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ynmay;a&;twGuf xyfqifh ul;,ljzef@csdr_rsm;udk tm;ay;onf?

Oya' ynmjzif h vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;. +idr f;csr f;r _ud k wnfaqmuftHh

axmufyHhonfhtzGJŒtpnf; - Friedrich Naumann Stiftung (FNS)

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S ›aersm;aumifpDP.O. Box 144, Mae Sot, Tak- 63110, Thailand

E-mail ; [email protected], Website; www.blc-burma.org......................................................................................................

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w&m;pD&ifa&;(1) Unlawful Convictions Press Release(2) w&m;r#waomw&m;pD&if ppfaq;cGifh &a&;qdkif&mrsm;

(u)ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rif;udkEdkifyg-21 OD;tr_wGif rdom;pkrsm;ESifh trsm;jynfolrsm;tm; =um;emcGifhay;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;/(c )ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; tjrifhqHk;jypf'%f 65 ESpf pD&if qHk;jzwfcsuf tay: Oya'a&;&mt& oHk;oyfjcif;/(* )w&m;r#waomw&m;pD&ifppfaq;cGifh&a&;twGuf 88 ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;u w&m;&Hk;wGifwdkufyGJ0ifjcif;/

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19 November 2008 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

Unlawful Convictions of Burmese Political Prisoners areCrimes Against Humanity –

U.N. Security Council Should Refer Burma to theInternational Criminal Court

Certain judges in Burma, acting under the orders of Chief Justice UAung Toe and Senior General Than Shwe, are themselves criminallyliable as co-conspirators to crimes against humanity for their acts in"trying" and "convicting" 60 political activists last week. "These actsare the latest from the junta which uses the judiciary as one of its keyweapons to commit grave crimes," says Global Justice Center PresidentJanet Benshoof. Judges including those listed below are criminallyculpable and must be referred to the International Criminal Court.

· Chief Justice U Aung Toe· Daw Aye Myaing, Hlaing Tha Yar Township Court, Yangon

Division· U Thaun Nyunt, North District Court, Yangon Division· Daw Soe Nyan, Western District Court, Yangon Division· Daw Than Than, Tamwe Township Court, Yangon Division· Daw Nyunt Nyunt Win, Kyauktadar Court, Yangon Division· U Tin Htut, Western District Court, Yangon Division

On November 11th approximately forty pro-democracy dissidentsreceived prison sentences of up to 65 years. On November 13th twentymore activists were sentenced to terms ranging from 4½ to 9½ years.The convicted include members of the ‘88 Generation Students, laborrights activist Su Su Nway, musician Win Maw, HIV/AIDS activistThan Naing, blogger Nay Phone Latt, and members of Daw Aung SanSui Kyi’s party, the National League for Democracy. Even thedefendants’ lawyers were not immune from the regime’s revenge; inOctober defense lawyers Nyi Nyi Htwe, Aung Thein and Khin MaungShein were sentenced to between four and six months imprisonment



for submitting a complaint about the unfair trial conditions of elevenNLD activists.

Judges did not allow the defendants to question prosecution witnesses,many defendants did not have legal representation and those that didwere not permitted to meet with their lawyers in private. BurmaLawyers’ Council General Secretary U Aung Htoo stated, "Rule oflaw in Burma cannot even be dreamt of when the judiciary has becomean instrument of political oppression, exercised by the SPDC militaryjunta."

United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Burma, TomásOjea Quintana, said this past week in reference to these convictions,"There is no independent and impartial judiciary system [in Burma]."However, the judges actions go much further; these prison sentencesare crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,including violations of Article 7(1)(e) "Imprisonment or other severedeprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules ofinternational law" and 7(1)(h) "Persecution against any identifiable groupor collectivity on political, racial, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender…orother grounds".

GJC President Benshoof noted that top judges in Hitler’s criminal regimewere convicted as co-conspirators of crimes against humanity and,more recently, in the Dujail1 decision, the Iraqi High Tribunal foundJudge Awad Hamed al-Bandar jointly criminally liable for crimes againsthumanity committed with Saddam Hussein because he used the façadeof "judicial authority and law" to "try" and then "execute" civilians. BurmaLawyers’ Council and Global Justice Center urge the internationalcommunity to expose the regime’s criminal partnership with membersof the judiciary and to join the call for a UN Security Council referral ofall grave international crimes in Burma to the International CriminalCourt.

Contact: Aung HtooGeneral Secretary,Burma Lawyers’ CouncilMobile: 66 (0) 81 533 0605Website: www.blc-burma.orgEmail: [email protected]

Contact: Janet Benshoof, Esq.President, Global Justice CenterTel: 1-212-725-6530 x203;Mobile: 1-917-601-6200Website: www.globaljusticecenter.netEmail: [email protected]



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ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rif;udkEkdif=yg (21)OD;tr+tm; rdom;pkESihfftrsm;jynfolrsm; -um;emcGifhay;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;

tr_jzpfpOftusOf;ppftpdk;&zrf;qD;xm;aom 88 rsdK;quf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rif;udkEkdifyg 21

OD;tm; (6/ 10/ 2008) ae@u tif;pdefaxmif oD;oef@w&m;±Hk;wGif ±Hk;xkwfppfaq;&modk@rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk vma&muf=um;emcGifh ray;ojzifh ‚if;wdk@u w&m;±Hk;ESifh qufvufy_;aygif;jcif;rðyEkdifa=umif; ajym=um;cJhonf[k tr_vdkufygaqmif&Guf ay;aeonfhw&m;&kH;csKyfa&S›ae OD;cifarmif&SdefrS EkdifiHwumtoHv$ifhXmersm;okd@ w&m;0if a=ujimcJhygonf?

Oya'a&;&mokH;oyfcsuf(1) 88 rsdK;qufausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; pGJqdkxm;aom tr_rsm;onf

jynfola&S›arSmufwGif w&m;pD&ifr_rðyvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxm;aom tr_trsdK;tpm;rsm;r[kwfyg?

etz. Oya'trSwf 5§2000/ “2000 jynfhESpf w&m;pD&ifa&;Oya'” yk'fr 2(i)wGif Oya't& wm;jrpfxm;csufrSty jynfol@a&S›arSmufwGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;[k twdtvif; jyÏmef;xm;onfh w&m;pD&ifa&; qkdif&mrludk wdwdususvdkufem&rnfjzpfayonf?vGwfvyfyGifhvif;onfh w&m;cGifwGif jynfolŒa&S›arSmufY w&m;pD&ifjcif; ðy&onfrSmw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;.tajccHyifjzpfonf?

(2)“w&m;pD&if&mwGif trSefw&m;udk qHk;jzwf±HkomrubJ xdkodk@ trSefw&m;pD&ifa=umif;udk trsm;jrifap& rnf” [k “jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHESifh 1? armifa&$ (c)armifa&S / 2? armifxGef;&Sif” 1966/ r w p (w &m;&kH;csKyf) pm/ 616 pD&ifxHk;wGif xHk;zGJŒxm;onfudk ,ae@wdkifvdkufemusifhoHk;aeqJjzpfygonf?

(3)ukvor*~ tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHwdkif;vdkufem&onfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; tydk'f(10) wGif “vlwdkif;onf ‚if;[email protected]&;ESifh0wW&m;rsm;udktqkH;tjzwfcH&mYvnf;aumif; / ‚if;wdk@tm; &mZ0wfa=umif;t& w&m;pGJqkd&mYvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfI bufrvdkufaom w&m;&kH;. vltrsm;a&S›arSmufwGif w&m;r#wpGm =um;emppfaq;jcif;ukd nDwlnDr# cHpm;ykdifcGifh&Sdonf [kjyXmef;xm;onfhtwdkif;



w&m;&kH;wGif rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ trsm;jynfolrsm;tm; vma&muf=um;emcGifh ay;&ayrnf?

(4) jrefrmEkdifiH Oya'rsm;qdkif&m tufOya'yk'fr 13(3) t& w&m;&kH;onf w&m;r#wr_/ omwlnDr#r_ESifh rGefjrwfaom todw&m;wdk@t& tqkH;tjzwfay;&rnf[k twdtvif; jyXmef;xm;onfudk vdkufem&ygrnf?

