COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PRODUCTION OF …yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element... ·...

ISSN 1644-0625ISSN 2300-8504 (online)

www.agricultura.acta.utp.edu.pl

Acta Sci. Pol. Agricultura, 14(1) 2015, 11-20 COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PRODUCTION OF SHORT-STRAW WINTER TRITICALE CULTIVAR ALEKTO

Bogdan Dubis, Tomasz Winnicki, Wojciech Stefan Budzyński, Krzysztof Józef Jankowski 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Abstract. The cost-effectiveness of four production systems of a short-straw form of winter triticale (cv. Alekto) with different levels of nitrogen fertilization and fungicide treatment was determined. Based on the current prices of means of production, the total cost of winter triticale production was estimated at PLN 2200-2600, and direct costs accounted for 60-65% of total costs. Regardless of the applied production technology, the predominant cost items were mineral fertilizers (30-39%), followed by the costs of tractor and machine operation (approximately 26-30%), crop protection agents (approximately 11-19%) and labor (approximately 3%). The highest productivity (grain yield per 1 ha) and cost-effectiveness (income per 1 ha, unit production cost, profitability ratio) were noted in a production system where short-straw winter triticale was fertilized with nitrogen at 120 kg·ha-1 N in two equal splits (BBCH 27 and 32) and subjected to two fungicide treatments (BBCH 31 and 39).

Key words: semi-dwarf variety, grain yield, technology, income, profitability ratio

INTRODUCTION

High-yielding varieties of winter triticale have gained widespread popularity in Poland in recent years. Winter triticale has become highly competitive with regard to other cereal species used in the production of animal feed [Jaśkiewicz 2006, 2007]. The Polish National List of the Research Center for Cultivar Testing (COBORU) contains 41 triticale cultivars, including 12 short-straw cultivars [Tokarski 2013]. Short–straw forms are more resistant to lodging (shorter stems) and more suited for high-input production systems [Jaśkiewicz et al. 2008, Jaśkiewicz 2010]. The introduction of new

Corresponding author: dr hab. Bogdan Dubis, Department of Agrotechnology, Agiculture Managment and Agribusiness of University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M. Oczapowskiego 8, 10-719 Olsztyn, e-mail: [email protected]

© Copyright by Wydawnictwa Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Technologiczno-Przyrodniczego w Bydgoszczy, Bydgoszcz 2015

12 B. Dubis, T. Winnicki, W.S. Budzyński, K.J. Jankowski

Acta Sci. Pol.

cultivars requires detailed cost-effectiveness analyses to determine and optimize the intensity of farming practices in view of local agricultural and environmental conditions, prices of raw materials and production inputs [Gołębiewska and Klepacki 2002, Krasowicz 2004, 2009]. Cost-effectiveness analyses enable agricultural producers to improve their performance.

The cost-effectiveness of winter triticale production is determined by the intensity of agricultural practices [Klepacki 2007], mainly nitrogen fertilization [Jaśkiewicz 2006] and crop protection treatments [Jaśkiewicz 2009, Kaniuczak 2009]. According to the literature, short-straw forms of winter triticale require high level inputs, in particular with regard to nitrogen fertilization [Rachoń and Dziamba 1998, Jaśkiewicz 2006]. The following working hypothesis was tested: simplified production technology characterized by reduced fertilizer and fungicide inputs could decrease the profitability of growing short-straw forms of winter triticale.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and cost-effectiveness of a short-straw form of winter triticale in production systems characterized by various rates of nitrogen fertilization and fungicide application.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A field experiment was carried out in 2008-2011 in the Agricultural Experiment Station in Bałcyny (53°40' N; 19°50' E) administered by the University of the Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. A short-straw form of winter triticale cv. Alekto was cultivated in four treatments that differed in the rate of nitrogen fertilization and fungicide application (Table 1).

