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c v V -4. 1 † f Š‡M v wj K A e¯ ’v b I m x g v b v Geographical Location and Boundary

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wPÎ 4.1.1 : `wÿY Gwkqvq evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb

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BDwbU 04 c„ôv 67

e‡½vcmvM‡ii DcK~j †iLvi ˆ`N©¨ 716 wK‡jvwgUvi| e‡½vcmvM‡i evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK mgy ªmxgv 12 bwUK¨vj gvBj ev 22.22 wK‡jvwgUvi Ges A_©‰bwZK mgy ªmxgv 200 bwUK¨vj gvBj ev 370.40 wK‡jvwgUvi (1 bwUK¨vj gvBj = 1.852 wK‡jvwgUvi)|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

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c v V -4.2 f ~-c ÖK… wZ Physiography

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g yL¨ k ã f‚-cÖK…wZ, Uviwkqvwi, cøvB‡÷vwmbKvj, cøveb mgf‚wg |

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1. U v iw kq v w i hy‡ Mi c v n v o m g ~n : evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK…wZ‡K ˆewPΨgq K‡i Zz‡j‡Q Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvomg~n| Uviwkqvwi hy‡M wngvjq ce©Z DwÌZ nIqvi mgq †h mKj ce©‡Zi DrcwË n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvo wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| AvR †_‡K cÖvq 20 jÿ eQi c~‡e©i mgq‡K Uviwkqvwi hyM ejv nq| G cvnvomg~n †e‡jcv_i, †kj I K`g© Øviv MwVZ| ivOvgvwU, ev›`ievb, LvMovQwo, PÆMÖvg, wm‡jU, †gŠjfxevRvi Ges nweM‡Äi cvnvomg~n Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi AšÍfz©³| G cvnvomg~n Avmv‡gi jymvB Ges wgqvbgv‡ii AvivKvb cvnv‡oi mg‡MvÎxq e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvomg~n‡K Avevi yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv `wÿY-c~e©v‡ji cvnvomg~n Ges DËi-c~ev©Â‡ji cvnvomg~n| K . `w ÿ Y - c ~e©v  ‡ j i c v n v o m g ~n : `wÿY-c~ev©Â‡ji ivOvgvwU, ev›`ievb, LvMovQwo Ges K·evRvi I PÆMÖvg †Rjvi c~ev©sk G A‡ji AšÍfz©³| G A‡ji cvnvo¸‡jvi Mo D”PZv cÖvq 610 wgUvi| cvnvomg~‡ni ˆewkó¨ n‡jv cwðg †_‡K c~e© w`‡K D”PZv µgk e„w× †c‡q‡Q| fuvRhy³ G cvnvomg~n DËi-`wÿ‡Y j¤vjw¤fv‡e Aew ’Z| mv¤úªwZK mg‡q Avwe®‹…Z ev›`ievb †Rjvq Aew ’Z ZvwRs Ws (weRq) ce©Zk„½wU evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P ce©Zk„½| G ce©Zk„‡½i D”PZv 1,231 wgUvi| GwU Avwe®‹…Z nIqvi c~‡e© m‡ev©”P k„½ wQj ev›`ievb †Rjvi wKIµvWs, hvi D”PZv 1,230 wgUvi| G A‡ji cvnv‡oi gv‡S gv‡S AmsL¨ msKxY© DcZ¨Kv i‡q‡Q| †hLvb w`‡q cve©Z¨ b`x¸‡jv cÖevwnZ n‡q e‡½vcmvM‡i cwZZ n‡q‡Q| cve©Z¨ Gme b`xi g‡a¨ KY©dzjx, mv½y, gvZvgyûix, nvj`v, Kvmvjs, bvd Ab¨Zg| `wÿY-c~ev©Â‡ji Gme cvnvo K…wlKv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx bq| Z‡e ’vbxq AwaevmxMY cvnv‡oi Xv‡j Ryg c×wZ‡Z mxwgZ cwim‡i Pvlvev` K‡i _v‡K| K‡qK eQi Pvlvev‡`i ci Avevi Ab¨ ’v‡b R½j cwi®‹vi K‡i GKB c×wZ‡Z Pvlvev` K‡i|

