }uD;us,fvSonfh prf;oyfr_udkcHEdkif+yD;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ta&;awmfykH/ qdk&S,fvpfpepfESifh EdkifiHwum0g' ta&;awmfyHkwdk@ tay:opPm&Sd+rJ&Sdrnf jzpfayonf?

abmf&SdApfygwDonf TuJhodk@aom ygwDjzpfonf?

4? Zmbk&ihfwyfrawmfppf±_H;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&;ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;? Zmbk&ifpepf. tusyftwnf;?4? Zmbk&ihfwyfrawmfppf±_H;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&;ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;? Zmbk&ifpepf. tusyftwnf;?4? Zmbk&ihfwyfrawmfppf±_H;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&;ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;? Zmbk&ifpepf. tusyftwnf;?4? Zmbk&ihfwyfrawmfppf±_H;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&;ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;? Zmbk&ifpepf. tusyftwnf;?4? Zmbk&ihfwyfrawmfppf±_H;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&;ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;? Zmbk&ifpepf. tusyftwnf;?

ppfyGJjzpfyGm;aeonfrSm okH;ESpf&SdoGm;yg+yD/ oef;ESifhcsDaomvlxkonf ppfyGJtwGif; towfcH&jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ '%f&ma=umifh aoqkH;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ ppfyGJtajctaea=umifhjzpfyGm;vmonfh uyfa&m*grsm;a=umifh aoqkH;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpf&yg+yD? "e&SifESifhajr&Sifrsm;onf ppfyGJtwGif;rSm pnf;pdrfOpPmrsm; wkd;yGm;aeonf? okd@aomf tvkyform;ESifhv,form;rsm;rSm tcuftcJrsm;/ csK@dwJhjcif;rsm; wkd;rsm;vmygonf? ppfyGJonf ±k&Sm;. pD;yGm;a&;b0udk csKd@wJhvmaeapygonf? oefrmaom (able-bodied men) vl 14 oef;rSmvnf;pD;yGm;a&; c|wfjcKHusvmum ppfwyfwGif oGyfoGif;jcif;cH&onf? puf±kHESifh tvkyf±kHrsm;vnf;&yfwef@oGm;onf? vkyftm;enf;yg;r_a=umifh pkdufysKd;ajrvnf; avsmhenf;oGm;&onf? jynfolvlxkESifh a&S@wef;rS ppfom;rsm;onf tpm;tpm iwfrGwfacgif;yg;+yD;/ zdeyfryg/ t0wftpm;AvmESifh jzpfae=uonf? ppfyGJonf wkdif;jynf. t&if;tjrpf o,HZmwrsm;ukd 0g;+rdKypfvkdufygonf?

Zmbk&ifhwyfrawmfonf ±_H;edrfh+yD;&if; ±_H;edrfhvmygonf? *smreftajrmufwyfu Zmbk&ifhwyfrsm;tay: AkH;rkd; &GmcsaepOf Zmbk&ifhwyfrawmfrSm tajrmufESifhtajrmufqefrsm; csK@dwJhae+yD;/ ±kdifz,faoewfawmif &Sm;yg;aeygonf? wcgw&H ppfom;okH;a,mufu ±kdifz,fwvufukd r#ukdifae&ygonf? ppfyGJjzpfyGm;aepOfrSm Zmbk&ifh ppf0ef}uD; qlckrfvDaemhAf (Sukhomlinov)

onf opPmazmufjzpfa=umif; od&Sdvm&ygonf? olonf *smrefolv#Kdrsm;ESifh qufpyfae+yD;/*smrefolv#KdXme. !ïef=um;csufjzpfaom vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf axmufyHha&; z±kdz&Jjzpfap&efESifh a&S@wef;wGif aoewfESifh ±kdifz,frsm; jywfvwfap&efqkdonfukd taumiftxnfazmfaeygonf? tcsK@daom Zmbk&ifh0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfrsm;onf *smrefwyf atmifjrifa&;twGuf ckd;a=umifckd;0SufESifh ulnDae=uonf? *smrefESifh tquftoG,f&Sdonfh Zmbk&ifhrdzk&m;ESifhtwl olwkd@onf *smreDokd@ ppfa&;v#Kd@0Sufcsufrsm;ukd azmfajymaeonf? Zmbk&ifh


wyfrawmf t±_H;ESifh &ifqkdif&+yD;/ aemufqkwfvm&jcif;rSm tHh=op&mr[kwfyg? 1916 wGif *smrefrsm;onf ykdvefESihf abmvfwpfjynfe,fwpdwfwykdif;ukd odrf;ykduf+yD;jzpfonf?

Tt&mtm;vkH;u Zmbk&ifhtpkd;&tay: tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ppfom;ESifh ynmwwfrsm;ukd a'gotrsufrkef;wD;r_ jzpfap+yD;/ ppfqef@usifa&;/ Zmbk&ifpepf qef@usifa&;/ awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd aemufwef;a&m/ a&S@wef;rSmyg jynfrESifh e,fpyfa'otm;vkH;rSmygtpysKd;jyef@yGm; wkd;wufaeygonf?

rausreyfjzpfr_rsm;onf ±k&Sm; e,fcsJ@"e&Sifrsm;t=um;wGifvnf;pwif jyef@yGm;vmyg onf?vloGrf;vlysufrsm;jzpfonfh &mhpfjyLwif (Rasputin) wkd@vkd *smreDwkd@ESifh oD;jcm;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf txift&Sm; vkyfaqmifcJholrsm;u Zmbk&ifhw&m;±kH;rSm 'gawGajymqkdvmonfhtcgtvGeftrif; a'gojzpfvm=uygonf? "e&Sifrsm;u Zmbk&ifhtpkd;&onf ppfyGJatmifjrifatmifrqifE$JEkdifa=umif; ykdIykdI oabmaygufvm=uonf? Zmbk&ifhpepfonf rdrd. taetxm;ukdu,fwifEkdif&ef *smrefrsm;ESifh oD;jcm;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfoGm;rnfukd pkd;&drfvm=uonf? xkd@a=umifh¶k&Sm;"e&Sifrsm;onf Zmbk&if 'kwd,eDukdvwf (Nicholas II) ukdz,f&Sm;+yD;/ "e&Sifrsm;ESifhqufpyfaeol nD rkdufu,f±kdrmaemhAf (Michael Romanov) ESifh tpm;xkd;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifheef;wGif;tm%modrf;yGJ jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfqkH;jzwfvm=uonf? Tenf;jzifh cJwvkH;wnf;ESifhiSufESpfaumifowf&ef =uHpnfvm=uonf? yxrrSm rdrdwkd@ukd,fwkdif tm%m&vm+yD; e,fcs@JppfyGJ qufvufvkyfaqmif&efESifh 'kwd,rSm wjznf;jznf; 'Da&jrifhvmonfh vl}udKufrsm;vSonfhawmfvSefa&;}uD; ay:xGufvmEkdifr_ukd eef;wGif;tm%modrf;yGJav;jzifh wm;qD;xm;&efwkd@jzpfygonf?

Zmbk&ifhtaejzifh ppfyGJukd qufvuf OD;raqmifEkdifawmha=umif; jrifawG@vmonfh +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopftpkd;&wkd@onf TudpPwGif ±k&Sm;"e&Sifrsm;ukd tjynfht0 axmufcHcJhonf? olwkd@u Zmbk&ifonf *smrefrsm;ESifh oD;jcm;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfum tqkH;owfoGm;rSmukd pkd;&drf=u onf?Zmbk&iftpkd;&u *smrefrsm;ESifh oD;jcm;+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfvmygu +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopftpkd;&wkd@twGuf jyifopfppfrsufESmokd@ acsmqJGxm;onfh ±k&Sm;ppfom; trsm;tjym; ydk@ay;aeonfh ppfr[mrdwfqkH;±_H;&um &efolrsm;ukdvnf; rdrdwkd@ ppfrsufESmokd@ OD;vSnfhaprnf jzpfyg onf?xkd@a=umifh +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopftpkd;&wkd@onf ±k&Sm;"e&Sifrsm;. eef;wGif;tm%modrf;yGJ }udK;yrf;r_rsm;ukd axmufcHcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?

TuJhokd@jzifh Zmbk&ifonf txD;usefjzpfoGm;cJhonf?a&S@wef;Y ppfyGJwyGJ+yD;wyJG ±_H;edrfhaepOf pD;yGm;a&; ysufpD;,kd,Gif;vmr_onfvnf; ykdrkd

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EkdifzG,f&mr&Sdonfh tajctaerS wckwnf;aomxGuf&yfvrf;rSm Zmbk&ifh oufOD;qHykdifpepfukdjzKwfcs&efomjzpfonfqkdonfh ed*kH;csKyfcsufukd &&Sdonfhvlrsm; ykdIykdI wkd;rsm;vm=uonf?Zmbk&ifhpepfrSm aoavmufonfh tusyftwnf; 'kuQ}uD;ESifh &ifqkdif&onf? "e&Sifrsm;ueef;wGif;tm%modrf;yJGjzifh tusyftwnf;ukd ajz&Sif;&efpOf;pm;cJh=uonf? okd@aomf jynfolrsm;u ol@enf;ol@[efESifh ajz&Sif;cJhonf?

5? azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;? Zmbk&ifpepfusqHk;jcif;? tvkyform;ESifhppfom; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;5? azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;? Zmbk&ifpepfusqHk;jcif;? tvkyform;ESifhppfom; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;5? azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;? Zmbk&ifpepfusqHk;jcif;? tvkyform;ESifhppfom; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;5? azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;? Zmbk&ifpepfusqHk;jcif;? tvkyform;ESifhppfom; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;5? azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;? Zmbk&ifpepfusqHk;jcif;? tvkyform;ESifhppfom; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufr. qdkAD,ufr. qdkAD,ufr. qdkAD,ufr. qdkAD,ufrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;/ ,m,Dtpdk;&tzGJ@pnf;jcif;? tm%mESpfck?m;wnfaxmifjcif;/ ,m,Dtpdk;&tzGJ@pnf;jcif;? tm%mESpfck?m;wnfaxmifjcif;/ ,m,Dtpdk;&tzGJ@pnf;jcif;? tm%mESpfck?m;wnfaxmifjcif;/ ,m,Dtpdk;&tzGJ@pnf;jcif;? tm%mESpfck?m;wnfaxmifjcif;/ ,m,Dtpdk;&tzGJ@pnf;jcif;? tm%mESpfck?

1917 ckESpfudk Zefe0g&D 9 &ufoydwfjzifh pwif zGifhvSpfvkdufygonf? ToydwfwkdufyGJtwGif; yDx±kd*&uf/ armfpukd/ bmul;ESifh epfZDEkd*kd&wf+rdK@rsm;wGif qENjyyGJusif;y=uonf? armfpukdwGif tvkyform; okH;ykHwykHonf Zefe0g&D 9 &ufoydwfwkdufyGJwGif yg0ifcJhonf? Am;puGJvrf;us,f}uD;ay: Y qENjyaeaomvl 2˜000ukd jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;u vlpkcJG vkdufygonf? yDx±kd*&uf&yfuGuf (Vyborg Chaussée) wckrSm qENjyyGJukd ppfom;rsm;u yl;aygif;vkdufonf?

yDx±kd*&ufykvdyfu “taxGaxGoydwfarSmufa&; t}uH m%fukd vufcHvmol topfrsm;wpfae@wjcm;wkd;rsm;vm+yD;/ 1905 ckESpfuuJhokd@ vl}udKufrsm;vm=uonf”[k owif; ykd@cJhonf?

rif&SDApfESifh qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u TawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tpysKd;csufukdvpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm; vkdcsifonfhvrf;a=umif;okd@ ajymif;oGm;ap&ef }udK;pm;cJhonf?

rif&SDApfrsm;u EkdifiHawmf'l;rm;okd@ tvkyform;rsm; csDwufqENjyrnfhae@ukd 'l;rm;zGifhonfhae@ azaz:0g&D 14 &ufwGif vkyfaqmif&ef wifjyonf? okd@aomf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;vlxk}uD;onf abmf&SDApfrsm;aemufvkdufI 'l;rm;okd@roGm;cJhbJ qENjyyGJrsm; vkyfaqmifonf?

1917 azaz:0g&D 18 &ufae@Y yDx±kd*&uf/ jyLwDavmhvkyfief;XmeY oydwfrsm; ay:aygufvmonf? azaz:0g&D 22 &ufwGif puf±Hk}uD;trsm;pkrS tvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmuf=uonf?urBmhtrsKd;orD;ae@ azazmf0g&D 23 (rwfv 8&uf)wGif yDx±kd*&uf abmf&SDApfaumfrwD. qifhac:r_jzifh tvkyform;rsm;onf iwfjywfr_/ ppfyGJESifh Zmbk&ifpepfukd qef@usifqENjy&ef vrf;rrsm;ay:okd@xGufcJhonf? yDx±kd*&uf tvkyform;rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;. qENjyyGJukd axmufcHonfh taejzifh +rdK@tES@Hoydwfv_yf&Sm;r_ vkyfaqmifvkdufonf? EkdifiHa&; oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;onfZmbk&ifpepfukd qef@usifonfh taxGaxGEkdifiHa&; qENjyyGJ}uD;tjzpf}uD;xGm;vmonf?

azazmf0g&D 24 &uf (rwfv 9 ) wGif qENjyyGJonf ykdrkd t&Sdeft[kef}uD;vmonf? tvkyform; 2 odef;onf oydwfarSmufae=u+yD;jzpfonf?

azazmf0g&D 25 (rwfv 10) wGif yDx±kd*&uf&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;w&yfvkH; awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_xJ yl;aygif;vmonf? &yfuGufrsm;rS EkdifiHa&;oydwfrsm;onf w+rdK@awmfvkH;.taxGaxGEkdifiHa&; oydwf}uD;tjzpf yl;aygif; a&m,SufoGm;onf? qENjyyGJrsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;xdyfwkdufawG@r_rsm;ukd ae&mwumY awG@&onf? “Zmbk&ifusqkH;ygap”/ “ppfyGJrsm;usqkH; ygap”/


“igwkd@aygifrkef@vkdcsifw,f”qkdaomaºuG;a=umfoHrsm;ESifh tvHeDrsm;onf tvkyform; xk}uD;.acgif;rsm;ay:wGif 0JysHae=uonf?

azaz:0g&D 26 (rwfv 11) reufykdif;wGif EkdifiHa&;oydwfESifh qENjyyGJ}uD;onf 'Da&jrifhykHo¿mefaqmifvmygonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf ykvdyfESifh &Jrsm;ukd vufeufjzKwf+yD; rdrdwkd@ukd,frdrd wyfqif=uonf? okd@aomf ykvdyfrsm;ESifh vufeufukdifypfcwfr_rsm;wGif Zmemrif;pum;&m; (Znamenskaya) &ifjyifqENjyyGJukd ypfcwfESdrfeif;vkdufjcif;jzifh tqkH;owfoGm;ygonf?

yDx±kd*&ufppfa'o. wyfrSL;AkdvfcsKyfcgbmavmhAf (Khabalov) u tvkyform;rsm;azaz:0g&D 28 (rwfv 13 )&ufae@wGif tvkyfjyefwuf&efESifh jyefrwufygu a&@Swef;okd@ ykd@rnfjzpfa=umif;a=unmygonf? azaz:0g&D 25 (rwfv 10)wGif Zmbk&ifu AkdvfcsKyfcgbmavmhAfukd “+rdK@awmfwGif;&Sd r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm;ukd reufjzefxufaemuf rusapbJ &yfypf&eftrdef@csonf?” [ktrdef@rsm; xkwfjyefonf? okd@aomf awmfvSefa&;ukd “&yfypf&ef”rSmrjzpfEkdifawmhacs?

azaz:0g&D 26 (rwfv 11 )wGif yufAavmhpuD;wyfrS t&efwyf&if;. trSwf 4 wyfcGJonf tvkyform;rsm;ukd r[kwfbJ/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ±kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfaeonfh jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;ukd aoewfrsm;ESifh ypfcwfcJhygonf? ppfom;rsm;ukd pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;Ekdif&ef txl;ojzifh tvkyform;rsm;onf tvGefwufºuGpGmESifh ZJGebJ}uD;pGm wkdufwGef; a[majym vkyfaqmif=uonf? ppfom;rsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdif rdef@cGef;rsm;a[majym+yD;/ nDaemif om;csif;rsm;ozG,f qufqHum rkef;wD;&GH&SmzG,f Zmbk&ifoufOD;qHykdifpepfukd jzKwfcsa&;wGif jynfolrsm;ukd ulnD&ef awmif;qkd=uonf?

xkdtcsdefu abmf&SDApfygwD. vufawG@vkyfief;rsm;ukd ygwDA[kdaumfrwDAsL±kdu !ïef=um;ae+yD;/ yDx±kd*&ufwGif Xmersm;&Sdaeum/ &JabmfrkdvkdawmhAf (Molotov) u acgif; aqmifaeygonf? azaz:0g&D 26 (rwfv 11)wGif A[k daumfrwDAsL±k du Zmbk&ifpepf tay:vufeufukdifwkdufyGJ qufvufqifEGJ&efESifh ,m,DawmfvSefa&;tpkd;& zGJ@pnf;&ef awmif;qkdonfha=unmpmwrf; xkwfvkdufonf?

azaz:0g&D 27 (rwfv 12)wGif yDx±kd*&ufwyfrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;udkypfcwf&efjiif;qef+yD;/ ykefuefr_wGif jynfolESifh twlyl;aygif;vkduf=uonf? azaz:0g&D 27 &uf eHeufykdif;wGifykefuefr_wGif; yl;aygif;vmonfh ppfom;OD;a&rSm waomif;rausmfaomfvnf; naeykdif;okd@a&mufvmonfhtcg ajcmufaomif;ausmfoGm;cJhonf?

ykefuefxºuGvmonfh tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;onf Zmbk&ifh0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfrsm;ukd pwifzrf;qD;=u+yD;/ axmifrsm;xJrS awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ukd v$wfay;=uonf?vGwfajrmufvmonfh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJwGif yl;aygif;vm=uonf?


vrf;rsm;ay:wGif tdrfacgifrkd;tay:xyfrsm;rS ykvdyfESifh&Jrsm;.pufaoewfESifh tjyeftvSefypfcwfoHrsm; =um;ae&onf? okd@aomf ppfom;rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;bufokd@tvsiftjreful;ajymif;oGm;=u+yD;/ Tonfu Zmbk&ifhoufOD;qHykdifpepf. uH=urRmukd tqHk;tjzwfay;vkdufygonf?

yDx±kd*&uf awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJowif;rsm;/ tjcm;+rdK@rsm;ESifha&S@wef;okd@ ys@HES@H a&muf&SdoGm;onfhtcg tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;u ae&mwumwGif Zmbk&ifh t&m&Sdrsm;ukd jzKwfcs=uonf? azaz:0g&D "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;um; atmifyGJ&cJhay+yD?

TawmfvSefa&;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf wyfOD;rSaeI “+idrf;csrf;a&;/ aygifrkef@ESifh vGwfajrmufa&;” awmif;qkdum ppfom;,lepfazmif; 0wfqifxm;onfh v,form;xk.v_yf&Sm;r_ukd acgif;aqmifcJhaoma=umifh atmifyGJqifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&; atmifyGJukdtqkH;tjzwfay;vkdufonfrSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;. acgif;aqmifr_jzpfonf?

“awmfvSefa&;ukd ypPnf;rJhrsm;u vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf ol&Jaumif;0g'ukdjyocJhonf? aoG;ajruscHcJhonf? olESifhtwl tus,fjyef@qkH;aom 'kuQqif;&JwGif;rS vlrsm;ukd qGJac:,loGm;cJhonf?”[k vDeifu tapmykdif;&ufrsm;wGif a&;om;cJhonf?” (vDeif/(vDeif/(vDeif/(vDeif/(vDeif/

usrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 20/ pmrsufESm23-24)usrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 20/ pmrsufESm23-24)usrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 20/ pmrsufESm23-24)usrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 20/ pmrsufESm23-24)usrf;aygif;pkH/ ±k&Sm;bmomtwGJ 20/ pmrsufESm23-24)

yxrawmfvSefa&; 1905 awmfvSefa&;onf 'kwd,awmfvSefa&; 1917 awmfvSefa&;tvsiftjref atmifyGJcHa&;twGuf jyifqifay;cJhygonf?

vDeifu “jyif;xefwJh vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJr&SdbJ/ (1905-07) okH;ESpftwGif; ±k&Sm; ypPnf;rJhrsm;azmfjycJhonfh awmfvSefa&;pGrf;tm;r&SdbJ/ 'kwd,awmfvSefa&;. tpysKd;onfh tqifh &uftcsKd@twGif;+yD;ajrmufcJh&m/ Tr#jrefjrefqefqef+yD;ajrmuf&efrjzpfEkdifay?” ?” ?” ?” ?” (vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/

t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpukd/ 1947 twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm 735)t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpukd/ 1947 twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm 735)t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpukd/ 1947 twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm 735)t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpukd/ 1947 twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm 735)t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpukd/ 1947 twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm 735)

awmfvSefa&;. yxrOD;qkH;aom &ufrsm;twGif;rSmyif qkdAD,ufrsm; ay:xGufvmonf?atmifyGJcHawmfvSefa&;onf tvkyform;/ ppfom;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;. axmufcHr_ay: rlwnfaeonf? ykefuefcJh=uonfh tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;onf tvkyform;ESifhppfom;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,ufrsm;ukd wnfaxmif=uonf? 1905 ck/ awmfvSefa&;uqkdAD,ufrsm;onf vufeufukdifykefuefr_. t*F grsm;jzpf+yD;/ wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; awmfvSefa&;tm%mopf. oaE<om;jzpfa=umif; jyocJhonf? qkdAD,uft}uH m%fonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;xk}uD;. acgif;xJwGif&SdaecJh+yD;/ Zmbk&iftpkd;& jyKwfusv#if jyKwfuscsif; taumiftxnfazmfcJh=uonf? 1905 ckESifh rwlwJh jcm;em;r_uawmh xkdpOfu wnfaxmifcJhonfrSmtvkyform;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,ufr#om jzpf+yD;/ 1917 azazmf0g&DwGif abmf&SD [email protected];aqmifr_jzifh tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;rsm;. ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;. qkdAD,uf jzpfygonf?

vrf;rsm;ay:wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;u vlxkwkdufyGJrsm;ukd acgif;aqmif!ïef=um;aepOf/ aphpyfjzefajza&;tzGJ@rsm;jzpfaom rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf qkdAD,ufrsm;wGif ae&mrsm;&,laeum trsm;pkjzpfatmif wnfaqmufae=uonf? Tonfudk


ydkrdkjzpfaponfh wpdwfwydkif;aom ta=umif;tcsufrSm abmf&SDApfygwDrS acgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSmaxmifcscH&jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfESif'%fcHae&jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; (vDeifrSm jynfywGif jynfESif'%f cHae&+yD;/ pwmvifESifh qAm;'favmAfhwdk@rSm qdkufaA;&D;,m;Y e,fESifcHae&onf) jzpfae+yD;/ rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;rSmrl yDx±kd*&uf vrf;rsm;ay:wGifvGwfvyfpGmvrf;ovm; aeEdkif=uonf? tusKd;uawmh yDx±kd*&ufqdkAD,ufESifh ‚if;. tr_aqmifaumfrwDtwGif;wGif tav#mhay;aphpyfa&;ygwDrsm; jzpfonfh rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,f vpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tzGJ@rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; acgif;aqmifaejcif;jzpfonf? armfpudkESifh wjcm;+rdK@wcsKd@rSmvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yif jzpfonf? tdkifAifEdkAdk-AkdeufpJefuf/ u&m pEdk&mcfESifh ae&mtcsKd@wGifom abmf&SDApfrsm;onf puwnf;u qdkAD,ufrsm;wGif trsm;pk jzpfaeygonf?

vufeufudkifjynfolrsm;jzpfaom tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;onf jynfol@tm%mtaqmufttkHodk@ apv$wfouJhodk@ rdrdwdk@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkvnf; qdkAD,ufodk@ apv$wf=uonf? olwdk@u tvkyform;ppfom;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;onf awmfvSefaom jynfolrsm;. awmif;qdkcsuftm;vkH;udk vkyfaqmifay;vdrfhrnf? yxrqkH;+idrf;csrf;a&;&apvdrfhrnf[kxifcJh/ ar#mfrSef;cJh=uonf?

odk@aomf tvkyform;rsm;ESifhppfom;rsm;. olwdk@ESifhrxdkufwefaom ,kH=unfukd;pm;r_rsm;u olwdk@udk raumif;r_rsm; jyKapcJhonf? qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf ppfyGJ&yfpJa&;/ +idrfcsrf;a&; xdef;odrf;&ef pdk;pOfr#r&nf&G,fcJhacs? olwdk@onf awmfvSefa&;udktcGifhaumif;,l+yD; ppfyGJqufvufqifE$J&ef pDpOf=uonf? awmfvSefa&;ESifh jynfolrsm;.awmfvSefa&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufIrl qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;u awmfvSefa&;+yD;qkH;cJh+yD? ,cktcg wm0efrSm pm&if;ydwfvdkuf&efESifh "e&Sifrsm;eJ@ “rSefwrf;” zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHrSm twl,SOfwGJaexdkifoGm;a&;jzpfonf[k oabmxm;=uonf? yDx±kd*&ufqdkAD,ufrS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf xdk@a=umifh ppf&yfpJa&;jy\emudk acsmifxdk;&ef/ +idrf;csrf;a&;jy\emacsmifxdk;&efESifh "e&Sifrsm;xH tm%mv$Jtyf&ef tjyif;txef }uKd;pm;vm=uonf?

1917 azazmf0g&D 27 &uf (rwfv-12)wGif pwkwˆEdkifiHawmf'l;rm;rS vpfb&,ftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;ESifh rif&SDApfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vufodyfxdk;oabmwlnDcsuf&,l+yD;/ 'l;rm;v$wfawmfOuUÏ/ ajr&SifESifhbk&ifh0g'D a&mhwfZ±kdifudk (Rodzyanko)

OD;aqmifonfh EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;. ,m,DaumfrwDudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? &uf tcsKd@=um+yD;aemuftvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,uf tr_aqmifaumfrwDrS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf abmf&SDApfrsm;udk todray;bJ/ EdkifiHawmf'l;rm;.,m,DaumfrwDESifh ¶k&Sm;.tpdk;&opfudkzGJ@pnf;&ef oabmwlvkdufonf? vaAmhAfrif;om;(Prince Lvov) OD;aqmifonfh "e&Sif ,m,Dtpdk;&yifjzpfonf? xdkolrSm azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;rwdkifcifuyif 'kwd,eDudkvwfZmbk&ifu ol@tpdk;&. 0ef }uD;csKyftjzpfcef@&ef vkyfaqmifcJholjzpfonf? ,m,Dtpdk;&wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH 'Drdku&ufrsm;. acgif;aqmif rDvsLaumAfh (Milyukov) /


atmufwdkbm0g'Drsm;. acgif;aqmif *ghcsfaumhAf (Guchkov) ESifh t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;rS wjcm;xif&Sm;onfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh “'Drkdua&pD”. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm; u&ifpuD (Kerensky) wdk@yg0if=uonf?

TonfrSm qdkAD,uf tr_aqmifaumfrwD. rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ "e&Sif tm%ma&S@arSmufwGif vufeufcsvdkufykHyifjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf;TudpPudk tvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufu od&Sdonfh tcgwGifvnf;qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk abmf&SDApfrsm; uef@uGufaeonfh=um;rS trsm;pku w&m;0ifoabmwlnDvdkuf=uygonf?

Tenf;jzifh ±k&Sm;Y ay:xGwfcJhaom EdkifiHawmftm%mopfonf vDeifajymcJhonfhtwdkif;“"e&SifESifh "e&Sifjzpfvmonfh ajr&Sifrsm;”. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaeayonf?

okd@aomf "e&Siftpdk;&ESifhtwl ab;csif;,SOfvsuf tvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufqdkonfh aemuftm%mwck wnf&Sdaeygonf? qdkAD,ufrS ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ppfyGJtwGif; ppfwyfwGif;qGJoGif;jcif;cH&aom v,form;rsm;jzpfonf? tvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufonf Zmbk&if tkyfpdk;r_udkqef@usifonfh tvkyform;/ v,form; r[mrdwf. taqmufttkH,E W&m;jzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; ‚if;wdk@tm%m. taqmufttkH (organ)rSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESihf v,form;xktm%m&Sifpepf. taqmufttkHjzpfonf?

&&Sdcsufuawmh tm%mESpf&yf/ tm%m&SifpepfESpfck xl;jcm;pGm yl;wGJcsdwfqufaejcif;jzpfonf? ,m,Dtpdk;& ukd,fpm;jyKonfh "e¶SifpepfESifh tvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;.qdkAD,ufudk,fpm;jyKonfh ypPnf;rJhESifh v,form;xk. tm%mpepf 2 rsKd;jzpfaeonf?

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t0dkif;rsm;twGif; "e&SifEdkifiHa&;tjrifrsm; ul;puf0ifa&muf pdrfh0ifoGm;onf?” (vDeif vufa&G;vDeif vufa&G;vDeif vufa&G;vDeif vufa&G;vDeif vufa&G;

pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm 29pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm 29pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm 29pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm 29pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947/ twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm 29)

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tusOf;csKyf

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qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh EdkifiHwumh0g'ta&;awmfykHtay: opPmapmifhod+yD;/ rdrdwdk@udk,fydkife,fcsJ@tpdk;&udkqef@usifonfh jynfwGif;ppfudk pnf;¶kH;vkyfaqmifcJhonfh wckwnf;aom ypPnf;rJhygwDrSm abmf&SDApfygwDomjzpfonf? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,frS wjcm;ygwDtm;vkH;. acgif;aqmifrsm;onf "e&Sifrsm;ESifh qufpyfae=u+yD;/ e,fcsJ@pepf. v$rf;rdk;r_udk cH&um e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;bufodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;=uonf?

ppfyGJonf t&if;&Sifpepf. taxGaxGtusyftwnf;. a&mifjyef[yfcsufjzpf+yD;/wcsdefwnf;rSmyif Tonfu Ttusyftwnf;udk ydkrdkjyif;xef;ap+yD;/ urBmht&if;&Sifpepfudktiftm;csnfheJ@apygonf? ±k&Sm;tvkyform;ESifh abmf&SDApfygwDonf urBmay:wGif t&if;&SSifpepftm;enf;r_udk tcGifhaumif;,l&mwGif yxrqkH; atmifjrifcJholrsm;jzpf=uonf? olwdk@onfe,fcsJ@wyfOD;udk usKd;aygufap+yD/; Zmbk&ifudkjzKwfcsum tvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;.qdkAD,ufudk wnfaqmufcJh=uonf?

awmfvSefa&;yxratmifyGJrsm;tay: ,pfrl;um/ rif&SDApfESihf qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. ,cktcsdefrSp+yD; t&m&mtqifajyawmhrnfqdkonfh tmrcHcsufrsm;. rd_if;rd+yD;aemuf"e&Sifaygufptpdwftydkif;/ ppfom;rsm;/ xdk@twl tvkyform;rsm;onf ,m,Dtpdk;&tay:,kH=unfr_rsm;ykHatmum axmufcHr_ ay;cJh=uonf?

yxratmifyGJrsm;ESifh,pfrl;aeaom tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;xk}uD;udk awmfvSefa&;vkH;0atmifyGJ&a&;rSm a&&SnfoGm;&OD;rnf jzpfa=umif;/ "e&Sif ,m,Dtpdk;&vufxJ tm%m&Sdaeoa&G@ qdkAD,ufrsm;xJwGif aphpyfa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaom rif&SDApfESifh qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; v$rf;rdk;aeoa&G@/ jynfolvlxktzdk@ +idrf;csrf;a&; odk@r[kwf aygif rkef@&vdrfhrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ awmfvSefa&;tjynfht0 atmifyGJcHzdk@ ajcwvSrf;wdk;+yD; tm%mudk qdkAD,ufokd@ ajymif;vJay;&rnfjzpfa=umif;wdk@udk &Sif;vif;ajym=um;a&;wm0efrSm abmf&SDApfygwDtay: usa&mufvmayonf?


tcef; (7)

atmufwdkbmqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;jyifqifcsdefESifhtaumifxnfazmfonfh umvtwGif;u abmf&SDApfygwD

({_yD 1917=1918)

1? azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;t+yD; jynfwGif;tajctae/ ygwDajratmufrSxGufvm+yD; ajAmifEdkifiH1? azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;t+yD; jynfwGif;tajctae/ ygwDajratmufrSxGufvm+yD; ajAmifEdkifiH1? azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;t+yD; jynfwGif;tajctae/ ygwDajratmufrSxGufvm+yD; ajAmifEdkifiH1? azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;t+yD; jynfwGif;tajctae/ ygwDajratmufrSxGufvm+yD; ajAmifEdkifiH1? azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;t+yD; jynfwGif;tajctae/ ygwDajratmufrSxGufvm+yD; ajAmifEdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifjcif;/ vDeifyDx±kd*&ufodk@ qdkufa&mufvmjcif;/ vDeif.a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifjcif;/ vDeifyDx±kd*&ufodk@ qdkufa&mufvmjcif;/ vDeif.a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifjcif;/ vDeifyDx±kd*&ufodk@ qdkufa&mufvmjcif;/ vDeif.a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifjcif;/ vDeifyDx±kd*&ufodk@ qdkufa&mufvmjcif;/ vDeif.a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifjcif;/ vDeifyDx±kd*&ufodk@ qdkufa&mufvmjcif;/ vDeif.{+yDppfwrf;/ ygwD. qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; ul;ajymif;a&;ay:vpD?{+yDppfwrf;/ ygwD. qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; ul;ajymif;a&;ay:vpD?{+yDppfwrf;/ ygwD. qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; ul;ajymif;a&;ay:vpD?{+yDppfwrf;/ ygwD. qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; ul;ajymif;a&;ay:vpD?{+yDppfwrf;/ ygwD. qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; ul;ajymif;a&;ay:vpD?

tjzpftysufrsm;.jzpfpOfESifh ,m,Dtpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u abmf&SDApfvrf;pOf rSefuefa=umif; ae@pOfESifhtr# oufaojyaeygonf? ,m,Dtpdk;&onf jynfolvlxktwGuf r[kwfbJ jynfolvlxkudk qef@usif&yfwnfaea=umif;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf r[kwfbJ ppfyGJ twGufom&yfwnfaea=umif;ESifh ‚if;onf vlxkudk +idrf;csrf;a&;/ ajr,mESifh aygifrkef@wdk@udk ay;&ef pdwfvnf;ryg/ ay;vnf;ray;Edkifa=umif;wdk@rSm ydkIxif&Sm;vmygonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;. &Sif;jyonfh vkyfief;rsm;rSm tvGeftusdK;&Sdaeygonf?

tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;u Zmbk&iftpdk;&udk jzKwfcs+yD; oufOD;qHykdifpepf.tjrpfESifh tudkif;tcufrsm;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;aepOf ,m,Dtpdk;&onf oufOD;qHydkifpepfudktaotcsmyif xdef;odrf;csifaeayonf? 1917 ck rwfv 2 &ufwGif olwdk@u Zmbk&ifESifhawG@qkH&ef *ghcsfaumhAfESifh ±SLvf*sif (Shulgin) udk wdwfwqdwfv#dK@0Suf apv$wfcJhonf? "e&Sifrsm;u tm%mudk eDudkvwf±kdrmaemAfh (Nicholas Romanov) .nD rdkufu,fudk v$Jajymif;


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tcsdefwdktwGif;rSmyif ygwD. a'otzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uvnf; vDeif. ppfwrf;udk vufcHtwnfjyK=uonf?

uJrDeufAf / ±kdifaumhAfESifh ysmwmaumhAf (Pyatakov) qdkonfh vltcsdK@wavrSv$JIwygwDvkH; vDeif. ppfwrf;udk auseyfESpfoufpGm vufcHcJh=uonf?

2 ? ,m,Dtpdk;&. tusyftwnf; pwifvmjcif;/ abmf&SDApfygwD. {+yDuGefz&ifh ?2 ? ,m,Dtpdk;&. tusyftwnf; pwifvmjcif;/ abmf&SDApfygwD. {+yDuGefz&ifh ?2 ? ,m,Dtpdk;&. tusyftwnf; pwifvmjcif;/ abmf&SDApfygwD. {+yDuGefz&ifh ?2 ? ,m,Dtpdk;&. tusyftwnf; pwifvmjcif;/ abmf&SDApfygwD. {+yDuGefz&ifh ?2 ? ,m,Dtpdk;&. tusyftwnf; pwifvmjcif;/ abmf&SDApfygwD. {+yDuGefz&ifh ?

awmfvSefa&; qufvuf jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;twGuf abmf&SDApfrsm; jyifqifaepOf ,m,Dtpdk;&onf jynfolrsm;udk qef@usifonfhvkyfief;rsm; qufvufvkyfaqmifaeonf? {+yD 18&uf ,m,Dtpdk;&. EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; rDvsLaumhAfu r[mrdwfrsm;odk@ ta=umif;=um;&mwGif“jynfolw&yfvkH; jywfom;onfh atmifyGJ&onftxd urBmppfudk qufvufwdkuf&ef qEN &Sdae+yD;,m,Dtpdk;&taejzifh u|efawmfwdk@. r[mrdwfrsm;tay:xm;&Sdonfh uwd wm0ef 0wW&m;rsm;tjynfht0 taumiftxnfay:a&;udk &nf&G,fygonf”[k qdkxm;onf?

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“ypPnf;rJhrsm;.ygwD”onf “,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m trsdK;om;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh” (Cultural

-national Autonomy) qdkonfudk jywfjywfom;om;qef@usifonf? xdkpepfwGif ynma&;tp&Sdonfwdk@onf EdkifiHawmf. tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif r[kwfbJ/ trsdK;om;vGwfawmf trsdK;tpm;atmufwGif xm;&Sdonf? ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m trsdK;om;udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfcGifhonf a'owcktwGif;wGifaexdkifonfh tvkyform;rsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;wckwnf;wGif tvkyfvkyfae=uonfhtvkyform;rsm;t=um;rSmyif ‚if;wdk@. “trsdK;om;,Ofaus;r_”trsdK;rsdK;ESifhtnD wrifoufouf cGJjcm;ypfonf? wenf;ajym&v#if ‚if;onf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh vlrsdK;wOD;csif;tvdkuf"e&Sif,Ofaus;r_t=um; qufpyfr_udk cdkifrmawmifhwif;jcif; omjzpf+yD; qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;.&nf&G,fcsufrSmrl urBmhypPnf;rJhrsm;. EdkifiHwum,Ofaus;r_ jzpfay:wdk;wuf&efjzpfonf?”

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“tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;u ±k&Sm;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk tvkyform;rsm;onfwlnDonfh ypPnf;rJhtpnf;t±Hk;rsm;jzpfaom EdkifiHa&;/ tvkyform;or*~/ or0g,r.ynma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pojzifh &Sd&efawmif;qdkonf? vlrsdK;toD;oD; tvkyform;rsm;.TuJhodk@aom bkHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uom ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk EdkifiHwumht&if;tESD;ESifh "e&SiftrsdK;om;a&;0g'tay: atmifyGJcHEdkifayrnf?”(((((C.P.S.U(B) . qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ ±k&Sm;bmom. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ ±k&Sm;bmom. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ ±k&Sm;bmom. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ ±k&Sm;bmom. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;/ ±k&Sm;bmom

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Tenf;jzifh {+yDuGefz&ifhu uJrDeufAf/ ZDEkdApf/ ysmwmaumhAf/ blcg&if/ ±kdifaumhAfESifh [email protected];i,fwdk@. vDeifqef@usifonfh tacsmiform;&yfwnfcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwfvdkufonf?

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5? awmfvSefa&;udk qef@usif&ef AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAf t}uHOm%f/ xdk}uHpnfr_udk zdESdyfESdrfeif;5? awmfvSefa&;udk qef@usif&ef AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAf t}uHOm%f/ xdk}uHpnfr_udk zdESdyfESdrfeif;5? awmfvSefa&;udk qef@usif&ef AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAf t}uHOm%f/ xdk}uHpnfr_udk zdESdyfESdrfeif;5? awmfvSefa&;udk qef@usif&ef AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAf t}uHOm%f/ xdk}uHpnfr_udk zdESdyfESdrfeif;5? awmfvSefa&;udk qef@usif&ef AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAf t}uHOm%f/ xdk}uHpnfr_udk zdESdyfESdrfeif;vdkufjcif;/ yDx±kd*&ufESifh armfpudkqdkAD,ufrsm; abmf&SDApfrsm;buf ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;?vdkufjcif;/ yDx±kd*&ufESifh armfpudkqdkAD,ufrsm; abmf&SDApfrsm;buf ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;?vdkufjcif;/ yDx±kd*&ufESifh armfpudkqdkAD,ufrsm; abmf&SDApfrsm;buf ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;?vdkufjcif;/ yDx±kd*&ufESifh armfpudkqdkAD,ufrsm; abmf&SDApfrsm;buf ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;?vdkufjcif;/ yDx±kd*&ufESifh armfpudkqdkAD,ufrsm; abmf&SDApfrsm;buf ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;?

"e&Sifrsm;u tm%mtm;vHk;udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf+yD;aemuf ,cktcg tiftm;csnfheJ@ oGm;onfh qdkAD,ufrsm;udk zsufqD;&efESifh wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tm%m&Sifpepf ajAmifxlaxmif&efwdk@udk pwifjyifqifvkyfaqmifvm=uonf? oef;ºuG,folaÏ; ±kdifbl&SifpuD; (Ryabushinsky)

u tajctaerS xGuf&yfvrf;rSm “tiwfab;ESifh}uHKawG@+yD; qif;&J'kuQwGif;usaeonfh vlxk.ydefcsKH;aeaomvufrsm;u jynfolwkd@. rdwfaqGwk/ rdwfaqGa,mifrsm;jzpf=uaom 'Drdku&ufwpf qdkAD,ufrsm;ESihf aumfrwDrsm;udk vnfyif;n‡pf zrf;qD;&efomjzpfawmhonf”[k raxrJhjrifapmfum;armfum;ajym=um;cJhonf? a&S@wef;Y ppfckH±Hk;rsm;u ppfom;rsm;tay: tjyif;txefvufpm;acsae+yD; ao'%frsm;udk tvkH;t&if;ESifh ay;aeonf? 1917 =o*kwfv 3 &ufae@wGif


ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAfu aemufydkif;wGifvnf; ao'%frsm;ay;&ef awmif;qdkvmonf?

=o*kwfv 12 &ufae@wGif ,m,Dtpdk;&u "e&Sifajr&Siftiftm;pkrsm;udk v_H@aqmf&efarmfpudk Zmwfobif±kH}uD; (Grand Theatre) Y EdkifiHawmfaumifpDudk zGifhvSpfvdkufonf?aumifpDwGif t"dutm;jzifh ajr&Sifrsm;/ "e&Sifrsm;/ AdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh aumhqufrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufcJhonf? rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u qdkAD,uf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf yg0if=uonf?

EdkifiHawmfaumifpD usif;yjcif;udk qef@usifonfh taejzifh zGifhvSpfaomae@rSmyif abmf&SDApfrsm;u armfpudkwGif taxGaxGoydwfarSmuf&ef qifhac:vkduf&m tvkyform;trsm;pk yg0ifvmonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif wjcm;+rdK@}uD;tcsdK@wGifvnf; oydwfrsm;ay:aygufvmonf?

qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u u&ifpuDu aumifpDwGif 0ifh0ifh0g0g rdef@cGef; ajym&if; +cdrf;ajcmufvdkufonfrSm ajr&Sifrsm;.ajr,mrsm;udk tcGifhr&bJ v,form;rsm; odrf;ydkufjcif; tygt0if awmfvSefa&;v_yf±Sm;r_twGuf }udK;yrf;r_wdkif;udk “aoG;xGufoH,dk” ESdyfuGyfypfrnf[lI jzpfonf?

wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm; AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAfu “aumfrwDESifh qdkAD,ufrsm;udkzsufodrf;&rnf”[k wkH;wd awmif;qdkvdkufonf?

b%folaX;rsm;/ ukefonf}uD;rsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfolrsm;onf XmecsKyf&Sd AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAfxH pka0;a&muf&Sdvmum aiGESifh ‚if;wdk@. axmufcHr_udk tmrcH=uonf?

“r[mrdwf” +AdwdefESifh jyifopfrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAfqD a&muf&Sdvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;udk ESdrfeif;ypf&efta&; raESmifhaES;&ef awmif;qdk=uonf?

AdkvfcsKyf aumfeDavmhAf. awmfvSefa&;zdESdyfa&; vkyf}uHr_onf ykHay:vmay+yD?aumfeDavmhAfu ol.jyifqifr_udk ajAmifyifvkyfaqmifcJhonf? vkyf}uHa&;orm;rsm;u

tm±Hkv$J&ef t}uHjzifh abmf&SDApfrsm;onf awmfvSefa&;. yxr ajcmufvywfae@jzpfaom=o*kwfv 27 &ufae@wGif yDx±kd*&ufY vufeufudkifykefuefr_ vkyfaqmif&ef jyifqifaeonf[kaumavm[v v$ifhxkwfvdkufonf? u&ifpuD OD;aqmifonfh ,m,Dtpdk;&onf abmf&SDApfrsm;udk a'gow}uD;wdkufcdkufum/ ypPnf;rJhygwDudk qef@usifonfh zdESdyf&ufpufr_rsm;udk wdk;wufjr‡ifhwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif AdkvfcsKyfaumfeDavmhAfonf yDx±kd*&ufY qdkAD,ufrsm;udk zsufodrf;ypf+yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepf xlaxmif&ef wyfrsm; pkpnf;vdkufonf?

aumfeDavmhAfonf ol.wefjyefawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf u&ifpuDESifh t}udKoabmwlnDcsuf &xm;+yD;jzpfonf? odk@aomf aumfeDavmhAf v_yf±Sm;r_pwifonfESifhw+ydKif eufu&ifpuDonf rsufESmajymifwdkufum ol@r[mrdwfESifh vrf;cGJvdkufonf? u&ifpuDu aumfeDavmhAf *kd%f;om;rsm;ukd tHkºuGqef@usif xºuGvmrnfh vlxkonf xkd*kd%f;om;rsm;ukd acsr_ef;vkdufrnfjzpf±kHru wcsdefwnf;rSm aumeDavmhAf ta&;tcif;ESifh t±_yft&Sif;uif;rxm;yguu&ifpuD "e&Siftpdk;&udk z,f&Sm;vdkufrSm pdk;&drfaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfonf?


=o*kwfv 25 &ufwGif aumfeDavmhAfu AdkvfcsKyfc±kdifarmhAf (Krymov) OD;pD;onfhwwd,jrif;wyfudk yDx±kd*&uftm; 0dkif;&ef trdef@ay;vdkuf+yD; “tzEdkifiHudkumuG,f&ef” &nf&G,fonf[k a=unmcJhonf? aumfeDavmhAf ykefuefr_atmufwGif abmf&SDApfygwD A[dkaumf rwDutvkyform;ESif hppfom;rsm;tm; wefjyefawmfvSefa&;ud k &ifqd ki f&ef wufºuGonfhvufeufukdifckHcHr_ jyKvkyf&efqifhac:vkdufonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf tvsiftjref vufeufwyfqif+yD; ckcH&efjyifqif=uonf? wyfeDwyfzGJ@rsm;vnf; T&ufrsm;twGif; t}uD;tus,f}uD;xGm;vmonf? tvkyform;or*~rsm;u ‚if;or*~0ifrsm;udk pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfxm;+yD;jzpfonf?yDx±kd*&uf&Sd awmfvSefaom ppfa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;onfvnf; wdkufyGJ0if&ef toifhjyifqifxm;=uonf? yDx±kd*&ufywfvnfY uwkwfusif;rsm;wl;xm;+yD; oHql;}udK;rsm;ESifh 0dkif;&Hum/ +rdK@t0ifrD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udkyg zsufqD;xm;onf? c±kef;pwufrS a&wyfom; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmonf+rdK@awmfudkumuG,f&ef a&muf&Sdvmonf? yDx±kd*&ufodk@ a&S;±_vmaeonfh “&ufpufpGm+zdKcGJa&;wyfrrsm;”odk@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;apv$wf+yD; xdkwyfrrsm;wGifyg0ifaeonfh aumhau;&Sawmifay:om;rsm;tm; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u aumfeDavmhAf vkyfaqmifcsuf. &nf&G,fcsufudk&Sif;jyonfhtcg olwdk@u a&S@qufwuf&ef jiif;qdkvm=uonf? v_H@aqmfolrsm;udk tjcm;aumfeDavmhAfwyfzGJ@rsm;odk@vnf; apv$wf=uonf? tE W&m,f&Sdonfhae&mwdkif;Y aumfeDavmhAfudk wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf awmfvSefa&;aumfrwDESifh XmecsKyfrsm; xlaxmifvdkuf=uonf?

xdk&ufrsm;twGif; aoavmufatmif a=umuf&GHH@aeonfh u&ifpuD tygt0if qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf abmf&SDApfrsm;tm; umuG,fa&;bufodk@ vSnfhvm=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf abmf&SDApfrsm;omv#if aumfeDavmhAfudkz,f&Sm;Edkifonfh wckwnf;aom +rdK@awmf. xda&mufonfh tiftm;pkjzpfa=umif; od&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

aumfeDavmhAfykefuefr_udk acsr_ef;&ef vlxkudk pnf;±Hk;vH_@aqmfaepOf abmf&SDApfrsm;onfu&ifpuDtpdk;&udk qef@usifonfh ‚if;[email protected] &yfwef@xm;jcif;r&Sdacs? u&ifpuDtpdk;&/rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tm; vlxka&S@Y zGifhcs+yD; ‚if;wdk@. ay:vpDwck vkH;rSmaumfeDavmhAf wefjyefawmfvSefa&;vkyf}uHr_udk ulnD&efomjzpfa=umif; axmufjy vdkufonf?

Tvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;. tusdK;a=umifh aumfeDavmhAf ykefuefr_udk acsr_ef;ypfvkdufEdkif onf?AdkvfcsKyfc&kdifarmhAf udk,fhudkudk,f owfaooGm;onf? aumfeDavmhAfESifh ol. }uHazmf }uHzufrsm;jzpf=uaom 'ifeDuifESifh vlaumfrfpuD; (Lukomsky)wdk@ tzrf;cH&onf? (odk@aomf r=umrDu&iffpuDu v$wfypfcJhonf?)

aumfeDavmhAfykefuefr_ ±_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;u awmfvSefaa&;ESifh wefjyefawmfvSefa&;[email protected];E_dif;,SOfcsuf tcsdK;tpm;udk wrk[kwfcsif; azmfjyvdkufonf? Tonfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH 'Drdku&ufygwDrStp "e&Sifrsm;ESifh +idwG,fvmonfh rif&SDApfESihfqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;txd wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tkyfpkwckvkH; ±_H;edrfhawmhrnfjzpfa=umif;jyovdkufonf? ppfyGJ. onf;nnf; rcHEdkifzG,f'kuQrsm; &Snf=umapaom ay:vpD


a=umifhvnf; aumif;/ a&&SnfppfyGJa=umifh pD;yGm;a&; uarmufurjzpfr_rsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/vlxkt=um;&Sd rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. =oZmrSmvkH;0 usqif;oGm;ay+yD?

aumfeDavmhAfykefuefr_ ±H_;edrhfoGm;jcif;u abmf&SDApfygwDonf awmfvSefa&;. jywfom;aom tiftm;pkw&yftjzpf }uD;xGm;vm+yDjzpfa=umif;ESifh rnfonfh wefjyefawmfvSefa&; }udK;yrf;r_udkrqdk acsr_ef;Edkifa=umif; qufvufjyovdkufonf? u|efawmfwdk@ ygwDonf tkyfpdk;onfhygwDrjzpfao;aomfvnf; aumfeDavmhAfykefuefr_&ufrsm;twGif; wu,fhtkyfpdk;onfhygwDw&yfuJhodk@ vkyfaqmifcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚if;.n¸ef=um;csuf rsm;udk tvkyform;ESifhppfom;rsm;u awGa0,drf;,dkifjcif;r&Sd vdkufemvkyfaqmifcJh=u aoma=umifhhjzpfonf?

aemufqkH; aumfeDavmhAf ykefuefr_ ±H_;edrfhoGm;jcif;u rv_yfr&Sm;aoae[ef&Sdaom qdkAD,ufrsm;onf wu,fpifppf}uD;rm;vSaom ikyfv#dK;aeonfh awmfvSefonfh ckcHa&;tif tm;rsm;&Sda=umif; jyovdkufonf? aumfeDavmhAfwyfrsm;udk wm;qD;+yD; ‚if;wdk@ tiftm;udk +zdKcGJvkdufolrsm;rSm qdkAD,ufrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. awmfvSefaom aumfrwDrsm;jzpfa=umif; oHo,&Sdp&mrvkday?

aumfeDavmhAf wdkufyGJqif&jcif;u EGrf;vsn‡dK;i,faeaom tvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;udk tm;opftifopfoGif;ay;vdkufygonf? ‚if;wdk@udk aphpyfjzefajza&;ay:vpDt=um; ,drf;,dkifaer_rsm;rS vGwfuif;apvdkufygonf? TwdkufyGJu olwdk@udk awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJ vrf;ray: OD;wnfay;vdkuf+yD; abmf&SDApfygwDbufodk@ vSnfhajymif;vmapvdkufyg onf?

qdkAD,ufrsm;twGif; abmf&SDApfrsm; =oZmydkrdkcdkifrm}uD;xGm;vmonf?aus;vufa'orsm;odk@vnf; ‚if;wdk@.=oZm tvsiftjref ysH@oGm;onf?aumfeDavmhAfykefuefr_u us,fjyef@vSaom v,form;xk}uD;udk &Sif;vif;od&Sdapvdkuf

onfhtcsufrSm tu,fIom ajr&SifESifh AdkvfcsKyfrsm;u abmf&SDApfESifh qdkAD,ufrsm;udk acsr_ef;Edkifvdkufygu aemufwqifhrSm v,form;rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef jzpfayonfqdkonfh tcsufyifjzpfayonf? xdk@a=umifh qif;&Jom;v,form;xkrSm abmf&SDApfrsm; ywfvnfwGif ydkrdkeD;uyfpGmpwif pnf;vkH;vm=uonf? 1917 {+yDrS =o*kwfv awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif;u ‚if;[email protected],drf;,dkifr_rsm;a=umifh jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ aemufqkwfcJh&onfh tvwfwef;pm;v,form;rsm;onf aumfeDavmhAf ykefuefr_±H_;edrfhoGm;+yD;aemuf jywfjywfom;om; abmf&SDApfygwDokd@vSnfhajymif;vm+yD; qif;&Jv,form;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vdkufonf? us,fjyef@vSaom v,form;xk}uD;u abmf&SDApfygwDomv#if olwdk@udk ppfyGJrS u,fwifEdkifa=umif;/ TygwDuomv#ifajr&Sifrsm;udk acsr_ef;Edkif+yD;/ ajr,mrsm;udk v,form;rsm;odk@ ay;a0Edkifa=umif; wjznf;jznf;em;vnfoabmaygufvmonf? 1917 ck pufwifbmESihf atmufwdkbmvtwGif; v,form;rsm; odrf;ydkufonfh ajr,mrsm;/ t}uD;tus,fwdk;rsm;vmonf? cGifhjyKcsufr&bJ ajr&Sif.ajrrsm;udk xGef,ufpdkufysdK;jcif;rsm; tus,ftjyef@jzpfvmonf? v,form;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;vrf;ay:a&muf&Sdvm+yD;/ acsmhjr‡Ljcif; odk@r[kwf tjypfay;jcif;u ‚if;wdk@udk wm;qD;Edkifjcif;rjyKEdkifawmhyg?


awmfvSefa&; 'Da&jrifhwufvmay+yD?xdktcsdefwGif qdkAD,ufrsm;jyefvnf v_yf±Sm;vmaomumv/ ‚if;wdk@ zGJ@pnf;r_wGif t

ajymif;tvJ jzpfvmaomumv/ abmf&SDApf yDovmonfhumv jzpfay:vmonf? puf±Hkrsm;/tvkyf±Hkrsm;ESifh ppfwyfzGJ@rsm;wGif a&G;aumufyGJ topfrsm;usif;y+yD;/ rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ae&mwGif abmf&SDApfygwD udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk qdkAD,ufrsm;odk@ apv$wfvdkuf=uonf? aumfeDavmhAftay: atmifyGJcH+yD; aemufae@ =o*kwf 31 &ufwGif yDx±kd*&ufqdkAD,ufu abmf&SDApf. ay:vpDudk axmufcHoabmwlvdkufonf? csufZJh OD;aqmifonfhyDx±kd*&uf qdkAD,uf. rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. obmywd tzGJ@a[mif;onf E_wfxGufoGm;+yD;/ Tenf;jzifh abmf&SDApfrsm;twGuf vrf;&Sif;oGm;ayonf? pufwifbm5 &ufwGif tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. armfpudk qdkAD,ufonf abmf&SDApfrsm;bufodk@ul;ajymif;oGm;onf? armfpudk qdkAD,uf. qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;.obmywdtzGJ@vnf; E_wfxGufoGm;+yD; abmf&SDApfrsm;twGuf vrf;&Sif;ay;vdkufonf?

Tonfu atmifjrifaom ykefuefr_twGuf t"dutcsuftvufrsm; &ifhrSnfhae+yDjzpfa=umif; jyovdkufonf?

“tm%mtm;vkH; qdkAD,uftyf”qdkonfh aºuG;a=umfoHudk jyefvnfaqG;aEG;vmonfhrlw&yfjzpfvmjyefonf?

odk@aomfrif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. qdkAD,ufrsm;odk@ tm%mv$Jajymif;&ef awmif;qdkonfh aºuG;a=umfoHa[mif; r[kwfawmhacs? TwcsDwGif TaºuG;a=umfoHrSm ,m,Dtpdk;&udk ykefuef&eftwGuf qdkAD,ufrsm;tm; qifhac:onfh aºuG;a=umfoHjzpf+yD; &nf&G,fcsufrSm wdkif;jynf&Sd tm%mtm;vkH;udk ,cktcg abmf&SDApfrsm; OD;aqmif aeonfhqdkAD,ufrsm;odk@ v$Jajymif;ay;&efjzpfonf?

aphpyfa&;ygwDrsm;t=um; t+ydK+ydKtuGJuGJjzpfaeonf?awmfvSefonfh v,form;rsm;. zdtm;a=umifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;ygwDtwGif;

“vuf0J” qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;[kac:aom vuf0J*kd%f;ay:vm+yD; ‚if;wdk@u"e&Sifrsm;ESifh aphpyfr_udk oabmrwlnDa=umif; azmfjyvm=uonf?

rif&SDApfrsm;t=um;rSmvnf; “EdkifiHwum0g'Drsm;”[kac:qdkonfh “vuf0J”tkyfpk ay:aygufvm+yD; abmf&SDApfrsm;bufodk@ wdrf;nGwfvmonf?

rif;rJhrsm;rSmrl tpydkif;wGif rajympavmufjzpfaomfvnf; ,cktcgtzGJ@i,frsm; uGJoGm;+yD;tcsdK@rSm &mZ0wfaumifrsm;/ olcdk;rsm;/ olv#dKrsm;ponfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. trd_ufo&kdufrsm;jzpfoGm;=uum tcsdK@rSm,kH=unfr_t& t"rRorm;rsm;jzpfvmum v,form;ESifh +rdK@i,f/ &Gmi,frSvlrsm;udk "m;jywdkuf/ tvkyform;uvyfrsm;. ydkifeufrsm;/ &efykHaiGrsm;udk ,liif okH;pGJjcif;rsm;jyKvkyf=uonf? tcsdK@rSmrl ajymif;jyefyif wefjyefawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@ESifh yl;aygif;+yD;/ "e&Sifrsm;.tapcH/ tcdkif;cHrsm;tjzpf usdK;EGHpGm aqmif&Gufae=uonf? olwdk@onf rnfonfh tkyfcsKyfr_udkrqdktxl;ojzifh tvkyform;/ v,form;wdk@. awmfvSefaom tkyfcsKyfr_udk qef@ usif=uonf?


tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&u jynfolrsm;udk"g;jywdkuf&efESifh trsm;ydkifypPnf;rsm;cdk;,l&ef olwdk@tm;cGifhjyKvdrfhrnfr[kwf qdkonfudk olwdk@od&Sd em;vnf aoma=umifhjzpfonf?

