grzybek23/Podstawy_Elektroniki_-_tom_1/12... · ˚ˆ ˜ &)˛))’ ˝ ˇ ˇ ˘ ˘ ˙ ˘ ˘...

36
:=0$&1,$&=(35'867$à(*2 :352:$'=(1,( :]PDFQLDF]H SUGX VWDáHJR F]\ WH* Z]PDFQLDF]H QDSLFLD VWDáHJR V XNáDGDPL GROQRSU]HSXVWRZ\PL VáX*F\PL GR Z]PDFQLDQLD V\JQDáyZ Z RNUHORQ\P SDPLH F]VWRWOLZRFL Z W\P UyZQLH* V\JQDáyZZROQR]PLHQQ\FKLVWDá\FK=WDNLHJRRNUHOHQLDZ\QLND *HZ XNáDGDFK W\FK QLH PR*QD VWRVRZDü HOHPHQWyZ UHDNWDQF\MQ\FK GR EORNDG\ EG( VHSDUDFML V\JQDáyZ VNáDGRZ\FK VWDá\FK L NRQLHF]QH MHVW X*\FLH VSU]*HQLD EH]SRUHGQLHJR PLG]\ VWRSQLDPL :VNXWHN WHJR ZV]HONLH V\JQDá\ V]NRGOLZH Z\QLNáH QS ] QLHVWDáRFL SXQNWX SUDF\ SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK VWRSQL QLH PRJ E\ü Z\RGUEQLRQH L UR]Uy*QLRQH RG V\JQDáX X*\WHF]QHJR ]D SRGVWDZRZ\P SUREOHPHP VWDMH VL ]DSHZQLHQLH VWDáRFL ZDUXQNyZ SUDF\ L ]PQLHMV]HQLH GR PLQLPXP V\JQDáyZV]NRGOLZ\FK:]PDFQLDF]SUGXVWDáHJRSRZLQLHQZ]PDFQLDü W\ONRV\JQDáX*\WHF]Q\]DWáXPLüV\JQDá\V]NRGOLZH2GZ]PDFQLDF]\ SUGX VWDáHJR Z\PDJD VL UyZQLH* DE\ QD ]DFLVNDFK ZHMFLRZ\FK L Z\MFLRZ\FK SU]\ EUDNX SREXG]HQLD QDSLFLH VWDáH Z]JOGHP PDV\ E\áR UyZQH ]HUX 6SHáQLHQLH WHJR Z\PDJDQLD XPR*OLZLD NDVNDGRZH áF]HQLH Z]PDFQLDF]\ RUD] ]ZLHUDQLH ]DFLVNX Z\MFLRZHJR ] ZHMFLRZ\P 6\JQDá\ V]NRGOLZH PRJ SRZVWDZDü ZH ZV]\VWNLFK VWRSQLDFK Z]PDFQLDF]D MHGQDN QDMZD*QLHMV]H ]QDF]HQLH PD GU\IW VWRSQLD ZHMFLRZHJR NWyU\ SRGOHJD QDMZLNV]HPX Z]PRFQLHQLX = WHJR Z]JOGXVWRSQLHZHMFLRZHUHDOL]XMHVLMDNRXNáDG\Uy*QLFRZH 8NáDG Uy*QLFRZ\ RNUHODQ\ Z OLWHUDWXU]H DQJORVDVNLHM MDNR SDUD VSU]*RQD HPLWHUDPL DQJ HPLWWHUFRXSOHG SDLU MHVW MHGQ\P ] QDMZD*QLHMV]\FKLQDMEDUG]LHMXQLZHUVDOQ\FKHOHPHQWyZZVSyáF]HVQ\FK DQDORJRZ\FKXNáDGyZHOHNWURQLF]Q\FK :=0$&1,$&=5Ï )1,&2:<=75$1=<6725$0,%,32/$5 1<0, =DVDGDG]LDáDQLDZ]PDFQLDF]DUy*QLFRZHJR 3RGVWDZRZ\ XNáDG Z]PDFQLDF]D Uy*QLFRZHJR ] WUDQ]\VWRUDPL ELSRODUQ\PLSU]HGVWDZLRQRQDU\VD

Transcript of grzybek23/Podstawy_Elektroniki_-_tom_1/12... · ˚ˆ ˜ &)˛))’ ˝ ˇ ˇ ˘ ˘ ˙ ˘ ˘...

