12

nfXnkfJ gfjbk tksktoDL f;XKse gfog/y

e[dos d/ ftPkb pqfjwzv ftZu wBZ[y dk S'Nk fijk ;z;ko j?. e[dos d/ ojZ; Bz{

;wMD ftZu ;dhnK phs uZ[ehnK jB ns/ fBozso e'fPP ikoh j?. nZi th pqfjwzv dk

99H9# fjZ;k wB[Zy bJh ojZ; j?. ftfrnkB nB[;ko fJ; pqfjwzv dk jo iht ;XkoB s'A

rz[Mbdko nt;Ek tZb tX fojk j?. jo iht nkgFD/ nkg Bz{ nk+/ d[nk+/ nB[;ko Ykbdk

j'fJnk fiT[Ad/ ofjD bJh ;zxoPPhb j?. gozs{ wBZ[y Xosh dk ;opT[Zsw iht j'D ;dek

nkgDh j'Ad bJh ;zxoP eoB d/ Bkb Bkb nk+/ d[nk+/ Bz{ gqGkfts eoB dh th ;woZEk

oZydk j?. wBZ[y d/ fgSb/ fszB ;" ;kb d/ s/I T[d:'fre ftek; ekoB tZvk tksktoDh

n;zs[bB g?dk j'fJnk j?. fgSbhnK fszB ;dhnK dk ftek; fNekT{ ftek; BjhA pD

;fenk feT[Afe fJ; ftek; B/ ;[y ;[ftXktK d/ Bkb Bkb tksktoDh ;wZf;nktK ftZu th

tZvk tkXk ehsk j?. e[dos d/ nDfrDs s'j|/ i' ;kBz{ ftok;s ftZu fwb/ jB, T[j nkT[D

tkbhnK ghVQhnK bJh ;[oZfyns BjhA jB. nZi fJBQK rb'pbh ;wZf;nktK dh fuzsk ekoB

tksktoD pukT[Dk ;G s'A wjZstg{oB j? feT[Afe i/ fJZe tko ihtB \sw j' frnk T[j

w[V gosDk pVk w[Peb j?. fJ; eoe/ e[dosh tksktoD dh nfjwhns Bz{ gSkDfdnK

fgSb/ e[M ;kbK d"okB tksktoD pukT[D d/ gZy s'A fszB wZ[y gjz[uK (Approaches) ;kjwD/

nkJhnK jB. T[dkotkdh gjz[u (Libertarian Approach) nB[;ko Xosh f;o| wBZ[y bJh

BjhA j?. Xosh d/ ;ko/ ihtK Bz{ Xosh T[Zgo ofjD d/ pokpo nfXeko fdZs/ ikD.

tksktoDh gjz[u (Ecological Approach) nB[;ko tksktoD d/ i?fte ns/ ni?fte nzrK

dh nkg;h fBoGosk Bz{ gSkDBk nfs Io{oh j? ns/ o{Vhtkdh gjz[u (Conservative

Approach) nB[;ko tksktoD Bz{ tksktoD iK j'o ihtK bJh Bk ;jh wBZ[y dh Io{os

ti'A jh puk fbnk ikt/. fszBK gjz[uK dk tZy tZy j' e/ th w{b ezw e[dosh tksktoD Bz{

pukT[Dk j? sK i' fJ; rqfj T[Zgobh iht ftfGzBsk pDh oj/. fJBQK gjz[uK dh g{osh fjs

jh ;e{b, ekbi ns/ :{Bhtof;Nh gZXo s/ tksktoD f;Zfynk Bz{ wZ[y ftP/ ti'A gVQkfJnk

ikD bZrk j?. wZ[y ftP/ d/ Bkb Bkb tksktoD u/sBk Bz{ j'o ftfPnK dk th fjZ;k pDkfJnk

frnk j?, fi; ftZu ;kfjs th Pkwb j?. ;kfjs i/ ;wkfie u/sBk dk gqrNkU j? sK fJj

;wkfie ;o'ekoK s'A nfGi BjhA ofj ;edk. ;kfjs ftZu tksktoD dh nu/s^;[u/s

g/Pekoh sK j[zdh j? go T[;Bz{ u/sB s"o s/ ftuko nXhB fbnkT[D dh Io{os j?. gzikph

;kfjs ns/ ;fGnkuko ftZu tksktoD u/sBk dh gVskb s'A gfjbK tksktoD ns/ fJ;

13

Bkb ;zpzfXs j'o nkw ikDekoh Bz{ ;wMDk Io{oh j? fit/A^tksktoD eh j? < ;wZ[uk

nk+k^d[nk+k fet/A g?dk j'fJnk j? < tksktoD d/ fejV/^fejV/ nzP jB < tksktoD Bz{

fejV/^fejV/ ekoe gqGkfts eod/ jB < tZy^tZy ;fwnK d"okB fJ; pqfjwzv d/

tksktoDh jkbks fej' fij/ ;B < eh nZi th T[j' fij/ jkbks jB < i/ BjhA sK feT[A <

wBZ[y d/ e[dos Bkb ;zpzX fej' fij/ jB < wBZ[y ns/ e[dos d/ ;zpzXK dh gVu'b dk

nkXko eh j't/ < eh wBZ[y e[dos d/ nB[;ko fiT[A fojk j? iK e[dos wBZ[y nB[;ko Yb

ojh j? < j'o th nB/e nfij/ gqPB jB i' tksktoD u/sBk ftP/ Bkb ;zpzfXs jB. fJBQK

gqPBK d/ ftPb/PD bJh pqfjwzv ouBk s'A b? e/ wBZ[yh ftek; dh bzwh :ksok Bz{ e[M

pkjow[yh ftfrnkBe fB:wK nXhB ;wMDk gt/rk.

tksktoD dh gfoGkPk

“tksktoD Ppd „tks‟ ns/ „nktoD‟ s'A fwb e/ pfDnk j?. tks s'A Gkt j?

„jtk‟ ns/ nktoD s'A Gkt j? „YeD tkbk eZgVk‟, Gkt T[j uhI i' ;G e[M Bz{ Ye e/

oZydh j?, T[j tksktoD j?.“Environment Ppd |qK;h;h Ppd Environir s'A fbnk frnk

j?, fi;dk noE j?, nk+/^d[nk+ / dk x/oBk.”1 i/eo fJ;dk nzro/Ih o{g „Environment’

d/yhJ/ sK fJ; ftZu Viron w{b Xks{ j?. fi;dk noE j?^;oeN iK x/ok ns/ „En’ fJ;dk

nr/so j?. g{oB o{g ftZu fJ; dk wsbp j?^fi; uhI B/ x/fonk j'fJnk j?.”2

nke;|'ov fJzrfbP fvePBoh nB[;ko “tksktoD T[j j? fijVk t;s{nK Bz{ x/odk j? iK

T[j EK fijVh fe;/ t;s{ Bz{ x/odh j? iK T[j jkbsK fizBQK ftZu e'Jh ftnesh iK t;s{

ofjzdh j? iK ftek; eodh j?.”3 d{i/ PpdK ftZu tksktoD T[BQK ;ko/ gqGktK dk i'V j? i'

fe;/ ihtB ufoZso Bz{ fBPfus eod/ jB ns/ ihtB Bz{ pdb ;ed/ jB. “tksktoB ftPk

e'P nB[;ko fJj cqK;h;h Ppd j?, fi; d/ noE jB, “u[frod/” d/. iht T[Zgo gqGkt

gkT[D tkb/, fJ; d/ d[nkb/ nzdob/ i?fte ns/ ni?fte nzPK d/ ;w{j bJh T[go'es gd

tofsnk iKdk j?.”4 fJ;/ soQK jh fjzdh ftZu tksktoD dh EK gfonktoD Ppd gqufbs

j?. T[ofwbk o;s'rh gfonktoD Bz{ gfoGkfPs eofdnK fbydh j? “fjzdh w/A gfonktoD

Ppd gfo sEk nk T[g;or w/A toD Ppd e' i'Veo fBPgzB j{nk j? fi;ek noE j{nk

uko'A Uo ;/ toD nEtk nktoD nEtk nfXeko nEtk GoD eoBk.”5 p'fozr (Boring)

nB[;ko “fe;/ ftnesh dk tksktoD T[BQK ;kohnK ;zt/dBktK dk i'V j? fijVhnK T[j

fBzwD (Conception) s'A b? e/ woB sZe wfj;{; eodk j?.”6 nBk;sk;h (Anastasi) fJ;

s'A th fJZe edw j'o nZr/ iKfdnK fbydk j? fe “tksktoD ihBI s'A fpBK T[j ;G e[M

14

j?, i' fe;/ iht Bz{ gqGkfts eodk j?.”7 fJ; bJh Gkt/A tksktoD dk Ppdh Gkt

nk+/^d[nk+/ ti'A fbnk iKdk j? go nZi^eZbQ tksktoD s'A Gkt nfijk nk+k^d[nk+k j?

fi; B/ iht Bz{ uko/ gkf;UA x/fonk j'fJnk j? fJ; ftZu G"fse, o;kfJfDe s/ i?fte

fefonktK Pkwb jB, fijVhnK iht Bz{ gqGkfts eo ;edhnK jB. tksktoD d/ G"fse

gk;ko ftZu ib wzvb, Eb wzvb ns/ tk:{wzvb Pkwb jB. ;iht tksktoD ftZu

T[sgkde ns/ ygseko Pkwb jB. shi/ wBZ[yh tksktoD ftZu wBZ[y d[nkok f;oi/

foPs/^Bks/, ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe edoK ehwsK s'A fJbktk j'o wB[Zyh fefonktK th

Pkwb jB. wB[Zy ns/ tksktoD d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK dh gVu'b bJh pqfjwzv dh T[sgsh

fet/A j'Jh s'A P[o{ eoBk gt/rk.

pqfjwzv T[sgsh

pqfjwzv dh T[sgsh ;zpzXh wZ[y o{g ftZu d' ;wkBKso XkoktK ubdhnK jB.

fijVhnK tZy^tZy sohfenK Bkb pqfjwzv ouBk d/ ;Zu Bz{ g/P eodhnK jB. Xow

pqfjwzv ;kiBk fe;/ eoskoh Pesh d/ jZE'A wzBdk j? ns/ ftfrnkB pqfjwzv dh ouBk Bz{

fBozso ftek; ti'A d/ydk j?. Jh;kJh Xow nB[;ko ;wZ[uh irs ouBk dk eosk

gqwkswk j? fi; d/ efjD s/ Xosh pDh. ;tor Boe pD/. fJ;soh wod dh ouBk ehsh

ns/ fJ; Xosh s/ ofjD bJh G/fink. fJj ;wZ[uk ekoi ;Zs fdBK ftZu g{oB eo fbnk.

“f;qPNh^ouBk pko/ Jh;kJh ws dh wB"s :j{dhnK Bkb fwbdh j?. Jh;kJh th efjzd/ jB

fe oZp B/ „ez[B‟ Ppd fejk, fi; s'A fJj ouBk j' rJh. ;G s'A gfjbk wBZ[y „nkdw‟

;h. T[; B/ nkgDh phth „jtk‟ nkgDh tZyh ftZu'A eZYh. ;koh wBZ[y iksh nkdw dh ;zskB

j?.HHH :j{dh wzBd/ jB fe oZp B/ S/ fdB f;qPNh pDk e/ ;fBZuotko Bz{ nkokw ehsk,

Jh;kJh n?stko Bz{ nkokw dk fdB wzBd/ jB.”8 fJ;bkw Xow dk ws j? fe nZbQk B/

d[BhnK g?dk ehsh ns/ wBZ[y Bz{ d[BhnK dk ;tkwh pDk d/ G/fink. fJ;bkw nB[;ko “oZp

fJZe j?. T[j f;qPNh s'A go/ ;Zst/A n;wkB ftZu j?. T[; dk sys cfoPfsnK B/ uZ[fenk

j'fJnk j?. T[j f;qPNh dk eosk j?. T[; B/ “ez[B” fejk s/ f;qPNh pD rJh. T[j

gkbDjko, i?pko, ejko s/ op[b^nbwhB j?. T[; s'A fpBK fe;/ dh g{ik BjhA eoBh

ukjhdh.”9 Gkt ;ko/ ;?wfNe (;kwh) Xow fJ;/ f;XKs B{z wzBd/ jB. f;Zy Xow nB[;ko

th ;wZ[uk g;kok nekb g[ofy dh ouBk j?. f;Zy Xow d/ w{b wzso ftZu jh gqwkswk Bz{

;dk ofjD tkbk ns/ eosk g[oy[ dZf;nk frnk j?. r[opkDh nB[;ko fJj d[BhnK T[;

15

nekb g[oy dh bhbk j?. fi;Bz{ T[j nkgDh woih Bkb ubk fojk j?. f;Zy Xow d/ pkBh

;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ nk;k dh tko ftZu e[dos ouBk pko/ fbfynk j?^

“nkghB/ nkg[ ;kfiT[ nkghB/ ofuT[ BkT[,

d[:h e[dofs ;kihn? efo nk;D fvm' ukT[.”10

fJ; gqeko ;ko/ XowK B/ jh pqfjwzv dh ;kiBk ftZu fe;/ ;op PeshwkB dh j'Ad

Bz{ wzfBnk j? fi; d/ efjD s/ ;kok g;kok g?dk j'fJnk ns/ nZi sZe T[;d/ j[ew ftZu ub

fojk j?.

nkX[fBe ftfrnkB pqfjwzv T[sgsh dh tZy^tZy fdqPNhe'BK s'A ftnkfynk eodk

j?. M{bB fET{oh nB[;ko fJj pqfjwzv P{B s'A g?dk j'fJnk j? ns/ fBozso c?b fojk j?.

fe;/ \k; nkeko s'A pknd ;z[xVBk P[o{ eo d/t/rk ns/ P{B j' ikt/rk. ;EkJh nt;Ek

fET{oh (Steady State theory) nB[;ko pqfjwzv ftZu BthnK rb?e;hnK pDdhnK ofjzdhnK

jB ns/ g[okDhnK \sw jz[dhnK ofjzdhnK jB gozs{ eZ[b nkeko ;wkB ofjzdk j?. fszB

XkoBktK ftZu'A ;G s'A tZX wkBsk tZv/ ft;c'N iK wjkB Xwkek fET{oh Bz{ fwbh j?. wjkB

Xwkek fET{oh nB[;ko fJj pqfjwzv fJZe wjK ft;c'N (fpr p?Ar) okjhA f;ofink frnk.

T[sgsh d/ ;w/A fJ;dk xDst ns/ skgwkB nBzs ;h, gozs{ fJ;dk nkeko P{B: ;h.

T[sgsh d/ pknd pqfjwzv dk ft;Eko nozG j'fJnk. fit/A fit/A nkeko tXdk frnk,

fJ;dk skgwkB xNdk frnk. pqfjwzv dk ft;sko ikoh ofjD Bkb fJ;d/ skgwkB ftZu

brksko froktN nkJh ns/ wZ[Yb/ eD e[nkoe j'Ad ftZu nk rJ/. fJBQK eDK (e[nkoe)

s'A gqwkD{ pDB bZr/. gqwkD{nK d/ i[VB Bkb nD{ pDB/ P[o{ j'J/. jkJhvo'iB jhbhnw ‟u

pdbD bZrh. fJ;d/ pknd eohp 10 bZy tfoQnK sZe fpBK fe;/ \k; xNBk d/ pqfjwzv

dk ft;sko jz[dk fojk. b/feB fJ; d"okB skgwkB ftZu froktN ikoh ojh ns/ fJj e[M

jIko fvroh sZe nk frnk. skfonK rqfjnK dh ouBk j'Jh fizBQK ftZu ;kvh Xosh th

fJe rqfj ti'A Pkfwb j?. rqfj ns/ sko/ rshPhb j' rJ/. row bktk j"+h^j"+h mzvk j'D

bZrk. Gko nB[;ko tZy^tZy sZsK B/ ;EkB gqkgs eo fbnk. ;G s'A Gko/ sZsK B/ Xosh

dh nzdobh gos pDkJh fi;B{z e'o efjzd/ jB ns/ jbe/ sZsK B/ ;G s'A TZ[gobh gos

fi;B{z g/gVh fejk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK Xosh fszBK gosK (g/gVh, w?ANb, e'o) d/ o{g ftZu

j'Ad ftZu nk rJh.

pqfjwzv f;oiDk s'A pknd th wBZ[yh ftek; dh bzwh ejkDh j?. Xosh T[s/ ihtB

nB[e{b jkbsK j'D eoe/ bZyK ;kbK d/ iht ftek; d/ f;ZN/ ti'A ihtB g?dk j'fJnk.

fBoiht s'A ;iht g?dk j'D pko/ th fGzB^fGzB wZs gqubs jB go w'N/ s"o s/ d' jB.

16

“o?vh ns/ gk;uo BkwhA ftfrnkBhnK dk f;XKs j? fe ihtB dh T[gi e/tb ihtB s'A

;zGt j? gozs{ ftfrnkBh J/H i/H T[g/ohnB ns/ i/H phH n?;H jbdkB/ nB[;ko Xosh dk

wZ[Ybk ihtB wkd/ s'A P[o{ j'fJnk fJ; f;XKs Bz{ T[BQK Abiogenesis dk Bkw fdZsk.”11 fJ;

f;XKs w[skfpe “wZ[Ybk ihtB o;kfJfDe ftek; d[nkok nZi s'A 4H2 nop toQ/ gfjbK

Xosh T[Zgob/ gkDh nzdo ftef;s j'fJnk ;h. o;kfJDh gqfefonktK Bz{ ihtB dh T[sgsh

dk X[ok wzBD tkb/ fJ; f;XKs Bz{ ihtB T[sgsh dk o;kfJfDe f;XKs th fejk iKdk

j?.”12 fJ; f;XKs nB[;ko wZ[Yb/ d"o d"okB g?dk j'JhnK jkJhvq'iB, whE/B ns/ nw'Bhnk

torhnK r?;K d/ fpibh fv;ukoi s'A ekopfBe gdkoE j'Ad ftZu nkJ/. rkVQk b/;bk

gdkoE Xosh ‟s/ iwQK j'D bZrk. skgwkB xND Bkb gkDh d/ tkPg fJeZm/ j' e/ Xosh ‟s/

fvrD bZr/ ns/ BhthnK EktK ‟s/ iwQK j' rJ/. b/;b/ gdkoE s'A gfjbh g'qNhB pDh ns/

gkDh ftZu gfjbk ihts ;?b g?dk j'fJnk. T[; ;w/A Xosh T[Zgo nke;hiB dh brGr

nDj'Ad ;h. w[ZYb/ d"o ftZu Xosh T[Zgo nke;hiB dh }?o w"i{drh B/ ihtB dh TZ[sgsh

ftZu wjZstg{oB o'b ndk ehsk feT[Afe nke;hiB nke;hekoe j'D ekoB BkPtkB j?.

P[o{nksh iht nD^nke;h ;B i' nke;hiB s'A fpBK th fiT[Ad/ ofj ;ed/ ;B.

tksktoD B/ fco eotN pdbh ns/ Xosh T[Zgo o;kfJfDe fefonktK ekoB tksktoD

pdfbnk ns/ nke;hiB r?; g?dk j' rJh. nkgD/ nkg B{z nk+/ d[nk+// nB[;ko Ykbd/

j'J/ nD^nke;h ihtK s'A nke;h iht g?dk j'J/. vkoftB B/ iht ftek;tkd d/ f;XKs

nB[;ko f;ZX ehsk fe ;ko/ ihtK dk ftek; ghVQh do ghVQh j'fJnk j?. Go{D ;zpzXh

gqwkD, gEokNK ;zpzXh gqwkD ns/ ikshnK ftubhnK i'Ve^eVhnK B/ iht ftek; dh

XkoBk s/ gZeh w'jo bk fdZsh j?. ihtK d/ ftZu pj[^;zskB T[sgsh, fiT[Ad/ ofjD bJh

;zxoP, e[dosh u'D ns/ nukBe gfotosBK (Mutations) d/ nB[;ko fJj tzB^;[tzB/

iht fBozso ftek; okjhA bZyK ;kbK ftZu ni'e/ o{g sZe gjz[u/ jB fizBQK ftZu'A wB[Zy th

fJZe iht j?.

wBZ[yh ihtB d/ bzp/ ekb Bz{ wZ[y o{g ftZu d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^ g{ot

fJfsjkf;e ekb ns/ fJfsjkf;e ekb. g{ot fJfsjkf;e ekb wBZ[y dk T[j ihtB ekb

j? fi;dk e'Jh fbysh fJfsjk; BjhA fwbdk. fJj ekb fJfsjk; ekb d/ w[ekpb/ pj[s

bzwk j?. fJfsjkf;e ekb T[j ekb j? fi;dk fbysh t/otk fwbdk j?. g{ot fJfsjkf;e

ekb d"okB wBZ[y nkgDhnK e[dosh b'VK (o'Nh, eZgVk, ofjD p;/ok) sZe ;hws ;h.

wBZ[y izr+K ftZu ofjzdk ;h. izr+ ftZu i' oZ[yK s'A gqkgs jz[dk T[j yk e/ r[Ikok eo b?Adk

fJ; s'A fJbktk wZShnK ns/ j'o ikBtoK dk fPeko eoe/ eZuk wk; yKdk feT[Afe nZr

17

pko/ T[;Bz{ e'Jh ikDekoh BjhA ;h. T[;dh e'Jh th rshftXh e[dos d/ fto'X ftZu BjhA

;h ;r'A T[;dk jo ezw e[dos dk ;fj:'rh ;h. tZy^tZy ikBto T[; s'A nIkd ;B.