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Bath house)vdk@ ac:=uonf?abmf&SDApfygwD A[dkaumfrwDu ygvDreft}udKudk oydwfarSmuf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf?

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vDeifESifh pwmvifu ygvDreft}udKwGif acwWc%yifjzpfap yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf}uD;rm;onfhtrSm;[k ,lqonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tonfu vlxktwGif; ygvDreft}udKonf vkyfom;jynfolrsm;twGuf wu,fyif wpkHwck vkyfaqmifay;Edkifonf[laomtwkta,mif ar#mfvifhcsufay:apEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

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abmf&SDApfrsm;onf ykefuefr_twGuf tjyif;txefpwif jyifqifvkyfaqmifvm=uonf?vDeifu armfpudkESifh yDx±kd*&uf +rdK@awmfESpfckvkH;rS tvkyform;/ ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;.qdkAD,ufrsm;wGif trsm;pk&+yD;aemuf abmf&SD Apfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmftm%mudk vuf0,f&,lEdkifonf? &,loifhonf[k a=unmcJhonf? jzwfoef;cJhonfhvrf;udk jyefvnfppfaq;=unfh±_&mwGifvDeifu “vlxktrsm;pk}uD;onf” “u|efawmfwdk@twGuf”“u|efawmfwdk@twGuf”“u|efawmfwdk@twGuf”“u|efawmfwdk@twGuf”“u|efawmfwdk@twGuf” jzpfonfqdkonfhtcsufudk tav;wif;cJhonf? A[dkaumfrwDESifh abmf&SDApftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ ydk@ay;onfh ol. aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifhpmrsm;wGif vDeifu vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;/ a&wyfESifh wyfeDwyfzGJ@rsm;udk tb,fuJhodk@tokH;jyKoifhonf/ ykefuefr_atmifjrifa&;udk tmrcHEdkif&ef yDx±kd*&ufwGif rnfonfht"duae&mrsm;udk odrf;ydkufoifhonf ponfjzifh ykefuefr_twGuf tao;pdwf tpDtpOf pDrHudef;rsm;udk a&;qGJay;cJhonf?

atmufwdkbm 7 &ufae@wGif vDeifonf zifvefrS yDx±kd*&ufodk@ v#dK@0SufpGm qdkufa&mufvmonf? 1917 ck atmufwdkbm 10 &ufwGif ygwDA[dkaumfrwD. ordkif;0iftpnf;ta0;w&yfusif;ycJh+yD;aemuf &uftenf;i,ftwGif; vufeufudkifykefuefr_ qifEGJ&efqkH;jzwf&efjzpfonf? vDeifa&;qGJonfh A[dkaumfrwD. ordkif;wGifaom qkH;jzwfcsufY -

“A[dkaumfrwDu ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;. EdkifiHwumtaetxm; (Oa&mywcGifwGif urBm@qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;}uD;xGm;r_. }uD;rm;vSonfh azmfjycsufw&yfjzpfaom *smreDa&wyftwGif; ykefuefr_)udkvnfaumif;/ ppfa&;tajctae (±k&Sm;"e&Sifrsm;ESifh u&ifpuDeJ@ taygif;tygrsm;. yDx±kd*&ufudk *smrefodk@xdk;tyf&ef ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sdaom qkH;jzwfcsuf) udkvnf; aumif;/ypPnf;rJhygwDu qdkAD,ufrsm;wGif trsm;pk&aeonfhtcsufudkvnf;aumif;/ tod rSwfjyK+yD;/Tt&mtm;vk H;ESi f htwl v,form;rsm; ykefuefvmr_ESi f h u|efawmfwd k @ygwDtay:vl}udKufrsm;vmr_ (armfpudk a&G;aumufyGJrsm;) ESifh aemufqkH;'kwd, aumfeDavmhAf ta&;tcif;twGuf ajAmifjyifqifr_rsm; (yDx±kd*&ufrS wyfrsm; ±kyfodrf;oGm;jcif;/ yDx±kd*&ufodk@ aumhqufrsm;apv$wfjcif;/ rifhefpfudk aumhqufrsm;ESifh 0dkif;&Hjcif;pojzifh) tm;vkH;u vufeufudkifykefuefr_udk ,ae@vkyfief;pOf jzpfvmapayonf?

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ojzifhæ) wdk@udk tajcaeeJ@ udkufnDpGmvrf;n¸ef+yD; aqG;aEG;qkH;jzwf&ef n¸ef=um;vdkufonf?”(vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ck/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm 135(vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ck/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm 135(vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ck/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm 135(vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ck/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm 135(vDeif vufa&G;pifusrf;/ t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ck/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm 135)

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opPmazmufrsm;. }udKwifowif;ay;r_a=umifh awmfvSefa&;. &efolrsm;onf csufcsif;yifykefuefr_udk wm;qD;&efESifh awmfvSefa&;. nef=um;&mXmejzpfaom abmf&SDApf ygwDudk zsufqD;&efpwifjyifqif vkyfaqmifvmonf? ,m,Dtpdk;&onf v#dK@0Suftpnf;ta0; ac:,lusif;y+yD;abmf&SDApfrsm;udk&ifqdkif&ef enf;emrsm;udk qkH;jzwfcJhonf? atmufwdkbm 19 &ufae@wGif,m,Dtpdk;&onf a&S@wef;rS wyfzGJ@rsm;udk yDx±kd*&ufodk@ uysmu,m qifhac:vdkuf onf?vrf;rsm;udk tapmifhrsm; xlxyfpGm csxm;onf? wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf txl;ojzifharmfpudkwGif tiftm;}uD;rm;pGm pkpnf;xm;EdkifcJhonf? ,m,Dtpdk;&u pDrHudef;wck a&;qGJcJhonf?qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&uf rwkdifrD abmf&SDApfygwD A[dkaumfrwD. Xme csKyfjzpfaom prdkeD(Smolny)udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&efESifh abmf&DSApf n¸ef=um;a&;A[dkudk zsufqD; ypf&efjzpfonf?T&nf&G,fcsufjzifh tpdk;&u rdrdwdk@tay: tjynfht0 opPm&Sdonf[k ,kH=unf &aomyDx±kd*&ufwyfrsm;ukd qifhac:vdkufonf?

odk@aomf ,m,Dtpdk;&. ae@&ufrsm;omru tcsdefem&Dyifaphawmhrnfjzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;. atmifyGJcsDwuf&mvrf;a=umif;udk ,cktcg rnfonfht&mur# wm;qD;Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmhyg?


atmufwdkbm 21 &ufae@wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf awmfvSefaom wyfzGJ@tm;vkH;odk@awmfvSefa&;ppfaumfrwDrS EdkifiHa&;rSL;rsm;ydk@ay;cJhonf? ykefuefr_rwdkifrD&ufrsm;twGif; wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh puf±kH/ tvkyf±Hkrsm;wGif tvGefwufºuGpGmv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf jyifqifcJh=uonf? ppfoabFmrsm;jzpfaom atmf±kd&m (Aurora)ESifh Zm&mpAdkabmf'D (Zarya Svobody)wdk@odk@ wdusaomn¸ef=um;csufrsm; xkwfjyefcJhonf?

yDx±kd*&uf qdkAD,uftpnf;ta0;wGif xa&mhpuDonf avvkH;xGm;&if; abmf&SDApfrsm;vufeufudkifykefuefr_pwifrnfh&ufudk &efoludk zGifhajymvdkufonf? u&ifpuDtpdk;&u ykefuefr_udk rzsufqD;Edkifap&eftwGuf ygwDA[dkaumfrwDonf owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdefrwdkifrDpwifvkyfaqmif&efESifh 'kwd,qdkAD,ufrsm;. uGef*&ufzGifhyGJ rwdkifrD 1 &uf tvkdwGif owfrSwf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf?

u&ifpuDonf atmufwdkbm 24 (Edk0ifbm 6) &ufae@ vif;tm;}uD;tcsdefwGif wdkufcdkufr_udk pwifvdkuf+yD; abmf&SDApfygwD. tmabmf (vkyfom;rsm;vrf;pOf) udk zdESdyf&ef n¸ef=um; umt,f'DwmtzGJ@. y&0k%ftwGif;ESifh abmf&SDApfrsm;. ykHESdyfpufae&mrsm;odk@ oHcsyfum um;rsm;udkapv$wfvdkufonf? eHeuf 10 em&DwGif &Jabmfpwmvif. n¸ef=um;csuft& wyfeDrsm;ESifhawmfvSefonfh ppfom;rsm;onf oHcsyfum;rsm;udk wGef;vSefypf+yD; ykHESdyfwdkuf ESifh t,f'Dwm±Hk;cef;rsm;udk tapmifhtiftm;wdk;csJ@ umuG,fxm;vdkufonf? eHeuf 11 em&DwGif “vkyfom;rsm;vrf;pOf” owif;pmonf ,m,Dtpdk;&tm; +zdKcs&efqifhac:oHjzifh xGufvmyg onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyifykefuefr_. ygwDA[dknef=um;r_jzifh awmfvSefonfh ppfom;rsm;/ wyfzGJ@ rsm;ESifh wyfeDawmfrsm;onfprdkeDodk@ tjyif;csDwufcJhonf?

ykefuefr_ pwifcJhay+yD?atmufwdkbm 24 &ufnwGif prdkeDodk@ vDeifa&muf&Sdvm+yD; ykefuefr_udk udk,fwdkifudk,fus

n¸ef=um;vmonf? xdknwnvkH; ppfwyf. awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;. wyfeDawmfwyfzGJ@rsm;prdkeDodk@ wzGJzGJa&muf&Sdvmygonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;u ‚if;wdk@udk +rdK@awmfA[dkodk@ apv$wf+yD; ,m,Dtpdk;& }uHhH}uhHckdifckcHaeonfh aqmif;&moDeef;awmfodk@ t0dkif;cdkif;vdkufygonf?

atmufwdkbm 25 (Edk0ifbm 7)&uf wyfeDrsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;onf blwm&kHrsm;/pmwdkuf}uD;/ a=u;eef;±Hk;/ 0ef}uD;±kH;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfb%fudk odrf;ydkufvdkuf=uonf?

t}udKygvDref ysufokOf;oGm;ay+yD?yDx±kd*&ufqdkAD,ufESifh abmf&SDApfA[dkaumfrwD.XmecsKyf prdkeDonf awmfvSefa&;.

XmecsKyfjzpfvm+yD; ‚if;rS wdkufckdufa&; trdef@rsm;tm;vkH; ay:xGufvmonf?xdk&ufrsm;twGif; yDx±kd*&uf tvkyform;rsm;onf abmf&SDApfygwD. acgif;aqmifr_

atmufwGif olwdk@&&SdcJhonfhoif=um;csufrsm; rnfr#tzdk;wefaumif;rGefa=umif; jyovdkufonf?ykefuefr_twGuf abmf&SDApfrsm;u jyifqifvkyfaqmifxm;onfh ppfwyf. awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;onf wdkufcdkufa&;trdef@rsm;udk twdtusaqmif&Guf=u+yD; wyfeDawmfESifhtwl ab;csif;,SOfwGJ wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uonf? a&wyfonf ukef;wyfaemufwGif usefraecJhacs? c±kef;pwufrSm


abmf&SDApfygwD. trmcHa'ojzpf+yD; =um&Snf=umrsm;uyif ,m,Dtpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfr_udktodtrSwfjyK&ef jiif;qefcJhonf? ppfoabFm atmf±kd&mrS tajrmufrsm;onf aqmif;&moDeef;awmfudk csdefxm;+yD; atmufwdkbm 25 &ufae@wGif ‚if;.tajrmufoHonf }uD;jrwfaomqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;acwf/ acwfopfw&yfudk o,faqmifvmygonf?

atmufwdkbm 25 (Edk0ifbm 7)&ufae@wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf “±k&Sm; jynfoljynfom;rsm;odk@”qdkonfh a=unmpmwrf;wapmif xkwfa0+yD; "e&Sif,m,Dtpdk;&udk jzKwfcsvdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif;ESifh EdkifiHawmftm%monf qdkAD,ufrsm;vufxJ a&muf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;a=unmvdkufonf?

,m,Dtpdk;&onf u'ufrsm;ESifh t=urf;zufwyfrrsm; tumtuG,fjzifh aqmif;&moDeef;awmfwGif cdkvkHaeonf? atmufwdkbm 25 &ufnwGif awmfvSefonfh tvkyform;rsm;/ppfom;rsm;ESifh a&wyfom;rsm;onf aqmif;&moDeef;awmfudk rkefwdkif;qif wdkufcdkuf+yD;/ ,m,Dtpdk;&udk zrf;qD;vdkufonf?

yDx±kd*&uf&Sd vufeufudkifykefuefr_ atmifyGJcHvdkufay+yD?yDx±kd*&uf vufeufudkifykefuefr_ tjynfht0 atmifyGJcH+yD; +rdK@awmf&Sd tm%mrsm; yD

x±kd*&uf qdkAD,ufvufxJ tppftrSef &&SdoGm;csdef/ 1917 ck atmufwdkbm 25 (Edk0ifbm 7)&uf/ n-10;45 prdkeDY ±k&Sm;jynfvkH;qdkif&m 'kwd,qdkAD,ufrsm;. uGef*&ufudk zGifhvSpfvdkufonf?

abmf&SDApfrsm;onf uGef*&ufwGif trsm;pkv$rf;rdk;xm;onf? rdrdwdk@ae@&ufrsm; ukef qkH;+yDudkjrifawG@=u+yDjzpfaom rif&SDApfrsm;/ bef;0g'Drsm;ESifh vuf,m qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSef a&;orm;rsm;onf 0ifa&mufyg0if&ef jiif;qdk+yD; uGef*&ufrS xGufcGmoGm;=uonf? qdkAD,uf rsm;. uGef*&ufYzwfjyaom a=unmcsufY olwkd@u atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;udk “ppfa&;vkyf}uHr_”[k azmfjyonf? uGef*&ufu rif&S DApfESif h qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk ±_wfcs vkduf+yD;‚if;wdk@xGufcGmoGm;r_udk 0rf;enf;&efa0;pG/ }udKqdkyif }udKqdkvdkuf=uonf? uGef*&ufrS opPmazmufrsm; xGufcGmoGm;r_a=umifh uGef*&ufonf tvkyform;ESifh ppfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. ppfrSefonfh awmfvSefaomuGef*&uf jzpfvm&onf[k a=unmvdkufonf?

uGef*&ufu tm%mtm;vkH; qdkAD,ufrsm;vufodk@ a&muf&Sdvm+yDjzpfa=umif; a=unmvdkufonf?

“tvkyform;/ ppfom;ESif h v,form;trsm;wumhtrsm;pk}uD;. pdwfqENt&axmufcHr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ yDx±kd*&ufY jzpfay:cJhaom tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tapmifhwyfrsm;. atmifjrifaom ykefuefr_ukd axmufcHr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ uGef*&ufonf tm%mudk qkyfudkifxm;vkdufay+yD?”[k qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufu a=unmvdkufonf?

atmufwdkbm 26 (Edk0ifbm 8) &ufY qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufu “+idrf;csrf;a&;trdef@ a=unmcsuf” udk vufcHtwnfjyKvdkufonf? uGef*&ufu ppfjzpfaeaom EdkifiHrsm;odk@+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef csufcsif;yif typftcwf&yf ppfajy+idrf;a&;udk 3 v


xufrenf; jyKvkyf&ef a=unmvdkufonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif uGef*&ufu ppfjzpfaeaomEdkifiHtm;vkH;rS tpdk;&rsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;udk rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif “vl@ordkif;wGif a&S@wef;ta&mufqkH;ESifh vuf&SdppfyGJwGif yg0ifaeonfh t}uD;qkH; 3 EdkifiHjzpfaom +Adwdef/ jyifopfESifh*smreD&Sd vlwef;pm;tod&Sd=uaom tvkyform;rsm;”udk arwWm&yfcHvdkufonf? Ttvkyform;rsm;udk “+idrf;csrf;a&;ta&;awmfykH atmifjrifpGmtqkH;owfap&efESifh wcsdefwnf;wGifjynfolvlxk}uD;xJrS qif;&Jyifyef;vSonfh tzdESdyfcHjynfolrsm;/ aus;u|efo¿meftm;vkH;ESifhaoG;pkyfr_o¿meftm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmufapa&;/ ta&;awmfykH atmifjrifpGm tqkH;owfap&ef”ulnDzdk@ awmif;qdkvdkufonf?

xdknrSmyif qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufonf “ajr,mtrdef@a=unmcsuf”udkvufcHvkduf+yD; “ajr&Sifrsm;. ajr,mydkifqdkifr_pepfudk avsmfa=u;ray;bJ csufcsif;zsufodrf;vdkufonf”[k a=unmvkdufonf? Tajr,mOya'twGuf vufcHvdkuf&onfh tajccHrSm v,form;xku udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; v$Jay;vdkufaom vkyfydkifcGifht&jzpf+yD; a'otoD;oD;rSv,form;udk,fpm;vS,f 242 OD;u OD;aqmifwifjycsuf t&jzpfonf? Ttrdef@t& ajr,mwOD;csif;ydkifqdkifr_pepfonf t+rJxm0& zsufodrf;jcif;cHvdkuf&+yD;/ ajr,mtrsm;ydkif odk@r[kwfEdkifiHawmfydkifESifh tpm;xdk;vdkufonf? ajr&Sifrsm;/ Zmbk&ifrdom;pkESifh bkef;awmf}uD; ausmif;rsm;.ajr,mtm;vkH;udk qif;&Jom;rsm; vGwfvyfpGm tokH;jyK&ef v$Jajymif;ay;&rnf jzpfonf?

Ttrdef@t& v,form;xkonf atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;rS ,cifajr&Sif/ "e&Sif/ Zmrdom;pkESifh bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm; ydkifqdkifcJh=uaom ajr{uoef; 400 udk &&Sdvkdufayonf?

xdk@tjyif v,form;rsm;u ajr&Sifrsm;odk@ ESpfpOfaqmif&aom tcGefaiG ±lb,f oef;500 rSvnf; vGwf+idrf;cGifh&&Sdvdkufonf?

"mwfowWKypPnf;rsm; (a&eH/ ausmufrD;aoG;/ owWK pojzifh) opfawmrsm;ESifh a&rsm;tm;vkH; jynfolydkifjzpfvmcJhonf?

aemufqkH;wGif ±k&Sm;jynfvkH;qdkif&m qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufu abmf&SDApfrsm;csnf; yg0ifaom jynfol@EdkifiHa&;rSL;rsm;.aumifpD yxrqkH;aom qdkAD,uftpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? vDeifonf jynfol@EkdifiHa&;rSL;rsm;. yxraumifpDwGif OuUÏtjzpf a&G;cs,fcH& onf?

TwGif ordkif;0if qdkAD,ufrsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&uf. tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; t+yD;owfoGm;ygonf? uGef*&uf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf yDx±kd*&uf&Sd qdkAD,ufrsm;. atmifyGJowif;udk jzef@csd&efESifh qdkAD,uftm%m wEdkifiHvkH;jyef@oGm;a&;udk tmrcHEdkif&eftwGuf vlpkcGJvdkuf=uonf? ae&mwdkif;wGif qdkAD,ufrsm;xH tm%mcsufcsif; a&muf&Sdvmjcif;r&Sdyg? yDx±kd*&ufY qdkAD,uftpdk;& wnf&Sdvm+yD;aomfvnf; armfpudkY vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif &ufawmfawmfrsm;rsm; qufvufjyif;xefonfh wdkufyGJrsm; jzpfaeygonf? armfpudk qdkAD,ufrsm;xHodk@ tm%ma&muf&S doGm;rnfhta&;udk wm;qD;&eftwGuf wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm; rif&S DApfESif hqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;ygwDrsm;onf wyfjzLrsm;/ u'ufrsm;ESifh twl tvkyform;/


ppfom;rsm;udk vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ pwifqifEGJvmonf? armfpudkY olykefrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&efESifhqdkAD,uftm%m xlaxmif&ef &ufaygif;rsm;pGm =umjrifhcJhonf?

yDx±kd*&ufrSm ‚if;. c±kdiftrsm;tjym;wGif awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJcH+yD;p &ufrsm;uyifqdkAD,uftm%mudk jzKwfcs&ef wefjyefawmfvSefa&; }udK;yrf;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifvmcJh=uonf?1917 Edk0ifbm 10 &ufwGif ykefuefr_twGif; yDx±kd*&ufrS aemufydkif;ppfrsufESmodk@ xGufajy;oGm;cJ haom u&ifpuDonf aumhqufwyftrsm;tjym;pk±k H;+yD; Ak dvfcsKyfum&mhpfaemhAf(Karasnov) ukd tkyfcsKyfapum yDx±kd*&ufudk wdkufcdkuf&ef apv$wfcJhonf? 1917 ck Edkif0ifbm11 &ufwGif qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; OD;aqmifonfh “awmfvSefa&;ESifh tzEdkifiHu,fwifa&;aumfrwD”[k rdrdudk,frdrd ac:qdkonfh wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tzGJ@tpnf;onfyDx±kd*&ufY u'ufrsm;. ykefuefr_udk azmfxkwfvdkufonf? odk@aomf xdkykefuefr_udk tvG,fwul ESdrfeif;ypfvdkufonf? 1 &uf twGif;rSmyif Edk0ifbm 11 &uf naeydkif;Y a&wyfom;ESifhwyfeDwyfzGJ@rsm;u u'ufrsm;. ykefuefr_udk ESdrfeif;ypfvdkuf+yD; Edk0ifbm 13 &ufae@wGif bl±kdAdkawmifwef;rsm; teD;Y AdkvfcsKyfum&mpfhaemhAfudk acsr_ef;vdkufonf? vDeifonf atmufwdkbmykefuefr_udk udk,fwdkifudk,fus OD;pD;n¸ef =um;cJhouJhodk@ qdkAD,ufqef@usifonfh ykefuefr_udkESdrfeif;&mwGifvnf; udk,fwdkifudk,fus OD;pD;n¸ef=um;cJhonf? ol. tavsmhtwif;rvkyfaom/wnf=unf+rJjrefr_ESifh atmifyGJtay:wnf+idrfaom ,kH=unfpdwfcsr_wdk@u vlxkudk aygif;pyfpkpnf;ay;vdkufonf? &efolonf acsr_ef;jcif; cHvdkuf&onf? um&mhpfaemhAfrSm okH@yef;tjzpftzrf;cH&+yD; “qdkAD,uftm%mudk wdkufcdkufjcif; rjyKawmhyg” [k “uwdpum;”ay;cJhonf?ol@“uwdpum;”a=umifh ol@tm; v$wfay;vdkufonf? odk@aomf aemufydkif;=um;od&onfrSmAdkvfcsKyfonf ol.uwdpum;udk azmufzsufcJhonf? trsdK;orD;a,mifaqmifxm;aomu&ifpuDonf “rnfonfh t&yfrSmrSef; rodaysmufuG,f”oGm;cJhayonf?

wyfrawmf. XmecsKyf rdk*DvufzfwGif OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf'lckdeif (Dukhonin) onfvnf;ykefuefr_jzpfay:vm&ef }udK;pm;cJhao;onf? qdkAD,uftpdk;&u ol@udk *smrefppfwyfESif htypftcwf&yfpJa&;twGuf csufcsif;aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ pwif&ef nef=um;aomtcg olu jiif;qdkcJhonf? xdktcgwGif 'lckdeifukd qdkAD,uftpdk;&trdef@jzifh xkwfy,fypfvdkufonf? wefjyefawmfvSefa&; XmecsKyf zsufqD;acsr_ef;cHvdkuf&+yD; 'lckdeifudkvnf; ol@tm; tmcHykefuefvmonfh ppfom;rsm;u owfypfvdkufonf?

ygwDwGif;emrnfysuf tacsmiform;tcsdK@jzpfaom uJrDeufAf/ ZDEkdApf/ ±kdifaumhAf/ &Smvf&yfeD aumhAf (Shlyapnikov)ESifh tcsdK@onfvnf; qdkAD,uftm%mudk wdkufcdkufcJh=uao; onf?olwdk@u atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;u jzKwfcsvdkufaom rif&SDApfESif h qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;yg0ifaom “qdk&S,fvpftm;vkH;qdkif&mtpdk;&” (All-Socialist Government)

udkwnfaxmif&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? 1917/ Edk0ifbm 15 &ufwGif abmf&SDApfygwD A[dkaumfrwDu TwefjyefawmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDr_ &a&;rsm;udk jiif;qefonfh qkH;jzwfcsufudk csrSwfcJh+yD; uJrDeufAfESifh ZDEkdApfwdk@onf awmfvSefa&;. oydwf+zdKcGJolrsm; (Strike


Breakers) jzpfa=umif; a=unmvdkufonf? Ekd0ifbm 17/ ygwDay:vpDrsm;ESifh oabmxm;uGJvGJvmonfh uJrDeufAf/ ZDEdkApf/ ±kdifaumhAf ESifh rDvD,lwif (Milyutin)wdk@onf A[dkaumfrwDrSE_wfxGufa=umif; a=unmvdkufonf? Edk0ifbm 17&ufae@ wae@wnf;rSmyif Edk*sif onf±kdifaumhAf/ rDvD,lwif/ wD±kd'Dk±kdApfcsf/ &Smvf&yfeDaumhAf/ ±kdifZmaemhAf (D.Ryazanov)/ ,l&DeufAf(Yurenev) ESihf vm&if (Larin)ponfh jynfol@EdkifiHa&;rSL;rsm;. aumifpD0ifrsm;onf ygwDA[dkaumfrwD. ay:vpDrsm;ESifh oabmuGJvGJr_rsm;ESifh jynfol@EdkifiHa&;rSL;rsm;aumifpDrSE_wfxGufa=umif;udk a=unmcJh=uonf? vufwqkyfpm ol&Jabma=umifolrsm; E_wfxGufoGm;r_udk atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;. &efolrsm;u 0rf;omtm;& jzpfcJh=uonf? "e&SifESifh ‚if;.opPm&Sd aemufvdkufrsm;u abmf&SDApf0g'usqkH;cef;ESifh abmf&SDApfygwD. apmpD;pGm tqkH;owfr_udk0rf;om;tm;& edrdwfzwfcJh=uonf? odk@aomf Tvufwqkyfpmwdk@. opPmazmufr_a=umifhygwDonf c%av;r#yif wkefv_yfjcif;r&SdcJhay? ygwD. A[dkaumfrwDonf olwdk@udk awmfvSefa&;rS xGufajy;olrsm;ESifh "e&Sifrsm;. taygif;ygrsm;tjzpf &GH&SmpGmowfrSwfvdkuf+yD; rdrd vkyfief;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifcJhonf?

“vuf0J”qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh ywfoufIrl abmf&SDApfrsm;tay:/ rkcspmemaxmufcHonfh v,form;xk}uD;tay: ‚if;wdk@. =oZmudk xdef;odrf;xm;vkdonfh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh abmf&SDApfrsm;ESifh &efrjzpf&ef qkH;jzwfxm;+yD; xdktcdseftwGif; wyfaygif;pk tae txm;udkxdef;odrf;xm;onf? 1917/ Edk0ifbmwGif usif;yonfh v,form; qdkAD,uf rsm;. uGef*&ufuatmufwdkbmqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;. &&Sdcsuftm;vkH;udk todrSwfjyK+yD; qdkAD,uftpdk;&.trdef@rsm;udk oabmwlaxmufcHvdkufonf? “vuf0J”qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifhoabmwlnDcsuf&&Sdvdkuf+yD; xdkvltawmfrsm;rsm;udk jynfol@ EdkifiH a&;rSL;rsm;. aumifpDwGif&mxl;rsm;cef@xm;ay;vdkufonf? (udkvD*g,ufAf (Kolegayev)/ pydkif&D'kdEdkAm (Spiridonova)/ya&mh&Sd,ef (Proshyan)ESifh pwdef;bmh*f (Steinberg)odk@aomf ToabmwlnDr_onf b&ufpf-vpfawmhAfpff (Brest- Litovsk) +idrf;csrf;a&; pmcsKyf csKyfqdk onfhtcsdefESifh qif;&Jv,form;aumfrwDzG J @pnf;cs de ftxdomv#if c Hc J honf? xd k tcs de fwGi f v,form;xkt=um;uGJ+yJr_euf±d_if;vm+yD; ul;vwfrsm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk yd kIydkI a&mifjyef [yfvmonf?“vuf0J”qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf abmf&SDApfrsm;tay: ykefuefr_ pwifcJh&mqdkAD,uftm%mu acsr_ef;ypfvdkuf&onf?

1917 atmufwdkbmrS 1918 azazmf0g&D umvtwGif; qdkAD,ufawmfvSefa&;onfwdkif;jynf. us,fjyef@vSaom t0ef;t0dkif;twGif; tvsiftjrefyhsHESH@oGm;&m vDeifu qdkAD,uftm%m. “atmifyGJcHcsDwufyGJ”[lIyif &nfn¸ef;ajymqdkcJhonf?

}uD;jrwfonfh atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;atmifyGJcHcJhav+yD?±k&Sm;EdkifiHY qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; Todk@Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& tvG,fwul atmifyGJ&&Sdonfh

ta=umif;t&if; trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf? atmufyg t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm rSwfom;xdkufygonf?


1?1?1?1?1? atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;u &ifqdkif&onfh&efolrSm Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& tiftm;csnfheJ@+yD; qdk;0g;tm;enf;pGm zGJ@pnf;pnf;&kH;xm;+yD; ±k&Sm;"e&Sifrsm;uJhodk@yif EdkifiHa&;t& twG@t}uKHr&Sdao;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;t& tm;enf;ae+rJjzpfum/ tpdk;&uefx±kdufrsm;tay:wGif tjynfht0 rSDcdkae&onfh ±k&Sm;"e&Sifrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;t& rdrdudk,frdrd rSDcdk&yfwnfEdkifpGrf; vkHavmufr_r&SdbJ tajctaerS xGufayguf&Sm&ef vufOD;r_vnf;r&Sdacs? ‚if;wdk@onfjyifopf"e&Sifrsm;uJhodk@ EdkifiHa&;yl;aygif;r_rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vdrfnmr_rsm; tus,ftjyef@tawG@t}uKHvnf;r&Sd/ t*Fvdyf"e&Sifrsm;uJhodk@ xifa,mifxifrSm;zG,f ^m%frsm;vSaom aphpyfr_t&mwGif oif=um;xm;jcif;vnf; r&Sd=uacs? ‚if;wdk@onf r=umrwifuyif Zmbk&ifESifh em;vnfr_&&Sdvdkufaomfvnf; Zmbk&ifudk ,cktcgrSm azazmf0g&DawmfvSefa&;u jzKwfcsvdkuf+yDjzpf onf?"e&Sifrsm;udk,fwdkif tm%m&vmonfhtcg ‚if;wdk@onf tvGef&GHrkef;cH&aom Zmbk&if .ay:vpDrsm;udk t"dutcsufrsm; tm;vkH;wGif qufvufvkyfaqmif&efrSvGJI tjcm; rnf onfhydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh vrf;udkr# rpOf;pm;Edkifacs? ppfyGJonf EdkifiHawmfu wwfEdkifonf xufvGefae+yD;jynfolESifh wyfrawmfudk c|wf+cKHusaeaponfhwdkif Zmbk&ifuJhodk@yif ‚if;wdk@onf “ppfyGJudkatmifyGJcH tqkH;owfa&;odk@”qdkonfhrludk &yfcH=uonf? v,form;xkonf ajrrJhr_ESifh ajr&[email protected];ykd;zdtm;a=umifh qif;&Jc|wf+cHKusaeonfhwkdif Zmbk&ifuJhokd@yif ajr,mydkifqdkif r_udk qufvufxdef;odrf;&ef &yfwnf=uonf? tvkyform;ay:vpDESifh ywfoufIrl tvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;udkrkef;wD;&mwGif ±k&Sm;"e&Sifrsm;onf Zmbk&ifxufyif ausmfvGefoGm;cJhay onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚if;wdk@onf puf±Hkydkif&Sifrsm;. xrf;ydk;udk awmifhwif;cdkifrmap&ef xdef;odrf;ay;±Hkr#rutyhs HtES H @ jzpfaeaomtvkyf&Sifrsm;. wefjyefoydwfrsm;ud k rcHr&yfEd ki f awmhatmifjyKvkyfay;vdkufonf?

jynfolrsm;taejzifh Zmbk&if. ay:vpDESifh "e&Sifwdk@. ay:vpDt=um; rnfonfht"dujcm;em;csufr# rjrifawG@&bJ ‚if;wdk@. Zmbk&ifrkef;wD;r_udk "e&Sif,m,Dtpdk;&tay: ajymif;vJoGm;r_rsm;onf tHhzG,fr[kwfacs?

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2?2?2?2?2? atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;tm; OD;aqmifcJholrSm ±k&Sm; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;uJhodk@aom awmfvSefonfh vlwef;pm;w&yfu acgif;aqmifcJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ wkdufyGJtwGif; oHcJwifxm;aom vlwef;pm;w&yfjzpfum/ umvwdkav;twGif; awmfvSefa&;ESpf&yfudk jzwfoef;cJh+yD;/wwd,awmfvSefa&; t}udKumvwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;/ ajr,m/ vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepftwGuf wdkufyGJwGif jynfol. acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKcH&aom vlwef;pm;vnf;


jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;wGif jynfolwdk@. ,kH=unfr_udk&&Sdaom ±k&Sm; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;uJhodk@aom acgif;aqmifr&SdcJhygu/ tvkyform;ESifh v,form;t=um; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_vnf; &&Sdrnfr[kwfbJ/ TuJhodk@aom r[mrdwfzGJ@qdkr_ r&Sdygu atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJ cH&efvnf;rjzpfEdkifacs?

3?3?3?3?3? ±k&Sm; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf v,form;xk}uD;. trsm;pk}uD;jzpfaom qif;&Jv,form;uJhodk@aom xda&mufonfh r[mrdwf&Sdxm;onf? “rSefwef;”jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESpfq,fpkrsm;pGm. tawG@t}uKHESifh rqdkif;rwG Ed_if;,SOfEdkifonfh &Spfv=um awmfvSefa&; tawG@t}uKHonf vkyfom;v,form;rsm;twGufqdkv#if tcsnf;tESD;r[kwfacs? T umvtwGif;±k&Sm;&SdygwDtm;vkH;udk vufawG@wGif ppfaq;&ef tcGifhta&;&&SdcJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH'Drdku&ufrsm; odk@r[kwf qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;onf rnfolr#v,form;rsm; tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf tepfemcHum ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh xda&muf jyif;xefpGm &efjzpfrnfr[kwfa=umif; od&Sdem;vnfvm=u+yD; ±k&Sm;. abmf&SDApfygwD wckwnf;uom ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh rnfodk@r# qufpyfjcif;r&SdbJ v,form;rsm;. vkdtyfr_ukd jznfhqnf;&ef ajr&Sifrsm;tm;acsr_ef;&ef jyifqif+yD;jzpfa=umif; od&Sdvm=uonf? Tonfum; ypPnf;rJhESifh qif;&Jv,form;t=um; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_. cdkifrmaom tajccH jzpfapcJhonf? tvkyform; vlwef;pm;ESifhv,form;rsm;t=um; Tr[mrdwfzGJ@r_ wnf&Sdjcif;u tv,ftvwf v,form;rsm;. vkyf[efudk jyÏmef;ay;onf? tv,ftvwf v,form;rsm;onf =um&Snf=umrsm; awGa0,drf;,dkifae+yD; atmufwdkbmykefuefr_t}udKumvrSyif awmfvSefa&;buf pdwfa&mudk,fyg ul;ajymif;vmum qif;&Jv,form;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;cJhonf?

Tr[mrdwfzGJ@r_ r&Sdygu atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;atmifyGJ &&Sdrnfr[kwfa=umif;ajym&efyifrvdkacs?

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5?5?5?5?5? atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&; pwifonfhtcsdefrSm e,fchsJppfyGJ txGwfftxdyfjzpfaecsdef/t"du "e&SifEdkifiH}uD;rsm; &efzuftkyfpkESpfcktjzpf uGJoGm;csdefESifh "e&SifEdkifiH}uD;rsm;onf tjyeftvSef ppfyGJwGif epfjrKyfae=uonf? ‚if;wdk@onf wOD;udkwOD; tiftm;csnfheJ@atmif vkyfaeum“±k&Sm;jynfta&;tcif;”wGif xdxda&mufa&muf 0ifpGufzuf+yD;/ atmufwdk bmawmfvSefa&;udkwufºuGpGmqef@usif&ef rwwfEdkifjzpfaeonf?

Tonfu atmufwdkbmqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSef a&;atmifyGJudk v#ifjrefapcJhonfrSm ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sdacs?

7? qdkAD,uftm%m wnfwef@cdkif+rJa&;twGuf abmf&SDApfygwD.wdkufyGJ/ b&ufpf- vpfawmhAfpf7? qdkAD,uftm%m wnfwef@cdkif+rJa&;twGuf abmf&SDApfygwD.wdkufyGJ/ b&ufpf- vpfawmhAfpf7? qdkAD,uftm%m wnfwef@cdkif+rJa&;twGuf abmf&SDApfygwD.wdkufyGJ/ b&ufpf- vpfawmhAfpf7? qdkAD,uftm%m wnfwef@cdkif+rJa&;twGuf abmf&SDApfygwD.wdkufyGJ/ b&ufpf- vpfawmhAfpf7? qdkAD,uftm%m wnfwef@cdkif+rJa&;twGuf abmf&SDApfygwD.wdkufyGJ/ b&ufpf- vpfawmhAfpf+idrf;csrf;a&;/ owWrt}udrf ygwD uGef*&uf?+idrf;csrf;a&;/ owWrt}udrf ygwD uGef*&uf?+idrf;csrf;a&;/ owWrt}udrf ygwD uGef*&uf?+idrf;csrf;a&;/ owWrt}udrf ygwD uGef*&uf?+idrf;csrf;a&;/ owWrt}udrf ygwD uGef*&uf?

qdkAD,uftm%mudk wnfwHhcdkifrmatmif jyKvkyf&eftwGuf "e&SifEdkifiHawmf puf,E W&m;a[mif;udk acsrGzsufqD;ypf+yD; ‚if;[email protected]&mwGif qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf puf,E W&m;opfudkwnfaxmif&ayrnf? xdk@tjyif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ya'o&mZfydkifqdkifr_e,fy,frsm; (Estates)

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TudpPrsm;tm;vkH;udk 1917 ckESpftukefrS 1918 ckESpf tv,fv tcsdK@twGif;rSmyifvkyfaqmifcJhonf?

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y,fcsa=umif; a=unmonf? wcsdefwnf;rSm olu *smrefrsm;udk qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonfppfwdkufrSmr[kwfbJppfwyfudk qufvufzsufodrf;rnfjzpfa=umif; ta=umif;=um;cJhonf?

TonfrSmvnf; ,kwfrmr_jzpfonf? *smrefe,fchsJorm;rsm;taejzifh qdkAD,ufEdkifiHrStusdK;tjrwfrsm;twGuf TopPmazmufr_xufydkI vdktyfp&mr&Sdawmhyg?

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odk@aomf *smrefe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. vufeufudkifpGufzuf usL;ausmfr_onf wdkif;jynfwGiftiftm;}uD;rm;onfh awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhtwGuf tcsufay;vdkufonf? ygwDESifh qdkAD,uftpdk;&u “qdk&S,fvpftzEdkifiH tEœ,f&m,fusa&mufae+yD” [laom v_H@aqmfoHudk xkwfjyefvdkufonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf wkH@jyefaomtaejzifh wyfeDawmfwyfrrsm;udkpdwftm;xufoefpGm pwifzGJ@pnf;vmonf? wyfrawmfopf. i,f&G,fEkysdKaomwyfzGJ@rsm;awmfvSefonfhjynfolrsm;. wyfrawmfonf ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; vufeufwyfqifxm;onfh *smref"m;jyrsm;udk &J0HhajymifajrmufpGm ckcH=uonf? emAmESifh ypfaumhAfwdk@wGif *smref usL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;onf +rJ+rH}uHhcdkifaom wGef;vSefr_ESifh &ifqdkif&onf? ‚if;wdk@. yDx±kd*&ufodk@csDwufr_rSmvnf; [ef@wm;jcif; cH&onf? *smrefe,fcs@Jwyfrsm; wGef;vSefjcif;cH&onfh azazmf0g&D23 &ufudk wyfeDawmf arG;zGm;onfhae@tjzpf owfrSwfonf?

1918 azazmf0g&D 18 &ufwGif ygwDA[dkaumfrwDonf *smreftpdk;&udk csufcsif; +idrf;csrf;a&;,la&;twGuf urf;vSrf;&ef a=u;eef;±kdufa&; qdkonfh vDeif.wifjycsufudk oabmwlvdkufonf? odk@aomf *smrefrsm;onf tcGifhta&; ydkrdk&&Sdap&ef a&S@qufcsDwufvm+yD; azazmf0g&D22 &ufae@usrSomv#if +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfcsKyf&ef vdkvm;a=umif; *smref tpdk;&u azmfjyvmonf? awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm rlvawmif;qdkcsufrsm;xuf ydkrdk}uD;av;vmayonf?

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azazmf0g&D 23 &ufwGifrl A[dkaumfrwDu *smrefppfXmecsKyf. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvdkufem+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&; pmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf? xa&mhpuDeSifh blcg&ifwdk@.


opPmazmufr_twGuf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonf tawmfyif epfemcJh&onf? ydkvefudk ajym&efrvdkbJ/ vwfAD;,m;ESifh tufpfwdk;eD;,m;wdk@udk *smrefvufxJ xdk;tyfvdkuf&+yD;/ ,lu&def;udkqkdAD,uforRwEkdifiHESifh tqufjzwfypfvkdufum *smreDEkdifiH. vufatmufcHjzpfoGm;ap cJhonf?qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHu *smrefrsm;udk ppfavsmfa=u;ay;&ef oabmwlnDvkduf&onf?

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armfpudka'o ygwDAsL&kdwGif “vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;” (blcg&if/ tdkpifpuD; Ossinsky/

&maumhAfvDAm Yakovleva/ pwl;aumhAf StukovESifh refpuf Mantsev)onf ,m,DtkyfpD;xm;Edkif+yD; ygwDudkcGJypf&ef &nf&G,fum A[dkaumfrwDudk t,kHt=unfr&Sdqdkonfh qkH;jzwf csufudkcsrSwfvdkufonf? AsL&kdu “tvGefeD;uyfvSaom tem*wfwGif a&SmifvGJI rjzpfavmuf atmifygwD+ydKuGJawmhrnf” jzpfa=umif;a=unmonf? “vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;”onf ‚if;[email protected];jzwfcsufwGif qdkAD,ufqef@usifonfh &yfwnfr_vufcHa&;txdyif jyKvkyfvmonf? olwdk@u“EdkifiHwum awmfvSefa&; tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf u|efawmfwdk@onf ,cktcg o¿mefoufoufr#om&Sdawmhaom qdkAD,uftm%m ±_H;edrfhacs&Sdvmr_udk cGifhjyK&efrSm avsmfuefoifhjrwfonf[k ,lqonf”[k a=unmcJhonf?

vDeifu TqkH;jzwfcsufudk “xl;qef;+yD; ,kwfrmonf”[k wHqdyfESdyfay;vdkufonf?xdktcsdefum; xa&mhpuDESifh “vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;”. ygwDqef@usifa&; tjyKtrlrsm;.

wu,fhta=umif;&if;udk ygwDtwGif;Y tjrifr&Sif;=uao;acs? odk@aomfr=umrDu w&m;ppfaq;cJhaom qdkAD,ufqef@usifonfh “vuf,mESifh xa&mhpuD0g'Dtkyfpk” (1938 tpydkif;) ppfaq;csufrsm;u azmfjyonfrSm blcg&ifESifh ‚if;acgif;aqmifonfh vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;onf xa&mhpuD/ “vuf0J”qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh twl xdktcsdefuyif qdkAD,uftpkd;&udkvkyf}uH&ef wdwfwqdwf }uHpnfae+yDjzpfonf? blcg&if/ xa&mhpuDESifh ‚if;wdk@. }uHazmf}uHzufrsm;onf b&ufpf-vpfabmhAfpf +idrf;csrf;a&;udkzsufqD;+yD;/ vDeif/ pwmvifESifh qAm;'favmhAfwdk@udk zrf;qD;vkyf}uHowfjzwfum blcg&if0g'Drsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh “vuf0J”qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; yg0ifonfh tpdk;&w&yfudkzGJ@pnf;&ef }uHpnfcJha=umif; ,cktcgY od&Sd&+yDjzpfonf?

Tv#dK@0SufwefjyefawmfvSefa&;vkyf}uHr_udk }uHpnfvkyfaqmifaepOfrSmyif “vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;”onf xa&mhpuD. axmufcHr_ESifh abmf&SDApfygwDudk ajAmifwdkufcdkufae+yD;/ygwDuGJatmifESifh ygwD0ifrsm;t=um; uGJ+yJoGm;atmif }udK;pm;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf TuJhodk@aom ta&;}uD;vSonfhumvwGif ygwDonf vDeif/ pwmvifESifh qAm;'favhmAfwdk@. ywfvnfwGif odyfonf; pGm0dkif;&H+yD; wjcm;jy\emtm;vkH;rsm;rSmuJhodk@yif +idrf;csrf;a&; jy\emYvnf;A[dkaumfrwDudk axmufcHcJhonf?


“vuf0JuGefjrLepf”tkyfpkonf txD;usefjzpfum ±_H;edrfhoGm;onf? ygwDonf +idrf;csrf; a&;jyoemtay: aemufqkH;qkH;jzwfcsufudk a=unmEdkif&eftwGuf owWrt}udrf uGef*&ufudkac:qdkvdkufonf?

1918 ck/ rwfv 6 &ufwGif uGef*&ufudk zGifhvSpfvdkufonf? TonfrSm u|efawmfwdk@ygwDtm%m&&Sd+yD;aemuf ac:,lusif;yonfh yxrqkH; uGef*&ufjzpfonf? rJay;Edkifonfh 46 OD;ESifhrJray;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,foufouf 58 OD;wufa&mufcJh+yD; ygwD0if 145 000udk udk,fpm;jyKonf? trSefrSmrl xdktcsdefu ygwD0ifOD;a&rSm 270˜000 xufravsmhacs? uGef*&ufudktvsiftjrefac:qdk&jcif;a=umifh tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;tjym;onf tcsdefrD udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rapvGwfEdkifaoma=umifh TuJhodk@uGJvGJ+yD; rnDrr# jzpfoGm;&jcif;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif xdktcsdef*smrefrsm; odrf;,lxm;onfh e,fajrrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; apv$wfEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs?

TuGef*&ufY b&ufpf-vpfawmhAfpfcf +idrf;csrf;a&;tay: vDeifu tpD&ifcH&mwGif“u|efawmfwdk@ygwD ,cktcg awG@}uKHae&aom }uD;rm;onfh tusyftwnf;rSm ygwDwGif; vuf0JtwkduftcH wnf&Sdaer_a=umifh ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;u awG@}uKHcJh&onfh tusyftwnf;rsm;wGiftqdk;qkH; jzpfaeawmhonf”[k qdkvdkufonf? (vDeifvufa&$;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-299)(vDeifvufa&$;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-299)(vDeifvufa&$;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-299)(vDeifvufa&$;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-299)(vDeifvufa&$;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-299)

b&ufpf-vpfawmhAfpffcf +idrf;csrf;a&;jyoemtay: vDeifwifoGif;onfh qkH;jzwfcsufudkaxmufcHrJ 30/ uef@uGufrJ 12/ =um; 12 rJ jzifh vufcHtwnfjyKvdkufonf?

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vDeifu “aygifrkef@twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifjcif;onf qdk&S,fvpfpepftwGuf wkdufyGJ0ifjcif;jzpfonf”[k qdkvdkufonf? xdk@tjyiftvkyform;wyfzGJ@rsm;udk aus;vufa'oodk@ apvGwf&efpnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfr_udk TaºuG;a=umfoHatmufwGif jyKvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? &duQm tm%m&Sifpepf(Food dictatorship) ukdxlaxmifonfh trdef@rsm;/ owfrSwfonfh aps;E_ef;rsm;ESifh pm;eyf&duQmrsm; a&mif;csa&;twGuf jynfol@&duQmXmersm;udk ta&;ay: tm%mrsm;ay;tyfonfh trdef@rsm; xkwfqifhvdkufonf?

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qif;&Jv,form;rsm;aumfrwD wnfaxmifjcif;u aus;vufa'oY qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ a&S@wqifhwufjcif;jzpfonf? aumfrwDrsm;onf aus;&Gmrsm;wGifypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf. cHuwkwfrsm;jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@rSwqifh v,form;rsm;t=um;wyfeDawmftwGuf ppfom;pkaqmif;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?

aus;vufa'orsm;wGif ypPnf;rJhppfqifa&;ESifh qif;&Jom;v,form;aumfrwDrsm;.pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfcsufrsm;u aus;vuf&Sd qdkAD,uftm%mudk cdkifrmawmifhwif;ap+yD; tv,ftvwf v,form;rsm; qdkAD,uftm%mbuf ajymif;vmap&ef }udK;pm;&mwGif }uD;rm;aomEdkifiHa&;t& ta&;ygt&ma&mufaom ta=umif;w&yfjzpfcJhonf? 1918 tukefwGif qif;&Jv,form; aumfrwDonf ‚if;.wm0ef +yD;ajrmufatmifjrif+yD;aomtcg aus;vuf qkdAD,ufrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vkduf+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@ wnf&Sdr_rSmvnf; tqHk;owfoGm;cJhonf?

1918 ZGefv 4 &ufwGif zGifhvSpfonfh qdkAD,ufrsm;. yOPruGef*&ufwGif “vuf0J” qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf ul;vwfrsm;udk umuG,f&ef vDeifudk jyif;xefpGm wdkufcdkufonf? ‚if;wkd@u ul;vwfrsm;udk qufvuf wdkufyGJrqifawmh&efESifh vkyfom;&duQm wyfzGJ@rsm; aus;vufapvGwfjcif;&yf&ef awmif;qdkonf? “vuf0J”qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; orm;rsm;onf ‚if;[email protected]:vpDudk uGef*&ufrS trsm;pku qef@usifa=umif; odjrifvmonfhtcgarmfpudkwGif ykefuefr_udk pwifvkduf+yD; x±kdif,dkp&mwpfwJvfpuD;vrf;=um;udk odrf;


ydkufvdkufonf? xdkrS u&ifrvifudk tajrmufjzifhypfcwfcJhonf? T±kwfw&uf rdkuf±l;&J vkyfaqmifcsufudk abmf&SDApfrsm;u em&DtcsdK@twGif; ESdrfeif;vdkufEdkifcJhonf? “vuf0J” qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf wdkif;jynf. tjcm;a'orsm;wGifvnf; ykefuef&ef }udK;yrf;cJh=uao;aomfvnf; Tta&;tcif;rsm;ukd ae&mwumwGif tvsiftjref ESdrfeif;ypfvdkufEdkifonf?

qdkAD,ufqef@usifonfh “vuf,mESifh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;”tkyfpktr_ ,ckwGif ay:xGufvm+yD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; “vuf0J”qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. ykefuefr_onf blcg&ifESifhxa&mhpuDwdk@ od&Sd oabmwlcGifhjyKcsufjzifh pwifjcif;jzpfum blcg&if0g'Drsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;“vuf0J”qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u qdkAD,uftm%mudk qef@usifonfh taxGaxGwefjyefawmfvSefa&; vkyf}uHr_. wpdwfwydkif;jzpfcJhayonf?

aemufydkif; xa&mhpuD. olv#dKrsm;jzpfoGm;ol bvrfcif (Blumkin)qdkonfhtrnfESifh“vuf0J”qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;wOD;onf xdkumvrSmyif *smrefoH±Hk;twGif; wdwfwqdwf0ifa&muf+yD; armfpudk&Sd *smrefoHtrwf}uD; rm;bwfcsf (Mirbach)udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfvdkuf onf?*smreDESifh ppfjzpf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh vkyf}uHjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf qdkAD,uftpdk;&u ppfudka&SmifvGJvdkuf+yD; wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. vkyf}uHr_udk ysufjym;apvdkufygonf?

qdkAD,ufrsm;. yOPruGef*&ufu yxrqkH;aom qdkAD,ufzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH/ ±k&Sm;qdkAD,ufzuf'&,f qdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkudk vufcHtwnfjyKvdkufonf?


tusOf;csKyf

1917ck/ azazmf0g&DrS atmufwdkbmvtxd &SpfvtwGif; abmf&S DApfygwDonftvGefcufcJvSaom vkyfief;jzpfonfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm; trsm;pkESifh qdkAD,uftrsm;pkodrf;oGif;a&;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf v,form;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm. axmufcHr_&a&;wdk@udk +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifatmif xrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonf? "e&Sifaygufprsm; (qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh rif;rJhrsm;) . ay:vpDudk wqifh+yD;wqifh azmfxkwf zGifhcs+yD;tvkyform;jynfolrsm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh zDvmqef@usifa=umif; jyojcif;jzifh T vlxk}uD;udkxdkygwDrsm;. =oZm*,ufatmufrS qGJ,lcJhonf? abmf&SDApfygwDonf a&S@ wef;rSma&m/aemufwef;rSmyg EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tus,ftjyef@ vkyfaqmifcJh+yD; atmuf wdkbmqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf vlxkudk jyifqifay;cJhonf?

TumvtwGif; ygwD.ordkif;wGif tqkH;tjzwftcef;u yg0ifonfh ta&;}uD;onfhtjzpftysufrsm;rSm vDeif EdkifiHjcm;rS jyefa&mufvmjcif;/ ol.{+yDppfwrf;/ {+yDygwDuGefz&ifhESifhqÏrygwDuGef*&ufwdk@jzpfonf? ygwDqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGuftiftm;a&aomufjrpfjzpfum atmifyGJtay: ,kH=unfr_rsm;ay:xGufapcJhayonf? xdkqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;. ta&;}uD;aom jy\emrsm;. tajzudk&SmawG@cJhonf? {+yDuGefz&ifhu ygwD.vkyfief;udk "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;rS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;odk@ ul;ajymif;a&;wdkufyGJodk@ vrf;n¸efcJhonf? qÏruGef*&ufu ygwDudk "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh ‚if;.,m,Dtpdk;&udk vufeufudkifykefuef&ef OD;aqmifvrf;n¸efr_ ay;cJhonf?

aphpyfa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaom qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh rif&SDApfygwDrsm;/rif;rJhygwDrsm;ESifh tjcm;uGefjrLepf r[kwfonfh ygwDrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ oHo&mudk jynfh0apvdkufonf? ‚if;wdk@ tm;vkH;onf atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrDrSmyif"e&SifygwDrsm; jzpfoGm;=u+yD; t&if;&Sifpepf pkpnf;xm;&Sda&;ESifh xdef;odrf;a&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if=uonf? abmf&SDApfygwDonf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk jzKwfcs+yD; qdkAD,uftm%mudk xlaxmif&ef vlxkrsm;. wkdufyGJudk acgif;aqmifrnfh wckwnf;aom ygwDjzpfonf?

wcsdefwnf;wGif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf ygwDwGif;rS tnhHcHorm;rsm;jzpfaom ZDEdkApf/ uJrDeufAf/ ±kddkifaumhAf/ blcg&if/ xa&mhpuDESifh ysmwaumhAfwdk@. qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;vrf;rS ygwDudkvrf;vGJoGm;atmif }udK;yrf;r_rsm;udkvnf; acsr_ef;vdkufonf?

abmf&SDApfygwD. acgif;aqmifr_jzifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf qif;&Jv,form;ESifhtwl r[mrdwfzGJ@vsuf ppfom;/ a&wyfom;rsm;udk axmufcHr_&,lum "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. tm%mudkjzKwfcs+yD; qdkAD,uftm%mudk xlaxmifaom ykHpHopfEdkifiHawmfjzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpfqdkAD,ufEdkifiHudkxlaxmif/ ajr&Sifrsm;. ajr,mydkifqkdifr_pepfudk zsufodrf;/ v,form;rsm;tokH;jyK&ef ajrrsm;ay;tyf/ wdkif;jynf&Sd ajr,mtm;vkH;udk jynfolydkifodrf;/ t&if;&Sifrsm;.ypPnf;udk odrf;,l/ ±k&Sm;EdkifiHtm; ppfyGJrSaemufqkwfapvdkufEdkifonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;udk&&SdapcJhonf?


TonfrSm tvGefvdktyfonfh tem;,lumvjzpf+yD; Tenf;jzifh qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;/jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;twGuf ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk zefwD;vdkufonf?

atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;onf t&if;&Sifpepfudk acsr_ef;vdkuf+yD; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d,mvufrJhjzpfapum puf±Hkrsm;/ tvkyf±kHrsm;/ ajr,m/ rD;&xm;vrf;ESifh/ b%fwdkufrsm;udk jynfoltm;vkH;ydkifypPnf;/ trsm;ydkifypPnf;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfvdkufonf?

ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudk TawmfvSefa&;u wnfaxmifvdkuf+yD; wkdif;jynft0ef;rStpdk;&udk tvkyform;vufodk@ ay;tyfvdkufum ‚if;wdk@udk tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;jzpfapvdkuf onf?

Tenf;jzifh atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;u vlom;ordkif;wGif acwfopfw&yfypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;acwfudk aqmif=uOf;vmcJhayonf?


tcef; (8)

EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufr+ESifhjynfwGif;ppfumvtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD? (1918=1920)

1? EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufvmjcif;? jynfwGif;ppf yxrumv1? EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufvmjcif;? jynfwGif;ppf yxrumv1? EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufvmjcif;? jynfwGif;ppf yxrumv1? EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufvmjcif;? jynfwGif;ppf yxrumv1? EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufvmjcif;? jynfwGif;ppf yxrumv?????

taemufEdkifiHrsm;Y ppfyGJtpGrf;ukef}uJaecsdefwGif b&ufpf- vpfawmhAfpf +idrf;csrf;a&; pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkvdkufjcif;/ qdkAD,uftm%m wnfwHhcdkif+rJapjcif;ESifh usifhokH;vkyfaqmifaeaomawmfvSefonfh pD;yGm;a&;enf;em woDwwef;}uD;. tusdK;a=umifh/ taemufEdkifiHt&if;&Sifrsm;txl;ojzifh r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;twGif; ta&;w}uD; pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf?