! !

!

! !

!

"

!

! !

! #

#

$

%

& '

!

!"#$!$%&!$'"()'

(

! ))

*+

T T21E

T T21E

b)+8&&

5&

5&

5& 5

&

+8&&

8

8

5,

,

−8((

−8((

, 5,

8LU

−8 LU

8LV

8RU

8RU

,)) - ' !'

- U U Uir = −1 2

( ) 2/21 UUU is +=

(

. . !

I !& I

IR '

/

! ,

21 UU − irU

0 1U 2U

& 21 UU −= '.

.

!

$

,

orU

1 1U 2U $& 21 UU = '

!

1

2

! ∞→IR

!

2 ))!

*)

1U 2U

irU

isU

21 UUUir −= ( ) 2/21 UUU is += &))'

(!

-

±

±

±

± 1U 2U

(

*%+,(%-,-+.%(/$'""#$!$

3

ORU

IRU

))

T T21

&

&

(

(

&

&

+&&

−((

%(

%(

&

&

,

25

,)"

∞=IR (

)

IRBEBE UUUUU =−=− 2121 &)'

*

& ( & (

= =α α &)'

constIII EE ==+ 21 &)*'

4!56 TBEBE UU ϕ>>21,

( )( ) TBETBE

TBETBE

UES

UESE

UES

UESE

eIeII

eIeIIϕϕ

ϕϕ

//2

//1

22

11

1

1

≈−=≈−=

&)7'

&)'&)7'

( ) TIRTBEBE UUU

E

E eeI

I ϕϕ //

2

1 21 ≈= − &)8'

&)'&)*'&)8'

TIRUCe

II ϕ

α/

01 1 −+

≈ &)9'

TIRUCe

II ϕ

α/

02 1+

≈ &):'

&)9'&):' $)

-1-2-3-4 1 2 3 4

0,5

1,0

0

,&

,&

,

,

&

α

TIRU ϕ

,) 3

-

( )I I f UC IR T/ /α ϕ0 =

2

)

CCCCC

CCCCC

RIUU

RIUU

22

11

−=−=

&)'

,

( ) CCCCCOR RIIUUU 2121 −−=−= &))+'

; &)9'&):'&))+'

( )TIRCOR UIRU ϕα /tgh0−= &)))'

*

&)))'

)*

-1-2-3-4 1 2 3 4

1

0

-1

,5 7

ϕ

8 , 525 &

α

,)* 3

- ( )U f UOR IR=

) &)9' &):'

IRU & ±8<' IRU

+)+

=.>++; Tϕ >8< $ ))*< (!

! )* &)))' ( )IROR UfU =

( 1/ ≤TIRU ϕ

2 ( )IROR UfU =

0=IRU

CmCmrTCur RgRgIRk −=−=−= max0max 2/ ϕα &))'

-

mT

mr gI

g ==ϕ

α2

0max &))'

&))' maxmrg

0=IRU mg

I / 2

0 !1# '-)! '"

1)

-

orU 1cU

**

2cU $π

))! 1U 2U !

& ' isU

&' irU =

!

!

?

)7

-

0' =bbr 0=ceg (

& 10 >>β '

E

5&

5&

8F 8

F

J 8P E H

J 8P E H

JE H

JE H

, ,L E

= , ,L E

=

8E H

8E H

8

8RU

5 *, ,

=8H

8

,)7

%

IR

( ) ( )[ ]2'22'1'11' ebmebebmebIe ggUggURU +++= &))*'

(

( ) '0''0 1, ebebebm gggag α−==

mmebm gggg ≈

+=+

0'

11

β

&))*'

( )2'21'1 ebmebmIe UgUgRU +≈ &))7'

, ;$$ !

&))7'

*7

( ) ImebImebeeb RgURgUUUU 22'11'1'1 1 ++≈+= &))8'

( )ImebImebeeb RgURgUUUU 22'11'2'2 1++≈+= &))8!'