T[;B/ fe;/ Bz{ th nkgDk pzXe BjhA ;h pDkfJnk, ;r'A T[j skesto ikBtoK s'A puD

bJh T[Zu/ do\sK dh tos'A eodk ;h. fpibh dh uwe, pZdbK dh roI ns/ \"cBke

ikBtoK s'A pj[s vodk ;h. oZ[yK s/ uVQB ns/ t;s{nK Bz{ cVB eoe/ pkjK ns/ jZEK dk

ftek; j' frnk. rowh ;odh d/ w";w ns/ \soBke ikBtoK s'A puD bJh r[cktK ‟u

ofjDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. do\sK s/ gZs/, fSbe/ ns/ ikBtoK dhnK yZbK Bz{ ;oho YZeD bJh

tosDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. fPeko eoB bJh gZEoK dh tos'A P[o{ eo fdZsh. e[M ikBto

fPeko d/ ;kEh ti'A gkbD/ P[o{ eo fdZs/. gZEoK Bz{ fsZy/ eo eoe/ fPeko bJh jfEnko

pDkT[D/ P[o{ eo fdZs/. gZEo Bkb gZEo x; e/ nZr g?dk j'Dk wBZ[y d/ ihtB ftZu wjkB

xNBk ;h. nZr dh y'i Bkb G'iB gek e/ ykDk, ;odh s'A pukn ns/ \soBke ikBtoK

s'A oZfynk fwbh. eZu/ c+K ns/ eZu/ wk; dh EK G'iB ftZu spdhbh nk rJh. ikBtoK d/

gkbs{eoD B/ n"V ;"V ftZu wBZ[y d/ fizdk ofjD dh ;zGktBk tXk fdZsh. fJ; s'A pknd

d{ih tZvh xNBk nBki dk T[sgkdB ;h. wBZ[y B/ phi phiD/ P[o{ eo fdZs/ fiZE'A y/shpkVh

dk nozG j' frnk. y/shpkVh dk nozG e[dosh tksktoD ftZu gfjbh tZvh wB[Zy dh u/szB

s"o s/ d\bnzdkIh j?. y/sh eofdnK eJh tkoh MZyV, jB/oh ns/ whAj nkfd |;bK

\okp eo iKd/ ns/ wBZ[y B// gqfse{b jkbsK s'A puD bJh gqkfeofse PeshnK Bz{ d/ts/

wzB e/ g{iDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. feT[Afe T[;dh y/sh fJBQK PeshnK dh feogk s/ nkXkfos

;h. nBki dh ;KG ;zGk+ P[o{ j' rJh sK i' GftZy ‟u b'VK g{ohnK ehshnK ik ;eD.

gjhJ/ dh y'i B/ wBZ[y d/ ihtB ftZu eoKsh fbnKdh. wBZ[y B/ wPhBh :[Zr dh fdPk tZb

edw tXk bJ/. y/shpkVh ftek; Bkb ;zrfms ns/ fNekT{ ihtB dk nozG j' frnk.

wBZ[y B/ gfotko d/ o{g ftZu fJeZm/ ofjDk nozG eo fdZsk.

n?bH n?uH w"orB B/ nkgDh feskp „g[oksB ;wki‟ ftZu tZy^tZy d"oK ftZu

ftek; dk b/yk i'yk ehsk j?. T[; nB[;ko “Xosh T[Zgo wBZ[yh j'Ad Bz{ P[o{ j'fJnK i/

fJZe bZy ;kb wzB bJhJ/^fJj bzpkJh tZX xZN th j' ;edh j?^sK izrbh d"o ftZu wBZ[y B/

60 jIko ;kb r[Iko/ j'Dr/ s/ poposk d/ gfjb/ d"o ftZu 20 jIko ;kb. poposk dk

wZXekbh s/ nzfsw d"o 15 jIko ;kb oj/ j' ;ed/ jB. fJ; fj;kp Bkb ;ZfGnsk d/ d"o

dh bzpkJh e/tb gzi jIko ;kb pDdh j?.”13 fJ; ;w/A d"okB jh ;wki dk wZ[Y pZMk.

;wki rD, ephb/ s'A jz[dk j'fJnk nkX[fBe ;wki sZe gjz[u frnk. tZy^tZy gqeko dhnK

GkJhukoe ;KMk, foPs/ Bks/ ns/ j'o ;fj:'rh ;z;EktK j'Ad ftZu nk rJhnK. xo

18

pDkT[D, y/sh eoB bJh do\sK dh eZN eNkJh P[o{ j' rJh. ;wkih ;z;EktK B/ e[M

fB:w nfij/ th pDkJ/ i' wBZ[y T[Zgo fB:zsoD oZyd/ ;B. fJj e[dos Bkb ftrkV ;ztko

dk foPsk ;h fi; ftZu fizBk e[ wBZ[y \okp eodk ;h T[BK e[ e[dosh fefonktK okjhA

mhe eo fbnk iKdk. e[dos Bz{ d?th Pesh wzBdk ;h. e[dosh nk|sK s'A puD bJh

ikd{^N{D/ eodk ;h. id'A ed/ ikd{^N{D/ n;|b j' iKd/ sK N{D/ ftZu PoXk dh xkN Bz{

fizw/tko mfjokT[Adk. Xow d/ BK s/ ib ns/ tk:{ Bz{ d/tfsnK ti'A g{iBk ns/ Xkofwe

eoweKv fit/A fgZgb, s[b;h, p'jV nkfd p{fNnK dh g{ik, ikBtoK Bz{ d/th d/tfsnK dh

;tkoh wzBDk nkfd ;G e[dos dh oZfynk eoB d/ sohe/ ;B. j"+h j"+h ftef;s ;wki

j'Ad ftZu nk frnk. ;wki d/ Bt/A o{g dk f;ZNk fJj fBefbnk fe GftZy bJh fJeZmk

eoB dh o[uh, fJZe d{i/ T[Zgo epIk eoB dh GktBk ti'A Gko{ j'D bZr gJh. nkgD/ nkg

Bz{ d{finK s'A wIp{s eoB bJh ikfJI BkikfJI sohe/ ngDkJ/ ikD bZr gJ/. izr+K Bz{

;k| eoe/ G{wh Bz{ y/sh:'r pDkfJnk frnk. ofjD bJh xo pDkJ/ rJ/, fgzvK dh ;EkgBk

j'Jh, j"+h j"+h tZv/ Pfjo j'Ad ftZu nk rJ/. eko\kB/ bZrD/ P[o{ j' rJ/. nZr/ tXD dh

\kjP ‟u e[dos fes/ fgZS/ ofj rJh. bkbut; wBZ[y nkgD/ GftZy dh EK nkgD/

;[Zy^nkokw pko/ ;'uD bZrk. T[;B/ e[dos dhnK tZy^tZy uhIK s/ jZe iwkT[D/ P[o{ eo

fdZs/. e[dosh ;kXBK dh fInkdk s'A fInkdk tos'A ehsh ikD bZr gJh. tZv/^tZv/ v?wK dh

T[;koh, pj[wzIbh fJwkosK, ;VeK, o/b bkJhBK ns/ j'o ;Z[y ;j{bsK d/ ;kXB g?dk eoB

bJh do\sK dh eNkJh P[o{ j' rJh. wBZ[y B/ e[dos Bz{ nkgDh ;"y nB[;ko YkbDk P[o{

eo fdZsk. BthnK^BthnK y'iK ;dek pkeh ikBtoK s/ ezNo'b eo fbnk gozs{ \[d

ezNo'b s'A pkjo j' frnk. tXdhnK \kjPK ns/ tXdh iB;zfynk B/ ;zs[bB ftrkVBk P[o{

eo fdZsk. T[d:'rK dh ;Ekgsh Bkb fiZE/ fJZe gk;/ izr+K j/m oepk xN frnk T[ZE/ d{i/

gk;/ gqd{fPs r?;K dh wksok brsko tXdh rJh. ekopBw'B'nke;kJhv, BkJhNo'iB d/

nke;kJhv ns/ b?Zv, e?vwhnw, gkok, nko;?fBe tor/ j'o Ifjohb/ sZsK d/ fBek; B/

Xosh T[Zgob/ e[dosh ;q'sK Bz{ gbhs eo fdZsk. jtk, fwZNh, gkDh nkfd ;G T[d:'rK dh

wko j/m nk rJ/. G'iB gqkgsh bJh y/sK ftZu fwZNh dh T[gikT{ Pesh Bz{ fXnkB ‟u Bk

oZyfdnK ykdK, ehV/ wko dtkJhnK, BdhBBkPeK, ;pwo;hpb w'NoK, ;[Xo/ phiK dh

;jkfJsk Bkb T[j tZX s'A tZX nBki g?dk eodk j? sK i' fe;/ wBZ[y ikJ/ Bz{ GZ[yk Bk

ofjDk gt/. wBZ[y nkgD/ nkg Bz{ e[dos dk wkbe ;wM fe T[;dk jo soQK P'PD eodk

j?. T[j e[dosh ;'qsK s/ epIk iwk e/ e[dos Bz{ pdbD dh e'fPP eo fojk j?. e[dos s/

fiZs gqkgs eoBk ukjz[dk j?. BthnK seBheK ns/ Bt/A phiK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb p/w";wh

19

|;bK sK g?dk j' ojhnK jB gozs{ e[dos Bkb S/V SkV d/ f;ZN/ ti'A nZi ;z;ko gZXo s/

Xosh dk skgwkB tXDk, UI'B gos dk fSZiD, gqd{PD ns/ fpwkohnK ‟u tkXk j' frnk

j?. wBZ[y fJBQK w[;hpsK d/ e[dosh jZb bZGD dh EK seBheh jZb bZG fojk j?. e[dosh

gkDh dh EK w'NoK, ;pwo;hpb tZb s[o fgnk j?. fwZso ehfVnK dh EK ehNBkPeK ns/

jZEhA r[vkJh eoB dh EK BdhBBkPeK tZb tfXnk j? gozs{ fJj gZe/ jZb BjhA jB. e[M

iht E'V/ ;w/A pknd fJBQK dtkJhnK gqsh gqfso'X g?dk eo b?Ad/ jB fco j'o s/I dtkJh

dh b'V g?Adh j?. pdbhnK gq;fEshnK fiT[Ad/ ofjD bJh BtK ;zxoP jB. s/Ih Bkb g?dk

j' ojhnK tksktoDh ;wZf;nktK eoe/ wBZ[y fuzss j?. fJBQK ftZu'A ;G s'A gqw[Zy tksktoD

gqd{PD j?.

tksktoD gqd{PD

tksktoD gqd{PD ;kv/ nk+/ d[nk+// tkgo ojhnK nDukjhnK spdhbhnK dk BK

j?. gqd{PD B/ tksktoD d/ i?fte ns/ ni?fte nzrK Bz{ gqGkfts ehsk j?. gqd{PD Ppd

bkshBh GkPk d/ Ppd Pollutenum s'A nkfJnk j? fi;dk noE j? „rzdk eo d/Dk‟.

gqd{PD Ppd „d'P‟ w{b Xks{ nZr/ go nr/so brk e/ pfDnk j?. „gok‟ dk noE j? „g{oh

soQK‟ iK „pj[sk‟ ns/ d'P dk noE j? d[PN, gkg, xkN, T{DskJh, B[e;kB, wkVh fJZSk

iK ikD p[M e/ \okp eoBk nkfd. fJ; bJh gqd{PD s'A Gkt j? fe;/ uhI Bz{ fpbe[b rzdk

eo d/Dk i' fe tos'A :'r Bk oj/ ns/ pj[s fInkdk \okp j' ikt/.‟‟14 nke;c'ov

fvePBoh nB[;ko “tksktoD ftZu e[M nfij/ T[sgkdK dk fwbkJ/ ikDk iK w"i{d j'Dk

fijV/ tksktoD s/ nDT[fus ns/ B[e;kBdkfJe gqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB, Bz{ gqd{PD efjzd/

jB.”15 nwohek dh okPNogsh ;kfJz; ;bkjeko ew/Nh tkfPzrNB (President's

Science Advisory Committee, Washington, USA) nB[;ko ^ “wBZ[yh rshftXhnK d/

f;ZX/ ns/ nf;ZX/ gqGkt ;dek T{oik g?NoBK d/ pdbkn, ftfeoB gZXo, fgqEth dh G"fse

ns/ ok;kfJfDe pDso ns/ ihtK dh pj[sks, d/ f;ZN/ ti'A nk+/ d[nk+// ftZu g{oB iK

pj[s/ gqfse{b gfotosBK Bz{ gqd{PD efjzd/ jB.”16 e[dosh tksktoD y'i e"A;b (Natural

Environmental Research Council (NERC), 1976 nB[;ko “wBZ[yh rshftXhnK d/ f;ZN/

ti'A |kbs{ gdkoEK ns/ |kbs{ T{oik dk g?dk j'Dk i' nkw s"o s/ e[dosh tksktoD bJh

jkBhekoe j'D.”17 Bz{ gqd{PD efjzd/ jB. tksktoB ftPk^e'P nB[;ko gb{PB s'A Gkt j?^

“i/eo fe;/ gqeko d/ i?fte, o;kfJDe iK fteoBh sZs d/ tksktoB ‟u ;wkT[D Bkb fJ;

d/ ;[Gkn ‟u fJ; jZd se nzso nk ikt/ fe fJ; nzdo ftuo oj/ ihtB Bz{ jkBh g[ZiD

20

bZr/ sd fJ; gqeko dh ;fEsh Bz{ do;kT[D bJh T[go'es gd tofsnk iKdk j?, fi; d/

Pkpfde noE gqd{PD ns/ wbhBsk d/ bJ/ iKd/ jB.”18 gqd{PD dhnK gfoGkPktK s'A

;gPN j? fe n;b ftZu i' e[dosh BjhA j? T[j gqd{PD j?. wBZ[y i' e[M f;oidk j? id'A

T[j e[dos d/ gqfse{b gqGkt fdzdk j? sK T[j gqd{PD pD iKdk j?. gqfeosh nkgD/ fB:w

iK ftXkB nB[;ko ubdh j?. gozs{ wBZ[y P[o{ s'A jh T[; ftZu S/V^SkV eodk nk fojk j?,

id'A S/V^SkV b'V s'A tZX iKdh j? sK T[j gqd{PD pD iKdk j?. gqfeosh B/ nkgD/ ftXkB

nB[;ko jo t;s{ Bz{ fJZe T[wo fdZsh j? gozs{ wBZ[y dh jw/PK e'fPP ojh j? fe T[j fJ;

E[VQ^fuosk s'A S[Nekok gk ;e/. nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ns/ nkgDhnK f;oihnK t;s{nK Bz{

fuo^;EkJh pDk ;e/. id'A e'Jh t;s{ nkgDh fBPfus T[wo s'A tX/o/ ;wK oj/rh sK

e[dosh uZeo nB[;ko T[;dh frDsh ‟u tkXk j' ikt/rk. fJ; bJh b'V s'A fInkdk

iB;zfynk gqd{PD j?. b'V s'A fInkdk fb|k|/ gqd{PD jB. jtk ftZu fInkdk

ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv dh wksok gqd{PD j?. fInkdk ykdK, fInkdk ;VeK, fInkdk

o"PBhnK Gkt jo t;s{ i' e[dosh ftXkB Bz{ \okp eodh j? T[j gqd{PD j?. vkH vhH ghH

f;zx nB[;ko “T[j ;ko/ gdkoE, i' gkDh, jtk ns/ fwZNh d/ e[dosh r[DK Bz{ B[e;kB

gjz[uKd/ jB iK Ifjohb/ wkd/ dk fBek; eod/ jB, i' wBZ[y gP{ gzShnK s/ g'fdnK Bz{

B[e;kB gjz[ukD dk ekoB pDd/ jB Bz{ „gqd{PD eosk‟ fejk iKdk j?.”19 T[j ;ko/ tkX{

gdkoE fizBQK dh tX/o/ wksok tksktoD Bz{ B[e;kB eodh j?, gqd{Pe ejkT[Ad/ jB. fJBQK

gqd{PeK Bz{ n;hA ftxNBPhb ns/ nftxNBPhb ti'A tzv ;ed/ jB. fJ;/ soQK jh gqd{PD

th gqd{Pe dh fe;w iK gqd{fPs j' ojh t;s d/ nkXko s/ eJh gqeko dk j' ;edk j?.

b/feB fJ; y'i gqpzX ftZu p}?o tor tzv ehfsnK jh tZy tZy fe;w d/ gqd{PD dh

gfoGkPk, ;q's, B[e;kB ns/ gqd{PD B{z o'eD iK T[;d/ p[o/ gqGktK s'A puD d/ T[gktK pko/

uouk ehsh rJh j?.

jtk gqd{PD

Xosh d/ nk+/ d[nk+// c?bh r?;h gos Bz{ tk:{wzvb efjzd/ jB. fJ; tk:{wzvb

ftubh tk:{ (jtk) tZy tZy r?;K dk fwPoB j?. fi; ftZu wZ[y s"o BkJhNo'iB ns/

nke;hiB r?;K jB. fJBQK s'A fJbktk ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv, jhbhnw, BhnkB, X{VeD

ns/ ib tkPg nkfd Pkwb jB. id'A th fJBQK r?;K dh wksok ftZu n;zs[bB g?dk jz[dk j?

sK fJj r?;K Xosh TZ[gob/ iht izs{nK ns/ j'o t;sK T[Zgo p[o/ gqGkt gkT[AdhnK jB.

jtk ftubhnK r?;K ftZu n;zs[bB g?dk eoB tkb/ xNe e[dosh ns/ wBZ[y fBofws j'

21

;ed/ jB. fiZE/ itkbkw[yhnK d/ cND s'A ;b|ovkJhnke;kJhv, izrbh nZr s'A

ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv ns/ s{|kBK, MZyVK ns/ jB/ohnK ekoB jtk ftZu o+h X{V nkfd

e[dosh ekoe jB T[ZE/ tkjBK dk Xz{nK, T[d:'rK dk Xz{nK, y/shpkVh dh ofjzd yz{jd nkfd

wBZ[y fBofws ekoe jB. tksktoB ftPk e'P nB[;ko J/no gb{PB s'A Gkt j? “tk:{

nzdobh ngftZsosk iK wbhBsk bJh T[go'es gd dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, fi; bJh fe

wkBth XzX/ fIzw/tko jz[d/ jB ns/ fJj wkBth no'resk bJh jkBhekoe j[zdh j?. fJ; Bz{

tk:{ nzdo jB/ohnK ekoB, dbdbk u'A T[mdhnK r?;K ekoB ns/ i[nkbk w[yhnK u'A fo;d/

w[nkd ekoB T[gih e[dosh wbhBsk Bkb'A tZy ;wMDk ukjhdk j?.”20 ftPt f;js

;zrmB nB[;ko “jtk gqd{PD fe;/ yk; ;fEsh ftZu eZ[M nfij/ gdkoEK dk tk:{wzvb ftZu

tXDk j? i' wBZ[y ns/ T[;d/ nk+/ d[nk+// bJh jkBhekoe jB.”21 n?uH gofeBI

(H.Perkins) nB[;ko “pkjob/ tksktoD ftZu fJZe iK tX/o/ gqd{PeK fit/A X{V, r?;, rzX,

X{znK iK tkPgK nkfd dh pj[sh wksok ftZu bzw/ ;w/A sZe w"i{drh fijVh wBZ[yK, g"fdnK,

izs{^ihtB ns/ j'o t;sK Bz{ B[e;kB eo/ iK fijV/ ekoe nkokwdkfJe ihtB ns/ j'o

;kI' ;wkB Bz{ \okp eoB, T[j jtk gqd{PD d/ x/o/ ftZu nkT[Ad/ jB.”22 vkH vhH ghH f;zx

nB[;ko “;kv/ nk+/ d[nk+// dh tk:{wzvbh gos ftu w"i{d X{V, Xz{nK, r?;, Xz[d, pdp{

ns/ tkPg nkfd dh T[j nDT[fus wksok i' wBZ[yK, g"fdnK iK ihtK bJh B[e;kBd/j

gqGktK dk ekoB pDdh j?, Bz{ jtk^gqd{PD fejk iKdk j?.”23

jtk gqd{PeK d/ wkV/ gqGkt

jtk ftZu BkJhNo'iB d/ nke;kJhvK d/ tXD Bkb g"fdnK dh |b T[sgkdB

;woZEk xNdh j?. ;b|ovkJhnke;kJhv dh fInkdk wksok Bkb gZfsnK d/ f;fonK s/

fuZN/ XZp/ ns/ BkVhnK (Veins) d/ Bkb eb'o'f|b BPN j'D Bkb gZs/ ;[Ze iKd/ jB.

g"fdnK d/ gZfsnK T[Zgo X{VeDK d/ izwD ekoB G'iB pDkT[D dh gqfefonk gqGkfts j[zdh

j?. jtk ftZu n?b{whBhnw dh wksok tXD Bkb iVQK w'NhnK j' iKdhnK jB ns/ b?Zv

ekoB gZfsnK dk ngxNB (Decomposition) ibdh BjhA jz[dk feT[Afe ihtkD{nK dh rsh

Xhwh j' iKdh j?. gsbhnK PkyktK ibdh NZ[N iKdhnK jB. jtk ftZu JhEhbhB dh tX/o/

wksok gZs/ Bz{ ;[ek fdzdh j? s/ gZsk NZ[N e/ j/mK fvZr g?Adk j?.

