~~n~.C.Il$.$S$$ t.ttGl1il· rmcl$digital.lib.lehigh.edu/fritz/pdf/284_5.pdfI,. f 4Il$~. 1. ~~S....
56
•• t.ttGl1il· tJf1 ... tlj ... t·tSWIJ;. ¢'C) in d thet$t li64
Transcript of ~~n~.C.Il$.$S$$ t.ttGl1il· rmcl$digital.lib.lehigh.edu/fritz/pdf/284_5.pdfI,. f 4Il$~. 1. ~~S....
~~n~.C".Il$.$S$$
•• t.ttGl1il· ,q$_~8 tJf1 rmcl$_~
"'i'~ .~ ... tlj...t·tSWIJ;.
Ath~ola
Pte$.~t~4 ¢'C) dl~(;ltadu4te'e.eultty
6f~hlgtl~tve't$ttv
in ~ndtdaqfot: th~ tJent~
d thet$t ·tO~ 6C£..~~~
~b$.gb Vu~ver$iey
li64
I f,.
..
4Il$~.
1. ~~S.
l.l.~
i .1.1asrly ~_tk,yR$4~de.lf
t.a ~~IA.·~
2..»iS~~1'I1. <N ~!S
2~1 .~~.~.
'J.1 ..t$~ ..~
2.3 ~8gg¢~
~.. ~.tAtMtA'~:
4.. ANi\twtsw tlBSlJLts
4.1C__tA~~. ~",.q'l'
5. C:(Il~.m$
6••~WltB
7", ..tA\oms ANtt·t~. 1m.,,'.• @..•.., .~ ........... .•'C\f~
EhJ~'JCG~
9, .~
., \,,-, ...
9
10
1.0
U
U
14
19
21
2S
26
2i
51
52:
.,"--'"
~"te~al'Ch f,b~tt' tbO$~bjee' 01 ttnt. ·~:tte~"Q w~ ~y~t~c;1l
~~'t:$~. ~ns"n'!$~i~ i.1:\b(,llt4toJ,jl' ff;.ebt&bth!1"11iFlt~1t.y. w_., ti}lJl {ipOO$~"
r;b.t,q,g t't1C A}tplle<tRe~~tl.b Labottl(:~~l.tTt!t~e4 $~~te. $te~l '~'#~~tion.
~!l\Pft8:r_rlW4$ .ln$.tUtls:4 $~4p~t,t~Q~~.Wtl,fi, th$4itl!!¢~"o1,)ott ~.f~$~Q'
S'*~t4 ..tt~~flp ..~. e91l$'l~ted ~t ,~ ¢ttt~¢el~ ,of "p~ee"tn~<ldo~
V.~le.tttb()~t In'••$'o14$,tw~~*,wa$the p~Qjeet .~P0t\,~()1t,
~~..~~tbct ~~Glles to. ~~neef\l1. 1y ac}i'.J,1~il~dg~ ·~hclpo.f ~.,
~¢\'iltti1rnyd~f 1l~f ht$·gtttd~¢Cll$i't4 .~e~t.$ttatt¢. it;t t1\e. p1:'$,~attQ~; ,PQ~'"
tQ~n~e ~.. ,anaty",., <:>;f.i;tte test~hApp1"efttQtiQ%) i~~l~q ~te;li1i5~ eo
rro;f$$~1tGlll.t~, foll:' btt1~'lti.l~~ SUQMst$-ttinee In t;h()pt~pa.;ll.ttan
(>f~,t~$l$
~~ tb$1ltfJ ~' ,due We.. ~pqt$, '!~14.t~$ wh'pl1'"<l ~i~hee$~·
~'Q.(i" to~.tJ.. J~Q\d;(jt4() ~4 .~~ '~~ ~lf)$ ~ 9te~ed th~· ~~UN$..414tQ
~¢tm«fle~~4 .~G *. ~t4'\~~el.$b.opfotS,.h endb.l.$ ,t~fi·f., ~$peet~t~1
~~ a~~<J1.4· ~W¢fii itU!l~ft1.~~~til'tt()Uqg '~lw ~~¢£'~n$ lftl,$ @:e~l"~d by
.~ ~ ~i. J,~ tay~o1f: tmd hi!5 ¢o11¢~w:.l ,*'. J. l~tklt.
Ihrofe$$f#t t~tUt~J •. Etteyt$ tt{il~goit f:hc el~l i~trtee?Z'inS
~p~~_nt' aitlShl~0 !t;tgiMelf1J;l8ta'bo~c.eQ~ OllO lttofeG$~t~tl S.· lkedlG
~$l>l1$r;l1;()# ~ '!1$.~~ aU$tMe'~U1~ ~~b'~at91t~~
(
.'th~. "~OS~O' ettt. ~eQu t~ ~Q t~~ltC ~ the v:ei~i!1i~~tfiQ~4
tQ~l)~4l~tgat~thG~ftcQt()§2 ~Qmb:1rte4&t~tJQeD em; @(!) f'&:t~g~ ;~$~$t;~~.
tif l~~~t.u.atlt$tfi;t'UetW$l_nt$tt\ H't'....t1 Gte'el and to ~te..tteQi>aat$.
to c;Qt~la:te ~ S4~~0~~fJ;~anc~·u~~ Qt'JtI.\bhl¢4S:ttel1~$,t~th$t 'f.mCle~" .
;:rbe'"~~t~n@ .te$t¢() ~lJ.4fJJt'·& q~~\1$4 $t;"$\l ~t:at~ wei'¢ ~l({ecl
b~t~~,,~Pb$'d$ '()~ 'tf- t-et {it¢~l. ~iI$'$tw¢:tm.etl' weJ:~Q~a'~.eQ ~14~4
~@e, $Pe~l~n$te:,~ t\1un.~"alt~D.$t~ ~' ~cmpt@e,l~ ..
'tbs e$ell\t:ton~tW.~n th~' "'$~1~4.1 ~~tn<lld ·jtt.,$$$t,at.~ i;lttt1
t"~¢~i(f)tetalUflt~1.ntt;U;;," •.~~aC~wa. tJ4~~a .()1) ~~~lt'9tQ ·~~o.teGt
tbemt)*l~ $~U-$ke.$ettt.efton al\4 'tb~ 4f.fJtQrtt.on\\1~f~'¢tltetton..
Jt w@ f~ tbtl't· the ~~,*..t '1;~.(:J1f t1mq~lntedieted cbs
f4ttigut)'liet3t$.t~'Mtle~ ,oo.b'le.6.t:.~$"$ n~$~ab.lyweU; am:t. tke.t:th.$.$
p;-~dtct:tQtl. tf$~eQn~w-e~lve.
'lie", el~.1\Y ~~$ .~<t ~trl~~. '.~' f.nt~R$".~e~
d ....•..o~ A ·· al"' 'ti'iih 1 1.... S..•..'.'•.," 0.··.•. 1......"'6.' ~.'._ tl'i'i~.t.:"lM.··.. 0 ~GCt.])~.. '" a. $P~·_ .... , ... ~,t" ,_~"'~~ ~ ..... .~. .... ~. ~~'t .. .
$t0(tt~)
l..$~~ of .tW$$
~. '~Qe 'K1tei~
,'$~ a~$$. $f~t~p~
4., '~~it;t¢'.tt1g ~4~tl~1f.tj~ ••UU;l .
5~ ~'14~" '$~~~.~
4~ $~~.,,¢on..~j1W~~'
1~ $i01:1 ~f1~_
13. ~<l~~' 0' «t~~~.MfEtttt~'9,.. .......iI......... .: 'at' ...• '., ':eueI'~t,lj.~, p~el' ,_.'
a.O.._li.utg..~t .11'U~tu*.
oiWk""'~';~4! ····ir ..•.,. "" ·"·"'~""ftl~;f ..........oit""''''~'' the "1S: itA ...i>.... .....to·\t.~·;"~ ...c";,,,,,,,¢~'.:,,,~, ~w~".~· .~. ~~.: .. $', Q,." "'~~ ........ :
,·'~f$t~. ~·~e t#J.t~ t.1f$~~$.,
~~§ta,~o~.t~.t>~ ~~ ~"~~.~tted ~. ·~~··~J.l.i~
.1;Ulli ~l)~1:'.. tn.U. Wt <m~.(J~ ~~.. '.~ 9f~fW~" .$,'~",ht;t.U· ~
~·$ttre,,~.~1t~ ..~. I!)'~' fo~ I:he ~ be.·~ tb"e..._~,tl:b.
t:!ts_~ $~*Ulh
~.~t~ eM ~,,~t) t\",t ~q'.l_i:: 50Y@j•.~ liJ'iee#o€4~"~4
.tt«~u,e. 011 fac:t$~ U,f. tl4tl tmQrn tt.i~.~·tgl,it.4~ f$w wU......'t;4l>lt'llQ(l
rt,tl$.(4J b4\ve .~.~ ~'V(¥lo"d tdt ~..~ 4e'lgn. ~Wa.~ t. tlu;, 1.
~f:t~_~~t~Qot r.1tufe()'~tef~t"l(f,~t~w.$'t'«·h:~tte.~~eQtte .
0<> ~tf$Qt ~'W9~ elV1 ~ '3tV'et\ t>1~' ·m'~ta"t, ~fll~ ~14 ~~,'li~t)'$.e
·~·all.t;Ql~lfh
. . .
~·.ojthQthe.otte. ;l1e$t}l1t~~ 'b~VQ be(!n ba~ed· (jDCbj'e(j ·I;l·~·tn~
f.tll,lr<J ~.c.e•• ~t.,,'\e ptS;t.t(;·l"l$~#e~~tteuy. eb.(:1_~ llleo•
• t.te~!l~ol\" ·~·t~ 4t...f»ttt~ ~~ the()fY,~'$ t~lS't~$'~f~t;~4
~lyttetil t, ,St>" •. combt.tmeton. oRl:Iendf..tl8.lU1.~~ qt b¢m1tQ8 tmet
.'.. ttT~... ~i
/--( .~,
.re O'j t •. 'tnlO· ~ul.l(;\n~UI\~l QtWlOIO.tt•.~~ ~~;l$tn~4uet:$. ,
~~n3 ~ "., tM stl$:$tl' .~te$•.~ .. to ~"t~t'$b.@fOJ eot4lt9n~
lot 4t;.1#tltlQ ~'$~'.t~~$ _fitS 4$,t-o,~ton _,~
<;t1.te1tOij$ ~te4i()(t~. f.ll$'U$ ,~Cf~~ ~f.!I #"'~blY .~ ·~~Plitg.¢..,.l
.tfefttl ~eol',.~cb4Ppi!~t$~O~. b4$t .\$lte4 ~Qt Ctulf;...Ui.nl(4' .. ~
.t(l¢Qll~'~'4tvattve.