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L. DË i- c ~ e v ©Â ‡ j i c v n v o m g ~ n : gqgbwmsn I †b·Kvbv †Rjvi DËivsk, wm‡jU †Rjvi DËi I DËi-c~ev©sk Ges †gŠjfxevRvi I nweMÄ †Rjvi cvnvomg~n G A‡ji AšÍfz©³| G A‡ji cvnvomg~‡ni Mo D”PZv `wÿY-c~ev©Â‡ji cvnvo¸‡jvi Mo D”PZvi Zzjbvq Kg| DËi-c~e©Â‡ji cvnvomg~‡ni Mo D”PZv 244 wgUv‡ii †ewk bq| Z‡e Dˇii cvnvo¸‡jvi Mo D”PZv 30 †_‡K 90 wgUvi Ges G¸‡jv‡K ’vbxqfv‡e wUjv e‡j| mybvgMÄ †Rjvi QvZK kn‡ii Dˇi cÖvq 40 wK.wg GjvKv Ry‡o GKwU wUjv cvnvo i‡q‡Q hv ÔQvZK cvnvoÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| †gŠjfxevRvi I nweMÄ †Rjvi `wÿ‡Y Aew ’Z cvnvo¸‡jvi Xvj †ek Lvov Ges DcwifvM Amgvb| G A‡j e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY AwaK nIqvq cvnv‡oi Xv‡j cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Pv Drcvw`Z nq| evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk Pv evMvb G A‡j Aew ’Z| 2 . c øv B ‡ ÷ v w m bK v ‡ j i † m v c v b m g ~n : AvR †_‡K AvbygvwbK cÖvq 25,000 eQi c~‡e©i mgq‡K cøvB‡÷vwmbKvj ejv nq| G A‡ji gvwUi is jvj‡P I a~mi nIqvq Ab¨vb¨ A‡ji gvwU n‡Z mn‡RB c„_K Kiv hvq| †`‡ki DËi-cwðgvs‡ki we Í…Z AÂj Ry‡o Aew ’Z e‡i› ªf~wg, ga¨fv‡Mi gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo Ges Kzwgjøv †Rjvi jvjgvB cvnvo Gi AšÍf©y³| cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡j Gme †mvcvb ev D”Pf~wg MwVZ n‡qwQj e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| wb‡¤œ cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji Gme †mvcvb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv| K . e‡ i› ªf~w g : ivRkvnx wefv‡Mi ivRkvnx, bIMvu, e¸ov, RqcyinvU Ges iscyi wefv‡Mi iscyi, MvBevÜv I w`bvRcyi †Rjvi Askwe‡kl wb‡q e‡i› ªf~wg MwVZ| Gi AvqZb 9,320 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| GwU e½ AeevwnKvq

wPÎ-4.1.1: evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK…wZ

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

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cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji me©e„nr D”Pf~wg| cøveb mgf~wg †_‡K e‡i› ªf‚wgi Mo D”PZv 6 †_‡K 12 wgUvi| G A‡ji g„wËKv AmgZj| eZ©gv‡b e‡i› ª eûgyLx †mP cÖKí Ges AvaywbK K…wl cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i G D”Pf~wg K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ we‡kl Dc‡hvMx Kiv n‡q‡Q| avb GLvbKvi cÖavb K…wlR dmj| GQvov cvU, fz&Æv cÖf…wZ Drcbœ nq|

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BDwbU 04 c„ôv 71

m v im s‡ÿc

c„w_exi e„nËg e-Øxc evsjv‡`k| G‡`‡ki f~-cªK…wZ we‡kl ˆewkó¨gwÛZ| f~-MvVwbK Ae ’vb Ges MVb mg‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i f~-cÖK…wZ‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvomg~n, cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji †mvcvbmg~n Ges mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji cøveb mgf~wg| Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvomg~n †`‡ki `wÿY-c~ev©Âj I DËi-c~ev©Â‡j Aew ’Z| cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji †mvcvbmg~n e‡i› ªf~wg, gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo Ges jvjgvB cvnvo bv‡g cwiwPZ| Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvomg~n I cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji †mvcvbmg~n e¨ZxZ mgMÖ evsjv‡`k mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji cøveb mgf~wg Øviv MwVZ| b`x we‡aŠZ cøveb mgf~wg K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ De©i|

c v‡ Vv Ë i g~j¨v q b- 4.2

m w V K Dˇ ii c v ‡ k w U K (√√√√) w Pý w `b

1| evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK…wZ‡K KZfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq? (K) 3 (L) 4 (M) 5 (N) 6 2| Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvo i‡q‡Q †Kvb †Rjvq? i. w`bvRcyi ii. LvMovQwo iii. ivOvgvwU wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii 3| ZvwRs Ws (weRq) Gi D”PZv KZ? (K) 1,131 wgUvi (L) 1,231 wgUvi (M) 1,331 wgUvi (N) 1,431 wgUvi 4| gayycyi Mo Aew ’Z- i. gqgbwmsn ii. LvMovQwo iii. Uv½vBj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co–b Ges 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b| kv¤§xi MÖv‡gi evwo DËi-c~e©v‡ji GKwU †Rjvq| AbyK~j f~-cÖvK„wZK ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y †mLv‡b cÖPzi Pv evMvb M‡o D‡V‡Q| hv GB GjvKv‡K ch©UK‡`i Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| 5| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AÂjwU †Kvb ai‡bi f~-cÖK…wZi AšÍfy©³? (K) Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnv‡oi (L) cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji †mvcv‡bi (M) mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji cøveb mgf~wgi (N) †KvbwUB bq 6| Av‡jvP¨ A‡ji ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-

i. cvnvo¸‡jvi Mo D”PZv 244 wgUv‡ii †ewk bq ii. m‡ev©”P k„½ ZvwRs Ws iii. Dˇii cvnvo¸‡jv ’vbxqfv‡e wUjv bv‡g cwiwPZ