jtk gqd{Pe ihtK s/ pj[s ;ko/ wkV/ gqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB fizBQK ftZu wZ[y s"o s/ ;kj

gqDkbh d/ d'P, f;o dod, nZyK ftZu ibD nkfd gqwZ[y jB gozs{ tZy tZy gqd{PeK d/

nB[;ko ihtK s/ j/m fby/ gqGkt d/y/ iKd/ jB^

22

;b|ovkJhnke;kJhv Bkb yzx, ;kj uVBk, ;kj Bbh dk nkeVBk, nZyK ‟u

ykoP, brksko jzM{ trDk, f;o dod, T[bNhnK, Sksh o[eDk nkfd fpwkohnK g?dk

jz[dhnK jB. ;b|ovkJhnke;kJhv r?; ;ohfoe dqtK d/ Bkb fwbe/ jkBhekoe s/Ikp

;bf|T{foe n?f;v pDkT[Adh j? fi; Bkb w"s th j' ;edh j?. BkJhN'qiB d/ nke;kJhv

c/cfVnK Bz{ gqGkfts eod/ jB. fJBQK dh tX/o/ wksok Bkb f;o dod, GZ[y xN bZrDh,

dzdK dk G[oDk nkfd fpwkohnK th j' ;edhnK jB. jtk ftZu jkJhv'qiB ;b|kJhv eoe/

f;o ueokT[Dk, nZyK s/ rb/ ftZu ibD, T[BhAdok ns/ BkVh fNP{ Bz{ B[e;kB gjz[udk j?.

ekopB w'B'nke;kJhv f;o dod dk ekoB pDdh j? ns/ nke;hiB ;gbkJh dh ;woZEk

xNkT[Adh j?, fJ; Bkb w"s th j' ;edh j?. \{B dk uwehbk r[bkph ozr (Carboxy

Heamoglobin) fJ;dk wZ[y bZSD j?. jkJhv'qiB ;kfJnkBkJhv Bkb f;o dod, X[zdbh

BIo, y[Pe rbk ns/ BkVh ;?bK Bzz{ B[e;kB j[zdk j?. ck;chB pj[s Ifjohbh r?; j?. jtk

ftZu fJ;dh wksok yK;h, ;kj d/ o'r ns/ w"s dk ekoB th pD ;edh j?. cb'ohB dh

tX/o/ wksok ekoB iht dh GZ[y wo iKdh j? ns/ d;sK dh fPekfJs j'D bZrdh j?. bZsK,

ipkfVnK ns/ g;bhnK dhnK jZvhnK ‟u p/b'Vk^p/Yzrk tkXk j'D ekoD ikBto GZdk

fd;dk j?. jtk ftZu n?bvhjkJhv dh tX/o/ wksok ekoB BZe ns/ ;kj gqDkbh Bz{ B[e;kB

gjz[udk j?. nko;?fBe Bkb r[od/ \okp j'D ekoB bkb oeskD{nK dh frDsh xN iKdh j?

fi; eoe/ ghbhnk j' iKdk j?. ikBto d/ wz{j u'A EZ[e trdk ofjzdk j? ns/ T[j f;ZX/ yV/

BjhA j' ;ed/, nukBe fvZr g?Ad/ jB. eJh jkbsK ftZu nXozr th j' ;edk j?. X{VeD

dh tX/o/ wksok nZyK ‟u ibD ns/ ;kj b?D ‟u sebh| g?dk eodh j? i' bzw/ ;w/A pknd

e?A;o ftZu pdb iKdh j?. b?Zv d/ nke;kJhv g/N, nzsVhnK, ;kj Bkbh ns/ c/cfVnK s/

gqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB ns/ pZfunK d/ wkBf;e ftek; ftZu o[ektN gkT[Ad/ jB.

jtk ftub/ gqd{Pe g"fdnK ns/ ihtK s'A fJbktk tZy^tZy fJwkosK Bz{ pj[s p[oh

soK gqGkfts eod/ jB. jtk ftZu BkJhN'qiB d/ nke;kJhv fJwkosK d/ ;|?d ozr Bz{ ghb/

ftZu pdb fdzd/ jB. jkJhvo'iB |b'okJhv PhP/ Bz{ \okp eodh j?. jtk ftZu T[Zbh dh

w"i{drh fJb?efNqe ;oeNK s/ uwV/ Bz{ B[e;kB eodh j?. ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv u{B/

gZEo Bkb fefonk eodh j? fi; ekoB gZEo Bz{ B[e;kB gjz[udk j?. eb'ohB ns/

jkJhvo'eb'foe n?f;v fpbfvzrK ftZu toshnK XksK Bkb fefonk eoe/ T[BQK Bz{ B[e;kB

eod/ jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk bZeVh dk th B[e;kB jz[dk j?. ;b|ovkJhnke;kJhv ns/

BkJhNo'iB d/ nke;kJhv gkDh Bkb fwbe/ eqwtko ;bf|T{foe n?f;v ns/ BkfJfNqe

23

n?f;v pDkT[Ad/ jB fizBQK ekoB s/Ikph toyk jz[dh j?. s/Ikph toyk Bkb g[oksB

;zrwowoh fJwkosK Bz{ B[e;kB gjz[udk j?.

jtk gqd{PD d/ wko{ gqGktK s'A puD bJh Io{oh j? fe eko\kfBnK ftZu jtk gqd{PD

Bz{ xNkT[D bJh Bt/A T[geoB fit/A ;eopo (Scrubber), fcbNo (Filter), e?NkfbfNe

eBtoNo (Catalytic Converter) nkfd dh tos'A :ehBh pDkJh ikt/. eko\kB/ fojkfJPh

EK s'A d{o brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ Xz{JA/ tkbhnK fuwBhnK TZ[uhnK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB

sK i' B/V/ ofjzdh t;'A gqGkfts Bk j't/. tkjBK d/ fJziDK dh gqd{PD eoB dh wksok u?e

ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? sK fe ;VeK T[Zgo ubd/ nB/eK tkjB jo ;w/A IfjohbhnK r?;K Bk

SZvD. tkjBK d/ ;kJhb?A;oK ftZu e?NkfbfNe eBtoNo bkJ/ ikD. fJziDK dh

ekoi^e[Pbsk tXkJh ikt/ sK i' pkbD d/ nDib/ eD xZN pkjo nkT[D. nktkikJh d/

g{o/ gqpzXK dh w[V ftT[Aspzdh j't/ sK fe bzw/ Nq?f|e ikw Bk bZrD ns/ ;VeK dh jkbs

;[Xko e/ pkbDK dh ygs xNkJh ik ;e/. iBse nktkikJh (Public Transport) ;kXBK

fit/A pZ;K, o/bK nkfd dh ekor[Ikoh ;[Xkoh ikt/ sK i' fBZih tkjBK dh tos'A xN ;e/.

gqd{PD Bz{ o'eD ;zpzXh ekBz{BK Bz{ ;\sh Bkb bkr{ ehsk ikt/. ekBz{B dh T[bzxBk eoB

tkfbnK Bz{ ;IktK fdZshnK ikD ns/ Gkoh i[owkB/ t;{b/ ikD. jtk gqd{PD Bz{ ezNo'b eoB

d/ Bkb do\sK dh frDsh ftZu brksko tkXk ehsk ikt/ feT[Afe do\s e[dosh ;|kJh

;/te ti'A ezw eod/ jB.

gkDh gqd{PD

“gfjbk gkDh ihT[ j? fis[ jfonk ;G[ e'fJ”24 ns/ “gtD[ r[o{ gkDh fgsk wksk

Xofs wjs[”25 tkeK Bkb r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ fJBQK e[dosh ;'qsK dk wjZst do;kfJnk j?.

jIkoK tfoQnK s'A Gkos tk;h rzrk Bdh Bz{ gftZso wzB e/ fJ;dh g{ik eod/ nk oj/ jB.

rzrk d/ gkDh Bz{ J/Bk PZ[X wzfBnk iKdk ;h fe ;kv/ tZv/ tv/o/ fJ; gkDh Bz{ posBK ftZu

;zGkb e/ oZyd/ ;B i' fpwkoh ;w/A dtkJh ti'A tofsnk iKdk ;h. fJfsjk; rtkj j? fe

g[oksB ;ZfGnsktK fit/A fw;o, w?;'g'Nkwhnk, f;zX xkNh nkfd BdhnK (eqwtko Bhb,

dIbk^|oks, f;zX) d/ ezfYnK s/ gqc[fbs j'JhnK ns/ BdhnK d/ ;Z[eD Bkb jh fJBQK dk

gsB P[o{ j' frnk. gzikp d/ T[j dfonk fizBQK d/ feBko/ wZf;nk, g[zfBnk, ;zroKd, p;zs

gzuwh d/ w/b/ brd/ ;B T[j th ;hto tkje jh pD uZ[e/ jB.„„gzikp d/P dk fJZe'^fJZe

;{pk j?, fi;dk BK gkDh T[Zs/ oZfynk frnk. gzikp d/ gkDh d/ Bkb ;kv/ b'e ihtB d/

fezB/ fBZsB/w i[V/ j'J/ ;B, y{j, skbkp, ;o'to, pkUbhnK ^ fezB/ ;'jD/ o{gK ftZu ;kv/

24

b'e ihtB dh XVeD ;B. T[j ozrs Go/ fdB, id'A ib ;'fwnK dh g{ik ehsh iKdh ;h,

wZf;nk d/ rqfjD ;w/A gkDh ftZu fJPBkB B{z wjksw fdZsk iKdk ;h, fdtk+h B{z BdhnK ezY/

dht/ pkb e/ oZy/ iKd/ ;B sK i' gziK sZsK ftZu ihtB i's pbdh oj/, Bk fe;/ d/ wB ftZu,

Bk jh pkjo jB/ok oj/.‟‟26 T[j gzi sZs i' ihtB d/ w{b nkXko ;B nZi T[BQK ftZu nB/e

Ifjo x[b oj/ jB. nZi wBZ[y dhnK tZy^tZy fefonktK eoe/ gkDh gqd{PD j' fojk j?.

gkDh gqd{PD s'A Gkt j? fe gkDh d/ G"fse (ozr, ;[nkd, rzX), ok;kfJfDe (tZy tZy

ok;kfJDk d/ fwbD eoe/) ns/ i?fte (i?fte nke;hiB wzr, p?eNhohnk, ftPkD{) r[DK

dk xNDk fizBQK eoe/ gkDh wBZ[y, iht izs{ ns/ g"fdnK Bz{ B[e;kB eoBk P[o{ eo d/t/.

nwohek dh okPNogsh ;kfJz; ;bkjeko ew/Nh tkfPzrNB dh fog'oN d/ nB[;ko “gkDh

dhnK G"fse, ok;kfJfDe ns/ i?fte ftP/PsktK ftZu nfijh spdhbh fijVh wBZ[y ns/

ibh ihtB B z{ B[e;kB eo ;edh j?, Bz{ gkDh gqd{PD efjzd/ jB.”27 fJ;/ soQK ftPt

f;js ;zrmB (1966) nB[;ko “gkDh gqd{PD e[dosh iK j'o ;'qsK s'A nfij/ pkjoh

gdkoEK dk gkDh d/ ;q'sK ftZu o+Dk j? fijV/ nkgD/ Ifjohb/gD, xN nke;hiB gZXo,

fdZy ‟u GZd/ j'D iK wjKwkohnK c?bkT[D ekoD ihtB Bz{ B[e;kB eod/ jB.”28

gkDh gqd{PD d/ wkV/ gqGkt

1H gqd{fPs gkDh Bkb j?Ik, NkJh|kJhv nkfd nB/e fpwkohnK c?bdhnK jB.

2H BdhnK BfjoK ns/ ;wz[doK ftub/ gqd{fPs gkDh Bkb ibh ihtB Bz{ B[e;kB

gjz[udk j?.

3H BdhnK, BkfbnK dk gkDh ghD :'r ns/ y/sh :'r BjhA ofjzdk.

4H gkDh gqd{fPs j' e/ fwZNh Bz{ \okp eodk j? ns/ fwZNh gqd{PD Bz{ iBw fdzdk j?.

5H gqd{fPs gkDh tZy tZy XksK Bz{ izrkb brk e/ T[BQK Bz{ \okp eodk j?.

6H fJfsjkf;e ;wkoe ns/ j'o g[oksB fpbfvzrK gkDh gqd{PD ekoB \okp j'

ojhnK jB.

7H gqd{fPs gkDh fi; ftZu ehNBkPeK ns/ |b'okJhv dh tX/o/ wksok j't/ e?A;o dk

ekoB pDdh j?. gkDh ftZu gko/ dh fwbktN gkDh Bz{ Ifjohbk eodh j? fi; Bkb

gkDh ftub/ iht izs{ wo iKd/ jB.

8H ykbh N'fJnK ftZu yVk tkX{ gkDh pdp{ wkodk j? ns/ wZyhnK^wZSoK d/ tXD

cZ[bD ‟u ;jkfJsk eodk j? i' tZy tZy fpwkohnK c?bkT[Ad/ jB. gkDh ftZu w"i{d

ekJh gkDh dh ;gbkJh ‟u nVuD g?dk eodh j?.

25

9H gqd{fPs gkDh okjhA Ifjohb/ o;kfJD G'iB bVh dk nzr pD iKd/ jB i' i?fte

tkX/ (Biological Magnification) bJh fizw/tko jB.

10H ;wz[doK okjhA j'D tkb/ s/b d/ tgko ekoB eJh jkd;/ tkgo iKd/ jB. Y'^Y[nkJh

d"okB ;wz[doK ftZu v[Zfbnk s/b gkDh Bkb'A jbek j'D ekoB gkDh T[Zgo sfj pDk

b?Adk j? fi; Bkb nke;hiB dh o;D fefonk o[edh j?. fJj s/b wZShnK d/

rbcfVnK ‟u b/g pDe/ bZr iKdk j? fi; Bkb wZShnK wo iKdhnK jB.fJjh s/b

;wz[doh bfjoK Bkb ;w[zdo d/ feBkfonK s/ ekbh rko d/ o{g ‟u iwK j' iKdk j?

fi; eoe/ sZNh ;EkBK d/ tk;hnK B{z ;w[zdo feBko/ BjkT[Dk ns/ eZgV/ X'Dk

w[Peb j' iKdk j?.

11H pj[s ;ko/ gzSh gqfse{b jkbsK d/ w[ekpb/ bJh gqtk; eod/ jB gozs{ nZi eZbQ

ibrkjK ns/ gqtk;h gzShnK d/ fNekD// gqd{fPs j'D ekoB gqtk;h gzSh fit/A

;kfJp/ohnB eo/B, g?bheB, ps\, ibw[orh nkfd dh j'Ad th yso/ ‟u j?.

pukn d/ T[gkn

gkDh gqd{PD Bz{ o'eD bJh xoK, y/sK, eko\kfBnK,d|soK nkfd ;G EktK s/

:sB eoB/ g?Dr/. ;z;ko Go ftZu gkDh gqd{PD B{z o'eD bJh nB/e ekBz{B pDkJ/ j'D d/

pkti{d ghD :'r gkDh dh ;wZf;nk fteokb o{g Xkodh ik ojh j?. Gkosh ;zftXkB ftZu

th gkDh gqd{PD Bz{ o'eD bJh eJh XkoktK jB go fJBQK d/ bkr{ Bk j'D ekoB ;fEsh

pdso jz[dh ik ojh j?. gkDhnK dh Xosh ej/ iKd/ gzikp dk gkDh th fBowb BjhA fojk

;r'A gbhs j' frnk j?. fJ; gbhssk Bz{ o'eD bJh e[M T[gokb/ j/m fby/ nB[;ko ehs/ ik

;ed/ jB^

1H T[d:'rK ftZu tos/ iKd/ gkDh ftZu pj[s fe;w d/ gqd{Pe o+ iKd/ jB, fizBQK Bz{

tZy tZy gZXo s/ ;'fXnk ikDk bkIwh j?. s/b ns/ roh; s'A fJbktk Ifjohb/

ok;kfJD fit/A e?vwhnw, fize, f;bto nkfd wZ[y T[d:'fre gqd{Pe jB, fJBQK Bz{

;'XD bJh ftfrnkBe sohe/ fit/A eb'ohB/PB (Chlorination), fv;Nhb/PB

(Distilation), fpibh ngxNB (Electrolysis), UI'BheoB (Ozonisation) ns/

gokt?ArBh feoBK (U.V. rays) dk T[g:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. m'; gdkoEK Bz{ tZy

eoB bJh fcbNo ftXh (Fiteration) ns/ ;?vhw?AN/PB ftXh (Sedimentation)

tosh ik ;edh j?. T[d:'rK dk fpBK ;'fXnk gkDh BdhnK, BfjoK ns/ Xosh

nzdo ;[ZND dh nkfrnk BjhA fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh.

26

2H y/sh y/so ftZu ok;kfJfDe ykdK, ehNBkPeK ns/ BdhBBkPeK dh b'VhAdh tos'A

eoe/ gkDh gqd{PD Bz{ e[M jd sZe xNfJnk ik ;edk j?. T[ZBs y/sh gZXshnK

fit/A Iho' fNfbzr, c[jkok ftXh, G{whrs gkfJgK nkfd dh tos'A gkDh dh ;zGkb

ftZu uzrk :'rdkB gk ;edhnK jB.

3H xoK ftZu ghD tkb/ gkDh dh nikJhA tos'A fJZe nfjw w;bk j?. xo/b{ pkEo{w

ns/ o;'Jh ftZu ;ziwh tos'A jIkoK bhNo gkDh pukn ;edh j?. xo/b{ bknB

ftZu ykdK ns/ ehNBkPeK dh tos'A xZN s'A xZN eoBh ukjhdh j?. nD;'fXnk

gkDh ;hto/i ftZu BjhA ;[ZNDk ukjhdk. gkykfBnK bJh G{whrs N'fJnK dh EK

;?gfNe N?Ae pDkJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. xo/b{ g/AN, tkofBP ns/ j'o \soBke

ok;kfJDK d/ fv;g'ib bJh ftfrnkBe s"o s/ ;[oZfyns sohe/ tos/ ikD.

4H ;wz[doh gqd{PD Bz{ o'eD bJh ;wz[doK okjhA j'D tkbh s/b ns/ j'o g?No'bhnw

gdkoEK dh Y'nk^Y[nkJh d/ gqpzX Bz{ ;[XkoBk ukjhdk j? sK fe g?No'bhnw

gdkoE ibdh s'A ibdh fNekfDnK s/ gjz[uD ns/ bhe/i Bz{ xNkfJnk ik ;e/.

;z;ko gZXo s/ ;wz[doK Bz{ ;hto pDB s'A o'eD bJh nzsookPNoh ekBz{BK dh

;\sh Bkb gkbDk ehsh ikt/.

5H gkDh dh ;gbkJh T[Zgo N?e; brkfJnk ikt/. fpibh whNo dh soQK gkDh whNo

dk fpZb nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk gkDh dh d[otos'A o'eD bJh i[owkB/

ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.

6H nkw b'eK Bz{ gkDh d/ ;'qsK dh ;zGkb, gqd{PD dh fe;wK, gqd{PeK d/ ;'qs ns/ fJBQK

s'A pukn d/ T[gkn ;zpzXh ikro{e ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ezw bJh n\pko,

o/fvU, NhH thH ns/ fJzNoB?N dh ;jkfJsk bJh ik ;edh j?. ikro{esk w[fjzwK

ftZu b'eK dh tX/o/ Pw{bhns bJh Jhe' ebZp, tksktoD ;[oZfynD ebZp,

;oekoh ns/ }?o^;oekoh ;z;EktK, ;wki ;/th ;z;EktK ns/ ;t?^;/th ;z;EktK

dk ;fj:'r fbnk ikDk ukjhdk j? sK i' tksktoD pukn w[fjzw B{z fJZe bfjo dk

o{g fdZsk ik ;e/.

7H e[M g"d/ ns/ iht th gkDh Bz{ PZ[X oZyD ftZu wZdd eod/ jB. „„dZyDh de'Nk

(South Dakota ,U.S.A.) ftZu ykBK u'A fBeb/ tkX{ gdkoEK ‟u'A nko;?fBe ;'yD

bJh ;|?d gkg{bo (White Popular Tree) T[rkfJnk iKdk j?.”29

27

fwZNh gqd{PD

Xosh dh g/gVh dh ;G s'A T[Zgobh T[gikT{ gos Bz{ fwZNh efjzd/ jB. fJj i?fte

s/ ni?fte yfDi gdkoEK, ;{yw ihtK, r?;K, Bwh nkfd dk fwPoB j?. fwZNh w{b o{g

ftZu uNkBK (nrB, sbSZNh ns/ o{gKsfos) s'A tZy^tZy G"fse s/ o;kfJDe fefonktK

okjhA pDdh j?. fgqEth d/ tZy^tZy GkrK ftZu ibtk:{, pB;gsh ns/ j'o ekoeK d/ gqGkt

ekoB tZy tZy gqeko dhnK fwZNhnK fwbdhnK jB fit/A ekbh fwZNh, bkb fwZNh nkfd.

tZy tZy gqeko dhnK fwZNhnK dh G"fse s/ o;kfJDe ;zouBk nbZr nbZr jz[dh j?. Xosh

T[Zgo fwZNh dh o;kfJDe ns/ G"fse pDso fJe ;ko BjhA j?. fJ; T[Zgo G{r'fbe ns/

wkBth ekoeK dk gqGkt g?Adk j? go id'A T[; ftZu pkjo'A wBZ[y dhnK fefonktK Bkb gkJ/

nzP wko{ j' ikD sK fJ; B{z fwZNh gqd{PD fejk iKdk j?. vkH vhH ghH f;zx d/ PpdK ftZu

“G{wh d/ G"fse, o;kfJDe iK i?fte r[DK ftZu nfijh e'Jh th wkVh spdhbh fi;dk

n;o wBZ[y ns/ j'o ihtK TZ[s/ g?Adk j't/ iK fi; eoe/ G{wh d/ e[dosh r[DK s/ T[;dh

T[g:'rsk \sw jz[dh j't/, G{wh gqd{PD ejkT[Adh j?.”30

tZy tZy wBZ[yh fefonktK ekoB fwZNh dh ;zouBk ftZu ftrkV g?Adk j? ns/ eJh

tkoh e[dosh sZs th fwZNh ftZu spdhbh fbnkT[Ad/ jB. fJBQK ;ko/ ;q'sK Bz{ n;hA j/m fby/

nB[;ko th tzv ;ed/ jK^

1H T[d:'r^wBZ[y d/ ftek; Bz{ s/I eod/ T[d:'r fwZNh d/ e[dosh o{g Bz{ \okp eod/

jB. T[d:'rK dh |kbs{ ofjzd^yz{jd, T[Zvdh ;[nkj, pkbDK s'A pu/ gdkoE fwZNh

d/ gqd{PD dk ekoB pDd/ jB. uwVk T[d:'r, ykd T[d:'r, eZgVk T[d:'r ftZu'A

fBebd/ o;kfJDe sZs nk+/ d[nk+/ dh fwZNh Bz{ \okp eod/ jB.

