PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Wioleta Kitowska Żaneta Witaszewska

Ieva Griniūtė

HISTORY OF MENTAL ILLNESS, MYTHS

Supernatural creatures are controlling the mind of people with mental disorders.

Exorcism and burning

people at the stake were treatments of “insanity”.

SUPERNATURAL TRADITION

PRE-ASYLUM ERA

People were treated like a prisoners.

ASYLUMS

At this time people tried to explain everything on the basis of biological and rational causes (Barlow & Durand, 2009).

Baths, sleeping, having rest or being in a healthy and happy environment.

ORGANIC PERIOD

This tradit ion contemplates that people star ted to see a person as a human being and tr ied to treat people with mental disorders in a more humane way.

Therapists focused on af fect and the expression of patient emotions (Barlow & Durand, 2009).

Hypnosis was used as a treatment.

PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION

People with severe mental illness such as schizophrenia are usually dangerous and violent.

Patients are abused in mental hospitals.

Children do not get mental illnesses.

Mental illness is caused by a personal weakness.

MYTHS ABOUT MENTAL ILLNESS

Mental illnesses are just an excuse for poor behaviour.

People who experience mental illnesses can’t work.

Schizophrenia means split personality, and there is no way to control it.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), formerly known as "shock treatment," is painful and barbaric.

MYTHS ABOUT MENTAL ILLNESS

The society is changing and the people are being more and more open to the persons with mental disorders.

NOWADAYS…

RESILIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH

The capacity to recover from extremes of trauma and stress (…) Resilience reflects a dynamic confluence of factors that promotes positive adaptation despite exposure to adverse life experiences. Resilience is thought to be important as a component of successful psychosocial adjustment and is associated with mental"

(Cabanyes Truffino , 2009)

"Ability of the individual to successful adaptation, positive functioning, or competence in the presence of a situation of adversity, and risks involving multiple internal and external threats."

(Soares, 2000)

DEFINITION

Resilience is the ability to achieve positive results in high risk situations, to function competently in situations of acute or chronic stress, and also the ability to recover from trauma and regain psychological balance.

DEFINITION

Risk factors – include personal and environmental variables that increase the likelihood of adverse reactions in difficult situations.

Protective factors – determine the ability to cope with difficult situations and solve problems without the negative effect of stressors.

RESILIENCE

A protective factor in one circumstance can be a risk factor in another.

For example: sickle cell anemia=disease (bad thing), sickle cell anemia = protection against malaria (good thing )

RESILIENCE

There are three general types of factors: 1)The characteristics of a person (ie. good health = protective factor, general bad feeling = risk factor), 2)Influence of the family (familial warmth, the absence of conflict ), 3)External assistance (environmental impact).

TYPES OF FACTORS

PROCESS OF CHANGE, RESISTANCE AND

SOCIAL EDUCATORS

Change has a direct or indirect impact Factors that affect us: Situation at home, Social environment Natural environment Life experiences Even political situations

CHANGE

Causes are not well known. However it can be: Past behavior or habit Psychological reactance Threat to self-identity

Effects Sometimes people will finally accept change and sometimes they will

not. This can lead to pathological resistance.

RESISTANCE

Change is a necessary part „if you keep on doing the same things, you will keep on

getting the same results.” (Addiction: An information guide, CAMH)

recovery ≠ cure (there is always a chance of relapse)

RECOVERY PROCESS

No rules for the origins of psychological disorders No two cases exactly alike

ROAD TO MENTAL ILLNESS

Play a key role in being a therapeutic and rehabilitative source.

SOCIAL EDUCATORS

Principle of self-determination.

Principle of acceptance and non-judgment.

Principle of individualization.

CODE OF ETHICS

Principle of non-discrimination.

Principle of trust.

Principle of confidentiality.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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