(;oUgb ~·~1.taH ~om:1u_<t. "~4l!'6 ~·t) 'f.te.,te __,
_SOl, f~ lt3'tGl949:lt~. ~()f ·~'.tblfttb.~~.e't~t4t4
·~r tJtm14e'.1A'~ f!_~~ _llQ~."t\4-(l);"'f>t'CfpO,,4··~_lt!t~l
·etll'1\'tl~~.qUj~tQQ,
tIl tthtt.qh, .0 .~. f.t.l'W$tmCl: .~. 'atl.$uelh$t ., ••1:~f_l l# .1~,,"
natUlg \"~.".tm& ~ jlt~~tiQ' ...t... fe,~c,'vei,. ~. 't!! .~....it'
~l$, iiijitjJm.Clfl9 ~),~~t1I.g._8.' j~ .•tlj~_iqe(i)jf.t••t.O" _t.';h
.~tc,f.U$t.,~~#i~. l"'tlnsc_'b~~lor;'h
.·'l~te, f$) pfo,,__ ~t ~ 4tWt4li~1\ ft. .~C&t~UD"~o~t~,
.~ 1.8,.·.t 4ue ,~t> .ttt.<)t~ i'ti4 ••t. .~...~. ,hq, '~,e"t;b,t.",
~"tec~4 f••uo(tet>,. ~14f~ t~ ftl$ttM
\
"--'
In (f1)l<ib_~ ~"' 'b/t~lJr~te~~~J ... ,,4et. ot".,pa t~te~tt1 ·tn· ~,.
be~ll$8to time l~pu" ~Ot"l.~ ..
III .~t1:l41 olt~~t .1~ feitt4 ... ·t<J~~l~cS:~lldt~
4t14Jt'$j~.• ~~fpfQl1tt.4.b'~~$". ~ on .~ '.'tiit#;_
e_f.~ fdl.~ ~""~.y ..dlb.~ ,~tt,~ l'.'. 81••l~"$ ¢,if_*m.' ..~~d'~~~f;~_"t,~.' .ldl 9Stbe ··~.~utb ~·~t• .J~~~t'l~ .iI.~....'•. ".. '.J.i....·_.ntl~ ~iiio'ti1ll!!' ~ .. ~•..y+~ ... ... .. ~v_ ~~*
11ltth,potbej£e otati!6tbat.
~. d\~e t... 4t~tOl;;lcme~gyto the,
~.ICl"1c;~t~.~.fJ9t:atQ tOif$tJltiuo
taU.uJee,~te4 ~.cht'mse ln4s.'totet~
~ueltW ~th&~ltlftlij,Ut_"'l~l,e8t~tfit.
f~r '.,tj.g1,ltl faUuw.
XI .' -, .·$8*ltMlll!.. was a .. ,. ... ...".
·,t. '~'~~t'q. f.Q,·etl. 4.rltlQ4lt'~~"<* _ •. ,
b0fil03e~_ i;ncJ' 1..6ttot>k.
'~. l'bei'At£ot .t1. m~i /itf!'jj.".nd ..{j t1j1tltl<t,-·....... '. ·11 .'. a ·2
t.'e.tne4 '';~'' 4Uit'~ ··thtil· .~ c,ete.i.tae ~t~ 9re_l..e4~e44u~~ ~$
thQ load ey¢1i1 CO _i the lWg·"·bi)tweQ
*\ ..4 *'".....)f4. 'Ib.4~tJ:$4·$tte.$l1bt;u .'f Q,,~n't$U1
b~ql.
~~t:il_ 1. WAI$ba'~·c)Q·.~!~tabl$ nlt\'ltbe.t t)t $.~#_n~l
.@dt~.. .<m. ~tl1.•t<;J1;'~lppt.ttt.!e$.As~t.1~2.~ 3' ~~ ~t~t.a
by ~·~tlc; te~~.f tb$ ~$1\\j> .••~ij¢tp'l~ 4 ••~ tcttmpl£', tuG
~t4tf;cn$.
1 ... teL'3.1
when ~ t$ ~ol.$Oll'f) "'10. Ii ie Y~gI. ~lu$. fl:. $\4 ·ou aile the
dl~t~t,t~enet8Yfov 4 e~l~.d$~te.'$t$te ~ a unt$.~l $tte$' .~te!
q 1. ~·C!t2 .t:'e 'the '~$nd ~nf.~ p~lQc!pal ·.t....ae. $ti4 Sf"et;b$,
f4ttgue(t~tet'l3th fo, un183141tellflf.on!'·
rl"omth~be_ $t$tS.ct$$tt1t wafounct ~Me
<tt/t iii eOtlI~tt
f!~/"t ~ (;Qa$_~t
\\t'hcns,tf> the tot$l l~d. Thus
(1.9)
(i~.lt)
SubQtieuttQ:9 ~q.ttm\a 1~711 L$Olldhllt~tc) E'~tlo1\ t~6
result' 1n
("1 "... ' 2 ;;.tIl , ,~) [1 ... <1.".1«..'" (('1 1& )2J ~iL ., ~.... $/ ", ,IrnA$. mUt. ~ Ii 2 1 ~Ii lU!,lh' (1.12).t bit~ been $hQwn thattM ~"Uf b~8tI$ Yle.ld¢4, tn the fl11t)t ~ld dUJ:1t'igthQ
flf.t&t load¢y<:le,thetefote
,~ ......~- .....
.,
Gt ' ~,,~..... ea...",., ,
$Ud ~rom the'mmck.,...v(lU M1~Q ,let" ~WlteJft.Qt'!
" " "'J l/~ ,&~. [1. ~a1t:J1; + (&~/iJf1.)a '''',
tilth 'ttKlQqbl~t~U~l<moJZ.ltq\tlf;lC)D8' .~ •.lj~1.14. l.t" ~1.t6
ib.al,~ttOft 1.12 MdJ:eu&"~~ 'tot'tC$i:
(~,........
llU.~ iu ,~,~ "'1lg~ (If cia~('••\'3 ,~~~, ~~. ',~(l ·n:l,\"1!,lQ~~ 1)e~... el"
~e~~te4 ~Qt c~.t~db~n4tQ$~4.~~)$t.;r tD 13 ~t ,f ~$ 'be~~'·1:.12. "
~M [1"1' (j~/r:Jl +f!ia!(Jlf1. ] ' ':$ lia~3 'oJ' 11 <Nt oft3 ,b$~'(eeG ~.bt~$
$ ~,~J.. ~tton t ..:l9c~ld~$Ultt 19 .~. 'V$lUtl Q~ Q!1i7 tt~t(at ~t:l tll$
~"14Qt"~.IZl. f>f •••t~'Ul.""'ll$·tb~V$'!ldtoo't$. Iq\.ia'tto",~.1$,
etwhtQh .tliiee~tJ:\!lt th~ ctrltical $tt~$~ '.t<!1nse ('1;, for ~ c:Gmbt1'le4, $t:l'$#$$-.rstate4Mlijal~ltl1tn c'rttleal utUQtol str~&o' ~t1n$~ S¥' divided ~y a cQ$fitclaut
~,_hieh 1.$ ~ f'unt:tlooQi ~ba. Cr<)~s..so~ttGn ~nd 14)¢at:~()n 1$1003 till!
be$$ 'Sl'l4 te t..'1vat:'&.s.tHt wtlb 'tlt.~ 1¢a4.
,~ani$fiY4~~th~'Oc~~1l'e<l th<a f~r b~$\\'I.BWblC!bfM.l$d 1nth~
$be:~1t f$P@tQtb~ t'e$tG$$l¢'Iil '''n~4$tenl,blQ<lt>y th~ bG~$ 't9biC:bt~tle.~ 1,n
the pure ~tlt realorh tb~ 0qJ.jatlol1 o~tb1t.J l"egtefll.l<m u. V<1l$
Whe2to ~, 4enf,)r;~$t~ f~1t~ l~~ ~@ijt$d in _t loC:.YQl@e.. 'f.b.e t'~.ult£l ~r0
$h~ toWable a (be,. tl~h 4, 5. :6 ,ana 14) in "td.Cbtwo beams are
~t wAllJlloted tn· the WOld t"$SlQtl that tt1ete 'iIiS conol;dtUfeiblQ
9;'efittut),t to It(tt~tct st1;al11 ~' .t4, tGatllltt $ttl!$$ 0'3 ~ldd$valt)p aeroSfi)
thewebtbi¢ktles$. Bxpamltu~ tlWdt$t()t~f.('j~ani!ll'gyhy,ottle$tg i;of ~ ttl;"
~t1t .tt'~QB.ta.telqtJat1.onl.18bee~e
dl' [ . ..' ,. ,'. ~ 2 '. , ,2 1/2 ..Sr ,a} 0'1)i' 1 .. !:1'41(11 +(t12/(1~) + <o'S/t11) .. (~21(\)«(tSI0'1) ... $ a/o'tJ<1,21J)
\~
,',,- ... '
With 0'3 ~. tenoUe streDe the tet:1nil in the btacket'would be l~$a than Wns2•
'thiS would increalJe the vallie ,Qf 6'1¢~ pnJlvlQU$lycompute4. thU$ caue1ngI: .
the jJ>t;s.ule$ to bO' t1lOtt3 ~tm$","atf:Vlh
1;he t>tllltaty pUl:'pO$e~ ot this $~4y are to(1(!t~rttlitie the effece of
combined stt"0.eGe0 ott t'h~ fattaue te$t$tnnc.e of l()ngU~\tdtnal fUl$t _14..
ment$ ln 1;f.. li' t teel ilnd to c:ot'rd)latGl ':'be £~ttl&ue~.f."tatJ.ce foil' a Ct....
r~ttbl$ etu4y nino beemat lus4dttlQnto ehe fouw pjevt~S4Y
tnentio'n$d. haW bettute&t;ecl. '011" the· cottelattonbatweetl the combtliWd
st.n:e~~~tllee and the un!al:d.e.:tstress stato ttlie d:tot.~tton ~n$jgy
hypothe~i·s ~.,pi!()po$eabyae~1Unyde1l'.:tUbe1,ltiU.~ed. ttl a(!(1itionto
tblsbypotheol$ it MothelltOne baHd • tbe.ma~l~ tJbe~ir ttttee!llfallults
to evalu~tQ tb4 ~.feetof e¢ti,\bb.•tl 1$:tr~iUJD~$;t ten bea~wet-e
te$lSe4t1tva:tloutt .b~n, $thee to ~ea,tol.'l ~t-~itti.· t$tf.()..to~wete
¢e~ted wl~bt:he loads l~H 4Patft(12..,1/2IY 'Gbe~~ ipan), '$Jou'f ~t.. loads 16H
apart (1f),..112nsb.eai!'~~3n)«stu ~. $t );OiSt$.fi1 ~O':4 ~Xl4trt ($... l/ZH $heat
~pan). At); tenbearnt;l were t.eatec14C$9Ue3$ 1;at:l()of 1/2.A4de6t,o
tbeeif)tett beam.$ were the ~w1tbeaU1$ ~.~edi)y~e.nydefl.. tbte~oe tbe
foutbe_ ~"'e ~l3ted at a ilttt;las't4cto ·of 't!~ 'Wltb 10$.<1$ 3 t1 a'Qcf:t
(11tH $l1eattillplih'"l)~'lhe O~~f beatUwa4j teflte4 4ta sere!;. ratio of 1/4
with l~Q' all apatlt (14-1J:an sheaf $pan).