&))8' 1'ebU 2'ebU

$ 1U 2U

( )( ) Cm

Imm

ImCebmc Rg

Rgg

UURgURUgU 1

21

21211'11 1 ++

−+−≈−= &))9'

( )( ) Cm

Imm

ImCebmc Rg

Rgg

UURgURUgU 2

21

12122'22 1 ++

−+−≈−= &))9!'

21 ccor UUU −= &)):'

2

)( 21 ccos

UUU

+= &))'

( -

'#

( 0=isU

221irU

UU =−=

urk

( )( )[ ] C

Imm

Immmm

ir

orur R

Rgg

Rgggg

U

Uk

21

2121

12

4

++++

−== &)+'

rusk −

( )( )[ ]Imm

Cmm

ir

osrus Rgg

Rgg

U

Uk

21

21

14 ++−−==− &))'

( mmm ggg == 21 &)+'

&))' !

==

−==

− 0ir

osrus

Cmir

orur

U

Uk

RgU

Uk

&)'

*8

==

−==

2

2

22

11

Cm

ir

cur

Cm

ir

cur

Rg

U

Uk

Rg

U

Uk

&)'

!'#

( isUUU == 21 & 0=irU '

usk

( )( )[ ]Imm

Cmm

is

osus Rgg

Rgg

U

Uk

21

21

12 +++−== &)*'

surk −

( )( ) Imm

Cmm

is

orsur Rgg

Rgg

U

Uk

21

21

1 ++−−==− &)7'

= &)*' &)7'

!

==

−≈+

−==

− 0

221

is

orsur

I

C

Im

Cm

is

osus

U

Uk

R

R

Rg

Rg

U

Uk

&)8'

6

& ' CMRR &

' CMRR $

=

sur

ur

k

kCMRR

= &)9'

2 &)+'&)7'&)9'

*9

( )( ) 21

21

21

2121 2

2

4

mm

Imm

mm

Immmm

gg

Rgg

gg

RggggCMRR

−≈

−++= &):'

( & 21 mm gg = 'CMRR →∞

=

us

ur

k

kCMRR = &)'

( &)+'&)*'&)'

21

2141

mm

Imm

gg

RggCMRR

++= &)+'

( &)+'

Im RgCMRR 2= &))'

?! CMRR

= CMRR

!

=

, $

0=isU

00 ==

==isis Ub

ir

Ui

irir I

U

I

UR &)'

)7

IIrR T

C

Tbeir

ϕβϕβ 00 42

2 =≈= &)'

,

0021 2==

=+

=irir Ub

is

Uii

isis I

U

II

UR &)*'

2 &)7'

( ) IIbe

is RRr

R 00 12

ββ ≈++= &)7'

*:

,

CR

2 #$!$%&!$'"-"+%((3-$*$,',1"'$

3

5

6 !

)8

=

"4 ! 5

(

)+7

"4 EZ2

EZ !

a)

±8LU

8R

5&

J 8P E H

JE H

8E H

,E

b) ,E

8E H

JE H

8LV

J 8P E H

=(

5& 8

RV

,)8, - '

!'

1 IR CSC

!

EZ2 IR2

2/CSC

ICS

IE RCj

RZ

ω+=

1

22 &)8'

( )ICSI

C

E

Cus RCj

R

R

Z

Rjk ωω +−=−≈ 1

22)( &)9'

3 urk

usk

CMRR )9

*

[ log]

[log]

+20dB/dek

-20dB/dek

[log]

-20dB/dek

-40dB/dek

dB

dB

dBXV

XU

IJ

I(

,)93 -'

!'' &055

, &)9'

+@A

IIE CR

fπ2

1= &):'

( CMRR

!)9

4 #$!$('5$(!(#+,-"!-#

! !

$ ! !

. !

-

osU & '

7+

osI & '

CMRR

2 osU

! !

!

( )2121

12CCCC UUUUiros UUUU == −=−= &)'

( osI

& ' !

!

!

( )2121

21CCCC UUiiUUiros IIII == −== &)*+'

"

$

.

!

)µ!"#$

))

CR

T

CCCmur

RIRgk

ϕ−=−= &)*)'

= CC RI !