2H xo/b{ |kbs{ gdkoE^ nZi wBZ[y dh ;'u G'rtkdh j' rJh j?. nkX[fBe wBZ[y

e[dosh t;s{nK dh EK nB/e nfijhnK t;s{nK dk fJ;s/wkb eodk j? i'

ftxNBPhb BjhA jz[dhnK. tZy^tZy gdkoEK fit/A gbk;fNe, fJb?eNokfBe

;oeN, gkbhEhB fb|k|/, fv;g'I/pb posB, eZu nkfd dk fJ;s/wkb J/Bk

fInkdk j' fojk j? fe PfjoK d/ nk+/ d[nk+/ e{V/ d/ Y/o nkw d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB.

fJj ;G fwZNh dk gqd{PD eod/ jB.

3H o/fvUn?efNt gdkoE^T[d:'rK ns/ fBT{ebh ohn?eNoK ftZu tos/ ikD tkb/

o/fvUn?efNt gdkoE th fwZNh gqd{PD dk ;q's pDd/ jB.

28

4H y/shpkVh ofjzd^yz{jd^y/sK ftZu |;bK Bz{ ibkT[D s'A g?dk j'Jh ;[nkj ns/ nZr

Bkb ;{yw ihtK dk woBk fwZNh gqd{PD dk nfjw ekoe j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk

ykdK, BdhBBkPeK ns/ ehNBkPeK dh tX/o/ tos'A th fwZNh ;zouBk Bz{ pdbdh j?.

5H G"A^y'o^fgSb/ ;w/A d"okB wBZ[y dhnK b'VK fit/A y/shpkVh, xo, ;VeK nkfd Bz{

g{ok eoB bJh izr+K dh eNkJh ehsh rJh fi; Bkb fwZNh dh T[gZobh gos dh

geV fYZbh j'Jh j? ns/ tZy tZy ekoe fit/A jtk, gkDh nkfd Bkb fwZNh y[o iKdh

j?, fi; Bz{ G"A^y'o efjzd/ jB. G"A^y'o Bkb fwZNh dh T[gikT{ sfj fJZe EK s'A o[V

e/ d{ih d{ih EK ubh iKdh j? s/ nDT[gikT{ sfj ofj iKdh j?.

6H j'o gqd{Pe^gqd{PD dhnK tZy tZy fe;wK nzso ;zpzfXs jB. id'A gqd{fPs jtk

gkDh Bkb fwbe/ whAj o{g ftZu Xosh s/ g?Adh j? sK gkDh th gqd{fPs jz[dk j? ns/

Bkb dh Bkb fwZNh th. ;b|ovkJhnke;kJhv s/ BkJhN'qiB d/ nke;kJhv s/Ikph

whAj d/ o{g ftZu fwZNh gqd{PD eod/ jB ns/ fJ;/ soQK Eowb ;N/PBK dh ;[nkj

th j/mK fvZr e/ fwZNh gqd{fPs eodh j?.

fwZNh gqd{PD d/ wkV/ gqGkt

1H fwZNh ftZu T[gikT{gD dh xkN j' iKdh j? fi; eoe/ |;bK dk MkV xN iKdk j?.

2H |;bK dh S'Nh gBhoh fwZNh d/ fInkdk ykoh iK s/Ikph ;[Gkn Bz{ Bk MZbd/ j'J/

ibdh BPN j' iKdh j? fi; ekoB S'N/ g"d/ jh \sw j' iKd/ jB.

3H fwZNh ftub/ Ifjohb/ sZs G'iB bVh ftZu Pkwb j' iKd/ jB i' wBZ[y s/ j'o ihtK

dh f;js Bz{ B[e;kB gjz[ukT[Ad/ jB.

4H gP{nK dh tX/o/ uokJh Bkb ukorkjK dk B[e;kB jz[dk j? ns/ G"A^y'o tXdk j?.

5H fwZNh gqd{PD Xosh j/mb/ gkDh Bz{ gqd{fPs eodk j? i' wBZ[y ;w/s Xosh

T[ZgobhnK j'o iht ikshnK bJh B[e;kBd/j j?.

pukn d/ T[gkn

fwZNh dh ;[uZih ;zGkb eoB ns/ fwZNh gqd{PD B{z o'eD bJh T[d:'rK Bz{ pzd sK

BjhA ehsk ik ;edk gozs{ ftfrnkBe ftXhnK ns/ ;ziwh ;[Gkn Bkb fwZNh d/ B[e;kB Bz{

xZN Io{o ehsk ik ;edk j?. ykbh gJhnK EktK s/ do\s brk e/ fwZNh Bz{ ;zGkfbnk ik

;edk j? feT[Afe do\sK ftZu'A fBebD tkb/ ok;kfJfDe gdkoE ns/ do\sK d/ gZs/ (rbD

s'A pknd) nkfd fwZNh dh T[gikT{ Pesh Bz{ pDkJh oZyd/ jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk y/sK ftZu

pzBQ iK tZNK pDk e/ th fwZNh d/ y[oB Bz{ o'fenk ik ;edk j?. gjkVh y/soK ftZu g"VhB[wk

29

y/sh ns/ gkDh d/ o;s/ pdb e/ fwZNh o[VB s'A pukJh ik ;edh j?. ykdK ns/

IfjohbhnK dtkJhnK s'A S[Nekok fdtkT[D bJh |;bK dh ndbk^pdbh, i?fte ykdK dh

tos'A bkj/tzdh j?. m'; e{Vk eoeN s'A puD bJh b?Av fcfbzr ns/ fB:zfsqs fNfgzr ftXh

T[g:'rh f;ZX j'Jh j?.

P'o gqd{PD

fiZE/ wBZ[y B/ nkfd ekb s'A b? e/ nZi sZe nB/e gqkgshnK ehshnK jB T[ZE/ T[;B/

bZyK ;kbK d/ ftek; d"okB eJh fwAZm/ ns/ e"V/ siop/ jk;b ehs/ jB. nkfd ekb dk

wBZ[y e[Zbh, rZ[bh ns/ i[Zbh dhnK ;wZf;nktK d/ pkti{d gzShnK dh ufjujkN, BdhnK dh

e+e+ ns/ gZfsnK dh yVyV dk nBzd wkBdk ;h T[E/ nZi wB[Zy ftfrnkBe ;[ftXktK

Bkb b?Z; j'D d/ pkti{d e[dosh BIkfonK s'A ftotk j?. nZi wBZ[y ;t/o s'A jh o"+/ oZg/

ftZu edw Xo b?Adk j?. fijVh X[Bh B/ wBZ[y dk ftek; ehsk ns/ fJZe d{i/ dh rZb

;wMD d/ :'r pDkfJnk nZi T[; X[Bh dh shposk J/Bh tX rJh j? fe T[j nBzdwJh Bk

ofj e/ P'o pD rJh j?. “P'o dk ;wkBkoEh nzro/Ih Ppd j? Noise i' fe „Nausea’

Ppd s'A pfDnk j?. Nausea s'A Gkt j? T[bNh. ;' ;gZPN j? fe P'o T[j o"bk^r"bk j?,

fi;d/ ;[DB Bkb T[bNh j't/ iK fdb eZuk j't/. don;b P'o nkg^j[dohnK, p/b'VhnK

ns/ nDfJZSs nktkIK dk T[j iwxN j?, i' p/nkokwh s/ p/u?Bh g?dk eodk j?. P'o,

}bs ;w/A s/ }bs ;EkB ‟s/ ns/ iK fco }bs wksok tkbh nktkI jz[dk j?.”31

nktkI Bz{ wkgD dh fJekJh v?;hpb (db) j?. v?;hpb ;e/b Iho' s'A P[o{ jz[dk j? i'

xZN s'A xZN ;[DB:'r nktkI j?. 70^80 db sZe dh nktkI wBZ[yh ezB ;jko ;edk j?

fJ;s'A T[Zgo ed/ th w[Peb g?dk eo ;edh j?. 80 db s'A T[Zgobh X[Bh Bz{ P'o dk BK

fdZsk iKdk j?. ftPt f;js ;zrmB d[nkok wBZ[yh f;js bJh ;[oZfyns nktkIh ;so

oks ;w/A 45 db ns/ fdB tes 55 db fBoXkfos ehsk frnk j?.

P'o gqd{PD tZy tZy ;'qsK s'A g?dk j' fojk j?. e[M ;'qs e[dosh jB i' 70^80

v?;hpb s'A tZX T[Zuh nktkI g?dk eod/ jB fit/A n;wkBh fpibh eVeDk (120 db),

jB/oh, MZyV, itkbkw[yh nkfd. fJj ;'qs brksko P'o dk ekoB BjhA pDd/. nfijhnK

fefonktK ed/ ed/ jz[dhnK jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk d{ih fe;w d/ ;'qs i?fte jB i' fJ;

Xosh T[Zgo fBtk; eod/ ihtK dhnK ezB gkVthnK nktkIK jB fizBQK ftZu P/oK dk

djkVBk, eZ[fsnK dk G"AeBk iK tZy tZy ikBtoK dk fJeZm/ j' e/ P'o gkT[Dk j?. fJ; s'A

pknd shik wZ[y ;'qs j? wBZ[y d[nkok :zsoK Bkb g?dk ehsh nktkI fi;Bz{ wBZ[y ezNo'b

30

eo ;edk j? ns/ wkV/ gqGktK s'A pu ;edk j?. ;'qs d/ nkXko s/ P'o gqd{PD dh tor

tzv j/m fby/ nB[;ko ehsh ik ;edh j?^

1H T[d:'fre P'o gqd{PD ^ T[d:'rK ftZu uZbD tkbhnK tZvhnK tZvhnK wPhBK pj[s

TZ[uh wksok ftZu nktkI g?dk eodhnK jB. “T[d:'rK s'A T[sgzB nktkI dk

;so, yk; eo bZeVh T[d:'r, g?No'e?wheb, ;Nhb s/ ykd T[d:'r ftu fJj

nktkIh ;so 90 v?;hpb s'A 120 v?;hpb sZe jz[dk j?.”32

2H nktkikJh ;kXBK d[nkok gqd{PD ^ P'o g?dk eoB tkb/ nktkikJh ;kXBK ftZu

pZ;K, ekoK, NoZe, No?eNo, o/b rZvh ns/ jtkJh ijkI nkfd gqw[Zy jB. w"i{dk

d"o ftZu ;VeK T[Zgo tkjBK dh frDsh gqshfdB tX ojh j?. fizB/ tkjB tX oj/

jB T[; fj;kp Bk+ ;VeK dh w[V ftT[Aspzdh BjhA j' ojh fi; ekoB Nq?f|e ikw

bZr iKd/ jB ns/ GhV d"okB tZy tZy tkjBK d/ fJziDK dh nktkI, go?Po jkoB

nkfd gqd{PD dk ;'qs pDd/ jB. w'No rZvhnK iK No?eNoK T[Zgo T[Zuh nktkI d/

;gheo, ezB gkVthA nktkI tkb/ wkvhckJhv (Modified) ;kJhb?A;o ns/ c?A;h

jkoB th gqd{PD dk fJZe ;'qs jB.

3H wBZ[yh wB'oziBh :zso ^ ;fGnkuko d/ pdbd/ ;o{g nB[;ko iBw fdB, ftnkj

PkdhnK, nyzv gkm d/ G'r, w's iK po;h ;w/A PoXKibh ;wko'j, okiBhfse

gkoNhnK dhnK o?bhnK, fsT[jkoK iK Xkofwe w/fbnK nkfd ;G d/ o{g pdb rJ/

jB. jo gq'rokw ftZu T[Zuh bkT{v ;gheo brkJ/ iKd/ jB i' gqd{PD dk ekoB

pDd/ jB.

P'o gqd{PD d/ wkV/ gqGkt

i' ftnesh fInkdk P'o Pokp/ tkbh EK ezw eod/ jB T[j gZe/ s"o s/ p'bkgD iK

n;EkJh p'bkgD s'A fJbktk wkBf;e fpwkohnK fit/A fuVfuVkgD, wkBf;e EektN dk

fPeko j' iKd/ jB. bzwk ;wK T[Zuh nktkI ftZu ofjD ekoB ezw eoB dh fJekrosk

xNdh j? fi; eoe/ rbshnK tZX j'D brdhnK jB. wkBf;e EektN ns/ wk;g/PhnK ‟u

neVkn ekoB BkVh gqDkbh d/ d'P j' iKd/ jB i' bzw/ ;w/A pknd ;ohoe d'PK fit/A jZv

g?o d[yDk, tZX \{B dk dpkn, jkow'B spdhbh, fdb dhnK fpwkohnK nkfd ftZu pdb

iKd/ jB. roG d"okB tZX nktkI ‟u gb/ pZu/ dk Gko xZN jz[dk j?. “xZN ;so tkb/

brksko P'o ftZu ofjzd/ b'e „fNBhNZ;‟ phwkoh d/ fPeko d/y/ rJ/ jB. i' tX/o/ rzGho

jkbs ftZu f;o ghV, p/u?Bh ns/ gkrbgD dk ekoB th pD ;edh j?.”33 fJ; s'A

31

fJbktk P'o ;okp/ tkbh EK tX/o/ T[Zuh nktkI ekoB rZbpks eoBh n"yh j' iKdh j?

feT[Afe rZbpks eoB tkbhnK fXoK B{z fJZe d{i/ dh nktkI ;[DkJh BjhA fdzdh. P'o tkbh

irQk d/ B/V/ EZfenk NZ[fNnk pzdk uzrh soQK nkokw BjhA eo ;edk.

pukn d/ T[gkn

Gkosh dzvktbh e'v nXhB bkT{v ;gheo dh tos'A fB:fws ehsh j'Jh j?. 1986

d/ tksktoD n?eN dh Xkok 6 (2H5) nXhB P'o o'eDk bkIwh j? ns/ 268 nXhB P'o

T[sgsh i[ow j?. g[fb; fpBK ;kJhb?A;o rZvhnK d/ ubkB eo ;edh j?. 1989 ftZu ;'X

eoe/ fdB oks Bz{ P'o d/ gZXo dhnK ;hwktK bkr{ ehshnK rJhnK ns/ j;gskb,

ftfdne ;z;EktK, eufjohnK nkfd d/ nk+/ d[nk+/ PKs yzv (Silent Zone) sfj ehs/ rJ/.

P'o gqd{PD dk pj[sk tZvk fjZ;k nDrfjbh ns/ }?ofizw/tko wBZ[yh ftjko eoe/

j?. b'eK Bz{ P'o gqd{PD d/ wkV/ gqGktK s'A ikD{z eotk e/ P'o gqd{PD xZN ehsk ik ;edk

j?. P'o gqd{PD T[Zgo ekBz{BB gkpzdh brkJh ik ;edh j?. ekBz{B dh gkbDk Bk eoB

tkfbnK Bz{ Gkosh dzvktbh e'v nB[;ko ;\s s'A ;\s ;IktK fdZshnK ikD. BthnK

eb'BhnK d/ ftek; ;w/A :'iBkpZX sohe/ Bkb wekB T[;koh ehsh ikt/. wZ[y ;VeK ns/

o/b bkJhBK d/ B/V/ fojkfJPh wekB Bk pDkJ/ ikD. nktkikJh bJh ;VeK dh w[V

ftT[Aspzdh ehsh ikt/ sK i' jkoB dh tos'A xZN s'A xZN eoBh gt/. wZ[y ;VeK nkpkdhnK

s'A pkjo eZYhnK ikD. g?qPo jkoBK T[Zgo ekBz{Bh gkpzdh Bz{ fJzB^fpzB bkr{ ehsk ikt/.

|?eNohnK ftZu ezw eoB tkb/ wId{oK Bz{ P'o d/ wkV/ gqGktK s'A pukT[D bJh wkbeK tZb'A

ezBK d/ p[Zi/ (Ear plugs), j?bwN ns/ P'o go{c i?eNK dk gqpzX bkIwh j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

Xosh dk skgwkB tXDk

Xosh d/ tk:{wzvb ftZu tZy^tZy r?;K w"i{d jB fizBQK d/ nkgD/ nkgD/ |kfJd/ s/

B[e;kB jB. id'A tk:{wzvb ftZu ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv, whE/B, eb'o'|b'o'ekopB ns/

BkJhNq;nke;kJhv nkfd r?;K dh wksok tX iKdh j? sK fJBQK r?;K eoe/ Xosh dk

skgwkB tX iKdk j? fi;Bz{ Xosh dk row j'Dk iK rb'pb tkofwzr (Global warming)

efjzd/ jB. Xosh d/ T[fus skgwkB bJh fJBQK r?;K dk e[M wksok ftZu j'Dk Io{oh j?

feT[Afe xZN ns/ tZX skgwkB d't/A jh ihtB jkbsK d/ nB[e{b BjhA jB. vkH vhH ghH

f;zx d/ PpdK ftZu “Xosh dh ;sj dk w"i{dk skgwkB 15 doik ;?b;hn; j ?, id fe

rohB jkT{; gqGkt tkbhnK r?;K dh nDj'Ad ftu fJj skgwkB f;|o doik ;?b;hn; s'A

th 18 doik ;?b;hn; xZN j'Dk ;h. fJzB/ xZN skgwkB T[Zs/ g"fdnK s/ ihtK d/ ftek; dh

32

do sK pj[s jh wZXw g? ikDh ;h s/ wBZ[y dk iBw sK Xosh T[Zs/ j'o th gSV e/ j'Dk

;h.”34 gozs{ j[D gqd{fPs tksktoD ekoB Xosh T[Zgobk skgwkB wBZ[y d/ fiT[Ad/ ofjD

bJh :'r skgwkB dh ;hwk s'A fInkdk tX fojk j?. “fgqEth T[Zgob/ skgwkB dk foekov

oZ[s ftfrnkB B/ 1830 JhH s'A oZyDk P[o{ ehsk ;h. T[d'A b? e/ ;zB 1990 se jo ;kb d/

n";s skgwkB d/y e/ fJj rZb ;gZPN o{g ftZu T[xV nkT[Adh j? fe ;kb 1990 fgSb/

frnkoK djkfenK ftZu “;G s'A fBZxk (row) ;kb fojk j?.”35 i/eo fJj tkXk fJzM jh

ikoh fojk sK skgwkB d/ tXD eoe/ Xosh dk g{ok w";w uZeo jh pdb ikt/rk.

fjwkfbnk ns/ Xo[tK T[Zgobh po| fgxbD Bkb ;wz[doK d/ gkDh dh ;sQk T[Zgo uVQ

ikt/rh. ;wz[doK d/ feBkfonK s/ tZ;d/ b'eK bJh w[PebK j'DrhnK. pzdorkjK ns/ sNh

Pfjo sfj;^Bfj; j' ikDr/. Xosh dk T[gikT{gB xN ikt/rk. ;odh dh bzpkJh xND

ns/ fInkdk rowh ekoB g"fdnK ns/ izs{nK bJh tZX skgwkB s/ ofjDk w[Peb j't/rk.

ehfVnK we"fVnK dh frDsh ftZu tkXk j'D ekoB |;bK dhnK fpwkohnK tZX ikDrhnK.

b{ brD Bkb w"sK dh frDsh tZX ikt/rh. “fgSb/ 100 (thjthA ;dh) ;kbK d"okB fJ;

Xosh dk n";s skgwkB H80 F s'A 10

F (fvroh ckoBjhN) tfXnk j? ns/ fgSb/ 15 ;kbK

ftZu'A 10 ;kb fJ; Xosh d/ ;G s'A row jB.”36 “fJzNortoBw?ANb g?Bb nkB

ebkJhw/N u/Ai (Intergovernmental Penal on Climate Change -IPCC) B/ \podko ehsk

j? 2100 JhH sZe Xosh dk skgwkB 1H4 fvroh ;?b;hn; s'A 5H8 fvroh ;?b;hn; sZe

tX ;edk j?.”37 izrbK d/ eNkn ekoB Xosh dh gos dk Bzr/ j'Dk th 20^25# sZe

skgwkB d/ tXD dk ekoe j?. ;z:[es okPNo tksktoD gq'rokw (United Nations

Environment Programme) d/ ;{uBk e/Ado nB[;ko nbk;ek, eB/vk, ;kJhp/ohnk ftubh

;dhnK g[okDh gowkco';N (fwZNh dh T[j fe;w i' fgSb/ brGr d' ;kb d/ ;w/A sZe 00C

skgwkB s/ izwh oj/) ;z;ko dh 14# ekopB Bz{ ;'yD dk ezw eodh j?. gowkco';N fJe

nfijk f;ze j? fi;B/ ekopB ns/ whE/B Bz{ ;dhnK sZe ;'fynk j? go j[D gowkco';N d/

y[o ikD ekoB rb'pb tkofwzr s/Ih Bkb tXh j?. i/eo gowkco';N s'A fJ;/ ;ghv Bkb

rohB jkT{; r?;K fBebdhnK ojhnK sK nzdkIk brkT[Dk w[Peb j? fe fJ; Xosh dk

fezBk skgwkB tX ikt/rk. skgwkB d/ tXD Bkb ;wz[doK dk s/IkphgD tX ikt/rk i'

;wz[doh ihtK bJh w[;hps j't/rh. tZy tZy soQK d/ w";wh nuzG/ fwbDr/, ed/ fJedw

whAj, ed/ fJedw ;'ek g? ikt/rk. rb'pb tkofwzr d/ gqGkt s'A puD bJh ;ko/ d/PK Bz{

;\s edw uZ[eD/ g?Dr/. ;ko/ d/PK Bz{ ;z;ko gZXoh p?meK d"okB bJ/ |?;fbnK s/ nwb

33

eoBk ukjhdk j?. skgwkB tkX/ d/ e[gqGktK s'A puD bJh ;wK ofjzfdnK e[M edw uZ[e/ ik

;ed/ jB, fit/A^

1H T{oik d/ BftnkT[D:'r ;'fwnK dh tos'A ehsh ikt/.