*smreDESifh ±k&Sm;t=um; +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkvdkufjcif;u ppfyGJtwGif; *smreDtaetxm; wdk;wufaumif;rGefoGm;aponfESifhtnD r[mrdwfe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u rdrdwdk@wyfrsm;.tajctae qdk;&Gm;oGm;rnfh ta&;udk pdk;&drfvm=uonf? xdk@tjyif ±k&Sm;ESifh *smreDt=um;+idrf;csrf;a&;u EdkifiHtm;vkH;ESif h ppfrsufESmtm;vkH;wdk@wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;vdkvm;r_udk v_H@aqmfay;vdkufonf? ppfyGJqufvufqifEGJa&;twGuf Tta=umif;u twm;tqD;wckvdkjzpfae+yD;/ e,fcsJ@pepf ta&;awmfykH ysufpD;rnfhtE W&m,fudk ydkrdka=umuf&GHjcif;jzpfonf? aemufqkH;a=umuf&GH@r_rSm tvGefus,fjyef@vSaom EdkifiHe,fedrdwfwcGifY qdkAD,uftm%m wnf&Sdvmr_}uD;ESifh "e&Siftm%m+ydKysuf+yD;aemuf jynfwGif;wGif &&Sdvmaom atmifyGJrsm;utaemufEdkifiHrS tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;udk ul;pufysH@ESH@aprnfh Oyrmw&yfuJhodk@jzpfvmrnfudkyifjzpfonf? a&&Snfppf}uD;tay: eufeJpGm rkef;wD;&GH&Smvmaom tvkyform;ESifhppfom;rsm;onf ±k&Sm;rsm;. ajcvSrf;rsm;twdkif; vdkufvm=u+yD; rdrdwdk@. vSHpGyfrsm;udk rdrdwdk@.


t&Sifocifrsm;ESifh zdESdyfolrsm;bufvSnfhvmEdkifayonf? tusdK;quftm;jzifh r[mrdwfEdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;onf qdkAD,uftpdk;&udk jzKwfcs+yD; "e&Sif tpdk;&udkxlaxmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifhvufeufudkiftiftm;jzifh ±k&Sm;udk 0ifa&muf pGufzufusL;ausmf&ef/ xdkrSwqifh wdkif;jynfY"e&Sifpepfjyefvnfxlaxmif+yD; *smrefESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfudk zsufodrf;um *smreDESifh=op}wD;,m;udk &ifqdkifzdk@twGuf ppfa&;r[mrdwf jyefxlaxmif&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf?

r[mrdwfEdkifiH e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;onf qdkAD,uftpdk;& rwnfr+idrfjzpfaeonf[k ,kH=unfem;vnfxm;aoma=umifh T,kwfrmvSaom vkyfief;udk a&Sma&Sm±SL±SL vkyfaqmifcJh=u+yD; olwdk@u olwdk@. &efolrsm;bufrS }udK;yrf;r_ wckjzifh rkcsyif &efolrsm; tvG,fwul apmvsifpGmed*kH;csKyfoGm;rnf[k ,kH=unfcJh=uonf?

qdkAD,uftm%m atmifyGJ&r_ESifh ‚if;wnf+idrfcdkifcef@vmr_wdk@u z,f&Sm;jcif;cH&onfhvlwef;pm;rsm;jzpfaom ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh t&if;&Sifrsm;/ aysmufuG,foGm;&onfh ygwDrsm;jzpfaomzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH 'Drdku&ufrsm;/ rif&SDApfrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ rif;rJhorm; rsm;ESifhta&miftaoG;trsdK;rsdK;aom trsdK;om;"e&Sifrsm;ESifh wyfjzL AdkvfcsKyfrsm;/ aumhquf t&m&Sdrsm;/olwdk@t=um;wGif ydkIyif}uD;rm;onfh pdk;&drfaomursm; jzpfay:aponf?

atmifyGJcH atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&; yxr&ufrsm;twGif;rSmyif T&efvdkonfh yxrtpdwftydkif;tm;vkH;u vlod&Sif=um; atmf}uD;[pfus,fjzifh ±k&Sm;Y qdkAD,uftm%m twGufae&mr&Sda=umif; usqkH;ysufpD;rSmjzpfa=umif; wywfESpfywf odk@r[kwf tvGefqkH; wv/ESpfvtwGif; usqkH;rSmjzpfa=umif; pwifajymqdkvm=uonf? odk@aomf &efolrsm;usdefpmwkdufaeonfh=um;rSyif qkdAD,uftm%monf qufvufwnfwHh+yD; tiftm;awmifhwif;vmum±k&Sm;jynfwGif;&Sd &efolrsm;u olwdk@xifxm;onfxuf tiftm;awmifhwif;a=umif;ESifh ‚if;udk+zdKcs&efrSm tvGef}uD;rm;pGm tiftm;pdkufxkwf&rSmjzpf+yD; wefjyefawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pktm;vkH;rS jyif;xefonf;oefonfh wdkufyGJvdktyfa=umif; 0efcHajym=um;vm&onf? xdk@a=umifholwdk@u wefjyefawmfvSefa&;/ xºuGykefuefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tus,ftjyef@ vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk v_H@aqmf&ef/ ppfa&;au'grsm;udk pk±HkH;+yD;/ txl;ojzifh aumhqufESifh ul;vwfwdk@&Sd&mt&yfrsm;wGif ykefuefr_rsm; pnf;±Hk;&efqkH;jzwfcJh=uonf?

Tenf;jzifh 1918 ck yxrESpf0ufrSmyif r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;rS jynfye,fcsJ@orm;rsm;ESifhjynfwGif;wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;[lonfh jywfom;onfh tiftm;pk 2 &yfonf qdkAD,uftm%mudk jzKwfcs&ef jyifqifvkyfaqmifvm=u+yD; jzpfayonf?

Ttiftm;pkrsm;teuf rnfonfhtiftm;pkrS qdkAD,uftm%mudk wOD;wnf;+zdKcs&efvdktyfonfh vdktyfcsufrsm; tm;vkH;r&Sdacs? ±k&Sm;&Sd wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;xJwGif qdkAD,uftm%mudk ykefuefr_pwif&ef vkHavmufaom ppfa&;au'grsm;ESifh vltiftm;tcsdK@&Sd+yD;‚if;wdk@rSmt"dutm;jzifh aumhquftxufwef;pm;rsm;rSESifh ul;vwfrsm;rSjzpf=uonf? odk@aomfolwdk@rSm aiGaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufeufaomfvnf;aumif;r&Sdacs? wzufrSmvnf; EdkifiHjcm;e,fchsJorm;rsm;rSm aiGESifh vufeuf&Sdaomfvnf; 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef &nf&G,f+yD; wyftvkH


tavmufrapvGwfEdkifacs? Todk@rvkyfEdkifonfh ta=umif;rSm Twyfrsm;onf *sm reDESifh=op}wD;,m;wdk@ESifh ppfwdkuf&ef vdktyfae&kHr#ru ‚if;wdk@onf qdkAD,uftm%m ESifhppfcif;&ef,kH=unfpdwfcs tm;udk;avmufzG,f&SdEdkifaumif;rS &SdEdkifrnfjzpf aoma=umifhwnf;?

qdkAD,uftm%mudk qef@usifwdkufcdkufrnfh wkdufyGJ. ta=umif;tcsufrsm;u qkdAD,ufqef@usifonfh jynfwGif;jynfy tiftm;pkESpf&yf. pkaygif;nDnGwfa&;ukd awmif;qkdjyÏmef;vdkufonf? Taygif;pnf;r_rSm 1918 ck yxrESpf0ufwGif taumiftxnf ay:vmonf? TonfrSmjynfwGif;rS wefjyefawmfvSefa&; ykefuefr_rsm;. ulnDaxmufyHhr_jzifh qdkAD,uftm%mudkjzKwfcs&ef EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& pGufzufr_ rnfuJhodk@ pwifcJhykHyifjzpfawmhonf?

TonfrSm ±k&Sm;wGif ppfem;csdeftqkH;owfoGm;r_jzpf+yD; jynfwGif;ppf. tpysdK;csufjzpfum ±k&Sm;trsdK;om; tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;uwzuf/ qdkAD,uftm%m. jynfwGif;jynfy &efolrsm;uwzuf jzpfyGm;onfh ppfyGJjzpfonf?

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wyfeDawmfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh ywfoufonfhjy\emrsm;uvnf; uGef*&uf. aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif txl;ae&m,lvm+yD; xdke,fy,fwGif “ppfa&;twdkuftcH”qdkonfudk ay:aygufvmaponf? xdk“ppfa&;twdkuftcH”wGif ,cktcg ysufokOf;oGm;+yDjzpfaom “vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;” tkyfpkrS tzGJ@0ifta[mif;tcsdK@ yg0ifae+yD; b,faomtcgurS twkduftcHrsm;wGifryg0ifcJhaomfvnf; xa&mhpuD. wyfjy\emrsm; ukdifwG,fvkyfaqmifykHrsm;udk rauseyfonfhygwDvkyfom;tcsdK@vnf; yg0ifaeonf? wyfrawmfrS udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pkonf xa&mhpuDtay: xif&Sm;odompGm rkef;wD;ae=u+yD; ol. Zmbk&ifhwyfrawmfa[mif;rS ppfa&; yg&*lrsm;tay: ±kdusdK;av;pm;vGef;jcif;udk rauseyf=uacs? ToltcsdK@rSm jynfwGif;ppfwGif ajymif ajymifwif;wif;yif u|efawmfwdk@udk opPmazmufaeonf? wyfrawmfwGif;rS abmf&SDApf a[mif;}uD;rsm;tay: xa&mhpuD. armufrm&efvdkonfh oabmxm;udkvnf; rauseyf=uacs? xa&mhpuD.“tusifhrsm;”udkvnf; uGef*&ufY Oyrmtjzpfwifjy=uonf? Oyrm a&S@wef;Y wm0efxrf;aqmifaeonfh xif&Sm;onfh wyfrawmfrS uGefjrLepftcsdK@udk udk,fpdwfwkdif; rus±Hk av;jzifhypfowf&ef}udK; pm;cJhonf? TonfrSm &efoltwGuf wdkuf±kduftvkyftau|; jyKjcif; jzpfonf?A[dkaumfrwDrS 0ifa&mufvmjcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ ppfwyfrS vlrsm;. qef@usif uef@uGufr_a=umifhvnf;aumif; T&Jabmfrsm;. toufudk u,fvdkufEdkifjcif;jzpfonf?

odk@aomfygwD. ppfa&;ay:vpDtay: xa&mhpuD. ykHzsufr_udkwdkufaeonfESifh w+ydKif wnf;“ppfa&;twkduftcH”wdk@onf ppfwyfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh ywfouf+yD; tcsuftcsdK@wGifrrSefuefaomtjrifrsm; &Sdae=uonf? vDeifESifh pwmvifonf ppfa&;twdkuftcHrsm;udk tjyif;txef a0zef±_wfcsvdkufonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tppfa&; twdkuftcHrsm;u aysmuf=um;pdwf"mwf qufvuftouf&Sifa&;udk tumuG,fay;um ykHrSefwyfeDawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;/wyfa[mif;rS ppfa&;yg&*lrsm;udk tokH;csa&;ESifh rnfonfhppfrSefonfhwyfrS r&Sd&ifrjzpfonfhoHr%dpnf;urf; xlaxmifa&;wdk@udk wm;qD;ckHcHaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? &Jabmfpwmvifu“ppfa&;twdkuftcHrsm;”udk jyefvnfacsyvdkuf+yD; twif;tusyfqkH;aom pnf;urf; pdwf"mwfoGif;xm;onfh ykHrSefwyfrawmf wnfaxmif&ef awmif;qdkvkdufonf?

olu “u|efawmfwdk@onf wu,fhtvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. t"dutm;jzifh v,form;rsm;. wyfrawmfw&yf/ pnf;urf;wif;usyfonfh wyfrawmfw&yfxlaxmif+yD; orRw


EdkifiHudk umuG,frvm; odk@r[kwf u|efawmfwdk@ ysufpD;qkH;±_H;=urvm;[kqdkonf? “ppfa&;twdkuftcHrsm;”u wifoGif;onfh tqdkjyKcsuftcsdK@udk y,fcs&if;/ uGef*&ufu xa&mhpuDudkA[dkppftzGJ@tpnf;vkyfief;rsm;wGif wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&efESifh wyfrawmfwGif; uGefjrLepfrsm;. tcef;udk jr‡ifhwifay;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufjcif;jzifh xdk;ESufa0zefvdkufonf?

uGef*&ufwGif ppfaumfr&Sifudk wnfaxmifvdkuf+yD; ‚if;.}udK;yrf;csufa=umifh ppfa&;jyoemqkH;jzwfcsuftay: uGef*&ufu wnDwnGwfwnf; vufcHtwnfjyKvdkufonf?

TqkH;jzwfcsuf. tusdK;rSm wyfeDawmfudk tiftm;awmifhwif;ap&efESifh ygwDESifhydkIeD;uyfvmatmif qGJ,lEdkifjcif;wdk@yif jzpfonf?

uGef*&ufu qufvuf+yD; ygwDESifh qdkAD,ufa&;&mrsm;ESifh qdkAD,ufrsm;twGif; ygwD.acgif;aqmifnef=um;onfh tcef;udk aqG;aEG;=uonf? 'kwd, jyoemtay: tjyeftvSefjiif;ckHaqG;aEG;r_twGif; uGef*&ufu tacsmiform; qmy±kdaemhAf-tdkZifpuD; (Sapronov-Ossinsky)

tkyfpk. tjrifudk y,fcsvdkufonf? ‚if;wdk@u ygwDonf qdkAD,ufrsm;. vkyfief;udk OD;raqmifoifh[kqdkcJhonf?

aemufqkH;ygwD0ifopfrsm; tpkvdkuft+yKHvdkuf 0ifvmr_a=umifh uGef*&ufu ygwD. vlr_zGJ@pnf;r_wdk;wufaumif;rGef&ef enf;vrf;rsm; a&;qGJ+yD;ygwD0ifrsm; jyefvnfrSwfykHwifpdppf&efqkH;jzwfvdkufonf?

Tonfu ygwD0ifrsm;twGif; yxrqkH; tykyfcsyGJ pwifvdkufonf?

3? 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ wdk;chsJvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufEdkifiHtm; ydwfqdk@jcif; aumhcsufppfqifa&;ESifh3? 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ wdk;chsJvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufEdkifiHtm; ydwfqdk@jcif; aumhcsufppfqifa&;ESifh3? 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ wdk;chsJvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufEdkifiHtm; ydwfqdk@jcif; aumhcsufppfqifa&;ESifh3? 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ wdk;chsJvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufEdkifiHtm; ydwfqdk@jcif; aumhcsufppfqifa&;ESifh3? 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ wdk;chsJvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufEdkifiHtm; ydwfqdk@jcif; aumhcsufppfqifa&;ESifh±_H;edrfhr_? 'ifeDuifppfqifa&;ESifh ±_H;edrfhr_? okH;vppfem;jcif;? e0rt}udrfajrmuf uGef*&u±_H;edrfhr_? 'ifeDuifppfqifa&;ESifh ±_H;edrfhr_? okH;vppfem;jcif;? e0rt}udrfajrmuf uGef*&u±_H;edrfhr_? 'ifeDuifppfqifa&;ESifh ±_H;edrfhr_? okH;vppfem;jcif;? e0rt}udrfajrmuf uGef*&u±_H;edrfhr_? 'ifeDuifppfqifa&;ESifh ±_H;edrfhr_? okH;vppfem;jcif;? e0rt}udrfajrmuf uGef*&u±_H;edrfhr_? 'ifeDuifppfqifa&;ESifh ±_H;edrfhr_? okH;vppfem;jcif;? e0rt}udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf?f?f?f?f?

*smreDESifh =op}wD;,m;udk atmifEdkif+yD;aemuf/ r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;onf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHudkqef@usif&ef ppftiftm;pk}uD;rsm;udk ydk@vGwf&efqkH;jzwfcJhonf? *smreDppf±_H;um ‚if;.wyfrsm;,lu&def;ESifh x&efaumhau;&Sm;rS qkwfcGmoGm;&+yD;aemuf ‚if;wdk@ae&mwGif +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopfrsm; a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? ‚if;wdk@onf yifv,feufodk@vnf; a&wyfrsm;apvGwfum tdk'ufqmESifh x&efaumhau;&Sm;wGif cs&yfxm;onf? usL;ausmfvmonfh r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf‚if;wdk@ odrf;ydkufxm;onfh a'orS tvkyform;/ v,form;ukd tpkvkduft+yHKvkduf ypfowf&efvufraES;cJhbJ ‚if;wdk@. &ufpufr_udk azmfjycJhonf? wmupfpwefudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf &Jabmf&SJrf,ef (Shaumyan)/ zD&kdvDawmhAf (Fioletov)/ *smyg&mZf (Djaparidze)/ rmvD*sif (Malygin)/tZpfbDaumhAf (Azizbekov)/ aumf*gaemhAf (Korganov)ponfh bmul;rS acgif;aqmifabmf&SDApf 26 OD;udk x&ef@puufpjyef;a'oodk@ ac:aqmifoGm;+yD; qdk&S,fvpf awmf vSefa&;orm;rsm; tultnDjzifh &ufpufpGmypfowfum ‚if;wdk@. a'goudk tqkH;pGefazmfjy =uonf?


pGufzufusL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;u r=umrDrSmyif ±k&Sm;udk ydwfqdk@&efydwfqdk@&efydwfqdk@&efydwfqdk@&efydwfqdk@&ef a=unmonf?a&a=umif;vrf;tm;vkH;ESifh jyifyurBmodk@ qufoG,fonfh wjcm;vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk jzwfawmufvdkufonf?

qdkAD,ufEdkifiHonf buftm;vkH;eD;yg;rS 0dkif;&Hjcif;cHae&onf? r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;onfqdkufaA;&D;,m;/ atmfhAfpf&Sd ‚if;wkd@. ±kyfao;a&wyf AdkvfcsKyfaumvfcsuf (Kolchak) tay:‚if;wdk@. t"duar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ykHxm;cJhonf? ol@udk “±k&Sm;. tjrifhqkH;tkyfpdk;ol”[ka=unmay;+yD; wdkif;jynf&Sd wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pktm;vkH;udk ol@acgif;aqmifr_atmufwGif xm;&Sdvdkufonf?

Tenf;jzifh ta&S@buf ppfrsufESmonf t"duppfrsufESmjzpfvmonf?aumhcsufonf tvGef}uD;vSonfh wyf}uD;udk pk±Hk;vdkuf+yD; 1919 aEGOD;wGif aAmvf*gokd@

a&mufvkrwwfjzpfvmonf? taumif;qkH; aAmf&SDApftiftm;pkrsm;onf ol@udkwGef;xkwff vdkuf+yD;uGefjrLepfvli,ftzGJ@rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;udk ta&;ay: ppfom;pkaqmif;vdkufonf? 1919ck {+yDwGif aumhcsufwyfonf wyfeDawmfrsm;. vufwGif r±_rvSqkH;±_H;+yD; r=umrDtwGif;ppfrsufESmwckvHk;rS aemufqkwfoGm;&onf?

a&S@wef;ppfrsufESmwGif wyfeDawmfcsDwufr_ t&SdefjrifhaepOf xa&mhpuDonf oHo,ruif;zG,f pDrHudef;wckudk wifvmonf? olu ,l&Jvfawmifwef; ra&mufcif csDwufr_udk&yfqdkif;&ef/ aumhcsufwyfrsm; aemufvdkufaer_udk&yf+yD; wyfrsm;udk ta&S@ppfrsufESmrS awmifydkif;ppfrsufESmodk@ ajymif;a&$@&eftqdkjyKonf? ygwDA[dkaumfrwDu ,l&JvfESifh qdkufaA;&D;,m;udkaumhcsufvufwGif xm;cJh&ef rjzpfa=umif; aumif;aumif;em;vnfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdkae&mrS *syefESifh +Adwdo#wdk@. tultnDjzifh olonf jyefvnfemvefxlEdkif+yD; e*kdtaetxm; jyef&oGm;Edkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh TpDrHudef;udk y,fcsvdkufum qufwuf&ef n¸ef=um;vdkufonf? xa&mhpuDu Tn¸ef=um;csufrsm;udk oabmrwlbJ EkwfxGufpmwif&m A[dkaumfrwDu y,fcsvdkuf+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif ta&S@bufppfrsufESm ppfqifa&;rsm;Yn¸ef=um;ae&mwGif yg0ifaer_rsm;tm;vkH;rS csufcsif;ab;z,f&ef trdef@xkwfvdkufonf? wyfeDawmfonf aumhcsuftay: xdk;ppfudk ydkrdk}uD;rm;onfh tpGrf;jzifh qifE$J=u+yD; ol@tay: qkH;±_H;r_topfrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifapum ,l&JvfESifh qdkufaA;&D;,m;udk wyfjzLrsm;vufrS vGwfajrmufapvdkufonf? Ta'orsm;wGif wyfeDawmfudk a&mifjzLaemufwef;a'orS tiftm;}uD;rm;vSonfh ygwD0ifxk. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;u ulnDaxmufcHr_ay;cJhonf?

1919 aEGOwkwGif e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u taemufajrmufa'o (abmfvwpfEdkifiHrsm;/yDx±kd*&uf. t0ef;t0dkif;twGif;) wefjyefawmfvSefa&;udk acgif;aqmifaeonfh AdkvfcsKyf ,l'Depfcsf(Yudenich)tm; ta&S@ppfrsufESmrS wyfeDawmf. tm±Hkudk ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf yDx±kd*&ufudkwdkufcdkuf&ef wm0efay;vdkufonf? ,cift&m&Sda[mif;rsm; . wefjyefawmfvSef a&;v_H@aqmfr_v$rf;rd k;jcif;a=umifh yDx±kd*&uft0ef;t0dkif;rS cHwyfESpfckrS tapmifhwyfom;rsm; onfqdkAD,uftpdk;&udk ykefuefvm=uonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif wefjyefawmfvSefa&; }uHpnfr_ wckudk


a&S@wef;XmecsKyfY azmfxkwfvdkufEdkifonf? &efolu yDx±kd*&ufudk +cdrf;ajcmufvmonf? odk@aomftvkyform;a&wyfom;rsm;. ulnDaxmufcHr_jzifh qdkAD,uftpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsuf rsm;a=umifhykefuefonfhcHwyfrsm;rS wyfjzLrsm;udk z,f&Sm;vdkufEdkif+yD; ,l'Depfcsfwyfrsm; ±H_;edrfh oGm;umtufpwdk;eD;,m;odk@ jyefarmif;xkwfjcif;cHvkduf&onf?

yDx±kd*&ufteD; ,l'Depfcsf ppf±_H;jcif;u aumhcsufudk ajz&Sif;&ef ydkrdkvG,fulapvdkuf+yD; 1919cktukefwGif ol. wyfudk vkH;0acsr_ef;vdkufEdkifonf? aumhcsufudk,fwdkif tusOf;om;t jzpftzrf;cHvdkuf&+yD; tmuwfpf&Sd awmfvSefa&;aumfrwD. pD&ifcsufjzifh ypfowfjcif;cHvkduf& onf?

TonfrSm aumhcsuf. tqkH;owfyifwnf;?qdkufaA;&D;,m; vlxkt=um; aumhcsufESifhywfouf+yD; acwfpm;onfh oDcsif;wyk'f &SdcJh

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rsm;onf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHudk wdkufcdkuf&ef ‚if;[email protected];udk jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkufonf?tdk'ufqmY cs&yfxm;aom ppfwyfrsm;udk qkwfcGmcdkif;vdkuf&onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomfqdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH wyfrsm;ESifh qufoG,fxdawG@r_rsm;u ‚if;wdk@udk awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwful;pufjyef@yGm;ap+yD; ‚if;wdk@. e,fcsJ@t&Sifocifrsm;udk pwifykefuefvmaponf? Oyrmtkd'ufqmY tif'a&rmwD (Andre Marty) OD;aqmifonfh jyifopfa&wyfom;rsm;. ykefuefr_ay:cJhonf? ,cktcg aumhcsufppf±H_;oGm;+yD jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm r[mrdwfrsm;onf aumfeDavmhAf. }uH&mygjzpf+yD; “taysmfwrf;wyf”udk pnf;±Hk;zGJ@pnf;ol AdkvfcsKyf'ifeDuif tay: tm±Hkpl;pdkufvm=uonf? xdktcsdefu 'ifeDuifonf awmifydkif;&Sdulbefa'orS qdkAD,uftm%mudkwdkufcdkufppfqifaeonf? ol.wyfudk r[mrdwfrsm;u vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm; axmufyHhum qdkAD,uftm%mudk wdkufcdkuf&ef ajrmufydkif;odk@ apvGwfvdkufonf?

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&uftenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif ydkvefwyfrsm;. a&S@wdk;r_udk[ef@wm;vdkufEdkif+yD; u|efawmfwdk@wyfrsm;u jyefvnfxdk;ppftwGuf jyifqifr_rsm; pwifcJhonf? odk@aomf ppfyGJudk qufvufrqifE$JEdkifawmh/ wyfeDrsm;. wefjyefxdk;ppf tvm;vmudk vef@aoma=umifhvnf; aumif; ydkvefonf 'eDyg; jrpftaemufzuf&Sd ,lu&def;e,fajrESifh bdkifvdk±k&Sm;wdk@udk ydkifqdkifcGifhudk jiif;y,fvdkuf+yD;+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;&ef urf;vSrf;vmonf? 1920 atmufwdkbm 20 wGif &D*g +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkufonf? TpmcsKyfESifhtnD ydkvefu a*vD&Sm;ESifh bdkifvdk±k&Sm; wpdwfwydkif;ukdqufvufxdef;odrf;cGifh&oGm;onf?

ykdvefESifh+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonf &Jef*Jvfudk tqkH;owfypf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf? +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopfwdk@u ol@udk aemufqkH;ay: trsdK;tpm;aoewf±kdifz,f/ oHcsyfumum;/ wifhum;/ av,Of ysHESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;udk axmufyHhay;cJhonf? ol@wGif t&m&Sdrsm; t"duyg0ifxm;onfh wyfjzLrkefwdkif;wyfrsm; (Shock Regiment)

&Sdonf? odk@aomf &Jef*Jvfonf ulbefESifh 'Gefa'owdk@Y cs&yfxm;onfh wyfzGJ@rsm;udk axmufyHh&ef v,form;ESifh aumhquf toifhtwifhudkr# pnf;±Hk;Edkifjcif;r&SdcJhacs? odk@aomfvnf; olonf'dkeufpfcsdKifh0Srf; wHcg;aygufrsm;txdyif csDwufvmEdkif+yD; u|efawmfwkd@. ausmufrD;aoG;a'o}uD;udk tE W&m,fay;&ef +cdrf;ajcmufvmonf? xdktcsdefu qdkAD,uftpdk;&. taetxm;rSwyfeDawmf. rwefwq ppfyef;xm;r_a=umifh ±_yfaxG;aeygonf? wyfzGJ@rsm;onf tvGefcufcJonfh tajcaersm;atmufwGif rvGJra&Smifom csDwufae&+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif &Jef*Jvfudk xdk;ppfqifum &Jef*Jvfudk ulnDaeonfh ruf*fEdk rif;rJh*dk%f;udkvnf; acsr_ef;ae&onf? odk@aomf &Jef*Jvfonf vufeufud&d,momvGefr_&Sdae+yD; wyfeDawmfwGif wifhum;rsm;r&Sdaomfvnf; &Jef*Jvfudk


u±kdif;rD;,m;u|ef;qG,fodk@ armif;xkwfvdkufum xdkt&yfwGif ol@udk &yfwef@xm;vdkufonf?1920 Edk0ifbmwGif wyfeDawmfwyfzGJ@rsm;onf yD&DaumhAfcHwyfudk odrf;ydkufvdkufonf? onfhaemuf u±kdif;rD;,m;wGifxdk;0ifum &Jef*Jvftiftm;rsm;udk acsr_ef;+yD; wyfjzLrsm;ESifh usL;ausmfpGufzufonfh tiftm;rsm;udk u|ef;pG,ft&yfrS &Sif;ypfvdkufonf? u±kdif;rD;,m;onf qdkAD,ufe,fajr jzpfvmcJhonf?

ydkvefe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. pDrHudef;usqkH;oGm;jcif;ESifh &Jef*Jvf&_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;u pGufzufusL;ausmfr_umvudk tqkH;owfapcJhonf?

1920 cktukefY x&efaumhau;&Sm;vGwfajrmuf+yD; tZmbkdif*sefonf trsdK;om;"e&SifrlqmaA;wpf (Mussavatist) xrf;ydk;atmufrSvnf;aumif;/ a*smf*sD,monf rif&SDApf trsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;atmufrSvnf;aumif;/ tmar;eD;,m;onf 'uf&Sfeuf (Dashnaks) atmufrSvnf;aumif; vGwfajrmufvm=uonf? tZmbdkif*sef/ tmar;eD;,m;ESifh a*smf*sD,mwdk@wGifqdkAD,uftm%mu atmifyGJ&cJhonf?

Tonfum; pGufzufusL;ausmfr_tm;vkH; tqkH;owfoGm;+yD[k rqdkvdkEdkifao;acs?ta&S@zsm;a'oY *syefrsm;. usL;ausmfr_rsm;rSm 1922 ckxd =umcJhonf? xdk@jyif pGufzufusL;ausmfr_ topfrsm;vnf; jyKvkyfcJhao;onf? (1921 ckY ta&S@bufwGif tmwmrifqJrf ±kdaemAfhESifhqkdif &dGif[efcsifESifh um&DvD,m;Y zifvefwyfjzLrsm;)odk@aomf qdkAD,ufEdkifiH. t"du&efolrsm;pGufzufusL;ausmfr_. t"dutiftm;rsm;onf 1920 ckESpf tukefydkif;wGif tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfaeonf?

qdkAD,ufrsm;udk wdkufcdkufonfh EdkifiHjcm; usL;ausmfpGufzufa&;orm;rsm;ESifh ±k&Sm; wyfjzLwdk@udk wdkuf&aomppfyGJonf qdkAD,ufrsm;. atmifyGJESifh tqkH;owfoGm;cJhonf?

qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonf ‚if;[email protected]&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;udk xdef;odrf; xm;EdkifcJhonf?

TonfrSm EdkifiHjcm;rS ppfa&;t& usL;ausmfpGufzufr_ESifh jynfwGif;ppf. tqkH;owfr_jzpfonf?

TonfrSm qdkAD,uftm%m. ordkif;0ifatmifyGJjzpfonf?

5? qdkAD,uforRwEkdifiHu +Adwdo#/ jyifopf/ *syef/ ydkvefwdk@rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufonfh tiftm;5? qdkAD,uforRwEkdifiHu +Adwdo#/ jyifopf/ *syef/ ydkvefwdk@rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufonfh tiftm;5? qdkAD,uforRwEkdifiHu +Adwdo#/ jyifopf/ *syef/ ydkvefwdk@rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufonfh tiftm;5? qdkAD,uforRwEkdifiHu +Adwdo#/ jyifopf/ *syef/ ydkvefwdk@rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufonfh tiftm;5? qdkAD,uforRwEkdifiHu +Adwdo#/ jyifopf/ *syef/ ydkvefwdk@rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufonfh tiftm;rsm;ESifh ±k&Sm;rSwefjyef awmfvSefa&;orm;/ "e&Sif/ ajr&Sif? wyfjzL pkaygif;tiftm;pkrsm;udkrsm;ESifh ±k&Sm;rSwefjyef awmfvSefa&;orm;/ "e&Sif/ ajr&Sif? wyfjzL pkaygif;tiftm;pkrsm;udkrsm;ESifh ±k&Sm;rSwefjyef awmfvSefa&;orm;/ "e&Sif/ ajr&Sif? wyfjzL pkaygif;tiftm;pkrsm;udkrsm;ESifh ±k&Sm;rSwefjyef awmfvSefa&;orm;/ "e&Sif/ ajr&Sif? wyfjzL pkaygif;tiftm;pkrsm;udkrsm;ESifh ±k&Sm;rSwefjyef awmfvSefa&;orm;/ "e&Sif/ ajr&Sif? wyfjzL pkaygif;tiftm;pkrsm;udkbma=umifh b,fvkdatmifjrifcJhoenf;/bma=umifh b,fvkdatmifjrifcJhoenf;/bma=umifh b,fvkdatmifjrifcJhoenf;/bma=umifh b,fvkdatmifjrifcJhoenf;/bma=umifh b,fvkdatmifjrifcJhoenf;/

pGufzuf usL;ausmfonfhumvtwGif; xdyfwef;Oa&myESifh tar&duefowif;pmrsm;ESifhaqmif;yg;rsm;udk avhvm=unfhygu ppfbufrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ t&yfbufrSaomfvnf;aumif;/ rnfonfhxif&Sm;onfh pma&;q&mwOD;wa,mufr# aomfvnf;aumif;/ ppfa&;yg&*lwOD;wa,mufr# aomfvnf;aumif;/ qdkAD,uftm%m tEkdif&vdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unfjcif;r&Sd


a=umif;ukd tvG,fwul awG@&SdEdkifayonf? qef@usifpGmyif EkdifiHtm;vkH;rS xif&Sm;onfh pma&;q&mrsm;/ ppfa&;yg&*lrsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;ordkif;q&mrsm;tm;vkH;/ ynm&SdokawoD[k qdk=uoltm;vkH;uyif qkdAD,uftm%monf ukefqkH;awmhrnfjzpfa=umif;/ ‚if;wkd@. ±H_;edrfhr_rSmrvGJra&SmifEdkifawmha=umif; wnDwnGwfwnf; ajymqdkvm=uonf?

qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;Y pnf;±Hk;pkpnf;+yD;om; wyfrawmfr&SdbJ/ twdkufcH&csdefusrS wyfeDawmfudkwnfaxmif&wm usK;ausmf pGufzufa&;orm;rsm;ESifh wyfjzLrsm;twGufrl t&efoifhjyifqif+yD;om; wyfrawmf&Sdaeonfh tcsufay:wGif tajccHIolwdk@u usL;ausmfa&;tiftm;pkrsm; atmifyGJcHEdkifonf[k usdef;aowGufxm;cJhonf?

xdk@tjyif wyfeDawmfY tawG@t}uKH&Sd ppfa&;orm;rsm;r&SdbJ trsm;pkuvnf; wefjyefawmfvSefa&;buf ul;ajymif;oGm;um/ usL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;ESifh wyfjzLrsm;wGifrlum; TuJhokd@aom vlrsm;&Sdaeonfqdkonfh tcsufay:wGifvnf; ‚if;wkd@. usdef;aowGufr_udk tajccHxm;ayonf?

xdk@tjyif ±k&Sm;pufr_vkyfief; acwfaemufusr_a=umifh wyfeDawmfonf vufeufESifhcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf csdK@wJhae+yD; &Sd+yD;vufeufrSmvnf; t&nftcsif;nHhzsif;um ±k&Sm;udkbuftoD;oD;rStvkHt+cKH ydwfqdk@xm;r_rsm;a=umifh EdkifiHjcm;rSvnf; axmufyHha&;rsm; r&&SdEdkifbl;qdkonfh tcsufay:wGifvnf; ‚if;wdk@. usdef;aowGufcsufr_udk tajccHayonf? wzufu usL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;ESifh wyfjzLrsm;. wyfrSmrl trsm;tjym;/ tv#Hty,fwyfqifxm;+yD; qufvufIvnf;yxrwef;pm; vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufESifh ypPnf;rsm;ESifh axmufyHhr_&Edkifayonf?

aemufqkH; olwdk@tajccHonfhtcsufrSm usL;ausmfa&;ESifh wyfjzLrsm;. wyfrsm;onf±k&Sm;. tºuG,f0qkH; &d uQmxkwfvkyfonfh a'oudkodrf;ydkufxm;+yD; wyfeDawmfwGifrl TuJhodk@a'o r&Sdonfhtjyif pm;eyf&duQmcsdK@wJhr_ESifh &ifqdkifae&onf?

wyfeDawmftaejzifh TcsdK@wJhr_rsm;ESifh tcuftcJrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh &ifqdkifae&onfrSmvnf;wu,ftrSefyifjzpfonf?

TbufwGifom/ odk@aomf TbufwzufwGifom usL;ausmfa&;orm; vl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;onf vkH;0rSefuefcJhygonf?

TuJhodk@aom pdk;&drfzG,f tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifae&vsufu wyfeDawmfonf Ttm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh uif;a0;onhfh usL;ausmfa&;ESifh wyfjzLwyfrawmfudk atmifEdkifcJhonfudkrnfuJhodk@ &Sif;jyrnfenf;?

1?1?1?1?1? wyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf wyfeDawmfu wdkufcdkufay;ae&onfh qdkAD,uftpdk;&. ay:vpDonf rSefuefonfh ay:vpDw&yfjzpf+yD; jynfolvlxk.tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh udkufnDaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ jynfolrsm;uvnf; Tonfudk rSefuefonfhay:vpDw&yf/ ‚if;[email protected],fydkifay:vpDw&yftjzpf em;vnfoabmayguf+yD; ¹cGif;csufr&SdaxmufcHcJhaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; jzpfonf?


abmf&SDApfrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;onfh ay:vpDtwGuf/ jynfolvlxku raxmufcHonfhay:vpDtwGuf wdkufcdkuf&onfh wyfrawmfonf atmifyGJr&Edkifa=umif; od&Sdayonf? usL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;ESifh wyfjzLrsm;. wyfrawmfonf TuJhodk@aom wyfrawmfjzpfonf? ‚if;wGift&mtm;vk H;&S donf? tawG@t}uKH &if husuf+yD;om; wyfrSL;rsm;ESif h yxrwef;pm;vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;eJ@ pm;eyf&duQmrsm; tm;vkH;&Sdonf? olwdk@rSm ±k&Sm;jynfolvlxk. axmufcHpmemr_ wckwnf;om csdK@wJhaeonf? ±k&Sm;jynfolrsm;onf pGufzufusL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;ESifhwyfjzL“tkyfpdk;olrsm;”. ay:vpDudk axmufvnf; raxmufcHEdkif/ axmufvnf; raxmufcHacs?tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tay:vpDonf jynfolrsm;ESifh u¾aump jzpfaeaoma=umifhyifwnf;? xdk@a=umifh usL;ausmfa&;orm;ESifh wyfjzLwyfonf ±_H;edrfhoGm;&jcif;jzpfonf?

2?2?2?2?2? wyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf wyfeDawmfonf jynfolvlxktay: tºuGif;rJhopPmapmifhod+yD; TtwGufa=umifhyif jynfolvlxku ‚if;tay:cspfcifjrwfEdk; axmufcHcJh+yD; rdrdwdk@udk,fydkif wyfrawmftjzpf oabmxm;cJhayonf? wyfeDawmfonf jynfolvlxk. om;orD;jzpf+yD; opPm&Sdom;wa,mufu tarhtay: ±kdaoopPm&Sd ouJhodk@vlxktay:wGifvnf; ‚if;u ±kdaoopPm&Sdygu jynfolvlxk. axmufcHr_&&Sdum rvGJraoGatmifyGJcH&ayrnf? jynfolvlxkudk qef@usifonfh wyfrawmfonf qkH;±H_;r_ESif h &ifqdkif&ayvdrfhrnf?

3?3?3?3?3? wyfeDawmfonfatmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf qdkAD,uftpdk;&onfaemufwef;wckvkH;/ wwdkif;jynfvkH;udk pkpnf;EdkifcJh+yD; a&S@wef;rSvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqD;Edkifjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? a&S@wef;udk enf;vrf;tm;vkH;ESifh axmufyHhEdkifoonf? cdkifrmawmifh wif;onf?aemufwef;r&Sdonfh wyfrawmfonf ±_H;edrfhr_ESifh &ifqkdif&rnfjzpfonf? abmf&SDApfrsm;uTonfudk od&Sdem;vnf+yD; xdka=umifhyif wEdkifiHvkH;udk a&S@wef;odk@vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf/ypPnf;ud&d,m/ tpm;tpmESifh ppfulrsm; axmufyHhonfh wyfpcef;wcktjzpf ajymif;vJypfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf?

4?4?4?4?4? wyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf(u) wyfeDawmfom;rsm;onf ppfyGJ.&nfrSef;csufESifh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk em;vnf

oabmayguf+yD; ‚if;wdk@. w&m;r#wr_udk todrSwfjyKonf?(c) ppfyGJ. &nfrSef;csufESifh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;. w&m;r#wr_tay: todtrSwfjyKjcif;u

‚if;wdk@. pnf;urf;vdkufem apmifhxdef;r_ESifh wdkufcdkufa&;pGrf;&nfudk awmifhwif;cdkifrmaponf?(*) tusdK;tm;jzifh wyfeDawmfonf &efolESifh &ifqdkif&onfh wdkufyGJwav#mufvkH; r&SdcJhzl;

aom/ +ydKifbufuif;onfh udk,fusdK;pGef@r_ESifh xl;jcm;vSaom wcJeufol&Jaumif; pdwf"mwfudkjyocJhonf?

5?5?5?5?5? wyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚if;. acgif;aqmifA[dkonfa&S@wef;wGifa&m aemufwef;wGifyg abmf&SDApfygwDjzpfonf? ‚if;onf aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr_ESifhpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;wGif nDnGwfum awmfvSefa&; pdwf"mwfjyif;xef+yD; wlnDaom ta&;awmfyHk


twGuf rnfonfhpGef@vGwfr_rsdK; twGufudkrqdk tqifoifh&Sdum oef;csDaom vlrsm;vdkpnf;±Hk;+yD;±_yfaxG;onfh tajctaewGif enf;rSefvrf;rSef acgif;aqmifEdkifpGrf;wGifvnf; rnfolr# rausmfvGefEdkifacs?

vDeif ajymcJhonfrSm “ygwD. Edk;=um;wufºuGr_ESifh ‚if;. wif;usyfonfh pnf;urf;a=umifhygwD. tm%mydkifrsm;u tpdk;&XmeESifh toif;tzGJ@tm;vkH;wdk@udk pnf;±Hk;Edkifr_a=umifh/ A[dkaumfrwDu xkwfjyefaom aºuG;a=umfoHudk jynfol axmifaomif;odef;oef;wdk@u vlwa,mufwnf;uJhodk@ pnf;±Hk;vkdufemcJhaoma=umifh r,kHEdkifzG,f pGef@vGwfr_rsm;a=umifhomv#if xl;axGonfh tHh&maomfrsm; jzpfay:Edkif+yD;/ wu,fvnf;jzpfcJhayonf? Tt&mtm;vkH;a=umifh omv#if u|efawmfwdk@onf r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;ESifh wurBmvkH;rS e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. ESpf}udrf/ okH;}udrf/av;}udrfr#aom/ t}udrf}udrfppfqifr_t=um;rSmyif atmifyGJqifEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ” (vDeif(vDeif(vDeif(vDeif(vDeif

vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-556)vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-556)vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-556)vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-556)vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-556)

6?6?6?6?6? wyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf(u) ‚if;wdk@wyfrawmfom;rsm;xJrS z&ef;ppf (Frunze)/ Adk±kd&SDavmhAf/ bl'fa&mifeDESifh

tjcm;vlrsm;uJhodk@aom trsdK;tpm;opf ppfwyfrSL;rsm; ay:xGufapcJhonf?(c) ‚if;wdk@xJrS udkawmhAfpuD; (Kotovsky)/ csmyg;,ufAf (Chapayev)/ vmZdk (Lazo)/

paumhpf (Shchors)/ ygudkref;udk; (Parkhomenko)uJhodk@aom jynfolxJrS vlpGrf;aumif;rsm;wdkufcdkufcJhonf?

(*) wyfeDawmf. EdkifiHa&;ynmay;r_rSm vDeif/ pwmvif/ rdkvdkawmhAf/ umvifeif/qAm;'favmhAf/ cgumEdkApfcsf/ tdk*sdKeDupfZD/ uD;a&mhAf/ cD,lbkdif&SufAf/ rDudk,ef (Mikoyan)/

Zm'g;aemhAf/ tef'a&;&ufAf (Andreyev)/ yDxa&mhAfpuD; (Petrovsky)/ &m±kdpvmAfhpuD;(Yaroslavsky)/ &DaZmhAf/ ZmZifpuD;/ csm'ifudk (Shchadenko)/ rDuvpf (Mekhlis)/ c±l;a&SmAfh(Khrushchev)/ &SAm;edcf (Shvernik)/ pu&mawmhAf (Shkiryatov)polwdk@. vufxJwGif&SdaecJhonf?

(C) wyfeDawmfwGif wyfEdkifiHa&;rSL;uJhodk@aom tvGefajymifajrmufonfh pnf;±Hk;a&;rSL;ESifh v_@Haqmfolrsm;&Sdaeonf? olwdk@onf wyfeDawmfom;rsm;udk cdkif+rJpnf;vkH;aeap+yD; pnf;urf;pdwf"mwfESifh ppfa&;pGef@pm;r_rsm; ay:xGufvmap&ef pdwf"mwf oGif;ay;um tcsdK@wyfrSL;rsm;udk opPmazmufvkyf&yf twuftan‡mufrsm;udk wufºuGpGm vsifjrefpGmESifh rqkwfrepfcdkif+rJpGm zJhxkwfypfcJhonf? wzufwGifvnf; qdkAD,uftm%mudk opPmapmifhod+yD;/ wyfeDawmfwyfzGJ@udk cdkifcdkifrmrm acgif;aqmifEdkifonfh ygwD0ifESifh ygwDyrS xif&Sm;ausmf=um; *k%fowif;}uD;onfh wyfrSL;rsm;udk olwdk@onf &J0HhpGmESifh cdkifrmpGm axmufcHcJh=uonf? vDeifu “ppfwyfEdkifiHa&;rSL;rsm;r&Sdygu wyfeDawmfvnf; &SdrSmr[kwfacs?”[k qdkcJhonf ?

7?7?7?7?7? wyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf wyfjzLrsm;. aemufwef;Yaumhcsuf/ 'ifeDuif/ u&mpfaemhAfESifh &Jef*Jvfwdk@. aemufwef;Y tzdk;wefvSaom abmf&SDApfrsm;/ygwD0ifESifh ygwDyrS vlrsm;onf v#dK@0SufpGm v_yf&Sm;cJh+yD; tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;udk


usL;ausmfolrsm;ESifh wyfjzLrsm;tm; qef@usifykefuefxºuGapcJhonf? qdkAD,uftm%m. &efol@aemufwef;udk tiftm;csnfheJ@apum Tenf;jzifh wyfeDawmf. a&S@csDwufr_udk vsifjrefapcJhonf? ,lu&def;/ qdkufaA;&D;,m;/ ta&S@zsm;a'o/ ,l&Jvfawmifwef;a'o/ bdkifvdk±k&Sm;ESifhaAmvf*ga'owdk@rS ygwD0ifrsm;/ wyfjzLrsm;ESSifh usL;ausmfolrsm;. aemufwef;rsm;udk tiftm;csnfheJ@apjcif;jzifh wyfeDawmfudk tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom aumif;r_jyKcJhonfudk vlwdkif;od&dS=uygonf?

8?8?8?8?8? wyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJcHcJhonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonfwyfjzLwefjyefawmfvSefa&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;rS pGufzufusL;ausmfr_rsm;udk wdkufonfhwkdufyGJwGif wOD;wnf; r[kwfbJ qkdAD,uftm%m. wdkufyGJrsm;ESifh ‚if;.atmifyGJrsm;onf urBmwckvHk;rSypPnf;rJhrsm;. pmemulnDaxmufcHr_&&SdcJhjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? e,fchsJorm;rsm;u qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHudk ydwfqdk@pGufzufusL;ausmfr_jzifh rGef;usyfatmifjyKvkyfaepOf e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;onf qkdAD,ufrsm;bufrSvdkufum ulnDcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@. qdkAD,uf orRw EdkifiHukd&efvkdonfh EkdifiHrsm;&Sd t&if;&Sifrsm;tay: qifEGJonfhwdkufyGJrsm;u tqkH;Y e,fchsJ orm;rsm;twGuf pGufzufusL;ausmf &yfqdkif;oGm;ap&ef ulnDvdkufayonf? +Adwdef/ jyifopfESifh tjcm;pGufzufonfh EdkifiHrsm;rS tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfarSmuf&ef v_H@aqmfvdkuf+yD; usL;ausmfolrsm;ESifh wyfjzLAdkvfcsKyfrsm;udk ay;ydk@&ef&Sdonfh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; ukefwifukefcsa&;udkjiif;qdk=uonf? “vkyfief;aumifpD”udk xlaxmif+yD; “±k&Sm;rSvufz,f=u!”qdkonfh aºuG; a=umfoHn¸ef=um;r_atmufwGif vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif=uonf?

“EdkifiHwumh t&if;&Sifrsm;onf u|efawmfwdk@tm; wkdufcdkuf&ef vufrsm;udk ajr‡mufvdkuf&m TonfrSm ‚if;wkd@. tvkyform;rsm;u zrf;qD;zdk@ ajr‡mufay;jcif;omv#if jzpfoGm;ayawmhonf?”[k vDeifu qdkcJhonf? (vDeif usrf;aygif;pkH/ twGJ25/ pmrsufESm-405)(vDeif usrf;aygif;pkH/ twGJ25/ pmrsufESm-405)(vDeif usrf;aygif;pkH/ twGJ25/ pmrsufESm-405)(vDeif usrf;aygif;pkH/ twGJ25/ pmrsufESm-405)(vDeif usrf;aygif;pkH/ twGJ25/ pmrsufESm-405)


tusOf;csKyf

atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;u jzKwfcsjcif; cHvkduf&aom ajr&SifESifh t&if;&Sifrsm;onfwyfjzLAdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifhtwl r[mrdwfEdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;+yD; rdrdwdkif;jynf. tusdK;pD;yGm;udkqef@usifIqdkAD,ufajray:wGif yl;aygif; vufeufudkifwkdufcdkuf+yD;/ qdkAD,uftm%mudk jzKwfcs&ef}uHpnfcJhonf? Tonfu ±k&Sm;. e,fpyfa'orsm;Y wyfjzLrsm;. ykefuefr_ESifh r[mrdwf EdkifiHrsm;. ppfa&;pGufzufr_wdk@. tajccHjzpfayonf? tusdK;tm;jzifh ±k&Sm;onf ‚if;. pm;eyf&duQmESifhukef=urf;ypPnf; a&aomufjrpfrsm;rS jzwfawmufjcif;cHvdkuf&ayonf?

*smreD ppfa&;t& ±_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;ESifh Oa&my&Sd e,fcsJ@ nGef@aygif;tzGJ@ 2 zGJ@twGif; ppfyGJtqkH;owfoGm;jcif;u r[mrdwf EdkifiHrsm;udk ydkrdk tiftm;awmifhwif;ap+yD;/ pGufzufusL;ausmfr_wdk@udkwdk;jr‡ifhvkyfaqmifapum qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;twGuf tcuftcJopfrsm; ay:aygufvmaponf?

wzufwGifvnf; *smreDawmfvSefa&;ESifh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS awmfvSefa&;v_yf±Sm;r_ tpysdK;csufrsm;u qdkAD,uftm%mtwGuf EdkifiHwumtajctae tcGifhtvrf;omap+yD; qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH. taetxm;udk oufomcGifh&apygonf?

abmf&SDApfygwDonf tzEdkifiHtwGuftzEdkifiHtwGuftzEdkifiHtwGuftzEdkifiHtwGuftzEdkifiHtwGuf ppfyGJ/ EdkifiHjcm;usL;ausmfr_ESifh "e&Sif/ ajr&SifwyfjzLrsm;ESifh ppfyGJwdkuf&ef tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;udk v_H@aqmfcJhonf? qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH.‚if;. wyfeDawmfonf aumhcsuf/ ,l'gepfcsf/ 'ifeDuif/ u&mpfaemhAf/ &Jef*Jvf ponfhr[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;. ±kyfao;wOD;+yD; wOD;udk ESdrfeif;vdkuf+yD;aemuf/ ±kyfao;wOD; yDvfplpuD;udk ,lu&def;ESifhbdkifvdk±k&Sm;wdk@rS armif;xkwfvkduf+yD; Tenf;jzifh EdkifiHjcm;pGufzufa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk xdk;ESufvdkuf+yD; qdkAD,ufEdkifiHrS armif;xkwfvdkufonf?

EdkifiHwum t&if;tESD;. qdkAD,ufe,fajrudk yxrqkH; vufeufudkif wdkufcdkufr_onfTenf;jzifhvkH;0 t±_H;}uD;±_H;+yD; tqkH;owfoGm;onf?

pGufzufa&;umvtwGif; awmfvSefa&;. acsr_ef;jcif;cH&onfh ygwDrsm;jzpfaom qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ rif&SDApfrsm;/ rif;rJhrsm;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;onf wyfjzL AdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh usL;ausmfolrsm;udk ulnDaxmufcH=u+yD;/ qdkAD,uforRw EdkifiHtay: wefjyefawmfvSefa&; vkyf}uHr_udk }uHpnfcJh+yD; qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmifrsm;udk t=urf;zufvkyf}uH&ef pDpOfcJhonf?atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;rwdkifrDu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;t=um; =oZmtoifhwifh&Sd aomTygwDrsm;onf jynfwGif;ppftwGif; vlxk}uD;. a&S@arSmufwGif wefjyefawmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;tjzpf rdrdudk,frdrdwdk@ azmfxkwfvdkufonf?

jynfwGif;ppfESifh usL;ausmfa&;umvu ±k&Sm;wGif ygwDrsm;. EdkifiHa&;usqkH;cef;ESifhuGefjrLepfygwD. aemufqkH;atmifyGJudk awG@jrifvdkuf&ayonf?


tcef; (9)

_idrf;csrf;pGmpD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;odkhul;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif;rS aAmf&DSApfygwD (1921=1925)

1? pGufzufusL;ausmfr_±_H;edrfh+yD;aemufESifh jynfwGif;ppf+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH? jyefvnf1? pGufzufusL;ausmfr_±_H;edrfh+yD;aemufESifh jynfwGif;ppf+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH? jyefvnf1? pGufzufusL;ausmfr_±_H;edrfh+yD;aemufESifh jynfwGif;ppf+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH? jyefvnf1? pGufzufusL;ausmfr_±_H;edrfh+yD;aemufESifh jynfwGif;ppf+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH? jyefvnf1? pGufzufusL;ausmfr_±_H;edrfh+yD;aemufESifh jynfwGif;ppf+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiH? jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;umvtwGif;rStcuftcJrsm;?xlaxmifa&;umvtwGif;rStcuftcJrsm;?xlaxmifa&;umvtwGif;rStcuftcJrsm;?xlaxmifa&;umvtwGif;rStcuftcJrsm;?xlaxmifa&;umvtwGif;rStcuftcJrsm;?

ppfyGJtqHk;owf+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uforRwEkdifiHonf +idrf;csrf;pGm pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;odk@ vSnfhvm&onf/ ppfyGJ. '%f&m'%fcsufrsm;udk ukpm;&ayOD;rnf?wkdif;jynf. ausrGysufpD;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;b0udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&rnfjzpfI pufr_vkyfief;/ rD;&xm;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; jyefvnfxlaxmif &ayOD;rnf?

odk@aomf +idrf;csrf;pGmjzpfay:wdk;wufa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk tvGeftu|HcufcJaeonfh tajctaersm;atmufwGif vkyfaqmif&ayrnf? jynfwGif;ppf atmifyGJcHEdkifjcif;onf tvG,fwulr[kwfcJhacs? wkdif;jynfonf av;ESpf=um e,fcsJ@ppfyGJESifh oHk;ESpf=um usL;ausmfpGufzufa&;ppfyGJrsm;a=umifh jymyHkb0odk@ a&muf&dSaeay+yD?

1920 ckESpf ysrf;r#v,f,mxGufukefrSm Zmbk&ifacwfu qif;&JEGrf;yg;vSonfh &k&Sm;aus;vufrS ppfyGJrwkdifrD xGufukef. xuf0ufr#omjzpfayonf? ydkItajctaeqdk;&ef zefwD;vmr_rSm1920 ckESpfwGif jynfe,ftawmfrsm;rsm;Y pdkufysKd;a&; ratmifjrifr_ESifh }uHKawG@&onf? pdkufysKd;a&;rSm em=unf;zG,f tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh &ifqkdifae&onf?

pufr_vkyfief;tajctaerSm ydkrdkIyif qkd;&Gm;ae+yD;/ vHk;0z±kdz&J tajctaeodk@ a&muf&dSaeonf? 1920 ckESpf t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;. xGufukefrSm ppfyGJrwkdifrDxGufukef. ckESpfyHkwyHk


omomr#omjzpfonf? puf±Hktvkyf±Hk trsm;pkonf&yfxm;&+yD;/ owWKwGif;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;vnf; ysufpD;um a&rsm;jzifh jynfv#Haeonf? tqdk;wum tqdk;qHk;rSm a&ESifhoHr%dvkyfief; tajctaeyifjzpfonf? 1921 ckESpf oHpdrf;xGufukef pkpkaygif;rSm 116˜ 300 wef odk@r[kwfppfrjzpfrDxGufukef. oHk;&mckdifE_ef;r#omjzpfonf? avmifpmcsKdŒwJhr_vnf; jzpfaeygonf? o,f,lydk@aqmif a&;rsm;vnf; ysufpD;aeonf? jynfwGif;owWKESifh t0wftxnf odkavSmif±Hkrsm;vnf;ukefcrf;vkeD;jzpfaeayonf? aygifrkef@/ qD/ tom;/ zdeyf/ t0wftpm;/ rD;jcpf/ qm;/ a&eHqDESifhqyfjymponfh tajccHvkdtyfonfh ukefrsm;rSmvnf; t}uD;tus,f csdKŒwJhaeayonf?

ppfyGJjzpfaepOf vlxkonf &Sm;yg;csKdŒwJhr_rsm;udk onf;nOf;cHEdkif+yD; wcgw&H arharhaysmufaysmufyifxm;&dSEdkifonf? odk@aomf ppfyGJvnf; +yD;oGm;+yDjzpfaom ,cktcgY olwdk@onf &Sm;yg;r_rsm;udk ±kwfw&uf rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfvmum tjrefjyifqifay;&rnf[k awmif;qdkvmonf?

v,form;rsm;t=um; rausreyfr_awG ay:aygufvmonf? jynfwGif;ppfrD;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xk. ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_udk oHcJwifcdkifrm +rJ+rHapcJhonf? Tr[mrdwfzGJ@r_onf jywfom;&Sif;vif;onfh tajccHay:wGif &yfwnfonf? qdkAD,uftm%monf v,form;rsm;tm; ajr,m&&dSap+yD;/ ajr&SifESifh ul;vwfrsm;. ab;rS umuG,fay;cJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;u ydkv#H&duQm odrf;qnf;onfhpHepfrSwqifh v,form;xkxHrS&duQmrsm;&&dScJhonf?