CR

, ! CR

!

, !

!5

BC 4

!

& '

= !

):

7)

T1 T 2

T 4T 3T 6

T 7 T5

T1 T 2

T 4T3

T5

E

a) b)+8&&

+8&&

,&

,&

,&

,&

88

,2

−8((

−8((

8

,

8&

8&

55()

,

8

82

8%%

,):!-'

55 !'

55

): RC

. . %

..5()

! & . '

..&!'

@

! .

. &):!' !

!):

! &

):' ! .

. 5 .

. ( irU

. I∆

. OI∆

IIIIII CCCCO ∆=∆−∆=∆−∆=∆ 22124 &)*'

.

. & . .

' ! =

! CMRR &

IR ∞→CMRR

7

E

E

a)

b)

c)

8LU

8LU

8LU

8LU

8EH

8EH

UFH

UEH

UEH

J 8P EH

J 8P EH

UEH

UFH

UEH

J8

P

LU

J8

P

LU

UFH

UFH

UEH

UFH

UFH

UEH

UEH

UEH

8EH 8

EH

8EH

=8

EH

J 8P EH

J 8P EH

UFH

UFH

UFH

UFH

8R

8RJ 8

P EH

JP

8R

UFHJ 8

P EH UFHJ

8P

LU

J8

P

LU

JP

UEH

UEH

8EH

,)6 ):!

- '

4!' 4

' !

2 )

):!

0' =bbr & ber ebr ' 'DE

( . . -

21 bebe rr = 21 mm gg = 21 bebe UU −=

!

. . 4

(

5cer

# 33 bem Ug

3mg

3beU

,)

+

++

+==42433

411

1

2

1

cecebebem

mmm

ir

our rrggg

ggg

U

Uk &)*'

. . . 43 mm gg = ,

7

433 , bebem ggg >> &)*'

PNAPTANTcece

m

ir

our UUgg

g

U

Uk

ηηϕϕ +=

+=

+== 11

42

1 &)**'

ANU APU 4F ANTN Uϕη =

APTP Uϕη = 4F

5 5 55

( 4102 −⋅=Nη 4105 −⋅=Pη !

- 3104,1 ⋅=urk

6

)

( )APAN

APANcece

ceceUo

oo UUI

UUrr

ggI

UR

ir+

==+

===

2||

142

420

&)*7'

0

0 *%+,(%-,-+.%(/$'""#$!$

6"#

! #

6"#!

))+

M 1 M 2

M5

REFL*HQLH

DNW\ZQH

+8''

−866

−866

8'

8'

25

U2

U2

U2

,'

,'

8*6

8*6

8*

8*

8**

,

−66

,))+#

6"#

?

6 6 !

! $

7*

6 6

TTT UUU == 21 ))+

21

2

2

21

1

12121

22

=−=−=

ββDD

GSGSGGIR

IIUUUUU &)*8'

const21 =+= DD III &)*9'

=

=

L

WC

L

WK in

2'

µβ

iC 5 !5

nµ 5

W 5

L 5

'K 5

, &)*8' &)*9' & &)*8'

' 1DI 2DI (

βββ == 21

−+=

2

42

1 422 I

U

I

UIII IRIR

D

ββ&)*:'

−−=

2

42

2 422 I

U

I

UIII IRIR

D

ββ&)*'

(

212

βI

U IR ≤ &)7+'

66 !

&)*:'&)*' $)))

.

ORI $

)(21 IRDDOR UfIII =−= &)7)'

0=IRU &

'

77

-12 1

0,2

1

2-

0,4

0,6

0,8

0,0

0

,'

,'

,

,

'

β,8

,5

,))) 3

6"#

&)*:)*)7)'

( ) 1

21

1

11

21

1

1211

'2'm

D

IR

ORmr g

L

WIK

L

IWKI

U

Ig =

=

=== β

∂∂

&)7'

.

2/I

0 #$!$(%&!$'"('5$(!(#+,-"!-#!1# '-)! '"

. 6"#

! ))DE

))!

6 6 BC ;

33 gsm Ug !

44 gsm Ug !