(5) odk@jzpfygI ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rif;udkEkdif yg 21 OD; tr_wGif tr_ppfaq;&mY rdom;pkrsm;tygt0if trsm;jynfoltm; wufa&muf=um;emcGifhay;&ef/ trsm;jynfol vG,fvihfwul wufa&muf=um;emEdkifa&;twGuf tr_ukd tif;pdefaxmifwGif rppfaq;bJ/ &efukef+rdK@wGif;&Sd t+rJwrf; w&m;&kH;wckckwGif ppfaq;&efESifh w&m;r#wIvGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifr_tm; aESmuf,Suf[ef@wm;jcif;rðy&ef etzppftpdk;&tm;awmif;qdkvdkufonf?

Oya'a&;&m oHk;oyfa&;XmejrefrmEkdifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpD&ufpGJ? 2008 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (9) &uf?



8

88 ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; tjrifhqkH; jypf'%f 65=ESpfpDpD&ifqkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfonfhtay:wGif

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1? tif;pdefaxmif oD;oef@ txl;w&m;&kH; rsm;rS 8-av;vkH; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; Edk0ifbm v (11) &ufae@u axmif'%f 65-ESpfpD csrSwfcJhygonf?bma=umifh Tr# }uD; av;onfh tjrifhqkH;jypf'%frsm;udk csrSwfygoenf;? ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&; vrf;av#mufqENjyyGJwGif yg0ifcJh=uI (21-8-2007) &ufae@rsm;wGif zrf;qD;cHcJh&onf? &ufaygif; 378-&uf &ref&uf&Snf csKyfaESmifcH&+yD;rSom (4-9-2008) &ufae@wGif pwif&kH;xkwfppfaq;cH=u&ygonf?

2? &ufaygif; 30-csKyfydkifcGifh xufausmfvGef+yD; 348-&uf rSm rw&m;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcJhjcif; jzpfonf? w&m;pGJrwifrSD jypfr_csKyfrdef@ykHpH(7)jzifh w&m;ol}uD;u &ufaygif;(30) csKyfaESmifrdef@ csrSwfydkifcGifh &Sdygonf? tcsKyfpcef;rsm;wGif jypfr_csKyfrdef@ykHpH (7) r&SdbJcsKyfaESmifxm;ydkifcGifh r&Sdyg? w&m;&kH;rsm; vufpGJtydk'f-(403 rS 410 xd)t& csKyfaESmifydkifcGifhr&SdbJ/ &ufaygif; 348-&ufrSm tif;pdeftusOf;axmifwGif Oya'rJh rw&m;zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifjcif;jzpfygonf?

3? w&m;&kH;rsm;vufpGJ tydk'f-693 wGif txl;}uD;av;aom jypf'%frsm; csrSwfonfhtcg tr_wGJY tb,fa=umifh xdkodk@tjypf'%fay;onfukd ta=umif;jy&rnf[kjyXmef;xm;jcif;rSm w&m;ol}uD;rsm; qifjcifwkHuif;pGm }uD;av;aomjypf'%frsm; rcsrSwfrdap&ef jyXmef;xm;jcif;jzpfa=umif; owdcsyfoifhayonf?

jrefrmEkdifiHonf a&S;&dk;pOfvm jzwfxkH;ESifh pD&ifxkH;rsm;tay: tajcðyumr_cif;rsm;ukd ppfaq;pD&ifqkH;jzwf&onfh (Common Law) Oya'pepfudk tokH;ðyonfhEdkifiHjzpfygonf? txl; }uD;av;aom jypf'%frsm;csrSwfcJhonfh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onfatmufazmfjyyg pD&ifxkH;rsm;udk owdðyoifhygonf?

-jypf'%fukd pOf;pm;&mwGif w&m;pD&ifa&;. rlrSeft&4if;/ jypf'%fay;&mwGif

*vJhpm;acsonfh oabm jypf'%frcsrSwf&? “armifjzL ESifh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH”1965- ckESpf/ jrefrmEkdifiHpD&ifxkH;/(w&m;&kH;csKyf) pm-378?

-jypf'%fcsrSwf&mY jypfr_usL;vGefoltay: *vJhpm;acsonfh oabmr[kwfbJ/ynmay;onfhoabmvnf; oufa&mufap&rnf? vkyfom;jynfolwdk@. tusdK;ukdvnf;apmif ha&Smuf&m a&muf&rnf? tr_wGifay:aygufv#uf&S daom ta=umif;jcif;&m/



tcsdeftcg/ tr_trdsK;tpm;ukd vdkufI jypf'%fowfrSwf&onf? “rpP csEN&m rm,mESifh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH ” 1966-ckESpf/ jrefrmEdkifiH pD&ifxkH;(w&m;&kH;csKyf) pm-1448

4? ,ae@ jrefrmEkdifiHY w&m;pD&ifa&;tcef; u¾wGif 13-OD;yg0ifaom w&m;pD&ifxkH;ðypka&; tzGJ@zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? 4if;tzGJ@wGif wwd,w&m;ol}uD;csKyfrSm OuUX jzpf+yD;/w&m;&kH;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;/ wwd,a&S›aecsKyfrsm;/ !$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyfrsm;/ !$ef=um;a&;rSL;rsm; yg0ifonf? tqkdygtzJG@onf pD&ifxHk;rsm;ukd xkwfa0cJhonf? xkwfa0cJhonfhpD&ifxHk;pmtkyf wkdif;. rsufESmpmwGif

· w&m;pD&if&mwGif trSefukd qHk;jzwf&kHr#rubJ xkdodk@trSefw&m;udk pD&ifa=umif; trsm;jrifap&monf?

· jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfESifh armifa&$ (c) armifa&S yg-2OD;/ 1966ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH w&m;pD&ifa&; (w&m;&kH;csKyf) pm 616/ pD&ifxHk;udk az:!$ef;xm;onf?

odk@aomf vufawG@w&m;pD&ifr_e,fy,fwGif - rdom;pkrsm;udk w&m;cGifwGif=um;emcGifhray;jcif;? (10/ 10/ 2008 tmtufzfat) onf 5§2000 w&m;pD&ifa&;Oya'yk'fr 2 (u) Oya'ESifhtnD vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifjcif;ukd rsufuG,fðycJhonf?

5? w&m;pGJqdkcH=u&onfh Oya'yk'frrsm;rSm 1996-ckESpf/ trsdK;om;nDvmcH vkyfief;rsm; atmifjrifpGm aqmif&Gufa&;udk aESmifh,Sufqef@usifjcif;rS umuG,fonfh Oya'/yk'fr (4) / jypfr_ qdkif&m Oya'/ yk'fr-505 (c)/ AD'D,dk tufOya'/ yk'fr-32 (c)/ 36?tDvufxa&mepf qufoG,faqmif&Gufa&; Oya'yk'fr-33(u)/ ykHEkdyf tufOya'/ yk'fr-17/ 20? rw&m;toif;Oya'yk'fr-17(1)/ jypfr_qdkif&mOya'yk'fr-130(c)/ toif;tzGJ@Oya'yk'fr-6 wdk@jzpf=uygonf? pGJqdkonfh Oya' yk'frrsm; 10-ckpvkH;rSm tjzpftysufwckwnf;tay:wGif v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk cGJjcm;I/ Oya'yk'frrsm;cGJjcm;um yk'frwckpDjzifhw&m;pGJqdkcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?

“rsdK;xGef; ESifh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf”2006-ckESpf/ jypfr_qdkif&m txl;t,lcHtrSwf-(1)/ trSwf(2)/ pm-24 pD&ifxkH;Y

jzpfpOf w&yfwnf;wGif aqmif&GufcJhaom tðytrlrsm;udk cGJjcm;+yD;/ oD;jcm;tr_rsm;pGJqdkjcif;rSm rSefuefonf[k qdkEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ [kxkH;zGJ@xm;ygonf? ,ckuJhodk@ cGJjcm;+yD;/oD;jcm;tr_rsm; pGJqdkum jypf'%frsm; csrSwfcJhjcif;rSm jyXmef;xm;+yD; pD&ifxkH;ukd azmufzsufusL;vGef&ma&mufygonf?

6? jypfr_qdkif&m Oya'yk'fr-71 t&vnf; “wckpD jypfr_ajrmufaom tpdwftydkif;rsm; aygif;pkaeonfh jypfr_ukd usL;vGefoltm;/ twdtvif; jyXmef;csufr&Sdygu/ xdkjypfr_ajrmufaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;teuf/ jypfr_wckcktwGuf ay;Ekdifaom jypf'%fxufydkIray;&? ” “ppfaq;aom w&m;&kH;u txufyg jypfr_wckcktwGuf ay;Edkifaomjypf'%fxuf ydkrdkjyif;xefaom jypf'%fudk ray;&?” [kjyXmef;xm;ygonf?



