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VICTORY: America WinsVICTORY: America Wins

Independence, Begins BuildingIndependence, Begins Building

NationNation Nothing except a battle lost can be half soNothing except a battle lost can be half so

melancholy as a battle won. Duke of Wellingtonmelancholy as a battle won. Duke of Wellington

America in 1783:America in 1783: Huge debtHuge debt Economic slowdownEconomic slowdown

Dangers abroadDangers abroad Civil strife at homeCivil strife at home

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Articles of Confederation: Our 1st ConstitutionArticles of Confederation: Our 1st Constitution

Passed by continental congress in 1777Passed by continental congress in 1777but not ratified by states until 1781but not ratified by states until 1781

Central Government Lacked Key PowersCentral Government Lacked Key Powers Couldnt levy taxes or customsCouldnt levy taxes or customs

Couldnt regulate commerce, no nationalCouldnt regulate commerce, no national

monetary systemmonetary system

No National Court SystemNo National Court System No Chief ExecutiveNo Chief Executive

Laws Required 9 of 13 states approval,Laws Required 9 of 13 states approval,

Amendments 13 of 13.Amendments 13 of 13.

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Other ShortcomingsOther Shortcomings

Lack of executive preventedLack of executive preventedcoordinated foreign policycoordinated foreign policy

No standing army removed stickNo standing army removed stick Ratification of treaties difficult withRatification of treaties difficult with

9/13 rule9/13 rule

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Shays Rebellion: Prelude toShays Rebellion: Prelude to

a National Governmenta National Government

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The Constitution anThe Constitution anexample of a conservativeexample of a conservative

revolution?revolution?

Other Factors Leading toOther Factors Leading to

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

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Democracy Running AmokDemocracy Running Amok

Rise of people participation andRise of people participation anddecline of republican institutionsdecline of republican institutions

Resentment towards privilege andResentment towards privilege andprestigeprestige Debtor (person who borrowed)Debtor (person who borrowed)

protectionsprotections Excess printing of currencyExcess printing of currency

Stay acts- prevented foreclosuresStay acts- prevented foreclosures

Shays Rebellion showed citizens willingShays Rebellion showed citizens willing

and able to take arms to prevent statesand able to take arms to prevent states

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The Path to the ConstitutionalThe Path to the Constitutional

ConventionConvention

Shays RebellionShays Rebellion

NYs failure to ratify revenueNYs failure to ratify revenueagreementagreement

Recession of 1786-87Recession of 1786-87

Federalist Papers: Publius i.e.Federalist Papers: Publius i.e.Madison, Hamilton and JayMadison, Hamilton and Jay

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Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

CompromiseCompromise

Virginia Plan: Strong Central Government,Virginia Plan: Strong Central Government,Representation based on populationRepresentation based on population

New Jersey Plan: Weaker Cent. Gov.,New Jersey Plan: Weaker Cent. Gov.,representation per staterepresentation per state

Connecticut or Great Compromise:Connecticut or Great Compromise: BicameralBicameral

Two Senators Per StateTwo Senators Per State

Slavery and suffrageSlavery and suffrage

A Chief Executive- the President- andA Chief Executive- the President- and

the Electoral Collegethe Electoral College

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Outcomes of theOutcomes of the

ConstitutionConstitution Republican Form of GovernmentRepublican Form of Government Limited GovernmentLimited Government Checks, balances: Majority Rule,Checks, balances: Majority Rule,

BranchesBranches

Protection of CommerceProtection of Commerce FederalismFederalism

Power shared between states and federalPower shared between states and federalgovernmentgovernment

Tilt to the center: supremacy clause,Tilt to the center: supremacy clause,elastic clauseelastic clause

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ConstitutionConstitution

Preamble:Preamble: We the People of the UnitedWe the People of the UnitedStates, in Order to form a more perfectStates, in Order to form a more perfect

Union, establish Justice, insure domesticUnion, establish Justice, insure domesticTranquility, provide for the commonTranquility, provide for the common

defence, promote the general Welfare, anddefence, promote the general Welfare, and

secure the Blessings of Liberty tosecure the Blessings of Liberty to

ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain andourselves and our Posterity, do ordain andestablish this Constitution for the Unitedestablish this Constitution for the United

States of America.States of America.