<me of tho b~«Un8tn theprb!'f~. teste4 .at 10a4$ 12t1 apatt
(U..:V~f1 .h&at span), iia1t~d tn etl$ li)ur\lm.~tu: i'eUl~otJ.~i14411t4 lI!l1l'tlm itt
Vall dtetetore dtsea.-4ed t~;- the puwpQ$$Gof. th:t,s i1tudy. ~h\~~ ~be total
numb$t of beams $tu<i!.e4 f01; c:ombl1'1~d ~t,t¢\\1Q~e wa,$ ~httte~n. l'be: thi.'tt<aen
'tocete3l'l'J)tne tbe $te·lfio(Jln the twheati" span at th~ J)&l~~ of
f4iUu~~. $$te.f?~ ta~U~ 'W~ ti'effot~<J ¢In"am:~"'''1 wt~b ~~wn I;)tta'tn
tO$~tte$ plGc~tlal;o~ tb~ tanstc:m tt.tlt(ittt cwe14 ($QeJi':tg. 2). ~,Pt~
... to
fents tf) detGt'mioo th~ $tr-O$!l-sttaln jte.'laUon$bip of bOth the
hase ~tal 8tt4 .eld IOOtal woweal~ ~t'fo_4(a) and the t'e$ult~ ~
tQpulate(,i tn Wable.i) 12 and l1i~
All E;pecl.nedynatQ1c(ltly loaded W~l'e tested in a 220 ktpAtrUt1elr
Alternating StiteS£) ~Cbtne i$t a. f~quet'leyof 500 eycleepei' n1'I.nute. tl'te
.$tat1etastt we" perfotmealntbe s~ _th1ne at1dalPO' 1n $ 3()O td.p
Unitve'rolal f~$tln3.¢hlne. ~i.s eq\ii~nt ba.s bel!l1 de.ocl'lbe4 i.n (l(i)Ia:U.
elseWhere .• (Un
'01' the stililtic t4'l$t; cite beam was loa4~4 tlt.etleb ·ofth~ four l<;>aa
apan$ r$ntioned p~V1.Ou'lY.'''1' tJ:m·etsbt inch load span, read:t.n.g. ~,e
t~eorded at 30, 60. 9S. tao" 16() aM 190 Idp$. ioi the tWelve an4 twenty
'-neh load$J:Hlna .. SO. 100, 1.50 and 200 Idps.,lll1d fot the $"_t:een inch
load $pan .. 40$ 60~ 120, 160cmi 200~tpa.
'the' various: sere'Ges t'Oi' eaCb load. a$ det4!tmined by the $tatl~
test weJ;'$ tM.u divided by the c:1:t'tfe.pon4lng load a~d anavetsBo &tre$G"
load r..tto W'a~ c~leullilted an eachttOS(!ltt~ tOJ; otSch of the fout loadep41l.'l$.
rl'OilitnQ$e teate anyst17eS$ at .,point tdthln tber~ of the "'o~etteQ
cQUla be calculat.ed, _t shOuld; be. $()te4 ~at ~he point of fiaUurefo~
two oltn£! b~atlU1 (B-U ilntt 1:""21) feU~u~dt!tbe !:'a~g(! of ~6-to~ettt$~.
_etjl! be~Were tl.oa~s4 d~Q:alb w!~t\ loacS$ ,taced16'; ap41il':tUt",1/2l1
shealt ,,4l1i).l!o 4eUti!l1m:'J tilt;;!. $t.te~lJ a:li tb,e poln,t, oSfaUut¢ 1,;\;;lotlWi:
static te$t -on ·~amB ..? wa,",pelifotute4.. '01:' thl& ta"t i.t W4S ~c!de4 ·tl1.at
... " ~ --"'~- .. ~---~, .'.
ti.he ,heat' .Gt)mt Bbouldbeke.pfr ¢~tcmt at 10..11211'thuj. tbEl contet span
W$$t'e4uced f,~ 16" ti)8'1 leaving $ 4--112H OV$l'hGn;~at each end of thfJ
~~.~$.a t'e~ulte4s'u til ilatnU ~bt,l4Ue to th~ weigbtoi th~ ~$Dt
at e4eb of th~ $u.ppottt\$. but ~he 8(n:e8$ due to thi$ moment was negllg1t:-tEi
When c~ar~~ to (he. otbe' .t,s$seQ.
On eaehof th~ .~t\ beant$ ·~~·tbG tG$t ptc>gt:mIl Q att'aln tags ••
attached .~ tl'te eenteit oj! the top flU.e~ we14 (teMlc>n woW) at th$' 1i11t,t..
• pan cUi the txaam. _acb beUl was ftrEat l&llded staticallY totb~ tie.tt"ed
13t\~aln. '1.'hu~ tM actual~lmu$ett~.$ tn tbe wel<t 4\t~eGlldQP&n W~8
detet:m1ne4. file d,~e 'loadl, ma¥tt!iWl1 load being equal t.o the ataU.c
lQadan4 mitllmum loacl dependlns Q11 tlla atte$s ttatio, 'l'eJ1.a then appUe4
until failur$.
'aUute tot:' aU of thebe$n8 wa. tt su&!en brealQ in the ten,iOil
fli:lQse. Who b~tlk "a$ ptaceededby eCll'ack wht¢h~ttlt'ted eltbett at the
toot oft the veleto'f tb~ faytngiutf~¢Qbettroetlc:he~batld ten$loll fla.nge.
'i.'ha ~t4ck £11;81: ptepBgetedlntothe web &14 than into the' flange.
\'h¢. beam specimens u$e4 in the otuoy 'tiHl1re fabt.'lcated fromflofl.1\!3e
qtllll1ty h~.. l°stGel. ~e loost.tu41nal ~G of the apecll11entl we~ ps~al1~1
tc tile ll'olUng dltactlou of the plate.
the beal'll6 con$iatcd Of tw¢ )"8 ,/4U flange plctO' ~lded to Q.
9ft·~3IeH web fll_ete. .e plf;ite mBtorial was flt:Uliec:ut tottle final
_ - -- ----;:-~--~-.~ ..-.--'-,
d~n$iQti$ and then d~f)e!l1ed 1)1 aPangbO!'tlB.t>to Blatter With a "aNI al1~le
Q~l$o ueingt"ourtd st.eel~'boto ·SAB 170lfl1t\da~ e1r.PeJaujetUte <!>f t~t\
nlll\utes~ ne fayiut!$utf.cll-$ of the web pl$tee wete tnaeh~rted t<> tnsl1re
g~ f,)l)l1l':tns- on the flangel'. ~ fUtet weld~ ccms.lsted of four 1/41t
tnldspan \':)e ..1:h~. ~am.. to lu,ure beat di$"$lpatlono the we14, ta4.1:$e.ltclf..
llated. (lower i~ftJ. upper rt.ght ll t~et'leht.uppef.\ left) the-be.·
lenstb '#~.$ 38~; 1fUh Q 13(,lt tjp:.m6f 31H• ih~e;,o$l\t-sect:l.oa Qjtn.e beam ts
tteat$Elut·of theplat~ tni!l.tGi"lal an4 w¢1(itnat~1I:1a1 ts GUQIlajleGl4 In\;tl1ble~
12 and 1S..
• .---~ ,_ '-..-.,-:-~ - .-.,--- -
/~
',- /
. . .': ..~ ,,', / '.
...14
: \.
-:: I~ •
4l J:tgQt$l.J$tlP,11~tj;Gft (),.~~b¢\4f $t'lC~$~ '$11u...~UteQ#1, ~..
otMltb1JtOt:be~tiib1f fatl~tt)$lur$ lif1<$"~tt.ne4.t$."QEJ. 8~~e'Wll1·nw
00 Pt~~n~.. ~·b.Q bat~h.Sf.4l J}rOP~b,k_il1d~t~td .•.
1. L 1)···· .i..... sma· fou· .....tll:·· tl···· a Will be·'· ~ ide. tb.. 18..... ¥~..... ..~. ~- .. tlSlP . on_ ..' .. ~. .,Qf",
". the iMt~~tQl~n .~ Q!itt"eGlf~~t«l tEJ~8e~
~ t$QU'Opl.c.
~h tnf.'· tfit"Q5"'t!QjfJ:J.·I(jl~· ~n4(j'!~it'l(l2~~ ~tn~
;UOO)lan~t1 du#ins the If;M,d ¢;ye.le.~
$., -'$01'i01.$ e ~t1'l$"Clb~i;I 4u~tt\g • 1()a4e.~1~~
(t t~l theansle ~l11e.en"'l ·fltld tt1G.....~•• )
41l~~· ~~t~d$t~tl.~t~~~e e(lt~~nttaJ.lybl••al~
~iQ. b,.,~st$ 1. ~ 'Ql1~I;H
tbo~~~ tn· ~·_~.he_ stl!'e~& qtb~
·~t.~1e41 cottib~d (Jtl!$$",t.te £ali f.~tig~ ttdolu~
G'..al~the Q'bijtl$e .u.t'e-"1talUj$M~' $t~••.~
th$¢t:tttcal\irti.~iCll~.re$tl· £ltj~t;; s:or tatttsure'
j~tl"'~.
&U t ..~ e~e as ~tif.ne(1 in ~etlo~ 1.1.1. wttb tb~ "ubQtttu~l<m of
'lJlqU&tlQn$3.2 ~d $.3 Itnt()$qQafa(in ).1$f14 'n!;)u,ng thatt ai).pfi1~¢on$t!~t
(1~t.\;l~f.Q" 1.11)
... <!!1.....f.
w.litl•
,r---\!',--.
fl,
~l ~ ~ ~l ~D;I01' (3 .. 5)
1-
, s",.rif·" ~t:'= ....... l?...'l.~ .~
i3~tl'l'1$tj~t~f;a. @~~ ~b~¢l!1'lt~<t~1't1.;'~~$J:atla~!;!Jl/J'l/fot$~~bt_4
$~~~~$i$1~g~($"'U'@;t., t~ct'ftti:l£al..m~e~~l .~t~e$r~G$,itvt~(i 1)1 ~
·QQ~~tt~t.~£le ~.et1b~~h~$$; $:un~ti~n Qftrhebe$ ¢tr~$~-fje~·t~on.•'t14 19<:El.~f,~
f:.~~~1~ t~ t~~ ~t).4 ttiltnv1\\t:t~nt'd,t:l"I. tllti l<ind.. _$I ~11 d~l'er~n~G' ~ ...
'~psntt$.q~tl~ '.~~$b$3i~ $tf~. b1i,)~~ll~$$;1$'Q t;lt!,~~lt.~:t
~\t~~@'$ $fi:.~ .~~.·~$m')ee4 tuil'1~Cl:f,e ~¢l"l.~ t~~ $t4a~1$ t~1~ .ne:l~· .f$b$.