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 72

c v V -4.3 f ~wg e¨en vi Land Use

D‡ Ïk¨

G B c v V A a¨q b † k‡ l A v c w b Ñ • f~wg e¨envi ej‡Z Kx eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges • MÖvgxY I bMi f~wg e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g yL¨ k ã f‚wg, MÖvgxY, bMi|

f~wg e ¨e n v i mvaviYfv‡e f~wg e¨envi ej‡Z gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ f~wgi †h †Kv‡bv e¨envi‡K eySvq| A_v©r

f~wg e¨envi kãØq Øviv f~-c„‡ôi we‡kl †Kv‡bv GjvKvi Rwg¸‡jv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Kx ai‡bi ˆewkó¨c~Y© Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q Zv eY©bv Kiv nq| f~wg Ag~j¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`| cÖK…wZi GB m¤ú`‡K †K› ª K‡iB gvby‡li hveZxq Kg©KvÐ cwiPvwjZ nq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k f~wgi Zzjbvq RbmsL¨v A‡bK †ewk nIqvq f~wgi Dci µgk Pvc evo‡Q| ZvB f~wgi cwiKwíZ e¨envi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| e v s j v ‡ `‡ ki f~w g w e b¨v m : Avgiv c~‡e©B †R‡bwQ †h, evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU AvqZb 1,47,570 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| ¯í AvqZ‡bi GB †`‡k emevm Ki‡Q cÖvq 15.89 †KvwU gvbyl Ges RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i 1077 Rb (gvwmK cwimsL¨vb ey‡jwUb, †deªæqvwi 2017, weweGm)| d‡j ¯vfvweKfv‡eB f~wgi e¨envi gvÎv Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk| e v s j v ‡ `‡ k f~ w g e ¨e n v ‡ ii ai Y : gvby‡li RxebcÖYvwji mv‡_ f~wg IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| f~wg Qvov dmj Drcv`b, Kj-KviLvbv ’vcb, Nievwo wbgv©Y †Kv‡bv wKQzB m¤¢e bq| evsjv‡`‡k f~wg e¨envi‡K cÖavbZ yBfv‡M fvM K‡i eY©bv Kiv hvq| h_v- MÖvgxY f~wg e¨envi Ges kû‡i ev bMi f~wg e¨envi| mviwY 4.3.1 G MÖvgxY I bMi f~wgi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

m vi wY 4 . 3 .1 : evs j v‡ `‡ ki MÖvgxY I b M i f~wgi c wi gvY f~wgi a iY f~wgi c wi gvY (e. wK. wg ) kZ Ki v nvi (%)

MÖvgxY f~wg 1,32,813 90.00 bMi f~wg 14,757 10.00 †gvU 1,47,570 100.00

Drm : gvwmK cwimsL¨vb ey‡jwUb, †deªæqvwi, 2017 (weweGm)

MÖv g x Y f~w g e ¨e n v i MÖvg cÖavb evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU f~wgi 90% MÖvgxY GjvKvq Aew ’Z| MÖvgxY f~wg e¨env‡ii cÖavb‡ÿÎ K…wl I emZevwo| Z‡e mv¤úªwZK mg‡q †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e MÖvgxY f~wg e¨env‡ii ai‡YI ˆewPΨ G‡m‡Q| wb‡¤œ MÖvgxY f~wg e¨env‡ii aiY eY©bv Kiv n‡jv| 1. K …w l : evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU f~wgi AwaKvskB K…wlKv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| K…wlKv‡R e¨eüZ f~wg g~jZ MÖvgxY GjvKvq Aew ’Z| hv MÖvgxY gvby‡li RxweKvi cÖavb gva¨g| K…wlRvZ km¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ avb, Mg, cvU, Bÿz, Avjy, mwilv, fzÆv, wewfbœ ai‡bi mewR Ab¨Zg| GL‡bv evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi g~jwfwË K…wl I K…wl Drcvw`Z dmj| 2 . e m Z e v w o : MÖvgxY f~wg e¨env‡ii GKwU we‡kl ˆewkó¨ †Lvjv‡gjv emZevwo| †ewkifvM MÖvgxY emZevwoi ga¨Lv‡b DVvb, ewniv½Y, PZyw ©‡K MvQ-MvQvwj _v‡K| Z‡e mv¤úªwZK mg‡q MÖvgxY emZevwoi ai‡Y cwieZ©b †`Lv

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 73

hv‡”Q| †hŠ_ cwievi †f‡½ GKK cwiev‡ii msL¨v µgk evo‡Q hv MÖvgxY f~wgi wPivPwiZ e¨env‡ii cwieZ©b wb‡ ©k K‡i| †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii fvO‡bi d‡j AwaK emZevwo wbwg©Z n‡”Q Ges emZevwoi AvKvi †QvU n‡”Q| bZzb bZyb emZevwo wbg©v‡Yi d‡j K…wl Rwgi Dci Pvc co‡Q| 3 . K …w l Lv g v i : evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY f~wg e¨env‡i K…wl Lvgv‡ii msL¨v µgk evo‡Q| wewfbœ cÖwZôvb MÖvgxY GjvKvq Rwg µq ev wjR wb‡q K…wl Lvgvi M‡o Zzj‡Q| Gme Lvgv‡ii g‡a¨ nvum-gyiMxi Lvgvi, grm¨ Lvgvi, Miæ gwnl ev QvM‡ji Lvgvi, d‡ji evMvb, K…wl dmj Drcv`b Ab¨Zg| 4 . e b f~w g : MÖvgxY f~wgi GKwU Ask evMvb ev ebf~wgi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| Gme evMvb ev ebf~wg eo bv n‡jI †QvU †QvU L‡Ð wef³| G‡Z wewfbœ djR, ebR I Jlwa MvQ, evuk BZ¨vw` _v‡K|

