Enterprise GIS `

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Enterprise GIS

I Definition:

An Enterprise GISis a geographic information systemthat is integrated

through an entire organization so that a large number of users can manage, share,

and use spatial data and related information to address a variety of needs, including

data creation, modification, visualization, analysis, and dissemination.

Enterprise GISevolved over the period of time and especially during 2005-2010.

Most of the leading !" vendors have had components that constitute an

Enterprise GISfor long time but, the efforts to have them all pac#aged together

and provide an end-to-end solution pic#ed up fast pace in the recent times. $o put

it in simpler terms, an Enterprise GISshould be capable of the follo%ing.

II. Capabilities

supporting huge number of simultaneous transactions

integrating %ith other &nterprise "ystems 'such as "A(, )illing "ystems

etc.,*

comply %ith + "tandards to enable easier integration %ith other systems
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS


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displaying data in the same %ay 'styles symbols* for es#top, /eb and

Mobile users

'preferred* reusable functionality across es#top, /eb and Mobile

platforms

III. Objectives

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"uccessfully achieving the potential of !" in a comple enterprise 'such as

a ity or ounty government* involves agreeing upon some essential obectives.

&asily accessed !" on every des#top 'plus vehicles, etc.*

!" improving the organizations business processes

!" impacting the accomplishment of the organizations strategic obectives

3"patially-enabling4 the organizations other enterprise applications

on-redundant entry of updates

!" specialists maintain base data, standards, and enhancements

"upport for electronic transactions %ith the public

$angible return on !" investment.

IV. GIS USER NEED ASSESSMENT

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User Needs assessment is a systematic process for

determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current

conditions and desired conditions or "wants". The discrepancybetween the current condition and wanted condition must be

measured to appropriately identify the need. The need can be a

desire to improve current performance or to correct a deficiency

User needs assessment is an important part of the GIS

planning process, often used for improvement in individuals,

educationtraining, organi!ations, or communities. It can refineand improve a product such as training or service a client

receives. It can be an effective tool to clarify problems and

identify appropriate interventions or solutions. y clearly

identifying the problem finite resources can be directed towards

developing and implementing a feasible and applicable solution.

Gathering appropriate and sufficient data informs the process of

developing an effective product that will address the groups#

needs and wants

V. The old spatial data models

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. In many ways, the Spatial $ata management needs for an

%nterprise are little different than other data management needs.

Unfortunately, until very recently, GIS data models have not &eptpace with some of their more sophisticated '$(S cousins and

have traditionally been file based. )rom an %sri perspective, the

traditional geographic data models have included*

a. Coverages++ The basic spatial model for rcInfo. The

coverage is a very solid data model that has served us very well

for many years. The data model includes internal topology, and isvery rigorous about enforcing proper feature construction.

b. Shapefiles++ The basic spatial data model for rc-iew.

The Shape )ile model is much less rigorous about enforcing

feature integrity and relies on run+time calculation for topology.

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c. Librarian++ ibrarian layers are collections of coverage#s

which are ad/acent to each other. %ach coverage is referred to as

a 0tile0. The tiles are defined in an inde1 coverage which ispolygon coverage of /ust the space each tile ta&es up 2such as a

USGS map boundary3. Tiles do not have to be e4ual in si!e or

shape, but usually are. ll tiles have to conform to the tile

boundaries specified by the inde1 coverage. The inde1 coverage

contains an item for each layer in the library, the record for each

tile is merely the path to that tile. So rcInfo &nows to find the

library based on an entry in the system0s IN)5 file, then loo&s in

the library0s inde1 coverage to see what layers are in there, then

loo&s for the tiles wherever that is specified. The advantage of

libraries is that the whole layer is not rendered as you !oom in,

only the tiles within your e1tent + very similar to S$%0s use of

spatial inde1. The disadvantage is that it0s still built on the

coverage model and thus does not support 2very well, anyways3

multi+user editing and display. 5ur tests have shown that library

layer display comes to a crawl as more users are added.

d. GeoTIFFs and other spatiall! registered images"++

a file based spatial data model for rasters where each pi1el has a

spatial representation but rather little attribute depth.

e. G#IDs+ The rcInfo representation of a 'aster image

that allows for greater attribute depth for each pi1el in the file.