2H BthA seBhe dh ;jkfJsk bJh ikt/ fit/A g[oksB pbpK dh EK |b'o';?AN b?AgK

(C.F.L) dh tos'A :ehBh pDkJh ikt/.

3H T{oik e[Pb T[geoBK dh tos'A ehsh ikt/ fit/A 320 tkN tkb/ |foZi dh EK 100

tkN dh |foZi ns/ 100 tkN pbp dh EK s/ 15^18 tkN dh fNT{p dh tos'A

bkj/tzdh j?.

4H tZvhnK rZvhnK dh EK s/ nkw ekoK dh tos'A ehsh ikt/. S'Nh eko dh w[ekpb/

tZvh eko (Sports Utility Vehicle) tX/o/ ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv g?dk eodh j?.

5H ;KMh^eko (Car-Pooling) dh tos'A ehsh ikt/. fJZe' irQk s/ fJZe' ;w/A ikD

tkfbnK Bz{ nfijk ;ziw bkIwh eoBk ukjhdk j?. iBse nktkikJh ;kXBK dh

tX/o/ tos'A th bkj/tzdh j?. E'VQh d{oh bJh ;kJheb dh tos'A, wBZ[y ns/

tksktoD d'tK dh f;js bJh uzrh j?.

6H eko row j'D bJh f;o| d' fwzN dk ;wK b?Adh j? fJ;s'A fInkdk ;wK eko

;NkoN oZyDk pkbD dh ygs d/ Bkb Bkb tksktoDh gZy s'A th B[e;kBdkfJe j?.

7H ;G s'A tZX b'V b'eK Bz{ wkV/ gqGktK s'A ikDz{ eokT[D dh j? feT[Afe ekBz{B th

ikro{e b'eK B/ jh bkr{ eoB/ j[zd/ jB.

8H nkdsK ‟u ;[Xko ;G s'A Io{oh j?. pIko iKd/ ;w?A p?r Bkb b? e/ ikT[, feT[Afe

g/go p?r do\sK s'A pDd/ jB ns/ gkbhEhB gqd{PD eod/ jB.

9H Xosh j/mb/ gEokN pkbDK s'A g?dk j'D tkbh ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv fuwBhnK

okjhA T[Zu/ tk:{wzvb ftZu ;Z[Nh ik ;edh j?.

10H fcBb?Av, Bhdob?Av ns/ ;thvB d/P dh soQK tZX ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv r?; g?dk

eoB tkb/ tkjBK T[Zgo Gkoh ekopB N?e; brkfJnk ikt/.

s/Ikph toyk

id'A ;b|o ns/ BkJhNq'iB d/ :'freK B{z jtk ftZu ibkfJnk iKdk j? sK ;bco

ns/ BkJhNq'iB d/ nke;kfJv g?dk j[zd/ jB i' jtk ftZu ib eDK Bkb fwb e/ whAj d/ o{g

‟u Xosh s/ fvZrd/ jB. nfijh toyk B{z s/Ikph toyk efjzd/ jB. fJ; Ppd dh ;G s'A

gfjbK tos'A okpoN n?Ar; ;fwE d[nkok 1852 JhH ftZu ehsh rJh. o;kfJfDe s"o s/

34

fJ; gkDh dh ghH n?uH nkw d/ w[ekpb/ xZN j[zdh j?. id'A whAj tkb/ gkDh dh ghH n?uH

(pH) 5H6 s'A xZN j't/, T[;B{z s/Ikph whAj fejk iKdk j?. fJj toyk Xosh ns/ fJ;

T[Zgob/ ihtK B{z rowh s'A okjs d/D dh pikJ/ j'o ibD g?dk eodh j?. s/Ikph toyk

Xosh ns/ fJ; T[Zgo ofjD tkb/ ihtK T[Zgo pj[s wko{ gqGkt gkT[Adh j? fit/A^

1H g"fdnK T[Zs/ gqGktL g"fdnK d/ gZfsnK T[Zgo id'A s/Ikph toyk dhnK p{zdK

g?AdhnK jB sK gZfsnK dh T[Zgobh gos \okp j' iKdh j?. w'wh gos \okp j'D

ekoB gZs/ ibdh rb ;V ns/ ;[Ze iKd/ jB. gZfsnK d/ ;[ZeD Bkb gqekP

;z;b/PD fefonk dh do xN iKdh j? ns/ g"d/ dk ;kok G'iB gqpzX ftrV iKdk

j?. tX/o/ wko{ gqGktK nXhB eJh S'N/ g"d/ fpbe[b jh wo iKd/ jB.

2H fwZNh T[Zs/ gqGktL s/Ikph toyk ekoB fwZNh s/Ikph j' iKdh j?. fJ; s/Ikph

fwZNh ftZu T[rD tkb/ g"fdnK ns/ do\sK dhnK iVQK B{z B[e;kB gj[zudk j?.

3H ibh ihtK T[Zs/ gqGktL fInkdkso MhbK BdhnK d/ gkDh dh ghH n?uH 6 s'A 8

sZe j[zdh j?. s/Ikph toyk ekoB ghH n?uH xN iKdh j? fi; eoe/ ibh ihtK ftZu

gqiDB fefonk dk xNBk ns/ Bt izw/ ihtK B{z iwKdo{ ;ohoe o'r j' iKd/ jB.

ib ftubk s/IkphgD G'iB bVh ftZu Pkwb j' iKdk j? ns/ gZXo do gZXo tXdk

iKdk j?. fi; ekoB g{ok Jhe'^f;;Nw (Ecosystem) gqGkfts j[zdk j?.

4H g[oksB fJwkosK T[Zs/ gqGktL s/Ikph toyk g[okDhnK fJwkosK fijVhnK \k;

s"o s/ ;zrwowo iK ;?Av;N'B s'A pDhnK jB T[BQK T[Zgo pj[s p[ok gqGkt gkT[Adh

j?. ski wfjb dh T[dkjoB ;kv/ ;kjwD/ j?. wE[ok ohckBoh eoe/ ski wfjb dk

;zrwowo \okp j' fojk j?. s/Ikph toyk fJwkosK ftZu gZEo s'A fJbktk b'j/

ns/ j'o uhIK B{z th gqGkfts eodh j?.

5H wB[ZyK T[Zs/ gqGktL s/Ikph toyk Bkb uwVh e?A;o ns/ uwVh dh ibD nkw j'D

tkbhnK fpwkohnK jB.

pukn d/ T[gknL gqd{fPs jtk ekoB jh whAj d/ gkDh ftZu s/IkpheD fwb iKd/ jB.

fJ; bJh s/Ikph toyk d/ gqGkt s'A puD bJh wB[Zy B{z jtk gqd{PD B{z o'eDk j't/rk.

UI'B w'xo/

“„UI'B‟ :{BkBh Ppd UIhnB (Ozein) s'A fBefbnk fi; dk noE j?

„;[zxDk‟”38. UI'B nke;hiB d/ d' dh EK fszB gqwkD{nK s'A fwb e/ pfDnk nD{ j? fi; B/

Xosh d/ tk:{wzvb dh T[Zgobh gos B{z Yfenk j'fJnk j?. fJj gos 10 s'A 50

35

feb'whNo sZe w"i{d j? i' fe 23 feb'whNo dh T[ukJh s/ ;G s'A ;zxDh j?. UI'B gos

dh ;zxDsk B{z v'p;B fJekJhnK (Dobson Units) ftZu wkfgnk iKdk j?. UI'B dh

wZXwkB w'NkJh 300 DU j[zdh j?. UI'B gos dh ;zxDsk w";w T[Zgo fBoGo eodh j?.

UI'B ;zxDsk p;zs o[Zs t/b/ (cotoh s'A ngq?b) tX iKdh j? ns/ i[bkJh s'A nes{po sZe

xN iKdh j?. 200 DU s'A tZX UI'B do[;s wzBh iKdh j? ns/ 200 DU s'A xZN wksok B{z

UI'B w'xok iK UI'B ;[ok\ (Ozone Hole) fejk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK dk UI'B ;[ok\

1985 JhH ftZu nzNkofNek wjKdhg T[~go gfjbh tko t/fynk frnk ns/ nkoefNe I'B

ftZu 1990 JhL ftZu. UI'B gos dk gsbk j'Dk wB[Zy bJh \so/ dh xzNh j?. n;b ftZu

“UI'B gos, fgqEth rqfj d/ nkb/ d[nkb// T[j r?;h f}bk| j? i' ;{oi s'A nk ojhnK

gokp?ArDh feoBK B{z nkgD/ ftZu ;'y b?Adk j? s/ fgqEth rqfj d/ iht fJBQK wko{ feoBK d/

xkse gqGktK s'A pu iKd/ jB.”39 gokt?ArDh (nbNoktkfJbN) feoBK w[Zy s"o s/ uwVh,

gqfsoZfyne gqDkbh ns/ vhH n?BH J/H B{z \okp eodhnK jB.

UI'B gos dk pukUL UI'B gos d/ pukn bJh ehsh rJh ;z;ko gZXoh whfNzr (bzvB

ekBcoz; 1989) ftZu Bkot/ d/ gqXkB wzsoh r'ojkob/w pozNb?Av B/ fejk ;h “i/eo

tk:{wzvb ns/ T[;dh UI'B gos ftZu ftrkV g? frnk sK fgqEth T[~go e'Jh th ftiJh

BjhA oj/rk ;r'A n;hA ;ko/ pbh d/ pZeo/ pD/ j'tKr/.”40 pozNb?Av dk fJj eEB ;Zu j[zdk

ikg fojk j? feT[Afe tXd/ gqd{PD ekoB UI'B gos ftub/ ;[ok\ brksko tZv/ j' oj/ jB.

fJBQK ;[ok\K dk w[Zy ekoB UI'B B{z \okp eoB tkb/ gdkoEK fit/A eb'o'cb'o'ekopB,

jkJhvo'eb'o'cb'o'ekopB, BkJhNq;nke;kJhv, jkJhvo'po'w'cb'o'ekopB nkfd dh tos'A dk

tXDk j?. fJj gdkoE UI'B gos B{z \okp eod/ jB. J/H ;hH, |foZi, opV T[d:'r,

okeN go'g?boK ns/ P/ftzr eohwK nkfd ftZu'A tZvh wksok ftZu eb'o'cb'o'ekopB fBebd/

jB i' UI'B bJh nfs jkBhekoe jB. fJ; bJh Io{oh j? fe UI'B fto'Xh sZs ns/

:'fre g?dk eoB tkb/ gdkoEK dh tos'A s/ gkpzdh bkJh ikt/. UI'B nke;hiB Bkb'A

tX/o/ fefonkPhb j[zdh j? ns/ row eoB s/ nke;hiB ftZu spdhb j' iKdh j?.

tksktoD ftZu tXdk skgwkB UI'B dh ;zxDsk B{z xNkT[Adk j?. ;' j[D b'V j? fe rohB

jkT{; r?;K ekoB Xosh d/ tX oj/ skgwkB B{z fB:zfsqs ehsk ikt/ sK fe fJ; Xosh rqfj

d/ iht ihB gfotosB (Gene Mutation) ns/ e?A;o torhnK wko{ fpwkohnK s'A pu

;eD.

fJBQK ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK B{z ;wMD, ftukoB ns/ jZb eZYD bJh ;z;ko T[Zgo

eJh ;z;EktK dhnK p?meK j'JhnK jB. T[BQK ftZu'A e[M wjZstg{oB p?meK dk t/otk ;KMk

36

eoBk Io{oh j? sK i' tksktoD d/ w;b/ s/ ehs/ ik oj/ ekoiK ns/ Gft¤yh :'iBktK s'A

ikD{z j'fJnk ik ;e/.

;Nkej'w ekBcoz;

5 i{B 1972 s'A 16 i{B 1972 sZe ;thvB d/P d/ ;Nkej'w Pfjo ftZu 113 d/PK,

19 fJzNortoBw?ANb J/iz;hnK ns/ 400 }?o ;oekoh ;z;EktK dh tksktoD ;zpzXh

w[ZfdnK s/ gb/mh p?me j'Jh fi; ftZu ;ko/ d/PK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ d/P d/ tksktoD dh

;fEsh s'A ikD{ eokfJnk. ;Nkej'w ekBcoz; d"okB GftZy ftZu tkstoDh w;fbnK T[s/

nkg;h ;fj:'r bJh skbw/b eoB bJh fJe ;z:[es okPNo tksktoD gq'rokw (United

Nations Environment Program U.N.E.P.) pDkfJnk frnk ns/ U.N.E.P. dk w[Zy

d|so B?o'ph fty/ ;Ekfgs ehsk. ;z:[es okPNo tksktoD gq'rokw dk ezw Xosh d/

i?fte ns/ G"fse ;kXBK ftZu nk ojhnK spdhbhnK dk fBohyD eoBk ns/ wB[Zyh

tksktoD Bkb ;zpzfXs nzsookPNoh ;fj:'r bJh b'VhAdh gqpzXeh wPhBoh T[gbpX

eokT[Dk ;h. fJ; gq'rokw nXhB ;z;ko gZXo T[Zgo 100 d/PK d/ tksktoD wkfjoK dh

okfJ Bkb 1995 ftZu tksktoD gqki?eN P[o{ ehs/. fJj whfNzr tksktoD ns/ ftek; d/

26 f;XksK ns/ 109 ;[MktK d/ x'PDk^gZso Bkb \sw j'Jh. fJ; whfNzr ftZu w[Zy w[Zdk

i' T[~Go fe ;kjwD/ nkfJnk, T[j eb'o'cb'o'ekopBI dh tos'A dk ;h, i' UI'B gos d/

gsb/ j'D bJh fizw/tko jB. 1972 s'A jh 5 i{B B{z tksktoD fdt; d/ o{g ftZu wBkfJnk

ikD bZr fgnk ns/ jo ;kb tZy^tZy PfjoK ftZu tZy^tZy w[ZfdnK (Themes) s/

wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fit/A ;kb 2007 dk tksktoD fdt; „„fgxbdh po|^fJZe Gydk

w[Zdk‟‟ (Melting Ice -A hot Topic) ftP/ T[Zgo Bkot/ d/P d/ Pfjo No'w;' ns/ U;b' ftZu

wBkfJnk frnk ns/ ;kb 2011 dk tksktoD fdt; izrb^e[dos s[jkvh ;/tk ftZu

(Forests-Nature at Your Service) ftP/ s/ wBkfJnk frnk.

wKN/r' p/ (Montego Bay) ekB|oz;

;w[zdoK ftZu gqd{PD nZi eZbQ nkw fijh rZb j? fi; eoe/ pj[s ;ko/ ;w[zdoK

ftZu i?t ftfGzBsk xNdh ik ojh j?. eJh d/PK B/ 1982 JhH ftZu iw?ek d/ Pfjo wKN/r'

p/ ftZu whfNzr ehsh sK fe ;w[zdoh gqd{PD B{z fB:zsfos eoB bJh e'Jh ekB{zB pDkfJnk

ik ;e/. fJBQK ekB{zBK dk w[Zy nkPk ;w[zdoh i?t ftfGzBsk B{z pukT[D bJh ;w[zdoh gqd{PD

B{z pzd eoBk, xNkT[Dk iK fB:zsfos eoBk ;h. fJ; whfNzr ftZu ;w[zdoh sfj s/ fwbd/

iht izs{ ns/ ehwsh t;s{nK s'A fJbktk tZy^tZy d/PK ftueko uZb oj/ ;w[zdoh fttkdK

37

s/ uouk j'Jh sK i' ftfrnkBe y'i ns/ j'o ;w[zdoh seBheK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb w[PebK

d/ jZb bZG/ ik ;eD ns/ ;w[zdoh ftek; ehsk ik ;e/. fJ; ;zw/bB ftZu fJ; rZb s/

eoko ehsk frnk fe v{zx/ ;w[zdoK dk sb wB[Zy iksh dk ;KMk fto;k j?. fJ; bJh ;ko/

d/PK B{z ;w[zdoh sb dh ;[oZFfynk dh ;KMh fizw/tkoh b?Dh ukjhdh j?.

wKNohnb fbys (Montreal Protocol)

1987 JhH ftZu UI'B gos d/ \okp j'D d/ w[Zd/ s/ 20 d/PK dh whfNzr nk;Nohnk

d/ ftnkBk (Vienaa) Pfjo ftZu j'Jh, fi; ftZu UI'B gos d/ \okp j'D d/ tZy^tZy

ekoBK ns/ UI'B gos \okp j'D eoe/ wB[Zyh f;js ns/ tkstoD ftZu nk oj/ ftrkVK

pko/ uouk ehsh rJh. wKNohnb fbys UI'B gos B{z \okp eoB tkb/ o;kfJfDe

gdkoEK T[Zgo o'e bkT[D tkbh nzsookPNoh ;zXh j?. fJj ;zXh 16 ;szpo 1987 B{z j'Ad

ftZu nkJh ns/ 1 iBtoh 1989 s'A bkr{ ehsh rJh. ;zB 1987 ftZu jh tZy^tZy d/PK B/

wKNohnb (e?B/vk) fty/ fJfsjkf;e ;zXh s/ d;\s ehs/ fi; nB[;ko eb'o'cb'o'ekopB

dh T[sgsh ;zB 2000 sZe 50# xNkT[D dk Nhuk fwfEnk frnk ns/ fJj nk; ehsh

rJh fe UI'B gos 2050 sZe w[V T[;/ ;fEsh ftZu fbnKdh ik ;e/rh. T[d'A s'A b? e/ j[D

sZe fJ; ftZu 7 ;'XK j' uZ[ehnK jB^ 1990 (bzvB), 1991 (B?o'ph), 1992 (e'gBj/rB),

1993 (p?Aeke), 1995 (ftnkBk), 1997 (wKNohnb), 1999 (phfizr). fJj edw ;z;ko

gZXoh tksktoD ikro{esk w[fjzw ftZu whb gZEo ;kps j'fJnk. fJ; ;wM's/ sfjs w[Zy

s"o s/ j?b'B, ekopB^N?Nokeb'okJhv, whEkJhb eb'o'ckow ns/ whEkJhb po'wkJhv d/

tksktoD s/ g? oj/ wkV/ gqGkt B{z o'eD dh rZb j'Jh. ;zB 1997 ‟u w[V wKNohnb ‟u

d;thA toQ/^rzY s/ eb'o'cb'o'ekpoB s/ gZek gqfspzX brkT[D dh g?oth ehsh gozs{ fJ;

ikd{Jh o;kfJD (eb'ocb'o'ekopB) B{z pdbDk J/Bk n;kB ezw BjhA j? feT[Afe

eb'ocb'o'ekopB s'A yfjVk S[vkT[D bJh BthA seBkb'ih T[Zgo yopK vkbo youD/ g?D/

jB. fJj th u?~e eoBk Io{oh j? fe fes/ Bt/A pdb fJ; s'A th tZX wko{ f;ZX Bk j'D.

pknd ftZu 175 d/PK B/ fJ; ;wM"s/ T[Zgo d;\s ehs/.

j?fbz;eh p?me

wKNohnb go'N'e'b d/ wZd/BIo jh wJh 1989 JhH ftZu fcBb?Av d/ Pfjo j?fbz;eh

ftZu d[pkok whfNzr j'Jh s/ fJ; rZb s/ c?;bk fbnk frnk fe UI'B gos B{z \okp eoB

tkb/ gdkoE fit/A eb'o'cb'o'ekpoB, j?b'B nkfd B{z jo jkbs ftZu 2000 JhH sZe \sw

ehsk ikt/. fJ; s'A fJbktk nzNkofNe wjKdhg T[Zgo UI'B w'xo/ ns/ T[soh nwohek

38

T[Zgo UI'B gos d/ gsbk j'D s/ fuzsk gqrNkJh rJh. 1992 JhH ftZu UI'B gos B{z

\okp eoB tkb/ gdkoEK dh fb;N ftZu ;'X eoe/ jkJhvo'po'w'cb'o'ekopB ns/

jkJhvo'eb'o'cb'o'ekopBI B{z th Pkfwb ehsk frnk ns/ |?;bk ehsk frnk fe uko ;kbK

d/ nzdo fJBQK gdkoEK dh tos'A T[Zgo th o'e brkJh ikt/. 1997 ftZu |?;bk ehsk frnk

fe e'Jh d/P }?oekB{zBh s"o s/ d{i/ d/P ftZu eb'o'cb'o'ekopB Bkb ;zpzfXs gdkoEK dh

s;eoh BjhA eo/rk. wKNohnb go'N'e'b ftZu tZy tZy ;w/A pdbkn eoB ns/ fJ; w;"d/

B{z bkr{ eoB ;zpzXh 1999 JhH ftZu ekfJo', ihB/tk ns/ phfizr ftZu w[V whfNzrK ehshnK

rJhnK.