10

,ckrl jypfr_wr_xufydkI pkpkaygif;jypf'%fcsrSwfjcif;rSm rlvyifrjypfr_qkdif&mOya' udk csdK;azmuf+yD; w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk jyuf&,fðy vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? Oya'rJh/pnf;rJhurf;rJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfodk@ OD;wnfoGm;onfqdkv#if tpdk;&wzGJ@vkH; E_wfxGufay;oifhygonf?

7? 1973-ckESpf/ pum;&yfrsm; t"dyg,fzGifhqdka&; Oya'/ yk'fr-22 wGifvnf;“ðyvkyfr_- odk@r[kwf-ysufuGufr_ wckckonf Oya'ESpf&yf odk@r[kwf ESpf&yfxufydkaomOya'rsm;jzihf jypfr_ajrmufv#if jypfr_usL;vGefolukd 4if;Oya'rsm;teuf Oya'w&yfjzifhomw&m;pGJqdk&rnf/ tjypfay;&rnf” [kjyXmef;xm;ygonf? rl&if;jyXmef;Oya'rsm;udk w&m;&kH;udk,fYu csdK;azmuf+yD; pD&ifcsufcsrSwfaejcif;rSm w&m;pD&ifa&; pepfw&yfvkH;udk arSmufrSm;oGm;apygonf?

Oya'a&;&m okH;oyfa&; XmejrefrmEdkifiH a&S›aersm;aumifpD19= 11 =2008



w&m;r#waom w&m;pD&ifppfaq;cGifh&a&;twGuf88 ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u

w&m;&Hk;wGif wdkufyGJ0ifjcif; (rSwfwrf;)

tcsdef? ? ae@ 12 em&D 30 rdepfae&uf? ? 24/ 10/ 2008ae&m? ? (tif;pdefaxmifoD;oef@w&m;&Hk;)

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12

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14

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16

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18

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20

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22

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3? tr_ukd vkdufygaqmif&GufaepOf a&S›aeukdnDnDaxG;ESihf ukdapmausmfausmfrif;wkd@tm;jypfr_qkdif&m Oya'yk'f r 228 “w&m;pD&ifr_ aqmif&Gufaeaom jynfol@0efxrf;ukdapmfum;jcif; okd@wnf;r[kwf 0ifa&muf aESmuf,Sufjcif;” jypf'%ft& axmif'%f6 vpDcsrSwfcJhjcif;wkd@rSmvnf; jypfr_usifhxkH;Oya'yk'fr 482 ygjyXmef;csuf rsm;ukdcsKd;azmuf+yD; ppfaq;jcif;rðybJ jypf'%fcsrSwfjcif;jzpfI wzufowf rw&m;qkH;jzwfcsuf jzpfa=umif; Oya't& okH;oyfawG@&Sd&ygonf?



24

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5? “1980 jynfhESpfwGif A[kdw&m;&kH;a&S›aersm;aumifpD” w&m;&kH;rsm;tay: a&S›ae a&S›&yfrsm;. wm0efESihf ywfoufI tcsuf (14) csufukd oufqkdif&m w&m;pD&ifxkH; tukd;tum;rsm;jzifh jynfhpkHpGmazmfjyxm;onfukd awG@&SdEkdifygonf? a&S›aersm;onf w&m;&kH;vufpGJyg jyXmef;csuft& w&m;&kH;t&m&Sdrsm;jzpfygonf?

6? w&m;&kH;&Sd w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf 2000 jynfhESpf w&m;pD&ifa&;Oya' tcef; (2)w&m;pD&ifa&;qkdif&mrlrsm; yk'fr 2 (*) t& “Oya'ukd jynfolrsm;u em;vnf usifhokH;vmap&ef ynmay;jcif;ESihf jynfolrsm;u Oya'ukd vdkufemaom tavhtusifhysKd;axmifay;jcif;” qdkaomrlukd vufawG@pHjytjzpf vkdufemvkyfaqmif&ayrnf?“w&m;cGifwGif tr_onfrsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufI a&S›aersm;taejzifhumuG,f&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? w&m;&kH;rsm;taejzifh jynfolrsm;,kH=unfvufcHvmatmif vufawG@pHjytjzpf vkdufemvkyfaqmif&rnfhtpm; jynfoltrsm; t,kHt=unf rJhoGm;atmif rðyvkyfoifhay?”

EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;tr_onfrsm;u “w&m;&kH;awmfukd t,kHt=unfr&Sdawmhjcif;”rSm w&m;&kH;u Oya'twkdif; vkdufemvkyfaqmifjcif;&Sdr&Sd qkdonfhtay:wGifom rlwnfygonf?

7? jypfr_qkdif&musifhxkH; Oya'yk'fr 340 (1) wGif “&mZ0wf w&m;&kH;wGif jypfr_w&yfjzifhpGyfpGJcH&ol rnfolrqdk okd@r[kwf qkdcJhonfh w&m;&kH;w&kH;wGif usifhxHk;Oya't&tr_pGJqkdjcif;cH&ol rnfolrqkd a&S›aejzifh ckcHacsyydkifcGifh &Sdonf”[k jyXmef;csuft&a&S›aeonf tr_onftwGuf ckcHacsyykdifcGifh&Sd+yD;om; jzpfygonf? a&S›ae taejzifhckcHacsyykdifcGifhray;v#if w&m;&kH;onf TOya'ukd csKd;azmuf&musygonf?

8? “vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;qkdif&m oabmxm;a=unmcsuf”ukd 1995 ckESpfw&kwfjynf yDuif;òrd@rSm usif;yaom “tm&SESifh ypdzdwfa'oqkdif&m w&m;&kH;csKyfw&m;ol}uD;rsm;.” ajcmuf}udrfajrmuf tpnf; ta0;Y jrefrmEkdifiHrS w&m;ol}uD;csKyfOD;atmifwkd; udk,fwkdifwufa&muf vufrSwfa&xkd;cJhygonf? tqkdyg oabmxm;a=unmcsufwGif vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;acgif;pOfatmuf&Sd tykd'f 1 rS 9 txdaz: jyxm;aom w&m;pD&ifa&;qkdif&mrlrsm;tm;vkH;ukd csKd;azmuf+yD; w&m;&kH;rsm;u



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Oya'a&;&m okH;oyfa&;XmejrefrmekdifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpD ae@pGJ-Ekd0ifbm (7) &uf/ 2008 ckESpf?



26

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28

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30

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bDbDpDOD;atmifxl;ua&m Credential Challenge campaign t& xl;xl;jcm;jcm;

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qdkvdkonfrSm twdwfumvu tkyfcsKyfoltm%mydkifrsm;udk,fwdkif yg0ifusL;vGefcJh=uaom vlom;rqefonfh jypfr_}uD;rsm;udk cdkifvHkonfh oufaocHcsufrsm;/ oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk toHk;ðyI azmfxkwf+yD; tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;tm;jzifh epfemqHk;&_H;cJholjynfolrsm;twGuf w&m;r#wr_udk &SmazGazmfxkwfay;oGm;&rnfjzpfygonf?odk@rSom tem*wfvltzG@Jtpnf;opftwGif; +idrf;csrf;r_/ vGwfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_ESifhzGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_ponfh jynfolrsm;. b0tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udk &&SdcHpm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif xdkoufqdkif&mvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;Y w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;tajccHaumif;rsm;udk rsKd;aphcsazmfxkwfwnfaqmufoGm;&mvnf;a&mufrnfjzpfygonf?