,cktcgY TtajccHtcsufonf vHkavmufjcif;r&dSawmhacs?qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmfonf trsKd;om;umuG,fa&; vkdtyfcsufrsm;twGuf v,form;rsm;

xkwfvkyfonfh ydkv#H&duQmtm;vHk;udk rvGJra&Smifom odrf;qnf;cJh&onf? jynfwGif;ppf atmifyGJ&&dSr_onf ydkv#H&duQm oD;oef@ xm;&dSonfhpepf r&dSbJ/ ppfuGefjrLepfpepf r&dSbJ jzpfEdkifcJhrnf r[kwfacs? ppfyGJESifh 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_a=umifh Tay:vpDudk vdktyfcJhonf? ppfyGJqufvufjzpfaeoa&G@ v,form;rsm;onf ydkv#H&duQm odrf;qnf;a&;pepfudk rjiif;rqefvdkufavsmEdkif+yD;ukefpnf&Sm;yg;r_udkvnf; yrmxm;rnfr[kwfay? odk@aomf ppfyGJ+yD;oGm;+yD; ajr&Sifrsm; jyefvmrnfhtE W&m,fr&dSawmhonfhtcg v,form;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. ydkv#H&duQmrsm;tm;vHk; tyfESH&onfhtwGuf/ ydkv#H&duQmpepftwGuf rauseyfcsufrsm;udk pwifazmfjyvm+yD; ukefpnfrsm;vHkavmufpGmaxmufyHh&ef awmif;qdkvm=uonf?

vDeifaxmufjyonfhtwdkif; ppfuGefjrLepfpepfwckvHk;onf v,form;rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqkdif jzpfvmavawmhonf?

rauseyfcsuf pdwf"mwfonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udkvnf; ±kdufcwfvmygonf?ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf jynfwGif;ppf.tjyif;xefqHk;aom '%fudkcHcJh&+yD;/ wyfjzLESifh EkdifiHjcm;wyfrsm;udkol&owWdjynfh0pGm/ pGef@vGwfr_}uD;pGmESifh wkdufcdkufcJhum pD;yGm;a&; ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r_ESifh iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif; ab;'%frsm;udkvnf; wkdufcdkufcJh&onf? taumif;qHk; vlwef;pm;tod tjrifhrm;qHk;/ tpGef@vGwfqHk;ESifh pnf;urf;t&dSqHk; tvkyform;rsm;onf qdk&S,fvpftod pdwf"mwfjrifhrm;wufºuGaeonf? odk@aomf pD;yGm;a&;vHk;0c|wfòcHusr_u tvkyform;vlwef; pm;odk@ vnf;


*,uf±k dufcwfvkdufayonf? qufvufvnfywfaeao;aom puf±H ktvkyf±H k tenf;i,fr#onfvnf; vnfwcsuf rvnfwcsuf jzpfaeonf? tvkyform;rsm;rSm touf&Sifaexdkifa&;twGuf tvkyfpHkvkyfudkifae=u&+yD; rD;jcpfrsm;jyKvkyfum aus;&Gmrsm;wGif tpm;taomufrsm;ESifh e,fvSnfhvJvS,fvkyfudkif (vG,ftdwf ukefoG,fa&;) ae=u&ygonf? ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf. vlwef;pm;tajccHonf tiftm;csnfheJ@vm+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;onf jyef@usJukefum/ aus;&Gmrsm;odk@ xGufajy;ae=uum/ tvkyform;rsm;r[kwfawmhbJ vlwef; pm;ysufrsm; jzpfvm=uonf? tvkyform;tcsKdŒrSm qmavmifiwfrGwfr_ESifh yifyef;qif;&Jr_wdk@a=umifhrauseyfonfh vuQ%mrsm; pwifjyovmavawmhonf?

ygwDonf wkdif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;b0udk jzpfxGef;aprnfh jy\emtm;vHk;tay: ay:vpDvrf;pOfopfw&yf/ tajctaeopfESifh udkufnDonfh vrf;pOfw&yf a&;qGJ&efvdktyfvmayonf?

xdk@a=umihf ygwDonf pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ jy\emrsm;ay: ay:vpDvrf;pOfa&;qGJ&efqufvufvkyfaqmifcJhonf?

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TygwD.vrf;pOfudk xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;u qef@usifcJh+yD;/ ‚if;udkwkdufcdkuf&ef rif&SDApfrsm;. “t+rJwrf;awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m; ”udkxlaxmifvkdufonf? Tonfudk rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;[kac:qdk&efrSm rmhufpf0g'tm; apmfum;r_wckomjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; atmifyGJcHEkdifajc&dSr_udk jiif;qdkxm;onf?

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ZDEdkApfESifh uJrDeufAfwdk@u wkdif;jynf. enf;ynmESifh pD;yGm;a&;aemufusr_wdk@a=umifhqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyJGrcHEdkif[laomtqdkudk t&JpGef@wifjyvmao;aomfvnf; r=umrDrSmyif tajrmftjrif&dSpGm aemufqkwfoGm;=uonf?

14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGefz&ifh ({+yDv 1925 ) u/ ajAmifESifh ykef;v#Kd;uG,fv#Kd; twdkuftcHrsm;. Ttav#mhay;a&; “oabmw&m;rsm;” tm;vHk;udk ±_wfcsvdkuf+yD; qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHa&; vkyfief;twGuf ygwDvrf;pOfudk twnfjyKum TtwGuf qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfvdkufonf? rv$Jra&SmifomonfhtwGuf ZDEdkApfESifh uJrDeufAfwdk@onfTqHk;jzwfcsufudk axmufcHrJay;cJ h=uonf? odk@aomf olwdk@onf wdkufyG Judk a&$@qkdif;vkdufjcif;omjzpf+yD;/ 14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufwGif “ygwDudk wkdufyGJqif&ef” qHk;jzwf


xm;a=umif; ygwDu od&dSonf? olwdk@onf vDeif*&ufwGif aemufvdkufrsm;pkaqmif;ae+yD;“twdkuftcHopf” qdkonfudk xlaxmifae=uonf?

14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufudk 1925 ck 'DZifbmwGif zGifhvSpfvdkufonf? ygwDwGif;&dStajctaerSm wif;rmaeonf? ygwD. ordkif;wav#mufwGif vDeif*&ufuJhodk@ ygwD.ta&;}uD;Xme}uD;wckrS udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk; A[dkaumfrwDudk twkduftcHjyK&ef jyifqifxm;r_rsKd;r&dScJhbl;acs? uGef*&ufodk@ ygwD0if 643˜000 ESifht&HygwD0if 445˜000 udk udk,fpm;jyKonfhrJar;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 665 OD;ESifh rJray;Edkifonfhudk,fpm;vS,f 641 OD; wufa&mufcJhonf? Tta&twGufrSm ,cifuGef*&ufodk@ wufa&mufonfh udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGufxuftenf;i,f av#mhenf;onf? wpdwfwydkif;xkwfypfr_rsm;a=umifh avsmhusoGm;jcif; jzpfonf?ygwDqef@usifonfh tpdwftykdif;rsm; xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufcJhonfh wuUodkvfrsm;/ ±Hk;rsm;.ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfypf&jcif;jzpfonf?

A[dkaumfrwD. EdkifiHa&;tpD&ifcHpmudk &Jabmfpwmvifu wifoGif;cJhonf? oluqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tpGrf;owdW. }uD;xGm;r_udk xif&Sm;jywfom;pGmyHkazmfjycJhonf? qdkAD,ufpD;yGm;a&;pepf. tm;aumif;csufrsm;a=umifh pufr_vkyfief;a&mv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;yg ESpfrsKd;pvHk; Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& wdkawmif;vSonfh tcsdefav;twGif;rSmyifjyefvnf xlaxmifvdkufEdkif+yD; ppfrjzpfrDtqifhodk@ eD;pyfvmonf? odk@aomf T&&dScsufrsm;aumif;rGefaomfvnf; Ttcsufu u|efawmfwdk@wkdif;jynf. acwfaemufusaom v,f,mpdkufysKd;onfhEdkifiH jzpf+rJjzpfaer_udk racszsufEdkifonfhtwGuf Tae&mwGifyif &yfwef@rypfoifha=umif;&JabmfpwmvifuwifjycJhonf? wdkif;jynf. pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfa&;. oHk;yHkESpfyHkrSm v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;rS xGuf&dSjcif;jzpf+yD;/ oHk;yHkwyHkomv#if pufr_vkyfief;rS jzpfonf? &Jabmf pwmvifu,cktcgwGif wdkif;jynfudk t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;tay: pD;yGm;a&;t& trSDtcdkuif;aom pufr_EdkifiHtjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJ&rnfhjy\emESifh wnfhwnfh&ifqkdifwkd;aerd+yDjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;vdkufonf? TudpPudk vkyfvnf;vkyfEkdifonf? vkyfvnf;vkyf&rnf? wkdif;jynfudk qdk&S,fvpfpufr_wyfqif&ef/ qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcH&eftwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifa&;rSm ,cktcg ygwD.ta&;w}uD;wm0ef}uD; jzpfvmayawmhonf?

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ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;u ygwD. taxGaxGvrf;pOfudk qef@usifcJhonf? pwmvif. qdk&S,fvpfpufr_wyfqifa&;pDrHudef;udk qef@usif+yD;/ ZDEdkApf0g'D qdkudkvfvDeDaumhfAfu xdktcsdefu e,fcJsŒavmbtdk;rsm; t=um;acwfpm;aeonfh "e&SifpDrHudef;wckudk wifjyvmonf? xdkpDrHuef;t&


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TpDrHudef;udk vufcHvkyfaqmifygu u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfonf t&if;&SifurBm.tm;enf;aom v,f,mpdkufysKd;onfh v,form;EdkifiH tpG,ftyGm;w&yftjzpfom ajymif;vJoGm;Edkif+yD;/ ywfywfvnf0dkif;&Hvsuf&dSaom t&if;&SifurBmtv,fwGif tumuG,frJh/ pGrf;tm;rJhjzpfum tqHk;Y qdkAD,uf,leD,H&dS qdk&S,fvpfpepfta&;awmfyHkyif ysufpD;qHk;±_H;oGm;Edkifayonf?

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uGef*&uf “twdkuftcHopf”. Twdkufcdkufr_rsm;udk vDeifqef@usifa&;tjzpf &_HŒcsa0zefvdkufonf? &Jabmfpwmvifu “twkduftcHopf”. xa&mhpuD-rif&SDApftESpfom&ukd azmfxkwfzGifhcsvdkufonf? olu ZDEdkApfESifh uJrDeufAfwdk@onf vDeifu tav#mhray;pwrf; wdkufyGJqifcJh&aom ygwD. &efolrsm;. aw;oDcsif;a[mif;rsm;udkom tyfa=umif;xyfjyefqdkaejcif;jzpfa=umif;jyovdkufonf?

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14 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufu ygwD.pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;opfudk vufcHtwnfjyKvkdufonf?

14 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufrSpI ygwD.trnfudk qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD (aAmf&DS Apf)C.P.S.U (B) [kac:wGifvkdufonf?

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apv$wf+yD; vDeif*&uf ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;tm; ‚if;wdk@udk vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;+yD;/ ‚if;[email protected],fpm;vS,fv$Jtyfr_udk&,lcJhonfh vDeif*&ufudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@. uGef*&uftwGif;&yfcHcJhaom abmf&DSApfqef@usifonfh &yfwnfr_udk &Sif;vif;ajymjyapcJhonf? uGef*&ufwGif wifoGif;cJhaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk aqG;aEG;onfhtpnf;ta0;rsm;onf tvGefjyif;xefcJ honf?vDeif*&ufygwDtzGJ@tpnf;. txl;uGefz&ifhudk ac:,lcJhonf? vDeif*&ufygwD0if trsm;wumhtrsm;pk (97 &mckdifE_ef;) onf 14 }udrf ajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tjynfht0vufcHoabmwlvdkuf+yD;/ ygwDqef@usifa&; ZDEDkApf0g'D “twkduf tcHopf”rsm;udk ±_wfcsvdkufonf? xkdtcsdefwGif “twdkuftcHopf” rsm;onf ppfwyfr&dSonfh AdkvfcsKyfrsm; jzpfae=uonf?

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pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfa=umifh wkdif;jynf.pD;yGm;a&;b0udk jynfvnfxlaxmif&mwGifxi±Sm;odomaom tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;&&dScJhonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;umvtwGif; atmifyGJESifh xGufay:vm+yD; umvopfjzpfaom pufr_wyfqifonfhumvodk@ 0ifa&mufvmonf?

jynfwGif;ppfrS +idrf;csrf;pGm qdk&S,fvpf wnfaqmufa&;odk@ ul;ajymif;&mwGif tvGef}uD;rm;onfh tcuftcJrsm;udk txl;ojzifh tapmydkif;umvrsm;wGif awG@}uHKcJh&onf? abmf&SDApf0g'.&efolrsm;/ qdkAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&DSApf)twGif;&dS ygwDqef@usifonfh tpdwftykdif;rsm;onf vDeifygwDudk TumvwGif wav#mufvHk; tjyif;txef qef@usifwkdufyGJ0if cJh=uonf?xa&mhpuDonf TygwDqef@usifonfh tpdwftykdif;rsm;udk acgif;aqmifcJhonf? TwkdufyGJwGifol.vuf&Hk;rsm;rSm uJrDeufAff/ ZDEkdApfESifh blcg&ifwkd@jzpfonf? vDeifuG,fvGef+yD; aemuftwdkuftcHorm;rsm;u abmf&SDApfygwDwGif; pdwf"mwfusatmif/ ygwDuGJatmif &nf &G,f+yD;qdkAD,uf,leD,HY qdk&S,fvpfpepf atmifyGJcHEdkifajc&dSr_tay: r,Hk=unfatmif 0g'jzef@ =uonf?trSefpifppfrSmrl xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;onf qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif tjcm;ygwDw&yf/ "e&Sifopfrsm;.EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;/ "e&Sifpepf jynfvnfxlaxmifa&;ygwD xlaxmif&ef }udK;pm;vmjcif;jzpfonf?

ygwDonf vDeif tvHawmfatmufwGif vDeif0g'D A[dkaumfrwD.ywfvnf/ &Jabmfpwmvif ywfvnfwGif pk&Hk;cJh=u+yD; xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;udka&mESifh ‚if;wdk@. rdwfaqGopf vDeif*&uf&dS ZDEdkApf/ uJrDeufAf twdkuftcHopfudkyg acsr_ef;ypfvkdufonf?

tiftm;pGrf;&nfESifh tajccHt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pkpnf;+yD;aemuf abmf&SDApfygwDonfwkdif;jynfudk ordkif;wGiftqifhopfwckjzpfaom qdk&S,fvpfpufr_wyfqifonfhtqifhodk@ a&muf&dSapcJhonf?


tcef; (10)

wdkif;jynftm; qdk&S,fvpfpufr+vufr+wyfqifa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD (1926=1929)

1? qkd&S,fvpf pufr_vufr_wyfqifa&; umvtwGif;rS tcuftcJrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@udk ausmfeif;1? qkd&S,fvpf pufr_vufr_wyfqifa&; umvtwGif;rS tcuftcJrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@udk ausmfeif;1? qkd&S,fvpf pufr_vufr_wyfqifa&; umvtwGif;rS tcuftcJrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@udk ausmfeif;1? qkd&S,fvpf pufr_vufr_wyfqifa&; umvtwGif;rS tcuftcJrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@udk ausmfeif;1? qkd&S,fvpf pufr_vufr_wyfqifa&; umvtwGif;rS tcuftcJrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@udk ausmfeif;Edkif&eftwGufwdkkufyGJrsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh ZEdkif&eftwGufwdkkufyGJrsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh ZEdkif&eftwGufwdkkufyGJrsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh ZEdkif&eftwGufwdkkufyGJrsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh ZEdkif&eftwGufwdkkufyGJrsm;/ xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm; ygwDqef@usifa&;tkyfpkzGJŒjcif;/DEdkApf0g'Drsm; ygwDqef@usifa&;tkyfpkzGJŒjcif;/DEdkApf0g'Drsm; ygwDqef@usifa&;tkyfpkzGJŒjcif;/DEdkApf0g'Drsm; ygwDqef@usifa&;tkyfpkzGJŒjcif;/DEdkApf0g'Drsm; ygwDqef@usifa&;tkyfpkzGJŒjcif;/xdktkyfpk. qkdAD,ufqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tkyfpk±_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;?xdktkyfpk. qkdAD,ufqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tkyfpk±_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;?xdktkyfpk. qkdAD,ufqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tkyfpk±_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;?xdktkyfpk. qkdAD,ufqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tkyfpk±_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;?xdktkyfpk. qkdAD,ufqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tkyfpk±_H;edrfhoGm;jcif;?

14 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf+yD;aemuf ygwDonf qkdAD,uftpkd;&. taxGaxGvrf;pOfjzpfaom wkdif;jynftm; qkd&S,fvpfpufr_wyfqifa&;udk taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf tjyif;txef }udK;pm;vkH;yef;wkdufyGJ0if&awmhonf// jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; umvtwGif; vkyfief;wm0eftm;vHk;xJwGif v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;vkyfief;udk jyefvnftoufoGif;a&;rSm a&S@qkH;ujzpf+yD;Tenf;tm;jzifh ukef=urff;ypPnf;rsm;ESihf pm;eyf&duQmrsm;&&Sdvmaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm; wnf&Sdaeonfh puf±Hktvkyf±Hkrsm;udk jyefvnfxlaxmif vnfywfapEdkifrnfjzpfonf//

qkdAD,uftpkd;&onf Twm0efudk E_dif;,SOfcsuft& oufawmifhoufom vG,fulpGmjzifhudkifwG,fajz&Sif;EdkifcJhonf//

okdŒaomf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;umvwGif t"dutm;enf;/ csdK@,Gif;csuf oHk;csuf&SdcJhonf?yxrtcsufrSm puf±Hktvkyf±kHrsm;rSm tkdrif;ae+yD; wyfqifxm;onfh pufud&d,mrsm;rSmvnf;a&S;usa[mif;EGrf;aeum r=umrDtwGif; vnfywfEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfjcif;jzpfonf// ,ckwm0efrSm ‚if;wkd@udk acwfrDud&d,mrsm;ESifh jyefvnfwyfqif&efjzpfonf//

'kwd,tcsufrSm jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;umvtwGif;&Sd pufr_vkyfief;onf tvGefusOf;ajrmif;onfh tajccHtkwfjrpfay:wGif wnf&Sdaeonf// wkdif;jynfwGif r&Sdrjzpf vHk;0vkdtyfae aom


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wwd,tcsufrSm TumvtwGif;&Sd pufr_vkkyfief;rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh tao;pm;okd@r[kwf tayghpm; pufr_vkyfief;rsm; jzpfaejcif;jzpfonf// Tvkyfief;rsm;onf jzpfay:wdk;wufae+yD; aumif;aumif;&yfwnfaeEdkif+yD jzpfonf// okd@aomft}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tm;enf;r_a=umifh tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rSm wpkHw&maom tcsufxuf ausmfvGefIqufvufjzpfay:wkd;wuf&ef twm;tqD; tcuftcJrsm;ESifh }uKHawG@ae&onf// wdkif;jynfwGift}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief; aumif;aumif; jzpfay:wkd;wufrSomv#if tjcm;vkdtyfcsufrsm;jynfh0Edkifrnf qkdaomtcsufrSm ajym&efyifrvdkacs// ,ckvuf&Sdvkyfief;wm0efrSm tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;ukd OD;pm;ay;+yD; owfrSwf&efyifjzpfonf//

Tvkyfief;wm0efopftm;vkH;udk qkd&S,fvpfpufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;ay:vpDu atmifjrifatmif xrf;aqmif&efjzpfonf//

Zmbk&ifh ±k&Sm;Y r&SdcJhbl;onfh pufr_vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom puf,E W&m;opfrsm; pufud&d,mrsm; wefqmyvmrsm;/ armfawmfum;/ "mwkypPnf;rsm;/ oHESifhoHr%d puf±kH}uD;rsm; ponfhpufr_vkyfief;opfrsm; trsm;tjym;ukd wnfaqmuf+yD; tif*sifpufrsm;ESif h pGrf;tm;qkdif&mud&d,mrsm; xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;vkyfaqmifum owWK±kdif;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;wl;azmfa&;wkd@udk wdk;wufvkyfudkif&eff vdktyfaeonf// Tonfwkd@rSm qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkYqdk&Spfvpfpepf atmifyGJcHa&;twGuf vdktyfcsufjzpfonf//

vufeufud&d,m topftqef;rsm;xkwfvkyfonfh pufr_vkyfief;rsm; zefwD;&ef tajrmufrsm;/ tajrmufqHrsm;/ av,mOfysHrsm;/ wifhum;rsm;ESifh pufaoewfrsm; xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf vkyfief;opfrsm; xlaxmif&efvdktyfonf// Tonfwdk hrSm t&if;&SifurBmu 0kdif;&Hxm;onfh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk umuG,fa&;twGuf vkdtyfcsufjzpfonf?

acwfrDpdkufysKd;a&; puf,E W&m;rsm; xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf v,fxGefpufvkyffief;rsm;ESifhtvkyf&kH}uD;rsm; wnfaqmuf+yD; xdkpufud&d,mrsm;jzihf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udk wyfqifjznfhqnf;ay;&efvdktyfonf// okd@rSom woD;yk*~vdu v,form;uav; oef;aygif;rsm;[email protected],f,mrsm;udk t}uD;pm;pkaygif;ydkifqdkifonfh v,f,majrrsm; tjzpfokd@ ajymif;vJ Edkifrnfjzpfonf// Tonfwdk@rSm aus;vufa'oY qdk&SpfvpfpepfatmifyGJcHa&;twGuf vkdtyfcsuf jzpfonf/Tt&mtm;vHk;udk pufr_wyfqifa&; ay:vpDu atmifjrif&&Sdf&efjzpfonf// wdkif;jynf tm;pufr_wyfqifjcif;qdkonfrSm Tonfudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf//

Tr#}uD;rm;onfh twdkif;twm&Sdonfh wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rSm ±lb,faiGoef;aygif;axmifESifhcsDI vkdtyfrnfjzpfa=umif; &Sif;aeonf// t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;u acs;aiGrsm; xkwfacs;&ef


jiif;qkdaeonfhtwGuf EkdifiHjcm;acs;aiGrsm;tay: rSDckd&efrSm rpOf;pm;Ekdifacs/ u|efawmfwkd@onfEkdifiHjcm;tultnDrygbJ rdrdwkd@ t&if;tjrpfrsm;ay:wGifom wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf? xkdftcsdefu u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfrSm qif;&Jaomwdkif;jynfwjynf jzpfaeonf//

TonfrSm t"dutcuftcJrsm;rS wckjzpfonf//t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;onf vkyf±kd;vkyfpOft& t}uD;pm;pufr_vufief;rsm; wnfaqmuf&m

wGif EdkifiHjcm;rS&&Sdonfh &efyHkaiGrsm; / udkvdkeDaoG;pkyffr_rsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ ppftEdkifcH&onfhEdkifiHrsm;qDrS ppfavsmfa=u;rsm; &,ljcif;rsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHjcm;acs;aiGrsm;rSvnf;aumif;/&&Sdonfh&efykHaiGrsm;jzifh wnfaqmuf=uonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf udkvdkeDrsm;ESifh ppftEdkifcH&onfh EdkifiHrsm;udk aoG;pkyf+yD; &efykHaiG,lonfh TemrnfysufvSaom enf;emrsm;udk rlt&yiftoHk;rjyKEkdifacs? EdkifiHjcm;acs;aiGESihfywfoufIrl t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;u jiif;qdkaeojzifh qdkAD,uf,leD,Htzkd@ vrf;ydwfaeonf// &efyHkaiGrSm wdkif;jynfwGif;rSmyif &SmazG&&Sd&effjzpfygawmhonf?

&Smvnf;&SmazG awGŒ&SdcJhonf// qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif b¾ma&; a&aomufjrpfrsm;udktjcm;rnfonfh t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;rSmrS r&&SdEd kifonfhae&mrsm;rS &,lcJhonf// qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmfonf t&if;&Sifrsm; ajr&Sifrsm;xHrS atmufwkdbm qdk&SpfvpfawmfvSefa&;u vk,lxm;vdkufonfh puf±Hk/ tvkyf±Hk ESifhv,f,majrtm;vHk;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vrf;tm;vHk;b%fwdkufrsm;ESifh jynfwGif;jynfy ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk odrf;,lvkdufonf// EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf±Hktvkyf±Hkrsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vrf;rsm;/ b%frsm;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSvnf;aumif; / &&Sdonfh tjrwftpGef;rsm;onf ,cktcgwGif uyfyg;t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; tdwfxJodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;r&SdawmhbJ pufr_vkyfief; qufvufwdk;chsJ vkyfaqmif&efa&muf&SdoGm;awmhonf//

qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf/ Zmbk&if. aºuG;rsm;udk zsufodrf;ypfvkdufonf// ESpfpOfjynfolrsm;onf/ twkd;twGufyif ±lb,fa&$oef;&mESifhcsDI ay;qyfaecJh=u&onf// ajr,mrsm;tm;ajr&Sifrsm;ydkifqdkifcGifhudk zsufodrf;vdkufjcif;jzifh qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf ESpfpOfv,form;rsm;ajriSm;ctjzpf ay;ae&onfh ±lb,fa&$oef; 500 udk oufomcGifh&ap vdkufonf// T0efxkyf0efydk;rS vGwfajrmuf+yD;aemuf v,form;xkonf EdkifiHawmfudk tiftm;awmifhwif;onfh pufr_vkyfief;opfrsm; wnfaqmuf&efulnDrnfh taetxm;odk@ a&muf&Sdfvmonf// v,form;rsm;onf v,fxGefpufrsm;ESifh wjcm;pdkufysKd;a&; puf,E W&m;rsm;&&Sd&ef tvGeftrif; pdwf0ifpm;vm=uonf//

T0ifaiG t&if;tjrpftm;vHk;onf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf. vufwGif;wGif&Sdygonf//Tonfrsm;rSm t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wnfaxmif&ef ±lb,foef;aygif; &mESihfaxmifESifhcsDI xGufvmEdkifonf// vkdtyfonfrSm pD;yGm;a&; qefqefcsOf;uyfr_/ &efyHkaiGrsm;udk wif;usyfpGmpepfwus acGswmoHk;pGJr_/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm; tukeftusoufomap&ef jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;/xkwfvkyfa&;p&dwfusqif;apjcif; / xkwfvkyfr_r[kwfonf/ (Unproductive) toHk;tpGJrsm;udkjzwfawmufjcif; tp&Sdonfwdk hjzpfonf//


TonfrSmvnf; qdkAD,uftpdk;& vufcHusifhoHk;vkyfaqmifcJhonfh vrf;a=umif;jzpfcJh onf// wif;usyfonfh pD;yGm;a&; csKyfudkifr_a=umifh t&if;tESSD;jzpfxGef;r_twGuf &&SdcJhonfh &efyHkaiGrsm;rSm wESpfxufwESpfwdk;rsm;vmcJhonf? Tonfu tvGef}uD;rm;vSonfh wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom 'lEl;bDa&tm;v#yfppfpuf±Hk/ wmupPwef-qkdufab;&D;,m; rD;&xm;vrf;/ pwmvif*&uf v,fxGefpufpuf±Hk/ pufud&dd,mvkyfief;rsm;/ armfawmfum;vkyfief;(AMO-ZIS) ponfh vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifwnfaqmufEdkifapcJhonf//

1926-27 ckESpftwGif; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif ±lb,faiGoef; 1˜000 eD;yg;jr‡KyfESHEkdif+yD;aemufoHk;ESpft=um ±lb,foef; 5˜000 eD;yg;jr‡KyfESHvmEkdifonf udkawG@&Sd&onf//

pufr_wyfqifjcif;vkyfief;onf rSefrSefwdk;wufaeonf// t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;onf qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Sd qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepf tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmr_tay: t&if;&Sifpepfwnf&Sdr_.tE W&m,fw&yfftjzpf =unfhjrifcJhonf// xkd@a=umifhyif e,fchsJEdkifiHrsm;onf qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudkzdtm;opfrsm;ay;&ef wdkif;jynfwGif; rwnfr+idrf rausreyf jzpfapr_rsm;udk zefwD;&ef qdkAD,uf,leD,H pufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;vkyfief;udk ysufjym;ap&ef odk@r[kwf tenf;qHk; wm;qD;ydwfyifEdkif&ef olwdk hvkyfEdkifor# tm;vHk;vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf//

1927 ck arvwGif xkdtcsdefu tm%m&aeaom +Adwdo#uGefqmaA;wpf acgif;rm*dk%f;u Arcos (+Adwdef&Sd qdkAD,ufukefoG,fa&;Xme)udk &efponfh 0ifa&mufpD;eif;r_ jyKvkyfvdkufonf// 1927 arv 26 &ufwGif +Adwdo#uGefqmaA;wpftpdk;&onfh qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh oHwrefESifh ukefoG,fa&;qufqHr_rsm;udk jzwfawmufvdkufonf//

1927 ZGefv 7 &ufwGif 0gaqm&Sd qdkAD,ufoHtrwf}uD; &JabmfAdkaumhAf (Voikov)

onf ydkvefEkdifiHom;tjzpfcH,lxm;onfh ±k&Sm;wyfjzLolv#KdwOD;. vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_cHvdkuf&onf//

TtcsdefavmufrSmyif qdkAD,uf,leD,HYvnf; +Adwdo#olv#Kdrsm;ESifh vrf;v$Ja&;orm;rsm;onf vDeif*&uf&Sd ygwDuvyfwckrSm jyKvkyfaeonfh tpnf;ta0;Y AHk;ypfoGif;cJh+yD; vl 30'%f&m&apcJh&m tcsKd@olrsm;. '%f&mrSm tawmfjyif;xefonf//

1927 ckaEG&moDwGif bmvif/ yDuif;/ &Sef[J/ xsefusif;&Sd qdkAD,ufoH±Hk;rsm;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;udk,fpm;vS,fXmersm;rSm wcsdefwnf;eD;yg; 0ifa&mufpD;eif; wkdufckdufjcif;cH&onf//

Tonfu qdkAD,uftm%m. tcuftcJrsm;udk xyfrHwdk;apcJhonf// odkŒaomf qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf t+cdrf;ajcmufrcHbJ e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;ESihf ‚if;wdk@. olv#Kdrsm;u &efp}udK;yrf;r_rsm;udktvG,fwul wGef;vSefvdkufonf// xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESihf tjcm;twdkuftcHrsm;. tzsufvkyfief;rsm;a=umifh ygwDESifh qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf }uHKawG@&onfh tcuftcJrsm;rSmvnf; rao;vSacs/ qdkAD,uftm%mudk qef@usif&eftwGuf csdefbmvdefrStp xa&mhpuDtxd wyfaygif;pko¿mefrsKd;wck xlaxmifvdkufonf[k &Jabmfpwmvifuqkd&mY tusdK;ta=umif; &Sdonf//14 }udrfajrmufygwD uGef*&uf. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh twdkuftcHorm;rsm;. opPmapmifhod&ef0efcHuwdjyKcsufrsm; &dScJhaomfvnf; twdkuftcHorm;rsm;onf tav#mhray;ao;acs/ qefŒ


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Tonfu 1918 ckESpfu pwifcJhonfh jzpfpOfwckjzpfaom aps;uGuftwGuf xkwfvkyfay;aeus t}uD;pm; v,f,majrrsm;udk tao;pm; v,f,majrtjzpfodk@ vnf; aumif; tao;pm;v,f,majrrsm;udk ti,fpm;v,f,majrtjzpfodk@vnf;aumif; cGJypfae aomjzpfpOfonfqufvufjzpfyGm;aea=umif;/ Ttao;pm;ESifh ti,fpm;v,f,m ajrrsm; onf vufawG@tm;jzifh obm0pD;yGm;a&;o¿mefodk@ aemufqkwfoGm;ae+yD; aps;uGuftwGuf rajymyavmufaomta&twGufom&Sdonfh oD;ESHudk axmufyHhEkdifa=umif; 1927 ck umvwGif oD;ESHtxGufrSmppfrjzpfrD umvxuf tenf;i,fcef@omavsmhenf;aomfvnf; +rdK@rsm;odk@ axmufyHh&ef a&mif;csEkdifaom ydkv#H&duQmrSm ppfrjzpfrDa&mif;csEdkifaom ydkv#H&duQm. oHk;yHk wyHkxuf tenf;i,fr#omydka=umif; jyocJhonf?

oD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&;wGif TuJhodk@aom jy\emrsm; qufvufjzpfay:aeygu wyfrawmfESifh+rdK@aevlxkonf a&&SnfiwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ab;ESifh &ifqdkif&awmhrnfrSm oHo, &Sdp&mrvdkacs/TonfrSm oD;ESHpkdufysKd;a&;. tcuftcJtusyftwnf; jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;aemufrS wd&p>mefarG;jrLa&;uyfab;onfvnf; rvGJraoGygvmayawmhrnf?

Tqdk;0g;vSonfh tajctaerS wckwnf;aom xGufaygufrSm t}uD;pm;v,f,majrodk@ajymif;vJ&efjzpf+yD; Tonfuomv#if v,fxGefpufrsm;/ pdkufysKd;a&; puf,E W&m;rsm; toHk;jyKEkdifapum a&mif;csEdkifonfh ydkv#HoD;ESHrsm;udk tqaygif;rsm;pGm wdk;wufapEkdifayvdrfhrnf?wkdif;jynftwGuf a&G;p&m2 vrf;&Sdonf? wvrf;rSm t}uD;pm; t&if;&Sif v,f,mvkyffief;udkvkyfaqmif&ef/ TonfrSm v,form;vlxkudk ysufpD;ap+yD; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xk. r[mrdwfzGJ@xm;r_udk zsufqD;um ul;vwfrsm;. tiftm;udkwdk;yGm;ap+yD; aus;vuf&Sd qdk&S,fvpfpepfusqif;apjcif;udk qdkvdkayonf? aemufwvrf;rSm v,form;uav;rsm;ydkifqdkifonfh ajr,mrsm;udk }uD;rm;onfh qdk &S,fvpfv,f,majrrsm;/ pkaygif; v,f,mrsm;tjzpf aygif;pyfvdkufonfhvrf;jzpfonf? TuJhodk@jyKvkyfvdkufygu oD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&;Yvsifjrefonfh atmifjrifr_rsm;&&Sd&efESifh a&mif;csEdkifaom ydkv#HoD;ESHrsm; tvsiftjref wdk;rsm;vmap&ef v,fxGefpufrsm;ESifh wjcm;acwfrDpuf,E W&m;rsm; toHk;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfonf?


abmf&SDApfygwDESifh qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmftzkd@ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;bufwGif jzpfay:wkd;wufa&;twGuf pkaygif;v,f,majrvrf;qdkonfh 'kwd,vrf;udkom vdkufEdkifrnfjzpfa=umif;rSm&Sif;aeonf? Tae&mwGif ygwDudk vrf;!¸efr_rsm; ay;aeonfrSm v,form;uav;rsm;pdkufysKd;a&;rS t}uD;pm;or0g,r/ pkaygif;ykdifqdkifonfh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;odk@ul;ajymif;&efvkdtyfr_ESihf ywfowfonfh vDeif. oGefoifcsufrsm;yifjzpfonf//

u?u?u?u?u? tao;pm; v,f,majrvkyfief;twGuf qif;&JwGif;rS vGwfuif;rnfh vrf;r&Sdacs/ (vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk twGJ 24/ ESm / 540)(vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk twGJ 24/ ESm / 540)(vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk twGJ 24/ ESm / 540)(vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk twGJ 24/ ESm / 540)(vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk twGJ 24/ ESm / 540)

c//c//c//c//c// tao;pm; v,f,majrvkyfief;udk ta[mif;twkdif; qufvufvkyfaqmifygutcrJhajrrS vGwfvyfonfh jynfoljynfom;rsm;tjzpfESifhyifv#if rv$Jra&SmifombJ

ysufpD;r_ESifh u|efawmfwdk@ &ifqkdfif+rJ&ifqdkif&ayOD;rnf? (txuf yg-twGJ20/ ESm-417)(txuf yg-twGJ20/ ESm-417)(txuf yg-twGJ20/ ESm-417)(txuf yg-twGJ20/ ESm-417)(txuf yg-twGJ20/ ESm-417)

*? *? *? *? *? v,form;rsm;. v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udk qufvufjzpfay: wdk;wufrnf qdkyguaemuftqifhwckodk@ ul;ajymif;a&;udkvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ cdkifckdifrmrmtmrcHcsufay;&ayrnf// Taemuftqifhonf tusKd;tjrwftenf;qHk;ESifh acwfaemuf tusqHk;jzpfaom tao;pm; v,form;rsm;. oD;oef@v,fajrrsm;udk t}uD;pm;pkaygif;v,fajrrsm;tjzpf wjznf;jznf; aygif;pyfpkpnf;wnfaxmifoGm;rnfhjzpfpOf

rkcsyifjzpf&ayrnf// (txufygusrf; twGJ 26/ pmrsufESm-299)(txufygusrf; twGJ 26/ pmrsufESm-299)(txufygusrf; twGJ 26/ pmrsufESm-299)(txufygusrf; twGJ 26/ pmrsufESm-299)(txufygusrf; twGJ 26/ pmrsufESm-299)

C//C//C//C//C// u|efawmfwdk@onf v,form;rsm;udk vufawG@b0wGif trsm;pkaygif;xm;onfhor0g,r xGef,uf pdkufysKd;jcif;. tm;omcsufrsm;udkjyo&mYatmifjrifrSomv#if/u|efawmfwkd@onf v,form;rsm;udk or0g,r pdkufysKd;a&;enf;emjzifh ulnD&mwGifatmifjrifrSomv#if/ EdkifiHawmf tm%mudkifpGJxm;onfh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf v,form;rsm;udk ‚if;wkd@. ay:vpDrSefuefa=umif; ,Hk=unfvufcH Ekdifvmaprnfjzpf+yD; v,form; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm. ppfrSefonfh a&&SnfcHEdkif&nf&Sdaom vkdufygr_udk tmrcHEdkifrnfjzpfonf// (((((vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf; armfpudk 1947 / twGJ 2/vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf; armfpudk 1947 / twGJ 2/vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf; armfpudk 1947 / twGJ 2/vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf; armfpudk 1947 / twGJ 2/vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf; armfpudk 1947 / twGJ 2/

pmrsuf ESm- 539) pmrsuf ESm- 539) pmrsuf ESm- 539) pmrsuf ESm- 539) pmrsuf ESm- 539)

Tonfrsm;rSm 15 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufrwkdifrD tajctaersm;jzpfayonf// 15=udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufudk 1927 'DZifbm2 &ufae@wGif zGifhvSpfvdkufonf// uGef*&uf odk@ygwD0if 887˜233 OD;ESifh t&HygwD0if 348˜957 OD;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh rJay;Ekdifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f898 ESifh rJray;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 771 OD; wufa&mufcJhonf//

A[kdaumfrwDudk,fpm; &Jabmfpwmvifu tpD&ifcH&mwGif pufr_wyfqifjcif;. tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;ESifh qkd&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief; tvsiftjref wkd;csJ@vmaer_ukd ukd;um;ajymqkd+yD; ygwD.atmufygwm0efukd csrSwfvkdufonf?


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v,f,mvkyffief;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;udk E_dif;,SOf&if; v,f,mvkyfief;. acwfaemufusr_txl;ojzifh oD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&;bufwGif aemufusr_wkd@udk owdjyK&if; v,f,mvkyfief;. us,fjyef@aeaom taetxm;a=umifh &Jabmfpwmvifu Ttm;wufzG,fr&Sdaom v,f,mvkyfief;tjctaeonf trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;wckvHk;udk tE W&m,fjyKEkdifa=umif; tav;wif;ajym=um;cJhonf//

&Jabmfpwmvifu “xGufayguf[m bmvJ” [kar;cJhonf//olu “xGufayguf[m us,fjyef@aewJh tao;pm;v,form;rsm;&J@ v,f,majrrsm;udk

twlwuG pkaygif;xGef,uf pdkufysKd;jcif;tay:tajccHonfh t}uD;pm;pkaygif;xm;onfh v,f,majrrsm;tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJ&ef ydkrdktqifhjrifhonfh enf;ynmrsm;tay: tajccH+yD; ajr,mukdpkaygif;xGef,ufpkdufysKd;jcif;ukd wifoGif;&efyifjzpfonf? xGufaygufrSm tao;pm;ESifh ti,fpm; v,form;rsm;. v,f,majrrsm;udk jyif;xefpl;pdkufonfh (Intensive) v,f,mvkyfief;twGuf ody`Henf;usenf;emrsm;/ v,f,mpuf,E W&m;rsm;/ v,fxGefpufrsm; toHk;jyK+yD;ajr,mudk twlwuG or0g,r pkaygif;xGef,ufpdkufysKd;onfh t}uD;pm;v,f,majrrsm;tjzpfodk@wjznf;jznf;/ odk@aomfaocsmpGmjzifh zdtm;roHk;bJ erlemyHkpHrsm;jyjcif; azsmif;zs aqG;aEG;jcif;wkd@jzifh pkaygif;nDnGwfvma&;jzpfonf// tjcm;xGufaygufr&Sd”[kqdkcJhygonf?

15 =udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufu v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif pkaygif;r_ jyKvkyfjcif; (collectivi -

zation) udk tjynfh0qHk; jzpfay:wkd;wufap&ef awmif;qdkonfh qHk;jzwfcsufudk csrSwf vkdufonf// uGef*&ufu pkaygi f;v,fajrrsm;ESi f h E k di fi Hawmfv,fajrrsm;ud k wk d ;cs J @ +y D; c k di frmawmifhwif;apa&;pDrHudef;udk vufcHtwnfjyKum v,f,mvkyfief; pkaygif;yk difqdkifr_jyKvkyf&mwGif toHk;jyK&rnfh enf;emrsm;ESifh ywfowfonfh &Sif;vif;aocsmonfh !ef=um;csufrsm;udk azmfjyay;vkdufonf?

wcsdefwnf;wGif uGef*&ufu !¸ef=um;csufrsm;ay;cJhonf//“ul;vwfrsm;udk qufvufxkd;ppfqif&efESifh aus;vufa'oY t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:

wdk;wufrludk csKyfxdef;rnfh enf;emopfrsm;oHk;+yD; v,form;rsm;. v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udkqdk&S,fvpfpepfqDodk@ OD;aqmifvrf;jyoGm;&ef” ¡¡¡¡¡C.P.S.U (B) .qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / &k&Sm;bmom.qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / &k&Sm;bmom.qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / &k&Sm;bmom.qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / &k&Sm;bmom.qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / &k&Sm;bmom

tydkif;2/ ESm-260¢tydkif;2/ ESm-260¢tydkif;2/ ESm-260¢tydkif;2/ ESm-260¢tydkif;2/ ESm-260¢

aemufqHk;wGif pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef; tajccHckdifrmpGm tjrpfwG,fae+yDjzpfI pD;yGm;a&; ppfrsufESmwckvHk;wGif t&if;&Siftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk qdk&S,fvpfpepfu pepfwus xdk;ppfqif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh uGef*&ufu trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;twGuf “yxr 5 ESpfpDrHudef;”a&;qGJ&ef oifhawmfonfh tzGJ@rsm;udk !¸ef=um;vdkufonf//


qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; jy\emrsm;tay: qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf+yD;aemufuGef*&ufonff xa&mhpuDESifh ZDEdkApftkyfpk acsr_ef;a&;jy\emudk qufvufaqG;aEG;cJhonf?

uGef*&ufu“twdkuftcHrsm;onf vDeif0g'ESifh tawG;ac:t& jywfawmufuif;uGmoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;/ rif&SDApftkyfpktjzpf ysufpD;,dk,Gif;oGm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ jynfwGif;jynfyae"e&Siftiftm;pkrsm;udk tav#mhay; vufeufcsonfhvrf;udk vdkufoGm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;ESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf tkyfpdk;r_udk qef@usifonfh wefjyefawmfvSefa&;. toHk;cHud&d,m trSefyifjzpfoGm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;” udk vufcHtodtrSwfjyKcJhonf// (((((C.P.U.S(B) . qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / tykdif;2/. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / tykdif;2/. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / tykdif;2/. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / tykdif;2/. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; / tykdif;2/

ESm- 32)ESm- 32)ESm- 32)ESm- 32)ESm- 32)

uGef*&ufu ygwDESifh twkduftcHrsm;t=um; jcm;em;r_onf vrf;pOfjcm;em;r_txdodk@wkd;wufoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;ESifh xa&mhpuD0g'D twkduftcHrsm;onf qdkAD,uftm%mudkqef@usifhwdkufcdkufonfhvrf;udk vdkufoGm;+yD jzpfa=umif;awG@&Sdvm&onf// xkd@a=umifhuGef*&ufu xa&mhpuD0g'D twkduftcHrsm;tay: opPmapmifhodvkdufygaer_ESifh ‚if;wkd@. tjrifrsm;ukdjzef@csdaer_rsm;onf abmf&SDApfygwD0iftjzpfESifh o[ZmwrjzpfEkdifawmha=umif;ukd a=unmvdkufonf?

A[kdaumfrwDESifh A[kdcsKyfukdifa&;aumfr&Sif yl;wGJtpnf;ta0;. qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfaomxa&mhpuDESifh ZDEkdApfwkd@tm; ygwDrSxkwfypfa&;wkd@ukd uGef*&ufu oabmwlaxmufcHvkduf+yD;xa&mhpuD/ ZDEdkApf0g'tkyfpk. wufºuGonfh tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpfaom &m'uf/ y&D,dkb&mZifpuD; /&mavmAfhpuD; / ysmwmaumhAf/ qD&DA&m,maumhAf/ tkdif-prm;aemhAf/ uJrdeufAf/ qmupf/qmza&mhAf/ vpf&Spf (Lifshitz)/ rDf'DAmeD (Mdivani)/ prDvf*g (Smilga)ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpftv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;tkyfpktm;vHk; (qmy&maemhAf/ AD Gprm;aemhAf/ bkd*wfvufAfpuD;/'a&mhAfepfpojzifh ) wkd@udk xkwfypf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf?

tawG;tc:t& ±_H;edrfhoGm;+yD; pnf;±Hk;a&;t& acsr_ef;jcif;cHvdkuf&onfh xa&mhpuDESihfZDEkdApf0g'Dtkyfpk aemufvdkufrsm;onf jynfolrsm;=um;wGif; ‚if;wkd@. aemufqHk; t&dyfta&mifrsm; aysmufqHk;oGm;cJh&onf?

15 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf+yD;v#if+yD;csif; ygwDrS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&onfh vDeif0g'qef@usifa&;orm;rsm;onf xa&mhpuD0g'udk pGef@ypfa=umif;ESifh ygwDodk@jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifhjyK&ef awmif;qdkxm;onfhpmrsm; pwifwifoGif;vm=uonf// xdktcsdefu ygwDonf xa&mhpuD/&maumhAfpuD;/ &m'ufcf/ c&ufpfwiffpuD; (Krestinsky)/ qdkukddvfeDaumhAfpolwkd@onf jynfolrsm;. &efolrsm;jzpfaeonfrSm =umvS+yDjzpfa=umif;/ EkdifiHjcm;olv#Kdvkyfief;rsm;u iSm;&rf;ay;urf;xm;onhf olv#Kdrsm;jzpfa=umif; rodcJhao;acs//

xdk@jyif uJrDeufAf/ ZDEdkApf/ ysmwmaumhAf polwkd@onf t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;&Sd qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. &efolrsm;ESifh qdkAD,ufjynfolrsm;udk qef@usif&ef “yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;” &nf&G,fcsufjzifh tquftoG,frsm; xlaxmifxm;+yD; jzpfa=umif;udkvnf; rodcJhao;acs// odk@aomftcsuftcsmtusqHk; tcsdefumvrsm;Y vDeifESihf vDeifygwDudk r=umc% wdkufckdufcJh=uonfh


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(u)(u)(u)(u)(u) olwkd@onf xa&mhpuD0g'ukd abmf&SDApfqef@usifonfh qdkAD,ufqef@usifonfh tawG;tac: w&yftjzpf vlod&Sif=um;±_wfcs&rnf//

(c)(c)(c)(c)(c) olwdk@onf ygwD. ay:vpDudk wckwnf;aom rSefuefonfhay:vpDjzpfa=umif; vlod&Sif=um; todtrSwf jyK&rnf//

(*)(*)(*)(*)(*) olwdk honf ygwDESifh ‚if;. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk ¹cGif;csufr&dSvdkufemvkyfaqmif&rnf//

(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) olwkd@onf tprf;umvwckjzwfoef;&rnfjzpf+yD; TumvtwGif; ygwDu olwkd@tm; ppfaq;prf;oyfrnf// TumvukefqHk;+yD;ygu ygwDu ppfaq;prf;oyfrl&v'frsm;tay:rlwnfI wOD;csif;ygwDwGif; jyefvnf0ifa&mufcGifhudk pOf;pm;ay;rnf?

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blcg&if-±dkifaumhAftkyfpkonf ygwDqef@usifa&;wlnDaom v_yf±Sm;r_twGuf xa&mhpuD-ZDEdkApftkyfpk tºuGif;tusefrsm;ESifh taES;ESifh tjref yl;aygif;=uawmhrnfjzpfa=umif; ygwDtaejzifh em;vnfod&dSonf//

EdkifiHa&; a=unmcsufrsm;ESifhtwl w+ydKifeuf blcg&if-±dkifaumhAftkyfpkonf aemufvdkufaemufygrsm;udk pnf;±Hk;pkpnf;&ef “vkyfaqmif”vm=uonf// blcg&ifrSwqifh pvufyfaumhAf(Slepkov)/ rm&ufpuD (Maretsky)/ tDcsif0Jvf (Eichenwald)/ *dk;vf'ifbmh*f (Goldenberg)

ponfh vli,f"e&Sifrsm;udkvnf;aumif; xa&mhpuDrSwqifh tvkyform; or*~rsm;rSjAL±kdu&uf}uD;rsm; (rDvfeDcsefpuD; Melnichansky/ 'kd*ga'ghAf Dogadovponf) udkvnf;aumif;±kdifaumhAfrSwqifh pdwf"mwfusaeaom qdkAD,uft&m&dS}uD;rsm; (at-prm;aemhAf/ tpfarmuf(Eismont)/ ADG- prpf(V.Schmidt)ponf) udkvnf;aumif;/ pnf;±Hk; yl;aygif;vkduf=uonf//Ttkyfpkonf EdkifiHa&;t& ysufpD;,dk,Gif;ae+yD; rdrdwkd@. tav#mh ay;a&;pdwf"mwfudkrzHk;uG,fawmhonfhvlrsm;udk tvG,fwul qGJaqmifpnf;±Hk;vkdufEdkfifonf?

xdktcsdefavmufrSmyif blcg&if-±kdifaumhAftkyfpkonf armfpudk ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rStqifhjrifh t&m&dS}uD;rsm; (,l*vmaemhAf (Uglanov)/ udkawmhAf (Kotov)/ ,lcgaemhAf


(Ukhanov)/ ±lwif (Ryutin)/ ,l*dkwm (Yugoda)/ ykdvefpuD; (Polonsky) polrsm;).axmufcHr_udk &&dSvkdufonf// vuf,mtpdwftydkif;wckonf tomv#dKae+yD; ygwD.vrf;pOfudkajAmifwdkufcdkufjcif;rjyKbJ a&SmifaecJhonf// armfpudkygwDowif;pmrsm;ESifh ygwDtpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif ul;vwfrsm;udk txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&ef a&S@aevdkufxm;+yD; ul;vwfrsm;udk}uD;av;aom taumuftcGefrsm; csrSwfjcif;udk rvkyfoifha=umif; pufr_vufr_wyfqifjcif;onfjynfolvlxkudk 0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfapa=umif;ESifh t}uD;pm;pufr_jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;rSm tcsdefrwdkifao;a=umif; ajymqdkvm=uonf? ,l*vmaemhAfonf 'eDyg; (Dnieper) a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef;}uD;udk qef@usifuef@uGuf+yD; aiGrsm;udk t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rS tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;odk@ v$Jajymif;ay;&ef awmif;qdkvkdufonf? ,l*vmaemhAfESifh tjcm;vuf,mtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;u armfpudkonf o&ufxnfvkyfief;&ufvkyf&m a'ojzpfcJh+yD; qufvuf+yD;vnf; Ttwkdif;&dS&rnfjzpfa=umif; ajymqdk=uum armfpudkwGif tif*sifeD,m pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wnfaqmuf&efrvdktyf[k qdk=uonf?

armfpukd ygwDtzG@Jtpnf;u ,l*vmaemhAfESifh ‚if;. aemufvdkufrsmudk azmfxkwfzGifhcsvkduf+yD; ‚if;wdk@tm; aemufqHk;owday;um A[dkaumfrwD. ywfvnfwGif ydkrdkIyif 0ef;&Hvkdufonf? 1928 ckwGif usif;yaom C.P.S.U(B) armfpudkaumfrwD rsufESmpHknD tpnf;ta0;wGif&Jabmfpwmvifu vuf,mwdrf;apmif;r_wGif wkdufcdkufr_udkpkpnf;+yD; ppfrsufESm 2 ckvHk;udkwkdufcdkuf&rnf[k qdkvdkufonf// &Jabmfpwmvifu vuf,morm;rsm;rSm ygwDwGif;rS ul; vwfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfonf[k qkdvdkufonf//

“u|efawmfwdk@ygwDwGif vuf,mwdrfa;pmif;r_ atmifjrifv$rf;rdk;jcif;u t&if;&Sifpepftiftm;pkrsm;udk }udK;ajzv$wfay;+yD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&;tqifhtwef;rsm;udk tiftm;csnfheJ@apum wkdif;jynfwGif t&if;&Sifpepf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wdk;wufapayvdrhfrnf”[k &Jabmfpwmvifu qdkcJhonf// (a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 47/(a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 47/(a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 47/(a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 47/(a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 47/

ESm-233)ESm-233)ESm-233)ESm-233)ESm-233)

1929 cktpydkfif;wGif vuf,mmtnHhcHa&;orm;tkyfpkrsm;. tm%mv$Jtyfjcif;cH&aomblcg&ifonf uJrdeufAfrSwqifh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;eSifh qufoG,f+yD; ygwDudk yl;wGJwdkufyGJqif&efoabmwlnDcsufudk aphpyfaqG;aEG;aea=umif; azmfxkwfod&dS&onf// A[dkaumfrwDonfvuf,mmtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;. T&mZ0wfjypfr_ vkyf&yfrsm;udk azmfxkwfzGifhcsvdkuf+yD; Tjy\emonf blcg&if/ ±kdifaumhAf/ wGrfpuD; (Tomsky)ESifh usefvlrsm;twGuf 0rf;enf;a=uuGJzG,f tqHk;owfEdkifa=umif; owday;vdkufonf// odk@aomfvuf,m tnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;onf owday;csufudk *±krpdkufcJhacs/ A[dkaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;Y olwdk@onf ygwDqef@ usifa&;a=unmcsufpmwrf;opf wapmifwifoGif;&m ,if;udk A[dkaumfrwDu ±_wfcsvdkuf onf?A[dkaumfrwDu xa&mhpuD-ZDEdkApf0g'Dtkyfpkrsm; jzpfysufoGm;yHkudk xyfrH owday; ajym=um;vkdufonf// odk@aomfvnf; blcg&if-±kdifaumhAftkyfpkonf ygwDqefhusifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkqufvuf vkyfaqmifcJ h =uonf// &d kifaumhAf/ wGrfpuD;ESif h blcg&ifwdk @onf ‚if;wdk @.


EkwfxGufpmrsm;udk A[dkaumfrwDodk@wifoGif;+yD; Tenf;jzifh ygwDudk +cdrf;ajcmuf Edkifvdrfrnfh[kxifcJh=uonf// A[dkaumfrwDu TEkwfxGufpmrsm;. tzsufvkyf[efudk ±_wfcs vdkufonf//aemufqHk; 1929 Edkif0ifbmvxJwGif usif;ycJhaom A[dkaumfrwD rsufESmpHknD tpnf;ta0;uvuf,mtacsmiform;rsm;. tjrifrsm;udk 0gjzef@csdaer_rsm;onf ygwD0if tjzpfESifh roifhawmfawmha=umif; a=unm+yD; vuf,mtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;. acgif;aqmifESifh v_@Haqmfol blcg&iftm; A[dkaumfrwD/ ay:vpfAsL±dkrS z,f±Sm;&efqHk;jzwfum ±kdifaumhAf/ wGrfpuD; ESifh wjcm;vuf,mtacsmiform;rsm;udk jyif;xefpGm owday;vdkufonf//

tajctaer[efawmha=umif; od&dS&dyfrdvmonfESifh vuf,mtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;.acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. trSm;rsm;udk0efcH+yD; ygwD. EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfrSefa=umif; axmufcHonfhpmwrf; wifoGif;vmonf//

vuf,mtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;onf ‚if;tkyfpk0ifrsm; 'kuQa&mufjcif;rS a&Smif=uOfEdkif&eftwGuf ,m,Daemufqkwf&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf//

TonfuygwD. vuf,mtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;tay: wdkufyGJyxrtqifhudk +yD;qHk;apvdkufonf//

ygwDwGif;uGJjym;r_ topfrsm;u qdkAD,uf,leD,H. jyify&efolrsm;wdk@. tm±Hkudk qGJaqmifcJhonf// ygwDwGif; “oabmuGJvGJr_topfrsm;” onf ygwD. tm;enf;csufudk jyojcif; jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unf+yD; qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudk ppfyGJwGifyg0ifywfoufvm&efESifh pufr_wyfqifa&;vkyfief;ususee rvkyfaqmifEdkifrD vGJacsmfoGm;ap&ef }udK;yrf;r_topfrsm; pwifvkyfudkifvmonf? 1929 ck aEG&moDwGif e,fchsJorm;rsm;u w±kwfESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,Ht=um; yËdyuQay:aygufvmap&ef v_@Haqmfay;+yD; w±kwfjynf ta&S@bufrD;&xm;vrf;/ qdkAD,uf,leD,Huydkifqkdifonfudk w±kwfppfAdkvfrsm;u odrf;ydkuf&efESifh u|Efkyfwdk@. ta&S@zsm;e,fpyfudk w±kwfwyfjzLrsm;u odrf;ydkuf&ef ajr‡mufay;cJhonf// odk@aomf w±kwfppfAdkvfrsm;. TpD;eif;wkdufcdkufodrf;ydkufr_rsm;udk tjywftowf ESdrfeif;ypfvkdufEkdif+yD; wyfeDawmf. acsr_ef;jcif;udk cHvkduf&onfh ppfaoG;ºuGorm;rsm;onf aemufqkwfoGm;um refcsL;&D;,m;tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdkvdkufjcif;jzifh yËdyuQtqHk;owfoGm;ygonf//

jyify&efolrsm;. v#Kd@0Sufvkyf}uHr_rsm;ESifh ygwDwGif;&dS “oabmuGJvGJr_rsm;” &dScJhaomfjim;vnf; tcuftcJ twm;tqD; tm;vHk;a&S@wGif ygwD. +idrf;csrf;a&;ay:vpDonf xyfrHatmifyGJcHvdkufonf//

TudpPrsm; jzpfysuf+yD;r=umrDrSmyif +Adwdo#uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;u jzwfawmufcJhonfhqdkAd,uf,leD,HESifh *&dwf+Adwdeft=um; oHwrefESifh ukefoG,fa&;qufqHr_rsm;udk jyefvnfxlaxmifvdkuf=uonf//

jynfwGif;/ jynfy&efolrsm;. wkdufckdufr_rsm;udk atmifjrifpGm wGef;vSefvdkuf+yD;aemufygwDonf t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm; wdk;wufjzpfxGef;a&; qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqkdifr_udk pnf;±Hk;v_@Haqmfa&;/ EkdkifiHawmfydkifv,f,mESifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm; wnfaqmufa&;ESifh aemufqHk; trsKd;


om; pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wkd;wufa&;twGuf yxr 5 ESpf pDrHudef; vufcHtwnfjyKa&;ESifh vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufa&;wdk@twGuf a&cHajrcHrsm; jyifqifa&;wdk htwGuf tvkyf±_yfaeawmhonf?