5. c yK zi I A b ¨v b¨ R j v kq : Ae ’vcbœ cÖvq cÖwZwU MÖvgxY cwiev‡ii GKwU mvaviY ˆewkó¨ cyKzi| GQvov MÖvgxY GjvKvq nvIo, evIo, Lvj, †Wvevmn wewfbœ Rjvf~wg †`Lv hvq| Gme Rjvkq †`‡ki gr‡m¨i Pvwn`v c~i‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| 6. w kÿ v I ag x ©q c Öw Z ô v b : cÖvq cªwZwU MÖv‡g wkÿv I agx©q cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q| Gme cÖwZôvb mvaviYZ †Lvjv‡gjv cwi‡e‡k wbg©vY Kiv nq| cÖvq cÖwZwU MÖvgxY wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b †Ljvi gvV †`Lv hvq, hv MÖvgxY f~wg e¨env‡ii we‡kl ˆewkó¨| 7. n v U - e v R v i I †Lv j v g v V : MÖvgxY cY¨ µq-weµ‡qi Rb¨ nvU-evRvi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| MÖvgxY nvU-evRv‡i K…lK Zv‡`i Drcvw`Z evowZ cY¨ weµq Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ µq K‡i _v‡K| †Lvjv gv‡V mvaviYZ †gjv, †Ljva~jv, Miæ-QvMj PviYmn wewfbœ Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| 8 . w e w ea e ¨e n v i : iv ÍvNvU, dj-dz‡ji evMvb, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi Awdmmn eûwea Kv‡R MÖvgxY f~wg e¨envi Kiv nq|

kû ‡ i e v bM i f~w g e ¨e n v i evsjv‡`‡k ªæZ MwZ‡Z bMi GjvKv m¤úªmvwiZ n‡”Q| G‡Z bMi f~wgi Pvwn`v Ges e¨envi DfqB e„w× cv‡”Q| GKwU bMi GjvKvq f~wgi eûgyLx e¨envi _vKvq bMi f~wgi aviY ÿgZvi Dci AZ¨waK Pvc c‡o| bMi f~wgi cÖavb e¨envimg~n wb‡¤œ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv: 1. A v e v w m K G j v K v : bMi f~wgi GKwU e„nr Ask AvevwmK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| bMi GjvKvq AwfRvZ, ga¨weË, wb¤œ ga¨weË, wb¤œ Av‡qi gvby‡li Rb¨ wfbœ ai‡bi AvevwmK GjvKv M‡o DV‡Z †`Lv hvq| †hgb-Avgiv hw` ivRavbx XvKvi AvevwmK f~wg e¨envi jÿ¨ Kwi Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h avbgwÛ, ¸jkvb, ebvbx, DËiv, emyÜiv, evwiaviv AwfRvZ AvevwmK GjvKv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Avevi wb¤œAv‡qi gvbyl KviIqvb evRvi, gMevRvi cÖf…wZ GjvKvi †ijjvB‡bi av‡i ev †Kv‡bv miKvwi Lvm Rwg‡Z wNwÄ cwi‡e‡k ew Í GjvKvq gvb‡eZi Rxebhvcb K‡i| GQvov cÖvq †MvUv XvKv kn‡iB wewfbœ †kªwY‡ckvi gvby‡li Rb¨ AvevwmK feb M‡o D‡V‡Q| eZ©gv‡b XvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ ’v‡b cwiKwíZ fe‡bi cvkvcvwk AcwiKwíZfv‡e hÎZÎ eû feb M‡o DV‡Q| G‡Z RbRxeb I cwi‡e‡ki Dci weiƒc cÖfve co‡Q| †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ wefvMxq Ges †Rjv kni¸‡jv‡ZI eûZj feb wbgv©Y msL¨v µgk †e‡o P‡j‡Q|

MÖvgxb f~wgi e¨envi

1. K…wl 2. emZevwo 8. wewea e¨envi

3. K…wl Lvgvi

4. ebf~wg

5. cyKzi I Ab¨vb¨ Rjvkq

7. nvU-evRvi I †Lvjv gvV

6.. wkÿv I agx©q cÖwZôvb

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 74

2 . e v w Y w R ¨K G j v K v : bMi GjvKvi Ab¨Zg A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ e¨emv-evwYR¨| bMixq evwYwR¨K Kg©Kv‡Ði g‡a¨ e¨vsK, exgv, Avw_©K cÖwZôvb, †ckv`vix PvKzwi, c‡Y¨i cvBKvwi I LyPiv weµq †K› ª Ab¨Zg| bMi GjvKvq cÖvwZôvwbK Ges AcÖvwZôvwbK Dfq cÖKvi evwYwR¨K Kg©Kv‡Ð AmsL¨ gvbyl m¤ú„³ _v‡K| 3 . w kí G j v K v : bMi f~wgi we‡kl ˆewkó¨ n‡jv wk‡íi Ae ’vb| bMi GjvKvq wkí cÖwZôv‡bi AvwaK¨ _vKvq f~wgi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ As‡k wkí-KviLvbv M‡o D‡V| †hgb- XvKvi †ZRMvuI wkívÂj, MvRxcy‡ii U½x wkívÂj BZ¨vw`| mv¤úªwZK mg‡q †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, bMi GjvKvi evB‡iI we Í…Z wkí GjvKv M‡o DV‡Q| GQvov miKvi †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j we‡kl wkívÂj M‡o Zzj‡Q| 4 . w kÿ v c Öw Z ô v b : mvaviYZ bMi GjvKvq AwaK wkÿv cÖwZôvb _v‡K| RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨ Ges wewfbœ my‡hvM-myweav _vKvq bMixq GjvKvq wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY f~wg e¨envi Kiv nq|