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rul;ajymif; ao;rSDumvtwGif; jzpfyGm;cJhaom }uD;rm;qdk;&Gm;vSonfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_}uD;rsm;wGif t"duyg0ifusL;vGefcJh=uonfh jypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;udk tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;rsm; rvkyfaqmifcJh=uvsifvnf;aumif;/ rw&m;usL;vGefcsKd;azmufjcif; cHcJh=u&onfh jynfolvlxkrsm;twGuf wpfpHkw&m jyefvnfukpm; r_rsm;ESifh w&m;r#wr_rsm;udkoufqdkif&mvl@tzG@Jtpnf;rsm;u &SmazGazmfaqmifay;jcif;r&SdcJhvsifvnf;aumif;/}uD;rm;onfh ab;qdk;usKd;}uD;rsm;pGmudk &ifqdkifóuHawG@&rnfjzpfonf? ,if;wdk@xJrS t"duqdk;usKd;rSm qHk;&_H;epfemol jynfolvlxkrsm;twGuf w&m;r#wr_udk &SmazGazmfxkwfay;Edkifr_uif;rJhoGm;jcif;yifjzpf+yD;/ tjcm;wzufwGif tkyfcsKyfoltm%mydkifrsm;u [email protected]&yfrsm;tay: tjypfr&Sd[k ,lq=u+yD; aemufxyfjypfr_}uD;rsm;udk xyfumqufIusL;vGef=uOD;rnfjzpfonf? Todk@jzifh vltzGJ@tpnf;twGif; rvdkvm;tyfonfh jy\em&yf}uD;rsm; xyfrHay:aygufvmum w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_tajccHrsm; qdwfokOf; uif;rJhoGm;rnhftajctaeqdk;}uD;rsm;udk &ifqdkifóuHawG@&rnfjzpfonf?

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Edki fiHwumjypfr_qdkif&mw&m;&Hk;rdwfqufEdkifiHwumjypfr_qdkif&mw&m;&Hk;udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif&onfh t"dutajccH

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wpfckud k zG J @pnf;wnfaxmif&efESif h vlrs K d;wkH;owfjzwfr_4/ vlom;jzpfr _ud k qef@usifusL;vGefonfh jypfr_5 /ppf&mZ0wfr_6 ponfh &mZ0wfr_cif;}uD;rsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;&efESifh jyif;xefpGm usL;vGefcJholrsm;udk ,if;w&m;&Hk;}uD;rSaeI tjypfay;ta&;,loGm;&ef 1998 ckESpf/ ZGefv (17)&ufae@wGif oabmwlnDr_&&SdcJh=uonf? ,if;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;t& 2002 ckESpfZlvdkifv (1) &ufae@wGif EdkifiHwumw&m;&Hk;}uD;udk pwiftwnfðywnfaxmifcJhonf?,if;w&m; &Hk;}uD;udk e,fomvefEdkifiH [dwf (The Hague)òrdŒwGif yHkrSefxm;&Sd+yD; jypfr_}uD;rsm; jzpfyGm;&mae&m/ a'orsm;wGifvnf; oifhavsmfovdk &Hk;pdkufcGifh&Sda=umif; owfrSwfcJh=uonf?tzG J@0ifE d ki fi Hrsm;



36

,ckvuf&Sd EdkifiHwumjypfr_qdkif&mw&m;&Hk;}uD;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;twnfðy+yD;aom EdkifiHpkpkaygif;rSm (108) EdkifiH&Sd&m tm&SwdkufrS EdkifiHaygif; (14) EdkifiH/ tmz&duEdkifiHrSEdkifiHaygif; (30)/ taemuf Oa&myEdkifiH rsm;rS (25) EdkifiH/ ta&S›Oa&myEdkifiHaygif; (16)EdkifiH/ vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrS EdkifiHaygif; (23) EdkifiH yg0ifcJh+yD;jzpfyg onf?

w&m;ol}uD;rsm;cef@tyfa&G;cs,fjcif;,if;w&m;&H k;}uD;wGif w&m;

ol}uD; (18) OD;udk a&G;cs,fcef@xm;&mtrsKd;orD;/ trsKd;om;tcsKd;us yg0ifr_ud k OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,fcef@xm;onf?w&m;ol}uD;rsm;. trnfpm&if;rsm;ESifh‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHudk,fpm;ðyr_/ urBmha'o}uD;rsm; udk,fpm;ðyr_rSm atmufyg twdkif;jzpfonf?

No Name Nationality Regional Group1. Judge Philippe Kirsch Canada WEOG

(President of the ICC)2. Judge Akua KUENYEHIA Ghana African States

(First Vice-President)3. Judge Rene BLATTMANN Bolivia GRULC

(Second Vice-President)4. Judge Georghios M. PIKIS Cyprus Asian States5. Judge Elizabeth ODIO Benito Costa Rica GRULAC6. Judge Navanethem PILLAY South Africa Arrican Atates7. Judge Sang-Hyun SONG Republic of Asian States

Korea8. Judge Hans-Peter KAUL Germany WEOG9. Judge Mauro POLITI Italy WEOG10. Judge Erkki KOURULA Finland WEOG11. Judge Fatoumata Demvele Mali African States DIARRA12. Judge Anita USACKA Latvia Eastern Europe13. Judge Sir Adrian FULFORD United Kingdom WEOG14. Judge Sylvia STEINER Brazil GRULAC15. Judge Ekaterina Bulgaria Eastern Europe TRENDAFILOVA16. Judge Daniel David Ntanda Uganda African States NSEREKO17. Judge Fumiko SAIGA Japan Asian States18. Judge Bruno COTTE France WEOG

WEOG - Western European and Others Group of StatesGRULAC - Latin America and Caribbean Group of States



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udk,fwG,fppfaq; pD&if&mwGifrl enf;vrf; (3) rsKd;u cGifhðyrSmom vufcHpOf;pm;+yD;ppfaq;pD&ifEdkifonf? ,if;uJhodk vufcHpOf;pm;&mwGifvnf; w&m;&Hk;}uD;udk w&m;0iftwnfðywnfaxmifcJhonfh (2002) ckESpf Zlvdkifvaemufydkif; jzpfyGm;onfhr_cif;}uD;rsm;udkom vufcHpOf;pm;onf? ‚if;enf;vrf; (3) rsKd;tm; EdkifiHwum jypfr_qdkif&mw&m;&Hk;.a&mrjyefXmef;Oya'tydk'f (13) t& atmufygtwdkif; owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;onf?

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jypfr_xif&Sm;a=umif; pD&ifppfaq;awG@&SdcJhv#if csrSwfedkifaomtjrifhqHk;jypf'%frSmaxmif'%fESpf oHk;q,f (30) odk@r[kwf woufwu|ef;'%frsm;jzpfonf?

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38

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40

twGuf ukvor*~vHkòcHa&;aumifpDuaewqifh EdkifiHwum jypfr_qdkif&mw&m;&Hk;udk v$Jajymif;ay;tyf ta&;,loGm;&eftwGuf rdrdwdk@Oa&myor*~EdkifiHrsm; tm;vHk;udk wkdufwGef;oGm;rnf[k qHk;jzwfcsufwckcsrSwfcJh/

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* Working Team for ICC *



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42

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(Endnotes)1 Systematic and Widespread2 The International Criminal Court3 The permanent of the International Criminal Court4 The Crime of Genocide5 Crimes against Humanity6 War Crimes7 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court8 Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court9 International Humanitarian Laws10 Inability and Unwillingness



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44

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48

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50

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wdkif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;ESifh etz. em*pfzGJ‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'(wwd,ydkif;)

wdkif;&if;om; a&;&mudpPawG[m eufeJ&_yfaxG;r_ &SdvSygw,f? ESpfaygif; &maxmifcsDwJh a&S;a[mif;ordkif; aemufcHawG/ +Adwdo# udkvdkeDacwfwHk;uoyfv#dKòzdcGJcHcJh&wmawG/r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ usifhoHk;cJh=uwJhvlrsKd;}uD;awG/ usOf;ajrmif;wJh trsKd;om;a&;0g'udk taotvJ zufwG,fxm;wJh vlrsKd;i,fawG/ rwlwJh EdkifiHa&; tawG;tac:awG&Jh&dkufcwfr_awG/ ordkif;rSm ay:cJhwJh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'awG&Jh tm;enf;csufawG/ pwJhta=umif;t&maygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm[m 'Dvdk &_yfaxG;r_awGudk jzpfay:apwmygbJ?