Xos ;zw/bB (Earth Summit)

1992 JhH ftZu tksktoD ns/ ftek; d/ w[Zd/ s/ ;z:[es okPNo ekBcoz; (United

Nation Conference on Enviroment and Development U.N.C.E.D.) pqkIhb d/ Pfjo

foU^vh^iB?o' fty/ j'Jh. fi;dk w[Zy we;d }?ofB:zfsqs ftek; eoe/ nukBe g?dk

j'JhnK tZvhnK nk|sK s'A e[dosh tksktoD B{z pukT[Dk ;h. fJj tksktoDh w[ZfdnK Bkb

;zpzfXs nzzsookPNoh gZXo dh ;G s'A tZvh ekBcoz; ;h, fi; ftZu ;z;ko Go d/ 178

d/PK d/ B/sktK ns/ brGr 2400 }?o ;oekoh ;z;EktK d/ gqshfBXK B/ Gkr fbnk. Xos

;zw/bB w[Zy s"o s/ uko w[ZfdnK s/ e/Adfos ;h.

1H T[sgkdB dh gqfefonk dh ftP/P x'y eoBh sK i' nk+/ d[nk+// ftZu tX ojh

Ifjohb/ gdkoEK dh wksok B{z fB:zfsqs ehsk ik ;e/.

2H T{oik d/ pdbt/A ;q'sK dk ftek; eoBk fi; Bkb gEokN pkbDK dh tos'A xNk e/

ibtk:{ gfotosB B{z o'fenk ik ;e/.

3H iBse nktkikJh ;kXBK (Public Transport System) ftZu ;[Xko eoe/ tkjBK d/

gqd{PD ƒ ezNo'b eoBk.

4H ghD :'r gkDh dh brksko tX ojh E[VQ B{z g{ok eoB bJh ;\s edw u[ZeD/.

nzs fJj p?me 27 f;XKsK dh x'PDk Bkb \sw j'Jh fizBQK B{z J/izvk 21 (Agenda

21) noEks „J/izvk 21 thA ;dh d/ bJh‟ d/ BK Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJBQK f;XKsK

nXhB fNekT{ ftek; s/ I'o fdZsk frnk, iht ftfGzBsk B{z pukT[D ns/ ibtk:{

gfotosB B{z o'eD bJh tD Bhsh pDkJh rJh. gozs{ pj[s/ d/PK dh p?me j'D ekoB

nkg;h wsG/d poeoko oj/ ns/ tZy tZy w[ZfdnK s/ ;fjwsh Bk pD ;eh. fJe gk;/

fJ;bkwh ns/ t?NheB d/P iB;zfynk B{z GrtkB dh d/D wzBd/ j'J// iB;zfynk d/ tkX/

39

T[Zgo gkpzdh brkT[D d/ jZe ftZu BjhA ;B T[Xo d{i/ gk;/ okPNogsh p[P d/ j[ewK

nB[;ko nwoheh v?bhr/PB B/ i?fte ftfGzBsk dh ;zGkb, ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv fBek;h

xNkT[D ns/ shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK B{z ftek; bJh czv d/D d/ nzsookPNoh ;wM's/ s/

j;skyo eoB'A BKj eo fdZsh. gozs{ fJ; p?me dk nf;ZXk |kfJdk Io{o gj[zfunk fe tZy

tZy d/PK ftZu gqd{PD ns/ e[dosh ;'qsK dh d[otos'A d/ fto'X ftZu tZy' tZyo/ ;oekoh,

}?o^;oekoh ;zrmB ns/ tksktoD ro[Zg ezw eoB bZr gJ/.

e'gBj/rB ekBcoz; (Copenhagen-1992)

e'gBj/rB (v?Bwkoe) fty/ 1992 JhH ftZu 87 d/PK dh UI'B gqd{PD d/ ;zpzX ftZu

whfNzr j'Jh fi; ftZu iBtoh 1996 sZe eb'o'cb'o'ekopBI dh tos'A o'eD bJh nzfsw

o/yk fyZuh rJh. eb'o'cb'o'ekopBI s'A fJbktk jkJhvo'eb'o'cb'o'ekpoB s/ j?b'B dh

tos'A s/ gkpzdh brkJh rJh. fJ; ;zXh s'A pknd nZr pMkT[ :zsoK ftZu j?b'B dh tos'A

bJh th tksktoD ;zGkb J/iz;h (Environment Protection Agency) dh gqtkBrh bkIwh

eo fdZsh rJh. fJ; ekBcoz; ftZu rb'pb tkofwzr d/ w[Zd/ B{z gfjbh tko tZvh

nfjwhns fwbh.

feT[N'go'N'e'b

feT[N'go'N'e'b tksktoD ftZu rohB jkT{; r?;K dh wksok B{z xNkT[D bJh

nzsookPNoh ;wM"sk j?. 11 d;zpo 1997 B{z ikgkB d/ feT{N' Pfjo ftZu ibtk:{

gfotosB d/ ekoBK dh ;whfynk ehsh rJh. ftuko tNKdo/ dk e/Ado fpzd{ rohB jkT{;

r?;K fit/A ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv, whE/B, ;bcoj?e;kcb'okJhv, eb'o'cb'o'ekopB ns/

BkJhNq;nke;kJhv s/ T[BQK B{z g?dk eoB tkb/ ekoe oj/. fJ; p?me ftZu ftef;s d/PK

ftZu rohB jkT{; r?;K d/ fBek; dh wksok s/ ezNo'b eoB bJh eZuk w;"dk fsnko ehsk

frnk. fJ; w;"d/ ftZu ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb d/PK B{z d' tZy tZy Pq/DhnK nXhB oZfynk

frnk. ftef;s d/PK B{z Annex -l j/m oZfynk frnk fiBQK T[Zgo rohB jkT{; r?;K d/

fBek; B{z xNkT[D dh gkpzdh j? ns/ jo ;kb ;z:[es okPNo B{z skIk ;fEsh pko/ fog'oN

g/P eoBh j?. ftek;Phb d/PK B{z Non Annex-l d/ nXhB oZfynk frnk fiBQK s/ rohB

jkT{; r?;K B{z xNkT[D dh e'Jh gkpzdh BjhA, f;o| ;k| ftek; ekoi ftXh (Clean

Development Mechanism) ngDkT[Dh Io{oh j?. fJ; yoV/ T[Zgo 170 d/PK d[nkok

d;s\s ehs/ rJ/. gz{zihtkd ;woEe nkb'ueK B/ ftek;Phb d/PK B{z nfijhnK S'NK d/D

dk fto'X ehsk ns/ ;zB 2001 ftZu okPNogsh p[P B/ fJj efj e/ jwkfJs tkg; b? bJh

40

fe nwohek rb'pb tkofwzr Bkb BfiZmD bJh T[d:'fre ftek; B{z o'eD dh pikJ/,

eko\kfBnK B{z T[~u seBhe ns/ j'o tksktoD ;zGk+ J/iz;hnK B{z T[sPkj d/ e/ rohB

jkT{; r?;K ns/ fwZNh ftZu ekopB d/ ob/t/A s/ ekp{ gkt/rk. ;z;ko Go d/ d/PK B/

feT[N'go'Ne'b bJh fJ; B{z tZvk MNek ;wfMnk feT[Afe i/ nwohek fJ; rZb s/ ;fjws

BjhA j[zdk sK rohB jkT{; r?;K dk fBek; BjhA o'fenk ik ;edk feT[AFfe fJeZbk

nwohek 25# fBek;h bJh fizw/tko j?. 1997 ftZu nk;No/bhnk ns/ 5 Btzpo 2004 B{z

o{; d/ ;zXh s/ d;\sK Bkb fJ; w[fjzw B{z Iok j[zrkok fwfbnk j?. Btzpo 2007 sZe 175

d/P j;skyo eo u[Ze/ jB.

i?fte ftfGzBsk T[Zgo ;z;ko ;zw/bB (The Convention on Bio-diversity 1998)

i?fte ftfGzBsk T[Zgo ;z;ko ;zw/bB ;z:[es okPNo tksktoD gq'rokw dk jh fjZ;k

j?. fJ; eBt?BPB dk w[Zy we;d i?fte ftfGzBsk dk pukn, ;fjD:'r ftek; ns/

e[dosh ;q'sK dh tos'A dh pokpo tzv eoBk ;h sK i' ;z;ko gZXo s/ w"i{dk ghVQh dhnK

b'VK th g{ohnK ehshnK ik ;eD ns/ GftZy bJh th e[dosh ;q's pukJ/ ik ;eD. ;zB

2000 sZe fJ; ;zXh T[Zgo 176 d/P ;fjwsh gk u[Ze/ jB.

fNekT{ ftek; bJh ;z;ko f;yo ;zw/bB(World Summit on

Sustainable Development 2002)

tZy tZy d/PK d/ okPNogsh, gqXkB wzsoh ns/ j'o T[u/ e'Nh d/ bhvo i'jB;por,

;kT{E ncohek ftZu ftek; d/ w[Zd/ s/ ;z;ko Go u'A fJeZm/ j'J/. fJ; f;yo ;zw/bB ftZu

nEkj tXd/ gqd{PD ns/ tksktoD fto'Xh rshftXhnK B{z o'eD bJh ekoiBhsh pDkJh

rJh. fJ; rZb s/ I'o fdZsk frnk fe ftek; nfijk j't/ i' fNekT{ j't/, Bk fe T[j' fijk

i' GftZy ftZu w[;hpsK yVQhnK eo ;edk j?. fNekT{ ftek; d/ w[Zd/ s/ ;ko/ d/PK B/

fJZew[Zmsk dk ;p{s fdzfdnK m'; T[Zgokb/ eoB ns/ ;w{fje o{g ftZu jzGbk wkoB dh

sithI pDkJh.

tksktoD d/ tZy^tZy gfjb{nK s/ uouk eod/ j'J/ fJj ftuko T[Zgodk j? fe

nfij/ ;zw/bBK dh eEBh eoBh ftZu pj[s nzso j?. ;wM"fsnK T[Zgo d;\s sK gkJ/ iKd/

jB gozs{ fJj nwbh ikw/ s'A d{o jh ofjzd/ jB. tksktoD d/ BK T[Zgo ftef;s ns/

ftek;Phb d/PK dofwnkB okiBhsh dh y/v th y/vh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh ftPth ;zdoG

ftZu tksktoDh w[;hpsK dh iVQ d[gk;V j?^ ftef;s d/PK d[nkok ehsh iKdh e[dosh

;kXBK dh p/b'Vh tos'A, w[Bk|k e/Ados, }?ofB:zfsqs T[d:'fre ftek; ns/ ftek;Phb iK

41

xZN ftef;s d/PK dh iB;zfynk dk nEkj tkXk. ftef;s d/P wzBd/ jB fe iB;zfynk d/

tXD Bkb e[M fpwkohnK nkgD/ nkg jh tX iKdhnk jB feT[Afe fiT[A fiT[A iB;zfynk

tXdh ikt/rh fsT[A fsT[A ofjD bJh xo, xoK bJh y[Zbh EK, EK bJh izr+K dh eNkJh

ns/ fJ;/ soQK nkT[D ikD bJh nktkikJh ;kXB, nktkikJh ;kXBK bJh ;VeK, eko\kB/,

g?No'b, vhIb, e'bk ns/ j'o eZuk wkb ukjhdk j?. eZu/ wkb bJh fco e[dos dk

B[e;kB. fJj ;kok e[M fJe bVh ‟u i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. i' nZr/ dh nZr/ fJe s'A d{i/

tZb tXdk iKdk j?. fizBh iB;zfynk fInkdk j't/rh T[Bh G'iB dh fInkdk b'V j?,

fInkdk G'iB bJh tZX IwhB ukjhdh j?. tZX IwhB bJh izrb eZND/ g?Dr/, ykdK,

;go/nK dh tos'A eoBh gt/rh. fJT[A jh ;kok ;zs[bB ftrV iKdk j?. fJ;d/ T[bN

ftek;Phb d/P wzBd/ jB fe ftef;s d/PK d/ T[d:'fre ftek; bJh izrb eZN/ ik oj/

jB, eZu/ wkb bJh e[dosh ;q'sK B{z fBu'fVnk ik fojk j?. |?eNohnK dhnK fuwBhnK dk

X{znK, T[d:'fre ofjzd y{zjd ti'A fBebd/ xkse ok;kfJfDe gdkoE nkfd tksktoDh

gqd{PD bJh fizw/tko jB. g{zihtkd jw/PK wzvh B{z ezNo'b j/mK oZydk j? ns/ e[dosh

;o'sK T[Zgo ezNo'b eoe/ u'o pIkoh, ekbk pIkoh Bz{ tXkT[Adk iKdk j?. ehwsK nk;wkB

S{jD bZrdhnK jB. ;wki ftZu nwho rohp ftueko gkVk tXdk j?. nzs wzvh ftZu

nwho b'eK dk J/ekfXeko ;Ekgs j'D ekoB ;wkfie n;zs[bB g?dk j' iKdk j?. fJj

;wkfie n;zs[bB e[dos B{z tX/o/ B[e;kB eodk j?. vkH ;[oihs f;zx fYZb'A d/ PpdK ‟u

“nfijk tksktoD gqd{fPs j'D d/ d' w{b ekoB jBL fJZe sK wB[Zy dh p/ f;o g?o tXdh

t;'A s/ d{ik fJ;dh p/ w[jkoh jT{w?, fijVh E'V/ Bkb ;oudh BjhA.” gozs{ fco th

nkPktkdh j' fe ;z;ko gZXo s/ j' oj/ tksktoDh ezwK dh Pbkxk eoBh pDdh j? fizBQK

ftZu'A fJZe ekoi tksktoD fdt; wBkT[Dk j?.

tksktoD fdt;

;z;ko gZXo T[Zgo tksktoD B{z pukT[D bJh e'fPPK j' ojhnK jB. fJBQK bJh e[M

ftP/P fdB wBkJ/ iKd/ jB, fJj fdB nkw eoe/ wjZstg{oB |?;fbnK tkbhnK ekBcoz;K

Bkb i[V/ jB. fJBQK ƒ wBkT[D dk noE nkgD/ |?;fbnK s/ gZek ofjD bJh w[V nfjd

eoBk j?. Gkt/A Gkos ftZu gfjbK s'A jh e[dos g{ik dh ;z;feqsh j? fi; nXhB nkfd

ekb s'A jh ;{oi, gkDh, jtk, nZr B{z g{fink iKdk j?. fgZgb, p'jV tor/ do\sK dh

g{ik th fJ;/ bVh dk fjZ;k j?. Gkosh ;wki ftZu g'P ;[eqKfs (g'j dh ;zroKd) iK g'Arb

14^15 iBtoh B{z wBkfJnk iKdk j? fi; ftZu uzrh |;b bJh ;{oi ns/ Xosh dk

42

XzBtkd Pkwb j?. o[ZsK d/ pdbD s/ fsT[jko wBkT[Dk Gkosh ;z;feqsh dk fjZ;k j?. j[D

fJeZbk Gkos jh BjhA ;r'A ;kok ftPt tksktoD dh ;zGkb bJh tZy tZy edw T[mk fojk

j?. tksktoD fdt; wBkJ/ ik oj/ jB. tksktoD fdt; wBkT[Ad/ ;w/A jo d/P nkgD/ d/P

d/ e[dosh w";w dk fXnkB oZydk j?. nk;No/bhnk ftZu 28 i[bkJh B{z ;ko/ ;e{bK ns/

30 i[bkJh B{z d/P d/ pkeh fjZf;nK ftZu okPNoh o[Zy brkT[ fdB (National Tree

Planting Day) wBkfJnk iKdk j? idfe ikgkB 5 wJh B{z jfonktb fdt; (Greenery

Day) ti'A wBkT[Adk j?. Gkos ftZu i[bkJh wjhB/ ftZu dZyD gZSwh wkB;{B ekoB ;ko/

d/P ftZu toyk o[Zs P[o{ j' iKdh j?, fJ; bJh i[bkJh wjhB/ d/ gfjb/ j|s/ o[Zy brkT[D B{z

fJe fsT[jko dh soQK wBkfJnk iKdk j? fi;B{z tD^wjKT[s;t efjzd/ jB. g{o/ d/P ftZu

tD^wjKT[s;t B{z 1950 s'A wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fi;B{z Pqh e/H n?wH w[BPh, T[d'A d/ \[oke

ns/ y/shpkVh wzsoh, B/ P[o{ ehsk ;h. eJh tkoh ;kb ftZu d' tko (i[bkJh ns/ cotoh

ftZu) th T[gbpX ;EkBK T[Zgo ;oekoh J/iz;hnK iK }?o ;oekoh ;z;EktK d[nkok o[Zy

brkJ/ iKd/ jB. eJh EktK s/ o[ZyK B{z brkT[D ns/ T[BQK dh ;[oZfynk bJh g/Av{ b'eK dhnK

tksktoD ;[oZfynk ew/NhnK (Environment Protection Committee) dh wdd th bJh

ik ojh j?. ;koh d[BhnK ftZu ;KM/ s"o s/ wBkJ/ ikD tkb/ tksktoD B{z ;wofgs fdB j/m

fby/ jB^

2 cotohL ftPt irbkj fdt;^ 2 cotoh 1971 B{z okw;o (fJokB) fty/ ibrkjK dh

wjZssk Bkb ;zpzfXs ;z;ko gZXoh ;zw/bB ehsk frnk. fJ; ;zw/bB ftZu nfjd ehsk

frnk fe ibrkjK ;kvh i?fte ftfGzBsk ftZu wjZstg{oB o'b ndk eodhnK jB. fJ;

bJh Io{oh j? fe n;hA ibrkjK dh ;KG ;zGkb eohJ//.

28 cotohL okPNoh ;kfJz; fdt;^ fJ; fdB tksktoD ;zpzXh ikro{esk o?bhnK,

g';No w[ekpb/, e[fJI w[ekpb/ nkfd eotkJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ b'eK B{z fJj ;[B/jk fdZsk iKdk

j? fe tksktoD dh ;zGk+ bJh ;kfJz; eh, feZE/ ns/ fet/A G{fwek fBGk ;edh j?.

14 wkouLftPt f;Zy tksktoD fdt;^ ;qh r[o{ jfo okfJ ih d/ r[orZdh fdt; d/ w"e/

s/ Jhe' f;Zy iE/pzdh tZb'A ;ko/ r[od[nkfonK B{z p/Bsh ehsh rJh fe r[opkDh d/ tksktoD

;zd/P B{z ;z;ko Go ftZu c?bkfJnk ikt/ ns/ fJ; fdB s/ r[od[nkfonK ftZu tksktoD

;zpzXh Ppd rkfJB ehs/ ikD ns/ ;w[Zuk f;Zy GkJhukok o[Zy brk e/ r[o{ ;kfjp B{z ;Zuh

PoXKibh G/N eo/.

21 wkouL ftPt tD ftfrnkB fdt;^ 1971 ftZu :{ogh ;zx d/ 23 t/A nkw fJibk;

ftZu fJ; fdB B{z wBkT[D dk |?;bk ehsk frnk. fJ; fdB dk w[Zy T[d/P o[Zy brkT[Dk

43

ns/ b'eK B{z o[[ZyK dh wjZssk s'A ikDz{ eokT[Dk j[zdk j? sK i' Xosh B{z jok Gok pDkfJnk

ik ;e/.

22 wkouL ftPt ib fdt;^ pkJh wkou ftPt ib fdt; ti'A 1993 s'A wBkfJnk

iKdk j?. fJj fdB gkDh dh wjZssk B{z ;wofgs j?. fJj fdB brksko xZN oj/ P[ZX gkDh

;q'sK dh ;KG ;zGk+ ns/ b'eK B{z ikro{e eoB bJh wBkfJnk iKdk j? sK i' T[j nkgD/

nk+/ d[nk+// d/ ib ;q'sK dh ;KG ;zGk+ eo ;eD. jo ;kb fJj fdB fe;/ fBt/eb/ ftP/

B{z ;wofgs ehsk iKdk j?. fit/A 2006 ftZu gkDh ns/ ;fGnkuko (Water and

Culture), 2007 ftZu gkDh ;zeN s'A pukn (Coping with Water Scarcity), 2008 ftZu

;|kJh gqpzX (Sanitation) ns/ 2010 ftZu f;jswzd ;z;ko bJh ;k| gkDh (Clean Water

for a Healthy World) B{z ftPk u[fDnk frnk. gkDh dh ;zGk+ fjs jh 2005^2015 sZe

dk djkek „ihtB bJh gkDh‟ (Water for Life) B{z ;wofgs ehsk frnk j?.