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Article 1: The LegislatureArticle 1: The Legislature

Article. I. Section. 1.Article. I. Section. 1. All legislative PowersAll legislative Powersherein granted shall be vested in a Congress ofherein granted shall be vested in a Congress ofthe United States, which shall consist of a Senatethe United States, which shall consist of a Senateand House of Representatives.and House of Representatives.

The House of Representatives shall be composedThe House of Representatives shall be composedof Members chosen every second Year by theof Members chosen every second Year by thePeople of the several States, and the Electors inPeople of the several States, and the Electors ineach State shall have the Qualifications requisiteeach State shall have the Qualifications requisitefor Electors of the most numerous Branch of thefor Electors of the most numerous Branch of the

State Legislature.State Legislature. The Senate of the United States shall beThe Senate of the United States shall be

composed of two Senators from each State,composed of two Senators from each State,chosen by the Legislaturechosen by the Legislature thereof for six Years;thereof for six Years;and each Senator shall have one Vote.and each Senator shall have one Vote.

http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#Court's%20Powershttp://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#Court's%20Powershttp://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#Court's%20Powers

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Powers of CongressPowers of Congress

Section. 7.Section. 7. All Bills for raisingAll Bills for raisingRevenue shall originate in the HouseRevenue shall originate in the House

of Representatives; but the Senateof Representatives; but the Senatemay propose or concur withmay propose or concur with

Amendments as on other Bills.Amendments as on other Bills.

Section. 8.Section. 8.The Congress shall haveThe Congress shall havePower To (read all)Power To (read all)

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The President (POTUS)The President (POTUS)

Article. II. Section. 1.Article. II. Section. 1.TheTheexecutive Power shall be vested in aexecutive Power shall be vested in a

President of the United States ofPresident of the United States ofAmerica. He shall hold his OfficeAmerica. He shall hold his Office

during the Term of four Years, and,during the Term of four Years, and,

together with the Vice President,together with the Vice President,chosen for the same Term, bechosen for the same Term, be

elected [by electors]elected [by electors]

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POTUS PowersPOTUS Powers

Section. 2. [He/she]Section. 2. [He/she] shall be Commander in Chief of theshall be Commander in Chief of theArmy and Navyshall have Powerwith the AdviceArmy and Navyshall have Powerwith the Adviceand Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, providedand Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, providedtwo thirds of Senators present concur; and he shalltwo thirds of Senators present concur; and he shall

nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of thenominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of theSenate, shall appoint Ambassadors Judges of theSenate, shall appoint Ambassadors Judges of thesupreme Court, and all other Officers of the Unitedsupreme Court, and all other Officers of the UnitedStates, whose Appointments are not herein otherwiseStates, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise

provided for, and which shall be established by Law: butprovided for, and which shall be established by Law: but

the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of suchthe Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of suchinferior Officers, as they think proper, in the Presidentinferior Officers, as they think proper, in the Presidentalone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads ofalone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads ofDepartments.Departments.

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The CourtsThe Courts

Article III.Article III.The judicial Power of theThe judicial Power of theUnited States shall be vested in oneUnited States shall be vested in one

supreme Court, and in such inferior Courtssupreme Court, and in such inferior Courts

as the Congress may from time to timeas the Congress may from time to time

ordain and establish. The Judges, both ofordain and establish. The Judges, both of

the supreme and inferior Courts, shall holdthe supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold

their Offices during good Behaviour, andtheir Offices during good Behaviour, andshall, at stated Times, receive for theirshall, at stated Times, receive for their

Services a Compensation, which shall notServices a Compensation, which shall not

be diminished during their Continuance inbe diminished during their Continuance in

Office.Office.

