Lang, Ostraka

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataLang, Mabel L., 1917-Ostraka/ by Mabel L. Lang.p. cm. - (The AthenianAgora; v. 25)Includesbibliographicalreferences.ISBN 0-87661-225-7 (alk. paper): $55.001. Ostraka-Catalogs. 2. Athens (Greece)-Antiquities-Catalogs. 3. Agora(Athens, Greece)-Antiquities-Catalogs. 4. Athens (Greece)-Politics andgovernment-Sources-Catalogs. 5. Political crimes and offenses-Greece-Athens. 6. Politicians-Greece-Athens-Biography. 7. Athens (Greece)-

Exiles-Biography.I. Title. II. Series.DF287.A23A5 vol. 25938'.5 s-dc20

[481'.1] 90-46998CIP

TYPOGRAPHY BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES PUBLICATIONS OFFICEC/O INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

PLATES BY THE MERIDEN-STINEHOUR PRESS, LUNENBURG, VERMONTPRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY THE JOHN D. LUCAS PRINTING COMPANY, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND


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T H E ATHENIANGORARESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS

CONDUCTED BYTHE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

VOLUME XXV

OSTRAKA

BYMABEL L. LANG

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENSPRINCETON, NEW JERSEY1990


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To THE MEMORY OFEUGENE VANDERPOOL


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PREFACEAs originally envisioned,this volume would have been the joint work of Eugene VanderpoolandAntony E. Raubitschek,the formerconcentratingon the archaeologicaland epigraphical aspects,and the latter presentingthe historical and prosopographicalmaterial. Although that plan wasneverrealized,both scholars not only published variouslyon ostrakaand ostracismbut also wrotenotes and drafts of various parts of the projectedvolume. They graciously gave me access to allthese, and much of what is includedin this volume is based on their work. It is a pleasureto ac-knowledgemy debtto them and a privilegeto presentmaterial which was shapedin so manywaysby such distinguishedscholars. The obviouscorollary o this acknowledgments the statement hatany infelicitiesor inaccuraciesare all my own.Much has been written about ostracism n Athens,the origin and nature of the institution,itshistory,the politicalramifications,circumstances, nddatingof the occasionson which it was used.Only the briefestpossiblereview of this material is included in this volume,which has as its chiefpurposethe publicationof ostrakafound in the AthenianAgoraand what they tell us about theirwriters,theirsubjects,and the generaloperationof the institution.Fortunately,an exhaustivestudyof the ancientsourceson ostracism s now in progressunder the leadershipof Peter Siewert.I am gratefulto T. Leslie Shear,Jr., Field Director of the AgoraExcavations,and to HomerA.Thompson, Field DirectorEmeritus,for permissionto studyand publishthe ostraka. For the fineandunprejudiceddrawingsI would like tof the photographs am indebtedto Craig A. Mauzy; and to William B. Dinsmoor,Jr. I owe the careful location of ostraka on theAgoraplan, now broughtup to dateby RichardAnderson.I want to give specialthanks to MargotCamp,then Secretaryof the AgoraExcavations, or facilitatingmy workwith the ostraka n everyway. For the patienceandgoodadviceof the editor,Marian Holland McAllister,I am mostgrate-ful, and to the staff of the PublicationsOffice I am indebtedfor their care and concern n the pro-duction of this volume.December,1989 MabelL. Lang


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TABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiBIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS . .......................... xiiiEXPLANATORY NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviiI. OSTRACISM IN ATHENS

DEFINITION AND PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1DATE AND PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTION ........................ 2AGORA CANDIDATES FOR OSTRACISM: HISTORICAL OUTLINE ................ 3

II. THE OSTRAKADEFINITION AND IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7M ATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8T EXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9ALPHABET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10SOUNDS AND SPELLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12G RAMMAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

III. GROUPS OF OSTRAKA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19IV. CATALOGUE

ACHARNIONXYPETAION (1-3) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 30ALEXIS M EGA( ) (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31ALKIBIADES KLEINIOU SKAMBONIDES THE ELDER (5-12) . ................ 31ALKIBIADESKLEINIOUSKAMBONIDES HE YOUNGER (13-17) ............... 33ARCHENOSPHILOXENON (18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33ARIST...[ ] CHAROP[ ] (19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34ARISTAICHMOS IMOKRATOUSKRIOTHEN) (20) .................... 34ARISTEIDESLYSIMACHOUALOPEKETHEN (21-88) ................... 35BOUTALION Ep[ ] MARATHONIOS (89-935) . .................... 41CHARIAS PAIANIEUS (96) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42CHARIAS PH[ ]DOU (97) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42DIEITREPHES EUTHOINOU (98-101) ........................ 42DIONYSIOS KoR)ONOU (102-104) . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43ERATYLLOSKATTARIOU (105-107)......................... 44ERETRIEUS (108) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44EUKRATES EUDRAMONOS (109-111) ........................ 44EUPOLISTHORAIEUS (112) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45HABRON PATROKLEOUSMARATHONIOS (113-123)................... 45HABRONICHOS (LYSIKLEOUS)LAMPTREUS (124-127) .................. 47HEGESTRATOS HASIMIONOS (128-131) ....................... 47HIEROKL[ ] HERMA[ ] (132) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48HIPPARCHOS CHARMOU (KOLLYTEUS) (133-143) ................... 48HIPPOKLES MENIPPOU (144 AND 145) ........................ 50HIPPOKRATESALKMEONIDOU LOPEKETHEN (146-273)................. 50HIPPOKRATES ANAXILEOU (274-282) ....................... .... 61


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TABLE OF CONTENTSEITHER HIPPOKRATES (283-306) ........HYPERBOLOS ANTIPHANOUS PERITHOIDES (307-309).KALLIAS IDYMIOU (310-312) ..........KALLIAS KRATIOU (ALOPEKETHEN) (313 AND314) .KALLIXENOSRISTONYMOUYPETAION (315-591)KIMONMILTIADOULAKIADES) (592-597) .....KLEIBOULOS IKODEMOU (598 AND599) ......KLEOPHONKLEIPPIDOUACHARNEUS (600-607) .KRITIAS EAIDOU (608 AND609) .........KYDROKLESTIMOKRATOUSKRIOTHEN (610-626) . .LAISPODIASOILETHEN(627) ..........MEGAKLES HIPPOKRATOUS ALOPEKETHEN (628-639)MELANTHIOSPHALANTHOU(640-642) ......MENON MENEKLEIDOU)ARGETTIOS (643-646) . .MYRRHINIKOS (647) .............NIKIAS NIKERATOU (KYDANTIDES) (648) .....ONOMASTOSKONTHYLEUS (649) .........PANAITIOSGRYLETHEN(650) .........PERIKLES XANTHIPPOU (CHOLARGEUS) (651 AND 652)PHAIAX ERASISTRATOUACHARNEUS (653-656) . . .PHALANTHOS SPINTHAROU (657) .........PHILEASDERKETOU (658) ...........PHILINOS LEIPPIDOU(659)...........PHRYNOND[ ] KRATES[ ]ATHMO[ ] (660).SOKRATES ANAGYRASIOS (661) .........SPINTHAROSu[ ] (662) ..........TEISANDROS SAGOROU (663) ..........THEMISTOKLES EOKLEOUSPHREARRIOS(664-1049).THOUKYDIDESMELESIOU(ALOPEKETHEN) (1050 AND 1051) . . .THRASYKLES (1052) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .XANTHIPPOS ARIPHRONOS (CHOLARGEUS) (1053-1069).....FRAGMENTS

NEW NAMES (1070-1090) ...............POSSIBLE PARTS OF KNOWN NAMES, RESTORED EXEMPLI GRATIAPARTSOFNAMES,KNOWNORUNKNOWN (1104-1145) . . . .

APPENDIX: NORTH SLOPE OSTRAKA ...............THEMISTOKLES NEOKLEOUS PHREARRIOS: HANDS A-O AND

UNCERTAINHANDS (X) (1146-1336) ...........KIMONMILTIADOULAKIADES) (1337) ...........COMPARISON OF OSTRAKA FROM THE NORTH SLOPE AND THE AGORA

62646565668889909191939395969697979798989999

100100101101101102132133133

(1091-1103)135137138

. . . . . . . . . . . . 142

DEPOSIT SUMMARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CONCORDANCE OF AGORA OSTRAKA ...................CONCORDANCE OF NORTH SLOPE OSTRAKA ..................LIST OF AGORA OSTRAKA BY GROUPS ...................FIGURESPLATES

. . . . . 143

. . . . . 158

. . . . . 158

. . . . . 163

. . . . . 165

. . . . . 177

. . . . . 179

x

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSAcharnion, Alexis, andAlkibiades(ElderandYounger)Alkibiades the Younger,Archenos,Arist. ..[ ], Aristaichmos,andAristeidesAristeidesAristeides and BoutalionBoutalion,ChariasPaianieus,Dieitrephes, and DionysiosEratyllos,Eretrieus, Eukrates,Eupolis,and HabronHabron,Habronichos,and HegestratosHierokl[ ], Hipparchos, Hippokles,and HippokratesAlkmeonidouHippokratesAl-HippokratesAl- and HippokratesAnaxileouHippokratesAl- or HippokratesAnaxileou,Hyperbolos,and KalliasDidymiouKallias Kratiouand KallixenosKallixenosKallixenos, Kimon, Kleiboulos,and KleophonKleophon,Kritias,Kydrokles,and LaispodiasMegakles, Melanthos,Menon, and MyrrhinikosNikias, Onomastos,Panaitios, Phaiax, Phalanthos, Phileas, Phrynond[ ], andSpintharosTeisandros and ThemistoklesThemistoklesThoukydides,Thrasykles,and XanthipposXanthipposFragmentsKallixenos:A ProfessionalScribe?

Aristeides, Boutalion,Eratyllos,and HipparchosHippokratesAlkmeonidou,HippokratesAnaxileou,KalliasDidymiou,Kallixenos,Kimon,Kydrokles,Megakles,and MenonPerikles,Philinos, Sokrates,Themistokles,Thoukydides,andXanthipposNorth SlopeOstraka:Hand ANorth SlopeOstraka:Hand BNorth SlopeOstraka:Hand C and Hand DNorth SlopeOstraka:Hand ENorth SlopeOstraka:Hand FNorth SlopeOstraka:Hand G, Hand H, and Hand INorth SlopeOstraka:Hand K, Hand L, Hand M, Hand N, and Hand 0

PLAN Distributionof OstrakaFound in the AgoraExcavations

FIGURES123456789

101112

13-171819202122

23-252627

28,2930

PLATES1234567

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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONSAA = ArchiologischerAnzeiger,Agora= The AthenianAgora:ResultsofExcavationsConductedbytheAmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesat AthensIV = R. H. Howland, GreekLampsand TheirSurvivals,Princeton 1958VIII = E. T. H. Brann,LateGeometricand PfotoatticPottery,Princeton 1962X = M. Lang and M. Crosby,Weights,Measuresand Tokens,Princeton 1964XII B. A. Sparkes and L. Talcott, Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th CenturiesB.C.,Princeton 1970XIV = H. A. Thompsonand R. E. Wycherley, TheAgoraofAthens,Princeton1972XXI = M. Lang, Graffitiand Dipinti, Princeton1976XXII = S. I. Rotroff,HellenisticPottery:Athenian and ImportedMoldmadeBowls, Princeton1982AJA= AmericanJournalof ArchaeologyAJP = AmericanJournalof PhilologyAM = Mitteilungendes DeutschenArchaologischennstituts,AthenischeAbteilungAndrewes,A. See HCT V.AntCl= L'antiquiteclassiqueAntK= AntikeKunstAnzWien = Anzeigerder Akademieder Wissenschaften,Wien, Phil.-hist. KlasseAPF = J. K. Davies, AthenianPropertiedFamilies 600-300 B.C., Oxford 1971Bauer,A. and F. J. Frost, Themistocles:Literary,EpigraphicalandArchaeologicalTestimonia,Chicago1967BCH = Bulletinde correspondance elleniqueBenndorf,O., Griechischeund sicilische Vasenbilder,Berlin 1869-1877Bicknell,P. J., Studiesin Athenian Politics and Genealogy(Historia,Einzelschr.19), Wiesbaden1972, "AthenianPolitics and Genealogy;Some Pendants,"Historia23, 1974, pp. 146-163