5. m iK v w i- †e m iK v w i A w dm : mvaviYZ bMi GjvKvq miKv‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Awdm-Av`vjZ Ges †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi Awdm _v‡K| Ab¨vb¨ kn‡ii Zzjbvq ivRavbx XvKvq Awdm-Av`vj‡Zi msL¨v A‡bK †ewk| 6. w e g v be › ` i : eo eo bMi¸‡jv‡Z we Í…Z GjvKv Ry‡o _v‡K wegvbe›`i| wegvbe›`i †Kw› ªK wewfbœ ’vcbvI bMi f~wgi Ab¨Zg e¨envi| 7. † ij I‡ q † ÷ k b : w e w f bœ bMi GjvKvq †ijI‡q †÷kb wbg©vY Kiv nq| d‡j bMi f‚wgi GKwU Ask †÷kb †Kw› ªK wewfbœ Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| 8 . bM i c w i e n b G j v K v : GKwU cwiKwíZ bM‡ii Rb¨ chv©ß bMi cwienY Avek¨K| bMi GjvKvq cwienb I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb gva¨g n‡jv moKc_| GQvov i‡q‡Q †ijc_, wegvbc_ Ges †bŠc_| bMi GjvKvq AwaK RbmsL¨v _vKvq bMi f~wgi GKwU eo Ask cwienb Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡k bMi cwien‡b Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq f~wgi cwigvY A‡bK Kg| d‡j eo eo bMi¸‡jv‡Z hvbRU †j‡MB _v‡K|

9. w e w ea e ¨e n v i : bMi f~wgi eûwea e¨envi †`Lv hvq| †hgb- we‡bv`b GjvKv, cvK©, Rv yNi, †Ljvi gvV, †Lvjv gvV, †mbvwbevm, b`xe›`i cÖf…wZ| f~w g e ¨e n v ‡ i i Dc i A w Z w i³ R bms L ¨v i c Ö fv e : evsjv‡`k Rbeûj †`k nIqvq ¯í f~wg‡K eûgyLx e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi d‡j Nievwo, iv ÍvNvU, wkÿv cÖwZôvb, wPwKrmv †K› ª, cwienbmn cÖ‡qvRbxq Pvwn`v c~i‡Y ebf~wg, Rjvf~wg, K…wlf~wg cÖf„wZ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| d‡j ¯vfvweKfv‡eB K‡g hv‡”Q K…wlf~wg, ebf~wg, Lvj-wej, b`x GjvKv, †Lvjv gv‡Vi cwigvY| GQvov AwaK RbmsL¨vi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ GKB Rwg‡Z eQ‡i GKvwaK dmj Drcv`b Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z K‡i f~wgi aviY ÿgZvi Dci Pvc c‡o| GQvov RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j cwiev‡ii Rwgi wefw³ evo‡Q| G‡Z f~wg‡Z †QvU †QvU AvBj †`Iqvi Kvi‡Y Rwgi cwigvY K‡g hv‡”Q| myZivs ejv hvq †h, f~wgi Zzjbvq RbmsL¨v AwaK nIqvq f~wgi aviY ÿgZvi Dci Pvc co‡Q| G‡Z K‡i f~wgi †UKmB enb ÿgZv n«vm cv‡”Q|

bMi f~wgi e¨envi

1. AvevwmK.GjvKv 2. evwYwR¨K GjvKv 9. wewea e¨envi

3. wkí GjvKv

4. wkÿv cÖwZôvb

5. miKvwi-†emiKvwi Awdm

8. bMi cwienb

7.†ijI‡q †÷kb

6.. wegvbe›`i

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 75

f~w g e ¨e n v i c w iK í bv i ¸ i æ Z ¡ : A_©‰bwZK Ges ’vwbK w`K we‡ePbvq f~wg msµvšÍ bxwZ wbav©iY Ges †UKmB e¨e ’vcbv wbwðZ KivB f~wg e¨envi cwiKíbv| f~wgi m‡e©v”P †UKmB e¨envi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ f~wg e¨envi cwiKíbv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| gvby‡li evm¯’vb, Lv`¨, e ¿, Kg©ms ’vb, we‡bv`b, wkÿv, hvZvqvZ, wbivcËv cÖf…wZ †gŠwjK Pvwn`v¸‡jv f~wg e¨env‡ii mv‡_ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e m¤ú„³| AcwiKwíZfv‡e Rjvf~wg fivU ev ebf~wg DRvo Ki‡j cÖvK…wZK wech©q †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| MÖvgxY Ges kû‡i ev bMi f~wg e¨env‡ii mwVK Ges `xN© ’vqx cwiKíbv ev Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki †UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î K…wl Rwgi AK…wl e¨envi eÜ, cwiKwíZ bMivqb, ebf~wg I Rjvf~wg msiÿY, emZevwoi Rwgi m‡ev©”P e¨envi wbwðZ Kivi c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wk ÿ v _©x i K v R Avcbvi GjvKvi f~wgi e¨envi D‡jøLc~e©K ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|