1929 ck {+yDvwGif yxr 5ESpf pDrHudef;udk tpnf;ta0; tpDtpOf. t"dutpDtpOftjzpfxm;+yD; ygwD. 16 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufudk usif;ycJhonf? uGef*&ufu vuf,mtnHhcHa&; orm;rsm;wifoGif;onfh 5 ESpf pDrHudef;. “tedrfhqHk;”uGJvGJr_ (Minimal uariant) udky,fcsvkduf+yD; tcsuftvuf tajctaetm;vHk;ukdpkpnf;um “tjrifhqHk;” uGJvGJr_ (Optimal

uariant) ukd vufcHtwnfjyKvkdufonf//Todk@jzifh ygwDonf qdk&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;twGuf ausmf=um;vSaom yxr

5 ESpf pDrHudef;udk vufcHtwnfjyKvkdufonf//5 ESpf pDrHudef;u 1928-33 ck umvtwGif; trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;. t&if;tESD; jr‡Kyf

ESHr_twdkif;twmudk &lb,faiG 64˜600˜000˜000 [k owfrSwfvdkufonf// xdktxJrS pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v#yfppfpGrf;tm;vkyfief;twGuf &lb,faiG 19˜500˜000˜000 o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;wGif &lb,faiG 10˜000˜000˜000 ESifh v,f,m pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;wGif ±lb,faiG23˜200˜000˜000 jr‡KyfESH&efjzpfonf?

TonfrSm qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mvkyfief;udk acwfrDenf;ynmrsm; wyfqif&efqdkonfh tvGef}uD;rm;vSaom pDrHudef;jzpffonf?

&Jabmf pwmvifu “5 ESpf pDrHudef;. tajccHwm0efrSm pufr_vkyfief;wckvHk;wnf;udkomru o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; qdk&S,fvpfpepf tajccHay:wGifxyfrHwyfqifEdkif+yD; xyfrHpkpnf;vkyfaqmifEdkfifonfh pufr_vkyfief;rsKd;udk u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHwGifwDxGif&efjzpfonf” [kqdkcJhonf? (a*s pwmvif vDeif0g' jy\emrsm; armfpudk 47 / ESm 397)(a*s pwmvif vDeif0g' jy\emrsm; armfpudk 47 / ESm 397)(a*s pwmvif vDeif0g' jy\emrsm; armfpudk 47 / ESm 397)(a*s pwmvif vDeif0g' jy\emrsm; armfpudk 47 / ESm 397)(a*s pwmvif vDeif0g' jy\emrsm; armfpudk 47 / ESm 397)

TpDrHudef;rSm }uD;us,fvSaomfvnf; abmf&DSApfrsm;tzkd@ pdwf±_wfaxG;p&maomf vnf;aumif;/ tHh=op&maomfvnf;aumif; r[kwfcJhacs// TtwGufenf;vrf;udk pufr_vufr_ wyfqifa&;ESifh pkaygif;ydkifqkdifr_ jyKvkyfjcif;wdk@. jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ vrf;a=umif;wpfckvHk;u toifhjyifqifay;+yD; “qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqkdifr_” qdkonfwGif awG@&dSEdkifum tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;tm; zrf;pm;xm;onfh vkyftm;wufºuGr_v_dif;u a&S@aqmifcJhonf//

16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGefz&ifhu qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_ qufvuf jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;udkv_@Haqmfxm;onfh tvkyform; jynfolvlxktm;vHk;. awmif;qdkcsufudk vufcHtwnfjyKvkdufonf//

qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_u pHjyvkyftm;pdkufxkwfr_ESifh vkyftm;tay: oabmxm;opfrsm;.om"utrsm;tjym;ukd azmfxkwfvkdufonf? puf±Hkrsm; pkaygif;v,f,mESifh EkdifiHawmfv,f,mtrsm;tjym;wdk@wGif tvkyform;rsm;ESifh pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm;onf EdkifiHawmfpDrHudef;owfrSwfcsufxuf txGufypPnf;rsm; ausmfvGefap&ef “wefjyefpDrHudef;” (Counter-

plan)udk a&;qGJcJh=uonf// olwdk@onf vkyftm;bufwGif ol&Jaumif;0g'udk jyocJhonf// olwdk@onf ygwDESifhtpdk;&u csrSwfcJhaom qdk&S,fvpfjzpfay:wdk;wufa&; pDrHudef;rsm;udk jynhfrD±Hkr#


ru ausmfvGefIyifoGm;cJhonf// vkyftm;ESifhywfoufonfh oabmxm;rSm ajymif;vJoGm; cJhay+yD// t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif apwemrygaom tjypf'%fESifh rvGwfuif;vSonfh u|efb0 rS“*k%f,lp&mudpP/ *k%fusufoa&jynfh0onfhudpP/ &JpGrf;owWdESifh ol&Jaumif;qefonfhudpP”jzpfvmaeayawmhonf// (pwmvif)(pwmvif)(pwmvif)(pwmvif)(pwmvif)

pufr_vkyfief;opf wnfaqmufa&;rsm;onfvnf; wjynfvHk;wGif tvGef}uD;rm;onfhtwkdif;twmjzifh wdk;wufaeonf// 'eDyg; a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef;onfvnf; t&dSef&ae+yDjzpfonf// u&mrmawmhAfESifh a*:avmhAfum oHESifh oHr%dvkyfief;rsm; wnfaqmufa&;ESifh vluef@wfpfrD;&xm; pufacgif;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;onfvnf; 'dkeufpfcsKdifh0Srf;Y pwifae+yDjzpfonf// ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;opfrsm;ESifh owWK}udKrD;zdkrsm;vnf;ay:xGufvmonf// ,l&Jvf pufud&d,mwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh b&ifpvDESifh bdkvDurfpf"mwkvkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; ,l&Jvfa'owGif wnfaqmufaeay+yD? rufeDwdka*gh oHESifh oHr%dpuf±Hkwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm; pwifaeay+yD/ armfpudkESifh a*:uDwGif }uD;rm;vSonfh armfawmfum;puf±Hk}uD;rsm; wnfaxmifae=u+yD; a&mhpawmhpf-tGef-'Gef wGif }uD;rm;vSaomv,fxGefpuf puf&Hk}uD;rsm;/ aumuf&dwfyl;wGJ puf±Hkrsm;ESifh tvGef}uD;rm;aom v,f,mvkyfief;puf,E W&m; puf&Hk}uD;rsm;udk wnfaqmufae=uay+yD// qkdAD,uf,leD,H. 'kwd,ausmufrD;aoG;xGuf&m t&yfjzpfaom uwfZeuf ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;ukd wkd;csJ@cJhay+yD?pwmvif*&uf teD;&dS uGif;jyif}uD;wGif q,hfwpfvtwGif; }uD;rm;aom v,fxGefpuf±Hk vkyfief;}uD;ay:xGufvmonf? 'eD;yg; a&tm;v#yfppfpuf±HkESifh pwmvif*&uf v,fxGefpuf±Hk vkyfief;xlaxmif&mwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf vkyftm; ukefxkwfvkyfr_wGif urBmhpHcsdefrsm;udkcsKd;ypfvkdufonf?

pufr_vkyfief;wnfaqmuf&mwGif TuJhokd@aom twkdif;twm}uD;rm;vSonfh jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ topfrsm;twGuf TuJhodk@aom pdwftm;xufoefr_ESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm. TuJhodk@aom vkyftm;ol&Jaumif;0g'rsm;onf ordkif;wGifr&dScJhbl;acs//

TonfrSmqdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqkdifr_u arG;zGm;ay;+yD; v_H@aqmfay;vdkufonfh wu,fhppfrSefaom vkyftm;wufºuGr_v_dif;yif jzpfayawmhonf//

Tt}udrfwGif v,form;rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;aemufusrusefcJhyg// aus;vufwGifvnf; pkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;twGuf v_H@aqmfpnf;±Hk;aeonfh v,form;xkrsm;t=um;Tvkyftm;wufºuGr_ pdwf"mwfrSm pwifysH@ESH@ae+yDjzpfonf// v,form;xk}uD;onf pkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief;bufodk@ jywfjywfom;om; OD;vSnfhvm=uonf// Tae&mwGif EkdifiHawmfydkifv,f,mrsm;ESifh puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGefpuf&Hk}uD;rsm;u }uD;rm;onfh tcef;rSyg0ifcJhonf?v,form;rsm;onf vlpkvla0;jzifh EdkifiHawmfydkifv,f,mrsm;ESifh puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGefpuf±kHrsm;odk@ vma&muf=uum v,fxGefpufESifh tjcm;v,f,moHk; puf,E W&m;rsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk =unfh±_=u+yD; ‚if;wdk@. o±kyfazmfaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk tm;usvufcHumxdktcsdefESifh xdkae&mrSmyif “pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;wGif yg0if=updk@”[k qHk;jzwfvdkuf=uonf?


rdrdwdk@. ao;i,fvSaom ti,fpm;wpfOD;csif; vkyfaqmifaom v,fajrudk,fpDwGif uGJjym;tpnf;ajyae+yD; toHk;jyKEdkfifaom rnfonfhud&d,mrSvnf;r&dS/ us,fajymvSaom rxGef,uf&ao;onfh e,fajrrsm;udk xGef,ufpdkufysdK;&ef enf;vrf;vnf;r&dSbJ rdrdwdk@. v,f,majrrsm;wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufa=umif;twGuf enf;vrf;r&dSjzpfaom qif;&Jjcif;. zdpD;jcif;cH&vsuf rdrdwdk@ykdifud&d,mav;rsm;jzif hom txD;usefjzpfae&onfh v,form;rsm;onf aemufqH k;Yydkrdkaumif;rGefaomb0twGuf xGuf&yfvrf;udk awG@&dS=uawmhonf// rdrdwdk@. xGufaygufukd‚if;wdk@. v,fajruav;rsm;udk or0g,r pkaygif;ykdifqdkifonfh v,f,majrrsm;tjzpfodk@ yl;aygif;vkdufjcif;wGifvnf;aumif;/ rxGef,uf&ao;onfh rnfhonfh “ajrrm”udkrqdk xGef,ufEdkifonfh v,fxGefpufrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ EdkfiHawmfu puf,E W&m;/ aiGtm;/ vltm;eSifh t}uH^m%ftm;jzifh ay;tyfvmonfh ulnDr_rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ ul;vwfrsm;. taESmiftzGJ@rsm;rSrdrdwdk@udkvGwfajrmufap&ef &&dSvmonfh tcGifhta&;wGifvnf;aumif; awG@&dSvm&onf// ul;vwfrsm;udkvnf; qdkAD,uftpdk;&u r=umrDuyif acsr_ef;vdkufjcif;rSm oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomv,form;rsm;twGuf 0rf;omzG,fjzpfayawmhonf//

TtajccHay:wGif vlxkpkaygif;ydkifqkdifonfh v,f,majr v_yf&Sm;r_pwifcJhum aemufydkfif;wGif txl;ojzifh 1929 ck ukefcgeD;Y tvsiftjref jzpfay:xdk;yGm;oGm;+yD; qdk&S,fvpf pufr_vkyfief;wGifyif r&dScJhbl;onfh E_ef;xm;eSifh wdk;wufvmcJhonf//

1928 ckwGif pkaygif;v,f,majr. xGef,ufpdkufysdK;onfh {&d,mpkpkaygif;rSm [ufwm1˜390˜000 &dS+yD; 1929 wGif 4˜262˜000 [ufwmjzpfvmum 1930 ckwGif pkaygif;v,f,mYxGef,ufrnfh pDrHudef;wGif 15˜000˜000 jzpfvmcJhonf//

&Jabmfpwmvifu “}uD;rm;onfhajymif;vJr_ESpf 1929” qdkonfh ol.aqmif;yg;wGifpkaygif;v,f,mrsm;. }uD;xGm;r_E_ef;ukd ukd;um;ajymqkd&mY “TuJhokd@ t&Sdeft[kefjyif;vSaomjzpfay:wkd;wufr_E_ef;rSm/ jzpfay:wkd;wufr_E_ef;Y xl;jcm;xif±Sm;vSonf[k a,bk,s owfrSwfjcif;cH&aom qdk&S,fvpfpepfESifhtnD wnfaqmufcJhonfh u|efawmfwdk@. t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;uyif trDSrvdkufEdkfifawmha=umif;0efcH&ayrnf” [ka&;om;cJhonf//

TonfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfay:wdk;wufjcif;. tvSnfhtajymif;yifjzpfawmhonf//

TonfrSm vlxkpkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_. tpjyKcsufyifjzpfayawmhonf// &Jabmfpwmvifuol. “}uD;rm;onfhajymif;vJr_ESpf” aqmif;yg;wGif “vuf&dSpkaygif; v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_. toGifopfrSm rnfonfenf;” [k ar;jref;cJh+yD; atmufygtwdkif;ajzqdkcJhonf//

“vuf&dSpkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_. jywfom;onfh toGifopfrSm v,form;rsm;onfpkaygif;v,f,majrrsm;wGif yl;aygif;&mY ,cifuJhokd@ wuGJwjym;tpkav;rsm;jzifh 0ifa&muf=ujcif; r[kwfawmhbJ w&GmvHk;/ wc±kdifvHk;/ a'owckvHk;yif yg0ifcJh=uonf? Tonfu rnfonfukd qkdvkdoenf;? tv,ftvwform;rsm; pkaygif;v,f,majr v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifcJh=u+yD


[kqdkvdkayonf// TonfrSm v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_. atmufajcodrf;ajymif;vJr_. tajccHjzpf+yD; qdkAD,uftm%m.ta&;}uD;qHk;atmifjrifr_udk udk,fpm;jyKayonf//”

Tonfu ckdifrmawmifhwif;onfh pkaygif;ydkifqkdifr_ jyKvkyfjcif;ay:wGif tajccH+yD; ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpfrS y,fzsufacsr_ef;vdkuf&ef tcsdef&ifhrSnfhvmae+yD odk@r[kwftcsdef&ifhrSnfh+yD; jzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf//


tusOf;csKyf

1926-29 umvtwGif; ygwDonf wdkif;jynfudk qdk&S,fvpfpufr_/ vufr_wyfqifjcif;wdkufyGJtwGif; jynfwGif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm; ppfrsufESmrsm;wGif }uD;rm;vSonfh tcuftcJrsm;ESifh vHk;yef;wdkufcdkufausmfv$m;cJh&onf// ygwDESifh tvkyform; vlwef;pm;.}udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;a=umifh qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;ay:vpDonfatmifyGJcHcJhonf?

t"dutm;jzifh pufr_vufr_wyfqifa&;jy\emrsm;xJwGif tcufcJqHk;wckjzpfaomt}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf &efyHkaiG pkaqmif;a&;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;EdkifcJhonf// trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;wckvHk;udk jyefvnfjznfhwif; wyfqifEkdifonfh t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;udkcscJhonf//

qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; yxr 5 ESpf pDrHudef;udk vufcHtwnfjyKcJhonf// puf±Hk opfrsm;/EkdifiHawmfydkif v,f,mrsm;ESifh pkaygif; v,f,majr wnfaqmufa&;rsm;onfvnf; tus,ftjyef@jzpfay:wdk;wufvsuf&dSonf//

qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ wdk;wufa&S;±_vmr_ESifhtwl wkdif;jynfwGif vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJjyif;xefvmr_ESifh ygwDwGif; vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ jyif;xefonf;oefvmr_rsm;yg vkdufygvmonf// TwkdufyGJ. t"du tusKd;aus;Zl;&v'frsm;rSm ul;vwfrsm;. ckcHr_udk acsr_ef;vdkufEdkifjcif;/ xa&mhpuDESifhZDEdkApf0g'D tnHhcHa&;tkyfpkudk qdkAD,ufqef@usifa&;tkyfpktjzpf zGifhcsvkdufEdkifjcif;/ vuf,mtnHhcHa&;orm;rsm;udk ul;vwfrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,folv#dKrsm;tjzpf zGifhcsvdkufEkdifjcif;//xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;udk ygwDrS xkwfy,fvkdufEkdifjcif;ESifh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;ESifh vuf,m tacsmiform;rsm;. tjrifrsm;rSm qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&dDSApf) C.P.S.U(B) . ygwD0iftjzpfESifh rudkfufnDawmha=umif; a=unmvdkufEkdifjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf//

xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;onf abmf&SDApfygwD. tawG;tac:t& acsr_ef;jcif;udkcHvdkuf&+yD;tvkyform; vlwef;pm;t=um; axmufcHr_ tm;vHk;qHk;±_H;oGm;+yD;aemuf EdkifiHa&;t,ltqw&yftjzpfrS &yfpJoGm;=u+yD; rlrJhonfh EdkifiHa&;vlvdrfvlnm tcGifhta&;orm;tkyfpk/ EdkifiH a&;v#m2 cG orm;rsm;jzpfoGm;=uawmhonf//

t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;. tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;udkcs+yD;aemuf ygwDonf qdkAD,uf,leD ,H.qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; yxr 5 ESpf pDrHudef; jynfh0ap&eftwGuf tvkyform; vlwef;pm;ESifhv,form;xkudk pkpnf; pnf;±Hk;cJhonf// wjynfvHk;tESH@ tvkyform; oef; aygif;rsm;pGmt=um;qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqkdifr_ pdwf"mwfjzpfay:wdk;wufchJ+yD; vkyftm; wufºuG pdwfonf }uD;}uD;rm;rm;tiftm;&SdvSaom v_dif;ozG,fay:aygufvmum tvkyform; pnf; urf;opf (New Labour

discipline) udkay:xGufvmapcJhonf//Tumvonf pufr_vkyfief;wGif qdk&S,fvpfpepf. odrf;}uHK;atmifyGJcHr_ v,f,mpdkuf

ysKd;a&;wGif ta&;}uD;aom yxrqHk;atmifyGJcHr_rsm;/ tv,ftvwfv,form;rsm;. pkaygif;v,f,mbufodk@ ul;ajymif;vmr_ESifh vlxkpkaygif;ydkifqkdifonfh v,f,majrv_yf&Sm;r_ pwifjcif;rsm;jzifh xl;jcm;aeonfh }uD;rm;aomajymif;vJr_ESpftjzpf tqHk;owfcJhonf//


tcef; (11)

v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr+vkyfief;wdkufyGJwGif;rSabmf&SDApfygwD (1930=1934)

1? 1930 - 34 twGif;u EdkifiHwumhtajctae/ t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGif; pD;yGm;a&; tusyf1? 1930 - 34 twGif;u EdkifiHwumhtajctae/ t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGif; pD;yGm;a&; tusyf1? 1930 - 34 twGif;u EdkifiHwumhtajctae/ t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGif; pD;yGm;a&; tusyf1? 1930 - 34 twGif;u EdkifiHwumhtajctae/ t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGif; pD;yGm;a&; tusyf1? 1930 - 34 twGif;u EdkifiHwumhtajctae/ t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGif; pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;/ refcsL;&D;,m;udk *syefwkd@wdk;chsJodrf;ydkufjcif;/ *smreDY zufqpfrsm; tm%m&&Sdtwnf;/ refcsL;&D;,m;udk *syefwkd@wdk;chsJodrf;ydkufjcif;/ *smreDY zufqpfrsm; tm%m&&Sdtwnf;/ refcsL;&D;,m;udk *syefwkd@wdk;chsJodrf;ydkufjcif;/ *smreDY zufqpfrsm; tm%m&&Sdtwnf;/ refcsL;&D;,m;udk *syefwkd@wdk;chsJodrf;ydkufjcif;/ *smreDY zufqpfrsm; tm%m&&Sdtwnf;/ refcsL;&D;,m;udk *syefwkd@wdk;chsJodrf;ydkufjcif;/ *smreDY zufqpfrsm; tm%m&&Sdvm=ujcif;? ppfyGJae&m - ESpfae&m?vm=ujcif;? ppfyGJae&m - ESpfae&m?vm=ujcif;? ppfyGJae&m - ESpfae&m?vm=ujcif;? ppfyGJae&m - ESpfae&m?vm=ujcif;? ppfyGJae&m - ESpfae&m?

qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkY qdk&S,fvpf pufr_vufr_vkyfief;wGif ta&;ygonfh wdk;wufr_rsm;&&Sdae+yD; pufr_vkyfief;rsm; tvsiftjref jzpfay:wdk;wufaecsdef0,f t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;Yr}uHKbl;aom twdkif;twm&Sdonfh urBmhpD;yGm;a&; t}uD;tus,fuyfqdkufr_onf 1929 ckukefcgeD;wGif jzpfyGm;vmcJhum aemufokH;ESpftwGif; ydkrdkonf;oefjyif;xefvmcJhonf? pufr_vkyfief; tusyftwnf;rsm;onf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh a&maxG;,Sufwif jzpfae+yD; Tjy\emrsm;u t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGuf ydkrdkqdk;0g;apcJhygonf?

pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;umv okH;ESpf (1930 - 33) wGif pufr_txGufrSm 1929 ckESpfESifhE_dif;pmv#if tar&duefu 65 &mcdkifE_ef;odk@vnf;aumif;/ +Adwdo#wdk@. txGufE_ef; 86 &mcdkifE_ef;odk@vnf;aumif;/ *smreDrSm 66 &mcdkifE_ef;odk@vnf;aumif;/ jyifopfrSm 77 &mcdkifE_ef;odk@vnf;aumif; toD;oD; usqif;oGm;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf xdktcsdefrSmyif qdkAD,uf. pufr_txGufrSm ESpfqwdk;cJh+yD; 1933 ck wGif 1929 ck txGuf. 201 &mcdkifE_ef;odk@ a&muf&SdcJhonf?


TonfrSm qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfu t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepfxuf omvGefr_udkxyfrHoufaojycsuf jzpfonf? Tonfu urBmay:wGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfEdkifiH wEkdifiHomv#ifpD;yGm;a&;uyfab;rS vGwf+idrf;a=umif; jyocJhonf?

urBmhpD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;}uD;u tvkyfvufrJhaygif; 24˜000˜000 . iwfrGwf acgif;yg;jcif;/ qif;&Jc|wf+cKHusjcif;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? v,f,mtusyftwnf;rsm;uvnf;v,form;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk 'kuQ}uD;pGm a&mufapcJhonf?

urBmhpD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;u e,fcsJŒEdkifiHrsm;t=um; ppfEdkifonfhEdkifiHESifh ppf±_H;onfhEdkifiHt=um;/ e,fcsJŒEdkifiHrsm;ESifh udkvdkeDESifh vufatmufcHEdkifiHrsm;t=um;/ tvkyform;ESifh t&if;&Sifrsm;t=um;/ v,form;ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;t=um; yËdyuQrsm;udk ydkrdkonf;oefvmapcJhonf?

16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufY A[dkaumfrwDudk,fpm; tpD&ifcH&mwGif &Jabmfpwmvifu "e&Sifrsm;onf wzufwGif zufqpftm%m&Sifpepf/ qdkvdkonfrSm vlrsKd;}uD;0g'/ e,fcsJ@0g'ESifh t&if;&Sif0g' tpdwftydkif;rsm;xJrS tazmufjyefqkH;aom tm%m&Sifpepfudk xlaxmif+yD;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk acsr_ef;ypfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ wzufwGif umuG,fa&; nHhzsif;aomEdkifiHrsm;udk acsr_ef;+yD; udkvdkeDESifh=oZmcHe,fajrrsm; jyefvnfcGJa0,l&ef ppfyGJjzpfay:vma&;udkv_H@aqmfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; pD;yGm;a&;uyfab;rS xGufayguf&Smvdrfhrnf jzpfa=umif; axmufjycJhonf?

Ttwdkif;vnf; jzpfysufcJhonf?1932 ckwGif *syefa=umifh ppfyGJtE W&m,f ydk}uD;vmcJhonf? Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;ESifh tar&duef

EdkifiHwdk@onf pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;a=umifh jynfwGif;a&;&mrsm;ESifhom vkH;0vkH;yef;ae&a=umif;&dyfpm;rd+yD;aemuf *syefppf0g'Drsm;onf xdktcGifhta&;udk,l+yD; umuG,fa&;nHhzsif; vSonfhw±kwfjynfudk zdtm;ay;um vufatmufcHEd kifiHjyKvkyf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkuf=uonf? olwkd@udk,fwdkifv_H@aqmf vkyfaqmifcJhonfh “a'otjzpftysufrsm;” udk wrifoufouf tjrwfxkwfum *syefe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;onf w±kwfjynfudk ppfa=unmjcif;rjyKbJ "m;jyolcdk;rsm;uJhodk@refcsL;&D;,m;twGif; ppfwyfrsm;0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? *syefppfwyfrsm;onf refcsL;&D;,m;wckvkH;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufEdkif+yD; Tenf;jzifh w±kwfjynf ajrmufydkif;udk odrf;ydkufa&;ESifh qdkAD,ufudk wdkufcdkufa&;twGuf oifhwifhtqifajyonfh eif;cHkwckudk jyifqifcJhonf? *syefonf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@csKyfrS E_wfxGufvdkuf+yD; t±l;trl;Edkifaomvsifjrefr_jzifh vufeufrsm; pwifwyfqifcJhonf?

Tonfu tar&duef/ +AdwdefESifh jyifopfwkd@udk ta&SŒzsm;t&yfY a&wyftiftm; wdk;wufcdkifrmatmif vkyfaqmifvma&;twGuf wGef;ay;vdkufonf? *syefu w±kwfjynfudk vufatmufcHjyKvkyf+yD; xdkEdkifiHrS Oa&myESifh tar&duefe,fchsJorm; tiftm;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&ef rSm&Sif;aeygonf? olwdk@u ‚if;wdk@. vufeuftiftm;rsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifhvdkufjcif;jzifh tajzay;vdkufonf?


odk@aomf *syefwGif aemuf&nf&G,fcsuf wckvnf; &Sdaeygao;onf? qdkAD,ufta&SŒzsm;a'oudk odrf;ydkuf&efjzpfonf? obm0uspGmyif qdkAD,ufonf TtE W&m,fudk rsufpdrSdwfrxm;EdkifbJ ‚if;.ta&SŒzsm;e,fajr. umuG,fa&;udk tjyif;txef wkd;wufvkyfaqmifvmcJhonf?

Tenf;jzifh ta&SŒzsm;a'owGif *syefzufqpfe,fcsJ@rsm;a=umifh ppfyGJtwGuf yxrwae&may:vmcJhonf?

odk@aomf pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;u t&if;&Sifpepf. yËdyuQrsm;udk jyif;xefapcJhonfrSm ta&SŒzsm;a'owckwnf; wGifomr[kwfacs? Oa&mywGifvnf; yËdyuQrsm; jyif;xefvmonf?pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;twGif; =um&Snf=umrsm; usa&mufcJhaom tusyftwnf;/tvkyfvufrJ hOD;a& tqrwefwdk;rsm;vmjcif;ESif h qif;&Jom; vlwef;pm;rsm;twGufydkrdkrvkHr+cHKjzpfvmjcif;rsm;u tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk avyifhay;cJhonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. rauseyfr_rsm;onf awmfvSefonfh rauseyfr_odk@ wdk;wufvmcJhonf? Tonfudk *smreDY txl;awG@&SdEdkifonf? *smreDonf ppfyGJa=umifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf ppfEdkifolrsm;udk avsmfa=u;ay;ae&jcif;a=umifh aomfvnf;aumif;/pD;yGm;a&;uyfqdkufr_a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;t& c|wf+cHKusaeum tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onfvnf; jynfwGif;"e&Sifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf"e&Sifrsm;. xrf;ydk;ESpfckatmufwGif zdpD;ESdyfpufcHae&onf? Trauseyfcsuf. twkdif;twmudk zufqpfrsm; tm%mr&rD aemufqkH; ±dkifpwufa&G;aumufyGJY *smrefuGefjrLepfygwDudk rJajcmufoef;ay;vdkufjcif;u&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jyoaeonf? *smref"e&Sifrsm;u *smreDY xdef;odrf;xm;onfh "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;onf olwkd@tay: raumif;r_oufa&mufEdkifa=umif; tvkyform; vlwef;pm;u TvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ukd toHk;jyKum awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd wkd;csJ@Ekdifa=umif; &dyfpm;rdvm=uonf? xdk@a=umifh olwkd@onf *smreDY "e&Sifrsm; tm%mxdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&efenf;vrf;wckwnf;om &Sdawmha=umif;ESifh TonfrSm "e&SifvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk zsufodrf;&ef/±dkifpwufudk okntjzpfodk@ av#mhcsvdkuf&efESifh t=urf;zufonfh "e&SiftrsKd;om;a&; tm%m&Sifpepfudk xlaxmif&ef qkH;jzwfvdkuf=uonf? Ttm%m&Sifpepfuomv#if tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk zdESdyf+yD; *smreD. ppf±_H;r_udk vufpm;acscsifaeonfh "e&Sifaygufp vlwef;pm; tay:rdrdwkd@tajccHEdkifrnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@onf jynfolrsm;. rsufpdudk oJESifhyuf &ef&nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdrdwkd@udk,frdrdwkd@ trsKd;om;qdk&S,fvpfygwD[k ac:qdkaom zufqpfygwDudktm%m&&SdapcJhonf? zufqpfygwDonf yxrtcsuf - tvkyform; vlwef;pm;tay:&eftvdkqkH;ESifh tazmufjyefqkH;aome,fcsJ@"e&Siftpdwftydkif;udk udk,fpm;jyKa=umif;? 'kwd,tcsuf - vufpm;acs&ef jywfom;onfh ygwDjzpfae+yD; trsKd;om;a&;0g'jyif;xefonfh "e&Sifaygufp oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk vSnfhzsm;Edkifonfh ygwDw&yfjzpfa=umif; aumif;aumif;od=uonf?Tae&mwGif olwkd@udk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. opPmazmufrsm;jzpfaom *smrefqdk&S,f


'Drdku&ufwpfygwDrS acgif;aqmifrsm;u tultnDay;cJhonf? olwkd@. aphpyfa&;ay:vpDuzufqpf0g'twGuf vrf;cif;ay;cJhonf?

Tonfrsm;rSm 1933 ck *smrefzufqpfrsm; tm%m&&SdvmapcJhonfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm; jzpfayonf?

17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufY tpD&ifcHpmwGif *smreD&Sd tjzpftysufrsm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm+yD;&Jabmfpwmvif u -

“*smreDY zufqpf0g'atmifyGJcHjcif;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. tm;enf;csuf vuQ%mw&yfjzpf+yD; zufqpf0g'udk vrf;cif;ay;cJhonfh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD. tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tay: opPmazmufr_. &&Sdcsufw&yfjzpfonf[k owfrSwf&rnfomru TonfrSm"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. tm;enf;csuf vuQ%mw&yfjzpfa=umif; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;onf ygvDrefpepfESifh "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDqdkonfh enf;vrf;a[mif;rsm;twdkif; tkyfpdk;&efrjzpfEdkifawmha=umif;ESifhtusKd;quftm;jzifh jynfwGif;a&;ay:vpDwGif t=urf;zuftkyfcsKyfonfhenf;udk rv$Jra&SmifomokH;pGJvm&a=umif;udkvnf; jyoaeayonf?”(a*spwmvif-vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 1947/(a*spwmvif-vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 1947/(a*spwmvif-vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 1947/(a*spwmvif-vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 1947/(a*spwmvif-vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk 1947/


*smrefzufqpfrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. jynfwGif;a&;ay:vpDudk ±dkif;pwufv$wfawmftm;rD;±_dŒjcif;/ tvkyform; vlwef;pm;udk &ufpufpGm ESdyfuGyfjcif;/ ‚if;wkd@. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;acsr_ef;jcif;ESifh "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;udk zsufodrf;vdkufjcif;wkd@jzifh pwifvdkufonf?‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpDudk EdkifiHaygif;pkHtzGJ@csKyfrS E_wfxGufvdkufjcif;ESifh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;.e,fedrdwfrsm;udk *smreDtwGuf ta&;omaprnfh jyefvnfnd‡E_dif;r_rsm;udk t=urf;enf;okH;Ivkyfaqmif&eftwGuf ppfwdkuf&ef ajAmifjyifqifjcif;wkd@jzifh zGifhvSpfvdkufonf?

Tenf;jzifh tv,fydkif;Oa&mywGif *smreDzufqpfrsm;. aus;Zl;a=umifh ppfyGJtwGuf'kwd,ae&m ay:vmcJhonf?

obm0uspGmyif qdkAD,uf,leD,Htaejzifh Tr# tE W&m,f}uD;udk rsufaphrSdwfrxm;EdkifbJ taemufEdkifiHrsm;rS tjzpftysufrsm;udk owdrjywfavhvmae+yD; taemufydkif;e,fedrdwfumuG,fa&; awmifhwif;a&;twGuf pwifcJh&onf?

2? ul;vwftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfa&;ay:vpDrS ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;2? ul;vwftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfa&;ay:vpDrS ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;2? ul;vwftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfa&;ay:vpDrS ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;2? ul;vwftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfa&;ay:vpDrS ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;2? ul;vwftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfa&;ay:vpDrS ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;ypfa&; ay:vpDodk@/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_tay: ygwD. ay:vpDtm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;ypfa&; ay:vpDodk@/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_tay: ygwD. ay:vpDtm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;ypfa&; ay:vpDodk@/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_tay: ygwD. ay:vpDtm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;ypfa&; ay:vpDodk@/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_tay: ygwD. ay:vpDtm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;ypfa&; ay:vpDodk@/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_tay: ygwD. ay:vpDtm;ykHzsufr_rsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJqifjcif;/ vrf;pOfw&yfvkH;wGif t&if;&Sif tpdwftydkif;rsm;udkykHzsufr_rsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJqifjcif;/ vrf;pOfw&yfvkH;wGif t&if;&Sif tpdwftydkif;rsm;udkykHzsufr_rsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJqifjcif;/ vrf;pOfw&yfvkH;wGif t&if;&Sif tpdwftydkif;rsm;udkykHzsufr_rsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJqifjcif;/ vrf;pOfw&yfvkH;wGif t&if;&Sif tpdwftydkif;rsm;udkykHzsufr_rsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJqifjcif;/ vrf;pOfw&yfvkH;wGif t&if;&Sif tpdwftydkif;rsm;udkxdk;ppfqifjcif;/ 16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?xdk;ppfqifjcif;/ 16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?xdk;ppfqifjcif;/ 16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?xdk;ppfqifjcif;/ 16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?xdk;ppfqifjcif;/ 16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?

1929 ESifh 1930 twGif; pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;twGif;odk@ v,form;rsm;tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf 0ifa&mufvmr_rsm;onf ygwDESifh tpdk;&. a&SŒajy;vkyfief;wckvHk;. &&Sdcsufjzpfonf?v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;twGuf pufud&d,mrsm;ESifh v,fxGefpufrsm;udk tpkvdkuf t+yHKvdkuf pwif


xkwfvkyfay;onfh qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;}uD;xGm;vmjcif;/ 1928-29 &duQm0,fa&;ppffqifr_twGif; ul;vwfrsm;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,ljcif;/ v,form;rsm;udk pkaygif;v,f,mESifh wjznf;jznf;,Ofyg;aponfh v,f,mor0g,rtzGJ@rsm; us,fjyef@vmjcif;/ yxrqkH;aompkaygif;v,f,mESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;u xGuf&SdvmonfhE_ef;rsm; aumif;rGefjcif; -Tonftm;vkH;u tcdkiftrm pkaygif;ydkifqdkifa&;vrf;udk jyifqifay;vdkuf+yD; &Gmw&GmvkH;/c±dkifwckvkH;ESifh a'owckvkH;&Sd v,form;rsm;u pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;odk@ 0ifvmcJh=uonf?

tcdkiftrm pkaygif;ydkifqdkifa&;vkyfief;onf v,form;trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;u pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;xJodk@ tvG,fwul 0ifa&muf±kHr#oufoufjzpfaom +idrf;csrf;onfh jzpfpOfr#r[kwfbJ ul;vwfrsm;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&onfh v,form;rsm;. wdkufyJGvnf;jzpfonf?

tcdkiftrm pkaygif;ydkifqdkifa&;vkyfief;qdkonfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mzGJ@pnf;xm;onfhaus;vufa'orsm;rS ajrrsm;tm;vkH;udk pkaygif;v,f,mtzGJ@rsm; vufodk@v$Jajymif;ay;a&;jzpfonf? odk@aomf Tajr. tpdwftydkif;tcsKdŒudk ul;vwfrsm;u ydkifqdkifxm;+yD;jzpfaoma=umifhv,form;rsm;u ‚if;wkd@xHrS odrf;,lum ‚if;wkd@udk v,fajrrsm;rS armif;xkwf+yD; ‚if;[email protected]|J/ EGm;/ pufud&d,mrsm;udk odrf;,l/ ‚if;wkd@tm;zrf;qD;/ a'orsm;rS armif;xkwf&ef qdkAD,uftm%mydkifrsm;udk awmif;qkdonf?

xdk@a=umifh tcdkiftrm (Solid) pkaygif;ydkifqdkifa&;vkyfief; qdkonfrSm ul;vwfrsm;udkacsr_ef;a&;jzpfonf?

TonfrSm tcdkiftrmpkaygif;ydkifqdkifa&;vkyfief;tay: tajccHI ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpfrS acsr_ef;ypfrnfh ay:vpDjzpfonf?

xdktcsdefu ul;vwfrsm;udk tqkH;owfypfum ‚if;wdk@. ckcHr_udk csKd;azmuf/ ‚if;wkd@udkvlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;+yD; ul;vwf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udk pkaygif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh tpm;xkd;&eftwGuf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkY cdkifrmawmifhwif;onfh ±kyf0wKtiftm;tajccH tvkHtavmuf&Sdonf?

1927 ckwGif ul;vwfrsm;onf oD;ESH 600˜000˜000 yGwf (yGwf- poodp±±k&Sm;tav;csdefjzpfonf/ wyGwf onf 36 ³ 113 aygifESifhnDr#onf æ bmomjyefol)odxkwfvkyfaeqJjzpf+yD; ‚if;wkd@txJrS 130˜000˜000 yGwf eD;yg;udk a&mif;csEdkifayonf? xdkESpfrSmyif pkaygif;ESifhEdkifiHawmfv,f,mrS a&mif;csEdkifonfh oD;ESHta&twGufrSm 35˜000˜000 yGwfr#omjzpfonf?1929 ckwGif abmf&SDApfygwD. EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;ESifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm; jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;twGuf cdkifrmonfhay:vpDa=umifhESifh qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;u aus;vufodk@ v,f,mpufud&d,mrsm;ESifh v,fxGefpufrsm; axmufyHh&mwGif wkd;wufaumif;rGefr_wkd@a=umifh pkaygif;v,f,mESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;onf ta&;}uD;onfh ta=umif;w&yf jzpfvmygonf?xdkESpfrSmyif pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;u oD;ESH 400˜000˜000 yGwfxufravsmhbJ xkwfvkyf+yD;jzpfum ‚if;wkd@xJrS 130 ˜000˜000 yGwfausmfudk a&mif;csEdkifcJhonf?TonfrSm 1927 ckwGif ul;vwfrsm; a&mif;cscJhonfxuf rsm;ygonf? 1930 ckwGif pk


aygif;v,f,mESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;u a&mif;cs&ef oD;ESH 400˜000˜000 yGwfausmfudkxkwfvkyf&efESifh wu,fvnf; xkwfvkyfcJh+yD; TonfrSm 1927 ul;vwfrsm; a&mif;cscJhonfhta&twGufESifh rE_dif;,SOfEdkifatmifrsm;onf?

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1929 ck rwdkifrDu qdkAD,uftm%monf ul;vwfrsm;udk csKyfxdef;a&;ay:vpDudk usifhokH;cJhonf? ul;vwfrsm;tay: jrifhrm;onfh taumufcGefrsm; csrSwfjcif;/ owfrSwfxm;onfhaps;E_ef;jzifh oD;ESHrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfudk a&mif;ay;&jcif;/ olokH;Edkifonfh ajr,mta&twGufudkomiSm;ay;onfh Oya'jyÏmef;jcif;/ woD;yk*~v v,f,mrsm;twGuf tvkyform;rsm; iSm;&rf;&mwGif‚if;. v,f,mtwkdif;twmESifh owfrSwfay;onfh Oya'jyÏmef;jcif;wkd@udk jyKvkyfcJhonf?odk@aomf ul;vwfrsm; acsr_ef;a&;ay:vpDudk rusifhokH;ao;bJ/ ajr,miSm;&rf;a&;/ tvkyform;iSm;&rf;a&;wkd@wGif ‚if;wkd@ vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef w&m;Oya'u cGifhjyKxm;+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGifvnf;‚if;wkd@udk odrf;ydkufa&;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifxm;onfhtwGuf TbufwGif ‚if;wkd@tm; tawmftoifh tmrcHcsuf&&Sdaeapayonf? Tay:vpD. tusKd;oufa&mufr_rSm ul;vwfvlwef;pm;}uD;xGm;vmr_udk wm;qD;&efjzpf+yD; ‚if;wkd@txJrS tpdwftydkif;tcsKdŒrSm TcsKyfxdef;r_rsm;.zdtm;udkrcHEdkifbJ tvkyftudkif ysufpD;oGm;=uonf? odk@aomf Tay:vpDonf ul;vwfrsm;.pD;yGm;a&;tajccH taqmufttHkudk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf rzsufqD;Edkif±kHr#ru ‚if;wkd@ acsr_ef;&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifacs? TonfrSm ul;vwfrsm;udk csKyfxdef;onfh ay:vpDomjzpf+yD; acsr_ef;&efr[kwfacs? Tay:vpDonf tcsdefumvwydkif;/ qdkvdkonfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm; tm;enf;aeao;+yD; oD;ESHxkwfvkyfa&;Y ul;vwfrsm;udk tpm;rxdk;Edkifao;onfh umvtxdom vdktyfayonf?

1929 ckESpf tukefpkaygif;v,f,mrsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkifv,f,mrsm; }uD;xGm;vmr_ESifhtwl qdkAD,uftm%monf Tay:vpDrS ul;vwfrsm;udk acsr_ef;a&;/ vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf zsufodrf;a&;ay:vpDodk@ ±kwfw&ufajymif;vJvdkufonf? ajriSm;jcif;ESifh tvkyform;iSm;jcif; Oya'rsm;udk ±kyfodrf;vdkuf+yD; Tenf;jzifh ul;vwfrsm;twGuf ajra&m/ pm&if;iSm;rsm;ygqkH;±_H;vufv$wfoGm;apcJhonf? ul;vwfrsm;tay: odrf;qnf;a&; (Expropriation) wm;jrpfrdef@udk ±kyfodrf;vdkufonf? pkaygif;v,f,mtusKd;twGuf v,form;rsm;udk ul;vwfrsm;.jrif;/ EGm;/ wd&dp>mefrsm;/ puf,E W&m;rsm;ESifh v,f,mypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,l cGifhjyKvdkufonf?ul;vwfrsm;. ypPnf;rsm; todrf;cH&onf? 1918 ck pufr_vkyfief;e,fy,fY t&if;&Sifrsm;jynfolydkif todrf;cH&ouJhodk@ ul;vwfrsm;vnf; todrf;cHvdkuf&onf? odk@aomf jcm;em;r_ wckrSm


ul;vwfrsm;. xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;onf EdkifiHawmfvuf0,fodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;jcif; r[kwfbJpkaygif;v,f,mrsm;wGif pnf;±kH;xm;onfh v,form;rsm;. vufodk@a&muf&SdoGm; jcif;jzpfonf?

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TawmfvSefa&;onf wcsufwnf;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;. tajccHjy\emokH;ckudk ajz&Sif;vdkuf onf?

1?1?1?1?1? TawmfvSefa&;u u|Ekfyfwkd@jynfwGif;&Sd aoG;pkyfvlwef;pm;trsm;qkH;jzpfonfht&if;&Sifpepf jyefvnfxl axmifa&;twGuf a'gufwdkifjzpfaom ul;vwfvlwef;pm;udk acsr_ef;vdkufonf?

2?2?2?2?2? TawmfvSefa&;u u|Ekfyfwkd@jynfwGif;&Sd tvkyform;vlwef;pm;/ trsm;qkH;jzpfonfh v,form; vlwef;pm;tm; t&if;&Sifpepfudk aygufzGm;arG;jrLay;aeonfh wOD;csif; v,f,mvkyfief;vrf;rS or0g,r - pkaygif;qdkAD,uf v,f,mvkyfief;vrf;odk@ v$Jajymif;ay;vdkufonf?3?3?3?3?3? TawmfvSefa&;u qdkAD,uftkyfpdk;r_udk v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;wGif qdk&S,fvpftajccHjzifh jznfhqnf;ay;vdkufonf? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;onf trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;vkyf ief;cGJrsm;twGif; tus,fjyef@qkH;ESifh aoa&;&Sifa&;wr# ta&;}uD; vdktyfaomfvnf; zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufr_ tedrfhqkH;vkyfief;cGJ jzpfaeao;onf?Tonfu wdkif;jynftwGif; t&if;&Sifpepf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;ta=umif;&if;wckudk

acsr_ef;vdkuf+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmufa&;twGuf xif&Sm;jywfom;onfh ta=umif;tcsufopfrsm;udk zefwD;ay;vdkufonf?

1929 ckwGif &Jabmfpwmvifu ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;onfhay:vpD. ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk &Sif;jy&if; v,form;rsm;. tcdkiftrm pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;twGuf vlxkv_yf±Sm;r_. &&Sdcsufrsm;udk ed*kH;csKyfay;&mY atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhonf?

“qdkAD,uf,leD,HY t&if;&Sifpepf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf pdwful;,Ofae=uonfhEdkifiHtm;vkH;rS t&if;&Sifrsm;. aemufqkH;ar#mfvifhcsuf - yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_. txGwftjrwfrl0g'”rSm +ydKvJusqif;+yD; aysmufuG,faeonf?

olwdk@u t&if;&Sifpepfa&cHajrcHtwGuf ±kyf0wÎKajr=oZm[k oabmxm;aom v,form;rsm;onf rdk;xdatmif ajr‡mufyifhxm;onfh “woD;yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_”tvHudk tpkvdkuft+yKHvdkuf pGef@ypfae=u+yD; pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vrf;/ qdk&S,fvpfvrf;udk vdkufae=u+yDjzpfonf?


t&if;&Sifjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf aemufqHk;ar#mfvifhcsufonf +yKdvJusaeayonf? (pwm(pwm(pwm(pwm(pwm

vif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm-298)vif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm-298)vif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm-298)vif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm-298)vif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm-298)

1930 Zefe0g&D 5 &ufae@Y qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwDabmf&SDApf A[dkaumfrwDuvufcHtwnfjyKcJhaom “pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;ESifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm; jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;udkulnD&ef EdkifiHawmf. enf;vrf;rsm;”qdkonfh ordkif;0ifqkH;jzwfcsufxJwGif ul;vwfrsm;udkvlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;ypfa&;ay:vpDudk xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf? TqkH;jzwfcsufwGifqdkAD,uf,leD,H c±kdiftoD;oD;. uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;twGuf a'o. &ifhrSnfhr_ tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;wdk@udk tjynfhtpkH &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf?

pkaygif;ydkifqkdifr_vkyfief;E_ef; trsdK;rsdK;wdk@udk wnfaqmuf+yD; TtwGuf A[dkaumfrwDuqdkAD,uf,leD,H. a'orsm;udk tkyfpkokH;pkcGJ&ef &nf&G,fonf?

yxrtkyfpk t"duoD;ESHpdkufysdK;onfh ae&mrsm;/ ‚if;wdk@rSm aumhau;&Syfajrmufydkif; (usLbef;/ 'GefESifhx&ufpf) aAmfv*gtv,fydkif;ESifh aAmfv*gatmufydkif; t&yfrsm;/ xdkt&yfrsm;wGifv,fxGefpuf trsm;qkH;&Sd+yD; EdkifiHawmfydkif v,f,mvnf;trsm;qkH;jzpfum +yD;cJhonfh oD;ESH0,f,la&; ppfqifr_twGif; ul;vwfrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJqif&mwGif tawG@t}uKH trsm;qkH;vnf;&&Sdxm;+yD;jzpfojzifh pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ vkyfief;twGuf t&ifhrSnfhqkH;jzpfaeonf? A[dkaumfrwDuToD;ESHpdkufysdK;onfhtkyfpkwGif pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;udk t"dutm;jzifh 1931 aEGOD;wGift+yD;owfoifha=umif;wifjyonf?

'kwd,oD;ESHpdkufysdK;onfh ae&mtkyfpk/ ,lu&def; A[dkajrrJha'o/ qdkufab;&D;,m;/ ,l&Jvf/umZwfpwefESifh tjcm;a'orsm;wGif pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;udk t"dutm;jzifh 1932 ck aEGOD;wGift+yD;owfvkyfaqmifEdkifonf?

tjcm;a'orsm;/ e,fajrrsm;ESifh orRwEdkifiHrsm; (armfpudka'o/ x&ef@aumhau;&Sm;/tv,ftm&SorRwEdkifiHrsm;tp&Sdojzifh) vnf; pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ vkyfief;udk ig;ESpfpDrHudef;t+yD;qdkvdkonfrSm 1933 ckESpfxd tcsdefwdk;vkyfEdkifonf?

pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief; t&Sdeft[kefwufvmcJhonfhtwGuf ygwDA[dkaumfrwDu v,fxGefpufrsm;/ &dwfodrf;pufrsm;/ xGefpuf/ qGJpuf,E W&m;rsm; xkwfvkyfonfh puf±Hkrsm; wnfaqmufa&;udk t&Sdefwdk;&efvdktyfonf[k qkH;jzwfonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif A[dkaumfrwDu“pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_. vuf&SdtqifhwGif jrif;rsm;ESifh xGef,ufjcif;. ta&;}uD;r_udktxifao; *±krpdkufonfh wdrf;apmif;r_/ jrif;rsm;udk t&rf;uma&m a&mif;csajz&Sif;ypfr_rsm;udkjzpfaponfh wdrf;apmif;r_udk jywfjywfom;om; csKyfudkifppfaq; &rnf”[k awmif;qdkvdkufonf?

1929-30 ckESpftwGuf pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;odk@ EdkifiHawmfacs;aiGrSm rlvpDrHudef;ESifhEd_if;pmygu ESpfqwdk; (&lb,faiG 500˜000˜000) ay;cJhonf?

pkaygif;v,f,majrrsm;udk wdkif;xGmppfaq;jcif;ESifh e,fajrowfrSwfjcif;rsm;twGufukefusp&dwfudk EdkifiHawmfu uscH&efjzpfonf?


qkH;jzwfcsufwGif tvGefta&;}uD;onfh n$ef=um;csufyg&Sd+yD; ‚if;rSm pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ vuf&Sdtqifh. t"duo¿mefrSm pdkufysdK;a&;or0g,r (Agricultural Artel-

±k&Sm;pum; artel rSvmonf/ wlnDaomvkyfief; ‘or0g,r zGJ@jcif;’twGuf pkjcif;[k t"dym,f&onfæ bmomjyefol) jzpf+yD; t"du xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;udkom pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ jyKvkyf&efjzpfonf?

A[dkaumfrwDu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; “pkaygif;v,f,m zGJ@pnf;&mwGif ppfrSefonfhqdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_udk pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief; twkta,mifESifh tpm;xdk;Edkifonfh tE W&m,fjzpfvmapEdkifaom pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_u “txuftrdef@” rsm;ESifh zdtm;ay;onfhvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk qef@usif&ef” tav;eufqkH; owday;xm;onf?(((((C.P.S.U(B)

.qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm-662).qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm-662).qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm-662).qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm-662).qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm-662)

TqkH;jzwfcsufwGif A[dkaumfrwDu ygwD. aus;vufay:vpDopftm; rnfuJhodk@tokHjyK&rnfqdkonfudk &Sif;vif;xm;onf?

ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;ypfa&;ESifh tcdkiftrm pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;ay:vpDonf tiftm;}uD;rm;vSonfh pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_udk v_H@aqmfay;vdkuf onf?w&GmvkH;ESifh wc&kdifvkH;&Sd v,form;rsm;onf pkaygif;v,f,majrxJodk@ yl;aygif;yg0if vm=u+yD;rdrdwd k @vrf;rS ul;vwfrsm;ud k armif;xkwfvd kufum ul;vwfrsm;. aESmif}udK;rsm;rS±kef;xGufvdkuf=uonf?

odk@aomf pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ vkyfief;twGif; xl;jcm;onfh wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifhtwl ygwDvkyfom;rsm;bufrS tcsdK@tjypftemtqmrsm; pkaygif;v,f,mjzpfxGef;a&;twGif; ygwDay:vpDudkykHzsufjcif;rsm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf? A[dkaumfrwDu ygwDvkyfom;rsm;udk pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ vkyfief;rsm;. atmifyGJrsm;tay: r,pfrl;&ef owday;cJhaomfvnf; trsm;tjym;onf tcsdef/ ae&m/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;rjyK/ v,form;rsm; pkaygif;v,f,mxJyg0ifa&;twGuf toifh&Sdr_ tajctaeudk *±krjyKbJ pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ajcvSrf;udk tay:,H tjzpfom zdtm;ay;vkyfaqmifvm=uonf?

pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;udk pdwfqENt&om wnfaxmif&rnfhrludk azmufzsufa=umif;ESifhc±kdiftcsdK@wGif ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,lrnf/ rJqENay;cGifh ±kyfodrf;rnfponfjzifh +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;jzifhv,form;rsm;udk pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;twGif;odk@ twif;tusyfoGif;cJha=umif; awG@&Sdvm &onf?

c±kdiftcsdK@wGif jyifqifa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufaom ygwD.ay:vpDtajccHrlrsm;udk pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf &Sif;vif;jyo&rnfhtpm; txufrS AsL±kdu&ufqefpGm trdef@rsm;xkwfjcif; pkaygif;v,f,mwnfaxmifjcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI r[kwfrrSef vkyf}uHonfh udef;*%ef;rsm;udk csJ@um;jcif;ESifh pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief; &mcdkifE_ef;udk uvdrf m%fqifIazmif;yGjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfvmonf?

A[dkaumfrwDu pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_. t"duo¿mefrSm t"duxkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;udkom pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_jyKvkyfxm;onfh pdkufysdK;a&; or0g,rjzpf&rnf[k twd


tusazmfjy !¸ef=um;xm;aomfvnf; ae&mtcsdK@wGif or0g,rudk ausmfjzwf+yD; bkHtzGJ@wdkuf±kdufzGJ@&ef acgif;rmonfh}udK;yrf;r_rsm;/ aps;uGuftwGufr[kwfonfh tdrf&mtaqmuf ttHk/Edk@pm;EGm;rrsm;/ u|J/ EGm;/ =uuf0uftp&Sdonfrsm;udk pkaygif;ydkifvkyfvdkuf=uonf?

pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;. ueOD;atmifyGJrsm;tay: ,pfrl;+yD;a'otcsdK@&Sd tm%mydkifrsm;onf A[dkaumfrwD. pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;twGif; tcsdefESifh ajcvSrf;uef@owfcsufESifhywfoufaom &Sif;vif;aocsmonfh !¸ef=um;csufrsm;udk azmufzsuf=uonf? azmif;yGudef;*%ef;rsm;twGuf pdwftm;xufoefae=uaom armfpudka'oacgif;aqmifr_ tzGJ@onfpkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ vkyfief;+yD;ajrmufa&;twGuf 3 ESpfxufrenf; (1932 ckESpftqkH;ydkif;)tcsdef&&SdygvsufESifh rdrdatmufajc&Jabmfrsm;udk 1930 ckaEGOD;wGif t+yD;owfvkyfaqmif&efowfrSwfay;vdkufonf? x&efaumhau;&Sm;ESifh A[dktm&Sa'orsm;rS azmufzsufr_rsm;rSm ydkIyifqdk;0g;ayao;onf?

Tay:vpD ykHzsufaoGzDr_rsm;udk rdrdtusdK;twGuf tokH;csum ul;vwfESifh ‚if;. uyfzm;,yfzm;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif pwif+yD;pdkufysdK;a&; or0g,rrsm;zGJ@rnfhtpm; bkHtzGJ@rsm;zGJ@&efESifh wcsDwnf;ESifh aetdrftaqmufttHkrsm;/ u|J/ EGm;/ =uuf/ bJ/ 0ufponfh wd&dp>mefrsm;udkvnf; pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_jyKvkyf&ef wifjyajymqdkvmonf?

xdk@tjyif ul;vwfrsm;u v,form;udk pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;xJ r0ifa&mufrD ‚if;wdk@wd&dp>mefrsm;udk owfypf&ef v_H@aqmfcJh+yD; “rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqdk tjcm;udko,foGm;vdrfhrnf”[kta=umif;jycJhonf? vlwef;pm;&efolrsm;u pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_ vkyfief;pOftwGif; a'ocHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u usL;vGefcJh=uonfh ay:vpDaoGzDr_rsm;ESifh trSm;rsm;tay: v,form;xkua'gotrsufxGufvm+yD; qdkAD,uftm%mudk qef@usifykefuefr_rsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifonf[kwGufcsufcJh=uonf?

ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. trSm;rsm;a=umifh vlwef;pm;&efol. ajAmifusaom aESmifh,Sufv_H@aqmfonfh qlylr_rsm;a=umifh 1930ck azazmf0g&D aemufqkH;v0ufwGif pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;. rjiif;uG,fEdkifonfh atmifjrifr_rsm; a,bk,s tajccH&Sdaevsufuyif c±kdiftcsdK@wGif v,form;xkt=um; pkd;&drfpzG,f rauseyfr_vuQ%mrsm; eufeuf±_dif;±_dif;xGufay:vmonf? ae&mtcsdK@Y ul;vwfESifh ‚if;.udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf v,form;rsm;udk qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ajymifajymifwif;wif; vkyfaqmif&ef v_H@aqmfEdkifcJhayonf?

pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;udk xdcdkufapEdkifonfh ygwDvrf;pOfaoGzDr_rsm;. xdwfvef@pzG,fvuQ%mrsm;udk &&Sdod&Sd+yD;aemuf ygwDA[dkaumfrwDonf csufcsif;yif tajctaersm;udkjyKjyif&efESifh ygwDvkyfom;rsm; trSm;rsm;udk jrefEdkifor#jrefpGm jyKjyif&efvkyfaqmifcJhonf? 1930rwfv 2 &ufwGif A[dkaumfrwD. qkH;jzwfcsufESifh &Jabmfpwmvif. “atmifyGJESifh,pfrl;jcif;”aqmif;yg;udk xkwfa0vdkufonf? Taqmif;yg;rSm pkaygif;ykdifqdkifr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf atmifyGJrsm;tay:,pfrl;vGef+yD; }uD;rm;onfhtrSm;rsm;udk usL;vGefum ygwDvrf;pOfrS aoGzDoGm;olrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh v,form;rsm;tm; pkaygif;v,f,mtwGif; 0ifa&mufvmatmif t"rR


vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;tm;vkH;udk owday;vdkufonf? xdk aqmif;yg;wGif pkaygif;v,f,m xlaxmifa&;wGif pdwfqENESifh tnDom vkyfaqmif&rnfhrlESifh pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief; ajcvSrf;ESifhenf;emrsm;udkqkH;jzwf&mwGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk a'otoD;oD;. uGJjym;jcm;em;vsuf &Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm;ud k xnf hoGi f ;pOf;pm;&ef vd ktyfr _wd k @ud ktav;wif;ta&; ay;a&;om;xm;onf? &Jabmfpwmvifu pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_. t"duo¿mefrSm pdkufysdK;a&; or0g,romjzpfa=umif; oD;ESHpdkufysdK;a&;wGif t"dutokH;jyKonfh t"du xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;udk pkaygif;ydkifqdkif&rnfjzpfa=umif; tdrfajrrsm;/ aexdkif&mtaqmufttHkrsm;/Edk@pm;EGm;rtpdwftydkif;rsm;/ wd&dp>mefi,frsm;arG;jrLa&;/ =uufbJponfwdk@udk pkaygif;ydkifrvkyf&a=umif; xyfrHajymqdkvkdufonf?