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Courts PowersCourts Powers The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law andThe judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and

Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the UnitedEquity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United

States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under theirStates, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under theirAuthority;--to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other publicAuthority;--to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other publicMinisters and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty and maritimeMinisters and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty and maritimeJurisdiction;--to Controversies to which the United States shallJurisdiction;--to Controversies to which the United States shall

be a Party;--to Controversies between two or more States;--be a Party;--to Controversies between two or more States;--

between a State and Citizens of another Statebetween a State and Citizens of another State;--between;--betweenCitizens of different States;--between Citizens of the sameCitizens of different States;--between Citizens of the sameState claiming Lands under Grants of different States, andState claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and

between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States,between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States,Citizens or Subjects. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors,Citizens or Subjects. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors,other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a Stateother public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State

shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have originalshall be Party, the supreme Court shall have originalJurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, theJurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, thesupreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as tosupreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as toLaw and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under suchLaw and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under suchRegulations as the Congress shall make.Regulations as the Congress shall make.

http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#Constitutionhttp://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#Constitutionhttp://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#Constitution

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Nation Building: Creating a UnifiedNation Building: Creating a Unified

CountryCountry Back to article 1:Back to article 1: No State shall enter into any Treaty,No State shall enter into any Treaty,

Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of MarqueAlliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marqueand Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; makeand Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; makeany Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender inany Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender inPayment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex postPayment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex postfacto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation offacto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation ofContracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress,No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress,lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports,lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports,except what may be absolutely necessary forexcept what may be absolutely necessary forexecuting it's inspection Laws: and the net Produceexecuting it's inspection Laws: and the net Produceof all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State onof all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State onImports or Exports, shall be for the Use of theImports or Exports, shall be for the Use of theTreasury of the United States; and all such LawsTreasury of the United States; and all such Lawsshall be subject to the Revision and Controul of theshall be subject to the Revision and Controul of theCongress.Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, layNo State shall, without the Consent of Congress, layany Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War inany Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War intime of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compacttime of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compactwith another State, or with a foreign Power, orwith another State, or with a foreign Power, orengage in War, unless actually invaded, or in suchengage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such

imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

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Nation Building: Creating a UnifiedNation Building: Creating a Unified

CountryCountry Article. IV. FArticle. IV. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each Stateull Faith and Credit shall be given in each State

to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of everyto the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of everyother State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribeother State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribethe Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shallthe Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall

be proved, and the Effect thereof.be proved, and the Effect thereof.

The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all PrivilegesThe Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privilegesand Immunities of Citizens in the several States.and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

New States may be admitted by the Congress into thisNew States may be admitted by the Congress into thisUnionUnion

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this UnionThe United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union

a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each ofa Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each ofthem against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature,them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature,or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot beor of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot beconvened), against domestic Violence.convened), against domestic Violence.

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Nation Building: Creating a UnifiedNation Building: Creating a Unified

CountryCountry

[Can be amended- Article V][Can be amended- Article V]

Article. VI. All Debts contracted and EngagementsArticle. VI. All Debts contracted and Engagementsentered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution,entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution,

shall be as valid against the United States under thisshall be as valid against the United States under this

ConstitutionConstitution This Constitution, and the laws of the United StatesThis Constitution, and the laws of the United States

which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and allwhich shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all

Treaties made, or which shall be made, under theTreaties made, or which shall be made, under the

authority of the United States, shall be Supreme Lawauthority of the United States, shall be Supreme Lawof the land; and the Judges in every state shall beof the land; and the Judges in every state shall be

bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or Lawsbound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or Laws

of any state to the contrary notwithstanding."of any state to the contrary notwithstanding."

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Bill of RightsBill of Rights Amendment I: [NO]Amendment I: [NO] establishment of religion, prohibiting theestablishment of religion, prohibiting the

free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or offree exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or ofthe press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and tothe press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and topetition the government for a redress of grievances.petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Amendment II:Amendment II: A well regulated militia necessary to theA well regulated militia necessary to thesecurity of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bearsecurity of a free state, the right of the people to keep and beararms, shall not be infringed.arms, shall not be infringed.

Amendment III:Amendment III: No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered inNo soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in

any house, without the consent of the ownerany house, without the consent of the owner Amendment IV:Amendment IV:The right of the people to be secure in theirThe right of the people to be secure in theirpersons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonablepersons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonablesearches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shallsearches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shallissue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation,issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation,and particularly describing the place to be searched, and theand particularly describing the place to be searched, and thepersons or things to be seized.persons or things to be seized.

Amendment V:Amendment V: No person shall be held to answer for a capital,No person shall be held to answer for a capital,or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment oror otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment orindictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land orindictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land ornaval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of warnaval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of waror public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the sameor public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the sameoffense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall beoffense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall becompelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself,compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself,

nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process ofnor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process oflaw; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without justlaw; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without justcom ensation.