m v im s‡ÿc

evsjv‡`‡k f~wgi Zzjbvq RbmsL¨v AwaK nIqvq GKB f~wgi eûwea e¨envi †`Lv hvq| G‡`‡ki f~wg e¨envi‡K g~jZ yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv- MÖvgxY f~wg e¨envi Ges kû‡i ev bMi f~wgi e¨envi| MÖvgxY f~wg e¨env‡ii cÖavb ˆewkó¨ AwaKvsk f~wg K…wlKv‡R e¨eüZ nq hv †`‡ki Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~iYmn K…wlRvZ wk‡íi KvuPvgv‡ji †hvMvb †`q| GQvov emZevwo, K…wlwfwËK Lvgvi, ebf~wg, Rjvf~wg, wkÿv I ag©xq cÖwZôvb, nvU-evRvi cÖf…wZ Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K, bMi f~wgi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡jv AvevwmK GjvKv, wkí I evwYR¨ GjvKv, miKvwi-†emiKvwi Awdm, wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖf„wZ M‡o †Zvjv nq| MÖvgxY I bMi f~wgi eûwea e¨envi _vKvq Gi mwVK cwiKíbv I †UKmB e¨e ’vcbv AZ¨šÍ Riæwi| †Kbbv f~wgi mv‡_ gvby‡li Lv`¨, e ¿, evm ’vb, cÖf…wZ †gŠwjK Pvwn`vmg~n IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| ZvB f~wgi mwVK Ges m‡ev©Ëg e¨env‡i Avgv‡`i mevB‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|

c v‡ Vv Ë i g~j¨v q b- 4.3

m w V K Dˇ ii c v ‡ k w U K (√√√√) w Pý w `b |

1| evsjv‡`‡k MÖvgxY f~wgi cwigvY kZKiv KZ fvM? (K) 75% (L) 80% (M) 85% (N) 90% 2| f~wg n‡jv- i. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` ii. AcÖvK…wZK m¤ú` iii. K…wÎg m¤ú` wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i (L) ii (M) iii (N) i, ii I iii

3| MÖvgxY f~wgi m‡ev©”P e¨envi nq †Kvb Lv‡Z? (K) emZevwo (L) cyKzi (M) K…wl (N) wkí-KviLvbv 4| bMi f~wgi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-

i. AvevwmK e¨envi ii. wkí I evwYR¨ †K› ª iii. miKvwi-†emiKvwi Awdm wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 76

c v V -4. 4 evs j v ‡` ‡ki R j ev q y Climate of Bangladesh

D‡ Ïk¨

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1. M Öx ® § K v j (Summer Season) : evsjv‡`‡ki DòZg FZz MÖx®§Kvj| gvP© †_‡K †g (dvêyb-ˆR¨ô) gvm ch©šÍ MÖx®§Kvj aiv nq| G mgq m~‡h©i DËivq‡bi d‡j DËv‡ci gvÎv µgk e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| †`‡ki `wÿYv‡j e‡½vcmvMi _vKvq G mgq ZvcgvÎv `wÿY w`K †_‡K Dˇi µgk e„w× cvq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq †h,

wPÎ-4.4.1: evsjv‡`‡ki Mo ZvcgvÎv (Rvbyqvwi)

ZvcgvÎv(RyjvB)

wPÎ-4.4.2: evsjv‡`‡ki Mo ZvcgvÎv (RyjvB)