41~f~~etl¢~ ~~lt~@ll t~,~~'tt!1;t!m gdmf.tl:t~~iIt:t,tl¢l~;j\\l$f;t~$..t..e~t
th~~h~~t .f;lt~o~~~$~~¢() {'1~ i~ ~ ·f.t~i't.~l$ ~H.t~.e$~ a~ q~. t~ (:_~$~~w.
~\~,~ ~h&~~11lJ'
o
~1!l!~ '$ ~b~ ·~~'~$~~t'Ofi~oij·~. ~ml.w~th_~·s,.t~~al'figj,$ f,l)
tll~b'~t,a);&~r~"i~M(l),~ ~~·e*~~i¢~1.$t~~Ill4Jtill,.~ ~'O~ \'#' ft~;f.d.~\ 4;r'¢$$
il,t1,~eh(\!j#~~b6~ (,)f''#~M~tb~t1~e~,~~*m$b.altst#~$$ ~.~~. <ill• .".
t().t~i~n ~li$~~ t\1PtH:'nHg~ vwlf.l ~ ..~~ t~~ .~ i;tbe', 1l~~ ..~~e~$ltr~t> '('!$'~.
~tl ~'1l1 ~~<l fl'l,@llJ'nij~, tl~tt~$t?, f.~?~n$t$~oj~·'l1tt\~l~~~~ti~~$.~G~i>il"l't,
~<if .rt~ ..
/'
«...... (Ill. n'# .. " '''3-. '.. ,,.
"" .
fj' ... f!!l:m'/l....... 1 .. ,', -(1.... '~ ..." , H ...
.<:it a
A~'~~~4~~.$.~Ui~~ ~ t"~~$ '.~.$q~$'~ 1:'Qot6'S~~tl'~ 3, lZ
twle' i,.~,,_so
(' \
',-----,
,/
'~.~ , 17""- ',.,-, "'. d~ti,,,, ,,_,I,.,.C..~Ji;j;j
.,:j j I, " " ,~~.2"
l + I .f '(ii',,) ,-~
~en '~~ 'two ~P9the~~ ~1d' ~ ~4:, ~~ ~ $.~ ~ $t,~t~J~
tt~~'. ~tf~.'t.f;#.t.l$!o t..:tI; b~~~ ~, t~ ..4 ,~i~$f~t' f~l:~ ~.'\._b.~$
Q~·~ts~~,;~ ~ ~~, $.~:~:~.~~ t~U~J.; $t'~ll$' 1l'4tlOQfc~ ·~,!t\~e
J~Q$~\\~lt~ ,~, ~U:~f¢~.~ at~, '~~b~~~~t$".
f\"---.J
~ tt_lt.t> 0' ~:~4.~.t.~d~·'~.b~~ ,,·p&n ~,e C6$"
p~~4, q'~$.' .~. t() tbe-$'$~le.of w~1.4 ~,a~<;~n$ te.te4~t tb,e.
~~.onQ~ ;~'Eiitjt'm, 'i."4\~~~ q(ft/3 11 Q. ·~"1~ ~- ~
8.p$e~t)t'eg~~~ .~ tq1t.$tt~.~ f$t.iQO.I.l4w4' .teiq.~ .~
·~tte$ie.$tcm'ltn~e ~.fW '$tfe" f4tlOf of itt.. O. aQQ -1 ..
~ ~~...t.~ U.Wilil' (1C ~ tif;e $pe¢i.'tf,& ~...t.~~$(l .~~ 'at$l~
~~~.Qttbe ~_ "~"lY ~ll Ret;tia$EI~"6O SCM $~~.' '$.Q. ;~. ~
~~'~$t~~, ~Wt -~.tZ'e.1J i~~ tbePbUJ~ .•(t~ tallu'tiio ¢~te4 by
~bti)l~~~t\$ tMotV., "", em\~"~'tfl1>ly letl$ thaD. dl$. t~~b$~~~
~nt ~~t~.,
,tt balilbeon' ~$.nte4OUtil(~)tbiiOtit cOtObf;nedlj~fi$·,~a~.~
~·l\tO~_:u:;",al .,~~ f1.It~ .~ ·~.Utit~t$l ~t$t~G$ ,~a~jr.t .~. f.tt...
4t~t:e(l (2l th3t .~. $U~tp08.c;!tnoi~sl\.D1t1.ngecte..0'- .~"($$;$l
~tl~, $.08$ hM~ -.h~ ·if$ti.$lle liie.. ~_t ~""tt~~ ~~@i"~ ttl
no~U.~GUy t04~ '~S$ ~htUl(\ ¢htZin 1'$ ,4i:tee.l,()~" • li>_~fli"t~
~"~$~~$@ .~ .~.•b~Giec~&.fI e~ e~teaby.t~le:~tl41t\S
tL~n...e .;}~1l~~4~tI tbetGli~" 'K.¢l;i ·tk~·_$~cl1.t"¢'al~~iuei
.•ti¢~•. tta~,,~.tll 4i'.l"l'lSp$~t1i.Qa~f thebe_ii, f.t.•~. f<>un4 ...
00 olr~b occu~4<)V~j ~e loa<1 ~dt~t~$~ 01 ~ c'~kaO¢¢u.tm4 tn:
~ ~~.P~ .wo.. to ,,,~~tm$"Ul4e.~1~~(~1Z'il'bl.l). .~
toN! $~~ bOudt~ th$~lti t$#~4tb4t 1;\0 .~l '$~.t~.e_6."$~
(t$ns~'ef;i ·~.~t~lM~t ~t. tbe·4t.elij,~$. of bEt~· t\~1
bowever incUcated a p&l't~rb4t~onQf t~ li1clq)le bt;tndtng t~()#y ~totlie
l~lt.f.~tect of l~.PU.¢4ttlon~eb0lta4 tb$t Do1's1 'tif~$•• (1"tt'$Q~'$e ~ the-10tl3itu4tM,1 &~l$, eK".~d ta ~he 'tUet ~14.
~ dlGto'ttl<n'l ettergy ~'J!'tt¢tiw foJ' 'ettSU'i ~tl_$ tm4etcl)1l;:"
~tne4 ,t't~Uhl!~S 1.$ -
2.. :2 1/2{if -- - .. (<1'I .. a1' <:10 .. t:12 )er " . .. ._ .
• .-eat Cd'1e cnaxt~8b.eat stte.secttt~tt. for fa.ttsue t4ttu~ 1'0. ,.
¢cmb~<t sttGOG Itat;e: tt$
~,,".ngt1lg Squati.ous 4.1 $nd 411J~ 444 41vl~ttiiby the f;ot$1, l()tMt ~.ult$
tn
Using the _48l.nted V41\ie1 of (tt" ,ruS (12'" (tablQ$ 2,$. ,. end t) v41tJ.es
of f'jcr/f.ndffd'f _~ com'PUte.cl 4t -fNO-$:ncbt"t(fnals .1~3tbJ;, '''l1~t
weld for each of the ~O\l'" l~.eP$t;la Gli14 "t~ U.$ted tn~bl.$64nd 1.
'!Sa. 4 ilttd 5 elte 8t'~pbf.(:jl te:pJ:4~en~tt¢'J.s. ()# ttle WO~'ble$.
h.'QrllW.ble. a.n4'ig" It tt.~t\b. ~n tb$t: ;;c.," III ¢t'lt#;cQ.l
eltbet tuthe .heat span ()t .1: -tb6- loedpoint tnevGq ¢a~ bUt e1le ~
in 'fhlcbtho .b~at$~i\ £$ 1$Jl8$$1; ~ -~the 1:e$ults' 01 ~be s"~t¢ -te·~~
on __ tt...' ltwott14 ~e.tD tb4' .themf#~I1'$.t\ct~l$trem$" ~o l1)Ch~$
•
------ ---
frtQm. mtcl,pan i.e 1,\1 ert'Qil' .nc__~4 wlt';.b othet ,o1t'lt. ~ tb~ c.tJtet
~ct:;"<m, patt·l@14l'l, _, _\"0 _net ~()~ ~. 'tOt\l t1\14sJ>$D. .i~.$t~
t!U(itMn'c.~rt (arid·,,:C3~t/')WOt.lld be tees .~.l' PO~t~tbU$ e~ ~.
14rgest Iilbea..P$) 1.db13.~¢l"1~l~lte$l.'WQUtdthQn -b$~itheJ" S,a
thef$b~1l' 'P4~'" ~l'~. ·~.re&tQll Whtcb.Q~' wttb ~·~.tr~lI$ul'.
$t1wbl~h ,~t h$lf ·of ~.~_ -'."ldle ¢h~ ~~, ~P4tl4od ~ Q~'"
baU$.nth~ ,~-r@>ntQljlf.tt; ftgtQth 1!btl.'._1fh•••~$~" ate'l!) ~aUQIf.',,' 1.,.,.,( ',' '.
." ;
t~()j" tt ~ b$~tJl.j~l~ttl&t t1l~. 6lhe$Ii." ,. <:.t'$tf.qal!
~,. \the4••'.tlQb. ~~t3' ctlurlcm,t;_ble' '1 ~ ',*. $$
t'e~ltl &1) j\j$t ·ttae ~i~ ~Qt~· in ,,1t ~eeatb$ctittCUl,l 'c'j/J ~CU~fJ
IJl ,~ c&n~r.~etlOl\.~vet, l~ ...~ ~ $e¢tl~ t.l.1~t ell
teMUe;tte$8 0'3' _tell •• GOt _1Ul"$bte, exf,$:ted f.n th¢. ~};4"s4.on.
~uclu$~~Of thl$$tl."e$o·., O'fl-.}1~ot Ulaketbe.~f."~~. ¢*It:;k~l
tegtc,m~ -b1,it4t1$ .t(). ¢b~$ ••••eJ$ fUJLrtbf.\t" itwe$'iS4tton .qg ~.4t~~()11fAl$l
e\'1(Atgytbe()Ji,~lQ·~~tMbl$.
to t$__ t'M- hypt;tUe., fQt' f.~i.guefa'ltrire1Q; ~. ¢~ls.tet$t"s.
~tate. the· .~ttc$t""n14t.1Gntiblp, of b_...., Wl.'ea~ to ~
t'ep1i'e$entatt~!Ct~.n~j; fatuus til tbe ~h"t ~p$t\i ~ ~ootic:m.
1.a1 an4' &~ 'I o6t.\14 b$ a"ltEJ4 Wl~.l~. ·of (11 ..~•• ,- ~.~ WftDbef.ns .7t - ~
lnterpoUU4 f~ ..~ ~"lf;l¢tpalat1:'~"tJwlUeti) lbte.41n '$1>1~$ ~. 311 4_ fit
"~fjjt~· ~'fl\ll~ ~n die .(\iti$"~~"¢~~ .~ tb$
~$_ .t¢b ~~tie4'~~ ·~J;~~i:)~~$tOth ~·Qtt~t.~t ~~l*Jtl~tUI
'-"r:---.-.-. . ----..--:---',...-._._,."",._~.,.-~. '. '._. '..~. __ .______ ~
~o, ·Ulilt ~mu ~;\~ C~fJeaf$ ft'Q~ ~U4{;$:'" l ..~a 1!ht~l1i.~~hlla: ~~~.a.t~U.~
••~~~f~t~'baa~whtuli ~$.te" t~ t1~ ~t~ ~n~t~$l.
'the pt~4t~~ cr,lttC41 wtte•• tafiB& ~ot\. e~¢htlypOtb,et)lG ~t~
cOOlpute4 ~a1()1tl ~..tt()tl$ 1.~~ atj43.~.
\ttn~~~~,tl!?I'l be~~n fit" ca'!¢·$lld itf-.} $$~ ~.¢Ii1 ~~·t'Wt....~ At
bY~$01i lJ .~~ 1.~ ~blc.' ~~. 'l:g. , .j¢ ltt ~n 't>4~n~b$t ft)t'
t~~~~~a1! ~trea$ ~YPQ~$;t$ 1;l~.~4~~Q' ¢t"l1;i~l$';'te!iiti: ~~.'
i;,~oorn~ive· f~:¢r ~V'en ,~~ ·thta.~~nf.l; ·Of~· U'4@$¢"at!f.~ lor @:L~
\llth :liU1 __lt8$0~~Q':ll\t ot1t~ r,l ., ..1~'. 'J$liiJtYP¢'qt ~~te1V' 1.&1 cOtnmt)n
Ul~~t~ t;Ll$~tt\B~
.~ ~~ ~·~u.bJ.$ ~t4'~\¢4$! (I te \U)~~, dt~ 4i$~~ltt.
·~~t:8YbYtmtbQ8tsp.tedi~tti 44,ltl¢~litlte$$ ~e i?;e$t;I!t ~ntlh.
~~.ur~a ~2;'ttl~4t '~tr~6$ tQ~ '~~Wtl of ~e tid,ft~n s~~*n$i .'~' ••r$S4Il
~r·c~[dz.~1ttbt t(>,~t.:hadi~tm"~~Qrle~q,.ttrpt)tb$4it,~~~' 11.1l~,yb.te.h ~$
t!tmu~ ~$t14 a ~1~ «;t_4 ·~·~,tt¢"t "' :~~V$t:'#s~ p$t(lQ~~ett'o; pf, thll)
~l~'ll.lh~~it't~.f>b~~~I~~;:
'tn. "~f3.$. $..p~oltiYl:!ljl$·Wt'~·~'b~.".. ~6tlJ.p.te<t t.ttle ~1de~t<\\., i$~ef..tl$•
.~ c.,,!.~t,~t tm~~t~t $t!r.e'Qftfa.n.g(ltiQfro.$ wl~4 t.e,~&~c_lte ~. 44\te'"
~'Ef~.h$iq~tt.(2)
. ",.,.' ~-' -_.__ ...__ .-
\~
·It shou16 be tlotedtha,t tO~$ r.Qgte,~i.on Up-a ~u c~~t~d ~r~ the 'ti1elda4
tn43Qvseb12i~n8 tc~ted st..n~:r:e$lllr:aett).Qf 1/2 j ()~p.d"'~ ~~d. .~lso t=t'$ tIle'
be. t.b$t f4Ue:d tn @e, put~· mt'Jlnent r~Bton.
~hepted1.eted ~jittca.l$ttte.$1!'Qng~ ~ndttt~t,JJe~~t¢ct ctr~tl(Hd
$tl'c8i l;'~ng~ f()J:bot'b nypott"ies\ihl!J ate¢Qmpa~lild inr~'bl~9m\d_l$ .. i.. A,3lll.:i.n, '
tha avet:4~petcentetn.·Olt for the tn~:Wu1moh$~ o.ttret\s nwotllell?l$ iG le$~
llm1eV\ltt, 1~ thtG ¢C)J:l'elet1oQ; tb,¢ ma~i.i!iWu enE!8J: strilHUJ hYPfJtlleBts
ts con/Jervattw £O:lt QuI,. five of ~e tbl~t~n $pe~itUe~ WMlU)a&the 011\1-
tOl'tloa enetgybypQtnee$$ t$ eonservattve f~ nine of the tbitteen apee1-
S1tP,~\J.CU:£lg tl'te t"e,ulto to· a t;:'ta~:tel $ttell.t§t!lat~ it 1$ Q.ote(f that
for the IllQlitlINm shear: 8fteOB bypoeb~'l$ ebe t'eliules wtjQ;ldbe the fJ~me.. 8utl
for the dtef:Oft1qn anergy hYlJ0t'he$totbe t'c8uU:ewQU1(i bec~ e~tG1,1 moJi'e
$t1I'eEl$, vdues ~ot! t;he \J.ni.~18t $t't$$tf W¢t'o c~f;e4 ft'()tiltb~ cfJ1ti¢el
uni.s..''d.:;tl $tt:@S'$ tan,g~ and t1t~ Q:~1tt<:E1l un~_lal~$W1l !.lt~e$s. ~e$etE!~i
Lo~S7: ~ 2~.;J6U.O .. 0.29536 Loijl N
wberea$ fIDe Qla~~ $tte:$s valtta_ uet-e eClnP\lted f~
~~. c; 21».2 .. 46.62 Log t;}'. il ~ 1/2
$. ..~ .. 151.4 ... 35.19 tog If; a. 1./4$@.
(1.22)
(4.6)
(4.7)
/ "I
~lcll~l:ethe wf;)8te~$lo~ 1.1M$ tot ~ld~ ~e$peetmett$.(~)fte, $~l
a <lanote$ the (Jt~8,t"4Uo.'atu~,o£a~; try au4 'fRY • .,.e <$.nte~1.tlte6
' ... Wahl" ~.~,4 and $,
the ._~ 8b$~ ,t"I'lt!$~ ta~tbe~t.t'.lot~G la,:t$+ S Whlobts·
tabu f't<>mfab1e 10. 'ts.' e4 <113bl.eUC01:te.~to tl~ dtG~Oftt<Jn
~~r&,. hypQth~$t$.
·Sy·.klftg , xl~((!) .the tntlefan4ent V~l«blfi) ·trnl p~tet~ ~(€t)lS- ~'\!'. •
'iiU.• ef>Qve_4bel~ tbe- .a~ft4 f(<1)18' ':ot 'tH>tb bYPOtbe'~.iA$8~ft tile·
ijt~~'tl~l1~tgy ~tbe..t$ t••1e cqn$tnwattV'e bUCGCUJ lWi' Qt'J avetage
pG/~'cent e1t!:ot3re4tettb~th$_~(lhee'8tt$" b"otheut:Q tIIl~n. b~Qed
-O1ltJtt~.'1it~Q8e'~luefJ.. "~I', W~t\b.$d tni.·tb$_~ < .t,~.eV'4:t.ue$
Y,:heQ.vet~e "tec:et);t el'ifOt$ alre~t eb& ....
It .hotild l»enotedtb41 ·~.tE;$UltQ ott eqUatlot1,a 3.1G; ~d 3,13
$h~ld not be .~~.. atfaeeWlue.ll1J;i(l ~ quantity <:t.,la "\'lOl~4 but
woutdnon bi) ~I\' t.gCo~'''~~j~t<ll\ -'1) 46,,1$1.l~to~9"1.~4 ~#"i:$EiI.
lD~e ,¢Qt~ele.tton. <()j ttl• ., bwofhS~Ql!. ~attet ~ult1 f)e ~. t(t
th.$oeat:l~tl¢alQ4tu~c>, fatl~·~ ~¢QlnP'l~te t~Pf$8SUt.tt.Gll oS ·tb:e·
4~QaUy testQ(J be_ b1 ~ $t4~lC~11y~.,~d bti~·"" ~4 ~. :lnt~z.'''
,pt"tatton 01 t!he sties~ V'el~~ft_the'~btetj.
c
..25
S.. CONe t U 610 NS) . . .. I·· . ' ..
• e~$Ult$ M ,&"~te4,tnOugb lirntted by th$ feet tbaCi>"',e8~Glmen,wetr-e tested ~t a$t~e'$ '$'$110 eC(1l61 .to balf the ••tOiWi's_e$&"
indl~ate:s~t the b,potbt$'lib4ftd <mt'be _t~~a~Gttes$. fatlul'G
theol'Y COff¢~at.' ~fatt~l'G$t$~.eeun~t.e_l"d .t"'f.t~~"'~O t~~t
of $& unl($1aU,.t"$$$tate more t'e4stmably than tbe 4l8to~~1~ e~)7.r, ".< .• • -\,. ;', •
hypothe.... wbe~.ba$e4 _ prlne!,.l .$ttes#e,.. ..
"'cq~elattOtl: b4aatt en t1'.lenoft1al 6ltteslle$' and Sl'leat $ttieess
1titU.ca~e$ that t1$te 'ltln()t1 mucb ..,i! a di8tlnettonbetwe~ tb(a two bl~
Potbt\Hiee. .fti20t~ wt~ 1. 4'On& in thl$f1eld' th$ nojtnal$t~s.due to
load appl1catlonehould be el1ln!nate4 ftO that tb,$ twt>b.)1Po~ffe$coutd'be
COtl,lpl.lJ'~'.t th.adt!~$t.tfe$. to betldtngiltt'$88 zoatiQ.
4180 the 'Giul....hQUld Qc)1 be'· appl~4 tOllJtfZicle othet tlU1,n !;,t;.-:i,!f
..teslotvel«$; otllettban die 'tncolG~'O flUle'C wetcl. 'fh~flthe' maa!.",
t1tUl'1lsbe4t:' atre•• hy~be81..Pl'edtctedeM fatisue te.t.t~ee of tl)ebeawi
oftblf study ".$ ieSJictM!>ly tbailthe dl,tottlO1l e~e*,sybWQthe,t...tbQ
au~bi)t bellew$ that bo'tb t.lypotb&$i!$ ehOU:ld be· lnve$tlgate4 I.e ~, .t~
t, done onotllet: tYp$$Of stee1$ ·and· we14e il
If 1t t. fOUnd til tlltute ~rk tb$(! the 4UjtOttl()neneiay hypothiUJl.
pre'l.cta the~tJttg\le re'lscaace morot'ealllon.bly tn()thet> $~~" tb$n the
tl'i,tt_l.ill tut1:'e.. $ttilt'1l'oh~14 he tnW$t!sa~dlt~e: only Eot la:te'f31stt,..q
1)UI%$I_" for t'csitiual ottel$SO.
6. . lit 0 !tENet A t U I ·11• ~ '. ',pr, ." ,", ...r, , ' . ,: ' '._ ,_ "
b tatltua .tt~~gtb to pute bend1ns
"1untt~.:dllll yield,tteagetb
~ t~t£g~0 life. ¢Yel~$ OT ~tlo~yole.
1! load, M.ps
S unla~lai~tte$$, k,l
t ta1t$.S~ 't;~'O.8tb ·It)Put~~ott,llo1,1
~ (,U~f;6iit1.Ql'\ ",nQ~gy
W fun.:etitmof r,e. ¢r()~$"3eeUert a.tld It'>t;atten.lontJl't.(lam
Q angle be~Ein mtUU,.ptlnClf;pal .tl:'$.$ ·mtd· 1~8ttudinat
.i!1tts
. ,..-
/
./
11~
to'a4"ure' 6p.
1f,U~plep, .1p:¢f'lee
lal'S,.48
Shea'Span
.,t!,eh!!!14-1HA
14
C11aek~ttoo~$_~l;fa4
',tom m4$paa
8,.$0
1·.!'O()~7'.
S.5Qtl»
6.1"-
D..1S 1/2 57.5 1$•.38 li{)$.6 16 10...1/2
1·..),6 Ug 4g.6 33'i73 1$8S,.() 12 1~"'1/2
a... i.7 ~/2 4~.6 42.36 ~9.i~.6 l6 10...11~
e..G 112 14.1 61.78 6sa~6
&..14 1/4 $'.,1 :at.itS 14M.1
.c:".~H1 ~n'i&d on11~ Ct'~t; f.~.14 ~' ~b 0411
8· 14 8.,,00
2,.00-
1.00$,..S~
6.001t
6.S~
14.15
to.7S'-lO;pr$
,,,$0
l.;',•.~~;
2().$~
21.~
,~ ~ ~4 ·L, -.1.$"'ekll~X¢~~
l~$();.1
~$Ospan~cha$, -__ .142
$h~t:O:
Spanlj:¢b$~l.. ..,,-.
C1taelltr..oe~tlOi1_a$utedfi~»:U.d$p$U
U,.Otl
9.50.·
12.50
1;2.*14,,50e
t6:.25
la~¢)O·14is .. 00
26.~·:·'
a~.sf1l'
~u •.15f!;.:
a~.12S·
a1.St}$
U.oo .1.0~
8.. 25ctU•• 2Sf:
21.75«t
' .. Of}27···&t'·n.... v~ .. v
soo.. "
8,"~1 tIll 59;5 (h.11' $~$,,4 16 It''ll~
11.;.22 lit 49~EI it~62 18b9.8 ~o &"'ll~
\~
.. Cltaek tn i1e14 ~ly
.' 01l'4~k luW$lci .~ ti41l) OnlV
.m ~, SfAtl~.SJt.;.· ......, ·~tQ.$f .¢Vcw·I . 'Ii ·SM!ASi~Af"J!m.i.~~ .. ,..• ,~s
'·~tc>ul ~'/# "$ ~.tjJ;k4 ~\~ aoqt~ :ti.i~,Q,t~.t_ "10
.'1ft ~14$
"U6,~O
.IQ& ••~!409'
."41."9 ,,3U
40
.omo
.OlMo
t ..~{)o
o.4a4.888
.4. ..424
.388. ..ass
a·.'40$'loaM
..·.0101o
~.oal'
o~.ia7·
o
4
.4'3
.3119
.••OS
... "Olf)t)
.~.
..••4$tiH~
'.26Q
~.09tO....04:.lfl.rt'".·01:111t
& (1
~$3' ,~S"
.If~ .~Q
,
..... I!4E,j"",.~.OY$
~.t44$ ....0.'.~ ..014$ .,013'
l;(J
.a't
._~
-.06a8<!!~(J19$
,,,,.a$2-.Q11S
.$.S~
1$.$9
..~
.a_
.200
ili--.0I3a.,0340
~ ••10...UU3~.(j9
Ulelq
....;Ode•.v .....&.~'Il'.
.l¢~
. ...."~o-jf
t~•.•calef
~.$ ..~lc; •.
·10.·.·.. ······'·
....~u~·
~a ft'om 81.,...~." ~~..$ .
~~O3&l ~.~~ ....~08O· .... 0
..~ .....
..:!St.,.
~fh.
~lQ~'
~...,~c~
....16o
...,
.06".0674.Oiti
1!Da6'.000St
.iO;~~
.0690
...~tl "".•()t)973 ..0334000
.0311·· .01$1. ..0044.
..~l ·~o
,.~ ..........t(· ·· ....lI!ti.... · ". . ;i .. ."""·'t ·.bot.... n,~,~ ~~~", illi~ ~O\m:.tl~~~ ~
(
.ars .~. mJ~ lISt ~ I$AlJ."'" ... ~J) ..~
ST'-IDAt.~..•.~J: .;. • '. '."' '. It. __ ;" " 't....,. t 'il.'.'
p .. ~t$1 l.o44"/3 .~. 'eppl~."t~""'et~ a;if4W'''Q "~~\1~46
io 4 7: ,t a, 31 40
t~' 10 e ., 4 ~ 0
iil.0920 ....0661 ....0'14 ",.OIt~ .~a.
....0»0 "".O~'3 ~'1I0t4$ ...oi3S '0
.nit "as, .364. ,$6!
.S4. 'f33$,"S.355
.02$1o
.t)6S3
,0
l .. S.siJ
o.a&$.335
.01$0 .0a4$,0 ,0
.01'0o
.041~,()
t,'asoo
.0&1.$0,
3.26~
o
l
"Q$aso
lJ.?+'O11.10
•.aie.339
.306
.a~s
ll.4t:J13.40
13.4Q
15.69
....t46 !i.171$ 06V7",·.'0'l1!f, ~ .04SS ~0406
..443· 1Ia40 .J06
.176 ~a30 <.281
!~~ .36$.aOO.a49
....GigS ."".034:1 ,.. .()3J8 ¥>'i;OlQo 0 0 t)
....459
...1:l0
~~.(f.I
19.1.Q
~$. '
C.lcii
_Sf.c.le.
~..CGl~ji
~.
calc~
~.....c.ler-..... '
.ealet.
He$a+CAlc; ,
•lOGS.0&91
•.09$$.0691.
.,OIt6
.06$t.044 .411.$~0690 0
.0050' .0056$(l 0
,,-,
.1lC ~. '\ii' "~' "~7 .. ~ct~:"'"nAm~l)M fN,'BlAlAGE,S
..,i.. W'\ '" ,,", .'.,., '''',' . .,sf'",,"·. ,_ ",.'~,'~"_,", .. '-'W t.1i+
t it ''I ,#' a, 31 tiQ
i!t:" ",I~ .ai10.116 . -!a3~ ' .zst
...o(n~' ~.oa$t ,..oa7~
O· to
9
.$0$
.lll
,,02?So
i091Go
1.08"o
'~"
.&~6
.,a,"
.,0186o
.O$7()obA"'~~ ..~~o
.)16 .3'06, ,,~81 .2.81
-.0187 iOaattlO
.oQata ~tlf)l9
o ()
i:otS4!o
4.~$o
0'
.$14
.t&J
.0$05o
.61'13o
G It
i..~tt5· .314.a$4 .2,$l
ol0t)41t(.l ,.0$_
·~'o
.0141
oft _!.\lAOtiI~~
o
••9'.264
.000Mo
.Gli3o
.(}S2\
.0'6St
&
.~7',,~'$
A.t.~,~:,V~"
.OO!Jl
10
~2{t3
.M't...0493 i".036$....Qlt$ "i:.ot~
m.ab!
"a...:,,~(>7~&;;..:0a40
,..~9~•.• lao
0'37.0'l' B10'.~.. ",.
.~1
.~l
~..~
C41C.
~..Q~C.
_.$.c.l(;;,
--,.,'~~(h
~.
~1.ij.
~ ..~1.Qii
S frl'AfJ/t.c~,~a~i,;;~ ...,~ ct~lil,
slM$$lllS At9~••.~B . ,":~,':, .. " ... ,.,,~'.*_<1' .. J,.,14. ,tC.: ~".,"_,_ ".' '_ "'-,,. W-""'e -II;'
.~ .. .~
.,t89 .~lt
.200' .2l$t:....0666 .~oal1
'"" ~O~40 -!(ilt$
~~$ .249 . j;a~1
•.~$O ..g~tl ",aSfJ
,(»,155o
t .. 39P
o.140.3~g
o.846.t~8
.on~
tl
~
.~1
.u,~.~
()
,.0110:o
~.osO
o
·as
4
,~t
.i3'~OO94
o.031'o1.~"()
O.
6
,,2li$;
!,~30
.015~
.()
.OGaso
i.at'o
!,~5'
...a~s·..0318
()
"'~,.q
~.&49
o...a$.s~'~~$
~~o~f$.
tit ,,0"'tfh3°,1;¢:~I!:.O·'~'~T.·~' .:' ....'( .....
~·a..,•arlO
.. l(1(,)
',;.116
"",,:1"*~,,!..o" ~
.,.. soi9.1Q
~'f>
_1~.
....'"""~,~
~.t<;.
~.~
(tj'~~
~!
.1~.
....~:lQ.
_.~~.'
lb,sg.#,~~ .~tQ1lJ m4$~;l
~tn~~$
,...038() ",~t)1..$1 ,.-O~~$
o Q .~
..O~l. ..oo:~~n ~OOSO) ,,00'14, 0·0 ·00
~t).
'~le..
.~.
~l¢.~
.O$OJ
..<J6'1..·03$$!;(le't.
.ot'jJ()
•(n.'$o
~'OD'$()
.~Q41.6 .:011.3o 0
~,-'.:--._~-,.
l):t$tan~e
~t~
toad tl1J~114:sp$n.
(tn.)
lrAal$' 8Qtti.VA~ Wt41(IU"Aft£l. $'$~____._............,;;.~;;:;;A;.:;,;XDMI;;;;.:·•.••..•_~mm$s TlmOj\Y,'" J!Wt.S..1
<'ttt, .424 .40& .419 .~5S .'29 •27t ·a04
<1 ,- (j2!fJ1
) ,9214 '1.0247 •SOlS 1.09'7 l. 134' t.~~1 h410
1 ... /11 •195 .. 209 !186 .196 •use ! 167 .. 143Ott ~
<11/'1 .363 !364 ."9 .$24 .$tl6 •269 .202
(1" ~ <t ·/s ) .9311 •~5a$ ;. 93&2 t. 0677 ,1 .. 171' 1.. 246 1.4592 1ft, .. /, ;. 169 .174 ~.16S ,U3 •179 •168 •v~aet
a I" :.303 .326 •314 .291$ .219 .243 •2011
(1 ..fila'''l) .9OS~ .943& ;'046 ~Sl8'9 1.131 t .. 199 1. $82
if.. It .138 •1M ·142 .144 •1S$- •140 •139O~
f!11'J1 •24~ .241 •249 .. a$$ .251 •~Ul •18!)
(1 .. ~211$1' .954.5 •9$~() .9622 ~9361 .91$1 1.0995 1.35'+(
ft . ./rJ •111 .'122 •. 120 •111 .. US .120 •126cr
'.~ ~ 4btane.e $tong fUJ.e ~14 £r.~ eI1ta$~
~ .. " "'II' equl-wl$ntl: qn.1$~t$l t$ttgu~ ·etf(i113thfa:0ll1 ma1fiCW$¢l.l: .l!.i~ I:l-tr~$$ C1:J.tctt.;i
T/l! ~ (tl'./21i'(1..f/~1t:J,,)CV.r.o. ~
f111'f! ,. &2/al·~tQble$~.3~4l!1 tmd S~ -.