tm%m&Sif ppfacgif;aqmifawGu wdkif;&if;om;a&;&m udpPawGudk olwdk@tm%mwnf+rJa&; twGuf q,fpkESpfwcsdK hcsD+yD;pepfwus toHk;csvdkufwJhtcgrSmawmh &Sif;vdk@rvG,fawmhwJhtaetxm;udk a&mufae&ygawmhw,f? toHk;csyHkcsenf;uawmh &dk;&dk;uav;yg? olwdk@tm%mwnf+rJa&;udk axmufyHhay;r,fh wdkif;&if;om; yk*~dKvfawGudkwzufu vufoyfarG;¹rl+yD; vufa0cHtjzpf cGJa0pm;aomufcGifhawG ay;xm;vdkufw,f?tjcm;wbufuawmh olwdk@udk +cdrf;ajcmufwJhwdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawG/ tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ olwdk@&JhtajccH a'oawGudkawmh t=urf;zuf wdkufcdkufzdESdyfawmhwmygbJ?jy,k*ftaeeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHta&S›ydkif;u wdkif;&if;om; a'oawGrSm aus;&GmawGudk twif;t"rRa&$›ajymif;wm/ rk'drf;usifhwm/ owfjzwfr_}uD;awG usL;vGefwm/ }uD;}uD;rm;rm;ESdyfpufnSif;yrf;wm/ vlxkawGudk twif;t=uyfaysmufqHk;apwm/ pwmawG jzpfw,f?'Djypfr_}uD;awGudkpepfwuseJ@ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@usL;vGefaewma=umifh vlom;jzpfr_udkqef@usifwJh EdkifiHwumjypfr_}uD;abmifxJrSm tóuH;0ifEdkifa=umif; EdkifiHwumvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@}uD;u 2008 ckESpf ZGefvtwGif;rSm tpD&ifcHpmwapmif xkwfjyefcJhw,f?

twif;t"rRajymif;a&$ ›jcif;c H&aom u&ifwdkif;&if;om;rdom;pkrsm;



56

tusdK;quftjzpfeJ@ trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_[m tck tcsdefrSm &p&mr&Sdavmufatmifudk òyduGJaeyg+yD? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkwckeJ@ tjcm;wckt=um;rSm/ ,Hk=unfr_awG ysuf,Gif;ae,Hkomruwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkwckcsif;pDtwGif;u tcsif;csif;t=um;rSmudk tjyeftvSefowf=u jzwf=uwJh taetxm; a&mufaeyg+yD?

etz.rw&m;nSif;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif;cHae&aom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;yHk

'gayr,fh 0rf;enf;p&maumif;wmuawmh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftqifhrSm ae&m,lxm;wJh yk*~dKvfawG tajrmuftrsm;[m vlrsKd;a&;eJ@qufpyf+yD; ay:aygufvmwJh jy\emawGudk ,cktcsdeftxd pepfwus taotcsm ravhvmjzpf=uao;wJh tcsufyg?ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wdkufa&;u t"du uswma=umifh 'gudk t&if&Sif;+yD;rS wdkif;&if;om;a&;&mawGudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif; oifhw,fvdk@ ta=umif;jy+yD; aemufudka&$›xm;csifolawGvnf;renf;vSbl;? 'Dwdkif;&if;om;jy\emawG[m 'Drdkua&pD&&ifajyvnfoGm;rSmygvdk hcyfvG,fvG,fajym=uol awG&Jh ta&twGufuawmh ajrmufrsm;vSpGm &Sdygw,f

jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'atmufrSm twdkif;twmeJ@ tnD'Drdkua&pD &cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh wdkif;&if;om; a&;&mawG[m tJonfuxJu ay:cJhwmyg?EdkifiHjcm;om;awGxJrSm jrefrmhta&;udk tu|rf;usifqHk;yk*~dKvf&,fvdk@ emrnf}uD;+yD;vltrsm;av;pm;cH&wJh ygarmuQ *sKd;Zufaq;vfAm;pwdkif; qdkwJ h ordkif; ynm&Sif}uD;toufxif&Sm;&Sdygao;w,f? 1958 ckESpfavmuf upvdk h jrefrmEdkifiHxJrSm oludk,fwdkifaexdkifcJh+yD; avhvmwifjycsufawG teufu w&yfudk jyefvnf r#a0yg&ap? tJ'guawmhajr,meJ@ywfoufwJh jy\emjzpfygw,f?

1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' touf0ifusifhoHk;ae+yD; 'Drdkua&pD&aewJhacwf&,fvdk@ vltrsm;vufcHxm;wJh 1952 -ckESpfrSm w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfudk r_cif;}uD;



wcka&mufvmcJhw,f? jynfaxmifpkeJ@ jynfaxmifpk tzGJ@0ifjynfe,fawGt=um;rSmOya'ðycGifhtm%m cGJa0usifhoHk;a&;eJ@ pyfvsOf;vdk@ tjiif;yGm;cJhwJh r_cif;}uD;ygbJ? 1947ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' wwd,Z,m;rSm az: jyxm;csuft& ajr,meJ@ywfoufwJhpDrHcef h cGJcGifhtm%mudkjynfaxmifpkOya'ðypm&if;rSma&m/ jynfe,f Oya'ðypm&if;rSmygyg&SdcJhw,f? qdkvdkwmuawmh ajr,meJ hywfoufvdk h jynfaxmifpkrSm Oya'ðycGifh&Sdovdkjynfe,fudkvnf; Oya'ðycGifhay;xm;cJhw,f?

1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& jynfe,fudk ay;xm;wJhjyXmef;csufrSmatmufygtwdkif; avhvm Edkifygw,f? ajr,m/ ajrcGefawmf/ ajr,mwdk;wufaumif;r Ge fa&;E Si f h v,f,mtrawm fa =u;r sm; / p kay gi f ;I ae&mopfwnfjci f; /aºuG;+rDtaygiftESHruif;aom ajr,mypPnf; taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh 0&rf;tuyfcH&aomajr,mypPnf;taqmufttHkrsm;/ &wemodkufrsm;?

tJ'D wHk;u jynfe,fawGbufu vdkufygaqmif&GufwJh a&S›ae}uD;jzpfwJh rpPwmbpl;u w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfrSm onfvdkwifjycJhygw,f? jynfaxmifpk zGJ@wJhtcgrSmyg0ifwJhjynfe,fawG[m olwdk@&JhypPnf;OpPm ydkifqdkifr_eJ@ywfoufwJhtcGifhta&;

( P r o p r i e t a r yRights) awGudk jynfaxmi fp kud k t+y D ;ty d ki fay ;vd ku fwmr[kwfbl;? a jr,meJ@ywfoufwJh pDrHcef@cGJcGifhudk jynfe,fawGu t"du&,lusi f hoH k;cGi f h & S doif hw,f?z G J @ p n f ; y H kt a j c c HOya'xJr Sm j yn fe,fawGudk cGJxGufcGifhay;xm;w,f? 'gay

r,fh ajr,mpDrHcef@cGJcGifhudkawmh jynfe,fawGudk usifhoHk;cGifhrðybl;qdk&if cGJxGufcGi f hawmhusif hoH k; / ajr,mawmh rygapeJ@qd kwmrsK d; jzpfoGm;r,f? ' Dvd kqd k&ifzGJ@pnf;yHk jyXmef;csuf[m bmt"dyg,f &SSdrSmvJ qdk+yD;awmh av#mufvJwifjy oGm;cJhw,f?

jynfaxmifpk bufu vdkufygaqmif&GufwJh tpdk;&a&S›aecsKyf&JhwifjyyHku onfvdkjzpfygw,f? Oya'ðycGifhtm%meJ@ ywfoufvdk@jynfaxmifpkrSma&m jynfe,frSmygusifhoHk;cGifh &Sdw,fqdk&if jynfaxmifpku jynfe,fudk v$rf;rdk;w,f? ajr,mudpPudk



58

jynfe,fOya'ðypm&if;rSm xnfhoGif;az: jyxm;apOD;awmh trsK d;om;tusK d;pD;yGm;eJ@qufpyfvm&if Oya'ðycGifhudk jynfaxmifpkuom usifhoHk;cGifh &oifhw,fqdk+yD;awmh jyefvnf xkacswifjyoGm;cJhw,f?

w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfu zGJ hpnf;yHktajccHOya't& ajr,mawGudk tºuGif;rJhydkifqdkifol[m jynfe,fawG r[kwfbl;/ jynfaxmifpkjzpfw,f qdkwmudk t"duta=umif;jy+yD; ajr,meJ@ywfoufwJh pDrHcef@cGJcGifh tm%mudk jynfaxmifpkuom usifhoHk;oGm;r,fqdkwJh t+yD;owfqHk;jzwfcsufudk aemufqHk;rSm csrSwfcJhw,f? 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' yk'fr (30) rSm ajr,mydkifqdkifr_ eJ@ywfouf+yD; atmufygtwdkif;jyXmef;xm;cJhwma=umifh jzpfygw,f?

“EdkifiHawmfonf ajr,mtm;vHk;. ydkif&Sif jzpfonf?”

w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf&Jh 'D pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsuff[m pHðypD&ifxHk;jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f?aemufydkif;upvdk@ jynfe,fawG[m jynfaxmifpk 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@ jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&tzGJ@udkrSDcdk&wJh tajctaea&mufoGm;cJhw,f? udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh qdkwmudk yHkpHoabmavmufom usifhoHk;cGifh&Sd+yD; vufawG@tESpfom&rSmawmh jynfaxmifpkubJ tppt&m&mcs,fvS,foGm;cJhygawmhw,f? vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;awG&Jh rauseyfr_awG[m wajz;ajz;}uD;xGm;vmcJh+yD; trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_udk xdyg;vmcJhw,fvdk@ ygarmuQ *sKd;Zufaq;vfAm; pwdkif;u oHk;oyfygw,f?

rzGH@òzd;ao;wJhwdkif;jynfawGrSm ajr,m[m wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkvlrsKd;ra&G;/vlxkawG&Jh toufeJ@b0jzpfygw,f? 'D ajray:rSm aexdkif/ 'DajreJ@bJ pdkufysKd;arG;jrLtoufarG;=u/ onfajray:&Sdonfh onfawm onfawmifawGu xGufwJh opf0g;awGeJ@bJaetdrfawG aqmufvkyfaexdkif=u/ onfajru xGuf&SdwJh obm0 o,HZmwawGeJ@&yfwnf&Sifoef=u&ygw,f?

1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'atmufrSmuxJu pwifqHk;&_H;vmcJhwJh wdkif;&if;om;awG/ a'ocHvlxkawG&J@ ajr,mpDrHcef@cGJcGifh[m 1988 ckESpf e0w/ etz ppfwyftm%modrf;yGJ t+yD;rSm ydk+yD; qdk;oxuf qdk;vm ygawmhw,f? rGefjynfe,frSm etzppfwyfawGpcef;cszdk@ ajrawGudk odrf;,lcJhw,f? u&ifeJ@u&ifeD jynfe,fawGxJrSm &Gmaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm twif;t=uyfa&$›ajymif;cH&w,f? ucsif eJ@&Srf;jynfe,fawGrSm tzdk;wefobm0o,HZmwawG wl;az:xkwf,lzdk@ ajrawGudk etz wyfawGudk,fwdkifodrf;wma&m/EdkifiHjcm;ukrR%DeJ@ jynfwGif;u vufa0cHukr%DawGudk a&mif;cs/ cGJa0csxm;ay;wmawGa&m xifovdk pDrHcef@cGJaeygw,f? b*Fvm;a'h&SfeJ@ ukefoG,fvrf;a=umif;wdk;csJ ›zGifhvSpfEdkifzdk@ etz[m &cdkifjynfe,f v,form;awGqDu twif;t=uyf odrf;xm;wJhajrawG tay:rSm pDrHcsuf topfawG pwiftaumiftxnfaz:ae+yDqdkwJh owif;awG=um;&w,f?



jynfaxmifpk tzGJ@0if wdkif;&if;om;jynfe,fawGrSm ajr,mawGudk xifovdk pDrHcef@cGJvkyfaqmifaewJh udpPawGudk etz&Jh 2008 ckESpf em*pfzGJ@pnf;yHkudk pwifusifhoHk;+yDqdk&ifb,fvdkrsm; umuG,fapmifha&SmufEdkifrSmygvJvdk@ &SmazG=unhfygw,f? onftcgrSm 1947ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'xuf tqrsm;pGmydkqdk;aewmudk awG@&ygawmhw,f? yk'fr(37) t& “Ed ki fi Hawmfonf Ed ki fi Hawmf& S d a jrtm;vHk; ajray:ajratmuf/a&ay:a&atmufESifh avxktwGif;&Sd o,HZmw ypPnf;tm;vHk;. ydkif&Sifjzpfonf?”vdk@ jyXmef;xm;w,f? tJ'D jyXmef;csufudk axmufjy+yD; A[kdtpdk;&[mjynfe,fawG&Jh ajr,meJ@ywfoufwJh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk bmwckrS *&krpdkufbJxifovdk qufvuf pDrHcef@cGJoGm;awmhrSmyg?

Z,m; (1) jynfaxmifpk Oya'ðypm&if; tykd'f (5) pdkufysdK;a&; ESifh arG;jrLa&;u¾atmufrSmajr,mpDrHcef@cGJr_eJ@ ajrvGwf/ ajrvyfESifh ajr&dkif;rsm; az:xkwfwJh vkyfief;awGudkjynfaxmifpk tpdk;&ubJ vkyfoGm;rSm jzpfw,f? tykd'f (6) pGrf;tif/ v#yfppf/ owWK ESifhopfawm u¾awGatmufrSm a&eH/ obm0"gwfaiG@ESifh tjcm;avmifu|rf;apwwfaomt&nftcJrsm;/ jynfaxmifpk v#yfppf"gwftm; xkwfvkyfjzef@jzL;a&;/ ausmufrsuf&wem/opfawm pwmawGudkvnf; jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&tqifhrSm óud;udkifcs,fvS,foGm;r,fhppfAdkvfwpkubJ vkyfcsif&m vkyfoGm;awmhrSm taotcsmygbJ? ajr,meJ hywfoufwJht"du pDrHcef@cGJr_rSefor# wdkif;&if;om;jynfe,fawGudk wpHkw&mr# ay;xm;wmr&SSdawmha=umif; txift&Sm; awG@&ygw,f?

r=umao;cif&ufydkif;ubJ &cdkiftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyfu etz&J@ 2008em*pfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'udk vufrcH/ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJudk0ifrSm r[kwfa=umif;a=unmoGm;wmudk owdðyrdygw,f? 'gayr,fh wdkif;&if;om; EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG wnfaxmif+yD; 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ0ifbkd@ jyifqifae=uwJh owif;wcsdK@udkvnf; qufvuf=um;ae&qJyg? vlxktwGuf ajr,mpDrHcef@cGJydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;awG&atmif etz zGJ@pnf;yHkatmufrSm b,fvdk vkyfaqmifoGm;rSmygvJvdk@ tJ'DygwDacgif;aqmif}uD;awGudk oufqdkif&m vlxkawGu ar;jref;zdk@ tcsdefa&muf+yDjzpfa=umif; wifjy&if; ed*Hk;csKyfyg&ap?



60

wdkif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;ESifh etz. em*pfzGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'(pwkwydkif;)

wdkif;&if;om;awG&Jh tcGifhta&;udk pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&; &_a'gifhuae oHk;oyfr,fqdk&if tajccHtusqHk;uawmh ajr,mjzpfygw,f?ajr,mawGudk ydkifqdkifcGifh/ toHk;cscGifh/ pDrHcef@cGJcGifh/ v$Jajymif;cGifh/ tjcm;yk*~dKvf (odk hr[kwf)tpdk;&tm%mydkifawG&J hrw&m; odrf;,ljcif;rS tumtuG,f &,lcGifh tp&SdwmawGygbJ?

ta&S›awmiftm&SrSm zdvpfydkfif/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ uarBm'D;,m;/ vmtdk/ jrefrmEdkifiHpwJh rzGH@òzd; rwdk;wufao;wJh wwd,EdkifiHawGrSm vlxkawG&Jh b0&yfwnfa&;[m ajr,mtay:rSm vGefrif;pGm trSDo[J ðy&w,f? onfawmifu pD;qif;vmwJh acsmif;a&udktrSDðyaomufoHk;/ onfjrpfu &SmazG&&SdwJh ig;awGeJ ht[m&"gwf jznhfwif;/ onfawmuxGuf&SdwJh opf0g;awGeJ@tdrfaqmuf/ &GmeD;pyfu onfajrtay:rSm pdkufysdK;a&;vkyf/ tp&Sdojzifh ajr}uD;udk txl;ojzifh rSDcdk+yD; touf&Sif&yfwnf=u&w,f? ajr}uD;[m wdkif;&if;om;jynfolawG&Jh &yfwnf&m jzpf&Hkomru olwdk@&JŒtoufeJ@ b0vnf; jzpfygw,f?