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 77

GwcÖj gv‡m hLb K·evRv‡i ZvcgvÎv 27.640 †mjwmqvm ZLb ivRkvnx‡Z ZvcgvÎv cÖvq 300 †mjwmqvm| G FZz‡Z m‡ev©”P ZvcgvÎv 340 †mjwmqvm Ges me©wb¤œ 210 †mjwmqvm| Gwcªj gv‡m Mo ZvcgvÎv cÖvq 280 †mjwmqvm Ges GwU eQ‡ii DòZg gvm| MÖx®§Kvjxb AvenvIqvi we‡kl ˆewkó¨ Kvj‰ekvLx So| Gmgq evwl©K e„wócv‡Zi cÖvq GK cÂgvsk msNwUZ nq Ges Mo e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY cÖvq 51 †mw›UwgUvi| G FZz‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY w`K †_‡K AvMZ Dò I Av ª© evqycÖevn AwaK DËv‡ci d‡j Dc‡i D‡V DËi-cwðg w`K †_‡K AvMZ kxZj I ﮋ evqycÖev‡ni m‡½ msNl© n‡q eRªmn So-e„wó nq hv Kvj‰ekvLx So bv‡g cwiwPZ| Kvj‰ekvLx S‡oi mv‡_ wkjve„wóI n‡q _v‡K| 2 . e lv ©K v j (Rainy Season) : evsjv‡`‡k Ryb n‡Z A‡±vei (ˆR¨ô-KvwZ©K) gvm ch©šÍ elv©Kvj ’vqx nq| G mgq m~h© evsjv‡`‡ki Dci j¤fv‡e wKiY †`q| d‡j ZvcgvÎv AwZwi³ nIqvi K_v _vK‡jI mviv‡`‡k Kg-†ewk e„wócvZ nIqvq Lye †ewk ZvcgvÎv Abyf~Z nq bv| G FZz‡Z Mo ZvcgvÎv 270 †mjwmqvm| Z‡e Ryb I †m‡Þ¤i gv‡m Zzjbvg~jK †ewk ZvcgvÎv _v‡K| elv©Kv‡j `wÿY-cwðg †gŠmygx evqy fviZ gnvmvMi Ges e‡½vcmvM‡ii Dci w`‡q Avmvi mgq cÖPzi Rjxqev®ú aviY K‡i| hv Nbxf~Z n‡q ˆk‡jvr‡ÿc cÖwµqvq cÖPzi e„wócvZ NUvq| G FZz‡Z evwl©K e„wócv‡Zi cÖvq 80 kZvsk n‡q _v‡K| elv© FZz‡Z DËi-c~e© Aqb evqy AšÍwn©Z nq Ges `wÿY-c~e© Aqb evqy wbiÿ‡iLv AwZµg Ki‡j †d‡i‡ji m~Îvbymv‡i DËi †Mvjv‡a©i Wvb w`‡K †eu‡K `wÿY-cwðg †gŠmygx evqy‡Z cwiYZ nq| G FZzi †kl w`‡K gv‡S gv‡S N~wY©So AvNvZ nvb‡Z †`Lv hvq| 3 . kx Z K v j (Winter Season) : mvaviYZ b‡f¤i †_‡K †deªæqvwi (KvwZ©K-dvêyb) gvm ch©šÍ kxZKvj aiv nq| G mgq mviv †`‡k ZvcgvÎv Kg‡Z _v‡K| G FZzwU VvÛvi mgq wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Ges †`‡ki wewfbœ ’v‡b Nb Kzqvkv †`Lv hvq| A‡bK mgq †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j GKvav‡i K‡qKw`b ch©šÍ m~‡h©i gyL †`Lv hvq bv| kxZKv‡j m‡ev©”P ZvcgvÎv 290 †mjwmqvm Ges me©wb¤œ 110 †mjwmqvm| Rvbyqvwi kxZjZg gvm| G gv‡mi Mo ZvcgvÎv 17.70 †mjwmqvm| kxZKv‡j e„wócvZ nq bv ej‡jB P‡j| mvaviYZ DcK~jxq I cve©Z¨ A‡j mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y e„wócvZ nq| G FZz‡Z DËi-c~e© w`K †_‡K AvMZ kxZj †gŠmygx evqy cÖevwnZ nq| G mgq evZv‡mi me©wb¤œ Av ª©Zv kZKiv cÖvq 36 fvM n‡q _v‡K| †`‡ki DËiv‡j A‡bK mgq Zxeª kxZj evqy cÖevwnZ nq hv RbRxeb‡K wech© Í K‡i †Zv‡j| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy mgfvevcbœ| Z‡e mv¤úªwZK mg‡q ˆewk¦K DòZv e„w×i Kvi‡Y G‡`‡ki Rjevqy‡Z cÖvqk wKQzUv e¨wZµg cwijwÿZ nq| †hgb-AwZe„wó, Abve„wó, kx‡Zi ’vwq‡Z¡ wfbœZv, Zvc`vn BZ¨vw`|

wk ÿ v _©x i K v R evsjv‡`‡ki FZzmg~‡ni wb‡¤œv³ ˆewk󨸇jv wjLyb|

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wPÎ-4.4.3: evsjv‡`‡ki evwl©K Mo e„wócvZ

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 78

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evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy µvšÍxq †gŠmygx Rjevqy bv‡g cwiwPZ| ZvcgvÎv, e„wócvZ Ges evqycÖev‡n w`K cwieZ©‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i G‡`‡ki Rjevqy‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-MÖx®§Kvj, elv©Kvj Ges kxZKvj| GLvbKvi Rjevqyi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv Dò I Av ª© MÖx®§Kvj, e„wóeûj elv©Kvj Ges ky®‹ I Avivg`vqK kxZKvj| MÖx®§Kv‡j Kvj‰ekvLx S‡oi mv‡_ evwl©K e„wócv‡Zi cÖvq GK cÂgvsk n‡q _v‡K| elv©©Kv‡j cÖvq cvuP fv‡Mi PvifvM e„wócvZ nq| kxZKvj cÖvq e„wónxb n‡jI cvnvwo I DcK~jxq GjvKvq mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y e„wócvZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| wZb FZzi †Kv‡bv mgqB ZvcgvÎv Pigfvevcbœ nq bv| GwcÖj DòZg Ges Rvbyqvwi kxZjZg gvm|

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1| evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy‡Z KqwU FZz †`Lv hvq? (K) 2wU (L) 3wU (M) 4wU (N) 5wU wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co–b Ges 2,3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b| evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡j K‡qKw`b a‡i wn‡gj nvIqv cÖevwnZ n‡”Q| †mB mv‡_ Nb Kzqvkvq m~‡h©i †`Lv †bB| Nb Kzqvkv Ges wn‡gj nvIqvq GLvbKvi RbRxeb wech© Í n‡q c‡o‡Q| wkï I e„× gvby‡liv VvÛvq fxlY Kó cv‡”Q| 2| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ FZzwUi bvg Kx? (K) MÖx®§Kvj (L) elv©Kvj (M) kxZKvj (N) †KvbwUB bq 3| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ FZzwUi ˆewkó¨- i. Zxeª kxZ ii. wn‡gj nvIqv iii. cÖPzi e„wócvZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