&Jabmfpwmvif. aqmif;yg;onf EdkifiHa&;t& tvGefta&;ygcJhonf? TonfuygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk trSm;rsm;jyifqif&ef tultnDay;cJh+yD; ay:vpDaoGzDr_rsm;udk tcGifhaumif;,lum v,form;rsm;tm; qdkAD,uftm%mudk ykefuefvm&ef v_@Haqmfay;&ef ar#mfvifhaeonfh qdkAD,uftm%m. &efolrsm;udkvnf; jyif;xefpGmxdk;ESufvdkufonf? v,form;xk trsm;pk}uD;u ,cktcg abmf&SDApfygwD. vrf;pOfonf a'otm%mydkifrsm;. acgif;rmaom“vuf0J”aoGzDr_rsm;ESifh rnfodk@r# rwla=umif; odjrifvm=uonf? Taqmif;yg;u v,form;rsm;udk pdwfat;oGm;apcJhonf?

aoGzDr_rsm;ESifh trSm;rsm;udk jyKjyif&ef &Jabmfpwmvif. aqmif;yg;u pwifv_@HaqmfcJh+yD;xdkvkyfief;jynfhpkHap&ef ygwDA[dkaumfrwDonf aemufxyfxdk;ESufcsuf wckvkyfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhum 1930 ckrwfv 15 &ufae@Y “pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; ygwDvrf;pOf aoGzDr_rsm;tm; wdkufzsuf&ef enf;emrsm;”qdkonfh qkH;jzwfcsufudk xkwfa0vdkufonf?

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A[kdaumfrwDu “ygwDvrf;pOfaoGzDr_rsm;udk rwdkufzsufEdkifolrsm; odk@r[kwf wdkufzsuf&ef rvdkvm;olrsm;udk ‚if;[email protected]&mrsm;rS z,f&Sm;+yD; tpm;xdk;&rnf”[k !ef=um; vdkufonf?(qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) qkH;jzwf csufrsm; twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-663)(qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) qkH;jzwf csufrsm; twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-663)(qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) qkH;jzwf csufrsm; twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-663)(qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) qkH;jzwf csufrsm; twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-663)(qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) qkH;jzwf csufrsm; twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-663)

EdkifiHa&;trSm;rsm; usL;vGef+yD; ‚if;wdk@udk jyKjyifEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh a'otcsdK@ESifh e,fajrtcsdK@(armfpudka'o/ x&ef@pf aumhau;&Sm;) rS ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk A[dkaumfrwDuajymif;vJypfcJhonf?

1930 ck {+yDv 3&ufY &Jabmfpwmvif. “pkaygif;v,f,m &Jabmfrsm;odk@ jyef=um;csuf”aqmif;yg;udk xkwfa0vdkuf+yD; xdkaqmif;yg;xJwGif olu v,form;jy\emtwGif;trSm;rsm;. Zmpfjrpfta=umif;&if;ESifh pkaygif; v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; usL;vGefcJhaom t"du


trSm;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? ‚if;wdk@rSm tv,ftvwf v,form;rsm;odk@ rSm;,Gif;pGmcsOf;uyfr_/ pkaygif;v,f,m wnfaxmifa&;udk pdwfqENt& jyKvkyf&efqkdonfh vDeif0g'rludkazmufzsufjcif;/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H a'otoD;oD;&Sd tajctaersm; uGJjym;jcm;em;r_udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efqdkonfh vDeif0g'rludk azmufzsufjcif;ESifh or0g,rtqifhudk ausmfvGef+yD; wdkuf±kdufbkHtzGJ@ zGJ@a&;}udK;yrf;r_rsm;jzpfonf?

Tvkyfaqmifcsuf tm;vkH;a=umifh c±kdiftcsdK@&Sd a'oygwD tvkyform;rsm;u usL;vGefcJhonfh ay:vpDaoGzDr_rsm;udk ygwDu jyKjyif&mwGif tmrcHcsuf&&SdcJhayonf?

atmifyGJtay:,pfrl;+yD; ygwDvrf;pOfrsm;rS tvsiftjrefvrf;v$JoGm;aeonfh ygwD vkyfom;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk csufcsif;jyKjyifEdkif&ef A[dkaumfrwDtaejzifh tpGrf;ukef cdkifrmatmifvkyf/ wif;usyf&efESifh a&pD;udkqef@usif+yD; oGm;Edkifonfh t&nftcsif;&Sd&efvdktyfonf?

ygwDonf pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_twGif; ygwDvrf;pOfaoGzDr_rsm;udk jyKjyif&mwGifatmifjrifcJhonf?

Tonfu pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifyGJudk tajccH awmifhwif; cdkifrmapEdkifcJhonf?Tonfu pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_wGif tiftm;}uD;rm;pGm a&S@csDwufa&; ajcvSrf;

opfrsm;udkvnf; jzpfay:apEdkifcJhonf?ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;a&;ay:vpDudk ygwDu csrSwfusifhokH;jcif;

rjyKrD t&if;&Siftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk pufr_vkyfief; ppfrsufESmwdk@wGif acsr_ef;ypfa&; &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ‚if;wdk@udk t"dutm;jzifh +rdK@rsm;wGif t[kefjyif;pGm xdk;ppfqifcJhonf? xdktcsdefxd aus;vufa'o v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;onf +rdK@rsm;aemuf/ pufr_vkyfief; aemufusefaecJhonf? tusdK;quftm;jzifh xdk;ppfrSm bufaygif;pkHjynfhpkH+yD; a,bk,s vuQ%mraqmifcJhay? odk@aomf ,cktcgaus;vuf. acwfaemufusr_qdkonfrSm twdwfwGifusefcJhum ,cktcgul;vwfrsm;udkvlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;ypfa&;/ v,form;rsm;. wkdufyGJonf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ykHay:vm+yD; ygwDuvnf; ul;vwfvlwef;pm;acsr_ef;a&;ay:vpD vufcHtwnfjyKvdkuf+yD;jzpfojzifht&if;&Siftpdwftydkif;rsm;tay: xdk;ppfqifr_onf taxGaxG vuQ%maqmifvmonf?xdk;ppfwpdwfwydkif;onf ppfrsufESmwckvHk;. xdk;ppftjzpfodk@ jzpfay:wkd;wufoGm;cJhonf? 16}udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf pwifonfhtcsdefwGif t&if;&Siftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk taxGaxGxdk;ppfqifr_onf awmufav#mufqufvufjzpfay:aeonf?

1930 ZGefv 26 &ufwGif 16 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufpwifcJhonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;okd@ygwD0ifaygif; 1˜260˜874 ESifh t&efygwD0if 711˜609 OD;wkd@ ukd,fpm;jyKonfh rJay;Ekdifonfhukd,fpm;vS,f 1˜268 OD;ESifh rJray; Ekdifonfh ukd,fpm;vS,f 891 OD;wkd@ wufa&muf=uonf?ygwD. orkdif;wGif 16 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufrSm “ppfrsufESmwcGifwjyifvkH;wGif qdk&S,fvpf pepf.odrf;usKH;xdk;ppfqifaom/ ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf acsr_ef;vdkufaom/ tcdkiftrmpkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;udk taumiftxnfazmfaomuGef*&uf”[k xif&Sm;cJh ygonf? (pwmvif)(pwmvif)(pwmvif)(pwmvif)(pwmvif)


A[dkaumfrwD. EdkifiHa&;tpD&ifcHpmudk wifoGif;&mY &Jabmfpwmvifu qdk&S,fvpfxdk;ppfqifEGJaepOftwGif; abmf&SDApfygwDu rnfonfhatmifyGJ}uD;rsm; &&Sdaea=umif;wifjyonf?

qdk&S,fvpfpufr_wyfqifa&;vkyfief; t}uD;tus,fwdk;wufae&m wdkif;jynf. txGufpkpkaygif;. pufr_vkyfief; tcsdK;usa0pkrSm ,cktcg v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;txGufxuf ausmfvGefv$rf;rdk;oGm;ay+yD? 1929-30 b¾ma&;ESpf twGif; pufr_vkyfief;. tcsdK;usa0pkrSm wdkif;jynftxGuf pkpkaygif;. 53 &mckdifE_ef;xuf ravsmhawmhbJ v,f,m pdkufysdK;a&;. tcsdK;usa0pkrSm47 &mckdifE_ef;r#omjzpfonf?

1926-27 b¾ma&;ESpftwGif; 15 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufumvu pufr_vkyfief;. pkpkaygif;txGufrSm ppfrjzpfrD txGuf. 102³5 &mckdifE_ef;r#omjzpf+yD; 1929-30 ck 16}udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufumvwGif 180 &mckdifE_ef;odk@ a&muf&Sd+yD;jzpfonf?

xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif;/ puf,E W&m;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;ponfh t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;onf wjznf;jznf; tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmaeonf?

“u|efawmfwdk@onf u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfudk v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; Ed kifiHtjzpfrSpufr_EdkifiHodk@ ul;ajymif;aeonfh t}udKumvodk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhay+yD”[k &JabmfpwmvifuuGef*&ufwGif tm;&yg;& vufckyfoHrsm;t=um;wGif a=unmvdkufonf?

odk@aomf&Jabmfpwmvifu qufvuf&Sif;jyonfrSm pufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_.jrifhrm;onfhE_ef;udk pufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_. tqifhtwef;ESifh a&maxG;rypf&efjzpf onf?qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;wGif r}uKHzl;avmufaomE_ef;jzifh jzpfay:wdk;wufaeaomfvnf;u|efawmfwdk@onf pufr_vkyfief;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_. tqifhtwef;ESifhywfoufIrl zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf+yD; t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;. aemufY aemufususef+rJ usefaeao;onf? qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudkv#yfppf"mwftm;wyfqifa&;wGif xl;jcm;pGmwdk;wufaeaomfvnf; v#yfppfyg0gbufwGifaemufusaeonfudkawG@&dSEdkifonf? "mwfowWKvkyfief;wGifvnf; aemufusaeonfudk awG@Edkifonf? pDrHudef;t& qdkAD,uf,leD,HrS oHpdrf;txGufrSm 1929-30 wGif 5˜500˜000 wef jzpf&efjzpf+yD; 1929 *smreDrS oHpdrf;txGufrSm 13˜400˜000 wef/ jyifopfrS 10˜450˜000wefjzpfaeayonf? u|Efkyfwdk@. enf;ynmESifhpD;yGm;a&; acwfaemufusr_udk tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; jyKjyifaumif;rGefvmEdkifa&;twGuf u|efawmfwdk@. pufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_E_ef;udk qufvuft&Sdefjr‡ifhwifoGm;&rnf? xdk@jyif qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_E_ef;udkavsmhusoGm;&ef }udK;yrf;aeonfh tacsmiform;rsm;udk tjywfom;qHk; wdkufyGJqif&rnf?

“u|Ekfyfwdk@. pufr_vkyfief;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_E_ef;udk av#mhcs&ef vdktyfa=umif; ajymqdkaeonfholrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfpepf. &efolrsm;/ u|Ekfyfwdk@. vlwef;pm;&efol. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfonf”[k &Jabmfpwmvifu qdkcJhonf? (pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm -(pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm -(pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm -(pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm -(pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jyoemrsm;/ pmrsufESm -

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yxrig;ESpfpDrHudef;. yxrESpf vkyfief;pOfatmifjrifpGm jynfh0+yD; ausmfvGefoGm;onfh tcgvlxkt=um;rSm “ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udk av;ESpfESifhjynfh0apa&;”aºuG;a=umfoH ay:xGufvmcJh onf?


pufr_vkyfief;XmecGJrsm; (a&eH/ opf&GufopfaqG;rsm;udk ajr=oZmvkyfonfhvkyfief;/ taxG axGpuf,E W&m;wnfaqmufa&;/ pdkufysdK;a&;/ puf,E W&m;vkyfief;/ v#yfppfypPnf;vkyfief;) onf/‚if;wdk@. pDrHudef;rsm;udk tvGefatmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmfae&m ig;ESpf pDrHudef;udk 2½odk@r[kwf okH;ESpftwGif;wGif jynfh0Edkifawmhrnfjzpfonf? Tonfu “ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udkav;ESpfESifhjynfh0apa&;” qdkonfh aºuG;a=umfoHrSm jzpfEdkifa=umif; jyovdkuf+yD; oHo,&Sdaeolrsm;. tacsmif0g'udk Tenf;jzifh zGifhcsvdkufonf?

16 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufu ygwDA[dkaumfrwDudk “qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;twGif;wufºuGonfhabmf&SDApft&Sdefudk xdef;odrf;xm;a&;ESifh ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udk wu,fyif av;ESpfESifhjynfh0apa&;udk tmrcH&ef!¸ef=um;vdkufonf?”

16 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufumvwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H. v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_wGif tvGefta&;}uD;onfh tajymif;tvJjzpfay:aeonf? us,fhjyef@vSonfh v,form;xk}uD;onf qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ vSnfhajymif;vm=uonf? 1930 ck arv 1 &ufae@ t"duoD;ESH pdkufysdK;onfha'orsm;. pkaygif;ydkifqdkifr_vkyfief;onf v,form; tdrfaxmifpkrsm; . 40-50 &mckdifE_ef;ukd tusKH;0ifvmapcJhonf? (1928 aEGOD;wGif 2-3 &mckdifE_ef;om &SdcJhonf?)pkaygif;v,f,m. oD;ESHpdkufysdK; {&d,mrSm 36˜000˜000 [ufwmodk@ a&muf&SdcJhonf?

xdk@a=umifh 1930ck Zefe0g&D 5 &ufae@u A[dkaumfrwDqkH;jzwfcsufwGif csrSwfcJhaomwdk;wuf&rnfh vkyfief;pOf (30˜000˜000 [ufwm) rSm jynfh0onfxuf ausmfvGefoGm;cJhay+yD?pkaygif;v,f,m jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;. 5 ESpf pDrHudef;rSm ESpfESpftwGif; 1 qcGJausmfydkI +yD;ajrmufoGm;cJhonf?

okH;ESpftwGif; pkaygif;v,f,mrS a&mif;cscJhonfh txGufta&twGufrSm tqav;q,fausmfoGm;cJhonf? 1930 ckESpfwGif wkdif;jynftwGif; a&mif;0,faeonfh oD;ESHxuf0ufausmfrSmpkaygif;v,f,mrSjzpf+yD; ‚if;wdk@txJwGif EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;rS xkwfvkyfonfh oD;ESHrsm;rygao;acs?

Tonfu ,cktcsdefrSpI v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;. uH=urRmudk yk*~vduv,f,mrsm;urqkH;jzwfEdkifawmhbJ pkaygif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;uom qkH;jzwfawmhrnfjzpfa=umif;qdkvdkayonf?

v,form;rsm; pkaygif;v,f,mtwGif;odk@ tpkvdkuft+yKHvdkuf 0ifrvmrDu qkd&S,fvpftm%monf t"dutm;jzifh qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;tay:wGif rSDcdkae&+yD; ,cktcgwGifrl tvsiftjref wdk;wufus,fjyef@vmaeaom qdk&S,fvpfpdkufysdK;a&; tpdwftydkif; pkaygif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;wGifvJ rSDcdkvmEdkifonf?

16 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufu qkH;jzwfcsufwckwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; pkaygif;v,f,m/ v,form;rsm;onf “qdkAD,uftm%m. ppfrSefcdkifrmaom a'gufwdkifjzpfvmayonf”?


3? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ay:vpD/ enf;[email protected]? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ay:vpD/ enf;[email protected]? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ay:vpD/ enf;[email protected]? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ay:vpD/ enf;[email protected]? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ay:vpD/ enf;[email protected]&;ygr_/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufyhsHESH@vmjcif;/ puf,Eta&;ygr_/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufyhsHESH@vmjcif;/ puf,Eta&;ygr_/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufyhsHESH@vmjcif;/ puf,Eta&;ygr_/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufyhsHESH@vmjcif;/ puf,Eta&;ygr_/ pkaygif;v,f,mv_yf&Sm;r_ qufvufyhsHESH@vmjcif;/ puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGefpufW&m;ESifh v,fxGefpufW&m;ESifh v,fxGefpufW&m;ESifh v,fxGefpufW&m;ESifh v,fxGefpuftvkyf±Hkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;Xmersm;/ ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udk av;ESpfESifh+yD;ajrmufoGm;jcif;. tusdK;aus;Zl;tvkyf±Hkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;Xmersm;/ ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udk av;ESpfESifh+yD;ajrmufoGm;jcif;. tusdK;aus;Zl;tvkyf±Hkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;Xmersm;/ ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udk av;ESpfESifh+yD;ajrmufoGm;jcif;. tusdK;aus;Zl;tvkyf±Hkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;Xmersm;/ ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udk av;ESpfESifh+yD;ajrmufoGm;jcif;. tusdK;aus;Zl;tvkyf±Hkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;Xmersm;/ ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udk av;ESpfESifh+yD;ajrmufoGm;jcif;. tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;/ ppfrsufESmwckvkH;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHjcif;/ 17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?rsm;/ ppfrsufESmwckvkH;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHjcif;/ 17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?rsm;/ ppfrsufESmwckvkH;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHjcif;/ 17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?rsm;/ ppfrsufESmwckvkH;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHjcif;/ 17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?rsm;/ ppfrsufESmwckvkH;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJcHjcif;/ 17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&uf?

t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief; txl;ojzifh puf,E W&m;wnfaqmufa&;rsm;udk wnfaxmifcJh+yD; rdrd.ajcaxmufay:rdrd cdkifcdkifrmrm&yfwnfvmEdkifum toifhtwifh vsifjrefonfh ajcvSrf;jzifh jzpfay:wdk;wufvmaea=umif; xif&Sm;vmonfhtcg ygwDu &ifqdkifvm&onfh aemufwm0efw&yfrSm trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;udk acwfrDenf;rsm;jzifh jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf? avmifpmpufr_vkyfief;/ "mwfowWKvkyfief;/ tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;/tpm;taomufvkyfief;/ opfvkyfief;/ vufeufvkyfief;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;odk@ acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;/ acwfrDpuf,E W&m;rsm; wyfqif&efjzpfonf? v,f,mxGufypPnf;ESifh puf±HkxGufypPnf;rsm; awmif;qkdr_tvGeftrif; wdk;jrifhvmonfhtwGuf xkwfvkyfa&;XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;twGuf txGufudk ESpfqESifh okH;q jr‡ifhwif&efvdktyfvmonf? odk@aomf puf±Hktvkyf±Hkrsm;ESifh pkaygif;v,f,mESifh EdkifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;onfacwfrDud&d,mrsm; tvkHtavmuf wyfqifxm;rSomv#if xdkodk@xGuf&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf? ud&d,m ta[mif;tEGrf;rsm;jzifh vdktyfonfh txGufwdk;r_udk tmrcHEkdifrnfr[kwfacs?

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‚if;wkd@udk trDSvdkuf&eftwGuf xkwfvkyfr_qdkif&m XmecGJwdkif;udk enf;ynmopfrsm;wyfqif&rnfjzpf+yD; acwftrDqkH; enf;ynmrsm;ESifh jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&rnfjzpfonf?

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TulnDr_onf tvGeftrif;xda&muf tusdK;&SdcJhonf?ESpfESpftwGif; (1933-1934) puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGefpuf tvkyf±Hkrsm;rS EdkifiHa&;Xme

rsm;onf pkaygif;v,f,m v,form;rsm;. wufºuGonfh tzGJ@rsm;wnfaxmif&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ pkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief;wGif;&Sd tm;enf;csufrsm;udk z,f±Sm;&mwGifvnf;aumif;/pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;udk cd kifrmawmifhwif;ap&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ &efolul;vwfrsm;ESif htzsuform;rsm;udk acsr_ef;&mwGifvnf;aumif; }uD;rm;pGmaumif;r_jyKcJh=uonf?

EdkifiHa&;Xmrsm;onf ‚if;[email protected] txl;atmifjrifpGm xrf;aqmifEdkifcJh=uonf?olwdk@onf pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;. pnf;±Hk;a&;udka&m/ vkyfpGrf;&nfudkyg cdkifrmap+yD; ‚if;wdk@twGuf t&nftcsif;jynfh0onfh yk*~dKvfrsm; avhusifhay;um pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ydkif;wGif wdk;wufaumif;rGefapI pkaygif;v,f,mtzGJ@0ifrsm;. EdkifiHa&;a&csdefudk jr‡ifhwifay;cJhonf?

pkaygif;v,f,mrsm; cdkifrmawmifhwif;a&;twGuf pkaygif;v,f,morm;rsm;a&S@odk@}udK;yrf;csDwufa&;twGuf v_H@aqmf&mwGif tvGefta&;}uD;aomudpPrSm pkaygif;v,f,m rkefwdkif;wyfzGJ@ tvkyform;rsm; (Shock Worker) . jynfvkkH;qdkif&myxruGef*&uf (1933/azazmf0g&D) ESifh xdkuGef*&ufY &Jabmfpwmvif ajym=um;cJhonfh rdef@cGef;jzpfonf?

&Jabmfpwmvifu aus;vuf&Sd pkaygif;v,f,mrwdkifrD pepfa[mif;ESif h pkaygif;v,f,mpepfopfwdk@udk Ed_if; ,SOf+yD;ajym=um;&mwGif -

“pepfa[mif;atmufY v,form;wdkif;onf wOD;csif;oD;oef@tvkyfvkyf=u&+yD; ‚if;[email protected];bGm;rsm;. enf;ema[mif;rsm;twkdif; tvkyfvkyf&mwGif a&S;a[mif;ud&d,mrsm;/


acwfaemufusonfh ud&d,mrsm;udk okH;cJhonf? olwdk@onf ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh t&if;&Sifrsm;/ ul;vwfESifh tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm;twGuf tvkyfvkyfcJ h=uonf? olwkd@onf tvGefqif;&JcsdK@wJhpGmaexdkifcJh=u+yD; wyg;olrsm;udk csrf;omºuG,f0apcJhonf? pkaygif;pepfopfatmufwGif v,form;rsm;onf acwfrDud&d,mrsm;jzpfaom xGefpufrsm;/ v,f,mokH;puf,E W&m;rsm; tokH;jyKIpkaygif;nDnmpGm twlwuG tvkyfvkyf=uonf? olwdk@onf olwdk@twGufESifh [email protected];v,fajrrsm;twGuf tvkyfvkyf=uonf? olwdk@onf t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh ajr&Sifrsm;/ ul;vwfrsm;ESifh tjrwf}uD;pm;rsm;r&SdbJ aexdkif=uonf? olwdk@onf olwdk@. om,m0ajymr_ tqifhtwef;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ wae@wjcm;jrifhwufvma&; &nf&G,fcsufjzifh tvkyfvkyfudkif=uonf”?(pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ ESm 443)(pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ ESm 443)(pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ ESm 443)(pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ ESm 443)(pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ ESm 443)

Trdef@cGef;wGif &Jabmfpwmvifu v,form;rsm;taejzifh pkaygif;v,f,menf;vrf;vufcHvkyfaqmifjcif;a=umifh tb,ft&mrsm;udk atmifjrif&&SdcJhonfudk jyovdkufonf?abmf&SDApfygwDonf qif;&Jv,form; oef;aygif; rsm;pGm pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;odk@ 0ifa&muf&efESifh ul;vwfrsm;.u|efb0rS vGwfajrmuf&efulnDcJhonf? pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufcJh+yD;taumif;qkH;ajrrsm;udk&&Sdum rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif pDrHcef@cGJEdkifonfh taumif;qkH; xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mrsm;udk vuf0,f&xm;+yD;jzpfonfh ,cifqif;&JcsdK@wJhpGm aexkdifcJh&aom qif;&Jv,form;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmonf ,cktcg pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm;tjzpf tvwfwef;pm; v,form;rsm;tqifhodk@ jrifhwufvmum ±kyf0wÎKydkif;qdkif&m vkH+cKHr_udk &&SdvmcJh=uonf[k axmufjycJhonf?

TonfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mjzpfay:wdk;wufr_. yxrtqifh yxratmifjrifcsufjzpfonf?

&Jabmfpwmvifu aemufwqifhrSm pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm; ,cifqif;&J v,form;a&m/ ,ciftvwfwef;pm;v,form;a&m ESpfOD;vkH;udk ydkrdktqifhjrifhrm;onfh tqifhodk@jr‡ifhwif&ef pkaygif;v,f,m v,form;rsm; tm;vkH;csrf;om0ajymap&efESifh pkaygif;v,f,mtm;vkH;udk abmf&SDApfjzpfvmatmif vkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf[kqdkonf?

&Jabmfpwmvifu-“,cktcg pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm; csrf;om0ajymvm&efwckwnf;om vdkawmhonf? ‚if;rSm olwdk@taejzifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;wGif wufwufºuGºuGtvkyfvkyf&ef/ v,fxGefpufESifh puf,E W&m;rsm;udk aumif;rGeftokH;0ifpGm tokH;jyK&ef/ 0efwifwd&p>mefrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm tokH;cs&ef/ ajrudk vkyfpGrf;&nf&SdpGm xGef,ufpdkufysdK;&efESifh pkaygif;v,f,mydkifypPnf;rsm;udk jrwfEdk;&efjzpfonf”[k a&;xm;onf? (txufygpmtkyf/ pmrsufESm -(txufygpmtkyf/ pmrsufESm -(txufygpmtkyf/ pmrsufESm -(txufygpmtkyf/ pmrsufESm -(txufygpmtkyf/ pmrsufESm -

448)448)448)448)448)

&Jabmfpwmvif.rdef@cGef;rSm pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm. pdwfxJwGifeuf±_dif;pGmpGJ+idoGm;+yD; pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;twGuf vufawG@vkyfief;pOf jzpfoGm;ygonf?


1934 cktukefwGif pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;onf awmifhwif;ckdifrmaom tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfvmonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Sd v,form;tdrfaxmifpkrsm; tm;vHk;. av;ykHoHk;yHkESifh pkpkaygif;oD;ESHpkdufysKd;{&d,m. 90 &mckdifE_ef;cef@onf pkaygif;v,f,m jzpfvm=uonf?

1934 wGif qkdAD,ufaus;vufa'oY v,fxGefpufaygif; 281˜000 ESifh &dwfodrf;puf ygyl;wGJxm;onfhpuf (harvester combine) 32˜000 &Sdvmay+yD? xdkESpf aEGOD;pdkufysdK;r_rSm 1933ckESpfxufpmv#if 15 &uf 20 &ufr# apm+yD;cJh+yD;/ 1932 ckESpfxuf 30-40 &ufr#apm+yD;cJh onf?EdkifiHawmfodk@ &duQmtyfonfh pDrHudef;rSm 1932 ckESpfxuf okH;v apmjynfh0cJhonf?

TonfrSm pkaygif;v,f,mrsm; ESpfESpftwGif; rnfr#cdkifrmpGm tajccHcs+yD;jzpfonfudkjyovdkufjcif;jzpf+yD; ygwDESifh tvkyform;/ v,form; EdkifiHawmf. }uD;rm;vSaom ulnDaxmufyHhr_a=umifhyifjzpfonf?

Tpkaygif;v,f,mpepf. tcdkiftrmatmifyGJESifh yl;wGJygvmonfh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;wdk;wufaumif;rGefr_wdk@u qdkAD,uftpdk;&twGuf aygifrkef@ESifh wjcm;ypPnf;rsm; &m&Sifvkyfxm;r_wdk@udk zsufodrf;apEdkifcJh+yD; tpm;taomufrsm; xdef;csKyfr_r&Sd a&mif;0,fcGifhjyK vkdufapEdkifcJhonf?

puf,E W&m;ESifh v,fxGefpuf tvkyf±Hkrsm;rS EdkifiHa&;Xmersm;onf ‚if;wdk@tm; ,m,DzefwD;xm;r_. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk xrf;aqmif+yD;aemuf A[dkaumfrwDu olwdk@tm; ‚if;wdk@a'orsm;&Sd c±kdifygwDaumfrwDrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;apvdkuf+yD; omrefygwD tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tjzpfajymif;vJypf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf?

ig;ESpfpDrHudef;udk atmifjrifpGm jynfh0apvdkufjcif;jzifh Tatmifjrifr_tm;vkH; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;wGifa&m/ pufr_vkyfief;wGifyg &&Sdjzpfay:apEdkifcJhonf?

1933 ck tpwGif yxr ig;ESpfpDrHudef;onf owfrSwfxm;onfh tcsdefxufapmpGmav;ESpfESifhokH;vtwGif; jynfh0Edkif+yD jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vmonf?

Tonf qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh v,form;xk. }uD;rm;vSaom&mZ0ifwGifavmufonfh atmifyGJjzpfonf?

1933 ck Zefe0g&DY usif;ycJhaom A[dkaumfrwD rsufESmpkHnD tpnf;ta0;ESifh ygwDA[dkcsKyfxdef;a&;aumfr&Sif tpnf;ta0;wGif tpD&ifcH&mY &Jabmfpwmvifu yxrig;ESpfpDrHudef;.&&Sdcsufrsm;udk a0zefokH;oyfonfhtpD&ifcHpmwGif yxrig;ESpfpDrHudef; taumiftxnfay:a&;}udK;yrf;onfh umvwGif ygwDESifh qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf atmufazmfjyyg t"du&&Sdcsuf}uD;rsm;&&SdcJhonf[k &Sif;jycJhonf?

1?1?1?1?1? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_xGufukeftcsdK;tpm;onf wdkif;jynfjzpf pkaygif;xkwfvkyfa&; .70 &mckdifE_ef;odk@ wufvmojzifh wdkif;jynfudk v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;EdkifiHrS pufr_EdkifiH tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJapvdkufonf?


2?2?2?2?2? qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepfonf pufr_vkyfief;e,fy,f&Sd t&if;&Siftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk zsufqD;acsr_ef;ypfvdkuf+yD;/ pufr_vkyfief;wGif wckwnf;aom pD;yGm;a&;pepf jzpfvmonf?3?3?3?3?3? qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfonf v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;e,fy,fY ul;vwfrsm;udk vlwef; pm;w&yftjzpf zsufqD;acsr_ef;vdkuf+yD; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;wGif }uD;pdk;v$rf;rdk;onfh tiftm;pkjzpfvmonf?4?4?4?4?4? pkaygif;v,f,mpepfu aus;vufa'o&Sd qif;&JrGJjymusr_ESifh vdkcsifawmifhwr_rsm;udk tqkH;owfay;vdkuf+yD; qif;&Jv,form;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmonf ±kyf0wÎKydkif;qdkif&m vkH+cKHr_ tqifhtwef;odk@ jrifhwufvmygonf?5?5?5?5?5? pufr_vkyfief;wGif;&Sd qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfu tvkyfvufrJhjzpfr_udk zsufodrf; vdkuf+yD; XmecGJtcsdK@wGif tvkyfcsdef 8 em&D owfrSwfxm;qJjzpfaomfvnf; vkyfief; trsm;tjym;wGif tvkyfcsdef 7 em&DESifh usef;rma&;ESifh rnDnGwfonfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif 6 em&D owfrSwf+yD;jzpfonf?6?6?6?6?6? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;XmecGJtm;vkH;&Sd qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJrS vlvlcsif;/ aoG;pkyfr_udk zsufodrf;vdkufEdkifjcif;jzpfonf?yxrig;ESpfpDrHudef; atmifjrifcsufrsm;. tcsKyfoabmrSm tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;

tm; aoG;pkyfr_xrf;ydk;atmufrS vkH;0vGwfajrmufapvdkuf+yD; qdkAD,uf,leD,H vkyfom;jynfoltm;vkH;wdk@twGuf csrf;ajr@om,m0ajym+yD; ,Ofaus;onfh b0vrf;udk zGifhvSpfay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf?

1934ck Zefe0g&DvwGif ygwDonf 17 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufudk usif;ycJhonf? xdkuGef*&ufodk@ ygwD0if 1˜874˜488 ESifh t&efygwD0ifaygif; 935˜298 udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh rJay;Edkifonfhudk,fpm;vS,f 1˜225 OD;ESifh rJray; Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f 736 OD; wufa&mufcJhonf?

TuGef*&ufu vGefcJhonfh uGef*&ufrSpI ygwD.vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppfonf?pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif;&Sd XmecGJrsm;tm;vkH;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepfa=umifh tjywftowfatmifjrif&&SdcJhonfh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk todtrSwfjyK+yD; ygwD. taxGaxGvrf;pOfonfppfrsufESmwckvkH;Y atmifjrifa=umif; rSwfwrf;wifvdkufonf?

17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufonf ordkif;wGif “atmifyGJcHolrsm;. uGef*&uf”[kxif&Sm;vlodrsm;onf?

A[dkaumfrwDvkyfief; tpD&ifcHpmwGif &Jabmfpwmvifu qdkAD,uf,leD,HtwGif;TumvtwGif; jzpfysufcJhonfh tajccHajymif;vJr_rsm;udk axmufjycJhonf?

TumvtwGif; qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf t&if;tjrpfrSp ajymif;vJ+yD; acwfaemufusr_ESifhtv,facwfwGif usef&pfr_ OcGHudk cGJypfvdkufonf?

v,f,mpdkufysdK;aom EdkifiHrS pufr_EdkifiHjzpfvmcJhay+yD? wOD;csif;tao;pm; v,f,mpdkufysdK;aomEdkifiHrS pkaygif;t}uD;pm; pufr_wyfqifxm;onfh v,f,mpdkufysdK;aomEdkifiH jzpf


vmcJhay+yD? pmrwwfayrwwf/ ,Ofaus;r_r&Sd/ rodem;rvnfaomEdkifiHrS qdkAD,uf,leD,H&SdtrsdK;om;toD;oD; bmompmayESifh oif=um;ay;aeonfh txufwef;/ tv,fwef;ESifhrlvwef;ausmif;rsm;jzifh jynfh0aeonfh pmwwfaywwf/ ,Ofaus;r_&Sdonfh EdkifiHwcktjzpfodk@a&muf&SdvmcJh+yD; odk@r[kwf a&muf&Sdvmaeay+yD? (pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm -470)(pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm -470)(pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm -470)(pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm -470)(pwmvif/ vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm -470)

xdktcsdefwGif EkdifiH. pufr_vkyfief; 99 &mckdifE_ef;rSm qdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;jzpfaeay+yD?qkd&S,fvpf v,f,mvkyfief; pkaygif;v,f,mvkyfief;ESifh EkdifiHawmfv,f,monf wkdif;jynf .pkpkaygif;oD;ESHpkdufysKd;onfh {&d,m. 90 &mckdifE_ef;cef@&Sdonf? ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;Yt&if;&Siftpdwftykdif;rsm;onf vHk;0yifz,f&Sm;jcif; cHvkduf&ayonf?

pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD vkyfaqmifaepOf vDeifu u|efawmfwdk@wkdif;jynfwGif vlr_pD;yGm;a&;o¿mef tpdwftydkif; 5 ck&Sdonf[k qdkcJhonf? yxrtrsdK;rSm tz}uD;pdk;onfh (Patriarchal)

pD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpf+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh obm0 pD;yGm;a&;o¿mefjzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSmvufawG@tm;jzifh ukefoG,fa&;r&Sdonfh o¿mefjzpfonf? 'kwd,o¿mefrSm v,form;/v,f,mtrsm;pk udk,fpm;jyKonfh tao;pm;ukefpnfxkwfvkyfa&;jzpf+yD; v,f,mxGufypPnf;rsm;udk v,form;rsm;ESifh vufr_ynmonfrsm;u a&mif;cs=uonf? pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf.yxrESpfwGif TpD;yGm;a&; o¿mefonf vlOD;a&. trsm;wumh trsm;pk}uD;udk csKyfudkifxm;onf? wwd,o¿mefrSm woD;yk*~vdu t&if;&Sif pepfjzpf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf. tapmydkif;umvwGif jyefvnfpwif&Sifoefvmonf? pwkwÎo¿mefrSm EdkifiHawmf t&if;&Sifpepfjzpf+yD;t"dutm;jzifh txl;tcGifhta&;o¿mefjzpfum }uD;xGm;us,fjyef@vmjcif; odyfr&SdcJhacs? yOPro¿mefrSm qdk&S,fvpfpepfjzpf+yD; qdk&S,fvpf pufr_vkyfief;onf tm;enf;+rJ tm;enf;aeao;um EdkifiHawmfv,f,mESifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopftpydkif;wGifpD;yGm;a&;t& rajymyavmufao;bJjzpfaeum EdkifiHawmf ukefoG,fa&;ESifh or0g,rtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf xdktcsdefu tm;enf;aeao;onf?

vDeifu To¿mefrsm;tm;vkH;xJrS qdk&S,fvpfo¿mefonf txufpD;&&Sdrnf jzpfonf[kqdkonf?

pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopfonf qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;o¿mef vkH;0atmifyGJcHa&;twGufa&;qGJcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?

17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufusif;ycsdefYrl T&nf&G,fcsufrSm atmifjrifx ajrmuf+yD;jzpfonf?

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twGuf vufwGJvkyfaqmif=u&rnfhtpm; ‚if;wdk@. ±H_;edrfhr_/ c|wf+cKHusr_wdk@twGuf ygwDESifhjynfolvlxkudk pwifvufpm;acsvm=uonf? olwdk@onf tvkyform;/ pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm;. ta&;awmfykHudk qef@usifonfh tzsufvkyfief;rsm;/ ,kwfrmnpfnrf;onfhvkyf}uHr_rsm; pwifvkyfaqmifvm=uonf? ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm; azmufcGJjcif;/ puf±Hkrsm;rD;wif±d_@jcif;/ pkaygif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkif v,f,mrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;ponfwdk@udk jyKvkyf=uonf?tvkyform;/ pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm;. atmifjrifcsufrsm;udk acszsuf&efESifh qdkAD,uftpdk;&tay: rausreyf tkHºuGr_rsm;jzpfvma&;udk &nf&G,fIvkyfaqmif=ujcif;jzpfonf?TuJhodk@ wzufuvkyfaqmifae&if;uyif ‚if;wdk@. vufwqkyfpmvlpkudk zGifhcsazmfxkwfjcif;/zsufqD;cH&jcif;ab;rS umuG,fay;&eftvdk@iSm olwdk@onfygwDtay: ydkrdkopPm&SdonfhykHaqmifcJh+yD;txl;rsufESmvdktm;& csD;usL;ajr‡mufyifhum ±kdaoc,0yfwGm;cJhonf? wu,ftrSefrSmrltvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;udk qef@usifonfh rormr_rsm;/ tzsufvkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifae=uonf?

17 }udrfajrmuf ygwDuGef*&ufwGif blcg&if/ ±kdifaumhAfESifh wGrfpuD;wdk@onf aemifw&onfhrdef@cGef;rsm; ajym=um;+yD; ygwDESif h ygwD.atmifjrifcsufrsm;udk rdk;xdatmif ajr‡mufyifhcsD;usL;ajymqdkcJhonf? odk@aomf uGef*&ufu ‚if;wdk@. rdef@cGef;rsm;xJrS r±kd;om;r_ESifh v#mESpfcGjzpfaer_wdk@udk &dyfrdod&Sdvdkufonf? ygwDu ‚if;wdk@xHrS ar#mfvifhxm;onfrSm atmifjrifr_rsm;tay: csD;usL;r_rsm;/ bkef;awmfbGJ@rsm;r[kwfbJ qdk&S,fvpfppfajrjyifwGif ‚if;wdk@. wm0efaus¹yGefpGm vkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;omjzpfonf? Tonfudk blcg&if0g'Drsm;onf tcsdefumv=um=umyifvkH;0 vuQ%mrjycJhyg? Tvl}uD;rif;rsm;. Avmoufouf rdef@cGef;rsm; onftrSefpifppf uGef*&ufjyify&Sd ‚if;wdk@. aemufvdkufrsm;udk v#mESpfcGvkyf&mwGif oifcef;pmay;&efESifh vufeufrcs&ef v_H@aqmfvdkufjcif;omjzpfa=umif; ygwDuawG@jrifod&Sdvkdufonf?

uGef*&ufwGif xa&mhpuD0g'D/ ZDEdkApfESifh uJrDeufAfwdk@uvnf; rdef@cGef;rsm;ajym=um;cJh+yD;‚if;wdk@. trSm;rsm;tay: ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif tvGeftu|Ha0zefwdkufcdkuf+yD; ygwDtay:vnf; ‚if;.atmifjrifcsufrsm;a=umifh tvGeftu|H csD;usL;jyefonf? odk@aomf uGef*&ufu ‚if;[email protected];emzG,f udk,fhudk,fudk a0zeftjypfwifr_ESifh vGefvGef;aom ygwDtay: csD;usL;r_rsm;onf roef@&Sif;aomvdyfjymudk umuG,fzkH;uG,f&efomjzpfa=umif; odjrifvdkufonf? odk@aomfTvl}uD;rif;rsm;onf uGef*&ufY csdKtDaeaom rdef@cGef;rsm;udkajym=um;&if; wzufutufpftJrfuDa&mhAfudk ,kwfrm pGmvkyf}uH&ef }uHpnfaea=umif;udkrl ygwDonf odvnf; rodao;/ ouFmruif;vnf; rjzpfao;acs?

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ZDEkdApf0g'Drsm;onf w&m;±Hk;Y aemifw&[efaqmifxm;=uonf? odk@aomfolwdk@onfw&m;cHb0Yyif ESpfzufrsufESmvkyfaeao;onf? olwdk@ESifh xa&mhpuD. qufpyfr_udk zkH;uG,fxm;=uonf? olwdk@onf xa&mpuD0g'Drsm;ESifhtwl zufqpfolv#dKvkyfief;rsm;wGif rdrdwdk@udk,frdrdwdk@ a&mif;pm;xm;+yD;jzpfonf qkdonfhtcsufukd zHk;uG,fxm;=u onf? [email protected];ukd zHk;uG,fxm;=uonf? olwkd@onf w&m;±Hk;Y blcg&if0g'Drsm;ESifh olwdk@ .qufpyfr_udkvnf;aumif;/ yl;aygif;xm;onfh xa&mhpuD/ blcg&if0g'Drsm;. zufqpfa=u;pm;*kd%f;wnf&Sdaer_ udkvnf;aumif; zkH;uG,fcJhonf?

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1935 ckrSpI ZDEdkApftkyfpkonf zkH;uG,fxm;aom wyfjzLtzGJ@tpnf;w&yf jzpfaeonfrSm &Sif;vif;vmae+yD; ‚if;tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk wyfjzLrsm;tjzpf vkH;0tjynfhyif taooabmxm;oifhayonf?


wESpf=um+yD;aemuf od&Sdvm&onfrSm uDa&mhAfvkyf}uHr_udk tppftrSefwdkuf&dkuf pnf;&kH;vkyfaqmifolrsm;rSm xa&mhpuD/ ZDEdkApf/ uJrDeufAfESifh ‚if;.taygif;tygrsm;jzpfa=umif;ESifhtjcm;A[dkaumfrwD0ifrsm;udkvnf; owfjzwf&ef }uHpnfcJhao;a=umif;yifjzpfonf? ZDEdkfApf/uJrDeufAff/ bmcg&ufAf/ &ufa'ghuDarmhAf/ yDuJvf (Pikel)/ tdkiftJef prm;aemhAf/ rm&uf aumhAfpuD;(Mrachkovsky)/ wm- Am*ef;,ef; (Ter-Vaganyan)/ ±kdif;*dk;vf (Reingold) ponfhwdk@udk±Hk;wifw&m;pGJcJhonf? oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;ESifh jzpfonfhtwGuf olwdk@onf vlxkwufa&mufEdkifonfh w&m;±Hk;Y vlod&Sif=um;0efcH&+yD; olwdk@onf uD;a&mhAf vkyf}uHr_udk pnf;±Hk;vkyfcJh±Hkr#ru tjcm;aomygwDESifh tpdk;&acgif;aqmiftm;vkH;udk owfjzwf&ef pDpOfcJha=umif;udkvnf; xkwfazmf0efcHcJh=u&onf? aemufydkif; pkHprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;t& T vlqdk;rsm;onf olv#dKvkyfief;wGifyg0ifywfoufae+yD; vrf;vGJaprnfhvkyf&yfrsm;udkvnf; vkyfaqmifcJha=umif; od&Sd&onf? ygwDtay:opPm&Sdav[ef a=umifolawmfrsufESmzkH;ESifh zGifh[0efcHcsufrsm;jzifh zkH;uG,fxm;onfh Tolrsm;. ,kwfrmvSaom pdwf"mwfESifh EdkifiHa&; tusifhp±kdufqdk; tjynfh t0udkvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;wdk@. &GHrkef;zG,f ,kwfrmyufpufr_ESifh opPmazmufr_udkvnf;aumif;/ 1936 ck armfpudkY jyKvkyfcJhaom w&m;±Hk;ppfaq;r_Y azmfxkwfod&SdcJh=u&onf?

Tvlowform; olv#dK*dk%f;. t"duacgif;aqmifESifh v_H@aqmfolrSm **sL;'g;pf*sL;'g;pf*sL;'g;pf*sL;'g;pf*sL;'g;pf xa&mhpuDyifwnf;? ol. wefjyefawmfvSefa&;n¸ef=um;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfcJhonfh ol.vufaxmufESifh olv#dKrsm;rSm ZDEdkApf/ uJrDeufAfESifh ‚if;wdk@. xa&mhpuD0g'Daemufvdkufrsm;jzpfonf? olwdk@onf qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudk t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;u wdkufcdkufonfhtcsdeftcgwGif ysufpD;oGm;a&;twGuf jyifqifcJh=uonf? olwdk@onf tvkyform;/ v,form; EdkifiHawmfESifh ywfoufI t±_H;ay;vdkpdwf&Sdolrsm; (Defeatist) jzpf+yD; *smrefESifh *syefzufqpfrsm;. &GH&SmzG,f taptyg;rsm;ESifh olv#dKrsm;jzpfoGm;awmhonf?

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* *sL;'g;pfqkdwm c&pfawmftm; zrf;qD;owfjzwf&ef vmolrsm;tm; vufaxmufcscJhaom c&pfawmf.om0uwOD;? (bmomjyefol)


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c?c?c?c?c? u|Ekfyfwdk@onf ygwD0ifrsm;udk ygwDordkif;ta=umif; ygwDordkif;twGif;rS ygwDqef@usifonfh tkyfpkrsm;/ wckcsif;a&m tm;vkH;+cKHIyg ygwD. vrf;pOfudk qef@usifwdkufcdkufonfh ‚if;[email protected];emrsm;ESifh enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk oif=um;avhvmay;&ef pepfwus oifhawmfpGm pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf=u&rnf? xdk@tjyif ygwDqef@usifa&; tkyfpkrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif ygwD.enf;y&d,m,fESifh enf;emrsm;/ Ttkyfpkrsm;udk acsr_ef;atmifjrifajz&Sif;apvdkufEdkifonfh ygwD.enf;y&d,m,fESifh enf;emrsm;udkvnf; ydkIoif=um;ay;&rnf? ygwD0ifrsm;onf ygwD. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH'Drdku&ufrsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ rif&SDApfESifh rif;rJh0g'Drsm;udk rnfuJhodk@acsr_ef;atmifjrifajz&Sif;vdkufonfudk od&Sd&efvdktyf±Hkr#ru xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;/ 'Drdku&uf tv,ftvwf0g'Drsm;/ tvkyform;twdkuftcHrsm;/ ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm;/ vuf,mwdrf;apmif;olrsm;/vuf,m - vuf0J pdwf±l;aygufolrsm;ponfrsm;udkvnf; rnfuJhodk@ acsr_ef;vdkufa=umif;udkygod&Sd&efvdktyfonf? ygwD.ordkif;udk od&Sdem;vnfr_onf ygwD0ifrsm;. awmfvSefa&; Edk;=um;r_udk tjynfht0 tmrcHcsufay;onfh ta&;}uD;qkH;/ tvdktyfqkH; enf;emjzpfonf qdkonfudkrnfonfhtcgr# rarhtyfay?

TumvtwGif; tvGefta&;ygonfh tjzpftysufrSm 1933 ckY ygwD. tqifhae&mrsm;rSm rawmfwq a&muf&Sdvmolrsm;/ rppfrSefonfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk xkwfy,ftykyfcsjcif;rsm;pwifcJh+yD; txl;ojzifh uDa&mhAf owfjzwfr_t+yD;Y ygwD0ifrsm;. rSwfwrf;rsm;udk taocsmav;eufppfaq;=unfh±_jcif;ESifh ygwD0ifu'fjym;ta[mif;rsm;udk topfESifhvJvS,fay;jcif;rsm;jzpfonf?

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1935 arv 13 &ufae@pGJESifh xkwfa0onfh pmwrf;wGif A[dkaumfrwDu rSwfykHwifjcif;/vkH+cKHpGm odrf;qnf;jcif;ESifh ygwD0ifu'frsm; xkwfay;jcif;wdk@wGif ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;udkygwD0if.rSwfwrf;udk aocsmusepGm ppfaq;&efESifh rdrdwdk@ygwD tdrf}uD;wGif abmf&SDApfpnf;rsOf;pepfudk xlaxmif&ef n¸ef=um;vdkufonf?

ygwD0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;ukd ppfaq;jcif;onf }uD;rm;onfh EdkifiHa&;wefzkd; oufa&mufr_&SdcJhonf? ygwD0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;udk ppfaq;&&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh qufpyf+yD; ygwDA[dkaumfrwD. rsufESmpkHnDtpnf;ta0;u 1935 'DZifbm 25 &ufwGif qkH;jzwfcsufwckcscJh+yD; Tppfaq;r_onfygwD0ifrsm;twGif; cdkifrmawmifhwif;a&;twGuf tvGefta&;ygaom pnf;±Hk;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;aqmif&Gufcsufw&yfjzpfonf[k a=unmcJhonf?

ygwD0ifrSwfwrf;rsm; ppfaq;+yD; ygwDu'frsm;ukd vSJvS,fay;+yD;aemuf ygwD0ifopfrsm;odrf;oGif;a&;ukd jyefpapcJhonf? TonfESifh ywfoufI A[dkaumfrwDu ygwD0ifopfrsm;ukdygwDwGif tvHk;t&if;ESifh 0ifcGifhrjyKyJ “wu,fwrf; a&S@wef;a&mufonfholrsm;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ta&;awmfyHktwGuf wu,fwrf;opPm&Sdolrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm; t=um;rS/ v,form;rsm;t=um;rS/ wufºuGonfhynmwwfrsm; t=um;rS taumif;qHk;vlrsm;/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfwkdufyGJ e,fy,ftoD;oD;rS ppfaq;prf;oyfcH+yD;olrsm;” ukd wOD;csif;wif;usyfpGm 0ifcGifhay;&ef awmif;qkdvkdufonf?

ygwD0ifopfrsm;ukd 0ifcGifhpwifay;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI A[kdaumfrwDu ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk owday;n¸ef=um;vdkufonfrSm &efvdkonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf ygwDwGif;odk@wdk;0ifvm&ef qufvuf}udK;yrf;vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif; owd&Sd&efjzpfonf? tusdK;quftm;jzifh“abmf&SDApf Edk;=um;r_udk tjrifhqkH;odk@ jr‡ifhwif&ef/ vDeifygwDtvHudk tjrifhqkH;v$ifhxl&ef/ ygwDtwGif;odk@ &efvdkonfh rppfrSefonfh trSwfwrJha&mufvmonfholrsm; ryg0ifvm&efrSm ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;wdkif;. wm0efjzpfonf”? (qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD abmf&SDApf) A[dkaumfrwD. qkH;jzwfcsuf/(qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD abmf&SDApf) A[dkaumfrwD. qkH;jzwfcsuf/(qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD abmf&SDApf) A[dkaumfrwD. qkH;jzwfcsuf/(qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD abmf&SDApf) A[dkaumfrwD. qkH;jzwfcsuf/(qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD abmf&SDApf) A[dkaumfrwD. qkH;jzwfcsuf/

pufwifbm 29/ 1936- y&my'gowif;pm eHygwf 270/ 1936wGif azmf jycJhonf?)pufwifbm 29/ 1936- y&my'gowif;pm eHygwf 270/ 1936wGif azmf jycJhonf?)pufwifbm 29/ 1936- y&my'gowif;pm eHygwf 270/ 1936wGif azmf jycJhonf?)pufwifbm 29/ 1936- y&my'gowif;pm eHygwf 270/ 1936wGif azmf jycJhonf?)pufwifbm 29/ 1936- y&my'gowif;pm eHygwf 270/ 1936wGif azmf jycJhonf?)

ygwDwGif;xkwfy,fjcif;rsm;ESifh cdkifrmawmifhwif;apr_rsm; jyKvkyfum ygwD.&efolrsm;udkacsr_ef;/ ygwDvrf;pOf aoGzDr_rsm;udk rn‡mrwm tav#mhray;wdkufcdkuf+yD;aemuf abmf&SDApfygwDonf A[dkaumfrwD. ywfvnfwGif ydkrdkodyfonf;pGm pnf;vkH;cJhonf? TA[dkaumfrwD.acgif;aqmifr_atmufwGif ygwDESifhEdkifiHawmfonf ,cktcg tqifhopfw&yf vlwef;pm;rJhqdk&S,fvpfvl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;udk +yD;ajrmufapa&;odk@ 0ifa&mufvmcJhawmhonf?


tusOf;csKyf

1930-34 umvwGif abmf&SDApfygwDonf tm%m&+yD;aemuf ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;.tcufcJqkH;ordkif;0if jy\emudk ajz&Sif;cJh&onf? xdkjy\emrSm oef;ESifhcsDaom v,form;uav;rsm;tm; pkaygif;v,f,mvrf; qdk&S,fvpfpepfvrf;udk vufcHvma&;jzpfonf?

aoG;pkyfvlwef;pm;xJrS ta&twGuftrsm;qkH;jzpfonfh ul;vwfrsm;udk acsr_ef;vdkufjcif;ESifh v,form;trsm;pku pkaygif;v,f,mvrf;udk vufcHvdkufjcif;wdk@u wdkif;jynfwGif;&Sd aemufqkH;t&if;&Sifpepftjrpfudk zsufqD;ay;vdkuf+yD; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;Y qdk&S,fvpfpepf. aemufqkH;ydwfatmifyGJudk&&Sdapum aus;vufY qdk&S,fvpftm%m tjynfht0 cdkifrmawmifhwif;apcJhonf?

pnf;±Hk;a&;qdkif&m jy\em tcuftcJtcsdK@udk ausmfv$m;+yD;aemuf pkaygif;v,form;onf cdkifcdkifrmrmay:xGufvm+yD; csrf;om0ajymonfhvrf;odk@ csDwuf0ifa&mufvmcJhonf?

yxrig;ESpfpDrHudef; &&Sdcsufrsm;u u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHudk yxrwef;pm; qdk&S,fvpft}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;ESifh pufr_wyfqifxm;onfh pkaygif;v,f,m pdkufysdK;a&;ykHpHjzifh qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf. r,drf;r,dkifaom tajccHtkwfjrpfudk csay;+yD; tvkyfvufrJhjzpfr_udk tqkH;owfypfum vlvlcsif;aoG;pkyfr_pepfudk acsr_ef;vsuf vkyfom;jynfolrsm;. ±kyf0wÎKESifh ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef;udk wjznf;jznf; wdk;jr‡ifhay;rnfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk zefwD;ay;&efjzpfonf?

T}uD;rm;vSonfh atmifjrifcsufrsm;onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;/ v,form;rsm;ESifhwdkif;jynf.vkyfom; jynfoltm;vkH;a=umifh &&SdcJhjcif;jzpf+yD; a,bk,stm;jzifh ygwDESifhtpdk;&wdk@.&J&ifh+yD;awmfvSefa&;usum tajrmftjrif&Sdonfh ay:vpDa=umifhjzpfonf?

ab;ywfvnf0dkif;&Hvsuf&Sdaom t&if;&SiftoD;oD;onf qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pGrf;tm;udkcsnfheJ@ csdK;zJhypf&ef }udK;pm;ae+yD; qdkAD,uf,leD,HtwGif; vlowform;rsm;/ tzsuform;rsm;/ olv#dKrsm;*dk%f;udk pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfEdkifiHa&;twGuf ESpfqwdk;vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? Tywfywfvnf&Sd t&if;&Sifrsm;. &efvdkonfhvkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf *smreDESifh *syefY zufqpf 0g'tm%m&vmonfhtcg ydkrdkodomxif&Sm;vmonf? xa&mhpuD0g'DESifh ZDEdkApf0g'Drsm; t=um;zufqpf0g'onf opPm&Sd aus;u|efrsm;udk &SmazGawG@&SdcJh+yD; xdkolrsm;onf pkHaxmuf&ef/tzsufvkyfief;vkyf&ef/ t=urf;rzuf0g'ESifh aoG;uGJ&eftr_rsm;udk jyKvkyf&efESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,HusqkH;+yD; t&if;&Sifpepfjyefvnf xlaxmif&ef twGuf vkyfaqmif=u&ef tqifoifh&Sdae=uonf?

qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf Tvlqdk;vl,kwfrmrsm;udk wdkif;jynf. opPmazmufrsm;tjzpfjynfolrsm;. &efolrsm;tjzpf &uf&ufpufpuf oHvufoD;jzifh qkH;rtjypfay;cJhonf?


tcef;(12)

qkd&S,fvl htzGJ htpnf;wnfaqmufa&;atmifjrif_yD;ajrmufa&;wkdufyGJtwGif;rS abmf&SDApfygwD

zGJ hpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHpnf;rsOf;opfukd vufcHusifhoHk;jcif;(1935=1937)

1? 1935 - 37 ckESpfu EdkifiHwumhtajctae? pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; ,m,Davsmh usoGm;1? 1935 - 37 ckESpfu EdkifiHwumhtajctae? pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; ,m,Davsmh usoGm;1? 1935 - 37 ckESpfu EdkifiHwumhtajctae? pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; ,m,Davsmh usoGm;1? 1935 - 37 ckESpfu EdkifiHwumhtajctae? pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; ,m,Davsmh usoGm;1? 1935 - 37 ckESpfu EdkifiHwumhtajctae? pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; ,m,Davsmh usoGm;jcif;? pD;yGm;a&;uyf ab;topf pwifvmjcif;? tDwvDu t,fbD;qD;eD;,m;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;? pD;yGm;a&;uyf ab;topf pwifvmjcif;? tDwvDu t,fbD;qD;eD;,m;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;? pD;yGm;a&;uyf ab;topf pwifvmjcif;? tDwvDu t,fbD;qD;eD;,m;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;? pD;yGm;a&;uyf ab;topf pwifvmjcif;? tDwvDu t,fbD;qD;eD;,m;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;? pD;yGm;a&;uyf ab;topf pwifvmjcif;? tDwvDu t,fbD;qD;eD;,m;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;? pydefudk *smreDESifh tDwvD 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;? tv,fydkif; w±kwfjynfudk *syefrsm;jcif;? pydefudk *smreDESifh tDwvD 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;? tv,fydkif; w±kwfjynfudk *syefrsm;jcif;? pydefudk *smreDESifh tDwvD 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;? tv,fydkif; w±kwfjynfudk *syefrsm;jcif;? pydefudk *smreDESifh tDwvD 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;? tv,fydkif; w±kwfjynfudk *syefrsm;jcif;? pydefudk *smreDESifh tDwvD 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;? tv,fydkif; w±kwfjynfudk *syefrsm;usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;? 'kwd, e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ pwifvmjcif;?usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;? 'kwd, e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ pwifvmjcif;?usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;? 'kwd, e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ pwifvmjcif;?usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;? 'kwd, e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ pwifvmjcif;?usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif;? 'kwd, e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ pwifvmjcif;?