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Bill of RightsBill of Rights

Amendment VI:Amendment VI: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shallIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shallenjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury ofenjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury ofthe state and district wherein the crime shall have beenthe state and district wherein the crime shall have beencommitted, which district shall have been previously ascertainedcommitted, which district shall have been previously ascertainedby law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of theby law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the

accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; toaccusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; tohave compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, andhave compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, andto have the assistance of counsel for his defense.to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

Amendment VII:Amendment VII: In suits at common law, where the value inIn suits at common law, where the value incontroversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jurycontroversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by juryshall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwiseshall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwisereexamined in any court of the United States, than according toreexamined in any court of the United States, than according to

the rules of the common law.the rules of the common law. Amendment VIII:Amendment VIII: Excessive bail shall not be required, norExcessive bail shall not be required, norexcessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishmentsexcessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishmentsinflicted.inflicted.

Amendment IX:Amendment IX:The enumeration in the Constitution, of certainThe enumeration in the Constitution, of certainrights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retainedrights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retainedby the people.by the people.

Amendment X:Amendment X:The powers not delegated to the United StatesThe powers not delegated to the United Statesby the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reservedby the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved

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Making a more perfect union:Making a more perfect union:

Amending the ConstitutionAmending the Constitution

Amendments respond to theAmendments respond to thechallenges of the day.challenges of the day.

Reconstruction Amendments: 13Reconstruction Amendments: 13thth,,1414thth, 15, 15thth

Progressive Amendments: 16Progressive Amendments: 16thth, 17, 17thth,,

1818thth, 19, 19thth

Civil Rights Amendment: 24Civil Rights Amendment: 24thth

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Elastic, or, Necessary andElastic, or, Necessary and

Proper Clause: In case weProper Clause: In case weforgot to say somethingforgot to say something

* Clauses nickname is elastic b/c it gives* Clauses nickname is elastic b/c it givesfederal government flexibilityfederal government flexibility

* Article I, Section VIII* Article I, Section VIII:: Gives the federalGives the federal

government the power to "make all lawsgovernment the power to "make all laws

which shall be necessary and proper forwhich shall be necessary and proper forcarrying into execution the foregoing powers,carrying into execution the foregoing powers,

and all other powers vested by thisand all other powers vested by this

constitution."constitution."

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Commerce and theCommerce and the

ConstitutionConstitution Property Rights in the 5Property Rights in the 5thth amendment (Dueamendment (Dueprocess clause) ensures that propertyprocess clause) ensures that propertyowners have protection against powerfulowners have protection against powerful

governmentgovernment Article 1, Section 10- No State shall:Article 1, Section 10- No State shall:

Coin money, Make any thing but gold andCoin money, Make any thing but gold andsilver coin a tender in payment of debtssilver coin a tender in payment of debts

Ensures federal government controls the only legalEnsures federal government controls the only legalcurrencycurrency

Pass any bill or law impairing the obligationPass any bill or law impairing the obligationof contractsof contracts Prevents states from interfering with business dealsPrevents states from interfering with business deals

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The Commerce ClauseThe Commerce ClauseArticle I, Section 8, Clause 3Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 gives the U.S. Congressgives the U.S. Congresspower: "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations*, andpower: "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations*, andamong the several States**, and with the Indian Tribes***.among the several States**, and with the Indian Tribes***.

* Trade agreements, tariffs, etc* Trade agreements, tariffs, etc

** Prevents states from creating burdens on business people** Prevents states from creating burdens on business peoplefrom other states, allows free flow of commercefrom other states, allows free flow of commerce

*** Archaic today, but was once important almost foreign*** Archaic today, but was once important almost foreignpolicy in its nature.policy in its nature.

H h h C Cl

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How has the Commerce ClauseHow has the Commerce Clause

been interpreted over thebeen interpreted over the

years?years? 1824:1824: Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden, Supreme Court (Chief Justice, Supreme Court (Chief JusticeJohn MarshallJohn Marshall) ruled that the power to regulate interstate) ruled that the power to regulate interstatecommerce also included the power to regulate interstatecommerce also included the power to regulate interstatenavigation. This meant states couldnt block or slow entry fromnavigation. This meant states couldnt block or slow entry fromother states via tolls.other states via tolls.