7 ngq?bL ftPt f;js fdt; (World Health Day)^ 7 ngq?b 1948 JhH B{z ftPt

f;js ;z;Ek j'Ad ftZu nkJh ;h. nkgDh ;kbkBk to/Q^rzY d/ w"e/ s/ fJ; ;z;Ek tZb'A pdb

oj/ tksktoD ftZu b'eK B{z nk ojhnK f;js ;zpzXh w[PebK ns/ fdB gqsh fdB tX

ojhnK fpwkohnK ;zpzXh ikDekoh fdZsh iKdh j?. fJj fdB b'eK B{z uzrh f;js ns/

Bo'Jh fIzdrh fiT{D bJh ikro{e eoB B{z ;wofgs ehsk frnk j?.

18 ng?qbL ftPt ftok;s fdt;^ tksktoD dk ;zpzX f;o| e[dosh t;s{nK Bkb ;r'A

wB[Zy fBofws t;sK Bkb th j?. fJ; bJh wB[Zy B{z fJ; fdB T[;dh uzrh ftok;s Bkb

i'fVnk iKdk j? sK i' T[j wPhBK d/ tZb edw tXkT[D d/ Bkb Bkb nkgDh uzrh ftok;s

B{z th Bkb b? e/ uZb/.

22 ngq?bL ftPt Xos fdt;^ fJ; fdB 1970 JhH ftZu nwohek d/ e[M b'eK B/ fJeZm/

j' e/ nkX[fBeheoB ekoB Xosh T[~go g?dk j' ojhnK jB w[PebK tZb fuzseK dk fXnkB

fdtkfJnk, T[d'A s'A jh fJ; fdB B{z ftPt Xos fdt; ti'A wBkfJnk ikD bZrk j?.

5 i{_BL ftPt tksktoD fdt;^ 5 i{B 1972 s'A 16 i{B 1972 sZe ;Nkej'w (;thvB)

fty/ 113 d/PK B/ tXdhnK tksktoDh ;wZf;nktK ftP/ T[Zgo ekBcoz; ehsh. T[d'A s'A jh

jo ;kb 5 i{B B{z tZy tZy ftfPnK T[Zgo tZy tZy PfjoK ftZu tksktoD fdt; ti'A

wBkfJnk iKdk j? fit/A 2007 dk tksktoD fdt; Bkot/ d/P ftZu “fgxbdh po| fJZe

Gydk ftPk‟‟ (Melting Ice- A Hot Topic) Bkno/ j/m wBkfJnk frnk.

44

11 i[bkJhL ftPt iB;zfynk fdt;^ wB[Zy dh nEkj tXdh t;'A tksktoDh ;wZf;nktK

dh fJe iVQ tKr ;kjwD/ nk ojh j?. 11 i[bkJh dk fdB ;z;ko Go ftZu iB;zfynk s/

ekp{ gkT[D bJh ;?whBko, r'PmhnK ns/ j'o gq'rokwK bJh fBoXkos ehsk frnk j? sK i'

b'e s/Ih Bkb tXdh t;'A d/ wkV/ gqGktK s'A ;[u/s j' ;eD ns/ iB;zfynk B{z ezNo'b ehsk

ik ;e/.

16 ;szpoL ftPt UI'B fdt;^ fJ; fdB 1987 JhH ftZu fJfsjkf;e wKNohnb ;zXh

s/ j;skyo ehs/ rJ/ ;B. T[d'A s'A jh fJ; fdB B{z nzsookPNoh UI'B ;zGk+ fdt; ti'A

wBkT[Dk P[o{ ehsk j?.

28 ;szpoL tksktoD fjs?Ph rkje fdt; (Green Consumer Day)^ fJ; fdB s/

wB[Zy dh G'rtkdh ;'u d/ fto'X ftZu b'eK B{z ikrfos ehsk iKdk j? ns/ b'eK B{z tksktoD

fjs?Ph (Environment Friendly) ;wkB yqhdB bJh gq/fos ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk

tos'A, w[V tos'A s/ d[pkok tos'A d/ f;XKs s/ gfjok d/D bJh fsnko ehsk iKdk j?.

3 nes{poL ftPt e[dos fdt;^ fJ; fdB wB[Zy dhnK T[BQK rshftXhnK s/ BIo;kBh

ehsh iKdh j? fizBQK eoe/ fJ; Xosh T[Zgo wB[Zy ns/ j'o ihtK dk ofjDk d[Go j' fojk

j?. fJ; rZb s/ \k; stZi'A fdZsh iKdh j? fe Xosh f;o| wB[Zy bJh Bk j' e/ j'o ihtK

bJh th j? gozs{ wB[Zy dhnK nkgw[jkohnK rshftXhnK j'o ihtK dk ofjDk w[Peb eo

ojhnK jB.

1 s'A 7 nes{poL ftPt izrbh ihtB j|sk^fJ; j|s/ d"okB izrbh ihtB d/ pukT[

bJh tZy^tZy ;z;EktK d[nkoK b'eK B{z ikrfos ehsk iKdk j?.

4 nes{poL ftPt iht d/yGkb fdt;^ fJ; fdB ikBtoK gqsh d[oftjko o'eD ns/

T[BQK dh wB[Zy bJh wjZssk s/ ftuko ehsk iKdk j?.

13 nes{poL nzsookPNoh e[dosh nk|sK fdt; (International Day for Natural

Disaster Reduction)^ tksktoD ftZu nk ojhnK nB/eK spdhbhnK ekoB Xosh T[Zgo

tX ojhnK e[dosh nk|sK d/ ekoBK ns/ pukn d/ sohfenK s'A nkw b'eK B{z ;[u/s ehsk

iKdk j?.

2 d;zpoL G'gkb r?; d[yKs^ fJ; fdB 2 d;zpo 1984 B{z :{BhnB ekopkJhv ftZu

whEkJhb nkJh;';kJhB/N r?; ekoB wo/ b'eK B{z PoXKibh nofgs eofdnK ;j[z u[Zeh

iKdh j? fe nfijh d[oxNBk w[V Bk tkgo/.

45

fJeZb/ tksktoD fdt; jh BjhA tksktoD dh ;zGk+ bJh eJh nfij/ nDEZe :'X/

jB i' fpBK fe;/ fsZE fsT[jko B{z T[vhfenK brksko fJ; ;kXBk ftZu i[N/ oj/ jB.

tksktoD pukU nzd'bB Bkb pj[s ;kohnK nfjw P\;hnsK i[VhnK j'JhnK jB T[BQK

ftZu'A e[M d/ t/ot/ g/P ehs/ ik oj/ jB sK i' tksktoD d/ w;b/ s/ ;wro gj[zu ngDkJh

ik ;e/.

Grs g{oB f;zx

Grs g{oB f;zx dk iBw 4 i{B 1904 B{z b[fXnkD/ fIbQ/ d/ fgzv oki/tkb (okj'A) d/

fJe fjzd{ gfotko ftZu j'fJnk. nkg B{z xo/b{ wIp{ohnK ekoB d;thA iwks dh gVQkJh

nZX ftukb/ jh SZvDh gJh. nkg d/ ;[gB/ pV/ T[u gZXo d/ ;B fiBQK B{z g{ok eoB bJh

nkg B/ ;\s fwjBs ehsh ns/ ;wki ;/tk B{z nkgDk ekoi y/so u[fDnk. nkg fJZe'

;w/A b/ye, gqekPe, tksktoD gq/wh, ;wki ;/th ;G e[M ;B. nkg d[nkok ;wki ;/tk d/

Bkb^Bkb tksktoD gqd{PD, G"A^y'o, b'eK B{z do\sK dh wjZssk s'A ikDz{ eokT[D dk ezw

Bk^G[bkT[D :'r j?. Gkos ;oeko B/ nkg dhnK ;wki bJh ehshnK ;/tktK dk w[Zb

gkT[AfdnK nkg B{z 1979 ftZu „gdw Pqh‟ Bkb ;BwkfBs ehsk. nkg nB[;ko ;ko/

gzikphnK B{z fgZgb, p'jV s/ fBzw d/ o[Zy bkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB i' tksktoD ;[oZfynk bJh

p/jZd Io{oh jB. T[BQK d/ fJ; T[gokb/ B/ fsqt?Dh dh wjZssk B{z w[V T[ikro ehsk. nkg

B/ bkuko s/ p/;jkfonK dh ;jkfJsk bJh nkb fJzvhnk fgzrbtkVk u?ohNpb ;[;kfJNh,

nzfwqs;o dh BhAj 1947 JhH ftZu oZyh ns/ nzs sZe fBnk;o/ o'rhnK dh ;/tk eod/ oj/.

fJ; ;[;kfJNh tZb'A ;wki ;[Xko d/ ezw eoB d/ Bkb Bkb tksktoD Bkb ;zpzfXs w[ZfdnK

s/ w[|s fbNo/uo tzfvnk iKdk j?. ;[;kfJNh tZb'A Skg/ ik oj/ e[M feskpfunK d/ BK fJ;

gqeko jB i' fe fszB/ GkPktK ftZu jh Sg oj/ jB^

gzikph ftZuL o[Zy, gqd{PDL ftPt j'Ad B{z \sok, jo/ fJBebkp d/ fGnkBe f;ZN/, izrb

pukU wkBt pukU, do\s brk e/ Xosh T[s/ tksktoD oZy' ;ws'b, ;ktXkB ! y[o ojh

j? fizdrh, ;cfbU fpoy[ johnktbk, Ifjohb/ g"D gkDh ‟u XVedh fIzdrh, ikBto

(;kv/ Gok), e[dos dh b[ZN, Bo'Jh f;js, e[dosh y/sh fet/A eohJ/< nkfd.

fjzdh ftZuL xkfJb fjwkfbn? eh ghVk, gfonktoD ;[o\PkL jw fenk eo oj/ j?A<,

fjwkfbn? pukT[, ;t;E ojB/ e/ gqfeqse Yzr feT[A Bk ngDkJ/ ikJ/A, iB;zfynk e/ ikb

w/A T[bMsh d[BhnK, gkDh e/ bhJ/ Gh wu/rk jkjkeko, Gkos n"o T[Be/ tD, T[gtk;

fuzsB, g/V'A e' fufes;e pDkJhJ/, g/V g"d/ brkU ^ gfonktoD pukU, ftek; n"o

46

gfonktoD, eNs/ izrb o'sh Xosh, gkDh feT{A frnk gsk+, gkDh eh pdjkbh (ib

;zeN ^ GftPn? eh fuzsk) nkfd.

nzro/ih ftZuL Environment Protection: The Way To Peace, Happiness And

Contentment, Environment Concerns Trees, Plant Or Perish, Afforestation: The

Crying Need Of The Hour, In Conversation, Role Of Water In Rise And Fall Of

Empires, Energy Conservation, Save Himalayas: Soil, Water And Pure Air,

Ecological Crisis: Leave The Wilderness Alone, Our Man Made Disasters, Save

Ganga, Killers In The Air, Fatal Flaws in Agriculture And Irrigation Planning etc.

nzs nkg 5 nr;s 1992 B{z nzfwqs;o fty/ jh gqb'e ;[Xko rJ/.

pkpk nkws/ (nkwN/)

w[obhXo d/thdk; nkws/ tksktoD gq/wh Bkb'A tX/o/ ;wki ;/te ti'A ikD/ iKd/

jB. T[BQK B/ ;koh T[wo nS{s b'eK ns/ e'jV d/ o'rhnK d/ b/y/ bk fdZsh. pkpk nkws/

dk iBw 26 d;zpo 1914 B{z wjKokPNo gqKs d/ toXk fIbQ/ d/ fgzv fjzrkxkN ftZu pqkjwB

irhodko d/ xo j'fJnk. tekbs ftZu fvroh eoB T[gozs e?dhnK d/ e/; bVd/ bVd/

jh Gkos d/ nIkdh nzd'bB ftZu e[Zd gJ/. nkg rKXh ih s'A pj[s gqGkfts ;B. ykdh

gfjBD, uoyk ubkT[D ns/ fBwB tor d/ b'eK dh ;jkfJsk eoB eoe/ nkg B{z ;fseko

Bkb „pkpk‟ fejk iKdk ;h ns/ nkg dh gsBh ;XBk r[b/Pk;soh B{z ;fseko Bkb ;ko/

„skJh‟ efjzd/ ;B. 1990 ftZu nkg B/ w/Xk gkNeo ih d/ Bowdk pukT[ nzd'bB B{z

nkgDh eow^G{wh pDkfJnk ns/ tksktoD gq/whnK dh ;{uh ftZu Pkwb j' rJ/. nzs

2007 ftZu fbT[ehwhnK Bkb ghVs j' rJ/ ns/ 9 cotoh 2008 B{z fJ; ;z;ko B{z

nbftdk efj rJ/. T[BQK dh nkyoh fJZSk ;h fe w/o/ w[odk ;oho B{z ibkT[D dh EK s/

dZp fdZsk ikt/. T[j BjhA ukj[zd/ ;B fe T[BQK dh w[esh bJh do\sK B{z w[esh d/Dh gt/.

nkgdhnK ;wki bJh tZvw[ZbhnK ;/tktK d/ pdb/ nkg B{z pj[s ;ko/ fJBkw s/ ;BwkB

gqkgs j'J/ fiBQK ftZu gdw Pqh (1971), gdw ftG{PD (1986), ;z:[es okPNo wB[Zyh

nfXeko fJBkw (1988) tor/ okPNoh ns/ nzso okPNoh gqf;ZXh tkb/ ;BwkB th Pkwb

jB. nkg B{z wjkokPNo gqd/P dhnK fszB :{Bhtof;NhnK tZb'A nkBo/oh vhH fbNH dhnK

fvrohnK fdZshnK rJhnK. nkg d/ PpdK (i' T[BQK B/ fpqfNP gZsoeko rqkjw NoBo Bkb

;KM/ ehs/ ;B) “w?A wjkB B/sk BjhA pDBk ukj[zdk, w?A nfijk nkdwh pDBk ukj[zdk jK

fi; e'b i' j?, T[j T[;/ Bkb wZdd eoB bJh fsnko j't/. w/o/ bJh Grt/ eZgfVnK tkb/

47

;kX{ Bkb'A nfijk nkdwh fes/ wjkB j ?, i' d{;fonK d/ ezw nkT[Adk j?‟‟ ftZu'A nkg dh

fIzdrh dh f|bk;|h Mbedh j?.

;[zdo bkb pj[r[Dk

;[zdo bkb pj[r[Dk ih dk iBw 27 iBtoh 1927 B{z Nhjoh rVQtkb d/ B/V/ wo'dk

fgzv ftZu fJZe izrbks n|;o d/ xo j'fJnk. nkg B/ tksktoD bfjo Bkb i[VB s'A

gfjbK ;wki ;[Xkoe ti'A nkgDk ihtB P[o{ ehsk. nkg B/ gfjbK gjkVh b'eK ftZu

;dhnK s'A uZbh nk ojh S{s^Sks torh ;wkfie nbkws dk fto'X ehsk ns/ fco BP/

fto'Xh gquko w[fjzw B{z ubkfJnk. fJBQK d'tK bfjoK B/ nkg B{z tZyoh fJbkekJh gSkD

fdZsh. fJZE'A jh nZr/ tXfdnK nkg B/ fuge' w{tw?AN d/ w[Zy w?Apo ti'A ezw ehsk. fuge'

nzd'bB B/ nkg B{z ftPt gZXo s/ wPj{o pDk fdZsk. nkg d[nkok brkfJnk frnk Bknok

„„gq;fEfseh ftfrnkB jh ;EkJh noEukok j?‟‟ (Ecology is Permanent Economy)

pj[s wPj{o j'fJnk. nkg B/ fjwkfbnk y/so ftZu 1981 s'A 1983 sZe 5000 feb'whNo

g?db wkou ehsk ns/ b'eK B{z izr+K dh wjZssk B{z ikD{ eokT[Ad/ j'J/ fdZbh fty/

gqXkBwzsoh ;qhwsh fJzdok rKXh ih B{z fwb/. ;qhwsh rKXh ih B{z fjwkfbnk y/so ftZu

izrb ns/ izrbh ihtB B{z j' oj/ B[e;kB B{z o'eD dh nghb ehsh. nkg B{z fjwkfbnk dh

oZfynk bJh d' tko G[Zy jVskb eoBh gJh. T[d'A s'A b? e/ nZi sZe tksktoD d/

;zt/dBPhb w[ZfdnK Bkb i[V/ j'J/ jB. nkg dhnK fJBQK ;/tktK d/ pdb/ nkg B{z d' ;BwkB

gqkgs j'J/ jB^ okJhN fbtbh j[Zv n?tkov (Right Livelihood Award) 1987 ftZu ns/

„gdw ftG{PD‟ 2009 ftZu. fuge' nzd'bB s'A fJbktk T[BQK dk Nhjoh v?w gq'i?eN ns/

j'o Gkosh BdhnK B{z pukT[D ‟u nfjw :'rdkB fojk j?. ;G s 'A nfjw fJj j? fe T[j

rKXhtkdh B/sk ti'A T[Zgo/ jB ns/ T[BQK B/ Pksh g{ote nzd'bB ubkJ/ jB.

nfBb nrotkb

fJZe gZsoeko d/ s"o s/ tksktoD gq/whnK ftZu nfBb nrotkb ih dk BK ;G s'A

T[~go j?. nkg 23 Btzpo 1947 JhH B{z T[so gqd/P d/ ekBg[o ftZu fJZe fe;kB d/ xo

iBw/ ns/ ekBg[o s'A we?Bheb fJziBhnfozr dh fvroh gqkgs ehsh. nkg B/ fjzd';skB

NkJhwI n\pko ftZu ;kfJz; ;zgkde s"o ‟s/ B"eoh P[o{ ehsh. fJ; ;w/A d"okB jh nkg

dh o[uh tksktoD tor/ ;zt/dBPhb ftP/ ftZu tXDh P[[o{ j' rJh ns/ 1980 JhH ftZu

;?ANo cko ;kfJz; n?Av n?BtkfJoBw?AN (Centre for Science and Environment-C.S.E.)

torh wjZstg{oB ;wki ;/th ;z;Ek dh BhAj oZyh. 1960^70 d/ djke/ ftZu id'A ftef;s

48

d/PK tZb'A tksktoD gqd{PD dk ekoB f;o| }ohp w[beK (tZX iB;zfynk ns/ ihtB b'VK

bJh izr+ s/ fBoGosk ekoD) B{z wzfBnk ik fojk ;h, T[; ;w/A nkg B/ nkgD/ ;kEhnK

;w/s fJ; XkoBk B{z }bs ;kps ehsk ns/ fJ; rZb dh gq'Vsk ehsh fe tksktoDh

;wZf;nktK dh iVQ nzsookPNoh gZXo T[Zgo XB ns/ Pesh dh n;kthA tzv (Red Green

Environmentalism) ns/ tksktoDh okiBhsh j?. nkg B/ „vkT{B N{ noE‟ BK dh ;kfJz;

ns/ tksktoD Bkb ;zpzfXs w?rIhB d/ ;zgkde ti'A ezw ehsk ns/ Bkb jh pZfunK dk

tksktoDh w?rIhB „r'poNkJhwI‟ th P[o{ ehsk. vkT{B N{ noE w?rIhB okjhA Gkos

;oeko dhnK }bs tksktoDh BhshnK dh oZi e/ nkb'uBk ehsh ns/ tZv/ tZv/ ekog'o/N

xokfDnK B{z tksktoDh w[ZfdnK s/ x/fonk. T[BQK B/ Gkos ftZu ftek; ns/ tksktoD B{z

fJeZfmnK b? e/ uZbD ‟s/ I'o fdZsk feT[Afe nkg dh XkoBk j? fe ;k| tksktoD s'A fpBK

ftek; dk e'Jh wzst BjhA j?. T[j ;wMd/ ;B fe tksktoD s/ ftek; fJe' f;Ze/ d/ d'

gk;/ jB, fJe bJh d{i/ B{z ft;kfonk BjhA ik ;edk. T[BQK dk efjDk ;h fe Gkos bJh

;G s'A tZvk \sok fJj j? fe Gkosh ;oeko dhnK BhshnK gZSw d/PK dhnK BkekwhnK s'A

e[M BjhA f;Zy ;ehnK. C.S.E. dh ;|bsk ns/ fNekT{ ftek; dh XkoBk B/ T[BQK bJh

n?BtkfJoBw?AN bkfJIB ;?ANo fJzNoB?PBb (Enviornmental Liaison Centre International

E.L.C.I.) torh nzsookPNoh ;z;Ek Bkb i[VB dk ;pZp pDkfJnk. T[BQK B{z fwbD tkb/

;BwkBK ftZu gdw Pqh, gdw G{PD s'A fJbktk 1987 ftZu ;z:[es ok;No tksktoD

gq'rokw d[nkok fdZsk frnk „rb'pb 500^o'b nkc nkBo‟ th Pkfwb j?. e?A;o Bkb 7

;kb bzph uZbh w"s dh bVkJh ‟u nzs 2 iBtoh 2002 B{z jko rJ/. nfBb ih B/ g/Av{

;wZf;nktK B{z tX/o/ gfjb fdZsh. T[j fgzvK ftZu tX oj/ tksktoD gqd{PD s'A pj[s fuzss