1929 ckESpf 'kwd,ESpf0uftwGif; t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;Y jzpfyGm;cJhonfh pD;yGm;a&; uyfab;onf1933 ckESpfukef txd =umanmif;cJhhonf? xdkaemuf pufr_vkyfief;rsm; usqif;r_ &yfqdkif;oGm;cJh+yD;/tusyftwnf;umvt+yD;/ tDvnfaeaomumv ay:aygufvmcJh+yD; wpkHw&mjyefvnf&Sifoefvmum wpkHw&mOD;armhvmonfh t&dyfta&mif ay:aygufvmonf? odk@aomf T OD;armhvmr_onf ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmonfh tajccHopfay:wGif pufr_vkyfief; pef;xjcif; (boom) udkjzpfay:vmapEdkifonfh trdsK;tpm;rsdK;r[kwfacs? urBmht&if;&Sif pufr_vkyfief; onf 1929 ckESpf tqifhodk@yifra&mufEdkifao;bJ 1937 ckESpf tv,favmufwGif xdktqifh. 95-96 &mcdkifE_ef;om a&muf&Sd}udKyrf;EdkifcJhonf? 1937 ckESpf 'kwd,ESpf0ufwGif pD;yGm;a&; uyfab;opf pwifvmcJhjyD; yxrOD;pGmtar&duefEdkifiHudk xdcdkufapcJhonf? 193& ckESpf tukefwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&Sd tvkyfvufrJhOD;a&rSm 10 oef;odk@wufvmcJhonf? +AdwdefYvnf; tvkyfvufrJhrsm; tvGefvsifjrefwdk;yGm;aeonf?


Todk@jzifh t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;onf yxrpD;yGm;a&;uyf. tysuftpD;rsm;rS emvefrxlrDrSmyif pD;yGm;a&;uyftopfESifh &ifqdkifvm&ayonf? tusdK;qufrSm e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;t=um;yËdyuQrsm;onf "e&SifESifhypPnf;rJhrsm;t=um; yËdyuQrsm;uJodk@yif ydkrdkonf;oefjyif;xefvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh usL;ausmf&efponfh EdkifiHrsm;onf rdrdwdk@jynfwGif;. pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;a=umifh qkH;±_H;&r_rsm;udk axrdumrdEdkifap&eftwGuf tjcm;umuG,fa&; nHhzsif;onfh EdkifiHrsm;tay: tEdkifusifh&ef ESpfqwdk;}udK;yrf;vmcJh=uonf? emrnfysuf usL;ausmf&efponfh ESpfEdkifiHjzpfonfh *smreDESifh *syefudk ,ckt}udrfwGif wwd, tDwvDEdkifiHu yl;aygif;cJhonf?

1935 ckESpfwGif zufqpftDwvDonf t,fbDqD;eD;,m;udk wdkufcdkuf+yD; vufatmufcHjyKvdkufonf? tDwvDu Todk@jyKvkyf&mwGif rnfonfh ta=umif;jycsufr#vnf;r&Sd? EdkifiHwumhw&m;Oya'wGif cdkifvkHaomta=umif;vnf; r&Sdacs? zufqpfrsm;twGuf acwfpm;aeonfhppfa=unmjcif;r&SdbJ olcdk;/ "m;jyrsm;uhJodk@ wdkufcdkufjcif;omjzpfonf? TonfrSm t,fbD;qD;eD;,m;wjynfwnf;om xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufcH&jcif;r[kwf +Adwdefyg xdcdkuf&onf? Oa&myrS tdENd,ESifha,bk,stm;jzifh tm&Swdkufodk@ +Adwdef. a&vrf;c&D;udk xdcdkufjcif;jzpfonf? +Adwdef onftDwvDwdk@ t,fbD;qD;eD;,m;Y tajcrusEdkifa&;twGuf wm;qD;&ef tcsnf;tESD;}udK;pm;cJhao;onf? aemufydkif;Y tDwvDonf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf v_yf&Sm;Edkif&ef EdkifiHwumtzGJ@csLyfrSE_wfxGufvdkuf+yD; {&mrtwdkif;twmt& pwif vufeufwyfqifvmonf?

Todk@jzifh Oa&myESifh tm&St=um; twdkqkH;a&a=umif;c&D;ay:wGif ppfyGJuGif;qufopfwckay:xGufvmonf?

zufqpf*smreDonf Amaq;+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsLyfudk wzufowf qkwf+zJvdkuf+yD; Oa&myajrykHudk t=urf;zuf jyefvnfcGJa0&ef pDrHudef;udk vkyfaqmifvmonf? *smrefzufqpfrsm;onftdrfeD;em;csif;EdkifiHrsm;udk vufatmufcHjyKa&; }uKd;yrf;r_udkvnf;aumif;/ tenf;qkH; *smrefvlrsdK;rsm;aexdkifonfh xdkEdkifiHrsm;. e,fajrrsm;ukd odrf;ydkuf&ef}udK;pm;r_udkvnf;aumif; zkH;uG,fxm;jcif;r&Sdacs? TonfESifhtnD olwdk@onf yxr =op}wD;,m;udk odrf;ydkuf&ef xdk@aemufcsufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef/ xdk@aemuf jzpfEdkifonfrSm ydkvef? TEdkifiHwGif *smrefvlrsdk;rsm; tpkvdkuft+yKHvdkuf aexkdifonfh ae&ma'orsm;&Sd+yD; *smreDESifhvnf; e,fedrdwfpyfaeonf? onfhaemuf aumif;yg+yD? “u|efawmfwdk@ apmifh=unfhao;wmaygh”?

1936 aEG&moDwGif *smreDESifhtDwvDonf pydeforRwEdkifiHudk ppfa&;t& usL;ausmfpGufzufr_ pwifcJhonf? pydefzufqpfrsm;udk axmufcHr_qdkonfh ta,mifaqmifr_atmufwGifolwdk@onf jyifopftaemufydkif;&Sd pydefe,fajrwGif ppfwyfrsm;udk cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf cs&yfxm;+yD;/awmifydkif;Y bmvm&pfu|ef;rsm;ESifh *sDba&mfvfwm/ taemufbufY twWvefwdwfyifv,fajrmufydkif;Y bpPau(Biscay) yifv,fauG@&Sdonfh ZkHe,f pydefa&jyifY olwdk@. a&wyfukdcs&yfxm;onfh tcGifhta&;udk &&Sdvdkuf=uonf? 1938 tpydkif;Y *smrefzufqpfrsm;onf=op}wD,m;udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf+yD; Tenf;jzifh “'if;nL” tv,fydkif;a'orsm;ESifh tvSrf;rDonfh


t&yfrsm;wGif tajccsvdkuf+yD; awmifydkif;Oa&my “at'&m;wpf” yifv,fqDodk@ wdk;csJ@vmEdkifcJhonf?

*smreDESifh tDwvDzufqpfrsm;onf pydefudk usL;ausmfpGufzufr_ wdk;csJ@vkyfaqmifae+yD;wcsdefwnf;wGif olwdk@onf “pydefteD” rsm;udkom wdkufcdkufaejcif;jzpfum tjcm;t}uH tpnfrsm; vkH;0r&Sda=umif; urBmudk tmrcHaeygonf? odk@aomf Tonfvltrsm;udkom vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;Edkifonfh/ ±kdif;pdkif;vSonfh/ paumavmufrS aZmufreufonfh zkH;uG,fvdrfnmr_omjzpfonf? trSefrSmolwdk@onf tmz&dutm&S Y udkvdkeDtrsm;tjym; ydkifqdkifxm;onfh+AdwdefESifh jyifopfwdk@. a&a=umif;qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;ay: cGxdkifvdkufjcif;jzifh xdkEdkifiHrsm;udk xdk;ESufvdkufjcif;jzpfonf?

=op}wD;,m;ukd odrf;ydkufvdkufonfh udpPwGifr_ Amaq;pmcsKyfudk qef@usifonfhwdkufyGJtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ yxr e,fcsJ@ppftwGif;u qkH;±_H;oGm;cJhonfh e,fajrrsm;udk jyefvnf odrf;ydkuf+yD; rdrdwdk@. “trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;” umuG,f&ef *smreD. }uKd;yrf;csuftjzpfvnf; aumif;vufcHtwnfjyK&ef rjzpfEd kifacs? =op}wD,m;onf ppfyG JrwdkifrDuvnf;aumif;/ ppfyG Jt+yD;wGifvnf;aumif;/ *smreD. tpdwftydkif;r[kwfcJhacs? =op}wD;,m;tm; t=urf;zufodrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;onf EdkifiHjcm;e,fajrudk ajAmife,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_ w&yfomjzpfonf? Tonfu zufqpf*smreDonf taemufOa&mywdkufY }uD;pdk;v$rf;rdk;aea&;twGuf }uHpnf}udK;pm;vma=umif; &Sif;vif;xif&Sm;oGm;apygonf? TonfrSm tjcm;t&mrsm;xuf jyifopfESihf *&dwf+Adwdefwdk@. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? Todk@jzifh Oa&myawmifydkif; =op}wD;,m;/ at'&m;wpf e,fajrESifh Oa&mytaemuf zufpGef;pydefESifh ‚if;.a&jyife,fajrwdk@wGif ppfyGJuGif;qufopfwck ay:xGufvmonf?

1937ckESpfwGif *syefzufqpf0g'Drsm;onf ayzif;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufum tv,fydkif; w±kwfjynfudk usL;ausmf+yD; &Sef[Judkodrf;,lvdkufonf? vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu refcsL;&D;,m;udk *syefwdk@ usL;ausmfcJhonftwdkif; tv,fydkif;w±kwfjynfudk usL;ausmf&mYvnf; *syefrsm;. jyKvkyfaeusenf; "m;jyykHpHjzifh *syefrsm;udk,fwdkif yg0ifvkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? “a'otjzpftysuftrsdK;rsdK;”tay: r±kd;rom;tjrwfxkwfIvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHwum pHcsdefrsm;/pmcsKyfrsm;/ oabmwlnDcsuftm;vkH;wdk@udk csdK;azmufjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf?xsJefusif;ESifh &Sef[Judk odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;u }uD;rm;vSonf@ w±kwfjynfaps;uGuf tcsuftcsmrsm;udk *syefvufwGif;usa&mufoGm;apcJhonf? *syefrsm; &Sef[JESifh xsJefusif;wdk@udk udkifxm;oa&G@ tv,fydkif;w±kwfjynfY aiGt}uD;tus,f &if;ESD;jrKyfESHxm;onfh *&dwf+AdwdeffESifh tar&duefwdk@udk tcsdefra&G;armif;xkwfEdkifayonf?

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onf? TppfyGJudk a=unmjcif;r&SdbJ cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf pwifvdkuf=uonf? EdkifiHtrsm;ESifh trsdK;om;rsm;onf rodromjzifh 'kwd,e,fcsJ@ppfyGJpuf0ef;twGif;odk@ av#m0ifoGm;=uonf? *smreD/tDwvD/ *syefqdkonf@usL;ausmfonfh EdkifiH 3 EdkifiHrS tkyfpdk;ol zufqpft0ef;t0dkif;rsm;uurBmhe,fajrtoD;oD;Y ppfyGJudkpwifvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? *sDba&mfvfwmrS &Sef[Jtxd jzef@usufxm;onfh }uD;rm;us,fajymaome,fajray: Y jzpfyGm;cJhonf? jynfolvlxkoef;aygif; 500 udkppfyGJpuf0ef;twGif; qGJoGif;vdkufonf? aemufqkH;cGJjcrf; pdwfjzmcsuft& TppfyGJonf *&dwf+Adwdef/jyifopfESifh tar&duefwdk@rS t&if;&SiftusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk qef@usifqifE$JcJhjcif; jzpf onf?ppfyGJ.&nf&G,fcsufrSm usL;ausmfonfhEdkifiHrsm;twGuf tusdK;&Sdap+yD; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH rsm;[kac:qdkonfh Ed kifiHrsm;.tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcd kufaprnfh urBmESif h =oZmcHe,fajrrsm;udkjyefvnfcGJa0,l&ef jzpfonfhtwGufa=umifhaywnf;?

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TppfyGJonf awG@&onfhtwdkif; cyfqef;qef;jzpf+yD;/ wzufowfjzpfcJhonf? odk@aomfTonfu ppfyGJudk t,fbD;qD;eD;,m;/ *syefESifhw±kwfjynf&Sd umuG,fa&;csdK@wJh nHhzsif;onfhjynfolrsm;tay: tjywftowftEdkif&onfh &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaomppfyGJtjzpfrS rwm;qD;EdkifcJhacs?

TppfyGJ. wzufowfjzpfr_vuQ%mudk “'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;” . ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/tm;enf;r_tay: ykHcsygu rSm;ayvdrfhrnf? trSefrSm “'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;” onf zufqpf EdkifiHrsm;xuf tiftm;awmifhwif;onf? jzpfay:wdk;yGm; us,fjyef@vSonfh urBmppf. wzuf


owfvuQ%mrSm zufqpftm%mrsm;udkckcHrnfh “'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;” . nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk r&Sdr_a=umifhjzpfonf? “'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;” [kac:qdkolrsm;onf wu,fawmh zufqpfEdkifiHrsm;. “tvGeftu|Hrsm;” tay: vufcHoabmwljcif;vnf;r&Sd/ Tzufqpf EdkifiHrsm;tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmrnfudkvnf; a=umufvef@pdk;&drfcJh=uonf? odk@aomfolwdk@onf Oa&my&Sdtvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ tm&Swdkuf&Sd trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm; r_tay:ydkIa=umufvef@pdk;&drf=u+yD; T “tE W&m,f}uD;rm;vSaom” v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf zufqpf0g' onf“tvGefaumif;rGefaomtqdyfajzaq;”tjzpf oabmxm;=uonf? Tta=umif; a=umifhyif“'Drd kua&pDEdkifiHrsm;”. tkyfcsLyfonfh t0ef;t0dkif;/ txl;ojzifh +Adwdef. tkyfcsKyfoluGefqmaA;wpf t0ef;t0dkif;rsm;u rme}uD;vSaom zufqpftkyfcsKyfolrsm;udk “tvGeftu|Hrvkyf=u&ef” awmif;yefonfh ay:vpDudk udkifpGJxm;+yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif olwdk@u zufqpfrsm;udk“tjynfht0em;vnf oabmaygufa=umif;”ESifh wckvkH;+cKHI tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay: olwdk@. azmufjyefonfh ykvdyfay:vpDrsm;tay: pmemEdkifa=umif;odem;vnfapcJhonf? TonfESifh ywfoufI +Adwdef. tkyfcsLyfoltodkif;t0dkif;onf Zmbk&ifvufatmufumvu ±k&Sm; vpfb&,fbk&ifhEdkifiH0g'D (Monarchist)

"e&Sifrsm; vufcHusifhokH;cJhonfh ay:vpDESifh t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh wlnDonfh ay:vpDudkvkyfaejcif;jzpfonf? ¶k&Sm;-vpfb&,f"e&Sifrsm;onf wzufwGif Zmbk&ifay:vpD.“tvGeftu|Hrsm;”udk a=umufvef@pdk;&drfrdovdk/ wzufwGifvnf; jynfolrsm;udk ydkrdkI a=umuf&GH@onfhtwGuf Zmbk&ifudk awmif;yefwdk;v#Kd;onfh ay:vpDudk usifhokH;vm+yD; tusdK;quf tm;jzifhjynfoludk qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&ef Zmbk&ifESifh yl;aygif;}uHpnfvm=u&onf? od=uonfh twdkif;yif¶k&Sm;. vpfb&,fbk&ifEd ki fi H0g'D "e&Sifrsm;onf TESpfzufrsufESmay:vpDtwGufwefzdk;}uD;pGmay;cJh&onf? ordkif;u +Adwdef. tkyfcsKyfol t0ef;t0dkif;xHrSa&m/ jyifopfESifh tar&duef&Sd ‚if;wdk@. rdwfaqGrsm;xHrSyg tukodkvf tjypf'%fudk twif;tusyf awmif;qdkayvdrfhrnf[k wifpm;ajymqdkEdkifayonf?

qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf TuJodk@aom EdkifiHwumh tajctaetajymif;tvJudkrodusdK;u|Hðyum edrdwfqdk;rsm;udk vpfvsL¶_jcif;rjyKEdkifa=umif; &Sif;aeygonf? usL;ausmfolrsm;pwifonfh rnfonfhppfyGJrqdk rnfr#yifao;i,fygap +idrf;csrf;pGmaevdkonfh EdkifiHrsm;twGuf+cdrf;ajcmufr_tE W&m,fyifjzpfonf? EdkifiHrsm;udk “odomxif&Sm;jcif;r&SdpGm” cdk;,l+yD; jynfoloef;aygif; 500 yg0if ywfoufae&onfh 'kwd,e,fcsJ@ppfyGJonf EdkifiHrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh yxrae&mwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,HtwGuf tE W&m,ft}uD;qkH; +cdrf;ajcmufr_jzpfaeonf? Tonfudk*smreD/ tDwvDESifh *syefwdk@. “uGefjrLepf qef@usifa&;tkyfpk”xlaxmifvdkufjcif;u av;eufpGmjyovdkufonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHonf +idrf;csrf;a&;ay:vpDudk vufcHusifhokH;&if;e,fpyfumuG,fa&;rsm;ESifh wyfeDawmfESifh a&wyfwdk@. wdkufcdkufa&;pGrf;&nfrsm; wdk;wufcdkifrmawmifhwif;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifvmcJh=u&onf? 1934 ckESpf ukefcgeD;wGif qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf EdkifiHwum tzGJ@csKyfodk@ 0ifa&mufcJhonf? TuJodk@ 0if&onfhta=umif;rSm tzGJ@csKyfonf


tm;enf;r_&Sdaomfvnf; usL;ausmfolrsm;udk azmfxkwfzGifhcsEdkifonfh ae&mtjzpf xrf;aqmifEdkif+yD; tiftm;csnfheJ@aomfvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;ud&d,mwcktjzpf ppfyGJay:vmjcif;udk wm;qD;Edkifaumif; wm;qD;Edkifrnf jzpfaoma=umifhwnf;? qdkAD,uf,leD,Htaejzifh ,ckvdk tcsdefrsdK;wGifEdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@csKyfuJhodk@ tiftm;csnfheJ@onfh EdkifiHwumh tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudkyif vspfvsL¶_&efroifh[k,lqonf? 1935 ck arvwGif jyifopfESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufcH&ygu tjyeftvSefulnDa&;pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkvkdufonf? qdkAD,uf jynfaxmifpkeJ@csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;t=um; tvm;wlpmcsKyfudk w+ydKifwnf;csKyf qdkvdkufonf? 1936 ckESpfrwfvwGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf rGef*dkvD;,m;jynfol@orRwEdkifiHESifh tjyeftvSef ulnDa&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdkcJh+yD;/ 1937 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif w±kwforRwEdkifiHESifh rusL;ausmfa&;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkcJhonf?

2? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; qufvufwdk;wuf vmjcif;? 'kwd,2? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; qufvufwdk;wuf vmjcif;? 'kwd,2? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; qufvufwdk;wuf vmjcif;? 'kwd,2? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; qufvufwdk;wuf vmjcif;? 'kwd,2? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; qufvufwdk;wuf vmjcif;? 'kwd,5 ESpfpDrHudef; tcsdefapmI +yD;pDjcif;? v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; jyefvnff wnfaqmufr_ESifh pkaygif;5 ESpfpDrHudef; tcsdefapmI +yD;pDjcif;? v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; jyefvnff wnfaqmufr_ESifh pkaygif;5 ESpfpDrHudef; tcsdefapmI +yD;pDjcif;? v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; jyefvnff wnfaqmufr_ESifh pkaygif;5 ESpfpDrHudef; tcsdefapmI +yD;pDjcif;? v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; jyefvnff wnfaqmufr_ESifh pkaygif;5 ESpfpDrHudef; tcsdefapmI +yD;pDjcif;? v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; jyefvnff wnfaqmufr_ESifh pkaygif;ydkifjyKvkyfonfhvkyfief; t+yD;owfr_? au'grsm; ta&;}uD;ykH ? “pwufcaemhAf” v_yf&Sm;r_?ydkifjyKvkyfonfhvkyfief; t+yD;owfr_? au'grsm; ta&;}uD;ykH ? “pwufcaemhAf” v_yf&Sm;r_?ydkifjyKvkyfonfhvkyfief; t+yD;owfr_? au'grsm; ta&;}uD;ykH ? “pwufcaemhAf” v_yf&Sm;r_?ydkifjyKvkyfonfhvkyfief; t+yD;owfr_? au'grsm; ta&;}uD;ykH ? “pwufcaemhAf” v_yf&Sm;r_?ydkifjyKvkyfonfhvkyfief; t+yD;owfr_? au'grsm; ta&;}uD;ykH ? “pwufcaemhAf” v_yf&Sm;r_?vlaer_tqifhtwef;wufvmjcif;? ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef;wufvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufvlaer_tqifhtwef;wufvmjcif;? ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef;wufvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufvlaer_tqifhtwef;wufvmjcif;? ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef;wufvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufvlaer_tqifhtwef;wufvmjcif;? ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef;wufvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufvlaer_tqifhtwef;wufvmjcif;? ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef;wufvmjcif;? qdkAD,ufawmfvSefa&;. tiftm;?awmfvSefa&;. tiftm;?awmfvSefa&;. tiftm;?awmfvSefa&;. tiftm;?awmfvSefa&;. tiftm;?

1930-33 ckESpf pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;t+yD; 3 ESpf=um+yD;aemuf t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;YpD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;opf pwifvmcsdefwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,HEdkifiH. pufr_vkyfief;onfTumvwav#mufvkH; tqufrjywf rSefrSefwdk;wufvsuf&Sdonf? urBmht&if;&Sifpufr_ vkyfief;wckvkH;taejzifh 1937 ckESpf tv,fwGif 1929 ckESpf xkwfvkyfa&;tqifh. 95-96&mcdkifE_ef;udk tEdkifEkdif&&SdcJh+yD; 1937 ckESpf 'kwd,ESpf0ufwGif tusyftwnf;opf. 'kuQrsm; t=um;usa&mufoGm;csdefY qdkAD,uf,leD,H. pufr_vkyfief;onf rSefrSefpkykHvmonfh wdk;wufr_ a=umifh1937 ckESpftukefwGif 1929 ckESpf txGuf. 428 &mcdkifE_ef; odk@r[kwf ppfrjzpfrD txGuf.700 &mckdifE_ef;ausmf&&Sdvmonf?

Tatmifjrifr_rsm;rSm ygwDESifh tpdk;&u ZGJebJ}uD;pGm vkyfaqmifcJhum jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ay:vpD. wdkuf¶dkuf&&Sdcsufrsm;yifjzpfonf? Tatmifjrifcsufrsm;. &v'frSm 'kwd,5 ESpfpDrHudef; tcdsefapmI +yD;pD;oGm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

1937 {+yD 1 &uf / qdkvdkonfrSm 4 ESpfESifh 3 v twGif; +yD;pD;oGm;jcif;jzpfygonf?TonfrSm qdk&S,fvpfpepf. ta&;}uD;qkH;atmifyGJjzpfonf? v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;Y

wdk;wufr_rSmvnf; twlwlyifjzpfonf? oD;ESHpdkufysdK;onfh {&d,mpkpkaygif;rSm (1913 ckESpfppfrjzpfrD) wGif [ufwmaygif; 105,000,000 &Sdae&mrS 1937 wGif 135,000,000odk@wdk;rsm;vmcJhonf? oD;ESHtxGufrSm 1913 ckESpfwGif 4,800,000,000 yGwf &Sd&mrS 1937wGif 6,800,000,000 yGwf odk@wufvmum 0g*Grf;t=urf;rSm 44,000,000 yGwf rS 174,000,000


yGwfodk@/ *kHav#mfrSm 19,000,000 yGwfrS 31,000,000 yGwfodk@/ o=um;csufonfh rkefvmOeDrSm654,000,000 yGwfrS 1,311,000,000 yGwfodk@/ qDxGufoD;ESHrSm 129,000,000 yGwfrS306,000,000 yGwfokd@wkd;wufcJhygonf?

1937 ckESpfwGif pkaygif;v,f,mwckwnf; (EkdifiHawmfykdif v,f,mryg) uxGuf&Sdonfha&mif;0,fEkdifonfh ykdv#HoD;ESHrSm 1˜700˜000˜000 yGwfausmfcJh+yD; 1913 ckESpfu ajr&Sifrsm;/ul;vwfrsm;/ v,form;rsm; twlwuG a&mif;cscJhonfh oD;ESHxuf tenf;qHk; 400˜000,000yGwfausmfcJhonfukd azmfjy&efvkdygonf?

v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; vkyfief;cGJwckjzpfonfh wd&dp>mefarG;jrLa&;wckomv#if ppfrjzpfrDtqifhxuf aemufus+rJ aemufusaeao;+yD; ydkrdkaES;auG;onfhE_ef;jzifh qufvufwdk;wufaeygonf?

v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;udk pkaygif;ydkifvkyfaqmifonfh vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufIrl jynfhpkHoGm;+yD[k,lqEdkifygonf? 1937 ckESpfY pkaygif;v,f,modk@0ifcJhonfh v,form; tdrfaxmifpk aygif;rSm18,500,000 &Sd+yD; v,form;tdrfaxmifpk pkpkaygif;. 93 &mckdifE_ef; &Sd+yD;/ pkaygif;v,f,moD;ESHxGuf {&d,mrSm v,form;rsm;. oD;ESHxGuf{&d,mpkpkaygif;. 99 &mckdif E_ef;&Sdonf?

,cktcgwGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufr_ESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf v,fxGefpufESifh puf,E W&m;rsm; trsm;tjym; axmufyHhay;r_wdk@. atmifoD;atmifESHrsm; ay:xGufvmcJh+yD;jzpfonf? pufr_vkyfief;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif; +yD;jynfhpkHoGm;r_. tusKd;&v'ftjzpf trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;onf ,cktcgyxrwef;pm; enf;ynmrsm;jzif h aygaygrsm;rsm; wyfqif+yD;jzpfonf? pufr_vkyfief;/pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepfESifh ppfwyfwdk@wGif acwfrDenf;ynmrsm;jzpfaompuf,E W&m;ESifh pufud&d,mrsm;/ v,fxGefpufESifh v,f,mokH;puf,E W&m;rsm;/ rD;&xm;ESifhyifv,ful;oabFmrsm;/ tajrmufESifh wifhum;rsm;/ av,mOfysHESifh ppfoabFmponfh ypPnf;tajrmuftjrm; wyfqifcJh+yD;jzpfayonf? Tenf;ynmtm;vkH;udk }uKd;udkiftokH;jyK+yD;tjrwftrsm;qkH; xkwf,lEdkifonfh ynmonfrsm; axmifESifhaomif;ESifhcsDI vdktyfcJhonf? Tt&mr&Sdygu enf;ynmrsm;udk u|rf;usifonfh vltvkHtavmufr&Sdygu enf;ynmonftoufr&Sd/ tokH;rjyK&aomt&m jzpfoGm;rnfhtE W&m,f&Sdonf? TonfrSm tvGefta&;}uD;onfh tE W&m,fjzpf+yD; enf;ynmrsm;udk }uKd;udkiftokH;jyKEdkifaom/ u|rf;usifaom ynmonfrsm; wdk;yGm;r_onf enf;ynmus,fjyef@vmr_ESifh tnDvdkufI rrDEdkifyJ tvGefaemufus usefaecJhjcif;.&v'fjzpfonf? pufr_vkyfief;tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd tawmfrsm;rsm;onf TtE W&m,fudkrjrifbJ enf;ynmrsm;onf “ rdrdbmom tvkyfvkyfoGm;vdrfhrnf” [k ,kH=unfae=uonfhtcsufu jy\emrsm;udk ydkrdk±_yfaxG;apcJhonf? xdk@tjyif ,cifu olwdk@onf enf;ynm.ta&;ygr_udk txifao;±_wfcscJh+yD;/ ,cktcgYr_ tvGeftu|H txif}uD;um udk;uG,fqnf;uyfvmjyefygonf? enf;ynmudk u|rf;usifonfholrsm;r&Sdygu enf;ynmonf toufrJhonfh


t&mjzpfa=umif;udk em;vnfodjrifjcif; r&Sd=uacs? enf;ynmudk tpGrf;ukefjzpfxGef;Edkif&efrSmenf;ynmu|rf;usifolrsm; vdktyfa=umif;udk odem;vnfjcif;r&Sd=uacs?

xdk@a=umifh enf;ynmu|rf;usifonfh au'grsm;jy\emonf t"du ta&;}uD;onfhtcsufjzpfvmawmhonf? enf;ynmtay:wGif tvGeftu|H pdwftm;xufoefr_ jyo+yD;tusdK;quftjzpf enf;ynmu|rf;usifolrsm;/ au'grsm; tay:txiftjrifao;onfh tkyfcsLyfolrsm;onf rdrdwdk@. tm±kHpl;pdkufr_udk enf;ynmrsm; avhvmu|rf;usifr_&Sd&efESifh enf;ynm rsm;udkudkifpG JtokH;csEd kif+yD; tpGrf;ukeftokH;csEd kifonfh au'gynmonfrsm; tajrmuftjrm;arG;jrLa&;wGif tppt&m&m vkyfaqmifay;&ef vSnfhajymif;ay;&rnf?

,cif jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umv pwifpOfjzpfaom wdkif;jynfwGif enf;ynm&Sm;yg;pOfu ygwDonf “jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umvtwGif; enf;ynmonf t&m&mudkqkH;jzwfonf” [laomaºuG;a=umfoHudk xkwfjyefcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcgYrl enf;ynmrsm; aygaygrsm;rsm; &Sdvm+yD;aomtcg jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;onf t"dutm;jzifh +yD;jynfhpkH+yDjzpfaomtcgESifh wdkif;jynfY au'g&Sm;yg;r_ESifh }uHKawG@ae&aomtcg ygwDtwGuf aºuG;a=umfoHtopfw&yfxkwfjyef&ef wm0efusa&mufvmygonf? enf;ynmtay: odyftm±kHrpdkufyJ/ enf;ynmudk tjynfht0 tokH;csEdkifonfh au'gay:wGif tm±kHpdkufonfh aºuG;a=umfoHw&yf xkwf&efjzpfonf?

Tjy\emESifh ywfoufI 1935 ckESpf arvwGif wyfeDawmf tu,f'rDrS bGJ@&ausmif;qif;rsm;tm; &Jabmfpwmvif ajym=um;cJhonfh rdef@cGef;rSm tvGefta&;}uD;onf?

&Jabmfpwmvifu - “,cifuenf;ynmonf t&m&mudkqkH;jzwfonf” [k u|efawmfwdk@ qdkavh&SdcJhonf? TaºuG;a=umfoHonf twwfynm&Sm;yg;r_ tqkH;owfypfa&;twGufu|efawmfwdk@udk tultnDay;cJh+yD; yxrwef;pm; enf;ynmrsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;udk wyfqifay;onfh vkyfief;cGJrsm;tm;vkH;wGif us,fajymvSaom enf;ynmqdkif&m tajccHudk zefwD;ay;cJhonf? TonfrSmtvGefaumif;onf? odk@aomfTonfrSm rvkHavmufay? ,cktcsdefwGifrvHkavmufao;ay? enf;ynmudk qufvufjzpfay:+yD; tjynfht0 tokH;csEdkif&eftwGufenf;ynmu|rf;usifonfholrsm; vdktyfonf? Tenf;ynmudk twwfynmpnf;urf; tm;vkH;eJ@tnD u|rf;usiftokH;csEdkifonfh au'grsm; vdktyfonf? enf;ynmu|rf;usifonfholrsm;r&Sdygu enf;ynmonf taoyifjzpfonf? enf;ynmu|rf;usifolrsm;. pDrHuGyfuJr_atmufwGifenf;ynmonf xl;axGonfh tHh&maom0frsm;udk vkyfvnf;vkyfaqmifEdkifonf? vkyfvnf;vkyf&rnfjzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@. yxrwef;pm; puf±kH/ tvkyf±kHrsm;wGif u|efawmfwdk@. EdkifiHawmfydkif v,f,mrsm;ESifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;wGif/ u|efawmfwkd@. o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;pepfwGif/u|efawmfwdk@. wyfeDawmfwGif Tenf;ynmudk }udK;udkiftokH;csEdkifonfh au'g tvkHtavmuf&Sdygu u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfonf vuf&Sdtqifhxuf okH;av;qydkjrifhonfh &v'frsm;udk tmrcHEdkifonf? xdk@a=umifhyif ,cktcgY vlawGtay:/ au'gawGtay:/ enf;ynmu|rf;usifonfhtvkyform;rsm;tay: ta&;xm;=u&jcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhyif +yD;cJhonfhumv/ twwf


ynm&Sm;yg;onfhumvudk a&mifjyef[yfonfh “enf;ynmonf t&m&m qkH;jzwfonf” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHa[mif;ae&mwGif aºuG;a=umfoHopf “au'grsm;onf t&m&mqkH;jzwf onf”qdkonfESifh tpm;xdk;vmjcif;jzpfonf? ,cktcg TonfrSm t"du jzpfaeayonf?

“urBmuydkifqdkifonfh tzdk;weft&if;tESD;tm;vkH;xJwGif wefzdk;t&SdqkH;ESifh tqkH;tjzwftusqkH;rSm vl/ au'gjzpfonfqdkjcif;udk odzdk@tcsdefusa&mufvmay+yD? ,ckvuf&SdtajctaewGif “au'grsm;onf t&m&mqkH;jzwfonf” qdkonfudk em;vnf&rnf? u|efawmfwdk@ pufr_vkyfief;/ v,f,mvkyfief;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESif@ ppfwyfwGif au'gaumif; tajrmuftjrm;&Sdygu u|efawmfwdk@wkdif;jynfudk rnfolr# &efjyKcsdK;ESdrfEdkifrnf r[kwfay? TuJodk@aom au'grsm;r&Sdygu u|efawmfwdk@onf ajcESpfzufpvkH; roefrpGrf;jzpfaeolESifh wlayvdrfhrnf? (a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 523/ 524)(a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 523/ 524)(a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 523/ 524)(a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 523/ 524)(a*s pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;? t*Fvdyfbmom/ armfpudk 1947 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 523/ 524)

Todk@jzifh ,ckumv. t"duwm0efrSm twwfynmonf au'grsm; t&Sdefjr‡ifhavhusifharG;jrL&efESifh enf;ynmopfrsm;udk tvsiftjref u|rf;usifvma&;jzpfvmonf? Tonfwdk@rSmvkyftm;xkwfvkyfr_ (productivity of labour) tqufrjywfjrifhwuf aea&;twGuf &nf&G,fayonf?

TuJhodk@au'grsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;/ enf;ynmtopfrsm;udk u|Ekfyfwdk@ jynfolrsm;uu|rf;usifvmjcif;ESifh vkyftm;xkwfvkyfr_ tqufrjywf jrifhwufaejcif;wdk@. txif±Sm;qkH;OyrmrSm pwufcaemhAf (Stakhanov) v_yf&Sm;r_yifjzpfonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_onf 'dkeufZf csdKifh0Srf;&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;vkyfief; pwifay:ayguf jzpfxGef;wdk;wufvm+yD; tjcm;pufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;/rD;&xm;vkyfief;rsm;odk@ ysH@ESH@oGm;um aemufydkif;wGif v,f,mvkyfief;odk@vnf; a&muf&SdoGm;awmhonf? Tv_yf±Sm;r_udk pwifzefwD;ol tv,fydkif; tmrDEdk ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; ('dkeufZf)cdsKifh0Srf;rS ausmufrD;aoG;wl;orm; tvufZD pwufcaemhAf (Alexei Stakhanov) . trnfudkta=umif;jyK+yD; pwufcaemhAf v_yf&Sm;r_[kac:wGif jcif;jzpfonf? pwufcaemhAfud kausmufrD;aoG;wl;jcif;wGif ,cifpHcsdefa[mif;tm;vkH;udk csdK;ypfonfh eDudwmtdkifZdkawmhAf (Nikita

Izotov) uausmfwufcJhonf? 1935 ckESpf/ =o*kwf 31 &ufae@Y pwufcaemhAfonf tvkyfqdkif;wqd ki f ;twGif; ausmufrD;aoG; 102 wefud k wl;c J h +y D ; p Hcs de ftxGufE _e f ;xuf 14qausmfoGm;cJhonf? Tonfu txGufpHcsdefrsm;jr‡ifhwifa&;ESifh vkyftm;xkwfvkyfr_ wdk;wufa&;topfw&yftwGuf tvkyform;ESifh pkaygif;v,f,mv,form;rsm;. vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_w&yfudk zGifhvSpfay;vdkufonf? um;vkyfief;XmerS blpD*sif (Busygin)/ zdeyfvkyfief;rS prDwmeif(Smetanin)/ rD;&xm;vkyfief;rS c&DAdkaemhpf (Krivonoss)/ opfvkyfief;rS rlZifpuD; (Musinsky)/t0wftxnfvkyfief;rS tAf'dku&m; ADEdk*&m'dkAm (Evdokia Vinogradova)ESifh rm&D,mADEkd*&m'dkAm (Maria Vinogradova)ESifh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;rS rm&D,m 'ifrfcsufudk (Maria

Demchenko) / rm&D,memwifukd (Meria Gnatenko)/ yDtif*s,fvDem (P.Angelina)/ydkvm*lwif (Polagutin)/ udkvufaqmhAf (Kolesov)/ udkAm'ufcf (Kovardok)ESifh bdk&if(Borin)æ? Tolrsm;onf pwufcaemhAf v_yf&Sm;r_. yxrqkH;aom pHjyrsm;jzpf=uonf?


olwdk@udk wyfESifhcsDaom tjcm;pHjyrsm;u trDvdkufcJh=u+yD;/ olwdk@onf ,cifpHjyrsm;.vkyftm;xkwfvkyfr_udk ausmfvGefcJh=uonf?

1935 ck Edk0ifbmvY u&ifrvifwGif usif;ycJhaom yxrt}udrf pwufcaemhAfrsm;.wjynfvkH;qdkif&m (All-union) uGefz&ifhESifh xdkuGefz&ifhwGif &Jabmfpwmvif ajym=um;cJhonfhrdef@cGef;u pwufcaemhAf v_yf&Sm;r_udk t}uD;tus,f v_H@aqmfay;vdkufonf?

xdkrdef@cGef;Y &Jabmfpwmvifu æ “pwufcaemhAf v_yf&Sm;r_onf qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_.'Da&vd_if;opfwck/ qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_. tqifhjrifhopfw&yfudk azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf? twdwfuvGefcJhonfh 3 ESpfu qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqkdifr_ yxrtqifhumvu qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_onf acwfopfenf;ynmESifh rvGJ{uefaygif;pyfxm;jcif; r&Sdao;acs? trSefajym&v#if xdktcsdefu u|efawmfwdk@wGif acwfrDenf;ynm tvGef&Sm;yg;aeonf? wzufwGifr_ qdk&S,fvpf+ydKifqdkifr_. vuf&Sdtqifh pwufcaemhAfv_yf&Sm;r_rSm acwfrDenf;ynmESifh rvGJ{uefwGJzufrdcJhonf? pwufaemhAfv_yf&Sm;r_rSm tqifhjrifhenf;ynmr&Sdygu pOf;pm;Iyifr&Edkif? u|efawmfwdk@wGif &JabmfpwufcaemhAf/ blpD*sif/ prDwmeif/ c&DAdkaemhAf/ ADEk*&m'dkAm ponfh vkyfief;enf;ynm rsm;udk wwfu|rf;+yD; ‚if;wdk@udktokH;csum a&S@wef;wifEdkifonfh Oyrmrsm; trsm;tjym;&Sdxm; ygonf? vGefcJhonfh3 ESpfu TuJhodk@aom vlrsdK;rsm;r&SdcJh? odk@r[kwf tEdkifEdkifom &SdcJhygonf? pwufcaemhAfv_yf&Sm;r_. xl;jcm;csufrSm rvkHavmuf rjynfhpkHjzpfaeonfhtwGuf enf;ynma[mif;rsm;udkzsufodrf;vdkuf+yD;/ udpPtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif a&S@wef;ta&mufqkH; t&if;&Sif EdkifiHrsm;. vkyftm;xkwfvkyfr_udk ausmfvGefEdkifcJhonf? Tenf;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynf. qdk&S,fvpfpepfudkqufvufcdkifrmvmap&ef vufawG@jzpfEdkifajcrsm;/ tcsrf;omtºuG,f0 qkH;aomEdkifiHtjzpfodk@u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfudk ajymif;vJapEdkifonf? jzpfEdkifajcrsm;udk zefwD;ay;onfh tcsufyifjzpfay onf? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 526/ 527)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 526/ 527)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 526/ 527)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 526/ 527)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 526/ 527)

pwufcaemhAfrsm;. vkyfief;enf;emrsm;udk &Sif;jy&if; tem*wfwdkifjynftwGif; pwufcaemhAfv_yf&Sm;r_. }uD;rm;vSaom xl;jcm;csufudk azmfjy&mY &Jabmfpwmvifu qufvufajym=um;onfrSmæ

“u|efawmfwdk@. pwufcaemhAf &Jabmfrsm;udk ydk+yD;eD;eD;uyfuyf=unfh=uyg? olwdk@[mb,fvdkvlpm;rsdK;awGygvJ? olwdk@[m trsm;aomtm;jzifh vli,f odk@r[kwf vlvwftvkyform;ESifh tvkyforrsm;jzpf+yD; ,Ofaus;r_ESifh enf;ynmtwwfynmrsm;&Sdum vkyfief;wdusrSefuefjywfom;&mY pHjytcef;azmfxkwf=u+yD; vkyfief;twGif; tcsdef/ ta=umif;tcsuftvufudk av;av;eufeuf wefzdk;xm;Edkifum/ rdepfrsm;udkomru puUef@rsm;udkyif xnfhoGif;wGufcsufwwfolrsm;jzpfonf? ‚if;wdk@trsm;pkonf tedrfhqkH;enf; ynm (Technical

minimum- qkd&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;wGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;twGuf tedrfhqHk;vkdtyfonfhtwwfynm) oifwef;rsm;udk wufa&mufcJhzl;olrsm;jzpf+yD; enf;ynm/ twwfynmrsm;udkqufvufoif,lae=uonf? olwkd@onf wcsdK@tif*sifeD,mrsm;/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh vkyfief;tkyfcsKyfolrsm;wGif &Sdaeaom tpOftvm0g'pGJrsm;ESifh xdkif;r_dif;aejcif; (stagnation)


rsm;uif;a0;+yD; a&S@odk@&J&J}uD;csDwufaeonf? acwfrrD aemufusaeonfh twwfynm pHcsdefrsm;udk acsr_ef;+yD; ydkrdkjrifhrm;onfh pHcsdefopfrsm;udk zefwD;ae=uonf? olwdk@onf pufr_vkyfief;acgif;aqmifrsm;u a&;qGJay;onfh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh ykHpHcsay;xm;aom vkyfEdkifacsrsm;udkjyKjyifcsufrsm; wifoGif;vm=uonf? olwdk@onf tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh twwfynmonfrsm;ajymqdkr_udk r=umc%jznfhpGufjcif;/ trSm;jyifjcif;rsm;udk vkyfvm=uonf? olwdk@u xdkolrsm;udkr=umc% oif=um;ay;+yD; a&S@wdk;&ef wGef;ay;=uonf? tb,fa=umifh qdkaomf olwdk@onf‚if;wdk@. vkyfief;enf;ynmudk vkH;0tjynfhtpkH u|rf;usifolrsm;jzpf+yD; twwfynmrsm;xHrStjrifhqkH; n‡pfxkwfEdkifor# n‡pfxkwfEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm; jzpfjcif;a=umifhyifjzpfonf? ,ae@pwufcaemhAfrsm;onf ta&twGuff enf;yg;aeao;aomfvnf; reufjzefwGif ‚if;wdk@. 10qjzpfvmEdkifonfudk rnfolu oHo,jzpfvmEdkifrnfenf;? pwufcaemhAfrsm;onf pufr_vkyfief;wGif topftqef;wDxGifolrsm;jzpfa=umif;/ pwufcaemhAfv_yf±Sm;r_onf u|efawmfwdk@pufr_vkyfief;. tem*wfudk udk,fpm;jyKa=umif;/ Tv_yf&Sm;r_wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.,Ofaus;r_ESifh enf;ynmtqifhtwef; tem*wfjrifhwufEdkifr_rsdK;aphrsm; yg&Sdaea=umif;/Tv_yf&Sm;r_onf qkd&S,fvpfpepfrS uGefjrLepfpepful;ajymif;a&;twGufESifh ^m%vkyftm;/um,vkyftm; uGmjcm;r_udk zsufodrf;a&;twGuf vdktyfonfh ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;. pHcsdeftnef;(indices) jrifhrsm;ukd rdrdwOD;wnf;jzifh atmifjrif&&SdEdkifonfh vrf;a=umif;udk zGifhvSpfay;a=umif;qdkonfudk&Sif;raeaybl;vm;? (txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 529)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 529)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 529)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 529)(txufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm 529)

pwufcaemhAf v_yf&Sm;r_ ysH@ESH@oGm;jcif;ESifh 'kwd,- 5 ESpfpDrHudef; tcdsefapm+yD;vdkufjcif;uvkyfom;jynfolrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_ESifh aexdkifr_tqifhtwef;wGif wdk;wufvmr_topftwGufta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk zefwD;ay;vdkkufonf?

'kwd, 5 ESpf pDrHudef;umvtwGif; tvkyform;ESifh ±kH;0efxrf;rsm;. vpmpm&if;rSm 2qausmfwdk;cJ honf? pkpkaygif; vpmpm&if; (payroll) rSm 1933 ckESpfwGif ±lb,faiG34,000,000,000 &Sdae&mrS 1937 wGif ±lb,faiG 81,000,000,000 odk@wdk;vmcJhonf? vlr_a&;tmrcH&efykHaiGrSmvnf; xdkumvwGifrSmyif 4˜600,000,000 rS 5˜600,000,000 ±lb,fodk@wdk;cJhonf? 1937 wESpfwnf;rSmyif vlr_a&;tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vma&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_vdktyfcsufrsm;&&Sd&ef tem;,lpcef;rsm;/ usef;rma&;pcef;rsm;/ aq;±kHrsm;ESifh usef;rma&;Xmersm;wGif tvkyform;ESifh 0efxrf;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHawmfrS tmrcHaiG 10,000,000,000 ±lb,faiGudkwdk;csJ@okH;pGJcJhonf?

aus;vufrsm;Y pkaygif;v,f,mpepfonf tcdkiftrm te,fxdkif wnfwef@ae+yD;jzpfonf? Tonfukd 1935 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvY usif;yaom pkaygif;v,f,m rkefwdkif;vkyfom;rsm;. 'kwd,uGef*&ufu csrSwfvdkufaom v,f,mor0g,r pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh xm0pOfvkyfydkifcGifh (perpetual tenure) ESifh ‚if;wdk@xGef,ufpdkufysKd;aom ajr,m. pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;twGuf wm0efcGJa0r_rsm;u }uD;rm;pGm taxmuftuljyKcJhonf? pkaygif;v,f,mpepf cdkifrmawmifhwif;vmjcif;u aus;vufvlxkt=um;&Sd qif;&Jr_ESifhrvkHr+cKHjzpfr_udk tqkH;owfypf


vdkufonf? ,cifvGefcJhonfh 3 ESpfu pkaygif;v,f,morm;rsm;onf wae@vkyfc,lepf (work-

day-unit) twGuf oD;ESH 1 uDvdkrS 2 uDvdk*&rf om&&SdcJh+yD;/ ,cktcgYrl oD;ESHpdkufysdK;r_ a'orsm;rSpkaygif;v,f,m v,foorm; trsm;pkonf 5 uDvdk8&rf rS 12 uDvdk*&rf&&Sdaeumtrsm;tjym;rSm wae@vkyfc w,lepf twGuf 20 uDvdk*&rfyif&&Sdaeonf? xdk@tjyif tjcm;xGufukeftrsKd;tpm;ESifh 0ifaiGrsm;vnf;&Sdaeygonf? oD;ESHpdkufysKd;onhf a'orsm;rS pkaygif;v,f,m tdrfaxmifpkrsm;wGif ESpfpOf&duQm yGwf (poods) 500 rS 1500 txd &&Sdvmonfholrsm;rSm oef;ESifhcsD&Sdae+yD; 0g*Grf;/ rkHvmO/ *kHav#mf/ wd&dp>mefarG;jrLa&;/ pyspfoD;ESifh toD;tESHpdkufysdK;a&;/ [if;oD;[if;&GufpdkufysdkK;a&;a'orsm;Yvnf; ESpfpOf0ifaiGrSm ±lb,faxmif/ aomif;csDaeayonf? pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;onf xGef;um;ºuG,f0vm=uonf? ,cktcg pkaygif; v,f,mtdrfaxmifpkrsm;. t"dua=umifh=ur_rSm pyg;usDopfrsm;/ *dka'gifopfrsm; aqmuf &efjzpf+yD;taqmuftOD;a[mif;rsm;rSm ESpfpOf&&Sdonfh tenf;tyg;twGufom aqmufvkyf xm;ojzifh,cktcg wtdrfaxmifvdktyfr_. q,fykHwykHr#yif r&Sdacs? 1936 ckESpfY jynfol vlxk.vlaer_tqifhtwef; jrif hvmonfhtwGuf tpdk;&onf om;zsufcsr_udk wm;qD;onhfOya'jyÏmef;+yD; wcsdefwnf;rSmyif om;zGm;±Hkrsm;/ uav;xdef;ausmif;rsm;/ Edk@wdkufXmersm; (milk

centres) ESifh oli,fwef;ausmif;twGuf }uD;rm;us,fjyef@vSonfh pDrHudef;udk csrSwfvdkuf onf?1935 ckESpfwGif Tvkyfief;twGuf ±lb,faiG 875,000,000 okH;cJ h +yD;/ 1936 ckESpfwGifrl2,174,000,000 ±lb,faiG tukefcH&ef vsmxm;onf? tdrfaxmifpk}uD;olrsm;twGufoifhawmfonfhaxmufyHhaiGrsm;ay;&ef Oya'jyÏmef;onf? TOya't& 1937 wGif axmufyHhaiGpkpkaygif; ±lb,f 1,000,000,000 xkwfay;cJhonf?

roifrae& tºuGif;rJhynma&;pepf usifhokH;r_ESifh ausmif;rsm;topf aqmufvkyfay;jcif;wdk@u jynfolvlxk. ynma&;wdk;wufr_udk vsifjrefapcJhonf? wdkif;jynfw0ef; ausmif;trsm;tjym; wnfaqmufcJhonf? rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef; ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm 1914 ckESpfwGif8,000,000 &S d&mrS 1936-37 ckESpfpmoifESpfwGif 28,000,000 odk@wdk;rsm;cJ honf?xdkumvwGifyif wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;rSm 112,000 rS 542,000 odk@wdk;vmcJhayonf?

TonfrSmppfrSefvSaom ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; w&yfyifwnf;? vlxk. vlr_zlvkHa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmjcif;onf u|efawmfwdk@ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; tiftm;/ pGrf;&nfESifh tEdkifrcHt±_H;ray;jcif;wdk@udk a&mifjyef[yfjyonf? twdwfu awmfvSefa&;rsm;onf vlxkudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;aomfvnf; vlxk. ±kyf0wÎKypPnf;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tajctaersm;udk av;av;eufeuf wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif rvkyfEdkifr_a=umifh qkH;±_H;cJ@&onf?Tae&mrSm t"dutm;enf;csufjzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@ awmfvSefa&;rsm;ESifh tjcm; awmfvSefa&; tm;vkH;. jcm;em;csufrSm TawmfvSefa&;onf jynfolrsm;udk Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;r_ESifh t&if;&SifpepfatmufrS vGwfajrmufap±kHru jynfolvlxk. vlr_zlvkHa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ tqifhtwef;udk t&if;tjrpfrSpI wdk;wufaumif;rGefapjcif;yifjzpfonf? Tae&mrSm ‚if;. tiftm;pGrf;&nfESifh tEdkifrcHt±_H;ray;jcif;yifjzpfonf?


pwufcaemhAfrsm;. jynfvkH;qdkif&m yxruGefz&ifhwGif &Jabmfpwmvif ajym=um;&mY“ u|efawmfwdk@. ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;onf jynfolrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;tusKd;rsm;omru

±kyf0wÎKypPnf;tusKd;rsm;udkvnf; jyoay;Edkifonfh urBmay:&Sdwckwnf;aom awmfvSefa&;jzpfonf? tvkyform;rsm;. awmfvSefa&; tm;vkH;xJwGif tm%m&,lEdkifonfh awmfvSefa&;wckudkom u|efawmfwdk@odonf? xdkawmfvSefa&;rSm yJ&pfbkHtzGJ@jzpfonf? odk@aomf =um=umrcHcJh?‚if;u t&if;&Sifpepf. tcsKyftaESmifrsm;udk acsr_ef;&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonf rSefaomfvnf; acsr_ef;&eftcsdefr&&SdcJhyJ/ jynfolrsm;udkvnf; awmfvSefa&;. ±kyf0wÎKtusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;ukd rjyoEkdifcJhacs?u|efawmfwkd@. awmfvSefa&;onf t&if;&Sifpepf. tcsKyftaESmifrsm;ukd acsr_ef;+yD; jynfolvlxkudk vGwfvyfcGifhay;&kHr#ru jynfolvlxk. b0csrf;om ºuG,f0vmap&ef ±kyf0wÎK ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udkvnf; zefwD;ay;onfh wckwnf;aom awmfvSefa&;jzpfayonf? TonfrSmu|efawmfwdk@awmfvSefa&;. pGrf;&nfESifh rcsKd;ESdrfEdkifr_jzpfonf? (((((txufygpmapmiftxufygpmapmiftxufygpmapmiftxufygpmapmiftxufygpmapmif/ pmrsufESm-pmrsufESm-pmrsufESm-pmrsufESm-pmrsufESm-

532)532)532)532)532)

3? qdkAD,ufrsm;. (8) }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH3? qdkAD,ufrsm;. (8) }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH3? qdkAD,ufrsm;. (8) }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH3? qdkAD,ufrsm;. (8) }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH3? qdkAD,ufrsm;. (8) }udrfajrmuf uGef*&uf? qdkAD,uf,leD,H. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'pnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHtwnfðyjcif;?Oya'pnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHtwnfðyjcif;?Oya'pnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHtwnfðyjcif;?Oya'pnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHtwnfðyjcif;?Oya'pnf;rsOf;opfudk vufcHtwnfðyjcif;?

1935 ckESpf azazmfyg&DwGif qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkorRwEdkifiH/ qdkAD,ufrsm;.7 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufu 1924 ckESpfu vufcHtwnfjyKcJhonfh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk.zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk ajymif;vJ&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcscJhonf? yxrzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHudk 1924ckESpfu pwifvufcHcsdefrSpI qdkAD,uf,leD,H. b0onf tvGef}uD;rm;pGm ajymif;vJ+yD;jzpfIzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'udk jyKjyif&ef vdktyfvmcJhonf? TumvtwGif; wdkif;jynfwGif;&Sdvlwef;pm;tiftm;pkrsm;. qufqHr_onf vkH;0ajymif;vJcJh+yD; qdk&S,fvpf pufr_vkyfief;opfudkvnf; zefwD;wnfaxmifcJh+yD;jzpfonf? ul;vwfrsm;udkvnf; acsr_ef;cJh+yD; pkaygif;v,f,mpepfvnf; atmifyGJcHum xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;tm; qdk&S,fvpfydkifqdkifr_udkvnf; trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;. vkyfief;cGJwdkif;Y qdkAD,uftzGJ@tpnf;. tajccHtjzpf xlaxmif+yD;jzpfonf?qdk&S,fvpfpepf atmifyGJcHvdkufr_u a&G;aumufyGJpepf ydkrdk'Drdkua&pDusa&;ESifh wef;wlnDr#aomtm;vkH;v#dK@0SufrJESifh wdkuf±dkufrJay;cGifh usifhokH;a&;udkjzpfEdkifapcJhonf?

qdkAD,uf,leD,H. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtopfudk &Jabmfpwmvif OuUÏtjzpf aqmif±Gufonfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHa&;qGJa&; aumfr&Sifu xdk&nf&G,fcsufjzifh a&;qGJcJhonf? rl=urf;udk EdkifiHt0ef; avhvmaqG;aEG;cJh&m aqG;aEG;yGJrSm 5 vcGJ =umjrifhcJhonf? xdkaemuf qdkAD,ufrsm;. 8}udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufwGif wifoGif;cJhonf?

zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'topf rl=urf;udk vufcHtwnfjyK&ef odk@r[kwf y,fcs&eftwGuf txl;ac:,lusif;yaom qdkAD,ufrsm;. 8 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufudk 1936 ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwGifusif;ycJhonf?


zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'topf rl=urf;ESifhywfouf+yD; uGef*&ufY tpD&ifcH&mwGif&Jabmfpwmvifu 1924 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'tm; usifhokH;csdefrSpI qdkAD,uf,leD,HYay:aygufcJhaom t"duajymif;vJr_rsm;udk a&wGufjyocJhonf?

1924 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHukd pD;yGm;a&; ay:vpDopfumv tapmydkif;wGifa&;qGJcJhonf? xdktcsdefu qdkAD,uftpdk;&onf t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_udk qdk&S,fvpfpepf jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf cGifhjyKqJjzpfcJhonf? t&if;&SifpepfESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepfqdkonfhpepf ESpfckt=um; +ydKifqdkifr_jzpfpOftwGif; pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fY qdk&S,fvpfpepfut&if;&Sifpepftay: atmifyGJcHEd kifa&;udk pnf;±Hk;vkyfaqmif&efESif h tmrcHEdkif&eftwGufqdkAD,uftpdk;&u pDpOfcJhonf? “rnfolEdkifrnfenf;” qdkonfhjy\emudk rajz&Sif;Ekdifao;acs?a[mif;EGrf;acwfaemufusae+yD; rvkHavmufaom twwfynm ud&d,mrsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;onf ppfrjzpfrDtqifhudk rrDao;acs? v,f,mvkyfief;rS ykHazmfr_rsm;rSm ydkIyiftm;r&p&mjzpfonf? EdkifiHawmfv,f,mESifh pkaygif;v,f,mrsm;rSm/ wOD;csif;v,form; v,f,mrsm;. us,fajymvSaom ork'N&mjyifxJrS u|ef;ao;/ u|ef;r$m;r#om jzpfaeao;onf? xdktcsdefu jy\emrSmul;vwfrsm;udk acsr_ef;a&; r[kwfao;bJ/ xdef;csKyfa&;r#omjzpfao;onf? qdk&S,fvpftpdwftydkif;rSm wdkif;jynfukefoG,fa&;. 50 &mckdifE_ef;r# avmufom&Sdao;onf?