, review of R. Thomsen, The Originof Ostracismn Gnomon46, 1974, pp. 817-819, "AgoraOstrakonP 7103,"AntCl 43, 1974, pp. 334-337, "WasMegakles HippokratousAlopekethenOstracizedTwice?"AntCl 44, 1975, pp. 172-175BICS = Bulletinof the Instituteof ClassicalStudies,LondonBloch,H., "Jacoby,Commentaryon the Historians of Athens (FGrHist 3b),"Gnomon31, 1959, pp. 487-499Broneer, O., "Ostraka" in "Excavations on the North Slope of the Acropolis, 1937," Hesperia 7, 1938,(pp. 161-263), pp. 228-243, "Noteson the XanthipposOstrakon,"AJA52, 1948, pp. 341-343Bruckner,A., "Ostraka"n "Mitteilungenaus demKerameikos,"AM 40, 1915, pp. 1-26; 51, 1926, pp. 128-129Calderini, A., L'ostracismo,Como 1945C&M = Classicae mediaevaliaCarcopino,J., L'ostracismeathenien,2nd ed., Paris 1935Chambers,M., "ARough Breathingin the Fifth Century,"CP 54,1959, pp. 42-44, "AndrotionF6: toteproton,"JHS 99, 1979, pp. 151-152Connor,W. R., The New PoliticiansofFifth-centuryAthens,Princeton1971CJ= ClassicalJournalCP = ClassicalPhilologyCQ= ClassicalQuarterlyCR = ClassicalReviewCromey,R. D., "Kleisthenes'Fate,"Historia28, 1979, pp. 129-147DAA = A. E. Raubitschek,Dedicationsrom the AthenianAkropolis,Cambridge,Mass. 1949Daux, G., "Chroniquedes fouilles,"BCH 92, 1968, pp. 732-733Develin, R., "Cleisthenesand Ostracism:Precedentsand Intentions,"Antichthon11, 1977, pp. 10-16, "BouleuticOstracismAgain,"Antichthon19, 1985, pp. 7-15Davies,J. K. See APF.AcAr = 'ApXaLoAoyLKOveATrov


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xiv BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONSDover, K. J., "Androtion n Ostracism,"CR 13, 1963, pp. 256-257See also HCT V.FGH = F. Jacoby,Die FragmentedergriechischenHistoriker,Berlin 1923-1930; Leiden 1940-1958Figueira,T. J., "Xanthippos,Father of Perikles,and the Prutaneisof the Naukraroi,"Historia35, 1986, pp. 257-279Fornara,C. W., "ANote on Ath.Pol.22,"CQ 13,1963, pp. 101-104Gomme, A. W., "AthenianPolitics, 510-483 B.C."in More Essays in GreekHistoryand Literature,Oxford 1962,pp. 19-28Gomme,A. W., A. Andrewes,and K. J. Dover. See HCT V.Guide3= H. A. Thompson,The AthenianAgora,A Guideto the ExcavationandMuseum, 3rded., Athens 1976Hands, A. R., "Ostracaand the Law on Ostracism," HS 79, 1959, pp. 69-79HCT V = A. W. Gomme, A. Andrewes,and K. J. Dover, A HistoricalCommentaryon Thucydides,V, BookVIII,Oxford1981Hesperia, Suppl. IV = H. A. Thompson,The Tholos and Its Predecessors,Cambridge,Mass. 1940Suppl.V = W. B. Dinsmoor,Observations n theHephaisteion,Cambridge,Mass. 1941Suppl.VIII = Papers n MemoryofT. Leslie Shear,Princeton1949. SeeVanderpoolSuppl. XIX = Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History, and TopographyPresented to Eugene Vanderpool,Princeton1982Hignett, C. A., A History of the AthenianConstitution o the End of the Fifth CenturyB.C., Oxford1952IG = InscriptionesGraecaeI2 = Vol. I, editio minor: InscriptionesAtticaeEuclidis anno anteriores,F. Hiller von Gaertringen,ed.,Berlin 1924

II2 = Vol. II-III, editio minor: InscriptionesAtticaeEuclidis anno posteriores,J. Kirchner, ed., Berlin1913-1940Jacoby, F., SeeFGH.JdI = Jahrbuchdes DeutschenArchdologischennstitutsJHS = JournalofHellenic StudiesKagan,D., "TheOriginand Purposeof Ostracism,"Hesperia30, 1961, pp. 393-401Karavites,P. "Cleisthenesand OstracismAgain,"Athenaeum52, 1974, pp. 326-336Keaney,J. J., "Text of AndrotionF6 andthe Originsof Ostracism,"Historia19, 1970, pp. 1-11, "AndrotionF6 Again,"Historia25, 1976, pp. 480-482and A. E. Raubitschek, A Late ByzantineAccountof Ostracism,"AJP 93, 1972, pp. 87-91Kerameikos= Kerameikos.ErgebnissederAusgrabungenIII = W. Peek,Inschriften,Ostraka,Fluchtafeln,Berlin 1941XI = I. Scheibler,GriechischeLampen, Berlin 1976Kirchner,J. SeePA.Knigge,U., "Neue Scherbenvon Gefassendes Kleophrades-Malers,"AM 85, 1970 (pp. 1-22), pp. 1-5, 12-13Knight,D. W., SomeStudiesn AthenianPolitics in theFifthCenturyB.C. (Hermes,Einzelschr.13), Wiesbaden 1970Krentz,P., "The Ostracismof Thoukydides,Son of Melesias,"Historia33, 1984, pp. 499-504Lang, M. L., "WritingandSpellingon Ostraka" n Hesperia, Suppl. XIX, pp. 75-87Lavelle,B. M., "ANote on the First Three Victimsof Ostracism AthenaionPoliteia22.4),"CP 83, 1988,pp. 131-135Lehmann, G. A., "Der Ostrakismos-Entschiedn Athen: von Kleistheneszur Ara des Themistokles,"ZPE 41, 1981,

pp. 5-99Lenardon,R. J., The SagaofThemistocles,London1978Leveque, P. and P. Vidal-Naquet, Clisthene'Athenien, Paris 1964Lewis, D. M., "The KerameikosOstraka,"ZPE 14, 1974, pp. 1-4Longo, C. P., "La bule e la proceduradell' ostracismo: considerazionisu Vat. Gr. 1144," Historia 29, 1980,pp. 257-281Martin,A., "Bulletinepigraphique:L'ostracismeathenien:un demi-sieclede decouvertes t de recherches,"REG 102,1989, pp.124-145McCargar,D. J. M., "New Evidencefor the KleisthenicBoule,"CP 71, 1976, pp. 248-252, "TheArchonshipsof HermocreonandAlcmaeon,"RhM 119, 1976, pp. 315-323, "The RelativeDate of Kleisthenes'Legislation,"Historia25, 1976, pp. 385-395Meiggs and Lewis = R. Meiggs and D. M. Lewis, A SelectionofGreekHistoricalInscriptions othe Endof theFifthCenturyB.C., Oxford 1969


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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONSMeister, I. K., "ZumZeitpunktdes EinfuhrungdesOstrakismos,"Chiron1, 1971, pp. 85-88Oliver,J. H., "Reformsof Cleisthenes,"Historia9,1960, pp. 503-507PA = J. Kirchner,Prosopographia ttica,Berlin 1901-1903Pape = J. G. W. Pape and G. E. Benseler,Worterbuch ergriechischenEigennamen,3rded., Braunschweig1884Peek,W. See Kerameikos II.Phillips = D. J. Phillips, "Observations n Some Ostrakafrom the AthenianAgora,"ZPE 1990, pp. 123-148Podlecki,A. J., The Lifeof Themistocles,Montreal 1975Raubitschek,A. E., "The Ostracismof Xanthippos,"AJA51, 1947, pp. 257-262, "Ostracism,"Archaeology1, 1948, pp. 79-82, "The Case againstAlcibiades,"TAPA79, 1948, pp. 199-210, "The Originof Ostracism,"AJA 55, 1951, pp. 221-229, "Ostracism,"CJ 48, 1953, pp. 113-122, "Philinos,"Hesperia 23, 1954, pp. 68-71, "Damon,"C&M 16, 1955, pp. 78-83, "PhilochorosFrag. 30 (Jacoby),"Hermes 83, 1955, pp. 119-120, "Menon,son of Menekleides,"Hesperia24, 1955, pp. 286-289, "KimonsZuruckberufung,"Historia3, 1955, pp. 379-380

, "Theopomposon Hyperbolos,"Phoenix9, 1955, pp. 122-126, "Zur attischenGenealogie,"RhM 98, 1955, pp. 258-262, "The Gates in the Agora,"AJA60, 1956, pp. 279-282, "(H)ABRONICHOS," CR 6, 1956, pp. 199-200, "Das Datislied,"Charites,StudienfiurE. Langlotz,Bonn 1957, pp. 234-242, "Theophrastoson Ostracism,"C&M 19, 1958, pp. 73-109, "Die RuckkehrdesAristeides,"Historia8, 1959, pp. 127-128, "DreiOstraka,"AA (Jdl 84), 1969, pp. 107-108See also DAA and Keaneyand Raubitschek.RE = A. F. von Pauly, revisedby G. Wissowa, Realencyclopadieder classischenAltertumswissenschaft,tuttgart1894-1972REG = Revue des etudesgrecquesReinmuth,0. W., "Ostrakismos,"RE XVIII, ii, cols. 1674-1685RhM = Rheinisches Museum ur PhilologieRhodes= P. J. Rhodes,A Commentary n the AristotelianAthenaionPoliteia,Oxford 1981Robinson,C. A., Jr., "CleisthenesandOstracism,"AJA56, 1952, pp. 23-26, "The Date of Themistocles'Ostracism,"AJP 67, 1946, pp. 265-266Robinson,D. M. and F. J. Fluck, A Studyofthe GreekLoveNames, Baltimore 1937Scheibler,I. See KerameikosXI.Schreiner,J. H., "The Originof OstracismAgain,"C&M 31, 1970 [1976],pp. 84-97Schweigert,E., "The XanthipposOstrakon,"AJA53, 1949, pp. 266-268Seager,R., "AthPol22.4,"CR 12, 1962, pp. 201-202, "Herodotusand AthPolon the Date of Cleisthenes'Reforms,"AJP 84, 1963, pp. 287-289Semple LecturesII. SeeVanderpool,"Ostracismat Athens."Stamires and Vanderpool= G. A. Stamiresand E. Vanderpool,"Kallixenos the Alkmeonid,"Hesperia 19, 1950,pp. 376-390Stanton,G. R., "The Introductionof OstracismandAlcmaeonidPropaganda," HS 90, 1970, pp. 180-183Sumner,G. V., "AndrotionF6 and AthPol22,"BICS 11, 1964, pp. 79-86TAPA = Transactionsof theAmericanPhilologicalAssociationTalcott, L., "Vases and Kalos-names from an AgoraWell,"Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 333-354Thompson,"West Side"= H. A. Thompson,"Buildingson the West Side of the Agora,"Hesperia6,1937, pp. 1-226Thomsen= R. Thomsen, The Origin of Ostracism,Copenhagen1972Threatte= L. Threatte, The GrammarofAtticInscriptions,I, Phonology,Berlin 1980Unz, R. K., "TheChronologyof the Pentecontaetia,"CQ36, 1986, pp. 76-85Vanderpool,E. "The RectangularRock-cutShaft,"Hesperia 15, 1946, pp. 265-336, "SomeOstraka fromthe AthenianAgora" n Hesperia,Suppl. VIII, pp. 394-412, "TheOstracismof the ElderAlcibiades,"Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 1-8

xv


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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS, "Kleophon,"Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 114-115, "New Ostraka from the AthenianAgora,"Hesperia37, 1968, pp. 117-120, "Alcibiades,"Hesperia37, 1968, p. 398, "Ostracism t Athens,"Lectures n MemoryofLouiseTaftSemple, II, 1968-1970, Norman,Oklahoma1972,pp. 217-250 (= SempleLecturesII), "Ostraka romthe AthenianAgora,"Hesperia43, 1974, pp. 189-193