DtfJlt;sJ;teeJTtQ1tl
l.qacl flQMf.d011e:rt
(in. )
lQi1ftllJ.ttI .....",'lllQ_......,•. ,~,.,.....--.........."..»=-IS~~~~JI,~t.~($.~: :+.,~I ...,' ".
6'1
(Jt1l
w.1ft' /,
es;
.4U *4~ +41$ +:1$6 .,J2~ ; 211 .2.0'4
.~4~ 1.Qt~, ii~$$' 1,,0'5:2 ~.tr14 ~,.194 ~.~$6
'iMfeo .4!~ .~$$ •.J'''~ .$$4 :'~~.!tSS
L.. ·..·~"PlS
.$63
.944
.~44:
,364
.9;$4
.341
.'1)9.324 .30~ .~69 .~Ot&
.fJ~~ 1..03:5- 1.Q"1~143 t .. !tt7
.$4·1 .lla, .3gS ~:a$8 • ~4tl
d1'P
w.f'!c-rJtJ
.~,30.3
.9$7
,,~~O
.3%6
.'7~
.~t1
~i!)S6
.301
.Sl~3 1.();7~ 1.11~ 1.. ~S{l
•23~ .1'00 , .271 "~4a
10
.. ~tl~
11:.'ftf'¢.tll.
"i \%1& . •ft9-~
.24() .,2,4,$
.~3~ , .. ~1Q
.~44 . .231
~:
j ··~·4~.•~(;.. ~,~j):/.l,~ ~~U,t ~1d; ~~mttidp~_
d'~t' ..~ equ!~J.lfl~~~~_i.~l. ffltrLg~~~tralllthf~.. ~U.~t:.'Q~t~o~ ~f~1~7:tte~i;.
tr¢f/J!'f#r, (it'll' [1 "fQ-;/eff1, ~(t3:t1¢1)2] t l~
(31" .~. tt2.'dt('1t.~ '4~te$ !It 3:, 4~~13,4$)
t11l1 - [~-~r;/{#l +~:l~t)a] l/9.
$".4 19.$ ~3.8:& 1,153
a-~· 3('l.S $1..80 1.121.6
13...6 '2. 87 3i.83 10.1348
a-14 23.43 2tS.55 1,;,1119
8...15 9.SS 28.29 2.• 631
1~... 1& 1$~93 a1 .16 1..2S~
&... 17 22.,20 24.60 t i. 174,6
B..U~ 19.,11 27.,S6 1.323r'"\..J 8.. 20 1!h2S 2!h47 1.388
8-21 ~h3S M. 3$ 4.$U
9..22 17.S2 ~5.10 li419a
8.. 24 ~O/12 24.41 t.2665
B..as 18~9t ,22.29 1.,1984
~O.$6 .. ShS6 1.. 085 2'Z.() ..,12.• 23
48.4 6~S9 '1 ..066 2'<i 96 't.17
29.04 9..·~2 1. .014 at \0·54 4.04
23.82 .. 1.66 t.060 2$.02 ... 6.. 18
tt)~1' ..12.57 2.·302 U.2~ "'28.10
21.M ... 14.31 1,,141 23.66 .. rzs.oo
~().9~ 5.59 t .09$ 22 ..42 ~ 0.,99
~o.e<t .. 5.S3 1.,194 Z';.,02 .. 16.19
Uh40 4.4l i.~O 20.56 .. 6,60
7.9S .. 2$.• ·30 ~~909 a~79 -3£,.42
17 .70 ... 1.03 1•.263 19.86 .. 4.,6~
Uh30 6.85 1.157 ~:l..12 ''''' 1.93
18.62 1.,64- 1.1U 19.72 .. 4.,2$
A.ve~:ase a"Q~ "~~m $b~at 9trtatJ~~VO,i' eltJ:t)" .. 7.·731
f)t~f;Q~tlol) _Mit$)',,'\tfil. e~()1t .. ll •.'l~
tAllllS.9 t~tA'ttON·ogtrr~$t$,!lI .. 1 .. , _',.' - _ ," ", _ -.''·'bL' _ .,, __
'. .-~ ... Shear Stre.j$ !b'potl1et.J!ta
S..~~@ .• C 'l;!~QJ7
~tstcn;ti01'l berS1BypotMaitil$
(jf . ..•** "..,...'1. .~ $por. te\\!" 'l;S
9...4 19.6 29. 11) 1~l5' tlD.. Orl flit, 2. 14 t.1)$~ lU, at _rM f:h $1
$..., ti<hr; St.$8 1.1ll. 28"14 7,.. 74 1,,()G$ 2$l;~t ! .• 9~
8...& a~~.7 3'3.69 '1;" 1$48 2.9.'0 f.e.s 1•• 014 '$1.36 4.S!l
$-14 '''3.t,9 2$.94 t 1119 Ja$. ~e 0.64 1..060 a4~4~ .. 4.~~,,~,
s..ns 9.5$ ~'1.V9 ~·.631 to.51 ...10.68 .2.1102 U.O? "26.40
8...16 lth93 26 •59 1.as! al.21 "1~!.O2 1•147 ~,,,21 ...a2!i60
• ~17 22!~O :L3.90 i •1745 '20. 36 8. 2~ 1.Oge ~l.18 1.$9~.
$...19 71 1.S2! 24 19419, 26.&1 ~O. ~. 2~69 1.. 2~il41 "'1.t~ •.~()~
8+2b 19. a$ 24.&2 1.3e8 17~90 1,,01: l .24~ $().O~ .,. 4.00
li... 21 6.3S ~4 •~? (h~U. '.94 IjiiU,. 02 $.m 8.1''1 "'38. I-a
1~22 11.·,:S~ ~.4i t.419~ 11 •.22 1··11 t..·2f& t~il~ ...lO~~~... .
i)·,.,l4 ~a:.. 72 a$.10 l.~~$ 18.7:J! 9.6$ l+.~S' 20,4& 1", l$
8..as l&,f~n, ~l~M} tjl~ l?fH $.;02 1.Uj 19.. 30 .. ~.~
AveJi;'ag~ $ti'Qt .....~~w·Sbc<Ut $ttesG.~'V$, ~n-o.'t ~. '~81W.
Ou,to#'tlcm i!1W~"e..w.~ .en;-olt • 19.81%
iJQc:e= 47 '. ,;;,~la... ,.,. ~al$.:. 1.'I\n.~"".a.~Qt:' ,..., ;'< ~a«J~, .... ~ \IV
\
()
'fA'1U.$ !.n~:~U~,FIB ,t(9)1$!ft$:"i!j:f1:fIf.'(ff)1>~tt
~$tmllftlIB$$:.~
,$~S ·trMJrGil
1..894;..:~
&.0$
-It•.st.tl.",Atf
...12.tJ,
'\) ..M... 4,••
ti",63
.. 2&'.i,96
i.~,.;,S3
11..3311.1~l
.iJ1" .,~'
:.1. ,$.;~.............~.. .. -'~~.
~/89&
,!'9~
.%1,.lg9
~626
",72'6
1.928'
•.741
~;f1~8,
-..~97..771
.. 9aa,.:916
,. ·.:::Cl'
~14",:19i
. ,,~.'6.8
6&..ZO
3~ ..", '~.•M
S3'!>'1S'
46.95'54.. 25~i).,3S
69'.91
4U:.S3fi6.ti$.
'40~-1~
... 4,..51
~"'t)
, ~ ..41.. 1.!)g,
- li.~8
-1'.•4-.~t1
..4..:ga
8.1S:",;2:1..:2&
$.:00
6..1tl
'1..1:6
·...843,.:!.'!54
.,99'2'
..aBO
,.:62.S
.1'~!
..9,",
:1~
,•.S02
~-4{$
.742
.9'15:
.•eso-
s~.
- I
23.:83
31..{f!j
-!i'S'.e~
~;~SS
S.29'
11~;t6
m,.~
~i;~36
2$.;41
'M''''3&'2$,,,,10-
~ ..4t:ft:..,2:9
..c$8t1':89$:...ss,.89S' "
<..~;11,
.11:1",
..;~31
.:"1 ..7/)2
.$13' .
.'tl!
.•$53
10... 7'7
t'.."a1".081'.ts
Z$.2'O·
13...S4$ ..45
l"6.M
l$.~'
,~3.,S3
li~.9-ai
13.6611..51
36.. 90 ·3.24
$6•.;80· $;,;98
61..:1:8 ,4.10
29.43' 1 ..:9();
13.·38 !''l...41
33-.1S; "'S.:~
42.. $6 '" S9$O3.$.!(} .. ;6..,90'
'2.19' ..' 1 •.63·fO.:n:~ ",~ ..:61
28.,62: 1l.i6j;
$7..0~ 1..$2:
34,..63 '" 4••:7()
...-'s..4&--5
B",6
a,..t4
&--1)
ll.. l60
·&--11...IUi
'&..20&-.21
~..2%'$,...24.
;J!"~
"'\m1t~~_ ... Stfee$ ,i'ttn~,:a~,.,¢iZI'tQ'c.,¢ei.$tl
.3;~$~Q$'
~.,,' '~n.o~;t·l(l,~,t}.,
TAStE 11 tAtcBtAftONSFOll f{(1)/S V$•• !f• .jf·.(<1) DaGWl
f)~nO"'~'.ttGY '~sts
M:i~~
·if'$JI S
it\IM.",~
1".:6
~14
8...15
a,,~16
6...17
n..l$1l-20
1)...21
.n...22
u...z41$;...25
36.. 9()
SGAU)
61.1829'./+3;
13•.3$.
33'.73
42.36
'3';.2:9
32.'19:
~.11:~
2$:.6t
alAn:
S4.ti)
- 3.24.. 3,.9'$
... 4.:7'0
,,.. l. ...9\l
.. 21.41
- 5..44.. 5.80
.. ~, .. t6
... 8 ..6)
...11'..:61
"S·.{)l
- 7 ..5~
16.71
1.$~32
17...09:
7..,as22.,20
t'.i64~.4S
16.;~
Ul·•. 9123,.53,
19:~~$'
11.66
...900
.9!2
•9oa.,9.19'
•.'620
.337
.939...197
,.142
•.$11
.6'9
.861
..'SS/.
23.83 ~'99 ...12.64 4!••.19 .:&51 -5.76
zn.16 .9~4· t.,.9'q 64.18 ,.910 .. 0.22
3'3.8' .• 949- 4. 21 6fh80 .. 935' 2.89
~EhS5 .Bul ... 6•.• 39:.,67 ","1&9 -1&.22
2(1;,29 .555 -11.11 56.54 ~S41 ,;,1S'•.34
21.16 ,.,678 ... 2:l'.;M 5).1$ •.6$'5 ..22..19
24,..6.()O, •92'S - 1.51- 46.95 ..910 '3'.,20
21,.36 .67~ ..t7.3' 54. 25 .6$4 -'16•.52
25.47 .13~ - 1.:30 49.35 .'151 1..'98
34.~8 .41)3 ..~.~.:ll) ·6~.gl .397 0041..30
25..10 .67;; - 3.tr6 48•.33 .100 &.14
~4.41 ,.846 ... 2.48 4-6~.4) ~;$~O 2.58·
22.29 •$'5 .. '5.'50 4()~,19 .g,~4 4.65
Avet.aee £r:t~ .. Strcs$,Bangaave. :erro1!. to..on ...