1936 ckESpf qdkAD,uf,leD,H. ykHo¿mefrsm;rSm vkH;0uGJjym;jcm;em;cJhay+yD? xdktcsdefwGifwdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;b0onf vkH;0ajymif;vJoGm;cJhay+yD? t&if;&Sif tpdwftydkif;rsm;onfvkH;0tacsr_ef;cHvdkuf&+yD; qdk&S,fvpfpepfonf pD;yGm;a&;b0tm;vkH;Y atmifyGJcHaeonf?,cktcg ppfrjzpfrD txGufxuf 7 qwdk; xGufEdkifao;onfh tiftm;awmifhwif;vSaomqdk&S,fvpfpufr_vkyfief;&Sdvm+yD;/ woD;yk*~vpufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk vkH;0ab;z,fvdkufEdkifaeyg+yD?acwfrDpuf,E W&m;rsm; wyfqifxm;+yD; urBmay:wGif tcsdK;tpm; t}uD;rm;qkH;vnfywf aeonfhpkaygif;v,f,mESifh Ed d kifiHawmfv,f,mrsm;o¿mefESif h pufr_wyfqifxm;onfh qdk&S,fvpfv,f,mvkyfief;onfvnf; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;Y atmifyGJcHaeonf? 1936 ckESpfYul;vwfrsm;onf vlwef;pm;tjzpfrS aysmufuG,foGm;+yD; woD;yk*~vdu v,form;rsm;onfwdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;b0wGifrnfonfh ta&;ygonfhtcef;r# r&Sdawmhacs? ukefoG,fa&;rSmEdkifiHawmfESifh or0g,rrsm;. vufxJwGif vkH;0pkykHpkpnf;xm;+yD;jzpfonf? vlvlcsif; aoG;pkyfr_pepfonfvnf; xm0&zsufodrf;vdkuf+yDjzpfonf? xkwfvkyfa&;y&dabm*rsm;. qdk&S,fvpftrsm;ydkifpepfonfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;b0vkyfief;cGJ tm;vkH;wGif qdk&S,fvpfpepf. r,drf;,dkifaomtajccHtkwfjrpftjzpf xlaxmif+yD;jzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;opfY tusyftwnf;rsm;/ qif;&JcsdK@wJhjcif;ESifh tvkyfvufrJhjzpfr_rsm;onf xm0& aysmufuG,foGm;cJhay+yD? qdkAD,ufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;0if tm;vkH;twGuf ,Ofaus;r_&Sd+yD; csrf;omºuG,f0onfh b0&&Sd&ef tcsuftvufrsm;udk zefwD;ay;vdkufonf?

&Jabmfpwmvifu ol. tpD&ifcHpmwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H vlxk.vlwef;pm; zGJ@pnf;r_onfvnf; tvm;wl ajymif;vJvmcJhonf [kqdkonf// jynfwGif;ppfumvtwGif; ajr&Sifvl


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qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Sd vkyfom;jynfolrsm;jzpfonfh - tvkyform;/ v,form;ESifh ynmwwfrsm;- onf qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; umvtwGif; av;av;eufeuf ajymif;vJvmcJhay+yD?

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qdkAD,uf,leD,H. EdkifiHawmftm%m tjrifhqkH;taqmufttkHrSm qdkAD,uf,leD,H.tjrifhqkH;qdkAD,uf (Supreme Soviet) jzpfonf?

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TwyfjzL raumif;qdk;0g;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf. wu,fht&Sifocifrsm;rSmqdkAD,ufjynfolrsm;om jzpfa=umif;ESifh ±kdifaumhAfrsm;/ blcg&ifrsm;/ ZDEdkApfrsm;ESifh uJrDeufAfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmf. ,m,Dvkyfom;rsm;omjzpf+yD; rnfonfhtcsdefrqdk ‚if;wdk@udk tokH;rusonfhtrd_ufo¶dkufrsm;tjzpf &mxl;rsm;rS xkwfy,fEdkifa=umif;rsm;udk arhavsmhcJh=uonf?

Tpufqkyf&GH&SmzG,f zufqpfaemufvdkufacG;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufjynfolrsm;u vufacsmif;av;wacsmif; v_yfvdkuf±kHjzifh ‚if;wdk@tptersm; rusefatmifjzpfoGm;Edkifonfudk arhavsmhcJh=uonf? qdkAD,uf w&m;±Hk;u blcg&if - xa&mhpuD vl,kwfrmrsm;udk ypfowf&ef trdef@csvdkufonf? jynfhol@jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xmeu xdktrdef@udk taumiftxnfazmfonf?

qdkAD,ufjynfolrsm;onf blcg&if-xa&mhpuD;*dk%f; acsr_ef;vdkkufjcif;udk axmufcHvdkuf+yD;/aemufvkyfief;opf pwifcJh=uonf? aemufvkyfief;rSm qdkAD,uf,leD,HtjrifhqkH; qdkAD,uftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJudk jyifqif=u&efjzpf+yD;/ Tonfudk pnf;¶kH;r_&Sd&Sd taumiftxnfazmf&efjzpfonf?


ygwDonf a&G;aumufyGJ jyifqifr_rsm;twGuf tm;oGefaqmif&GufcJhonf? ygwDu zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtopfudk taumiftxnfazmfjcif;onf wdkif;jynfEdkifiHa&;b0. tvSnfh tajymif;udkazmf!¸ef;onf[k cH,lxm;onf? TtvSnfhtajymif;qdkonfrSm a&G;aumufyGJpepfudk tjynfht0'Drdkua&pDusa&; uef@owfrJay;cGifhukd tºuGif;rJh rJay;cGifhjzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;/ vkH;0wef;wlr_r&Sdonfh rJay;cGifhudk wef;wlrJay;cGifhjzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;/ oG,f0dkufa&G;aumufyGJudk wdkuf ±kdufa&G;aumufyGJjzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;/ ajymifrJay;jcif;udk v#Kd@0SufrJay;jcif;jzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;wdk@udk qdkvkdayonf?

zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtopfrjyÏmef;rDu bkef;}uD;rsm;/ ,cifwyfjzLa[mif;rsm;/ ul;vwfa[mif;rsm;ESifh vlr_a&; t& toHk;usonfh tvkyftudkifr&Sdolrsm;. rJqENay;cGifhESifh ywfoufIuef@owfr_rsm;&Sdygonf? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtopfu udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tºuGif;rhJjzpfapvdkufjcif;jzifh TuJhodk@aom trsKd;tpm;EkdifiHom;rsm;. rJqENay;cGifh uef@owfcsuf rsm;udkzsufodrf;vdkufonf?

,cifu ukd,fpm;vS,f a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif +rdK@ESifhaus;vufvlxkrsm;twGuf ukd,fpm;jyKonfh tajccHrsm;rSm rwlnDuGJjym;+yD; wef;wlr_r&Sdacs? okd@aomf ,cktcg rJqENay;cGifh wef;wlr_tay: uef@owfcsufrsm;twGuf vkdtyfcsuftm;vHk; aysmufuG,foGm;+yD; EkdifiHawmfolEkdifiHawmfom;tm;vHk; wef;wlnDr#onfh tajccHay:wGif a&G;aumuf yGJrsm;Y yg0ifcGifh&&SdcJhonf?

,cifu qkdAD,uftm%m. tv,ftvwfESifh ykdrkdjrifhrm;onfh taqmufttHk a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSm oG,f0kdufa&G;aumufjcif;jzpfonf? okd@aomf,cktcg zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktopfatmufY qkdAD,ufrsm;tm;vHk; aus;vufESifh +rdK@&Gmrsm;rS tp tjrifhqHk; qkdAD,uftxdEkdifiHom;rsm;u wkduf±kdufa&G;aumuf&efjzpfonf?

,cifu qkdAD,ufudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd ajAmifrJqENjzifh a&G;cs,fcJh+yD; ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;trnfpm&if;rsm;ukdom rJay;cJh=uonf? okd@aomf ,cktcg ukd,fpm;vS,f rJay;r_rsm;onfv#dK@0SufrJay;&efjzpf+yD; trnfpm&if;t& r[kwfawmhbJ a&G;aumufyGJae&mwkdif;wGif ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ukd wOD;csif;trnfwifoGif;&onf? TonfrSm wkdufjynf;. EkdifiHa&; b0wGiftjywftowf vSnfhajymif;r_w&yfjzpfonf?

jynfolvlxk. EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk jr‡ifhwif&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ qdkAD,uftm%mtaqmufttkHrsm;tay: vlxku ydkrd kxdef;csKyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ qdkAD,uftm%mtaqmufttkHrsm;u jynfolvlxktay: wm0ef,lr_ wdk;jr‡ifhvm&mwGifvnf;aumif; a&G;aumufyGJpepfonf rkcsyiftusdK;&Sdap&efjzpf+yD; trSefvnf; tusdK;rsm;vmcJhonf?

TtvSnfhtajymif;twGuf tjynfht0jyifqif+yD;jzpfap&ef ygwDonf TtvSnfhtajymif;. wGef;tm;pdwf"mwfjzpf&rnfjzpfum a&S@vmrnfh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGif; ygwD.acgif;aqmifr_tcef;udk tjynfht0 tmrcH&ayrnf? odk@aomf ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; udk,fwdkifu‚if;wdk@. ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;wGif tukeftpif 'Drdkua&pDusrSomv#if/ ygwDpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;Yawmif;qdkxm;onfhtwdkif; ygwDwGif;b0Y 'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkifr_rsm;udk tjynfht0 vdkuf


emusifhokH;rSomv#if/ ygwDtaqmufttkHtm;vkH; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&rSomv#if/ ygwDwGif;a0zefa&;ESifh rdrdukd,fudk,f a0zefa&;rsm;udk tjynfht0jzpfxGef;rSomv#if/ ygwDt aqmufttkHrsm;u ygwD0ifrsm;tay: wm0ef,lr_ jynfh0+yD; ygwD0ifrsm;udk,fwdkif tukeftpif tjynfht0 wufºuGvmrSomv#if Tonfudk vkyfaqmifEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?

1937 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvtukef A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;Y qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tjrifhqkH;qkdAD,uf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. jyifqifr_jy\emtay:&JabmfZm'gaemhAf. tpD&ifcHpmwGif ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;tcsdK@onf ae@pOfvkyfief;rsm;twGif; ygwD. pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkifr_udk pepfwus azmufzsufae+yD; a&G;aumufyGJtrnfpm&if;rsm;udk aumfrwD0ifrsm;u xnfhoGif;jcif;jzifh tpm;xkd;jcif;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;csif; rJay;&rnfudk trnfpm&if;ESifh rJay;jcif;jzifh tpm;xdk;jcif;/ v#dK@0SufrJay;jcif;udkajymifrJay;jcif;jzifh tpm;xkd;jcif;udk jyKvkyfaea=umif;azmfjyxm;onf? TuJhodk@vkyfaqmifae=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf tjrifhqkH; qdkAD,ufa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@wm0efrsm;udkoifhawmfaumif;rGefpGm jynfh0Edkifaprnfr[kwfonfrSm &Sif;aeygonf? xdk@a=umifh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; TuJodk@aom 'Drdkua&pDqef@usifonfh vkyf[efrsm;udk &yfypf+yD; us,fjyef@onfh 'Drdkua&pDvrf;pOfrsm;twdkif; ygwDvkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfpnf;¶kH; zGJ@pnf;&ef t&ifqkH;vdktyfaeygonf?

TonfESifhtnD &JabmfZm'gaemhAf. tpD&ifcHpmudk em;axmif+yD;aemuf A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;u atmufygtwdkif; qkH;jzwfcJhonf?

(u)(u)(u)(u)(u)ygwDpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;u owfrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; ygwDwGif; 'Drdkua&pDrlrsm; udk tjynfht0 tºuGif;rJhemcHr_ tajccHay:wGif ygwDvkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfpnf;¶kH;

zGJ@pnf;&ef?(c)(c)(c)(c)(c) ygwDaumfrwDrsm;twGif; aumfrwD0ifrsm;u trnfpm&if;wifoGif;onfh vkyf[efudk zsufodrf;+yD; ygwDpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;u owfrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; ygwDtzGJ@t pnf;rsm;u !¸ef=um;onfh taqmufttkHrsm;. a&G;aumufyGJrlrsm;udk jyefvnf xlaxmif&ef?(*)(*)(*)(*)(*) ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; a&G;aumufyGJwGif trnfpm&if;ESifh rJay;jcif;udk wm;jrpf&ef? udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;csif;udkrJay;&ef? ygwD0iftm;vkH;taejzifh udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;rsm;tm; pdefac:cGifh (odk@r[kwf ) a0zefcGifhudk tuef@towfr&Sd tm rcHcsuf ay;&rnf?(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) ygwDtaqmufttkHrsm; a&G;aumufyGJwGif v#Kd@0SufrJay;r_udk usifhokH;&ef?(i)(i)(i)(i)(i) tajccHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. ygwDaumfrwDrsm;rStp a'oqdkif&m/ jynfe,fqdkif&mESifh trsdK;om; uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;. A[dkaumfrwDrsm;txd/ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;


vkH;. ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; a&G;aumufyGJudkusif;y&ef? a&G;aumufyGJudk ar 20 &ufae@xuf aemufrusap&?

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=um;&ef? ‚if;wdk@rSm - tajccHygwDtzGJ@tpnf; a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk wESpf w}udrf jyKvkyf&ef? c¶dkifESifh +rdK@awmf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf wESpfw}udrf a'oqdkif&m/ jynfe,fqdkif&m/ orRwEkdifiHqdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf 18 v w}udrfjyKvkyf &efjzpfonf?(q)(q)(q)(q)(q) taxGaxG puf¶kHtpnf;a0;rsm;Y ygwDaumfrwD a&G;cs,fonfhpepfudk

tajccHygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u wif;usyfpGmvdkkufema&;udk tmrcH&ef? taxGaxGpuf±Hktpnf;a0;rsm;tm; udk,fpm;vS,f uGefz&ifhrsm;ESifh tpm;xkd;jcif; udk cGifhrjyK&ef?

(Z)(Z)(Z)(Z)(Z)tajccHygwD tzGJ@tpnf;tcsdK@Y tESH@tjym; jzpfyGm;aeonfh taxGaxGtpnf;a0;rsm; trSefyifaysmufuG,fae+yD;/ vkyfief;qdkif&mtpnf;a0rsm; (shop meetings)/ udk,fpm;vS,f uGefz&ifhrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;r_ponfh vkyf[efrsm;udk &yfqdkif;ypf&ef?Tenf;jzifhygwDonf vmrnfha&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGufjyifqifr_rsm; pwifvkyfaqmifcJh

onf?A[dkaumfrwD. TqkH;jzwfcsufonf }uD;rm;vSonfh EdkifiHa&;t"dym,faqmifonf? ‚if;.

xl;jcm;r_rSm qdkAD,uf,leD,HtjrifhqkH; qdkAD,ufa&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGif; ygwDwdkufyGJed'gef; udkzGifhvSpfvdkuf±Hkr#ru t"dutm;jzifh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ‚if;wdk@vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfpnf;±Hk;vkyfaqmif&ef ygwDwGif;'Drdkua&pDrlrsm;udk tokH;jyKa&;twGuf tjrifhqkH;qdkAD,uf a&G;aumufyGJrsm; tjynfht0jyifqifr_&Sdaponfh tcsufyifjzpfonf?

ygwDu uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh ygwDyvlxkrsm;. a&G;aumufyGJtkyfpkzGJ@a&; t}uHudk a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;rsm; (campaign) wdk;wufa&;twGuf ‚if;wdk@ay:vpD. tajccHrl&if; tjzpfvkyfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf? ygwDonf a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnfh a'orsm;wGif ygwDyvlxkESifh yl;wGJudk,fpm;vS,frsm; wifajr‡muf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufjcif;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJodk@ ygwDyvlxkESifh r[mrdwftkyfpkzGJ@+yD; 0ifa&mufcJhonf? TonfrSm "e&SifEdkifiHrsm;. a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif r&SdcJhbl;onfhtjzpfjzpf+yD; vkH0vnf;rjzpfEdkifacs? odk@aomf u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiHwGifr_uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh ygwDy vlxkt=um; tkyfpkzGJ@r_rSm obm0usonf? u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfY&efvdkonfhvlwef;pm;rsm; r&SdawmhbJ vlxktpdwftydkif;tm;vkH;t=um; pdwf"mwfa&;&mESifhEdkifiHa&;t& pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_rSm rjiif;Edkifaom tcsufjzpfaejcif; a=umifhyifwnf;?

1937 ckESpf 'DZifbm 7 &ufae@u ygwDA[dkaumfrwDu rJqEN&Sifrsm;odk@ yef=um;v$mxkwfa0&mwGif azmfjyxm;onfrSmæ


“1937 ckESpf'DZifbm 12 &ufae@Y qdkAD,uf,leD,H. vkyfom;jynfolrsm;onfu|efawmfwdk@. qdk&S,fvpfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHay:wGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk tjrifhqkH; qdkAD,uf. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fawmhrnfjzpfonf? abmf&SDApfygwDonf a&G;aumufyGJodk@ygwDy tvkyform;rsm;/ v,form;rsm;/ ¶kH;tr_xrf;rsm;/ ynmwwfrsm;ESifh tkyfpkzGJ@I/ r[mrdwfjyKI0ifa&mufonf? æabmf&SDApfygwDonf ygwDyjynfolrsm;ESifh pnf;jcm;xm;jcif;rjyKbJqef@usifpGmyif a&G;aumufyGJodk@ ygwDyvlxkESifh tkyfpkr[mrdwfzGJ@I vnf;aumif;/ tvkyform;±Hk;0efxrf;rsm;.or*~rsm;ESifh tkyfpkzGJ@Ivnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfvli,ftzGJ@ESifh tjcm;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tpnf;t±Hk;rsm;ESifh tkyfpkzGJ@Ivnf;aumif; 0ifa&mufyg0ifcJhonf? tusdK;quftm;jzifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;onf uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh ygwDy vlxkrsm;. yl;wGJ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfvm+yD; ygwDyudk,fpm;vS,fwdkif;onf uGefjrLepfrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,fvnf;jzpfvmEdkifum/ uGefjrLepfudk,fpm;vS,fwdkif;onf ygwDyvlxk. ukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfEdkif ouJhodk@yifjzpfonf?”

A[dkaumfrwD. xkwfjyefcsufwGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;odk@ atmufygawmif;qdkcsufrsm;jzifh ed*kH;csLyfxm;onf?

“qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) A[kdaumfrwDu uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh pmemaxmufcHolrsm;tm;vkH;udk uGefjrLepfudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; rJay;aom wlnDonfhwnDwnGwfwnf;jzpfr_jzifh ygwDy udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm;vnf; rJay;&efawmif;qdkvdkufonf?”

“qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) A[kdaumfrwDu ygwDyrS rJqENay;olrsm;tm;vkH;udk ygwDyudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; rJay;aom wlnDonfh wnDwnGwfwnf;jzpfr_jzifh ygwDudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; rJay;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf?”

“qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) A[kdaumfrwDu rJqEN&Siftm;vkH;tm;'DZifbm 12 &ufae@wGif rJay;onfh Xmersm;odk@ vlyk*~dKvf wOD;wa,muftjzpf vma&muf=u+yD;jynfaxmifpk. qdkAD,ufESifh trsdK;om;rsm;. qdkAD,ufudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=u&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf?”

“qdkAD,ufEdkifiHawmf. tjrifhqkH;taqmufttkHodk@ udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;cs,fa&;qdkonfhrdrdwdk@. *k%f,lzG,ftcGifhta&;udk rusifhokH;onfh rJqEN&SifwOD;wavr#r&Sd&?”

“tjrifhqHk;qkdAD,ufa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ukd jcGif;csufr&Sd rJqEN&Siftm;vHk;yg0ifa&; tmrcHcsufukd rdrdwkd@ EkdifiHom;wm0eftjzpf rrSwf,lonfh EkdifiHom;wOD;wavr# r&Sd&?”

“ 1937 ckESpf'DZifbm 12 &ufae@ onf vDeif- pwmvif wdk@. atmifyGJ& atmifvHawmfywfvnfwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H. vlrsdK;aygif;pkHjynfoltm;vkH;wdk@. vkyfom;jynfolrsm;.yl;aygif;pnf;vkH;r_udk atmifyGJobif qif,ifusif;yonfhae@tm; &ufxl;&ufjrwfjzpf&rnf?”


1937 ckESpf'DZifbm 11 &ufae@ a&G;aumufyGJ t}uKdae@wGif &Jabmfpwmvifu ol.trnfwifoGif;jcif;cH&aom a'o&SdrJqEN&Sifrsm;udk rdef@cGef;ajym&mwGif jynfolvlxkua&G;cs,fonfh vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tjrifhqkH; qdkAD,ufudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onfrnfodk@aom trsKd;tpm;jzpf&rnf qdkonfukdazmfjycJhonf?

oluæ” rJqEN&Sifjynfolrsm;u ‚if;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk awmif;qdk&rnfrSm olwdk@onf olwdk@. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk Edkifeif;pGmaqmif&GufEdkif&rnf? [email protected];rsm; twGif;EdkifiHa&;evAdef;wkH;rsm; jzpfroGm;&? ‚if;wdk@. &mxl;ae&mrsm;wGif vDeifykHpH EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf&Sdae&rnf? vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf vDeifuJhodk@ &Sif;vif; jywfom;oljzpf&rnf?olwdk@onf vDeifuJhodk@ wdkufyGJtwGif; a=umuf&GH@r_uif;jyD;/ jynfol@&efoludk tn‡mtwmuif;&rnf? t&mudpPrsm; ¶_yfaxG;vmv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ tE W&m,ft&dyfta,mifrsm; ay:vmv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ olwdk@onf a=umuf¶GH@jcif; o¿meftm;vkH;rSuif;a0;&rnf? olwdk@onfvDeifuJhokd@ a=umuf&GH@jcif;o¿meftm;vkH;rS uif;a0;&rnf? olwkd@onf tcsuftvuf jynfhpkHpGmudkifwG,fvkyfaqmif+yD; tusdK;ta=umif;/ tqdk;taumif; tjyeftvSefpOf;pm;&ef vdk tyfonfh±_yfaxG;onfhjy\emrsm;udk qkH;jzwf vkyfaqmif&mwGif vDeifuJhodk@ ^m%ftajrmf tjrif}uD;rm;+yD;/ taotcsm qifjcifpOf;pm;&rnf? olwdk@onf vDeifuJhodk@ ajzmifhrwf wnf=unf±kd;om;&rnf? olwdk@onf vDeifuJhodk@ jynfolrsm;udk cspfjrwfEdk;&rnf?”

qdkAD,uf,leD,H. tjrifhqkH;qdkAD,ufa&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk 'DZifbm 12 &ufae@wGif tvGefv_yf&Sm;wufºuG aysmf¶$ifpGmusif;ycJh=uonf? TonfrSm a&G;aumufyGJrsm;xuf ydkrdkoGm;+yD;qdkAD,ufjynfolrsm;. atmifyGJobif qif,ifusif;yonfh qdkAD,leD,HtwGif;&Sd jynfolrsm;.}uD;rm;rGefjrwfvSonfh cspf=unfr_udk azmfxkwfjyoonfhae@tm; ae@xl;ae@jrwf jzpfoGm; aponf?

rJqENay;Edkifolpkpkaygif; 94,000,000 &Sdonfhteuf 91,000,000 odk@r[kwf 96.8&mckdifE_ef; rJay;cJhonf? TtxJrS 89˜844˜000 okd@r[kwf 98³6 &mckdifE_ef;onf uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifhygwDy vlxk. tkyfpkudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk rJqENay;cJhonf? vlaygif; 632,000 odk@r[kwf1 &mckdifE_ef; atmufomv#if uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh ygwDy vlxk. tkyfpkudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ukdqef@usifrJay;cJhonf? tkyfpk. ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; tm;vkH; ¹cGif;cskufr&Sd ta&G;cH&onf? Todk@jzifhvlaygif; 90,000,000 wdk@onf ‚if;wdk@. wnDw!Gwfwnf;aom rJjzifhqdkAD,uf,leD,H. qdk&S,fvpfpepf atmifyGJcHr_udk twnfðyvdkkufonf?

TonfrSm uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh ygwDyvlxk tkyfpkzGJ@r_. odomxif&Sm;vSonfh atmifyGJjzpfonf?

TonfrSm abmf&SDApfygwD atmifyGJcHjcif;jzpfonf?TonfrSm atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&; tESpf 20 jynfh ESpfywfvnf tcrf;tem;Y

&JabmfrdkvdkawmhAf rdef@=um;cJhonfh ordkif;0ifrdef@cGef;xJwGif &nf!$ef;azmfjycJhonfh qdkAD,uf jynfolrsm;. pdwf"mwfa&;/ EdkifiHa&; nD!Gwfpnf;vkH;r_. ajymifajrmufvSaom twnfjyK csufjzpfayownf; ■


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abmf&SdApfygwD jzwfoef;cJhonf@ ordkif;vrf;a=umif;twGif;rS rnfonfh t"du ed*kH;csLyfcsufrsm;&&Sdygoenf;?

qdkAd,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (abmf&SDApf) ordkif;u u|Ekfyfwdk@udk rnfodk@oif=um;ay;cJhygoenf;?

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qdkAD,uf,leD,H. abmf&SDApfygwDonf TuJhodk@aomygwDw&yfjzpfayonf?&Jabmfpwmvifu æ“ awmfvSefa&;t}uKdumv tenf;ESifhtrsm; +idrf;csrf;pGmjzpfay:

wdk;wufa&;umv/ 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fygwDrsm;u tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; tay:pD;&&Sdae+yD; ygvDrefwdkufyGJo¿mefudk t"dutjzpfxm;aecsdefu ygwDonf}uD;rm;jywfom;onfh ta&;ygr_rsm;vnf;r&cJh? &vnf;r&EdkifchJacs? aemufydkif;wGif ajAmifawmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJta=umif;tcsufrsm; &&Sdvmonfh tcgrSom ygwDonf ta&;ygonfh tcef;odk@&&SdvmcJhonf? 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,fudk wdkufcdkufaer_rsm;udk umuG,f&if;/ aumufpuDu 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ygwDrsm;onf ppfyGJtwGufr[kwfbJ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ud&d,mrsm;omjzpf+yD; xdkta=umif;a=umifhyif ppfyGJtwGif; ypPnf;rJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&; vkyfief;umvtwGif; ‚if;wdk@onf tiftm;rJh&jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkufonf? rSefygonf? odk@aomf Turnfonfudk qdkvdkoenf;? qdkvdkonfrSm 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f ygwDrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJrsm;twGuf roifhawmfa=umif; ‚if;wdk@onf ypPnf;rJhrsm;. wdkufcdkufEdkifpGrf;&Sdonhf ygwDrsm; r[kwfa=umif;/ ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh ygvDrefwdkufyGJrsm;twGufusifhokH;onfh a&G;aumufyGJ,E W&m;rsm; tm%mqDokd@om tvkyform;rsm;ukd ac: aqmifoGm;Ekdifonfh ygwDrsm;omjzpfa=umif; qdkvdkonf? TonfrSm 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f. tacsmiform;rsm; }uD;pdk;v$rf;rdk;aepOfumvu ypPnf;rJhrsm;. t"duEdkifiHa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm u|Ekfyfwdk@ygwDr[kwfbJ ‚if;wdk@ ygvDreftkyfpkrsm;jzpfae&jcif; ta=umif;t&if;yif jzpfawmh onf?xdktcsdefu u|Ef kyfwd k @ygwDonf ygvDreftkyfpkrsm;. ta&;r}uD; t&mrxifvSaomtpG,ftyGm;rsm;om jzpfaea=umif; tm;vkH;yifod=uonf? TuJhodk@aom tajctaersm;ESifhOD;aqmifvrf;jyaeaom ygwDw&yfonf ypPnf;rJhrsm; awmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqif&ef rnfonfhr#wwfEdkifOD;rnf r[kwfa=umif;rSm ajym&efyifrvdkacs? ”

“ odk@aomf umvopf a&mifjcnfjzmvmonfESifh ta=umif;udpPrsm;onf t&if; tjrpfrSpIf ajymif;vJvmonf? umvopfrSm ajAmifvlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;umv jzpf+yD; e,fcsJ@pepfudk +zdKcs+yD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;utm%modrf;,l&eftwGuf tiftm;pkrsm;udk wdkuf±kdufpnf;±kH; pkpnf;vmonfh umvjzpfonf?TumvtwGif; ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf wm0ef0wW&m;opfrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifvm&+yD; xdkwm 0efrsm;rSmygwDvkyfief;tm;vkH;udk awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfopfrsm;ESifh jyefvnfpnf;±kH;vkyfaqmif&jcif;/tvkyform;rsm;udk tm%m&a&;twGuf awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJqifEGJa&; pdwf"mwf ynmay;&jcif;/ t&eftiftm;rsm;udk v_H@aqmfjyifqif pnf;±kH;&jcif;/ tdrfeD;em;csif; EdkifiHrsm;rS ypPnf;rJhrsm;ESifh r[mrdwfjyKa&;vkyfaqmif&jcif;/ udkvdkeDESifh trSDcdkEdkifiHrsm;. vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh


qufoG,fa&;xlaxmif&jcif; ponf æ ponfrsm;jzpfygonf? ygvDrefpepf. +idrf;csrf;aomta=umif;tcsufatmufwGif ay:xGufvmonfh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwDrsm;u TuJhodk@aomwm0efopfrsm;udk xrf;aqmifEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifrSwfjcif;onf ar#mfvifhcsufr&Sdaom pdwfysufzG,fESifh ra&Smifv$Jomaom qkH;±_H;r_ESifh &ifqdkif}uHKawG@&zG,fyifjzpfonf? TuhJodk@ aomwm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&rnfqdkv#if ygwDa[mif;rsm;atmuf&Sd ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf vkH;0vufeufrJhayvdrfhrnf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf TuhJodk@ tjzpfcHEdkifrnf r[kwfa=umif;rSm ajym&efyifrvdkacs? ”

“ xdk@a=umifh ygwDopfw&yf/ wdkufpdwfcdkufpdwf&Sdonfh ygwDw&yf/ awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yf/ypPnf;rJhrsm; tm%m&,la&;wdkufyGJudk &J&ifhpGm acgif;aqmifEdkifrnfh ygwDw&yf/ awmfvSefa&;tajctae t±_yftaxG;t=um; rdrd. OD;wnfcsufudk &SmazGEdkifonfh tawG@t}uKH tvkHavmuf&Sd+yD; ygwDw&yfESifh rdrd&nfrSef;csuf c&D;vrf;twGif;&Sd ausmufaqmif ausmufurBm;tm;vkH;udk u|rf;usifaysmhajymif;pGm ausmfv$m;yJhudkifEdkifonfh ygwDw&yf vdktyfvmonf?”

“TuJhodk@aom ygwDw&yfr&SdyJ e,fcsJ@pepfudk jzKwfcsausmfeif;+yD; ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sif pepfatmifjrifa&;twGuf pOf;pm;&efyif rjzpfEdkifay?”

“TygwDopfonf vDeif0g' ygwDjzpfonf”(a*s - pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk/(a*s - pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk/(a*s - pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk/(a*s - pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk/(a*s - pwmvif/ vDeif0g' jy\emrsm;/ armfpudk/

1947 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm 80/ 81)1947 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm 80/ 81)1947 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm 80/ 81)1947 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm 80/ 81)1947 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm 80/ 81)

2?2?2?2?2? ygwD.ordkif;u u|efawmfwdk@udk qufvufoif=um;ay;onfrSm tvkyform; vlwef;pm;. ygwDw&yfonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_. a&S@wef;a&mufoabmw&m;jzpf onfhrmhufpf-vDeif0g' oabmw&m;rsm; r&SdbJ rdrdvlwef;pm;. acgif;aqmifr_tcef;udk rxrf;&GufEdkifa=umif;/ ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;. pnf;±Hk;acgif;aqmifoltcef;udk rxrf; aqmifEdkifa=umif;yifjzpfonf?

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rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g'udk u|rf;usifonfh ygwDw&yfomv#if tvkyform;vlwef;pm;udk,kH=unfpdwfcspGm a&S@odk@wGef;wif acgif;aqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf?

rmufhpf0g' - vDeif0g' u|rf;usifa&;twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;tm;vkH;rSm rmhufpf/ tdef*,f/[email protected];rsm;rS woD;wjcm; z,fxkwfxm;onfh ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm; t}uHay;tqdkjyKcsufrsm;udk vkH@v0D&d,}uD;rm;pGmjzifh tvGwfusufrSwfjcif;/ tcgtcGifhoifhonfhtcsdefwGif udk;um;&efESifh TuJhodk@ t&usufxm;onfh ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm; t}uHay; tqdkjyKcsufrsm;onf ae&mwdkif;/tajctaewdkif;ESifh oifhawmfqDavsmfonf[k ,lqjcif;jzifh xdkae&mwGifyif &yfem;aejcif;wdk@yifjzpf[ef vuQ%m&Sdonf? odk@aomf rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g' oabmw&m;tay: Todk@csOf;


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rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g'oabmw&m;udk u|rf;usifa&;qdkonfrSm Toabmw&m;.tESpfom&ukd ausnufatmif jyKvkyf+yD; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ ta=umif;tcsuftrsdK;rsdK;&Sd awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ vufawG@ jy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&mwGif toHk;jyKEkdifatmif oif,lavhvma&; jzpfonf?

rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g' oabmw&m;ukd u|rf;usifa&;qkdonfrSm Toabmw&m;udkawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tawG@t}uKHopfrsm;jzifh ºuG,f0vmapEdkif+yD; t}uHjyKcsuf topfrsm;ESifhed*kH;csKyfcsuftopfrsm;jzifh xnfhoGif;jynfhpkHvmapEdkifjcif;udk qdkvdkonf? oabmw&m;.tESpfom&ESifhtnD acwfaemufusoGm;onfh t}uHjyKcsufrsm;/ ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm;udk ordkif;tajctaeopfrsm;ESifhudkufnDonfh topfawG@&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;&ef 0efav;wGef@qkwfjcif; r&SdyJxdk topfawG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk wdk;wufjzpfyGm;ap+yD; a&S@wGef;wifEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;udk qdkvdkayonf?

rmhufpf0g' - vDeif0g' oabmw&m;onf w&m;ao0g'r[kwfbJ v_yf&Sm;r_. vrf;nefjzpfonf?

'kwd, ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;/ 1917 ckESpf azazmf0g&D rwdkifrDu EdkifiHtm;vkH;&Sd rmhufpf0g'Drsm;taejzifh t&if;&SifpepfrS qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;onfhumvwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. toifhawmfqkH;o¿mefrSm ygvDref'Drdkua&pD orRwEdkifiHjzpfonf[k ,lqcJh=uonf? ckESpfq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; rmhufpfu ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf twGuftoifhawmfqkH;o¿mefrSm ygvDreforRwEdkifiHr[kwfbJ yJ&pfbkHtzGJ@ trsdK;tpm;rsdK; jzpfonf[k


qdkcJhonfrSm rSefonf? odk@aomfuHta=umif;rvSpGmyJ rmhufpfonf TtqdkjyK csufudk‚if;.usrf;rsm;wGif qufvufra&;om;cJhawmhbJ Tta=umif;rSmvnf; arhaysmufjcif; cH&+yD;arS;rSdefoGm;cJhonf? xdktjyif tdef*,fu 1891 ckESpf “tmzwfvkyfief;pOf” (Erfurt programe)

rl=urf;udka0zefa&;om;&mY “'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiHæ onf ypPnf;rJhtm%m &SifpepftwGuftcdkiftrmo¿mefjzpfonf?” [laom ykdifEk difonfh pum;ydk'fwydk'fyg&S d+yD; Tonfurmhufpf0g'Dtaejzif h 'Drd kua&pDorRwEd ki fi Hud k ypPnf;rJ htm%m&SifpepftwGuf Ed ki fi Ha&;o¿meftjzpf qufvufoabmxm;aeonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkacs? aemufydkif;wGif tdef*,f. tqdkjyKcsufrSm vDeiftygt0if rmhufpf0g'Dtm;vkH;twGuf vrf;!efr_jzpf vmcJh.?odk@aomf 1905 ckESpf ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;ESifh txl;ojzifh 1917 ckESpf azazmf0g&D awmf vSefa&;utvkyform;/ v,form; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qdkAD,ufqdkonfh vlr_Ed kifiHa&; tzGJ @tpnf;o¿mefopfw&yfudk azmfxkwfay;vdkufonf? vDeifonf ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;ESpf&yf.tawG@}uHKpkaygif; &&Sdcsuftjzpf rmhufpf0g'. oabmw&m;tajccHay:wGif ypPnf;rJh tm%m&Sifpepf. taumif;qkH; EdkifiHa&;o¿mefrSm ygvDref'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiHr[kwfyJ qdkAD,ufrsm;. orRwEdkifiHjzpfonf[laom ed*kH;csKyfcsufw&yfudk &&Sdvdkufonf? TtcsufrStpcsDI 1917ckESpf {+yDvwGif "e&SifawmfvSefa&;rS qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;odk@ ul;ajymif;aeonfhumvtwGif; vDeifu qdkAD,ufrsm;. orRwEdkifiHudk ypPnf;rJhrsm;. taumif;qkH;EdkifiHa&;o¿meftjzpfaºuG;a=umfoH xkwfjyef vdkufonf? EdkifiHtm;vkH;rS tacsmiform;rsm;onf ygvDreforRwEdkifiHudk zufwG,fxm;+yD; vDeifudk rmhufpf0g'rS z,fcGm+yD; 'Drdkua&pDudk zsufqD;oltjzpf pGyfpGJtjypfwif=uonf? odk@aomf rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;udk trSefwu,f u|rf;usifolrSmtacsmiform;rsm;r[kwf=uyJ vDeifyifjzpfcJhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf vDeifonf rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;ud k tawG@t}uHKopfrsm;jzi f h uke fvk H ºuG,f0um a&S @wd k ;wufap+y D; /tacsmiform;rsm;rSmrl rmhufpf0g'o abmw&m;udk aemufjyefqGJum t}uHjyKtqdkjyKcsufrsm;udk w&m;aorsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJvdkufaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

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onfh ed*kH;csKyfcsufudk &&SdcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSm 19 &mpktv,favmufu jzpfonf? Ted*kH;csKyfcsufrSm aemufydkif;wGif rmhufpf0g'D tm;vkH;twGuf vrf;!efr_w&yfjzpfvmcJhonf? odk@aomf20 &mpk pwifcsdefwGif e,fcsJ@pepfrwdkifrD t&if;&Sifpepfonf e,fcsJ@t&if;&Sifpepftjzpf}uD;xGm;oGm;+yD; wdk;wufaom t&if;&Sifpepfonf aotHhqJqJt&if;&Sifpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;+yD;jzpfonf? e,fcsJ@t&if;&Sifpepfudk pl;prf;avhvm&&Sdcsuftjzpf vDeifu rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;tajccHay:wGif tdef*,fESifhrmhufpfwdk@. ykHaoenf;a[mif;rsm;onf ordkif;ta=umif;tcsufopfrsm;ESifh rudkufnDawmha=umif; qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;udk wEdkifiHwnf;wOD;wnf;ESifh atmifyGJcHEdkifa=umif;qdkonfh ed*kH;csKyfcsufw&yfudk&&SdcJhonf? EdkifiHtm;vkH;rStacsmiform;tm;vkH;onf/ tdef*,fESifh rmhufpfwdk@. ykHaoenf;a[mif;rsm;udk qkyfudkifxm;=u+yD; vDeifudk rmhufpf0g'rS aoGz,foltjzpf pGyfpGJ=uonf? odk@aomf rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk trSefwu,fu|rf;usifolrsm;rSm tacsmiform;rsm;r[kwf=ubJ/ vDeifyif jzpfawmhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf vDeifonf rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk tawG@t}uHK opfrsm;jzifhukHvkHºuG,f0 a&S@wdk;apcJh+yD;/ tacsmiform;rsm;rSmrl aemufjyefqGJum taoaumif jyKvkyfaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

tu,fI vDeifonf rmhufpf0g'pma=umif;rsm;udk ta=umufvGef+yD; rmhufpf0g'. ed*kH;csKyfcsufta[mif;wckudk pGef@ypfum ordkif;ta=umif;csufopfrsm;ESifh udkufnDonfh qdk&S,fvpfatmifyGJudk wEdkifiHwnf;/ wOD;wnf;jzifh &,lEdkifonfqdkonfh ed*kH;csKyfcsuftopf w&yfESifhtpm;xdk;&Jonfh/ oabmw&m;a&;&m ,kH=unfcdkifrmonfh owWdr&SdcJhygu ygwD/ u|Ekfyfawmfwdk@awmfvSefa&;ESifh rmhufpf0g'onf rnfonfhtajcodk@ qkdufa&mufoGm;rnfenf;? ygwDonftarSmifxJwGif prf;w0g;0g; jzpfaernfjzpf+yD; ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;onfvnf; acgif;aqmifr_ rJhumrmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;rSm pwifykyfodk; aqG;ajr@vmayrnf? ypPnf;rJhrsm; ±_H;edrfh+yD; ypPnf;rJhrsm;.&efolrsm;u atmifyGJcHayvdrfhrnf?

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tdef*,f uG,fvGef+yD;aemuf oabmw&m;a&; q&mwOD;jzpfaom vDeifESifh vDeifaemufwGif pwmvifESifh vDeif. tjcm;wynfhrsm;onf rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;udk a&S@wdk;ap+yD;ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;wdkufyG J ta=umif;tcsufopfrsm;twGif;rS tawG@t}uKHopfrsm;jzifhuHkvHkºuG,f0aponfh rmhufpf0g'Drsm;jzpfonfqdkonfh ajymqdkcsufrSm tydkcsJ@um;jcif;r[kwfacs?

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rJhvlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;twGif;u rmhufpf0g'/ e,fcsJ@pepfacwfESifh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;rsm;. rmhufpf0g'/ urBmajr}uD;. ajcmufykHwykHae&mwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepf atmifyGJcHonfhacwf. rmhufpf0g'yifjzpfvm&awmhonf?

abmf&SDApfygwD. xdyfqkH;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;udk em;vnfu|rf;usifjcif;r&Sdygu/ T oabmw&m;udk v_yf&Sm;r_. vrf;n¸eftjzpf oabmxm;jcif;r&Sdygu/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. wdkufyGJtawG@t}uKHopfrsm;ESifh rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;udkukefvkHºuG,f0a&S@wdk;atmifvkyfcJhjcif;r&Sdygu 1917 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvtwGif;u atmifjrifatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhrnf r[kwfacs?

tar&duef tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_udk OD;aqmif&ef wm0ef,lxm;onfh *smrefrmhufpf0g'Drsm;udk a0zef&mY tdef*,ffa&;cJhonfrSm æ

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Edk0ifbm 29 &uf/ 1886)Edk0ifbm 29 &uf/ 1886)Edk0ifbm 29 &uf/ 1886)Edk0ifbm 29 &uf/ 1886)Edk0ifbm 29 &uf/ 1886)

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abmf&SDApfrsm;onf ygwDwGif;tacsmiform; tpdwftykdif;rsm;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufr_wGiftcsdef,lvGef;onf? ‚if;wkd@. ta&;ygr_udk ydkrdkwGufqvGef;onf[k tcsdK@urSwf,laumif;rSwf,lvdrfhrnf? odk@aomfTonfrSm vkH;0rSm;,Gif;onf u|[email protected]=um; tacsmif0g'onfusef;rmoefpGrf;onfh t*F g&yftwGif;&Sd temESifhwl+yD; Tonfudk onf;cHIrjzpfacs? ygwDonftvkyform;vlwef;pm;. acgif;aqmifwyfcGJESifh ‚if;. a&S@wef;a&muf cHwyf/ ‚if;. ppfOD;pD;jzpfonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. !ef=um;a&;tzGJ@twGif; oHo,&Sdolrsm;/ tacsmiform; rsm;/tav#mhay;a&;orm;rsm;ESifh opPmazmufrsm;udk onf;cHvufcHEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs? "e&Sifrsm;ESifhaoa&;&Sifa&; wdkufyGJqifae&pOf rdrdwdk@twGif;/ rdrdwdk@ cHwyftwGif; tav#mhay;a&;orm;rsm;ESifh opPmazmufrsm;&Sdaeygu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGuf a&S@rD;/ aemufrD; =um;n‡yfrdaevdrfhrnf? TuJhodk@aom wdkufyGJrsdK;onf t±_H;ESifh &ifqdkif&aeonfrSm &Sif;aeonf? cHwyfudkodrf;ydkuf&ef tvG,fqkH;enf;rSm twGif;rS wdkuf&efjzpfonf? atmifyGJ&&eftwGuf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.ygwD/ ‚if;. !ef=um;a&;wyfzGJ@/ a&S@wef;a&mufcHwyfonf yxrOD;pGm tav#mhay;a&;orm;/ wyfajy;rsm;/ vlqdk;rsm;/ opPmazmufrsm;udk xkwfy,fypf&rnf?

vDeifESifh ygwDudk wdkufcdkufcJhonfh xa&mhpuD0g'Drsm;/ blcg&if0g'Drsm;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'DaoGzDolrsm;onf rif&SDApfESifh qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm; ygwDrsm;uJhodk@yif zufqpfolv#dKtzGJ@0ifrsm;/ olv#Kdrsm;/ tzsuform;rsm;/ vkyf}uHowfjzwfolrsm;/ vrf;v$Ja&;orm;rsm;ESifhwdkif;jynfopPmazmufrsm;tjzpf tqkH;owfoGm;&r_udk wdkufqdkifr_w&yf[k oabmxm;I rjzpfay?


vDeifu æ“u|Ekfyfwdk@t=um; jyKjyifa&;0g'Drsm; - rif&SDApfrsm;&Sdaeygu/ ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJ&&Sda&;rSmrjzpfEdkif? pGJ+rJatmifxdef;odrf;&efvnf; rjzpfEdkif? TonfrSm rlt& &Sif;ae+yD;±k&Sm;ESifh [efa*&D awG@t}uKHrsm;u Ttcsufudk xl;jcm;xif&Sm;pGm twnfjyKay;+yD; jzpfonf?u|Ekfyfwdk@ygwDwGif; rif&SDApfrsm;/ jyKjyifa&;0g'Drsm;ESifh "e&Sifaygufp'Drdkua&pDorm;rsm; qufvuf&Sdaejcif;a=umifh qdkAD,uftkyfcsKyfr_rkcseD;yg; (most certainly) acsr_ef;jcif;cH&Edkifonfh cufcJusyfwnf;vSaom tajctaersm; ±k&Sm;Y t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm ay:aygufcJhygonf?” (vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/(vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/(vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/(vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/(vDeifusrf;aygif;pkH/

twGJ 25 / pmrsufESm 462/ 463)twGJ 25 / pmrsufESm 462/ 463)twGJ 25 / pmrsufESm 462/ 463)twGJ 25 / pmrsufESm 462/ 463)twGJ 25 / pmrsufESm 462/ 463) æ [k qdkcJhonf?&Jabmfpwmvifu æ“u|Ekfyfawmfwdk@ygwDonf t"dutm;jzifh tacsmif0g' tnpf

ta=u;rsm;udk tcsdefrDz,fxkwfypfEdkifaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ rdrdwdk@twGif;rS tzsuform;rif&SDApfrsm;udk &Sif;xkwfypfEdkifaoma=umifh vnf;aumif;/ ygwDwGif; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;udk zefwD;+yD; ygwD0ifrsm;t=um; +yKdifbufuif;aom yl;aygif;pnf;vkH;r_udk atmiffjrif&&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf?ypPnf;rJhygwDrsm;onf rdrdwdk@twGif;rS tacsmiform;ESifh jyKjyifa&;0g'Drsm;/ qdk&S,fe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;/ qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm;/ qdk&S,frsdK;cspfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,f+idrf;csrf;a&;orm;rsm;udk &Sif;ypfz,fxkwfjcif;jzifh jzpfay:wdk;wuf tiftm;}uD; rm;vmonf? ygwDonf rdrdtwGif;rS tacsmiform;tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk z,fxkwfjcif;jzifh tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmonf?(a*s/ pwmvif/ vDeif0g'(a*s/ pwmvif/ vDeif0g'(a*s/ pwmvif/ vDeif0g'(a*s/ pwmvif/ vDeif0g'(a*s/ pwmvif/ vDeif0g'

jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm-91)jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm-91)jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm-91)jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm-91)jy\emrsm;/ pmrsufESm-91)

5?5?5?5?5? ygwDordkif;u u|efawmfwdk@udk qufvufoif=um;ay;onfrSm ygwDonf atmifjrifr_tay:,pfrl;+yD; rme}uD;vmum/ rdrdvkyfief;wGif;&Sd tm;enf;csufrsm;udk a0zef=unfh±_jcif;rjyKawmhyJ/ rdrdwdk@trSm;udk todrSwfjyK0efcH&ef/ a=umuf±GH@um tcsdefrD±dk;om;yGifhvif;pGm jyKjyifjcif;rsm;r&Sdygu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. acgif;aqmiftcef;udk aqmif&GufEdkifrnfr[kwfacs?

ygwDw&yfonf a0zefa&;/ rdrdudk,frdrda0zefa&;udk ra=umuf&GH@ygu rdrd.vkyfief;rsm;twGif;trSm;rsm;ESifh tm;enf;csufrsm;udk zkH;zdjcif;rjyKygu rdrd. au'grsm;udk ygwDvkyfief; twGif;trSm;rsm;rS oifcef;pmrsm; xkwf,l ynmay;oif=um;ay;ygu tcsdefrD rdrdtrSm;rsm;udk rnfuJhodk@jyif&rnfukd od&Sdygu rnfolr# csdK;ESdrfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs?

ygwDw&yfonf rdrdtrSm;rsm;udk zkH;uG,fygu/ emwm&Snfjy\emrsm;tay: zkH;zdxm;ygutppt&mt&m aumif;rGefaeonf[k [efaqmif+yD; tm;enf;csufrsm;udk zkH;xm;ygu a0zefa&;/rdrdudk,frdrda0zefa&;udk rcHEdkifygu rdrdudk,frdrd auseyftm;&+yD;/ tajcmufwdkuf b0ifjrifhaeygurdrdatmifyGJrsm;tay: ,pfrl;aeygu ysufpD;qkH;±_H;&ayrnf?

vDeifuæ“rdrd&J@trSm;awGtay: EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf&Jh oabmxm;[m 'DygwDtaeESifhb,favmuf pdwfxufoefr_&Sdw,f/ rdrdvlwef;pm;ESifh vkyfom;vlxktay: rdrdxrf;aqmif&r,fhwm0efawGudk vufawG@t& b,favmuf jznfhwif; aqmif&Gufw,fqdkwmudk tuJjzwfzdk@twGuf ta&;t}uD;qkH;ESifh taocsmqkH;enf;vrf;yJjzpfw,f? trSm;w&yfudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;0efcHwm/ trSm;jzpf&wJh ta=umif;awGudk &SmazGwm/ trSm;jzpfapwJh tajctaeta=umif;tcsufawGudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmum trSm;awGjyifzdk@twGuf enf;emawGudk aqG;aEG;wmawG[m


av;eufwJh ygwDw&yf&Jh trSwftom;jzpfw,f? rdrdwm0efawGudk xrf;aqmif&r,fh enf;vrf;jzpfjzpfw,f? rdrdvlwef;pm;/ 'Daemufvlxkudk ynmay;avhusifh&r,fh enf;vrf;vnf;jzpfygw,f?” (vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ armfpudk ?1947 ckESpf/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-599)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ armfpudk ?1947 ckESpf/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-599)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ armfpudk ?1947 ckESpf/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-599)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ armfpudk ?1947 ckESpf/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-599)(vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ armfpudk ?1947 ckESpf/ twGJ2/ pmrsufESm-599)

xdk@tjyifæ“,cktcsdefxd qkwf,kwfysufjym;oGm;&onfh awmfvSefa&;ygwDtm;vkH;rSmrmefrme }uD;xGm;vm+yD; rdrdwdk@tiftm; rnfonfhae&mwGif&Sdonfudk rjrifEdkifjzpfum/ [email protected];enf;csufudk ajymqdk&ef a=umufvef@jcif;wdk@a=umifh ysufpD;oGm;jcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomfu|Ekfyfonf u|Ekfyfwkd@. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk ajymqdk&ef a=umufvef@jcif;r&SdyJ ‚if;wdk@udk ausmfeif;Edkif&ef }uKd;pm;rnfjzpfaoma=umifh u|Ekfyfwdk@onf rysufpD;Edkifay” (vDeif/ usrf;aygif;pkH/ 27/(vDeif/ usrf;aygif;pkH/ 27/(vDeif/ usrf;aygif;pkH/ 27/(vDeif/ usrf;aygif;pkH/ 27/(vDeif/ usrf;aygif;pkH/ 27/

pmrsufESm-260/261)pmrsufESm-260/261)pmrsufESm-260/261)pmrsufESm-260/261)pmrsufESm-260/261)

6?6?6?6?6? aemufqkH; ygwDordkif;u oif=um;ay;vdkufonfrSm ygwDonf vlxkESifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ qufqHr_r&Sdygu TqufqHr_rsm;udk t+rJrjywftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif; rjyKygu vlxk.toHudk rnfuJhodk@ tm&kHpdkufem;axmif+yD; ‚if;wdk@. ta&;w}uD; vdktyfr_rsm;udk em;vnfatmifjyKvkyf&rnfudk rod&Sdygu vlxkudk oif=um;ay;±kHr#ru vlxkxHuvnf; oif,l&efjyifqifxm;jcif;r&Sdygu tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. ygwDw&yfonf oef;csDaom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESifh vkyfom;jynfoltm;vkH; wdk@udk acgif;aqmifEdkifaom ppfrSefonfh vlxkygwDw&yfrjzpfEdkifacs?

vDeif ajym=um;ouJhodk@yif ygwDw&yfonf “t"dutm;jzifh ypPnf;rJhrsm; xdkxufruypPnf;rJhr[kwfonfh vkyfom;vlxktrsm;wumhtrsm;pk}uD;ESifh qufpyf+yD; olwdk@ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyfqufoG,fum }udKufESpfoufygu tpdwftydkif;wcsdK@txdyl;aygif;oGm;ygu” rnfonfh&efolr# csdK;ESdrfIr&ay? ( vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 2 / pmrsufESm-574( vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 2 / pmrsufESm-574( vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 2 / pmrsufESm-574( vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 2 / pmrsufESm-574( vDeifvufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 2 / pmrsufESm-574)

ygwDw&yfonf rdrd. usOf;ajrmif;vSaom ygwDOcGHxJwGifomydwfae+yD;/ vlxkESifh qufoG,fr_ jzwfawmufum AsK±dkua&pD oHacs;twufcHygu ysufpD;qkH;±_H;&ayrnf?

&Jabmfpwmvifu “abmf&SDApfrsm;onf jynfolvlxk trsm;pk}uD;ESifh qufqHa&;rjywfoa&G@ olwkd@udk rnfolr# csdK;ESdrfEdkifrnf r[kwfa=umif;udk pnf;rsOf;w&yftjzpf u|efawmfwdk@oabmxm;&rnf? xdkonfESifhqe@fusifpGmyif abmf&SDApfrsm;onf/ vlxkESifh tquftoG,fjywfawmuf+yD; ‚if;wdk@ESifh qufqHa&;rsm; r&SdawmhonfESifh AsK&kdua&pDoHacs;wufvmonfESifh rdrdwdk@tiftm;rsm; qkH;±_H;oGm;awmhrnfjzpfI oknb0odk@usqif; oGm;ayrnf?

“a&S;a[mif; *&dykHjyifusrf;xJwGif emrnf}uD; ol&Jaumif; tef;wD;,yfpf (Antaeus)

qdkol&SdcJh+yD;/ ykHjyift& olonf yifv,frsm;. ewfbk&m; ydkqdkif'ef (Poseidon) ESifh ajrewforD;*gtm (Gaea) [email protected];jzpfonf? tefwD;,yffpfonf rdrdtm; arG;zGm;oef@pif Edk@csdKwdkufau|;arG;jrLcJhonfh rdciftay: tvGefcspfcifwG,fwmcJhonf? Ttef;wD;,yfpfu ratmifEdkifonfh ol&Jaumif;r&SdcJhacs? olonf rnfolr# csdK;ESdrf/ wdkufcdkuf/ acsr_ef;jcif;rjyKEdkifonfh ol&J aumif;jzpfayonf?? ol.pGrf;tm;onf rnfonfhae&mwGif&Sdygoenf;? olonf rdrd. &efol ESifhtjyif;txef wdkufcdk kuf&onfhtcgwdkif; rdrdtm; arG;zGm;cJh+yD; Edk@csdKwdkufau|;cJhonfh rdcif


ajr}uD;tm;xdxm;+yD; xdkrSol. tiftm;opfrsm;&&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf ol@rSm tm;enf;csuf w&yf&Sdonf? wenf;enf;jzifh ol@udk ajr}uD;ESifh vGwfoGm;Edkifrnfh tE W&m,fyifjzpfonf?ol. &efolrsm;onf Ttm;enf;csufudk owdjyKrd+yD; ol@udk apmifh=unfhaeonf? wae@ Ttcsufudk tcGifhaumif;,lIf tef;wD;,yfpfudk acsr_ef;rnfh&efolay:aygufvmonf? olum;[m=uLvDyifwnf;? [m=uLvDonf rnfonfhenf;jzifh tef;wD,yfpfudk atmifjrifEdkifvdkufoenf;? [m=uLvDu oludk ajr}uD;rS r, csDvdkuf+yD; avxJwGifajr‡mufudkifxm;um ajr}uD;ESifhrxdrdatmifxm;+yD; vnfyif;n‡pfowfypfvdkufonf?

“abmf&SDApfrsm;onf u|efawmfwdk@udk *&dykHjyifxJrS ol&Jaumif; tef;wD;,yfpfudk owd&aponf[k u|Ekfyfxifonf? olwdk@onf tef;wD,yfpfuJhodk@ rdrdtm; arG;zGm;oef@pif Edk@csdKwdkufaºuG; arG;jrLjyKpkcJhonfh rdcifvlxk}uD; ESifh qufpyfxdawGaeonfhtwGuf tiftm;awmifhwif;aeonf? rdrdwdk@. rdcifjynfolrsm;ESihf qufpyfxdawG@aeoa&G@ rnfolr#csdK;ESdrfEdkifrnf r[kwfacs? ”

“TonfrSm abmf&SDApfacgif;aqmifr_. wdkufwdkif;atmifEdkifr_ (invincibility) . ta=umif;t&if;jzpfonf?” (a*s/ pwmvif/ ygwDvkyfief;wGif; csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;)(a*s/ pwmvif/ ygwDvkyfief;wGif; csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;)(a*s/ pwmvif/ ygwDvkyfief;wGif; csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;)(a*s/ pwmvif/ ygwDvkyfief;wGif; csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;)(a*s/ pwmvif/ ygwDvkyfief;wGif; csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;)

Tonfwdk@rSm abmf&SDApfygwD jzwfoef;av#mufvSrf;cJh&aom ordkif;vrf;a=umif; twGif;rS&&Sdonfh t"duoifcef;pmrsm; jzpfayownf;? ?

bmomjyefol - a':,Of,OfvS

5 &uf {+yD 1992 ckESpf5 &uf {+yD 1992 ckESpf5 &uf {+yD 1992 ckESpf5 &uf {+yD 1992 ckESpf5 &uf {+yD 1992 ckESpf

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B ...€¦ · qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (...

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Transcript of qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD ( abmf&SDApf) C.P.S.U (B ...€¦ · qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD (...