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Transcript of C { ä » D [ < K À¼ k 3 W j ¤ Ú 2 j J ± t j Ë É · 2015-09-22 · C { ä » D [ < K À ¼ k...
2013 12 93-156
93
*
** ***
2013 8 22 2013 10 7
* DOI: 10.6164/JNDS.13-1.3
**E-mail: [email protected]
*** E-mail: [email protected]
94
2009 3
2008 8
95
Dellapenna, 2008:
186 right to life
U.N. Committee on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights General Comment No.
15
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 11
Right to an Adequate Standard of Living 12
Right to Health
right to
a clean and healthy environment Bluemel,
2004: 957-1006 1994 8 1
9 2
2007 42
zoning
96
2009
97
2009
human right to health, well-being and
life Bluemel, 2004: 957-958
98
Belinda U. Calaguas (1999: 12)
Bolivia Cochabamba 90
60%
2011 1999
Bechtel Enterprise Holdings
40
2 3 100 20
Joseph Stiglitz
Segerfeldt, 2006: 30
Picolotti, 2003
WHO, 2003
U.N. Commission on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
adequate
standard of living
Eibe Riedel
99
1
1981 -1990 2000
2002 2003
(1)
international human rights agreements
International Bill of Human Rights (2)
(3)
Peter Gleik
International Bill of Human Rights
U.N. Commission on Human Rights
Ignacio J. Alvrez
hygiene
Alvrez, 2011
1 Gustavo Capdevila (2002). “Rights: UN consecrates water as public good, human
right.” http://www.ipsnews.net/2002/11/rights-un-consecrates-water-as-public-good-
human-right/ (last visited Apr. 10th, 2012).
100
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
the rights to adequate housing and food
Economic and Social Council
2002 12
2010 7
United Nations General Assembly
Bluemel
Bär, 2004:
4 International Covenant on Civil and
101
Political Rights
obligations
to respect obligation to protect obligation to fulfill
Malone and Pasternack, 2002:
377-383
charity
welfare right
1.
2.
3. least-served
4.
102
5.
Bluemel
(1)
(2)
(3)2 (4)
(5) (6)
(7) (8)
adequate food
right
in good faith
non-derogable 3
2 3
103
Hiskes, 2010: 326-341
2008 2 26 Kivalina4
4 Chuckchi Sea
Kivalina-Wulik River 6 70
400 Inupiat
sacred
aspects of water
Arctic sea
winter storms
2006 U.S. Army Corp. of Enginners
USACE
U.S.
Government Accountability Office 8,500 4
104
Exxon Mobil Corp. 5 main
claims
Public Nuisance
6 civil
conspiracy actions
overconsumption
Haroff and Hartis, 2008: 55
equity human right approach
Inuit 7 European Court
to Human Rights
anthropogenic activities
Luban, 2004: 85
5 Native Village of Kivalina v Exxon Mobil et al.6 Exxon
7 Inuit
Arctic regions Eskimo
105
conservation
protection
regulatory whims Anderson, 1996: 21
(1)
sovereignty
(2) Shelton, 1991: 103
the rhetoric of human right
Anderson, 1996: 238
8 Pehuenche
Endesa Bio-Bio
675
5 18%
— Santiago
9,000
Pehuenche Ralco
1997 Indigenous
Law Pehuenche
2001 3 Pehuenche
106
Michael E. Anderson
de-politicization
2008 60-63
environmental agency Endesa
Endesa
Pehuenche
Endesa 89 Pehuenche
2003 9 16 103
120 761 Endesa
Pehuenche
107
priorities
physically accessible
Laura Westra (2010: 161-162)
the Republic of Uzbekistan
108
1993
Law on Water and Water Use9 1990
National Program on the provision of the rural population with drinking
water10
70% 11 2007
Welfare Improvement Strategy 22.1%
25%
UNDP
Gender and Water Survey 34%
subsistence crops
GDP 25%
60% 12
Dinara
Ziganshina (2008: 119)
9 http://www.bir.uz/law/obj1134723580/obj1135138247/obj1135858760/obj1135930469.
html (last visited 2012/04/13).10 http://www.unhchr.ch/pdf/report.pdf (last visited 2012/05/19).11 http://www.adb.org/Documents/Translations/Russian/Women_Uzbekistan_RU.pdf (last
visited 2012/02/13).12 http://www.Adb.org.Documents/Translations/Russian/Women_Uzbekistan_RU.pdf (last
visited 2012/05/10).
109
13
Scanlon et al., 2004
Salman and Lankford, 2004: 58
V. U. Smakhtin (2002: 42)
13 1 2
110
2009
International Convention on Civil
and Political Rights
2009
peremptory norm of general international law or jus
cogens
14
General Comment 2915 Joseph et al., 2004:
829-833
14
15
111
Seiderman, 2001:
145
2010 64-65
2009 12
2010 12 25
hierarchy of
112
international human rights Geneva Conventions
3 4 Merone, 1986:
4
sustaining life
WHO, 2004: 15
dehydration
safe water
Huang (2008: 366)
jus cogens status
16
16 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, July
17, 1998, art. 7(2)(e), U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 183/9.
113
Hardberger,
2005: 340
114
17
1
2008 8
2005
2009
18
17 99 188218
2002 2 22
5.5 8
115
( )
2003
2008 8 20
19
2009 7 11
3 620
2009 4 7
6
2009 5 7
6
Endocrine disrupter
19
20 2008
8 21 A3
116
compounds Volatile
Organic Compound21
2009 6 1622
8 10
1986 2000
2000
REACH23
21 2009
http://e-info.org.tw/node/42991 2011/11/1322
23 8
2 300
9
117
24
2009 10 1325
26
100mg/Kg
6.65
0.48
European Chemicals
Agency REACH
10 30
5
24 2010
3 2925 2006 3 9
26
118
27
3
2009 11 12
15
28
2009 4
11 23
27 2009
10 3028
692 209.33 482
119
29
2009
2010 6
12
80 1300
160 50%
30
( )
2011 4 200
4 25
31
29 2009 11 24
30 2010 6
331
120
32 6.65
8 6.65
33
2011
7 28
34
2%
6
2%
32
33
3 8 6 1634 2011
7 29
121
2011 8 6
8
22
35
2
6
3.078
48%
18
10 7
(1)
(2) (3) (4)
(5) (6)
2012 10
35 2011 8 23
122
physically accessible
acceptable sufficient
12 3,000
38
10036 500
37
300
36 2010 3 837 100
123
2009 12
98
38
26
1339 38
8 30
11040
38 2006 2009
2009 98 http://210.241.
21.164/OpenFront/gpnet_web_detail_print.jspx?hide=&gpns=1009804285 2012/01/03
39
40 2011 103
http://www.nownews.com/mobileweb/index.php?mid=2721485&pa=/
2011/06/20/91-2721485.htm 2012/01/30
124
UN Thematic Initiatives
water scarcity 41
2011
41
125
12 (c)
accessibility
(1) physically accessibility (2)
economic accessibility affordable water
(3) Non-discrimination (4)
information accessibility
right to seek, receive and impart
information concerning water issues
Special Topics
of Broad Application 12
even in times of severe
resource constraints
W. Neil Adger (2003: 1195)
procedural
justice and equity empowerment
legitimacy
with the absence of effecting others
with obtaining their consent
when impacts occur Paavola and Adger, 2002: 23
126
de-centralization of power distribution Tsing et al., 1999:
197-198
Jasanoff,
1990
2008 9 1942
43
2008 11 6
2009 7
42 2008 2003-2008 203 http://web.ctsp.
gov.tw/temp/book/f98.html 2012/04/1043 2009
7 11 http://antictsp.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/ 2012/03/15
127
1 2009 4 7
16 8
3 2
2 5 6
3
2011 82-83
4
2009
8 10
9 7
10 26
2010 12 23
128
Adger
1993 2004
General
Comment No. 4
56
(1) those affected
genuine consultation (2)
timely and full disclosure of information (3)
reasonable notice (4)
(5)
25
Aarhus Convention
44
2010 68
44 “adequate protection of environment is essential to human well-being and the
enjoyment of basic human rights, including the right to life itself”
129
8
2
3 5
ECOSOC
7
13 right to adequate food
130
( )
Rosemann (2005)
1992 18
18
3
11 1
12
adequate standard of living
131
Westra
6
World Summit on Sustainable
Development, 2002
disadvantaged and marginalized farmers
132
1 8
6.65
2%
18
2.1 2.2
General Comment No.
12
45 Food and Agricultural
45 Food and Agricultural Organization of U.N.
133
Organization of United Nations
6.65
2%
17
11 1 12
concrete
Single Payment Scheme
134
2006 114-125
17
( )
28
(1)
extraction damming
diversion (2)
(3) monitoring water resources (4)
(5)
watersheds
soil salinity
deforestation (6)
(7) water
wastage in its distribution (8) (9)
135
competent institutions and appropriate
institutional arrangements
2002
49-50 28 5
136
46
20 2009 1-2
35.1
2%
47
48
28 8
49
46 1970 80
47 2011
7 17 http://www.wra.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=46292&ctNode=2476 2012/03/09
48 2001 2020
40% 5 11 http://www.coa.gov.tw/show_news.php?cat=show_
news&serial=coa_diamond_20110511150551 2012/03/0949 2009
5 8 http://e-info.org.tw/node/42991 2012/01/10
137
equity of
allocating the water resource
2007
2010 18-28
28 5
5
138
2017
18
legislative clarity
18 1
12
non-discrimination equality
18 2
139
adequacy
2010
—
( )
2006
2010 2012
Ted Smith
140
2001 45-46
23
obligation to protect
micro-organisms chemical substances
radiological hazards
141
PFOS 50
51
50 PFOS EU PFOS Directive 2008 6
51
142
2011
the
right to equal and non-discriminatory access to a sufficient amount of safe
water for personal and domestic use Office of the UN High Commissioner
for Human Rights, 2007
authoritative
143
2009 3 31
52
25
52 Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context
(Espoo, 25 February, 1991); Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation
in Decision-Making, and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus, 25 June
1998).
144
Dubreuil, 2006: 8
(1) (2)
neglect (3)
(4)
accountability
2010
(1)
REACH
opportunities of access to safe water and
food (2) WTO
145
equal treatment
(3)
2012
2009 12 219
219
2009 4 12
17
146
53
18
54
53
54
147
REACH
5
148
2010
147: 1-4
2009
98 http://www.
cepd.gov.tw/dn.aspx?uid=7846
2006
2011
29(2): 257-110
2004
56: 1-63
2008 421: 60-63
2009
2009
2001
2010
76: 14-26
2010
50: 61-68
2007
149
14: 7-11
2007
3: 151-168
2010
14(3): 4-12
2011
1993
11: 17-42
2010
163: 45-65
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154
Study on Debates Regarding Phase IIof the Central Taiwan Science Park
Development Project from thePerspective of ICESCR Protections
of the Human Right to Water
Hsiang Chao* & Kuei-Tien Chou**
Abstract
The effect of climate change on the scarcity, reasonable accessibilityand distributional fairness of water has provoked debates around the world,General Comment No. 15 announced by the U.N. Economic and SocialCommission in 2002 explicitly emphasized the importance of“the humanright to water”and its relation to protecting other human rights such as therights to life, health and an adequate living standard. At the same time,Taiwan's Legislative Yuan passed the International Covenant of Economic,Social and Cultural Rights, which includes the basic protection of thehuman right to water.
In August 2008, the National Science Council chose the site for thePhase II Taiwan Science Park Development Project Phase II. The projectcreated controversy over issues of polluted water discharge, water
* Research Assistant, ELSI Office, National Research Program for Biopharmaceuticals.
E-mail: [email protected].
** Professor, Graduate Institute of National Development, National Taiwan University.
Email: [email protected].
155
allocation between agricultural and industrial utilization, and proceduralinjustice in the environmental impact assessment process. Thesecontroversies drew attention to the issue of water rights both locally andthroughout Taiwanese society. This study applies the definition of thehuman right to water embodied in General Comment No.15 and theobligations of nation states implied by that definition to discuss the justiceof climate change and the concept of water resources. The paper examinesprocedures for public participation in water resource management,regulations on chemical use and discharge, and the legitimacy of waterallocation between agriculture and industry.
Applying a broad human rights research approach, this study makesrecommendations to relevant authorities regarding water allocation andregulations on industrially polluted water discharge. It points out thatTaiwan's government should follow the international human rightconventions regarding verification and approval of major developmentprojects involving water resource rights in the future. In response to theeffects of climate change, the government should concurrently followthese conventions to establish policies for sustainable living and waterresource utilization.
Keywords: human right to water, General Comment No. 15, CentralTaiwan Science Park Phase IV, climate change justice, humanrights approach
156
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