Table 1. Production systems of a short-straw form of winter triticale. Tabela 1. Charakterystyka technologii produkcji ziarna krótkosłomej formy pszenżyta ozimego

Treatment/development stage Operacja technologiczna/termin

Production system − Technologia produkcji A B C D

N fertilization Nawożenie N kg·ha-1

BBCH 27 90 60 60 90

BBCH 32 – 30 60 60

Disease control Ochrona przed chorobami

seed dressing zaprawianie thiram, tebuconazole

BBCH 31 – – flusilazole, carbendazim

flusilazole, carbendazim

BBCH 39 – azoxystrobin flutriafole + epoxiconazole –

The experiment had a randomized block design with 4 replications, and it was

established on grey-brown podsolic soil developed from light loam, representing the good wheat complex (quality class IIIa). The topsoil had slightly acidic pH (6.2-6.5 in 1 M KCl) and was characterized by a high content of available phosphorus and magnesium and average concentrations of potassium. Triticale was sown towards the end of September. Seeding rate was 4 mln seeds per 1 ha. Plot size was 15 m2. Winter rapeseed was the forecrop. After forecrop harvest, the soil skimming and deep ploughed. Sowing was preceded by tillage and harrowing. Pre-sowing fertilizer treatment was applied at the rate of 30 kg·ha-1 P (triple superphosphate – 46% P2O5) and

Cost-effectiveness... 13

Agricultura 14(1) 2015

83 kg·ha-1 K (potash salt – 60% K2O). Nitrogen was applied top-dress in spring, in accordance with the experimental design, as ammonium nitrate (34% N). Once-over harvest was carried out at the fully ripe stage.

A combination of herbicides were applied at the BBCH 31 stage in all production systems: Boxer 800 EC (S-benzyl dipropyl (thiocarbamate)) at 2 dm3·ha-1 + Legato Plus 600 SC (diflufenican, isoproturon) at 0.5 dm3·ha-1 + Glean 75 WG (chlorosulfuron) at 5 g·ha-1. The spread of pathogens was controlled in line with the experimental design, and it involved seed dressing with Raxil Extra 515 FS at 200 ml per 100 kg of grain (systems A-D) and the application of fungicides: Alert 375 SC at 1.0 dm3·ha-1 (systems C-D, BBCH 31), Amistar 250 SC at 1.0 dm3·ha-1 (system B, BBCH 39), Impact 125 SC at 0.6 dm3·ha-1 + Soprano 125 SC at 0.6 dm3·ha-1 (system C, BBCH 39). The Cerone 480 L (ethephon) growth regulator was applied in early spring (BBCH 31) at 1.0 dm3·ha-1 (systems A-D).

A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed based on data relating to agricultural treatments, types of agricultural machines, labor, machine inputs, and materials. Tractor and machine costs were determined with the use of the method proposed by the Institute for Agricultural Construction, Mechanization and Electrification in Warsaw [Muzalewski 2006]. The analysis of all experimental years was based on prices quoted for the first half of 2014. Labor costs were calculated based on hourly rates applied by the Agricultural Experiment Station in Bałcyny. Cost-effectiveness was determined per 1 ha of production area. The basic measure of cost-effectiveness was the profitability ratio, which was calculated by dividing the market value of grain by total production costs. Direct costs were taken into consideration in calculations of gross margin and gross margin percentage. Cost and income categories were described in accordance with the diagram presented by Skarżyńska et al. [2008].

The average grain yield achieved during the 3-year study was the main factor in the cost-effectiveness analysis. Calculations were performed in Microsoft Excel®.

Grain yield data was processed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at a significance level of p = 0.05 in the Statistica 10.0 PL application.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The average yield of short–straw winter triticale cv. Alekto grown on soils of the good wheat complex in a 3-year experiment was very high (8.96-10.32 Mg·ha-1) (Table 2).

Table 2. Productivity of a short-straw form of winter triticale Tabela 2. Rolnicza efektywność technologii produkcji ziarna krótkosłomej formy pszenżyta ozimego

Item – Wyszczególnienie Production system − Technologia produkcji*

A B C D Grain yield – Plon ziarna Mg·ha-1 8.96a 9.70b 10.32c 10.02b

Increase in grain yield – Przyrost plonu ziarna** Mg·ha-1 – +0.74 +1.36 +1.06

a, b, c – values followed by the same superscripts differ significantly at P = 0.05 – wartości oznaczone tą samą literą nie różnią się istotnie przy P = 0,05 * described in Materials and Methods – opis w metodyce ** relative to system A – w relacji do technologii A


Acta Sci. Pol.