,Mfmtm.t1lnStreas'ava...~v:ror .~ l().~
r\
·Pl·a..teSiae
'tiel~ Ult~te'Blong.Sf:ir~~l:b S'tren,gthltt attbtkttt
i flett.ofA~
5.9:.!
f:~. 'j'ltJr .~
31&{1U~
10tdn..
·4.3'rdrh
~J,~ 'J;14~1e Pl
rs.1B~ .l\.
o1250' ·P..
' 2Smfl:~ .'. ~l~*oftt_titttYQII' t9.,S' ·-.tfT':lwl
i\)t~()n'.$'aatltl.' '~.:J23
I )i'., .. ~
Ylel{i Tensile !o Elang_,Strength St.r'etli'th!.t.l 2"~' ¢ ~ lin % 81ltsiul
Matlual l/a~! diameter3116tJ ,ts.ckSll.i.l!lel lUlO:18 101.
Ne~al Ate, AtOO1Arc"
final. 1I4~tAutomatle' filfJ4·1d:iamat~1'
:JllUet Submerged ,Lincoln Electric '50Arc 1lo. fr7Q
11'1
10
22
0.. 043 0.55 .
37 11
P. ~f--------------------------------4c=-ft::-l
~~ f--Midspan i ~2
.r= Ce~troidal Axis .-I- . - -
I .\ ,
.t~2 P/2'III III III III
all, 1211, 16 11 or 2011 III III III III
14 1'2 , 12 "2 , 10 1'2 or 8 1'2 I I 141'2,12/2,101'2 or 8 12I 38 11 I .
y
x--- --x
Cross Section DimensionsI ., v I
Flange
Web
Fillet Weld
311:x 3/4'511 x 3/4'
3 II. /4
I I
y
Fig. 1 GEOMETRY OF BEAMS
I
+'N
5 II
rl6
ns
I II
Load 4 Cycle
React'on
~I 18~2
~" 2" 2" 2" 2" 2" 2" -Midspan62
"... ~ ~ ~ ~ ... ~
I 4 7 22 25 37 40I':
2o-
S Centroidal Axis Ic--. - .0
I .,
.. , .. L.> L.> if
, l L· -Lood-I" Cycle I<>-Loads and Rea·clio- - Load - 2"dCycle
-Symmetrical About
rd Midspan:. 1200 Load-3 Cycle
_I - th --
Detail- Rosette
Fig. 2 S~TIC TEST - BEAM B-7 - INSTRU~ffiNTATION
- LEGEND'u; 80 R '~2 ~4
.".. ~...- 0 b.. Measured StressW . @ Midspan-1.(.) • A Measured Stress>- @ Point of Failure(.) 600:W Ia.. ~
~C/) I'f3 40 I0:: I I' Iff-,-
I '" IC/) : . l~
II::> 20 I
~ I- .::...:-. •X<t~
O2
I I I ,3 4 5 6 8 106 2 3 4 5 6
FATIGUE LIFE (Cycles)
Fig, 3 RESULTS OF BEAMS FAILING IN SHEAR SPAN
~ Denotes Point of'Load Application0.2
~,~ 0.15
8" Center Spanr II
14V2 Shear Span
12" Center Span .12Y21
Shear Span7 ! __~.~_--~ -.l- " -........: .--- -- ---- ~-
16" Center Span . LIO~21_Shear S~7 ~ . .~~
./~/" """-".......... __~/ . >"--.: 0-../' -- .... -............
O. I L-----L.0-----l.2-----L4-----16-----18-----110-----112--
DISTANCE FROM MIDSPAN (Inches)
Fig. 4 EQUIVALENT CRITICAL STRESS - MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS CRITERION
I.p.l11
+Denotes Point ofLoad Application
1211 Center Span .I II
12 Y2 Shear~~ . \ .__ __ I-- -..l.-16
11Center Span - - ---........
lokl'Sheor~_. . .'"
,,-~ ! .,/ - -------_ ..~ ~
....... ,. ~
2011
Center Span ~ '\al/~1 Shear ~pan7 . ... ...~
_--L.. ---_ ,- 1------ .............. ,.--"""" -- ................... ---- .... "".. ........... -- -----
a" Center SpanI II
14 Y2 Shear Span
0.4
0.2 L-------':0----'2~---4.L-------'-6----L.8---~10----'12'---
DISTANCE FROM MIDSPAN (Inches)
Fig. 5 EQUIVALENT CRITICAL STRESS - DISTORTION ENERGY CRITERION
-47
35
o
25 30
RANGE (Ksi)
Note:Predicted Critical StressRange Based on Eq.1.22
20
STRESS
• I
Conservative
.'
LEGEND
o - Maximum Shear Stress Theoryt:::. - Distortion Energy Theory
5 10 15
PREDICTED .CRITICAL
'.0
-
w lO0::::;)(J)
<!w 5~
(f)(f)w~ 20(f)
....J<!o 15I-0:::
'0
Fig. 6 CORRELATION OF HYPOTHESES
-48
35
'.'
Note:Predicted Critical StressRange Based on Eq.4.5
20 25 30
STRESS RANGE (Ksi)
o00
Unconservative . l:i.
LEGEND
o - Maximum 'Shear Stress Theoryl:i. - Distortion ~nergy Theory
5 10 15
PREDICTED CR ITICAL
w 100::::::>CJ)
<Cw 5~
CJ)CJ)
w~ 20CJ)
-.J<Co 15I-0:::o
~-- 30'w(!)
Z<C0::: 25
Fig. 7 CORRELATION OF HYPOTHESES
1.0
0.8
0.6
O~ ,100o
0.4
0.2
b.o
~o
LEGEND
0- Stress Rangel:::. - Maximum Stress
Maximum Shear Stress· Hypothesis
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Fig. 8 NORMAL STRESS/UNIAXIAL STRESS VB. SHEAR STRESS/NORMAL STRESS
1.0
0.8
~ 0.6+~ I
tS(f)I
t> 0.4
0.2
LEGEND
0- Stress Rangeb.- Maximum Stress
Distortion Energy Hypothesis
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Fig. 9 NORMAL STRESS/UNIAXIAL STRESS vs. SHEAR STRESS/NORMAL STRESS
Iv,o
1. .. ~ ,
2.. I
~.. " ,J. i
th i,
~e.n14et~ .n.,. '• ltAftGUI ~vt. tft~tt·~ .~Rr$ ...i"$~~ $Ul~Y.· --'," ." - '"h!t~ a~$it)¢~ttn.g ~,t.r.ot'y ,ae~i't 3(h'lS4,1,Le'b~Jl'ntveT.'.U~,,~~()'Wj.',1"61 '
tc~ny4er'lI It. S.. ,AS~' 'Of! $J!A.~'lUt..... f1I~~",'litill!.~.'$"',~.". 1)1$$e~ta~tou, tetlt$f\ '1nlitjl.'lfl$!ty*J.96$
~U.1lfUif (h ~. 'tlti,~l$ 4.. ~~i Ed"t'O~..... 'AnG...· ,Mf:Ct.~l1 :~ ~anyf~w'ftotk, ~9S9
~tb411, w. ~' Ot.lgv~t.'. If"., O. I' IcS4.tos,'~*.!'A~.~t:~ftat"ontd .Unt~ 9' t'b~~tatlQal ~4.P~l.l¢6.¢1t$'fiteQ~StoCtbO~~;I lJ$y ~9JJ .Sprlngett...Yelrl.q .lkltltu~' 19S6
'to.41e)!~ ,i. It. )~tbetf" 'I.. tI. .~t4 _rttn, .~e.'~t"'Al)~tnuJ.....~_,s~ .\11. "'11118,
,:, All3USM. ·j.~4 8e.."lo.ee tech~tc:a\ WQ~ti,'4in Ag~1l$1l!.y,\,95.
~$~autl~ ••f4t~.~, ••~(ltM.Mat\ tltt4!\J ~U!l 1953
~b.th,.",'!.,. 'AneV$ ~'~'li&e""n,tondmt?: 192&
fO~, £.,.• cm.Nl(}$ ttt __JAUJ.. ~l'lt:t¢~ ..~l;l. in~h tMl(;.~~ Clt'f••"J.ot:~Ytl$epte~t~-19$8
t~$b~,$. ~ Goodt$~.J\. Ni•• CI'l iIItlIAS'tlCttr, ~r.,.!UU. ·~~tany~ ltew '0JLi~; 19$'
th.:t~n~$. ~ ~wa,,, w. J.~ ••Lt4tJ"" ••S1ttfOor ~.AU_".' UN'"_ .. Am> 'At$t$J ~O.!f~e<ttns$.. ~tt?ty f~ ~t_ntlil\se$'C'(it~ty(;tt'f'01. ltVl... 2.,l 195' '
. .
9~' ,_ TA~ ..'. ," ' "~,
th$ aut}}o't wAf bom 10 fbll.de~phta~ Venneylvanta on Oct()~1: 25.
1~39,. ~ne tbttd cl1ttd ~I lb' i ....,~h Wti~t(!n ..,~•
.. gf~dtta~ f~ Id!"Oft 11gb 94!lt)Cl in PhUadelphla • 4Utll')
19S'. ~ ~h$n~tee~l_dme_" In'tf..cut8of tot:htlOl~$1tn PbUa4elthta
ft'orJa ~p~,19$7to Jwt 196.2.. .~r" ttt!) c.Q$pl«t;e4 tn, tl!t~ulfiJ.ilt.
gf .~ fJepartliltiint. of el-n.l Irigi'Nl~nns an6 \fa' Q.W~td.4 th<t <teg~ 0', ' . . .
• ~.. apt().&nt:Q4 .t.t1 !l .'.4t1:h ~,sf..-ttant~tp et~tt;0 Jn~tM$'ln~
Lstb()~atotYo 'tehtsb tl'alv~'t$it1t letbt~~. ~1)'lv_14 l ... hp~* 1962, . . .'. .. .,
atl4 tla- b~t), ~••ocl.t~d WU:t1 th~· flroj~Ct ~ 'tJett~tlQetlU.t;.l~nt~
tn ll~f.. lrl .~1 _6 \tUlli W'''ft1ti$); tff.f:lQ3•
![uni-hamburg.de · 2016. 5. 13. · 20. Ninjutsu [«Spion»]. Von Fritz Rumpf. Yamato. 1.1929, 205-210 21. Die Entwicklung des japanischcn Theaters. 1931 29. Die Anfånge des Farbenholzschnittes](https://static.fdocuments.pl/doc/165x107/6110a9241a9f5f7c6067d7d2/uni-2016-5-13-20-ninjutsu-spion-von-fritz-rumpf-yamato-11929-205-210.jpg)