31 mg ! 41 mg gsU

dsU

mg1

urk

))!!

6 6

3dsr 4dsr

6

))

78

M1 M 2

M 4

M 5

M 3

M 1 M 2

M 4

M 5

M 3

S

M 1 M 2

M 4

M 5

M 3

S

a) b)

c)

+8''

+8''

−866

8**

,

8*6

8*6

8*6

8*6

8**

−866

,

,'

,'

,'

,'

,'

,' ,

','

8**

8*

8*

+8''

8' 8

'

8' 8

'

8* 8

*

8* 8

*

,

−866

8**

82

,)) ( 6"# !

- ' 6"# BC !'

6"# '

6"#

( 21 mm gg =

221 irgg UUU =−= !

))! !

6 6 #

21 irgs UU = 22 irgs UU −=

))!

( )31

111 2 dsds

m

ir

dur gg

g

U

Uk

+−== &)7'

( )42

222 2 dsds

m

ir

dur gg

g

U

Uk

+== &)7*'

79

S

a)

b)

S

GV

JV

JV

J

J

P JV

P JV

GV

GV

GV

GV

G

G

G

G

RU

R

R

GV

GV

GV

GV

JV

JV

P

LU

P

LU

J8

P

LU

J8

P

LU

GV

LU

LU

,)) 6

! ))! &'

&!'

42

2

31

1

dsds

m

dsds

m

ir

orur gg

g

gg

g

U

Uk

+−=

+−== &)77'

311

1

dsdso gg

R+

= &)78'

422

1

dsdso gg

R+

= &)79'

(

isgg UUU == 21 gsgsgs UUU == 21

))

( ) 512 dsgsmgsis rUgUU +=

5121 dsm

isgs rg

UU

+= &)7:'

7:

gsU

1dsr 2dsr

))

51

31121 21 dsm

dsm

is

dususus rg

rg

U

Ukkk

+−≈=== &)7'

; &)77' &)7'

CMRR

( )42

513 21

dsds

dsmds

us

ur

gg

rgg

k

kCMRR

++

== &)8+'

)) !

6 6 %

!

% ))

))* (

))!

J8

P

LU

J8

P

LU

UGV

JP

UGV 8

JVUGV J 8

P JV UGV

8R

,))* 6

))

+

++

+==42331

411

1

2

1

dsdsdsmds

mmm

ir

our ggggg

ggg

U

Uk &)8)'

( 6 6 & 43 mm gg = '

313 , dsdsm ggg >> &)8)' !

42

1

dsds

mur gg

gk

+≈ &)8'

7

( &)77' &)8'

!

&)8'

( )( )

21

1

1'1

4242

21

11'1 22

+

=+

=IL

WK

I

LWIKkur λλλλ

&)8'

21, λλ

66

( 11 LW >)+ I >)++µ?

103≈urk 1 36"#

& '

!

& )7'

,

))*

( ) IIggR

dsdso λλλ

121

4242

≈+

=+

= &)8*'

2 6

2 ',"'"(" $"'$"#$!$-'.(%$-/!-$*

!

! 1

))

!

& &)))7''

2 ))7 !

ou

1inu

&G' 2inu &5'

( ) dudininudo ukuuku =−= 21 &)87'

8+

udk 5

du 5

ograniczenie

ch-ka idealna

ograniczenie

+

-0

XR

N XXG G

NXG

→ ∞

XLQ

XG

XLQ

XRPD[

XRPLQ

R

NXG

X X XG LQ LQ

= −

,))7 - ' ! !'

u f uo d= ( )

/

!

& ∞→udk ' !

!

& ∞→CMRR '

# ! ! du &

' & '

( ) 221 ininc uuu += ))8

$ !

% $

!

( ) 221 BBIN III += 1BI 2BI !

+

-

a)

+

-

b)

XR

X

X X

F

LQ LQ=+

XG

XG

XG

XR

XG

XLQ

XLQ

,))8# -'

!' ! ud

uc

8)

. - ≈INI )+5

)++? ! ≈INI +)5)+ ?

6"#H4.

% 2121 BBININN IIIII −=−=

1 7+? !

+7 ?

% NU

.