The short-strawed cultivar produced the lowest yield (8.96 Mg·ha-1) in system A where nitrogen fertilizer was applied in a single rate at 90 kg·ha-1 at BBCH 27 and fungal control was limited to seed dressing. The application of nitrogen fertilizer (90 kg·ha-1 N) in two doses (2/3 at the growth resumption stage and 1/3 at BBCH 32) and one fungicide treatment at BBCH 39 (system B) significantly increased grain yield by 0.74 Mg·ha-1 (8%) in comparison with system A. The highest productivity (10.32 Mg·ha-1) was reported in system C where nitrogen fertilization was applied at 120 kg·ha-1 N in two equal splits (BBCH 27 and 32) and two fungicide treatments were applied at BBCH 31 and 39. Grain yield in the high-input system (C) was higher by 1.36 Mg·ha-1 in comparison with the low-input system (A). The absence of fungicide treatment at the BBCH 39 stage and an increase in nitrogen fertilization rate by 30 kg·ha-1 N (system D) led to a significant 3% decrease in yield in comparison with the highest-yielding system (C). The decrease in the yield of winter triticale resulting from an absence of fungal protection at the BBCH 39 stage could not be compensated through increased (by 30 kg·ha-1) nitrogen fertilization (Table 2). Similar results were reported in other studies [Rachoń and Dziamba 1998, Jaśkiewicz 2006], where nitrogen fertilization at 120 kg·ha-1 N maximized the grain yield of short–straw winter triticale. In another study [Jaśkiewicz 2008], the highest grain yield was reported at the fertilization rate of 100 kg·ha-1 N. Production systems involving intensive fungicide use also enhanced the grain yield of the analyzed species [Dubis et al. 2000, Jaśkiewicz 2007, 2011], which is consistent with the results of our study (Table 2).

The costs associated with the production of cereal grain, including winter triticale, in systems characterized by different production intensity, are rarely analyzed in the literature. Most analyses investigate the effects of specific agricultural treatments or operations [Jaśkiewicz 2006, 2009] or the cost-effectiveness of grain farms without accounting for the intensity of production inputs [Augustyńska-Grzymek 2014]. In the FADN system, implemented in Poland in 2004, production intensity is not taken into consideration in evaluations of grain production profitability [Floriańczyk et al. 2014].

The highest market value (7430 PLN·ha-1) of the grain yield of a short–straw form of winter triticale was reported in production system C (two nitrogen fertilizer applications in spring and two fungicide treatments) (Table 3). The market value of grain produced in the remaining systems (A, B, D) was lower by approximately PLN 216-979 ha-1. The increase in the production intensity of semi-dwarf winter triticale was cost-effective in every case. In each of the analyzed systems (A-D), the increase in the market value of grain resulting from intensive fertilizer and fungicide use always exceeded the increase in costs. Production system C, where the market value of grain increased by PLN 3.33 per every PLN 1 increase in fertilizer and fungicide costs was characterized by the highest cost-effectiveness ratio. In the remaining production systems, the cost-effectiveness ratio was determined in the range of 2.10 to 2.15 (Table 3).

The proportion of cost components differs in various crop production systems. In winter triticale production, the major expenses are materials (58-92%) and the costs associated with the operation of tractors and machines, which can range from 5% to 19% of total costs, subject to the intensity of production inputs [Budzyński et al. 2000]. Tractor and machine costs in all analyzed production systems and non-standard costs applicable to a given system are presented in Table 4. Total costs associated with equipment use ranged from PLN 654.00 (A) to PLN 687.40 (C). The differences resulted from the number of fungicide treatments and N fertilizer applications (Table 4). In relative terms, tractor and machine operation costs accounted for 26-30% of total



costs (Table 5). The costs associated with the application of mineral fertilizers (NPK) were responsible for 30-39% of total costs, subject to production system. Crop protection costs accounted for approximately 11-19% of total costs.

Table 3. Cost-effectiveness of the production of a short–straw form of winter triticale Tabela 3. Ekonomiczna efektywność technologii produkcji ziarna krótkosłomej formy pszenżyta

ozimego

Item – Wyszczególnienie Production system − Technologia produkcji*

A B C D Market value of grain yield, PLN·ha-1 Wartość plonu ziarna 6451.0 6984.0 7430.0 7214.0

Increase in the market value of grain yield, PLN·ha-1** Przyrost wartości plonu ziarna – 533.0 979.0 763.0

Increase in nitrogen fertilization costs, PLN·ha-1 (I) ** Wzrost kosztów nawożenia azotem – 14.8 142.6 270.4

Increase in disease control costs, PLN·ha-1 (II) ** Wzrost kosztów ochrony przed chorobami – 234.1 151.2 98.2

Increase in costs associated with high-input production** Wzrost kosztów intensyfikacji technologii produkcji PLN·ha-1 (I+II)

– 248.9 293.8 368.6

Cost-effectiveness of high-input production (increase in market value of yield/increase in production costs) Efektywność intensyfikacji technologii produkcji (wzrost wartości plonu/wzrost kosztów produkcji)

– 2.15 3.33 2.10

* described in Materials and Methods – opis w metodyce ** relative to system A – w relacji do technologii A

In Polish farms surveyed in 2013 by the Institute of Agricultural and Food

Economics in Warsaw, the cost of winter cereal production per 1 ha ranged from PLN 1600 (winter rye) to PLN 3260 (winter wheat) [Czułowska 2014]. Direct costs (materials) accounted for 45-47% of total costs, regardless of production volume. In this study, total costs per 1 ha of winter triticale were highest in system D (2585 PLN·ha-1) with nitrogen fertilization at 150 kg·ha-1 N (90+60) and one fungicide treatment at the BBCH 31 stage. Systems B and C were characterized by similar total costs (2465 and 2513 PLN·ha-1, respectively) which were 3-5% lower in comparison with system D. The lowest production cost (2209 PLN·ha-1) was reported in the low-input system (A) with spring nitrogen fertilization at 90 kg·ha-1 and no fungicide treatment. The highest gross margin per 1 ha was noted in system C, which indicates that the applied treatments significantly improved cost-effectiveness in this production technology (Table 5). Similar results were reported in a study by Jaśkiewicz [2006], where the gross margin in the production of short-straw winter triticale rose by 6% when the fertilizer rate was increased from 80 kg·ha-1 N to 120 kg·ha-1 N. In other studies [Jaśkiewicz 2009], the cultivation of the traditional form of winter triticale yielded the highest gross margin in an integrated production system involving nitrogen fertilization at 101 kg·ha-1 N, seed dressing and one fungicide treatment during plant growth. The gross margin decreased with a further increase in the intensity of agricultural inputs.


Acta Sci. Pol.

Table 4. Costs associated with tractor and machine operation in the analyzed production systems of short-straw inter triticale

Tabela 4. Kalkulacja kosztów pracy ciągników i maszyn w analizowanych technologiach produkcji ziarna krótkosłomej formy pszenżyta ozimego

Syste

m*

Tech

nolo

gie

Treatment Zabiegi technologiczne

Operating costs – Koszt pracy PLN·h-1 Efficiency

per unit Wydajność

zestawu h·ha-1

Operating costs per

unit Koszty pracy

zestawu PLN·ha-1

tractors ciągniki

machinesmaszyny

tractors and

machines ciągniki

i maszyny

A-D**

skimming − podorywka 84.9 8.9 93.8 0.5 46.9 harrowing − bronowanie 53.5 3.8 57.3 0.3 14.3 PK fertilization − wysiew nawozów PK 84.9 14.8 99.7 0.2 15.0 deep ploughing − orka siewna (głęboka) 127.4 39.5 166.9 0.8 125.2 tillage − agregat uprawowy 127.4 38.2 165.6 0.5 82.8 sowing − siew ziarna 84.9 15.3 100.2 0.3 25.1 weed control − regulacja zachwaszczenia 53.5 8.2 61.8 0.2 9.2 growth regulation − regulacja wzrostu 53.5 8.2 61.8 0.2 9.2 grain harvest − zbiór ziarna 0.0 382.6 382.6 0.5 191.3 transport − transport 127.4 21.1 148.6 0.8 118.8

Σ – – – 4.2 637.8

A*** N fertilization − nawożenie N (90 kg·ha-1) 84.9 14.8 99.7 0.2 15.0 seed dressing − zaprawianie ziarna 0.0 11.5 11.5 0.1 1.2