wdkif;&if;om; jynfe,fawGrSm EdkifiHa&;pum;vHk;eJ@ajym&&ifawmh ya'o&mZfajr&Sif}uD; pepfusifhoHk;cJhw,fvdk@ qdk=uygw,f? bk&ifpepf usifhoHk;cGifh &cJhwJh ae&mawGrSmbk&ifawG[m oufOD;qHydkif/ a&ajrh&SifawG jzpfcJh=uw,f? bk&ifpepf usifhoHk;cGifh r&cJhayr,fhap:bGm;/ ap:uJ/ awmifydkif/ e,ftkyf polwdk@[m oufqdkif&ma'oawGtvdkuf awm/awmif/ a&/ ajr awGudk ydkifqdkifcJh=uolawGyg? tqifhqifh tcGefyÀm qufo&wJhenff;vrf;eJ@ tJ'Dajr,mydkifqdkifr_pepfudk usifhoHk;cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh ESpfaygif; axmifeJ@csDwJh



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'D&Gmajrudk 'D&GmxJrSm aexdkifwJh &Gmol&Gmom;awG ydkifqdkif=uw,f? 'D&Gmab;rSm&SdwJh jrpfawG/ acsmif;awGrSm &Gmom; b,folrqdk a&toHk;ðycGifh&Sdovdk/ ig;&SmcGifh &Sdw,f?&GmjyifxGufoGm;&if obm0tav#muf aygufa&mufaewJh awmawGxJrSm tdrfaqmufzdk@opf0g;/ pm;aomufzdk@ [if;oD;[if;&GufeJ@ awm&dkif;wd&dp>mefawGudk &SmazGtoHk;cscGifh&Sdw,f?wOD;csif; O,smOf awmif,m pdkufysKd;vdk@ +cHcwfxm;wJhajr/ v,fvkyfwJhtwGufuefoif;zdk@xm;wJhajruGuf ponfwdk@uvGJvdk@ usefwJh ajrvGwfajr&dkif;eJ@&Gmywf0ef;usifu awmawmifukef;ajrawGudk a'ocH&Gmom;awG pkaygif;ydkifqdkif toHk;cscGifh&cJh=uw,f? tckacwfoHk;pum;vHk;eJ hajym&&ifawmh bHkypPnf;ydkifqdkifr_ tcGifhta&; Common Property Rightvdk@qdk&rSm jzpfygw,f?

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68

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70

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xdkif;EdkifiHudk=unfhr,fqdk&if xdkif;EdkifiH&J@ bDtD; 2540 jzpfwJh trsdK;orD;ESifhuav;rsm; vlukeful; jcif;rS umuG,fwm;qD;a&;Oya'rSm trsdK;orD;wOD; odk@r[kwfuav;wOD;[m acgif;yHkjzwfjcif;cH&v#if xdkif;EdkifiHodk@vm&ef xdkol.oabm wlnDonfjzpfap/ rwlonfjzpfap xdktcsufESifhroufqdkifa=umif; twdtvif;jyXmef; xm;wmjzpfw,f? tcktr_rSm jrefrmtrsdK;orD;trsm;tjym;yg0ifonfhtjyif toufrjynhfao;wJhuav;vnf;yg0ifonfjzpf&m 'DOya'ESifh vHk;0tusHK;0ifaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DepfemolawGudk vufcHac:aqmifvm&mrSm jypfrlusL;vGefoltygt0if xdkif;e,fpyf*dwfrS wm0efusolrsm;/ e,fajrcHxdkif;&Jrsm;/ e,fajrcH tm%mydkifrsm;/ &aemif;wae&mrSm wnf;cdkvufcHolrsm;/ o,faqmifoGm;aom um;ydkif&SifESifh um;armif;orm;rsm; pwmawGtm;vHk;[mTvlukeful;r_wGif vHk;0wm0ef&Sdw,f? xdkolawG[m xdkif;Oya' bDtD; 2540 udk twdtvif; csdK;azmufwmjzpfygw,f?



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vlukeful;r_umuG,fa&;ESifhwdkufzsufa&;Oya'&SdvsufESifh vlukeful;r_rsm;ay:aygufae&aomta=umif;&if;rsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vlukeful;r_umuG,fa&;ESifhwdkufzsufa&;Oya'udk 2005 ckESpf/pufwifbmvrSm jyXmef;cJhwmjzpfw,f/ xdkif;EdkifiHrSmawmh 2008 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrSm

jyXmef;+yD; ZGefvrSm pwiftaumiftxnfaz:wmjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh54 a,muf aoqHk;r_jzpfaecsdefrSmbDt D; 2540 trs d K ;or D;E Si f huav;rsm; vlukeful; jcif ;r Sumu G, fon f h Oya' q d kwm&S dygw,f? jrefrmEd ki fi Hr Smaumxdkif;EdkifiHrSmaum vlukeful;r_ESifhywfouf+yD; Oya'rsm;&Sdygw,f?'gayrJ @ taumiftxnfaz:aqmifwJ@ae&mrSm xda&mufr_ &Sdr&Sd

qdkwmudkom =unfh&rSmjzpfygw,f? Oya'awmh &Sd+yD; taumiftxnf az:wJhae&mrSmxda&mufr_r&Sd&if Oya'qdkwm pm&Gufay:rSmom&SdwJhtwGuf bmrStoHk;0ifawmhrSmr[kwfygbl;? 'Dvlukeful;r_ESif hywfoufwJhOya'udk vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:wJhae&mrSm jrefrmu ynmay;vkyfief;taeeJ@ & ky fjrifoH=um;awGuaexkwfv$ifhaewm&Sdygw,f/ rdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;/ trsdK;orD;a&;&mawGuvnf;oifwef;awG/ aqG;aEG; yGJawGðyvkyfaewm&Sdygw,f? 'gayrJ@ wu,fhatmufajcjynfolawGqD wdkuf&dkufa&mufwm r[kwfbl;/ Oyrm- pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf; iwfjywfaewJhatmufajcjynfolawG[m &kyfjrifoH=um;awG=unfhEdkif wmr[kwfbl;/ trsdK;orD;a&;&muoifwef;awGay;w,f/ aqG;aEG;yGJawGvkyfw,fqdkwmu &kyfjyoabmomjzpfw,f/olwdk@&JhaqGrsdK;om;csif;awG udkom ac:,lwmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh atmufajcjynfolawGqDwdkuf&dkufra&mufwJh twGuf todynmenf;yg;oxufenf; yg;aewmjzpfw,f?

aemufwcku jrefrmppftpdk;&[m EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf tvkyfvkyfudkifcGifhtcGifhtvef; zefwD;xm;r_r&Sdygbl;/ tJh'D tcGifhtvef;r&Sdwmu vlukeful;r_cH&jcif;udkwGef;tm;ay;aewJh oabmjzpfaeygw,f? wu,fwef;atmufajcjynfolawGrSm rdom;pk10 a,mufrSm 2 a,mufavmufom tvkyf&Sdwmjzpfw,f? tJh'D 2 a,mufuvnf;wa,mufu 0efxrf;/ wa,mufuusyef;/ 0efxrf;vpmeJ@ rdom;pk b,fvdkpm;avufrSmvJ/ usyef;vkyfawmhaum rdom;pkb,fpm;avufrvJ/ 'ga=umifh tvkyftudkif aygrsm;wJh eD;pyf&me,fpyfEdkifiHawGudk oGm;a&muftvkyfvkyfudkifzdk@ xGufcGmoGm;=uwm jzpfw,f?



'Dtay:tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; 0doravmbom;awGu wzufEdkifiHudk vlukeful;=u/a&mif;pm;=u/ tjrwfxkwf=uwmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh vlukeful;r_awG[m ay:aygufvmwmjzpfw,f?

xdkif;EdkifiHudk=unfhr,fqdk&if xdkif;tvkyf&SifawG[m pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;yDyDtjrwftpGef;twGuf om=unfh=uwmjzpfw,f? xkwfukefawGudk xkwfEdkifzdk@twGufaps;aygaom vkyftm;awG&r,fqdk&if b,fenf;eJ@jzpfjzpf vkyf=uwmjzpfw,f? 'Dtcsufuvnf; vlukeful;r_udk wGef;tm;ay;wJh tcsufwckjzpfw,f? aemufwcsufu jrefrma&$›ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;udk xdkif;tvkyform;0ef}uD;Xmetaejzifh Oya't& uef@owfr_awG&Sdaeygw,f? tvkyform;vufrSwfawG&Sdaomfvnf; jrefrmtvkyform;awG[mvGwfvGwfvyfvyfoGm;vm;cGifhr&Sdbl;? oGm;csifwJhae&ma'oudk cdk;oGm;&ygw,f? xdkodk@tvkyform; vufrSwfawGudk w&m;0ifr_tqifhtwef;jzpfatmif rvkyfay;onfhtwGuf'Dtcsufuvnf; vlukeful;r_udk wGef;tm;ay;wJhoabmjzpfw,f? tJh'ga=umifh-

(1) jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vlukeful;r_wm;qD;umuG,fa&;Oya'udk atmufajcjynfolvlxk xda&mufatmif jrefrmppftpdk;&taejzifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vkyfaqmifzdk@vdktyfw,f?