)57< ! 5)+<

% udk

- doud uuk = 0=cu . udk

)++@ ! 9+ @

% & couc uuk = 0=du

uck

uc

ud

k

kCMRR log20= CMRR

! )++@

8+@

indR

+56Ω !

indR ! $

oR !

)++Ω

'

&! '

&

'&' .!

3

&

' )5+6I

! 5+6I

8

( $

'( 5 SR& ' $

t

u

dt

tduSR oo

∆∆

≈=)(

&)88'

SR !"µ

)5)++!"µ !

! SR

))9

(+)

(-)

5R

N 8XF F

N 8XG 1

( )N X XXG LQ LQ

,, ,

,1

,1 ,1=+

,,1

,,1

,,

,1

1−

,,

,1

1+

&

&

5LQF

5LQF

5LQG &

XLQ

XLQ

81

XR

,))9J

2 3'""#$!$-'.(%$-/!-$*

#

#

$

CMRR =

!

#

8

!

"

!

&; !

! !

'

/ .

!

!

T1

T12 T9 T3

T2

T3T4

T7

T5 T6 T17

T16

T23

T 22 T 24

T18

T19 T15

T14

T13A

T13B

T21T20

wy

22

27

50k

T10

50k 1k

kompensac jaQLH]UyZQRZD*HQLD

1k5k

39k

+ -

T11

50k 100

40kAB

T1

T3

T5 T6

T4T3

T2

17

T

T16

T13AT13B

T23

T20

T8

T9

T14

b)

a)

5

5

5

5

5

+8&&

+8&&

5

5

5&

.

5

5

+8&&

−8((

5

5

,UHI

8UHI

8UHI

,R

XLQ X

LQ

XR

,)): # µ?9*)- '

!'

8*

2)):

µ?9*) )):!

%-

)' &. 5.'

! & . 5 .'

&.5.'K

' & . 5 .' !

&.5.'K

' &....'

....

"35"@ !

..

. . ! 2

!..

. $ "3

. .

#

! ! .

# ..

!

( 36"#

))

M 4M 3

M1 M 2

M 5

M 8

M 7M 6

W Y

55()

LG

LG

LG

&N

XLQ

XLQ

R

−866

+''

−866

,))( 36"#

66

66

62 GGU ! 6 6

87

REFR

6 BC

"!

6 6 2

6 $

"#!6

!

kC " !

!

2 )+

@36"#

6 > .

% ! !

))

6 6

. 5 5&5 5

@36"#'

, 6 6

!

zR ,

! 6 $ ! zR kC

&

' 2

DDU+ ! SSU−

M 10

M 11

M 12

M 9M 8

M13=T1

M 7

M 3 M 4

M 1 M 2

M 5M 6

XLQ

−866

+8''

XR

XLQ

5UHI

,)+= @36"#

88

20 7'#.(!$/($*%+,(%-,-+$,',1"'$'"(/"#$!$'.(%$-/!()'

.

)):!

# !

"4&!"# '!

& kC '

%

))

8LQ

8LQ

8G

J 8P, G

5

&N

& 8

J 8P,,

&

8

5

8R

8

,))#

? ))

& $ 6

'

1 ! kC

DE

( )( ) ( )( )''

''0

''

''21

)(

)(

III

IIIu

III

IIImIImI

d

o

ss

k

ss

RgRg

sU

sU

ωωωω

ωωωω

++=

++−= &)89'

22

''

11

''

1

1

CRp

CRp

IIII

II

=−=

=−=

ω

ω &)8:'

, ! 'Ip '

IIp $

) )

@

= 'IIω

5*+@A ) &+@'

2

89

!?

&N

&N

=

σS,

S,

S,,

S,,

,) , !

dB

-20dB/dek

-40dB/dek

-40dB/dek

-20dB/dek

1

NX

ORJ NX

ω,

ω,

ω,,

ω,,

ω7

ω]

,) 3

. DE

( )[ ] ( ) ( )[ +++++−−= kmIIkud

o CCRCCRsgsCksU

sU222110 11

)(

)(

] ( )[ ]2121212

21 CCCCCRRsCRRg kkmII ++++ &)8'

? !

kmIIII CRRg

p21

1−≈−=ω &)9+'

kk

kmIIIIII CCCCCC

Cgp

1221 ++−=−=ω &)9)'

k

mII

C

gz = &)9'

1 ) ! 'Ip

Ip ! 'IIp

IIp J )

1! kC !