Σ 84.9 26.3 111.2 0.3 16.2

B***

N fertilization – nawożenie N (60 + 30 kg·ha-1) 84.9 14.8 99.7 0.3 29.9

seed dressing − zaprawianie ziarna 0.0 11.5 11.5 0.1 1.2 fungicide treatment – ochrona przed chorobami (× 1) 53.5 8.2 61.7 0.2 9.2

Σ 138.4 34.5 172.9 0.6 40.3

C***



Σ 138.4 34.5 172.9 0.7 49.6

D***



Σ 138.4 34.5 172.9 0.6 40.3 * described in Materials and Methods − opis w metodyce ** treatments applied in all production systems − zabiegi agrotechniczne wspólne dla wszystkich technologii

produkcji *** treatments differentiating production systems − zabiegi agrotechniczne różnicujące technologie produkcji



Table 5. Production costs of short-straw winter triticale Tabela 5. Koszty technologii produkcji ziarna krótkosłomej formy pszenżyta ozimego

Item – Wyszczególnienie Production system − Technologie produkcji*

A B C D Total production value – Wartość produkcji ogółem, PLN·ha-1 6451 6984 7430 7214

Production costs per ha − Koszty produkcji na 1 ha, PLN Total direct costs − Koszty bezpośrednie ogółem 1323.9 1548.8 1584.4 1668.5 Materials (seeds) − Materiał siewny 342.0 342.0 342.0 342.0 Mineral fertilization − Nawożenie mineralne: 748.8 748.8 876.6 1004.4

ammonium nitrate − saletra amonowa 383.4 383.4 511.2 639.0 enriched superphosphate − superfosfat wzbogacony (40%) 127.5 127.5 127.5 127.5 potash salt − sól potasowa (60%) 237.9 237.9 237.9 237.9

Crop protection − Ochrona roślin: 233.1 458 365.8 322.1 seed dressing − zaprawa nasienna (Raxil Extra 512 FS) 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 Boxer 800 EC 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4 Legato 600 SC 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 Glean 75 WG 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 Corone 480 SL 84.5 84.5 84.5 84.5 Amistar 250 SC 0.0 224.9 0.0 0.0 Alert 376 SC 0.0 0.0 89.0 89.0 Impact 125 SC 0.0 0.0 43.7 0.0

Gross margin − Nadwyżka bezpośrednia 5127.1 5435.2 5845.6 5545.5 Total indirect costs − Koszty pośrednie ogółem 885.1 916.1 928.5 916.1

cost of operating tractors and machines praca ciągników i maszyn 654.0 678.1 687.4 678.1

labor costs − koszty pracy ludzkiej 60.6 64.7 66.7 64.7 agricultural tax − podatek rolny 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 other indirect costs − pozostałe koszty pośrednie (+10%) 80.5 83.3 84.4 83.3

Total costs − Koszty ogółem 2209.0 2464.9 2512.9 2584.6

* described in Materials and Methods − opis w metodyce

Table 6. Indicators of economic efficiency in the production of short–straw winter triticale Tabela 6. Mierniki sprawności ekonomicznej produkcji ziarna krótkosłomej formy pszenżyta

ozimego

Item – Wyszczególnienie Production system − Technologie produkcji* A B C D

Income – Dochód rolniczy, PLN·ha-1 4242.0 4519.1 4917.1 4629.4 Profit rate – Stopa dochodu rolniczego, % 65.8 64.7 66.2 64.2 Unit production cost – Koszty jednostkowe, PLN·Mg-1 246.5 254.1 243.5 257.9 Profitability ratio – Wskaźnik opłacalności 2.92 2.83 2.96 2.79

* described in Materials and Methods − opis w metodyce In 2013, a drop in grain prices decreased the profitability of cereal production in

comparison with the previous year. In 2013, the profitability of winter wheat in individual farms ranged from 128% to 140%. Winter rye did not generate income (total costs exceeded net sales by 5%). In 2013, winter rye production did not generate losses only thanks to complementary payments [Czułowska 2014].


Acta Sci. Pol.