See also Stamires andVanderpool.Wade-Gery,H. T., "TheLaws of Kleisthenes,"Essaysin GreekHistory,Oxford1958, pp. 135-154Walters, K. R., "FGrHist324 F6: A New Conjecture,"RhM 127, 1984, pp. 223-226Werner, R., "Die Quellenzur Einfuhrungdes Ostrakismos,"Athenaeum36, 1958, pp. 48-89Wilhelm, A., "Zum Ostrakismosdes Xanthippos,des Vaters des Perikles,"AnzWien 86, 1949, pp. 237-243Willemsen, ASAr = F. W. Willemsen, "Die Ausgrabungen im Kerameikos 1966," AeAr 23, 1968, XpovLKd, '(1969), pp. 28-29, "Ostraka,"AM 80, 1965, pp. 100-126Williams,G. M. E., "The KerameikosOstraka,"ZPE 31, 1978, pp. 103-113, "AthenianPolitics508/7-480 B.C.: A Reappraisal,"Athenaeum60, 1982, pp. 521-544Woodhead,A. G., "I.G.12,95 and the Ostracismof Hyperbolos,"Hesperia 18, 1949, pp. 78-83Wycherley,R. E., "Two Notes on AthenianTopography," HS 75, 1955, pp. 117-118Young= R. S. Young, "An Industrial District in AncientAthens,"Hesperia20, 1951, pp. 135-288ZPE = ZeitschriftuirPapyrologieundEpigraphik

Ancienttexts andauthorsare abbreviatedas in Liddell-Scott-Jones,Greek-EnglishLexicon.

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EXPLANATORY NOTESA few words concerningthe plan of this work may be useful. Its chief purpose is the completepublicationof the ostrakafoundin the AthenianAgora.The brief notesconcerning he institutionof ostracism n ChapterI providea context for the consideration f the ostraka hemselves.ChapterII gives a generaldescriptionof the ostraka with regardto their form and content,materials,text,alphabet,orthography,and grammar.Where and in what circumstancesgroupsof ostrakawerefound is considered n Chapter III for the light it sheds on the particularostrakophoria o whichthey maybelong.The catalogueof the 1145 ostrakamakesupthebulkof the work. The arrangements by"candi-dates" n Englishalphabeticalorder.The way in which the catalogue s organizedand illustratedaswell as the formatand nature of the materialincluded under each name and in the descriptionofeach ostrakonare outlined in the introduction o the catalogue.The ostraka found on the NorthSlope of the Akropolisare republishedhere as an Appendixbecauseof their closeconnectionwiththe ostrakafoundin the Agora.Somecomparisonbetween the two groupsis attempted.A concordanceof Agorainventorynumberswith the cataloguenumbersand a list of catalogueand inventorynumbersarrangedby groupscombinewith the plan of the AthenianAgorashowingthe findspotsof ostrakato make possiblea varietyof crossreferences.A concordance f inventoryand cataloguenumbers s also given for the North Slopeostraka.Since it was not possibleto illustrateall 1145 ostraka,only thosethat presentedsomeproblemor especially interesting feature have been either drawn or reproducedphotographically.Whenreadingsare uncertainand letters scratched n a coarseclay surface are barelyvisible, drawingshave beenmadeagainstwhich the readingsmaybe checked.Somephotographsareincluded,partlyto illustrate the kindsof sherds,arrangementof text, and lettershapes,and partlyto show legiblebut peculiartexts. All the North Slope ostrakathat have been assignedto specifichands are illus-trated in photographs.ConventionsIn writing the names of the candidates,brackets ] areusedformissingletterswherethere isno evidence;parentheses( ) are used where nothingis shown on the Agoraostrakabut the nameis knownfromthe Kerameikosostraka,or inscriptions,or literature.All datesare B.C. unlessotherwisespecified.


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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED



[481'.1] 90-46998CIP





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[481'.1] 90-46998CIP





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I. OSTRACISM IN ATHENSSomedisagreementsamongthe sourcesare minor:whether the decision o hold an ostrakopho-ria was takenin the sixth prytanyor beforethe eighth;4whether the barriers n the Agorawere ofrope or boards.5Two differencesare important:whether 6000 was a quorumor a plurality re-quiredforostracism;whether the exile was fiveorten yearsin length.There has been much discus-sion on bothpoints,and the weight of bothevidenceand authoritiesnow seemsto be on the side of

6000 as quorumand ten yearsas the periodof exile.6

DATE AND PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTIONMore controversial han elements of the procedure s the questionwhen ostracismwas introducedand by whom. If we leave aside the late and surelyunhistoricalascriptionsof the law to Theseus,Achilleus Lysonos,and Hippias,7a comparisonof the 4th-centurysourceswill again best demon-strate the disagreements Androtion,Ephorosas in Diodorus,Aristotle,and Philochoros).

Harpokration,s.v. 'I7r7rapxosConcerning his man Androtionsays in his secondbook thathe was a relativeof Peisistratos hetyrantand wasthe firstto be ostracized,when the law about ostracismwas then firstpassedbecauseof suspicionof those aroundPeisistratos,sincehe gainedthe tyrannyas a generaland leaderof the people.Diodorus,11.55 (aboutThemistokles). .. bringingagainsthim the so-calledostracism,which was passedas a law in Athens after the abolitionof thetyrantsassociatedwith Peisistratos.Aristotle,AthPol22.1, 3For it happenedthat the laws of Solon becamenull and void throughnot being used and that Kleisthenes,aiming at the demos,introducedother laws, amongwhich was the law of ostracism. .. (3) In the twelfth yearafterthis, havingwon the battleof Marathonin the archonshipof Phainippos,after two years,when the demoswas alreadyconfident, hey then for the first time used the law of ostracism,which had been passedbecause ofsuspicionof those in power, since Peisistratoshad,as leaderof the peopleandgeneral,establishedhis tyranny.Philochoros FGH IIIB, 328 F 30)Hyperbolosaloneof undistinguishedmen was ostracized, or wickednessof characterratherthanon suspicion4Jacoby in his commentaryon Philochoros,328 F 30 (FGH IIIB, i, p. 310) suggeststhat abridgementof Philo-choros' text was responsiblefor the difference.The original may have beensomethinglike:"Aftervotingin the sixthprytanywhether to holdan ostrakophoria,f it was so voted,in the eighth prytanythe Agorawas fenced...."5It is possible that both materialswere used, with somethinglike sawhorsesropedtogether,but see Wycherley,JHS 75, 1955,pp. 117-118 foran alternatereading n Pollux,8.19:T7rpLt-KVv7Ta-avTES"having etup woodenbarriersaround").Where in the Agora this enclosuremight have been located is unclear, but the concentrationof dumpedostrakato the southwestof the Agora proper(see ChapterIII) may suggest that, on some occasionsat least, the en-

closure was located near by. Homer Thompson informsme (per litt.) that the smoothnessof the early floor in thiscornerof the Agoraand the regularityof its slope down from southand east may indicatethat here was the pre-Pnyxmeeting-placeof the ekklesia.If so, it would be reasonable hat themeetingof thecitizenstocarryout theostrakophoriathat they had authorizedin the ekklesiabe held in the same place. Dumped ostrakaalone, however,cannotprovideclear evidence for locatingthe enclosure, since the very large dumpsfound outside the Dipylon (Willemsen, AcAr,pp. 28-29) suggestthat disposalof spentostrakawas not always nearthe voting place.Althoughno one of our sources makes it explicit, the apparentpurposeof the enclosurewith its ten entrancesseemsto havebeento containthe votersuntil the countwas completeandthus preventmultiple voting.6 See Reinmuth in RE, s.v. ostrakismos, ols. 1678-1680; Jacoby (FGH IIIB) on PhilochorosF 30; Thomsen,pp. 66-67, note 23; Vanderpool n Semple LecturesII, pp. 217-218; Rhodes,p. 270. But if the Byzantineaccountofostracismrepublished by Keaney and Raubitschek(AJP 93, 1972, pp. 87-91) is to be accepted,the questionof thenumber of votesrequired maybe reopened.7Sufficientlydisposedof by Thomsen,pp. 12-16.

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AGORA CANDIDATES FOR OSTRACISMof tyranny;8afterhim the customwas givenup, having begunwhen Kleistheneswas enactinglaws, afterputtingdown the tyrants,so that he might get ridalso of their friends.

The most recentfull discussion s that of Rudi Thomsen,9who presents n full detail the argu-mentsthat have been broughtforward overthe last hundredyearsin supportof the two positions:thatof Androtion(asreportedby Harpokration) orintroductionofostracism n the early480's andthatof Aristotle(and others)for Kleisthenesas author of the law. Thomsenarguesconvincingly orthe earlier date, following the line taken by Sumner and Dover,10 hat while both AristotleandHarpokrationwere dependenton Androtion,Aristotle'saccount s a more faithfulrepresentation fAndrotion'smeaning.A further complicationhas been introducedby the re-publication11 f MS Vat. Gr. 1144,222r-vby Keaneyand Raubitschek,claimingthat the law of ostracism ntroducedby Kleisthenesinvolveda voteby the boule and that originally200 votes were required o ostracizea man,but thatlater,when the demosvoted,it was changedto 6000. If this is to be accepted, t at leastconfirms heearlierdate of introduction.There is the furtherquestionwhether two stagesof the law mightalsomake it possiblethat therewere two first victims:Kleisthenes,reportedas the firstvictim of his ownlaw by Aelian, H.V. 13.24 (that is, by the boule); Hipparchos,reportedas the first by Aristotle,AthPol 22.3 (that is, by the demos).12 f any such ostracismwas practicedby the boule, evidencewould be difficultto find, since the chance that any of their comparatively ew ostrakawould havesurvivedis remote, nor is it possible to connectany of the pre-ostraka(the so-called "name onsherd")with it. Those of the possiblyrelevantdate(AgoraXXI, D 26-38) neither were foundnearthe Bouleuterionnor bear any recognizablypoliticalnames. Moreover,suchunpoliticalnamesonsherds in the Agorago back to the beginningof writingand downbeyondthe 5th centuryB.C.