1905:1905: Swift v. United StatesSwift v. United States, the Court ruled that the clause, the Court ruled that the clausecovered meatpackers; although their activity was geographicallycovered meatpackers; although their activity was geographically"local," they had an important effect on the "current of"local," they had an important effect on the "current ofcommerce and so could be regulated by federal governmentcommerce and so could be regulated by federal governmentinterested in safety rules.interested in safety rules.

1922:1922: Stafford v. WallaceStafford v. Wallace upheld a federal law regulating theupheld a federal law regulating theChicago meatpacking industry, because the industry was part ofChicago meatpacking industry, because the industry was part ofthe interstate commerce of beef from ranches to dinner tables.the interstate commerce of beef from ranches to dinner tables.The stockyards "are but a throat through which the current [ofThe stockyards "are but a throat through which the current [ofcommerce] flows," Justice Taft wrote, referring to the stockyardscommerce] flows," Justice Taft wrote, referring to the stockyardsas "great national public utilities."as "great national public utilities."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbons_v._Ogdenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbons_v._Ogdenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swift_v._United_States&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swift_v._United_States&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stafford_v._Wallace&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stafford_v._Wallace&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stafford_v._Wallace&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swift_v._United_States&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbons_v._Ogden

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Commerce ClauseCommerce Clause

Justified the New Deal, FDRs response to the Great DepressionJustified the New Deal, FDRs response to the Great Depression

Wickard v. Filburn: Ag. Adjustment Act imposed quotas on theWickard v. Filburn: Ag. Adjustment Act imposed quotas on theproduction of a # of crops, includingproduction of a # of crops, including wheatwheat. Roscoe Filburn was. Roscoe Filburn wasa farmer who produced wheat in excess of the amount permitteda farmer who produced wheat in excess of the amount permittedunder the applicable quota. He argued that the excess wheatunder the applicable quota. He argued that the excess wheatwas produced for private consumption on his own farm, andwas produced for private consumption on his own farm, and

never entered stream of commerce, much less interstatenever entered stream of commerce, much less interstatecommerce, and therefore was not a proper subject of federalcommerce, and therefore was not a proper subject of federalregulation under the Commerce Clause. Supreme Courtregulation under the Commerce Clause. Supreme Courtrejected, holding that Filburn's wheat competed with wheat soldrejected, holding that Filburn's wheat competed with wheat soldin interstate commerce. The Court reasoned that if Filburn hadin interstate commerce. The Court reasoned that if Filburn hadnot used home-grown wheat, he would have had to buy wheat onnot used home-grown wheat, he would have had to buy wheat onthe open market.the open market.

Civil Rights: Restaurants, hotels that were attempting to denyCivil Rights: Restaurants, hotels that were attempting to denyequal access to blacks were on roadways that snaked betweenequal access to blacks were on roadways that snaked betweenstatesstates

Gun Control: Lopez- Supreme Court narrowly held that guns atGun Control: Lopez- Supreme Court narrowly held that guns atschools were insufficiently tied to interstate commerce andschools were insufficiently tied to interstate commerce and

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat

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The Constitution andThe Constitution and

SlaverySlavery

The 3/5The 3/5thths Clause:s Clause: Representatives shall be apportionedRepresentatives shall be apportioned

among States according to theiramong States according to theirrespective Numbers, which shall berespective Numbers, which shall be

determined by adding to the wholedetermined by adding to the whole

Number of free Persons three fifths ofNumber of free Persons three fifths of

all other Persons.all other Persons.

O i l Vi i Al dO ti l Vi i Al d

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Optional Viewing: AlexanderOptional Viewing: Alexander

Hamilton- The NationalistHamilton- The Nationalist

Behind the ConstitutionBehind the Constitution http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=notJuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=notJu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=notJuFGXQ9whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=notJuFGXQ9whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=notJuFGXQ9w

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The Policy PyramidThe Policy Pyramid

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National Government:

President,Congress,

Courts,

Bureaucracy

Public opinion,

Media,

Interest Groups,Elections,

Political Parties

Structural Level:

Culture & Society, International System,Economy, Constitutional rules