In this study, the highest income per 1 ha (PLN 4917.10) was generated in production system C where short-straw winter triticale was subjected to nitrogen fertilization at 120 kg·ha-1 N in two equal splits (stages BBCH 27 and 32) and two fungicide treatments (BBCH 31 and 39) (Table 6). In system C, the production of 1 ton of grain was characterized by the lowest cost (PLN 243.50) and highest profitability (296%). The highest costs associated with the production of 1 ton of triticale grain were noted in systems B and D. Nitrogen fertilization at rates higher than 90 kg·ha-1, the application of two N fertilizer doses and one (system B) or two (system D) fungicide treatments increased unit production costs and lowered the profitability ratio by 3-6% in comparison with system A (single application of nitrogen fertilizer at 90 kg·ha-1 N without fungicide treatment) (Table 6).

CONCLUSIONS

1. The highest yield of short–straw winter triticale grain was reported in a system with nitrogen fertilization at 120 kg·ha-1 N in two equal splits (BBCH 27 and 32) and two fungicide treatments (BBCH 31 and 39).

2. Intensification of agricultural inputs in the production of short–straw winter triticale was cost-effective because the increase in costs was lower than the increase in grain value. The high-input production system was characterized by the highest economic efficiency.

3. The total cost of winter triticale production was estimated at PLN 2200-2600, and direct costs accounted for 60-65% of total costs. Regardless of the applied production technology, the predominant cost items were mineral fertilizers (30-39%), followed by the costs of tractor and machine operation (approximately 26-30%), crop protection (approximately 11-19%) and labor (approximately 3%).

4. The highest income and profitability were noted in a production system where short-straw winter triticale was subjected to nitrogen fertilization at 120 kg·ha-1 N in two equal splits (BBCH 27 and 32) and two fungicide treatments (BBCH 31 and 39).

REFERENCES

Augustyńska-Grzymek, I. (2014). Materiał źródłowy i sposób prezentacji wyników. [In:] I. Augustyńska-Grzymek (ed), Produkcja, koszty i dochody z wybranych produktów rolniczych w latach 2012-2013 (wyniki rachunku symulacyjnego). Wyd. IERiGŻ-PIB Warszawa, 13-20.

Budzyński, W., Dubis, B., Wróbel, E. (2000). Ekonomiczna i energetyczna efektywność różnych sposobów pielęgnacji i nawożenia pszenżyta ozimego. Folia Univ. Agric. Stet., Agricultura, 82, 31-38.

Czułowska, M. (2014). Pszenica ozima, żyto ozime. [In:] I. Augustyńska-Grzymek (ed) Produkcja, koszty i dochody z wybranych produktów rolniczych w latach 2012-2013 (wyniki rachunku symulacyjnego). Wyd. IERiGŻ-PIB Warszawa, 25-38.

Dubis, B., Szempliński, W., Jabłoński, H. (2000). Reakcja pszenżyta ozimego na sposób odchwaszczania i zwalczania chorób. Folia Univ. Agric. Stet., Agricultura, 82, 57-62.



Floriańczyk, Z., Mańko, S., Osuch, D., Płonka, R. (2014). Wyniki Standardowe 2012 uzyskane przez gospodarstwa rolne uczestniczące w Polskim FADN. Część II. Analiza wyników standardowych. <http://fadn.pl/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Wyniki_2012_czesc2.pdf> (dostęp 03.08.2014).

Gołębiewska, B., Klepacki, B. (2002). Zastosowanie rachunku ekonomicznego w podejmowaniu decyzji w zakresie wyboru technologii technologii produkcji zbóż. [In:] J. Rozbicki (ed), Produkcja i rynek zbóż.. Wyd. Wieś Jutra Warszawa, 305-316.

Jaśkiewicz, B. (2006). Ekonomiczna efektywność produkcji półkarłowej formy pszenżyta ozimego. Pam. Puł., 142, 163-169.

Jaśkiewicz, B. (2007). Uściślenie agrotechniki półkarłowego pszenżyta ozimego. Studia i Raporty IUNG-PIB Puławy, 9, 77-87.

Jaśkiewicz, B. (2008). Wpływ intensywności nawożenia i gęstości siewu na plonowanie pszenżyta ozimego odmiany Woltario. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura, 7(2), 41-50, www.agricultura.acta.utp.edu.pl

Jaśkiewicz, B., Hołubowicz-Kliza, G., Brzóska, F. (2008). Uprawa i wykorzystanie pszenżyta ozimego na pasze. IUNG Puławy, Instrukcja upowszechnieniowa, 145, 1-68.