AGORA CANDIDATES FOR OSTRACISM: HISTORICAL OUTLINEThe great majorityof Agora ostrakafall into three distinctperiods,as do also all but one of theactualcases of ostracismattested n ourliterarysources: he 480's B.C.; mid-century,extendingfrom461 to 443 B.C.;and 417-415 B.C.

8This is reminiscentof Thucydides'remark(8.73.3) that Hyperboloswas ostracized"notso muchthroughfear ofhis power andrank but becauseof his wickednessand the shame it bringsto the city."The intimation s that the properreason for ostracismwas fear of powerand influence.9 Pp. 12-60. See also Rhodes, pp. 267-269.10Sumner, BICS 11, 1964, pp. 79-86; Dover, CR 13, 1963, pp. 256-257. CompareJacobyon Androtion324 F 6(FGH IIIB, i, p. 120):"there s always the possibilityof a citationbeingcurtailed n a lexiconrepeatedlyabbreviated."Althoughhe saw the possibilitythat Androtionactuallydated the introductionof ostracism n 488/7 B.C.because hesaw it as part and parcel (alongwith the introductionof the lot in 487/6) of the beginningsof realdemocracy,Jacobysummedup (p. 124): "our raditiondoesnot allow of makinga finaldecisionbetweenthe datesof AndrotionandAris-totle, but if anybodycandetermine he sourceof Aelian (H.V. 13.24that Kleistheneswas the first victimof his law) hemay be able to solve the riddle."11Keaney and Raubitschek,AJP 93, 1972, pp. 87-91. Among those acceptingthis earlier formof ostracismsomewould assign it to the Boule of the 500 (Bicknell, Gnomon 46, 1974, pp. 818-819; McCargar, CP 71, 1976,pp. 248-252); at least one otherwould give it to the Boule of the 400 in 510 B.C. (Longo,Historia29, 1980, pp. 257-281). More doubtfulabout this ostracismby the Bouleis Develin (Antichthon11, 1977,pp. 10-16; 19, 1985,pp. 7-15).12 Bicknell,Gnomon46, 1974, pp. 818-819.

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I. OSTRACISM IN ATHENSThe chiefsourceconcerning he ostracismsof the 480's is Aristotle,AthPol22, where,with oneexception,names and datesaregivenfor all thoseostracized n that decade:

487 B.C. HipparchosCharmouKollyteus486 B.C. Megakles HippokratousAlopekethen485 B.C. a thirdfriendof the tyrants484 B.C. XanthipposAriphronosCholargeus482 B.C. AristeidesLysimachouAlopekethenThe distinctionthat the authorof the AthPolmakesbetweenthe first threevictims,"friends f thetyrants,on whose account he law was enacted,"and thoselater ostracized "ifanyoneof the othersseemed to be toopowerful")suggeststhat he at least thoughtthatmen with a particularconnectionwere no longer perceivedas so threateningas men who in andof themselveshad achievedsomekindof supremacy.That he thoughtof Xanthipposand Aristeidesas holdingsuchpositionsof powerisseenin his listing (AthPol28) of successive eadersof the demosand thearistocrats:"Xanthipposedthedemos,Miltiadesthearistocrats;hen Themistokles thedemos)and Aristeides thearistocrats)."The oppositionbetween Xanthippos and Miltiades presumablydid not surviveXanthippos'

successfulprosecutionof Miltiades and the latter'sdeathin 489 B.C., and so it almostseemsthat itwas set up here as a parallel to the Themistokles-Aristeidesopposition, in each case to explainthe ostracismas a resultof politicalrivalry.But theonly way thatpoliticalrivalrycouldexplaintheostracismof Xanthippos,leaderof the demos, s if it was Themistokleswho, firstcontesting eader-ship of the demos,engineered he departureof Xanthipposandthen laterused his own leadershipto defeat the aristocratsand ostracizetheir leader. Whether in actualhistoricalfact,as opposedtothis view of a 4th-century nterpretation,herewas any change n the useof ostracism n the 480's isobscure.The next certainlyattested13 stracism s that of Themistokles,mostprobablysometime n thelater 470's B.C.14Whether that ostracismresultedfromfear of Themistokles'power on the partofthe peopleor frompoliticalactionon the partof rivals is not known,but his subsequentcondemna-tion for treasonsuggeststhat it was to someone'sadvantage ohave him permanentlyexcludedfromAthens. No ostrakaare knownfrom that ostrakophoria.Again in the late 460's B.C. the Atheniansturnedto ostrakophoriaias a solutionof politicalproblems.In 462/1,15 with the murderof Ephialtes16and the ostracismof Kimon,17oppositionbetweenthe former,as leaderof the demos andreformerof the Areopagus,andthe latter,as leaderof the aristocratsand defenderof the Areopagus,18was ended. But not only is it likely that sup-portersof Ephialtes,perhapsled by Perikles,pushedthroughKimon'sostracismbut alsothere is astrong probability hat the ostracismof AlkibiadesKleiniouSkambonides grandfather f the Pelo-ponnesianWar generalof the samename)is to bedated n the followingyear, 9with Periklesagainacting as leader of the demos and completingthe defeat of the aristocratic nterest.That this isoversimplifications evident,butthe way in which Perikles s reported20o haveusedostracismas apoliticalweaponagainsthis rivalThucydidesMelesiou in 443 B.C. is at least suggestive.

13For the possibilitythat there was at least one ostrakophorian the early 470's B.C. in which Megakles Hippo-kratouswas ostracizeda secondtime, see underMegaklesin the Cataloguebelow, pp. 93-94.14See Podlecki,TheLifeof Themistocles,pp. 197-198 for a recentsummaryof the evidenceanddiscussion.15Carcopino,L'ostracisme thenien,pp. 160-168; Rhodes,pp. 311-312.16 Aristotle,AthPol25.4.17Plutarch,Kim. 15.3; 17.3;Per. 9.5.18Aristotle,AthPol28.2.19 Lysias, 14.39;[Andokides], .34; Vanderpool,Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 1-8.20Plutarch,Per. 11-14.

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I. OSTRACISM IN ATHENSKalliasKratiouAlopekethen archKallixenosAristonymouXypetaion archKleiboulos Nikodemou archKritiasLeaidou lit?KydroklesTimokratousKriothen archMegakles HippokratousAlopekethen litMelanthios Phalanthou lit?Themistokles Neokleous Phrearrios litXanthippos AriphronosCholargeus lit

CandidatesoftheMid-centuryAlkibiadesKleiniou Skambonides he ElderDieitrephes Euthoinou litKalliasDidymiou litKimon Miltiadou Lakiades litMenon MenekleidouGargettios archPeriklesXanthippouCholargeus litSokratesAnagyrasios litThoukydidesMelesiouAlopekethen lit

PhalanthosSpintharouPhileas DerketouSpintharosEu[ ]TeisandrosIsagorouThrasykles(TimodemosPholygou)26

lit EukratesEudramonosPhrynond[as]Krates[

Candidatesof417-415 B.C.Alkibiades Kleiniou Skambonides he Younger lit Charias PaianieusHippoklesMenippou lit MyrrhinikosHyperbolosAntiphanousPerithoides litKleophonKleippidouAcharneus litNikias NikeratouKydantides litPhaiax ErasistratouAcharneus litPhilinosKleippidou lit26A possiblecandidate?See 130 reverse.

] Athmo[f

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IITHE OSTRAKADEFINITION AND IDENTIFICATION

The identification of an inscribedsherd as an ostrakon(in the political sense as opposedto thegeneral sense of any sherd, whether inscribed or not) may be made most certainlywhen the in-scribedname is of a man said in literarysources to have been votedagainstor actuallyostracizedand when the datesof the sherdand writing are appropriate.Almostequally certain is the case inwhich sherdswith other namesarefound with ostraka dentified n the first fashion.Sothe presencein the largest Agora group (E 1; see Chapter III: Groups of Ostraka)of numbers of ostraka ofAristeides(5), Megakles (2), and Themistokles(176) makesit virtuallycertainthat the manyothersherds with namesfoundin the samedepositarealsoostraka,whether there is only oneexampleofeach (as in the case of ChariasPh[ ]douandOnomastos),a barehandful(twoforKleiboulos, hreeeach for Habron and Habronichos,seven for Kydrokles),or an impressivenumber(Hippokrates49, Kallixenos 168). If these additionalnames turn up in other groups, s most do, thhelp toidentifysherds with still other names as ostraka,and so on. In addition,very fragmentarysherdswith only two or three letters that are foundin ostrakondepositscanusuallywith considerable on-fidencebe assignedto known names on the basis of lettercombinations,probability,and numbers.Finally, even sherds with names found in isolation may be identifiedas ostrakaif morethan onewith the samename is found either in theAgoraorelsewhere:soArista[ichmos]Timo[kratous] 20)is singular in the Agorabut plural in the Kerameikos;Hegestratos(128-131) was found in threedifferentpartsof the Agora.Or even if a sherdwith a particularname is singularbut is datablebycontextorwritingto an ostrakonera, it mayormaynot be an ostrakon: oArchenos 18), whichcanbe interpretedvariously;Eret[ ] (108) is equally questionable;but Eupolis (112), Panaitios (650),and Sokrates(661) are most probablebecause of the presenceof demotics, ust as the patronymicswith Phalanthos(657), Philinos (659), Spintharos(662), and Teisandros(663) make their singlesherdslikely ostraka. The fact that these names occur in the nominativecase helps the identifica-tion, for althougha few indubitableostraka havenamesin the dative or accusativecases,ordinarysherdswith a name in the nominativeare less likely than thosewith genitiveor dative to be tags ofownershipor address.The morethan 11,000 ostrakafound in Athens havecome fromthe followingplaces:

1) the Kerameikosoutsidethe citywalls44 (Bruckner,AM 40,1915, pp. 1-26)2 (Bruckner,AM 51, 1926, pp. 128-129)165 (Peek,Kerameikos II)1 (AeAr 17, 1961/1962, B'[1963],pp. 35-36, no. 5)ca. 9000 (according o Thomsen, p. 69) not yet published1 (BCH 108,1984, p. 740)2) the Agoraand its immediateenvirons1145 here presented165 unidentifiable ragmentsnot catalogued

1BothAgoraand North Slopeostrakaare housedin the Stoa of Attalos.Enquiriesaboutphotographs,etc.,maybeaddressed o the Secretaryof the AgoraExcavations,AmericanSchoolof ClassicalStudiesat Athens.


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II. THE OSTRAKA3) the North Slopeof the Akropolis2191 (Broneer,Hesperia7, 1938, pp. 228-243)4) elsewhere in Athens5 (Akropolis,Bruckner,AM 40, 1915, pp. 1-26)1 (PeiraeusStreet,ibid.,no. 4)1 (northwestof Areopagus, bid.,no. 5)1 (Athens,0. Benndorf,GriechischeundsicilischeVasenbilder,Berlin 1869-1877, p. 52)2 (Athens,AA [Jdl 84], 1969, pp. 107-108)1 (PoulopoulouStreet,AeAr 1973-1974, B'[1979],p. 144)1 (Athens,BCH 105, 1981, p. 553, no. 1)

Since the ostrakophoriaiwere held in the Agora, some remnants of the voting could be expectedthere,but for the mostpartthe ostraka oundin the KerameikosandAgoraand on the North Slopecomefromdumpswhichweredepositedafter an ostrakophoriaorpossiblybefore, n the caseof theNorth Slope).The few exceptionsfound elsewherein Athensmayhave beenlostbeforethe voting.