;B. T[BQK B/ okPNoh nzsookPNoh b/yK s'A fJbktk tksktoD ftP/ Bkb ;zpzfXs 20 s'A

tX/o/ feskpK th fbyhnK jB.

w/Xk gkN/eo

w/Xk gkN/eo ih dk iBw 1 d;zpo 1954 B{z wksk fJzd{ ns/ fgsk ;qh t;zs

yB'beo d/ xo j'fJnk. nkgd/ wksk fgsk Gkosh nkIkdh dh bVkJh d/ ;orow w?Apo

;B. w/Xk gkN/eo dh wK n"osK dh iE/pzdh ;tkXko (Swadar) dh w?Apo ;h, fi; dk

beP n"osK dhnK nkofEe, ;wkfie ns/ f;js ;zpzXh w[PebK d{o eoBk ;h. fJ; soQK

nkg B{z ;wki ;/tk dh r[Vsh nkgD/ gfotko s'A fwbh. wksk fgsk d/ gkJ/ g{ofBnK s/

ubfdnK nkg B/ NkNk fJz;NhfuT{N nk| ;'Pb ;kfJz;I s'A ;'Pb toe ftZu n?w J/H dh

49

fvroh jk;b ehsh s/ fJZE'A jh gh^n?~uH vhH P[o{ ehsh. fJ; ;w/A d"okB jh nkg B/

pzpJh dhnK M[Zrh M"gVhnK bJh gzi ;kb sZe ezw ehsk ns/ fco Bowdk pukT[ nzd'bB

Bkb i[V rJ/. Bwodk pukT[ nzd'bB ‟u Pkwb j'D ekoB gVQkJh Bkb'A Bksk N[ZN frnk

ns/ nkg B/ ;wki ;/tk B{z gfjb fdZsh. w/Xk B/ v?w d[nkok T[ikV/ b'eK dh g[Bo;EkgB

dh ;wZf;nk B{z b? e/ ;oeko Bkb b'jk fbnk. nkg Bowdk pukU nzd'bB d/ w'Yh jB.

w/Xk ih nB[;ko fto'X dk ;G s'A tXhnk ns/ nfjz;e sohek G[Zy jVskb j?. nkg B/ 28

wkou 2006 s'A 17 ngq?b 2006 sZe 20 fdB dh G[Zy jVskb ehsh sK fe Bowdk v?w dh

T[ukJh B{z tXkT[D s'A o'fenk ik ;e/. T[BQK B/ T{oik d/ pdbt/A ;'qsK, gkDh dh ;zGk+ ns/

ephfbnK dh f;Zfynk bJh wjZstg{oB ezw ehsk j?. w/Xk gkN/eo tZv/ tZv/ v?wK B{z

fdU^eZd fpwkoh (Disease of Gigantism) efjzdh j?. nkg dhnK ;wki ns/ tksktoD

;zpzXh ;/tktK B{z d/yfdnK nkg B{z pj[s ;kohnK ;z;EktK B/ ;BwkfBs ehsk j?. fJBQK

;BwkBK ftZu dhBk BkE wzr/Peo n?tkov, okJhN fbtbh j[Zv n?tkov (1991), rohB

fopB n?tkov, fjT[wB okJhN; fvc?Avo n?tkov Pkwb jB. T[BQK dh nkgDh BIo ftZu

;G s'A tZvk n?tkov T[d'A fwfbnk id'A ;[gohw e'oN B/ ;odko ;o'to v?w dh T[ukJh

121H92 whNo s'A tZX pDkT[D s/ o'e bk fdZsh ns/ ;oekoK B{z ftek; goki?eNK dh Ekt/A

gfjbK b'eK dk fynkb eoB bJh fejk. fJ; v?w d/ pBD Bkb T[E'A d/ b'eb tk;hnK

ns/ tksktoD B{z pj[s B[e;kB j'Dk ;h ns/ bZyK b'eK d/ p/xo j'D dk ysok ;h. fJ;

w{tw?AN B/ jh nkg B{z tksktoD gq/wh j'D dk wkD fdZsk.

pbpho f;zx ;hu/tkb

;zs pbpho f;zx ih dk iBw 2 cotoh 1962 B{z d/ fgzv ;hu/tkb sfj;hb

Pkje'N fIbQk ibzXo fty/ wksk dk BK uzBD e"o dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. nkg d/ fgsk dk BK ;qh

uzBD f;zx j?. nkg B/ w[ZYbh ftZfdnk ;hu/tkb d/ ;oekoh gqkfJwoh ;e{b s'A gqkgs

ehsh. ;oekoh jkJh ;e{b fBjkb{tkb s'A w?fNqe gk; eoB wro'A nkg vhHJ/HthH ekbi

Be'do (fIbQk ibzXo) fty/ T[u/oh ftZfdnk jkf;b eoB bJh dk\b j' rJ/. fJZE'A jh

gVQkJh nXtkN/ SZv e/ 1981 ftZu ;zs ntsko f;zx ih dh ;/tk ftZu nk rJ/. 27 wJh

1988 B{z nkgD/ nekb ubkD/ s'A gfjbK jh ;zs ntsko f;zx ih B/ fJj fJZSk Ikjo eo

fdZsh ;h fe T[BQK s'A pknd pbpho f;zx ih T[BQK tb'A P[o{ ehs/ ekoiK B{z B/go/ ukVQD dh

fizw/tkoh ;zGkbD. ;zs pbpho f;zx ih B/ pVh brB ns/ fdqVsk Bkb ekoi eod/ j'J/

Bt/A fd;jZd/ ekfJw ehs/. j"+h j"+h ;zs pbpho f;zx ;hu/tkb dh ;/tk dk dkfJok ftPkb

50

j[zdk frnk s/ fBowb e[Nhnk dk th gk;ko j[zdk frnk. j[D d/P ftd/P ftZu c?bhnK

j'JhnK fBowb e[Nhnk dhnK 9 PkyktK jB. ;zs pbpho f;zx ;hu/tkb ih B/ id'A gfjbK

;VeK pDkT[D dk ekoi P[o{ ehsk sK T[BQK B{z „;VeK tkbk pkpk‟ d/ BK s/ ikfDnk ikD

bZrk. fco ftjbhnK EktK s/ o[Zy ns/ p{N/ brkT[D dk ezw nkozfGnk. r[o{ BkBe d/t dh

gftZso ekbh t/JhA B{z ;k| s/ ;[zdo pDkT[D dk ezw i[bkJh 2000 ftZu P[o{ ehsk. ekbh

t/JhA dh ;|kJh bJh nkg B{z ;z;ko Go ftZu'A b'eK dk ;fj:'r gqkgs j'fJnk ns/ nkg

;z;ko gqf;ZX j;skyo pD rJ/. nZi g{oh d[BhnK nkg B{z fJZe tksktoD gq/wh d/ o{g ftZu

d/ydh j?. nkg B/ ;w/A ;w/A s/ gzikp gqd{PD ezNo'b p'ov, gzikp ;oeko ns/ T[d:'fre

xokfDnK Bkb NZeo b?AfdnK gzikp dh ;[zdosk ns/ tksktoD P[ZXsk B{z pukT[D bJh eJh

T[gokb/ ehs/ jB.

tksktoB ;zpzXh ekB{zB

tksktoD dh ;zGk+ bJh eJh ftPt gZXoh ;zXhnK ns/ ekB{zB j'Ad ftZu nk u[Ze/

jB. fJ;dk ekoB fJj j? fe fe;/ d/P d/ tksktoD B{z jZdK ;ojZdK ftZu pzzBQ e/ BjhA

oZfynk ik ;edk. nwohek nzdo j' fojk gqd{PD eB/vk d/ b'eK B{z gqGkfts eodk j?,

gkfe;skB d/ tksktoDh w;b/ GkoshnK B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB. nzsookPNoh ;wZf;nktK

Bkb BfiZmD bJh ;z:[es okPNo dh wB[Zyh tksktoD ftP/ s/ ekBcoz; 5 i{B s'A 16 i{B

1972 sZe j'Jh ;h, fi; B/ tksktoD B{z pukT[D ns/ tksktoD d/ gqpzXB bJh d[BhnK Go

d/ d/PK B{z nkg;h ;fj:'r bJh gq/fonk ;h. fJbki Bkb'A goj/I uzrk j?, gqd{PD c?bkT[D

tkb/ B{z ;Ik d/D ns/ fNekT{ ftek; fszBK B{z nkXko wzB fe nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ nB/e

ekB{zB pDkJ/ rJ/.

Gkosh ;zftXkB d/ nkoNheb 21 nB[;ko jo ftnesh B{z fiT{D dk nfXeko j?.

Gkt fe;/ ftnesh d/ nk+/ d[nk+// B{z gqd{fPs eoe/ T[;dk fiT{D dk nfXeko BjhA

y'fjnk BjhA ik ;edk. Gkos ;z;ko d/ gfjb/ d/PK ftZu fJZe j? fi;B/ nkgD/ ;zftXkB

ftZu ;'X eoe/ okiK B{z iBse f;js, tD ns/ izrbh ihtB d/ pukn ns/ tksktoD

;[oZfynk ftZu ;[Xko eoB bJh ;\s edw u[ZeD B{z fejk j?. „„;zftXkB dh 42thA ;'X

1976 ftZu ehsh fi; nXhB nkoNheb 48 J/ nB[;ko tksktoD pukn ns/ ;[Xko dk

ezw oki ;oeko nXhB j?. fJ; nB[;ko jo oki dh fizw/tkoh j? fe d/P d/ tksktoD d/

;[Xko ns/ pukn bJh ezw eo/ sK fe izr+ ns/ izr+h ihtB B{z pukfJnk ik ;e/. fJ;/

soQK jh 51 (J/) (ih) nB[;ko jo Gkosh Bkrfoe dk eosZt j? fe T[j e[dosh tksktoD

51

fi; ftZu izr+, MhbK, BdhnK, izr+h ihtB Pkwb j?, d/ pukn ns/ ;[Xko bJh ezw

eo/ ns/ jo fiT[Ad/ iht bJh jwdodh Gkt oZy/.‟‟41 ;zftXkB dh 74thA ;'X i' fe 1992

ftZu ehsh rJh, T[; nB[;ko „„;zftXkB dh Xkok 243 ZD(3) nB[;ko jo fIbQk :'iBk

ew/Nh dk coI j? fe T[j ftek; :'iBk pDkT[D ;w/A tksktoD ;zGkb dk fXnkB oZy/ s/

Xkok 243 ZE(3) nB[;ko fJj ezw jo tZvh Brogkfbek B{z ;"Afgnk frnk j?.”42 ;zftXkB

dh Xkok 253 d/P dh gkobhw?AN B{z fJj Pesh fdzdh j? fe T[j tksktoD ;zpzXh

nzsookPNoh ;zXh dh g{oBsk fjZs e'Jh th ekB{zB pDkT[D d/ ;woZE j?. fJBQK fBod/Pe

f;XKsK s'A fJbktk pj[s ;ko/ tksktoDh ;zpzXh ekB{zB jB i' f;ZX/ iK nf;ZX/ s"o s/

tksktoD dh ;zGk+ Bkb ;zpzfXs jB fit/A “;okJ/ ekB{zB 1867 (The Serais Act

1867)L fJ; ekB{zB nXhB ;oK d/ u"Aehdko fJj fvT{Nh j? fe T[j T[~E/ nkT[D tkb/ wB[ZyK

s/ ikBtoK bJh gkDh dk gqpzX eo/. nfijk Bk j'D dh ;{os ftZu 20 o[H i[owkBk ehsk

ik ;edk j?.‟‟43

|?eNoh ekB{zB 1948 (The Factories Act 1948)L fJ; fB:w nXhB ;?ePB 11 jo

|?eNoh B{z nkgD/ nk+/ d[nk+// B{z ;k| ;[Eok oZyD dh jdkfJs eodk j? ns/ ;?ePB 12

nXhB |kbs{ gdkoEK d/ g{oB fBgNko/ dk nkd/P fdzdk j?.

ehNBkPe ekB{zB 1948 (The insecticide Act of 1968)L fJj ekB{zB ehV/ wko

dtkJhnK pDkT[D s/ T[BQK dh tzv B{z bkfJ;z; okjhA eoB dh jdkfJs eodk j? sK fe }?o

ekB{zBh Xzdk Bk j't/.

izr+ n?eN^1972 (Forest Act 1972)L fJ; ekB{zB nB[;ko izr+ dk e'Jh th fjZ;k

fe;/ j'o ezw bJh BjhA tofsnk ik ;edk. fJj ;zftXkB ftZu nfijh ;bkjeko ew/Nh

dh f;|koP eodk j? i' ;oeko B{z do\s eZND pko/ ;bkj d/t/rh.

Izr+ (;KG ;zGk+) n?eN 1980 (Forest conservation Act-1980)L fJj ekB{zB

izr+K dh eNkJh B{z o'eD bJh pDkfJnk frnk j?.

Izr+h ihtB ;[oZfynk fB:w 1972 (The wild Life (protection) act of 1972)L fJj

ekB{zB ;ftXkB dh Xkok 252 (1) nXhB pfDnk j?. fJ; ekB{zB ftZu izr+h ;bkjeko

ew/Nh d/ rmB dh ftt;Ek j? i' izr+h ikBtoK ns/ gzShnK d/ fPeko eoB bJh fdPk

fBod/P sfj eodh j?. fJj ;zwsh fJj th |?;bk eodh j? fe ihtK dh ;zGk+ bJh feZE/

;?Auoh (Sanctuary) iK gkoe (Park) pDkT[D/ jB. fJj ;zwsh ihtK dh s;eoh o'eD

bJh ekB{zB pDkT[D dk ekoi th eodh j?.

52

gkDh ;[oZfynk s/ gqd{PD ezNo'b n?eN 1974 (The Water (prevention and

control of pollution) Act of 1974): „„fJ; nfXfB:w d/ sfjs e/Adoh, oki gZXo ns/

;KM/ p'ovK d/ rmB dh sithI fdZsh rJh j? i' fJ; ekB{zB d/ T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh ezw

eoBr/.‟‟44 e/Ado s/ oki gqd{PD p'ovK B{z fJj nfXeko fdZs/ rJ/ jB fe fe;/ ;zGkfts

iK gqd{PD c?bkT[D tkb/ ;'qsK s'A Bw{B/ b? e/ T[BQK fto[ZX ;\s ekotkJh eo ;ed/ jB.

„„fJ; ekB{zB nB[;ko Ifjohb/ gdkoEK B{z gkDh ftu ;[ZNDk ngokX j?. i/eo e'Jh

ftnesh ib gqd{PD Bkb ;pzXs ngokX eodk j? sK T[;B{z v/Y ;kb s'A S/ ;kb sZe dh

;Ik ns/ i[owkBk j' ;edk j?.‟‟45

jtk ;[oZfynk s/ ezNo'b n?eN 1981 (Air (prevention and control of pollution)

Act 1981L fJj ekB{zB BkrfoeK B{z ndkbs dk dotkik yVekT[D dk jZe fdzdk j?. fJ;/

ekB{zB sfjs BthA T[d:'fre fJekJh bJh gqd{PD ezNo'b p'ov dh nkfrnk b?Dh Io{oh

j?. ;zftXkB dh Xkok 25 nB[;ko fe;/ th T[d:'r dh ;EkgBk bJh nXkofPbk oZyD s'A

gfjbK fBowkD ekoi ftXh, T[d:'r dh feqnk ftXh ns/ |kbs{ gdkoEK d/ T[fus fBek;

dh ikDekoh p'ov B{z d/ e/ p'ov dh nkfrnk gqkgs eoBh bkIwh j?.

tksktoDh ;[oZfynk n?eN 1988 (Environmmnet protection Act 1988)L fJ;

ekB{zB nXhB tksktoD ;zpzXh ;ko/ ekB{zBK dh d/y o/y eoBk s/ T[BQK B{z bkr{ eoBk Pkwb

j?. fJj nfijh Ssoh j? fi; j/m ;ko/ ekB{zB Pkwb jB.

fJBQK ;G s'A fJbktk cotoh 1995 d"okB nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ tksktoD B{z ;/X

d/D tkb/ n;{bK B{z ISO 14000 d/ o{g ftZu n?bkfBnk frnk. fJj nzsookPNoh gZXo s/

fJe ;KMh e'fPP j? i' soshp^pX Yzr Bkb tksktoDh ;zGk+ ekoiK B{z ;/X pyPD d/

;woZE j?. Gkt/A tksktoD ;[oZfynk bJh okPNoh ns/ nzsookPNoh ekB{zB, tksktoD s/

izrbks wfjew/, tZy tZy fBod/Pe f;XKs, tksktoD ;zGk+ bJh ;oekoh ns/ }?o

;oekoh ;z;EktK j'Ad ftZu nk u[ZehnK jB gozs{ fco th id'A se okPNoh s/

nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ I'odko T[gokb/ Bk ehs/ rJ/ T[d'A sZe tksktoD B{z pukT[Dk pj[s

jh w[Peb ekoi j?. fJBQK ;zXhnK, ekB{zBK ns/ ;?whBkoK dh ;|bsk bJh jo Bkrfoe B{z

nkgDk |oI gSkBDk j't/rk.

53

jtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK

1 nkoH ;hH uKdBk, tksktoD^G{r'b, efbnkDh gpfbPoI, BthA fdZbh, 1999,

gzBk 2

2 Pqh ihH n?;H fonkb Bkb rZbpks d"okB

3 d nke;c'ov fJzrfbP fvePBoh, d{ik n?vhPB, tkfbT{w 5, nke;c'ov

:{Bhtof;Nh g?q;, bzvB , gzBk 315

4 ;[oihs f;zx fYZb'A, pbihs e"o, tksktoB ftPk^e'P, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph

:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, 2006, gzBk 161

5 T[ofwbk o;s'rh, t/d sEk gfonktoD, i/H ghH gpfbfPzr jkT{;, fdZbh, 1996,

gzBk 2

6 K.K. Shrivastava, Environmental Education (Principles, Concepts &

Management), Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi, 2004, p 41

7 Ibid

8 uoBihs f;zx BkGk, r[odhg f;zx ;zX{, r[opkDh s/ e[dos, b'erhs gqekPB,

uzvhrVQ, 2007, gzBk 27

9 T[jh, gzBk 26

10 nkfd rqzE, gzBk 463

11 uoBihs f;zx BkGk, r[odhg f;zx ;zX{, r[opkDh s/ e[dos, gzBk 19

12 ifszdogkb f;zx, ihtB ftek; dh ejkDh (Gkr d{ik), ftfrnkB i's,

i{B^i[bkJh 2003, gzBk 13

13 n?bH n?uH w"orB, g[oksB ;wki (nB[H joihs f;zx wKrN), soe Gkosh

gqekPB, poBkbk, 2003, gzBk 32

14 Pqh ihH n?;H fonkb Bkb rZbpks d"okB

15 d nke;c'ov fJzrfbP fvePBoh, tkfbT{w 12, gzBk 43

16 K.K. Shrivastava, Environmental Education, p 148

17 Ibid

18 ;[oihs f;zx fYZb'A, pbihs e"o, tksktoB ftPk^e'P, gzBk 259

54

19 vhH ghH f;zx, tksktoDh gqd{PD, f;zx pqdoI, nzfwqs;o, 2004, gzBk 23

20 ;[oihs f;zx fYZb'A, pbihs e"o, tksktoB ftPk^e'P, gzBk 19

21 K.K. Shrivastava, Environmental Education, p. 167

22 Ibid

23 vhH ghH f;zx, tksktoDh gqd{PD, gzBk 37

24 nkfd rzqE, gzBk 472

25 T[jh, gzBk 8

26 nB[gw fwPo, nZi th yo/ jB skbkp (nB[H ;[fozdo pK;b), jwkok

gfonktoD, Pkjpkd wkoezvk, 2006, gzBk 8

27 K.K. Shrivastava, Environmental Education, p. 178

28 Ibid

29 J.S.Singh, S.P.Singh, S.R.Gupta, Ecology Environment and Resource

Conservation, Anamaya Publication, New Delhi, 2006, p 405

30 vhH ghH f;zx, tksktoDh gqd{PD, gzBk 26

31 T[jh, gzBk 57

32 T[jh

33 T[jh, gzBk 28

34 T[jh, gzBk 106

35 fsqb'uB f;zx, tksktoD dog/P ;wZf;nktK, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph

:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, 1995, gzBk 55

36 Abhijit Dutta, Sunita Dutta, P. N. Pandey, Environmental Issues and

Challenges, A. P. H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 2005, p 149

37 T[jh, gzBk 156

38 fsqb'uB f;zx, tksktoD dog/P ;wZf;nktK, gzBk 38

39 vhHghHf;zx, „jtktK ftZu Ifjo‟, ;shP e[wko towk, pbftzdo e"o, okfizdogkb

f;zx (;zgkH) tksktoD u/sBk, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,

gfNnkbk, 2006, gzBk 43

40 fsqb'uB f;zx, tksktoD dog/P ;wZf;nktK, gzzBk 53

55

41 Benimadhab Chatterjee, Environmental Laws (Implementation Problems

& Perspectives), Deep and Deep Publications Private Ltd., New Delhi,

2002, p 43.

42 Ibid.

43 Ibid. , p 32

44 G[fgzdo f;zx ftoe, „tksktoDh gqd{PD ns/ ekB{zB‟, pbd/t f;zx uhwk, vhH ghH

f;zx (;zgkH), tksktoDh w;b/ s/ ;wkXkB, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph

:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, 2008, gzBk 96

45 T[jh, gzBk 96