Jaśkiewicz, B. (2009). Opłacalność uprawy pszenżyta w zależności od intensywności ochrony roślin. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 49(1), 34-39.

Jaśkiewicz, B. (2010). Reakcja nowych odmian pszenżyta ozimego na czynniki agrotechniczne. Folia Univ. Agric. Stet., Agricultura, 12, 11-17.

Jaśkiewicz, B. (2011). Wpływ intensywności ochrony roślin na plonowanie i elementy plonu niektórych odmian pszenżyta ozimego. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 51(2), 577-580.

Kaniuczak, Z. (2009). Efektywność ekonomiczna chemicznych zabiegów zwalczania szkodników i chorób zbóż. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 49(1), 40-50.

Klepacki, B. (2007). Niematerialne czynniki rozwoju rolnictwa polskiego. Rocz. Nauk. SERiA, IX(1), 231-235.

Krasowicz, S. (2004). Znaczenie oceny ekonomicznej w badaniach rolniczych. Rocz. Nauk, T(5), 65-70.

Krasowicz, S. (2009). Rola oceny ekonomicznej w badaniach rolniczych. J. Agribusiness and Rural Development, 2(12), 93-99.

Muzalewski, A. (2006). Koszty eksploatacji maszyn. IBMER Warszawa. Rachoń, L., Dziamba, Sz. (1998). Wpływ nawożenia NPK i ochrony roślin na plonowanie

półkarłowych odmian pszenżyta ozimego. Biul. IHAR, 208, 73-78. Skarżyńska, A., Augustyńska-Grzymek, I., Cholewa, M., Dziwulsk, M., Ziętek, I. (2008). Wyniki

ekonomiczne wybranych produktów rolniczych w 2006 roku. Wyd. IERiGŻ-PIB Warszawa. Tokarski, P. (2013). Pszenżyto ozime. [In:] E. Gacek (ed), Lista Opisowa Odmian. COBORU

Słupia Wielka, 108-119.

EFEKTYWNOŚĆ EKONOMICZNA TECHNOLOGII PRODUKCJI ZIARNA KRÓTKOSŁOMEJ FORMY PSZENŻYTA OZIMEGO ODMIANY ALEKTO

Streszczenie. W pracy określono efektywność ekonomiczną czterech technologii produkcji ziarna krótkosłomej formy pszenżyta ozimego (odmiana Alekto), zróżnico-wanych poziomem nawożenia azotem oraz intensywnością ochrony przed chorobami grzybowymi. Koszty ogólne uprawy pszenżyta ozimego sięgały ok. 2200-2600 zł, w tym koszty bezpośrednie stanowiły ok. 60-65%. W strukturze kosztów ogólnych, niezależnie od technologii produkcji, dominującą rolę ogrywały koszty nawozów mineralnych (30- -39%), następnie odpowiednio: koszty pracy ciągników i maszyn rolniczych (ok. 26-30%), środków ochrony roślin (ok. 11-19%) oraz pracy ludzkiej (ok. 3%). Najkorzystniejsze efekty rolnicze (plon ziarna z 1 ha) oraz ekonomiczne (dochód z 1 ha, koszt jednostkowy, wskaźnik opłacalności) uzyskano nawożąc krótkosłomą odmianę pszenżyta ozimego


Acta Sci. Pol.

azotem na poziomie 120 kg·ha-1 N w podziale na dwie równe części (27 i 32 BBCH ) i 2-krotnie chroniąc łan przed chorobami grzybowymi (31 i 39 BBCH).

Słowa kluczowe: odmiana półkarłowa, plon ziarna, technologia, dochód rolniczy, wskaźnik opłacalności

Accepted for print – Zaakceptowano do druku: 09.02.2015

For citation – Do cytowania: Dubis, B., Winnicki, T., Budzyński, W.S., Jankowski K.J., (2015). Cost-effectiveness of the production of short-straw winter triticale cultivar Alekto. Acta Sci. Pol. Agricultura, 14(1), 11-20.

COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PRODUCTION OF …yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element... ·...

Documents

Transcript of COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PRODUCTION OF …yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element... ·...