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f. Image Catalogs++ n image catalog is similar to a

library layer, but each catalog has its own database file. The

database file is nothing more than a table of min6, min7, ma16,ma17, and image location. It specifies the e1tent of an image and

where it is stored. In this manner, users can bring in image tiles

as an apparent mosaic without finding all the tiles and piecing

them together. Image catalogs were not supported at rc(ap

8.9.1, but are at 8.:.

There are several significant limitations to any file+based

data model. ;oncurrent user access typically degrades

performance dramatically and it is not possible to support

multiple concurrent users editing a single file. )urther, there are

limitations to the si!e of any physical layer in the file system. The

file si!e limit is largely a function of the density of the data

involved, but in many instances it becomes necessary to subset

large contiguous spatial datasets in order to obtain ade4uate

performance. The ibrarian structure was developed to streamline

some of the resulting problems inherent in tiling datasets, but it

remains a rather in+complete solution.

VI. The ne$ spatial data models

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5ver the course of the past five years or so, %sri and most

of the ma/or database vendors have begun the process of

developing spatial data models based upon 'elational and 5b/ect+'elational $atabase (anagement Systems. The aim of these

development efforts is to ta&e advantage of advances in relational

database technology in order to provide the %nterprise features

lac&ing in a file+based data model. Security, multiple concurrent

user access, and spatial inde1es are dramatic improvements to

the traditional spatial data models available through the new

Spatial $atabase models.


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a. SDE la!ersThe %sri Spatial $atabase %ngine 2S$%3 has

been around for several years now and has achieved great

performance advantages over file based spatial data models. S$%creates a multi+tiered spatial inde1 scheme on your spatial data

allowing a user to e1tract and render very 4uic&ly a subset of a

very large spatial data layer. This capability allows a spatial data

administrator to move away from the tiled spatial data model and

create seamless data layers for the entire geographic e1tent of

interest to the users.


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T!pe of &sers application of GIS $ithin the

efore one can develop an %nterprise GIS that fulfills users#

needs, one has to document what these needs are and

incorporate..

ii. 'ind of band$idth available

GIS datasets can be very large and dense. (oving even

subsets of these datasets across the %nterprise networ& for

manipulation or viewing purposes can have serious networ&

performance implications. high capacity networ& and arelatively small number of GIS users each with a relatively

powerful wor&station, then connecting each wor&station directly

to the %nterprise Geodatabase over the networ& is a very viable

solution.

iii. Capabilities of &sers( des'top machines s /ust

described, rcGIS re4uires a pretty substantial wor&station foroptimal performance. delivering a high performance software

pac&age on inade4uate hardware has to be avoided..

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iv. #e)&irement of &sing GIS data or services o&tside

internal net$or'*

It is very important to recogni!e that rcI(S is N5T a GIS

des&top application, but rather is a tool for publishing pre+defined

maps over the internet. rcI(S as a replacement for rc-iew.

Secondly, remember that rcI(S can utili!e S$% layers, but will

not be able to ta&e advantage of most of the sophisticated

capabilities of the Geodatabase. If you need to have access to

Geodatabase ob/ects from within rcI(S, you will need to dosome pretty sophisticated programming an utili!e rcGIS 8.: as a

Geo5b/ect server 2not something that is handled within the

current licensing language of rcGIS3.

b. Capacit! planning hard$are"

i. large and comple+ data*)eature ;lass. Spatial

database tuning is an interesting blend of art and science and

involves a lot of trial and error.

ii. ,resent n&mber of &sers*There is an e1cellent white

paper available on the %sri web site on System rchitecture

$esign by $ave ?eters of %sri. This paper will give you some good

guidelines for hardware capacity planning.

iii. 'ind of spatial operations - &sers $ant

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Users who are concurrently editing a networ&ed data layer

will re4uire more hardware resources than those that are

selecting and drawing points layers.

c. Sec&rit! ,lanning

i.


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'$(S e1perience with a particular %nterprise database in

house 2(S ccess is N5T an %nterprise database3 then this

vendor is most is the best choice to implement %nterpriseGeodatabase.

ii. 0o$ large the installation li'el! to get*

If the %nterprise Geodatabase is li&ely to get very large and

be distributed among several different offices, then 5racle and

I( probably offer the most scalable '$(S platforms supportingadvanced database replication.

iii.#e)&irement of spatial data $ith non-spatial

applications

If non+spatial database applications within the organi!ation

is scheduled be enhanced by GIS integration, then it ma&es the

most sense to &eep the '$(S platform consistent across all

applications.

e. GIS Soft$are SelectionA

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There are essentially three different categories of rcGIS to

choose from each implemented with different capabilities of

rc(ap, rc;atalog, and rcToolbo1. rc-iew 8.: is able to selectand analy!e data from an %nterprise Geodatabase, but is unable

to edit within this environment. rc-iew 8.: is only able to edit

shape files and personal geodatabases. rc%ditor is able to edit

data within an %nterprise Geodatabase, but does not have all of

the geo+processing tools available with rcInfo wor&station.

rcInfo 8.: is the full blown, top of the line product.

f. TrainingA

There is generic training on how to use the software

products available through %sri 2Introduction to rcGIS etc.3 but

%nterprise Geodatabases are very uni4ue installations and one

should plan on investing a fair amount of time and energy in

developing user training that is specific to the installation

VIII Enterprise GIS management.

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Storing all data in a centrali!ed geodatabase in a server

environment provides faster, more coordinated distribution of

accurate data to multiple emergency agencies. This results in

safer, more effective and more coordinated interagencyemergency response.

B Developing Efficient 4or'flo$s and &siness ,rocesses

The use of GIS can increase wor&flow and business process

efficiencies. enefits from efficiency include reduced costs and greater

productivity. ?roductivity is gained by*

C Grouping tas&s by location

C llocating resources in real time based on best or nearest available personnel

andor inventory

C (odeling and understanding of spatial distribution of resources by department

C Increasing communication and collaboration

5 Vis&ali6ation of Time-ased ,henomena From the Local to the Global

Scale

The use of GIS provides a better understanding of temporal

2time+based3 trends to support better decision ma&ing. etter+

informed decisions lead to cost and time savings

Table 1/ar'et and c&stomer anal!sis $ith and $itho&t GIS

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4itho&t GIS 4ith GIS

On-site, time-consuming manual

surveys, focus groups and analysis

Transportation and infrastructure

modeling, including drive time and physical

proximity of existing stores and/or facility location

to competitors, other services and population

densities representing potential customers

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High-cost physical visits to multiple

locations to initially determine viability

Comparison of existing

store/market/customer profile with potential

locations for new construction or renovation

using doens of demographic variables

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Tabular data used to derive

processes without ta&ing into

account complete, landscape+level

analysis of spatial phenomena, suchas pro1imity of resources to one

another

Geospatial analysis and

wor&flow optimi!ation based on

location intelligence for routing,

buffer, line of sight, overlay analysisand pro1imity analysis for

geographic grouping and routing of

wor& orders assignments to

dispatch maintenance management

and fleet vehicles

)unctionsdepartments within

an organi!ation are oftenfragmented across the physical

location based on space available

and assignments

Increased facility and

occupancy yield in pro/ects relatedto space utili!ation, facility

rationali!ation, ad/acencies and

fragmentation by space and facility

use and type

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Enterprise GIS `

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