(2) jrefrmppftpd k;&[m udk,fhEdkifiHom;awGudk tvkyftudkifawG&zdk @tcGifhtvrf;awGudk zefwD;zdk@ vdktyfygw,f?

(3) xdkif;tvkyf&SifawG[m jrefrmEdkifiHrS aps;aygaomtvkyform;rsm;udk&&Sdaeaomfvnf; xdkif;tvkyform;0ef}uD;Xme taejzifh Oya't&w&m;0ifr_tqifhtwef;jzpfatmif tjrefqHk;vkyfaqmifzdk@ vdktyfyga=umif;wifjy&if; ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf?



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jrefrmEdkifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpD. v+yf&Sm;r+rSwfwrf;

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u&ifeD'kuQonfpcef; w&m;Oya'rsm; jyefvnfrGef;rHa&;ESifhywfoufI vma&mufaqG;aEG;r_ðyvkyfay;yg&ef u&ifeD'kuQonfyifraumfrwD/ wG JzuftwGif;a&;rSL;OD;av;armif. zdwf=um;csuft& jrefrmEdkifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;/tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0if(2)OD;/ Oya'taxmuftulðyXmerS tzGJ@0if(1)OD;ESifh &Hk;tzGJ@0if(1)OD;wdk@onf (6/ 11/ 08) ae@rS (8/ 11/ 08)ae@xd (3)&ufwmtvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJudkrJa[mifaqmifc&dkif/ eef;qG,f&Gm&Sd u&ifeD'kuQonfpcef; yifraumfrwD&Hk;cef;rwGifusif;ycJhygonf?

xdktvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif u&ifeD'kuQonfpcef;yifraumfrwDrS tzGJ@0ifrsm;/pcef;w&m;a&;XmerS wm0ef&Sd yk*~dKvfrsm;/ pcef;vHkòcHa&;wm0ef&Sdolrsm;/ pcef;ynma&;

XmerS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ u&ife Dvli,ftzGJ@tpnf;rS wm0ef&Sdolrsm;/ pcef;usef;rma&;XmerS ud k,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumu, fq, f a& ;aum frwD (IRC ).O y a ' t a x m u ftulðyXmerS avhvmol0efxrf;(2)OD; tygt0if pkpkaygif; (18) OD;

cef@ wufa&mufcJhyg onf? yxrae@wGif jypfr_qdkif&mtajccHrsm;tm; oHk;oyfaqG;aEG;jcif;/'kwd,ae@wGif w&m;r#waomw&m;cGifESifh &Sdoifh&Sdxdkufaom jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;rsm;udkaqG;aEG;cJhonf? aemufqHk;ae@wGif 'kuQonfpcef;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfr_vufpGJ ay:aygufvmEdkifa&; tajccHrsm;udk tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;cJhygonf?



TuJhodk@tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJrS&&Sdvmaom todtjrifrsm;tay:tajccHI 'kuQonfpcef;0ifrsm; taejzifh Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk tajccHaom w&m;Oya'rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;ay:aygufvm&eftwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpD(BLC)/ EdkifiHwumu,fq,fa&;aumfrwD (IRC)/ a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm;. tultnDudk&,lI aqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; oabmxm;rsm;udk csrSwfcJh=uygonf?

u&ifeDtrsdK;orD;tzGJ@. zdwfac:csuft& (8/ 11/ 08)ae@ tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJ+yD;+yD;csif; naeydkif;wGif u&ifeDtrsdK;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd&m eef;qG,f&Gmodk@ oGm;a&mufIjrefrmEdkifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpD. ta=umif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpD. v_yf&Sm;aqmi f & Gu f a er _ r s m ; /taxGaxGtwGif; a&;rSL;.t a w G @ t ó u H r s m ; u d kO D ;atmi fxl;r S vnf;aumif;/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;&mESif h Ed kifiHa&;aemufcHta=umif;tm;tr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpfaom cGefOuUmESifh OD;jrifhod%f;wdk@uvnf;aumif;/jre frmEd ki fi H a& S ›aersm;aumifpD Oya'taxmuftulðyXmeta=umif;ESifh aqmif&Gufaer_ tajctaersm;udk raemful;rSvnf;aumif;/tzG J @tpnf;rsm;y l;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ESif h vlxkqufqHa&;wdk @ESi f hywfoufIOD;xGef;xGef;rSvnf;aumif; aqG;aEG;cJh=uygonf? xdkaemuf u&ifeDtrsdK;orD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSar;jref;csufrsm;udk jyefvnf&Sif;vif; aqG;aEG; cJhygonf?



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&kyfjrifoH-um;tpDtpOfwcktm; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;

OD;oef;Edkif (BLC)

2008 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (11-12)&ufrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpDESifh'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoHwdk@ yl;aygif;I Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkif&maqG;aEG;cef;rsm; acgif;pOfjzifh&kyfjrifoH=um;tpDtpOfwcktm; xdkif;e,fpyfwae&mwGifðyvkyfcJhygonf? xdk&kyfjrifoH=um; aqG;aEG;cef; tpDtpOfwGif 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoHrS 0efxrf;rsm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpDrS 0efxrf;rsm;/ &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm;uGef*&ufrS &cdkifvli,frsm;ESifh yavmifvli,fESifhuGef,uftzGJ@rS yavmifvli,frsm;yg0ifygonf?

w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkif&maqG;aEG;cef;tpDtpOfudk atmufygtydkif;(6)cktm;'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoHrS ar;jref;olESifhtwl aqG;aEG;wifqufr_udkðyvkyfcJhygonf?xdkaqG;aEG;cef;tpDtpOfrsm;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf jrefrmEdkifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpDOya'taxmuftulðyXmerS OD;oef;EdkifESifh &Hk;tzGJ@rS OD;xGef;xGef;wdk@u yHhydk;ulnDaqmif&Gufay;chJygonf?

Edk0ifbmv (11)&ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhywfoufI tydkif;(3)ydkif;udkaqG;aEG;wifqufr_udk jyKvkyfEdkifcJh+yD; Edk0ifbm (12)&ufae@wGif usef&Sdaom tydkif;(3)cktm;aqG;aEG;wifqufr_udk qufvufjyKvkyfcJhonf?

xdkodk @aomf Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkif&maqG;aEG;cef;tpDtpOfrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpDESifh 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoHwdk@ a&S@qufjyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfyga=umif;od&SdcJh&ygonf?

Tae&m rS jzw

fyg?

pmapmifrSm,ljcif;odk@jzef@csda&;wm0efcHtajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmifjrefrmEkdifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpD

tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmifudk rSefrSefzwf&_vdkygojzifh atmufazmfjyygvdyfpmtwkdif; ay;ydk@yg&ef rSm=um;tyfygonf?

av;pm;pGmjzifhtrnf - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _&ufpGJ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

pmapmifrSm,loltaejzifh atmufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm; wifjyay;&ef yef=um;tyfygonf?

tzGJ@tpnf;trnf (tzGJ@tpnf;wckck. tzGJ@0ifjzpfygu)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

pmapmifrSm,lo!fh&nf&G,fcsuf/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

rSm,lvdko!fhpmtkyfta&twGuf ( _ _ _ )tkyf?,cifxkwfa0cJhaom pmapmifrsm; rSm,lvdkygu -trSwfpOf ( _ _ _ )/ tkyfa& ( _ _ _ ) tkyf?pmtkyfay;ydk@&r!fhvdyfpm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

TtrSmpmudkBurma Lawyers' Council, P.O Box-144, Mae Sot, Tak,

Thailand, 63110 odk@ay;ykd@&ef?

Tpm&Gufudk jzwfI jz!fhpGufa&;om;&ef/ xdk@aemuftxufygvdyfpmtwkdif; ay;ydk@&ef?

D--LawKa Pala-Lawka Pala Dec-Bu - Online Burma Librarybu).pdf · trSwfpOf ( 32 ) / 'DZifbmv / 2008...

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Transcript of D--LawKa Pala-Lawka Pala Dec-Bu - Online Burma Librarybu).pdf · trSwfpOf ( 32 ) / 'DZifbmv / 2008...