8:

IIT ωω ≤ &)9'

! $

*7° (

!

k

mIT C

gGB ==ω &)9*'

" !

'

22 -5+'8!%,!!.$"-/$'"()'

( !

( !

6

SR & '

du I− I+&)*'

kC =

kC

I

2

∫= IdtC

tuk

o

1)( &)97'

( ! &)97'

k

o

C

I

dt

tduSR == )(

&)98'

(µ?9*) =I +µ?

=kC + H SR >+89<Aµ 1 SR

=

8

SR

<Aµ

1 kC &)9*'

&)98'

m

T

mI

T

gI

gISR

ωω == &)99'

( &)99' mg

$ -

± !

TTTT

IISR ωϕϕω

22

== &)9:'

±

SR IK W

LI

ITT= =

ωβ

ω2

2'

&)9'

4 6

'

2 )*

5 ".? &

'/".?

gR LR ∞→inR ∞→oR

T4T3

T1 T2

T6 T5 T10T9

T7 T8

−8((

+8&&

L J XR P LQ

=

5/

LQ

,5()

85(*

,)*#

9+

inmo UgI = &):+'

T

REFm

Ig

ϕ2= &):)'

1 &):+ ):)'

REGU ! R

".? !

$

!'

@

& '

'

#

! & '

' ! !

)+

! $

36"#

b)

11

+

-

a)Y

X

+

-

Y

X

X ] ,R 7 Q

=] ,7 Q

,Q

X X[ LQ

XLQ

XLQ ,

Q

7

XR

5

5

5R

5R

,)7 ' !'

2 )7

)7!

$

!

1R 2R

inu

L M=

9)

2

nTo Izu = nI

M )( ωjzT

)=

)7!

inyx UUU ==

221 || R

U

RR

UI oin

n −= &):'

nTo IjzU )( ω=

, &):'

( ) ( )

( )

k jU

U

R

R R z j

R

R T j

fo

in T

ωω

ω

= = +

+

=

= +

+

))

)

))

) )

/

/

&):'

2)()( RjzjT T ωω = &):*'

1

TR !

g

TT j

Rjz

ωωω

+=

1)( &):7'

TTg CR

1=ω &):8'

!

( &):7' &):' &):8'

gf

ff jkjk

ωωω

+=

1

1)( 0 &):9'

9

1

2

2

1

2

0 11

1

R

R

R

RR

R

k

T

f +≈+

+= & 2RRT >> ' &)::'

22

1R

R

R

R Tg

Tggf ωωω ≈

+= &):'

&)::):'

GB k

R

RRR

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

f gf

T

Tg

g Tg

Tgf

)

)

)

)

= =+

++

≈ +

≈ ≈

ω ω

ωω ω

&)+'

&)::'&):'

! 1R 2R

gfω 2R

/

! 2R

! ! 1R

6 GBgf ≈ω

0fk

2 )8

R

R

(

'oR ''

oR

& )7!

!

9

1

10

100

1k 10k 100k 1 M 1 0 M 1 0 0 M

5

= Ω

5

= NΩ

5

= NΩ

5 FRQVW

= =NΩ

ωJI

FRQVW=I

NI

,)8 ( 5

'oR

''oR

1R

& 1R 2R >'

T10 T12

T7

T8

T11

T15

T16T14T13

T9

T5

T6

T1

T2

T3

T4

ZXY

b)

ZX

Y

LP

LPa)

x1x1

−8((

XLQ

XR

,

,

&7

&7

+8&&

+8&&

&7

7

R

X X; LQ

=

X X; LQ

=

,Q

,Q

UHI

UHI

XLQ

−((

,)9 - '

!!'

9*

2 )9

!

. . . .

( ..5..

=

! !

.. . .(

21 III n −= 1I 2I

( 1I 2I

.5.

.5.

)( ωjzT

nTo IjzU )( ω=