MATERIALSThe ostrakafoundin the Agoraincludeeverypossiblesortof sherd,from the coarsestkindof pithosto the finest black-figuredvase. The largest single category(about 40 percent)is from plain un-glazed ware; next (somethingover 20 percent)are the fragmentsof semiglazedkraters or otheropenvessels.A thirdcategory,roughlyequalto the second, ncludesfineblack-glazedware:kylikes,skyphoi,amphoras,and such.3 The remainder s very various, includinglamp fragments,black-andred-figured herds,andpiecesof rooftile, waterpipes,and wellheads. Somevotersseemto havechosen their sherdswith considerableconcern for appearance,as the many kylix bases and rimfragments estify.The meansof inscribingostrakaare less varied than the sherds themselves: here are only sixexamples(110, 308, 311,468, 652, 653) of painted nscriptions; hosethatareincisedshowa rangeof implementfrom the finestmetalpoint to the kind of blunt instrument hat leavesmoreof a fur-rowthan a line. Of the paintedexamplesonlyone (468, Kallixenos)appearsto havebeena "profes-sional" ob, neatlyandelegantlyinscribedon the handleof a semiglazedoinochoeandthenfired; tmay be the vote of a potterwho was exercisinghis skill or a secondaryuse of a partof a vesselde-signedforotherpurposes.4The otherfivepaintedinscriptionsareon coarseunglazedsherdswherethe paint is very fugitive,not havingbeen fired.These, unlikethe Kallixenospiece,all date aroundor after the middle of the 5th century.For the incised inscriptionson black-glazed fragmentsametal point would have been necessary,but a sharpstoneseems oftento have been usedon coarsepottery.

TEXTThe text of ostrakainscriptionsmay be limited to the nameof the candidate,but it most often in-cludes eitherpatronymicor demotic,andoccasionallyboth.In addition,a few examplesincludethe

2 See footnote1 above,p. 7.3The figureshere are takenfromVanderpool'sestimates(SempleLecturesII, p. 219), and in generalthis sectionconcerning he natureof ostrakafollowshis outlinefor the ostrakavolumeas he originallyconceivedt, as doesalso thefirst of the Semple Lectures.The reader s urgedto consultthose lecturesfor a masterlyhandlingof the whole subject.4For a full discussionof the implicationsof this piecesee StamiresandVanderpool,pp. 379-381.

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article,as follows:with patronymic(70, 81, 118, 280, 500, 634, 635, 681, 842); with demotic(89,112, 933); uncertain (440); and restored with epithet (589). Among the fragmentsthe article iscertainlypresenton 1090 and 1091, andpossiblyon 1077 and 1131. Otheradditionsarenot so fre-quent among Agoraostrakaas on those from the Kerameikos,but they includethe following: epi-thets (44, 56, 589); relationship(328); verb(356, 647); a couplet(1065); and a portrait(590).The fragmentary tateof manyostrakamakesit difficult o arriveat significantstatisticson thecomparativefrequencyof name alone, name with either patronymicor demotic,and name withboth. For example, of the 277 Kallixenosostraka ess than 1 percentshow name,patronymic,anddemotic,but this is in part, at least, the resultof the fragmentary tate of many;almost 90 percentshow at least name and patronymic,in part or whole; almost 2 percentshow at least name anddemotic; ess than 4 percentcertainlyhad nothingmorethan the name;and the rest are too frag-mentaryto show anything more than the name. For a useful discussion of the comparative re-quencyof patronymicanddemotic,seeVanderpool'sSempleLecturesII, pp. 220-222, in whichheshowshow the roughlyequalnumbersof Themistokles'ostrakawith demoticandthose with patro-nymic contrast with the overwhelmingpreponderanceof ostraka with the patronymicfor othercontemporarycandidates and suggests that Themistokles "deliberatelycultivatedthe use of thedemotic .. in orderto increase his popularityamongthe commonpeople."

FORMATOn the greatmajorityof ostrakawriting is fromleft to right. In these cases the inscriptionmay becenteredon the sherd,but mostoften it startsfromthe left andfollowsalongan edge:eitherthe topedge with the name first and the patronymicor demoticbelow;or with the name first along thebottomedgeand the patronymicor demoticabove.5Or startingfrom the left, it mayfollowthe edgearoundtwo, three,or all sides of the sherd; f it startsfromthe top edge,6 he letterswill faceout,that is, theirtops will be at the edge;if from the bottomedge,7 heywill face in. The former s moreusual and is seen in a morecompleteformin suchostraka as arewritten on roundpotbaseswherethe letters,facingout, go all aroundfromleft to right.8The writing on a few ostraka is retrograde,boustrophedon,or Schlangenschrift.Examplesofpure retrograde nclude the following: 114, 117,17,127, 300, 305, 542, 751, 762, 816, 1049, 1053.Boustrophedonwritingon ostrakaordinarily nvolvesa first line with the namewrittenleft to rightand a second ine, whetherbelow or above,writtenretrograde, hat is, fromrightto left, with thoseletters that point forwardreversingdirectionbut keepingthe same verticalorientationafter theyhaveturned the cornerfromthe first line. Exampleswrittenthus fromthe top down are 123, 128,130,330,340,961,991,1013; frombottomup, 348. More unusualarefirstlines (withname)goingfromrightto left followedby second ines left to right:663,791,932,1077.9 Schlangenschrift, s the

This is muchless frequent,butexamplesare worthnoting,sinceotherwise t mightbethoughtfromthetranscrip-tions that the patronymicor demoticwas written first:50, 70, 198, 232, 234, 325, 360, 439, 443, 545, 549, 577, 629,639, 689, 696,732, 758, 783, 856, 874,876, 886,890, 895,967, 998, 1026.6 Examples:792, 853, 880, 925.7Examples:211, 264, 817, 970.8 See particularly he mass of kylix basesfrom the North Slope, p. 159 below.9Not countedhere are those sherdson which the one or two or threelast letters of a name arewritteneitherdownthe rightsideof the sherdor turnedbacktowardthe beginningon an abortivesecond ine, while the real second ine iswrittenfromleft to right.

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II. THE OSTRAKAnameindicates, nvolves a coilingfromone line to another,whichmeans a changein verticalorien-tation;exampleswhich beginleft to rightare 198, 322, 415, 484, 508, 641, 1036;uncertain s 662.Occasionallya name is written twice, either because the first attempt was deemedunsatis-factory(34, 89,1031) or perhapsforemphasis(8, 228, 363, andpossibly627, 1056). Erasuresandcorrectionsof miswritingwithoutcompleterewritingare also evident.10 ingleletters are erasedon626 and 741. Correctionsmaytake either of two forms:overwriting,as in 541 and933, or insertionof an omitted letter either by squeezingin or writing aboveor below the line, as in 350, 493, 638,667, 734, 837, 867, 932, 968, 1001, 1002, 1049, and 1056.Punctuation is comparativelyrare on Agora ostraka.A vertical line that separatesend frombeginning may be used in those texts that are written in circular form on the bases or necks ofvessels (265, 394, 911). A horizontal strokemay be used in similar fashion (338, 666). More fre-quentbetween nameandeitherpatronymicor demoticare dotsverticallyarranged: wo (117, 177,211, 453, 539, 567, 641, 661, 728, 908); or three(304, 364, 500, 909).

ALPHABETThe ostraka of the Agora extend over a period in which the Attic alphabetwas changingfromarchaic forms to the developedIonic alphabetthat was officially adoptedonly in 403 B.C. As wit-nesses to that changethe ostraka are particularlyuseful, sincethey are for the most part datedbythe historical names that they bear. But at the sametime the informalityof the medium,combinedwith the difficultyof writingand the perhaps incomplete iteracyof somewriters,meansthatsomechanges may not be detectable,while othersmay haveno chronological ignificancebut reflectonlypersonal idiosyncrasy.So, for example, the changefrom slantingto horizontal crossbars or bothalpha and epsilon cannotbe documented n writing where intractablematerials and lack of skillmilitateagainstbothregularityandsubtledistinctions.On the otherhand,if a dot is substituted orthe ground ine of delta,it seemsto have more to dowith personalpreference hanwith chronology,although apparentlypersonalpreferenceoperatedmore at some times than at others. Only fourdotteddeltasappearin the early period(67,154,198, 609 or 3.4 percentof the total 118), onlyonein the middleperiod(9 or 6 percentof the total 17), andnone in the laterperiod, n which the totalnumberof deltasis seven.For the purposeof datingletter shapesboth the Agoraostrakaand the known ostracismsareconvenientlydividedinto threegroups:1) early, belongingto the 480's;112) middle,includingtheknown ostrakophoriaiof 461 and 443 B.c.;12and 3) late, including the final ostrakophoriaof417 B.C. 13 The great majorityof the Agoraostrakacomesfrom the early periodand will serve,as faras letter shapes are concerned,to presenta detailed picture.The much smaller middle and lategroups,however,are still sufficient o providesomeindicationof developmentandchange.The lettersfor the use and developmentof which the ostrakaare most useful are the Attic andIonic forms of gammaand lambda,crossbarredand dottedtheta, phi, tailed and plain rho, tailedandV-shapedupsilon,chi with uprightand St. Andrew'scross,andthree- and four-barred igma.14

10For omitted etters,extraletters, metathesis,andwrongletters,see below under Soundsand Spelling.11Aristotle,AthPol22; see list, pp. 5-6 above.12 Thomsen, pp. 82-85; see list, p. 6 above.13 Thomsen, pp. 81-82; see list, p. 6 above.14 The figures givenhere, which are recountsafter furtherstudy,maydifferby small amountsfrom thosepublishedby Lang in Hesperia,Suppl. XIX, pp. 75-87. The differencesare not material.

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ALPHABETAs far as gammaand lambda are concerned,only the Ionicformsare pointedout, as beinglessexpected,on the ostrakaof the earlyand middleperiods;onlyAttic formswould be notedon ostrakaof the late period,if there were any.Gamma Early15 Middle16 LateAttic 15 (100%) 1 (33%) 0Ionic 0 2 (67%) 0Lambda Early17 Middle18 Late19Attic 580 (99+ %) 7 (50%) 0Ionic 1 (1-%) 7 (50%) 18 (100%)About theta it now seems to me that attemptingto differentiatebetweenuprightand St. An-drew's crosses is a work of supererogation, ince for boththe writer and the reader a slight changeof orientationmay makethe difference,especiallywhen letters follow the edgeof the sherd as it isturned. Equally, making a distinctionbetween round and square thetas makes little sense whendealing with letters incised in clay; not only are there exampleswhich represent every gradationbetweenround and square,but also it is obvious that some writers had difficultywith curved inesand so preferred our (or five or six) straightones. Sincewe do not differentiatebetween round andsquare omicrons,there is little point in making the distinction with thetas. There is even somequestion about the distinction between crossbarredand dotted thetas when at least three of theostrakathat show a dotted theta also use one with crossbars 943, 951, 1020).Theta Early20 Middle21 Late22Crossbarred 337 (78%) 1 (14%) 0Dotted 80 (18%) 5 (72%) 1 (100%)Others23 18 (4%) 1 (14%) 0Like theta, phi enjoyeda varietyof formsin the early period:of 116 legible examples, 107 or92 percentare circleswith verticalbar, five or 4 percentare circles with horizontalbar,24 wo or2 percentare circles with vertical strokeextendingabove and below,25and two or 2 percentarecrossbarred ircles.26The presumption s that the various formsare not phonologicallysignificantbut constitutea confusionof symbols,as Threattesuggests(pp. 470-471). In the middleperiod,thetwo examples have the vertical stroke extending above and below (101, 660), while in the lateperiodall but one of the 11 preservedhave that samelong stroke.27The tailed rho appearsonly in the early period,a remnant of archaicwriting that was dyingout, so that in at least six cases the writer tailed one rho and neglectedto tail the other(s) on thesame sherd(113, 749, 802, 929, 1023, 1063). The percentageof tailed rhos is just 10 (45 of 445).

15 Attic:4, 128, 129, 130, 131, 629, 630, 632-635, 637-639, 650.16 Attic:643. Ionic:646, 661.17 Ionic:874.18 Attic:8, 9, 11, 12, 312, 595, 651. Ionic:7, 310, 311, 592, 594, 597, 652.19Ionic:13, 14, 16, 17, 144, 145, 307-309, 600-607, 659.20The 80 occur on 61 ostraka,19 of which preserve wo dottedthetas.21 Crossbarred: 51. Dotted:98, 99, 652, 660, 1050.22 Dotted: 307.23 Others include circles with a single bar: horizontal (early:664 with two, 726, 748, 805, 830, 836, 932, 1034;middle:100); vertical(early:671, 732, 814, 878, 925, 1011, 1043);diagonal(early:824, 889).24 747, 776, 786, 789, 1023.25 18,869.26958,985.27 With enclosedvertical:308. With extendedvertical:309, 600, 602-605, 607, 653, 656, 659.

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II. THE OSTRAKAThe letter chi is seen to changefroman uprightcrossto a St. Andrew'scross as follows:Chi Early28 Middle29 Late30Upright cross 184 (81%) 1 (100%) 0St. Andrew's cross 42 (19%) 0 3 (100%)

The numbersforthe middleandlate periodsare toosmall tobe significant,and forthe earlyperiodit is oftendifficultto know whether forany particular etter one is orientingthe sherd as the writerwas.Upsilon, tailed anduntailed,is perhapsmoreuseful,althoughwith the propensity orthe writ-ing implementto gougeor slip beyondthe writer'sintention when he appliedsufficient orce to cutthroughglaze, perhapsnot all tails were intended.Upsilon Early31 Middle32 Late33Untailed (V) 186 (98%) 4 (40%) 0Tailed (Y) 4 (2%) 6 (60%) 6 (100%)As faras sigmaswith threeand four barsareconcerned he situation s somewhatdifferent, or

althoughthereis a demonstrable hangefromthe three-barred o the four-barred orm overtime, itis alsoclear that the few four-barred igmasthat doappearin the earlyperiodarefor the mostpartlimitedto particularfunctions. That is, of the 27 earlyfour-barred igmas26 comeat the end of aname (16), before a dental (9), or in combinationwith chi to make xi (1).34 Only one (63) appearselsewhere. Since it is in these veryplacesthat the otherchief alternatesigmas (the doubledsigmaand the reversedthree-barredsigma) appear,35 t seems possiblethat all variant formsmight beusedby somewritersto representwhat seemedto be differentsounds.In anyevent,the four-barredsigma graduallytookover,as is apparentfrom the way in which ten of the 16middle-period igmashavefourbars,36n comparisonwith six three-barred igmas.37 n the lateperiodall 17sigmashavefourbars.38

SOUNDS AND SPELLINGAlso a matter of letter shapes, but vergingon spelling and representationof sounds,is the use ofomega. Its appearancefor long o in the late period is in line with the use of Ionic gammasandlambdasat that time:Kleophon(600, 602-605). Its appearance n the early periodseemsto be oneof severalattemptsto differentiate he soundof the genitive's mpure diphthongou (contractionof

28St. Andrew'scross:18, 60, 64, 66, 74, 87, 134, 321, 343, 353, 355, 362, 363, 371, 373, 378, 400, 401, 422, 436,455, 485, 489, 493, 502, 503, 505, 506, 508-510, 513, 523, 529, 531, 532, 549, 580, 1058-1060, 1067 (ontwo, 363 and523, a second chi is an uprightcross).The shape of the cross is not indicated n catalogueentries but may often bechecked n the Figuresandon the Plates.29Upright cross: 651.30 St. Andrew'scross:96, 603, 653.31 Tailed upsilon:53, 68, 317, 636.32 Untailedupsilon:99, 109 (2), 310. Tailed upsilon:100, 111, 311, 660, 661, 1050.33Tailed upsilon:96, 307, 308, 309, 647, 653.34 Final four-barred igma:33, 118, 464, 548, 554, 755, 840 (2), 916, 958, 977, 986, 1036 (2), 1048. Four-barredsigmabefore dental:63, 334, 457, 755, 916, 986, 1047, 1048. Four-barred igmawith chi: 361.35See belowunderSoundsand Spelling, p. 15, use of reversedsigma.36 Four-barred:109 (2), 110 (2) 661 (4), 1050, 1051.37Three-barred:6, 9, 10, 99, 111, 645.3813, 14, 96 (2), 307, 308, 309, 647, 653 (4), 654, 655 (2), 1087, 1141.

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SOUNDSAND SPELLINGoo00r eo) fromsimple omicron.Patronymicsof AristeidesLysimachou(87), HippokratesAlkmeo-nidou (159, 186, 194, 238, 251, 261), KallixenosAristonymou 321, 324,435,450,459, 500, 508,572), Megakles Hippokratous(628), and ThemistoklesNeokleous (724, 849, 916, 947, 948) haveomegaas their final vowel.39A somewhat less frequentway of markingthe difference s the use ofomicron-upsilon,which, although it became the eventual solution of the problem,seems to havebeen given up afterthe early period,sincenoneof the ostrakafrom the middle or late periodsusesanything other than simple omicronfor the diphthong.Examples of omicron-upsilonare patro-nymics of the following: Hipparchos Charmou (133), Hippokrates Alkmeonidou (149, 212);Kallias Kratiou (313); Kallixenos Aristonymou(315, 519); Megakles Hippokratous(634); andThemistoklesNeokleous (672, 912, 1010).40 A thirdsolution is bothless popularand less satisfac-tory: simple upsilon for the impure diphthong,as in Alkmeonidu(187), Aristonymu(363), andHippokratus(636).41In fact,when the writer of one Boutalion ostrakon(89) firstwrote Butalionhe scratched t out and wrote Boutalion,apparentlyas a correction.Certainlythe othersix Bouta-lion ostraka all have Boutalion. The omicron-upsilondiphthong in both Kleiboulos (598) andThoukidides(1050) was representedby a simpleomicron.42Somewhatcomparabl he changefrom omicronto omega,but with differentcomplications,is the use of eta as aspirationor vowel. In ostrakaof the early periodeta, which has the openformexceptin two cases(128,130), is regularlyused forinitial aspiration n the cases of Habron,Hiero-kles, Hipparchos, and Hippokrates. Only Habronichos(127) and Hegestratos (128-131) showpsilosis, if indeed thosenames were pronouncedwith an aitch.43Aspirationof medial rhoby meansof eta occurson 11 Themistokles ostraka n the demoticPhrear(r)ios(766, 779, 794, 798, 872,893,928, 958, 965, 1016, 1021) in contrast to 86 without.44Late candidates,Hippokles and Hyper-bolos,beginwith the simplevowel. Eta hadalreadybeen usedas a longe on at leastoneostrakon nthe earlyperiod(1026); in the middleperiodsix long e's are representedby epsilon(111 Eukrates,99 and 101 Dieitrephes,651 Perikles,661 Sokrates,1051 Thoukydides)and fourby eta (109 and110 Eukrates,652 Perikles,1050 Thoukydides).In the lateperiodall sevenlonge'sarerepresentedby eta (13-17 Alkibiadesthe Younger,145 Hippokles,648 Nikias Nikeratou).More a matterof simple spelling than the use of particular ettershapes is the questionof theextent to which differences n the resentation of sounds echo differentpronunciations.Amongvowels, for example, there seems to be some confusionbetween iota and upsilon, at least in somelon,45and two show uncertaintybetween the two vowels.46 n addition,what seemsto be the wordfor "son" n anotherKallixenosAristonymouostrakon(328) is spelledwith an iota ratherthan anupsilon. What is strangeis that in none of the many cases of Lysimachou,Dionysios, Eratyllos,orKydrokles s an iota substituted for upsilon. The parallelswhich Threatte cites (p. 261) do, how-ever,includeDionisigenes, Dionisos, andOlisseus.The occasionalsubstitution of iota for the diphthongepsilon-iotaoccursonly in early- andmiddle-periodostraka: Klibolos (598) and Alkibiades Kliniou (6, 7, 11, 12). The ostraka of

39CompareThreatte,pp. 47-49.40 CompareThreatte,pp. 238-241.41 CompareThreatte,p. 260.42 CompareThreatte,pp. 350-351.43Chambers,CP 54, 1959, p. 42; Threatte,p. 493.44 See Threatte, p. 25.45 3,315,332,357, 359,365,443, 484,488, 523.46 340 has upsilonand iota side by side;568 has iota within the upsilon.

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II. THE OSTRAKAAlkibiades he Younger,on the otherhand,spell out the diphthong:Kleiniou(13, 14).47 The use ofepsilonfor epsilon-iotais similarlylimitedin instances f not in date,but it may also simplybe theresult of an omitted iota: Aristedes(33, 49, 50); Klestenos, f for Kleisthenous(464); and perhapsKleppidou(600), where a possibleiota is writtenover the firstpi.48As far as consonantsare concerned he confusionbetweenaspiratedand unaspirated ettersisparticularlynotable: theta and tau; phi and pi; chi and kappa.Apparentlythe aspirationof The-mistokles' initial consonantexercisedan aspiratingeffect49on the seconddental so that the vastproportionof Themistoklesostrakathat preservethat part of the name show theta in the thirdsyllable: 183 to 17 (92%to 8%).50This time it is the exceptionthat is, from our point of view,correct!The same contagionof aspiration appearsto work backwards n 99 where Dieithrephesconverts au into thetain anticipationof the phi.51In the threeinstancesof the demoticXypetaionon earlyostraka he aspiratedchi that combineswith sigmato makeup the xi-soundhas the same effecton the following pi that initial thetahas onthe following tau in Themistokles:2 AcharnionXyphetaion and 3 AcharnionXiphetaion;523KallixenosXiphetaion.The names on ostrakaprovideno opportunityfor simple chi at or towardthe beginningof aname to aspiratea followingconsonant,but neither does the aspirationof chi combinedwith sigmain Kallixenos ever work back to the initial kappa. As a matterof fact the only example of x inKallixenosbeing unaspiratedcomesin a psiloticcontextalreadynotedabove:328 Kalliskenos osAristonymo.If we omit thatone psiloticexample,we find that the representation f xi is achievedvariouslyin the earlyperiod:chi-sigma(129 exampleson Kallixenosostrakaalone);sigma-chi(sevenexam-ples, all Kallixenos:319, 340, 411, 455, 487, 537, 578); sigma (fiveexamples,all Kallixenos:347,365, 440, 464, 517); chi (twoexamples,281 (?) Anaxileou,542 Kallixenos;541 addeda sigmaonlyafterstartingthe followingepsilon);doublesigma (threeexamples,18 Philoxenon, 439, 474, bothof Kallixenos, with the latter's two sigmas back to back);and one xi (554 Kallixenos).52 n themiddleperiodthe two ostrakaof Periklesdivideneatlybetweentheold conservative oter(651 withchi-sigmaand epsilon for long e) and the young radical(652 with xi and eta). Phaiax in the laterperiodhas xi (653) or, to makeverysure,xi-sigma (654).Whetherthe doublingof consonants,generallythoughtto be comingin only in the early 5thcentury,53s moreor less the practiceon ostrakadependsverymuchon the specificconsonant:

Ostrakawith A Double SingleEarly (Eratyllos, Kallias Kratiou, 164 124 (76%) 40 (24%)

Kallixenos)Middle (Kallias Didymiou) 3 3 (100%) 0

47CompareThreatte,pp. 192-193.48CompareThreatte,pp. 353-354.49CompareThreatte,pp. 463-464.50Tau for theta in Themistokles'thirdsyllable:697, 732, 736, 740, 755, 756, 791, 870, 886, 961, 962, 982, 1004,1013, 1018, 1029, 1048;843 has both tau and theta in that position.51See Threatte,pp. 455-460.52See Threatte, pp. 20-21 for sigma-chi;p. 551 for sigma and doublesigma;chi alone is apparentlya matterofomittedsigma.53SeeDAA, pp. 411 116;Threatte,pp. 511-541.

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SOUNDS AND SPELLINGOstrakawith 7r Double SingleEarly (Hipparchos, Hippokrates, 108 78 (72%) 30 (28%)Hippokratous, Xanthippos)Middle (Xanthippou) 2 2 (100%) 0Late (Hippokles, Kleippidou) 9 9 (100%) 0Ostrakawith p Double SingleEarly (Phrearrios) 82 19 (23%) 63 (77%)Early (Ariphronos) 10 8 (80%) 2 (20%)

Single lambda andsinglepi areclearlyon the way out in the early periodand seemto be completelyout by mid-century.The situationwith rho is different. Phrearrios ater always has a doublerho,but unlike the names that later have double lambdaand double pi, its percentageof singles anddoubles is reversed n the early period.In oppositefashionthe later formof Ariphronhas a singlerhowhile the early periodostrakagive him a preponderance f doubles.It must be thatthe currenttrendtoward doublingproducedwhat Threatte (p. 533) calls false gemination, goodexamplesofwhich are KallixenosArristonymou 504), Kallichchsenos 540) and Kallissennos(439).The numbers for double or single tau in Kattariou (early) and Gargettios (middle) are toosmallto be indicative; n both cases thereis one exampleof singletau (107, 645) andoneexampleofdouble tau (105, 646). The name Kattarios is unknown, and so its proper spelling is obscure.Gargettiosshouldhavethe double tau.In the early period,boththe doublingof sigmasand the reversingof sigmasseem to serve a spe-cial purpose,as was suggestedabove for the early four-barred igmas (p. 12). Sigmais doubled 19times beforetau or theta and three times when it substitutesfor xi.54 Reversedsigma appearsnotonly in thesetwo situations but also in the finalposition,as follows:17 times beforetau or theta;12times with chi to representxi; 40 times in the final position.55Only threeexamplesappearbeforevowels: 128, 663 (2); all these are in boustrophedonwriting where there is sometimes confusionaboutletterorientation.That there was a felt differenceof sound for some writersin the situationsaboveseemspossible,but at the same timethere is remarkably ittle consistencyn the usage by anyparticularindividual,so that two final sigmas on one sherdare not always treatedthe same, andsome writers reverse the sigma with chi and that before tau (in Kallixenos Aristonymou)whileothersreverseonly one or the other.As doublingof consonantswas comingto the forein the earlyperiod,so was the contractionoftwo vowels into one. The contracted orms (in nominativeand dativecases) of Kydrokles,Mega-kles, and Themistoklesnumber127;the uncontracted orms(in nominative,dative,and accusativecases) of the same names occur65 times.56The proportionof 66 percentto 34 percentshows thatcontraction had already made considerableheadway. In the genitive of Neokles, which always

54Doubledsigmabeforetau/theta: 25, 88, 322,326,361,460,541,579,692,738,758,849,861,916,953,968,982,1018, 1039; doubledsigma for xi: 18, 439, 474 (in this last the two sigmasare back to back;that is, the second is re-versed).For doubledsigmassee Threatte,pp. 510, 530, 551.55These figuresincludesevenexamplesof forward-written igmasin retrogradewriting,so reversed n comparisonwith otherletters. Beforedental:129, 130, 325, 337, 370, 395, 536, 546, 684, 742, 751, 762, 766, 810, 892, 932, 962.With chi: 325, 332, 337, 348, 370, 372, 381, 417, 464 (chi omitted),465, 481, 518. As final letter:130 (2), 135, 172,215, 261, 264, 266, 325, 328, 337, 348, 370, 372, 389, 392, 414, 464, 465, 598, 663, 675, 684, 711, 731, 732, 742, 759,762, 766 (2), 843, 932 (2), 965, 970, 975, 984, 986, 1019. But see 474, where one of the doubledsigmasis reversed.56 The difference between these figuresand those given by Vanderpoolin Semple LecturesII, p. 228 may be ac-countedfor by the fact that he includedsome, at least, of the North Slope ostrakaof Themistokles in the contractedgroupand omitteddatives and accusatives romthe uncontracted.

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II. THE OSTRAKAappearsas Neokleos (forNeokleous), it had already completely akenover.What evidence hereisfor the middleperiodseemsto indicatethat contractionhadwon out completely(651, 652).Whether omitted letters are anythingmorethan carelessness57s unclear,but it is true that inthe case of some omissionsthe word or name canbe, andperhapswas, so pronounced.For possibleinsight, then, into man-in-the-streetpronunciation n the 5th centuryB.C. it is worthwhileexam-ining the omissions.Omittedalpha:unaccentedalphasas in Marthonios (89, andpossibly115) and Klise-ns (347) may reflectpronunciation;accentedalphasas in Phalnthou (641), Phrerios(946), andChsnthipos (1061) shouldbe carelessness,but the fact thateachis accompaniedby asonant or liquid suggeststhat the vowel mightbe slurredover.Omitted epsilon: unaccentedepsilons include three examples of Alkmonides (148, 200,202) where it is possiblya matterof contractionrather than omission;also Thmisthoe (768),Thmisthokleei (990), Phrarios (933), and Alopekethn (223) where the vowels mightbe slurredover;andone accentedepsilonin Hegstratos (130) that must be a carelessmistake.Omitted iota: unaccented iotas are omitted in Arstonumo (354, 415, 536, 545), inThemsthokles (762) and as subscriptor adscriptof the dativeMelesio (1051), all of whichcan be pronouncedafter a fashion;the accented otasof [Alkmeo]ndo(165) and Kallxenos(355, 466) mightsuggesta kindof contractionwith shift of accent.Omitted omicron:unaccentedomicrons ncludeHippkrates (231), Kallichsens (369),and Themisthkles (958), which are rather difficult to pronounce;otheromicronsare omittedalongwith othervowelsinnameswhich canonlybeinterpretedwithdifficultyanddoubt: Ma]r-thn[ ] (115), [Al]kmn[i]do 154), Klisens (347), andAritnm[o](517).Omittedupsilon:accentedupsilonis omitted n Aristonmoon two occasionswith otherlet-ters (517, 542) and onceby itself (369). Upsilon as partof epsilon-upsilondiphthong s omittedin112 and 126.Omittedomega:Kleophn (607), an obviouserror.Consonantsareomittedsomewhat esserratically.Omittedkappain variouscontexts(198,766,849) maybesimpleerrorwhile lambda'somission s limitedtothe-klesending(114,743, 843 twice,856, 1032). Nu is omittedonly twice, apparentlyby chance(207, 642), while rho morefrequentlydropsouteitheraspartof a consonantcluster(114,131,207,301) or asa result ofdissimilation 307,610,885).58All theomissionsof sigmaare from consonantclusters: igma plus tau or theta(49,328,517, 563, 709, 776, 777,809, 1011)59andchiplus sigma(542). Similarlyfiveof theomitted ausarefroma consonantcluster: igma plustau (337,535,542,649) andLampreus(124). Onlyonetauseems tobeomittedelsewhere:[Hippo]kraes(246), presumablybymistake.A few omittedsyllablesmorelikely result fromthe mind runningahead of the writing imple-ment than from abbreviatedpronunciation:Alkmeono (194), Arisnu[mo] (347), The-misk[les](682), Thest[okles] (886), Themiskle[s](1031 but corrected).Otherforms of misspellingrepresented n the ostraka ncludethe additionof extra letters,thesubstitutionof one letterforanother, igatures,and metathesis.Extralettersmayresult fromassim-ilation:60Alk(l}meo[nido]213), Alkme{l}onides236), K{l}alich[senos]420), K{l}alisenos 464);or

57 Threatte (p. 398) suggeststhat omissionof vowels,especiallyaccentedones, is simply graphicerror.58See Threatte,pp. 480-481.59SeeThreatte,p. 506.60 SeeThreatte,pp. 478-479.

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GRAMMARfromvowel anaptyxis:61Lais{i)p[odias] 627), [Themi]s{i)thokl[es]944), andpossiblyDi{i}du[mio](312), Aris{is}teides (60), Aristonu{nu}m( ) (348), and Erasis{is}tr[a]to (653); or byanticipation: Hipp]o{t}kra[tes]292). Substitutionof one letterforanother most often involvestheuse of nu for mu:62Lan[ptr]es(126), Anpronicho[s] 127), Tinodemos (130), Aristoninou(315),[Ari]stonuno (508), [A]ristonunon (557), Nikodeno (598), Nel[anthios] (642). There is oneexample of lambda for rho: [H]ipoklatos (639); and there are two of epsilon for omicron:Themisthekles(964) and Klisenes (if it is Klisens) (347). Ligaturesare rareand notalways legible:rho and alphaseemto bejoinedon 165, buton both207 and 301 the two arewrittenas one letter, so that it is uncertainwhich is omitted;the apparentcombinationof lambda andepsilonon 956 is not a ligaturebut a correction.Metathesis may be of rho-alpha:63Hipp[oka]rtes (295); [Hip]pokar[tos](630), Grag( )(643); or of lambda-epsilon:Neokelos (684) and Themisstokels(1018). [A]lkemon[ido] 226) isprobablya mistake,and [Ar]sito[numo] 581) couldalso be restoredas [Ari]sito[numo] nd be anexampleof vowel anaptyxis.Related to such miswritingsare the cases where correctionshave been made,most usually byeither squeezing in an omitted letter or writing it (or them) above or below the line. Most fre-quentlyomitted and added is sigma:493, 837, 867, 1002, 1049. Othersinclude mu (350), omicron(638), epsilon (667,734), theta(932), lambda(968), iota (1056) andtheta-omicron 1001). On 256a faultyendingof the patronymic s correctedby means of partialrewriting.

GRAMMARThe grammarof inscriptionswhichnormally ncludenothingmorethana name,a patronymic,anda demotic(if so much)is virtuallylimitedto cases. Forthename,the nominative so-called ndepen-dent nominative) s normaland is used on all but 44 of the Agoraostrakathat preserve he endsofthe name. As mightbe expected,there is no exampleof the candidate'snameappearing n the geni-tive case. Names in the dativecase (indirectobject,dativeof disadvantage?) ccur on 31 ostraka:28of the earlyperiod; wo from the middleperiod;onefrom the late period.64Names in the accusativecase (asobjectof an understoodverb)appearon 13ostraka:11 in the earlyperiod; wo fromthe lateperiod.65For the patronymic, he genitive singularis normal andis usedon all but 21 of theAgoraostra-ka that preservethe patronymicand its end. Patronymics n the nominativeoccuron 15 ostrakaofthe early period but not at any other time.66The rationalefor the use of this case is difficult todivine,but perhapsit representsa kind of illiteratecontagionfromthe candidate'sname or is itselfan independentnominative,as in lists. But the commonpracticeof referring o a man as so-and-so(son) of such-and-suchmust havebeenhard to ignore,unlessby writerswho so strongly preferredthe demoticas supplementarydesignation hattheyassimilated he patronymic othe nominativeof

61 See Threatte,pp. 407-408.62 See Threatte,p. 491.63 See Threatte,pp. 476-477.64 Earlynamesin dative:193, 313, 365, 401,440, 629, 693, 719, 745, 749(?), 761,780, 785, 789, 799, 802,841,852,854, 880, 890, 912(?), 972(?), 982(?), 990, 1032, 1052, 1073. Middle-periodname in dative:310, 1051(?). Late:648.65 Early names in accusative:3, 48, 63, 89, 523, 741, 805, 911, 934, 966, 1013 (note that on both89 and 523 thedemotic is in the nominativecase). Late names in accusative:16, 659.66 Patronymics n the nominativecase:67, 85, 135, 148, 236, 336, 379, 383, 391,428, 504, 732, 950, 987, 1003.

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II. THE OSTRAKAthe demotic.On threeostrakaapparentpatronymicsoccur as genitiveplurals,indicating he familyinstead of, or in addition to, the father: [Hipp]okrates [Alkmeo]nidon(206), [Hippo]krates[Alkm]eonidon 215), [Alk]meon[idonKal]lixe[nosAr]isto[nymou] 524). One patronymic n thedative case makes reasonable sense as a dative of possession: Kallixenos Aristonymoi (338).Anotherapparentdativeis perhapsmorelikely an incompletepatronymic:Hasimioni for Hasimi-oni(des) (128). Two possibly accusativepatronymicspresent difficulties:[Kalllixenos [A]risto-nynon (557) makes little sense as either accusativesingularor genitive plural;what might be thepatronymic n 568, KalisthenosAristonymon,mayalso beread as a nominativesincethe final letteris written below the line and can be orientedas eithernu or sigma.There are other variantpatro-nymicsthat may be notedhere:134 Charmido or Charmo;220 and264 Alkmeonos or Alkmeoni-do;198 Alkmeonidos?; 56 Alkmeoucorrected o Alkmeonido.Incompletenames on apparentlycompleteostrakamay be genuine votes left unfinishedforsomereasonor abandonedattempts:305 Hippokra( ), 466 Kallx( ), 542 Kali[x]en(os),768 Thmisthoe( ), 837 Themisth( ), 961 Themistokle( ), 1026 [Themi]sthokle(),1046 [The]misthok( ). Incompletepatronymicsand demoticsare somewhat morefrequent,asif the writer thoughtthat he had providedsufficient nformationevenwithoutthe endings:99 Eu-thoi(no), 184 Al(kmeonidoor opekethen),188 Alkmeon(ido),246 [Alkme]on(ido)and 252 Alk-meon(ido); 348 Aristonu{nu}m(ou)and 542 Arisonm(o); 842 Neokleo(s) and 843Neoke( ); 307 Perithoi(des);463 [Xypet]aono(n);643 Grag(ettios);749 and 869 Phreario(s).67Just as 128 Hasimioni may be an incompleteHasimionides,so 194 Alkmeonomay have omittedthe fourthsyllableof Alkmeonido.

67See Threatte,pp. 99-101.

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IIIGROUPS OF OSTRAKAOf the 1145 cataloguedostraka(1069 identifiedand 76 uncertain)only 185 were foundas singles;the other 960 were found in associationwith at leastone other ostrakon n 35 combinations angingin size from448 to 2.1The findingof ostraka in large depositssuggeststhat after an ostrakophoria hey were cartedaway to be used as fill. The fact that most of the depositsare not pure suggeststhat fill was oftenmovedaround,as needed,and so sufferedcontamination. t also seemspossiblethat small depositsmay be explained as resulting from imperfectsweeping-upoperationsand as spillage fromover-loadedcarts. In generalthen, the location of groupsin the Agoracan best be seen (1) as neglected

remnants in the fenced-offarea, sometimestidied away into near-bycisterns or rubbishpits (gridsquaresG-J 4-13), (2) as resultingfromspillageor the fillingof potholeson the way to the dumps(D-F 12-15), and (3) the dumpsthemselves(A-C 18-22). SeeTable, p. 21 belowandthe Plan forthe locationof ostraka,bothgroupsand singles,plottedon the Agoragrid.2The groupsare here designatedby both lettersandnumbers,with the prefixE forgroupsthatare predominantlyearly (that is, fromthe 480's), the prefix M for mid-centurygroups (ca. 460-440 B.C.), andthe prefixL for the latterpartof the century(420-415 B.C.). The numberswith eachletterindicate the relative sizes of the groups,fromlargeto small, e.g., E 1-la has 448 ostraka;E 2has 171; E 3 has 57, etc.;M 1 has 5; M 2 has 5, etc.;L 1 has 15; L 2 has 3. Of the 35 groups,29belongto the early period,fourto the mid-century,and two to the late period.This formof groupdesignationprovidesa quickand easycontextreference orthoseostraka hat belongto the groups,givingat oncea roughdateandsomenotion of the group'ssize. But because n variouspublicationsthe groupshave been designated n variousways, the concordance ivenbelow (p. 20) will help incrossreferencing; he numbers in parenthesesareof ostraka.' The breakdown s as follows:10 in 5 pairs (E 25-29)18 in 6 three's(E 20-24; L 2)8 in 2 four's(E 19; M 4)25 in 5 five's(E 17, 18;M 1-3)

6 in 1 six (E 16)14 in 2 seven's(E 14, 15)16 in 2 eights's (E 12, 13)18 in 2 nine's (E 10, 11)10 in 1 ten (E 9)45 in 3 fifteen's(E 7, 8; L 1)22 in 1 groupof twenty-two (E 6)41 in 1 groupof forty-one(E 5)51 in 1 groupof fifty-one(E 4 and4a)57 in 1 groupof fifty-seven(E 3)171 in 1 groupof one hundredseventy-one(E 2)448 in 1 groupof four hundredforty-eight(E 1 and la)9602 Agoragrid squaresmeasure 20 x 20 m., and ostrakawere found in everycolumnof squaresfromA throughS(exceptfor L) and in everyrow from2 through22, but only in about 100 of the 399 squaresthus defined.


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III. GROUPS OF OSTRAKAAgora XXV3 Thomsen4 Meiggs and Lewis5 Hands6E 1-la (448) C (411) C (410) B (410)J (8)E 2 (171) F (172) B (170) A (158)E 3 (57) D (52)E 4-4a (51) G (48) E (47) D (48)E 5 (41) H (40) D (39) C (39)E 6 (22) I (22) F (17) F (17)E 8 (15) A (15) A (15) E (15)E 10 (9) E (9)E 13 (8) K (7)The disparity n numbersamongthe various lists is notveryserious,since some lists donot includeostraka with uncertain names and since over the years there have beenjoins and new interpre-tationsresultingin additionsor deletions.Publicationreferencesand the descriptionof the groups'contexts are given below (the refer-ences to AthenianAgoravolumesare to their Deposit Lists);only the group designationand gridreferencewill appearas proveniencen the individualcatalogue tems.Wherethere is no groupthedate of the potterycontext and gridreferenceare given.

E 1 (A 18-19:1). Agora IV, XII, XXII; Hesperia 17, 1948, pp. 193-194; Hesperia 19, 1950,p. 337; Stamires and Vanderpool, pp. 376-390. Originally, 605 pieces were found;of these 440were catalogued n the Agoraand reducedbyjoins to 438, and 165 were uncatalogued,as beingtoofragmentary o be significant.The areaof the depositwas about 6 x 10 m. in thevalleybetween theAreopagusand KolonosAgoraios,andit was about 40 meterssouthwestof E 2. The wholeseemstohave been depositedaboutthe middleof the 5th century,since there is someadmixtureof second-quartermaterial. See underE 1a forpercentagesof votesfor the chiefcandidates.E la (A 19). Hesperia16, 1947,p. 207. Sincefour of the 14piecesin thisgroupmade oinswithpieces from E 1, it seems certain that the two belong together.The depositwas 10 to 15 meterssoutheastof E 1 over bedrock n the bottomof the valleybetweentheAreopagusand the Hill of theNymphs, with potteryranging from Geometric to late 5th centuryB.C. E 1 and E la togetherincludethe following:

Themistokles 176 (39%)Kallixenos 168 (38%)Hippokrates Al- 49 (11%)7Aristeides 5 (1%)Others 50 (11%)8(Others:Kydrokles7, Habron3, Habronichos3, Megakles2, Kleiboulos2, Onomastos1, ChariasPh[ ]dou1, Acharnion1, Eretrieus1, and fragments29.)Absent names may be equally importantin the effort to determinethe natureof the depositwith regardto the possibleostrakophoria(i) epresented.The absenceof Hipparchosfromso large

3Originalpublicationreferenceswill be noted under eachgroupbelow.4Thomsen, pp. 86-91. The numbersof ostraka ncludeonly thoseidentified.5 Meiggs and Lewis, pp. 43-44. Again, unidentifiedostrakafragmentsare not included n the numbers.6 Hands,JHS 79, 1959, pp. 76-77. The numbersof ostraka ncludeonly thoseidentified.7Of the 49, 39 (146-184) are Hippokrates Al- (either Alkmeonidouor Alopekethen).Since there is not oneHippokratesAnaxileou,it seemsreasonable o creditthe 10 Hippokrateswhichhaveno otherdesignation 283-292) toHippokratesAl-.8 Only the "bigfour"are given percentages ndividually,sinceonly theseconsistentlybulk largein mostgroups.

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GROUPS OF OSTRAKATABLE: ocationsof the MajorConcentrations f Ostraka

No. of Grid Squares Group s) No. of OstrakaE 1-laE 13E 19E 18E 24E 28E2M2E 4-4aE9E3

4488453247017151765110

5711841227533283

847

E 514 E6E 14E 17E 21E 23E 27

2 - 620

E8L 1E7E 15E 10E 11

15151579970

917

(2)(2)(4)

(3)

(7)(10)(28)

or 74%of allAgoraostrakawerefoundin 14 squares

or 80%foundin 20 squaresAs may be seen on the Plan, the singles in these 20 squarescould be added(as in the parenthesesaboveto the right)togive a totalof 945 or 82.5% n the same 20 squares,or by addingthe 12 singlesof B 18-19, 8 of C 19, and 6 of F 14 (26in 4 squares,all neighboringconcentrationsabove),we get 971 ostraka or 85% n 24 squares. (The total number ofostrakaonthe Plan falls shortof 1145 becausea few sherdswere foundoutsidetheAgora,oron anexcavationdump,orfrom an area definedas coveringseveralsquares.)

GridA 18-19A-B 20 22B 22

Singles

1

C 18 1

E 15E-F 12-14

16

H 12 1

G6J 5I 11-12

112D-E 7

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III. GROUPS OF OSTRAKAa depositas E 1-la makes it unlikelythat sherds fromthe ostrakophoriaof 487 B.C. were broughthere, unless all the votes for the "winner" were kept separate, which seems improbable. On thefurther assumption that the presence of

Lang, Ostraka

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