4| evsjv‡`‡ki kxZjZg gvm †KvbwU? (K) Rvbyqvwi (L) GwcÖj (M) Ryb (N) †m‡Þ¤i 5| elv©Kv‡j evwl©K e„wócv‡Zi KZ kZvsk msNwUZ nq? (K) cÖvq 70 kZvsk (L) cÖvq 75 kZvsk (M) cÖvq 80 kZvsk (N) cÖvq 85 kZvsk

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 79

c v V -4.5 c Öv K…wZ K ` y‡h©vM Natural Disaster

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G B c v V A a¨q b † k‡ l A v c w b Ñ • cÖvK„wZK y‡h©vM ej‡Z Kx eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges • evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~n m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

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e v sjv ‡ `‡ k i D‡ jøL ‡ hvM ¨ cÖv K… wZ K y‡ h©v Mm g~n c„w_exi cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMcÖeY †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg| G‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae ’vb Ges RjevqyMZ ˆewkó¨, ˆewk¦K Dòvqb cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y cÖvq cÖwZ eQiB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv y‡h©v‡M AvµvšÍ nq| d‡j wech© Í n‡q c‡o RbRxeb, ÿqÿwZ nq m¤ú` I Rxe‡bi| evsjv‡`‡k msNwUZ cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm, Kvj‰ekvLx I U‡b©‡Wv, eb¨v, b`xfvOb, jeYv³Zv, Liv, Av‡m©wbK, f‚wgK¤ú I mybvwg Ab¨Zg| wb‡¤œ Gme y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Kiv n‡jv- K . N ~w Y©So I R ‡ j v ” Q ¡v m (Cyclone and Tidal Surge) : evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿ‡Y Aew ’Z e‡½vcmvMi MÖx®§gÐjxq N~wY©So m„wói GKwU Av`k© †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| e‡½vcmvM‡i m„ó N~wY©Somg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU gvivZ¥K aŸsmvZ¥K iƒc aviY K‡i| mvaviYZ GwcÖj-†g Ges A‡±vei-wW‡m¤i gv‡m N~wY©So msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K| N~wY©So m„wói Rb¨ mgy`ª c„‡ô mvaviYZ 27° †mjwmqvm ev Gi †ewk ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvRb nq| N~wY©S‡oi †K› ª ’‡j wb¤œPvc Ges Pvicv‡k D”PPvc weivR K‡i| Gmgq D”PPvchy³ evqy cÖej‡e‡M N~wY©S‡oi †K› ªfv‡M †hLv‡b wb¤œPvc _v‡K †mw`‡K avweZ nq| G cÖwµqvwU AZ¨šÍ ªæZMwZ‡Z m¤úbœ nq| GwU mgy ªc„‡ô DrcwË jvf K‡i gnv‡`kxq g~jfv‡Mi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| N~wY©S‡oi †K› ª ’j‡K †PvL e‡j| GwU †`L‡Z A‡bKUv gvby‡li †Pv‡Li g‡Zv| weMZ Aa©kZvãx‡Z †ek K‡qKwU eo ai‡bi N~wY©So evsjv‡`‡k AvNvZ nv‡b| Gi g‡a¨ 1970, 1988, 1991, 2007, 2009 mv‡ji N~wY©So Ab¨Zg| Rxebnvwbi w`‡K †_‡K me‡P‡q cÖjqsKix N~wY©So 1970, 1988 Ges 1991 mv‡j msNwUZ nq (mviwY 4.5.1)| N~wY©S‡o DcK~jxq †Rjvmg~n me‡P‡q †ewk ÿwZMÖ ’ nq| Gme †Rjvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q PÆMÖvg, K·evRvi, Lyjbv, ev‡MinvU, mvZÿxiv, cUzqvLvjx, ei¸bv, †fvjv cÖf…wZ|

m vi wY 4 .5.1 : evs j v‡ `‡ k m s NwUZ D‡ jøL ‡ h vM ¨ N~wY ©©S om g~n m s NwUZ nI q vi m vj c ÖvY nvwY i m sL ¨v 12 b‡f¤i. 1970 cÖvq 5,00,000 Rb 29 b‡f¤i, 1988 cÖvq 1,08,000 Rb 29 GwcÖj, 1991 cÖvq 5,708 Rb 15 b‡f¤i, 2007 cÖvq 3,447 Rb 25 †g, 2009 cÖvq 330 Rb

N~wY©S‡oi m‡½ Mfxifv‡e m¤úK©hy³ R‡jv”Q¡vm| N~wY©So DrcwËi ci hLb cÖej‡e‡M ’jfv‡Mi w`‡K AMÖmi nq ZLb mgy‡ ªi Rjivwk dz‡j I‡V Ges DcK‚jxq A‡ji g~j f‚-L‡Ð AvNvZ nv‡b| Giƒc DuPz Rjivwk‡K R‡jv”Q¡vm

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 80

e‡j| Gmgq Rjivwki D”PZv 15-40 dzU ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| N~wY©So AvNvZ nvbvi mgq hw` Agvem¨v ev c~wY©gv _v‡K Zvn‡j cvwb Av‡iv †ewk dz‡j I‡V Ges R‡jv”Q¡vm fqven iƒc aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| 1970 mv‡ji N~wY©S‡o †fvjvq cÖvq 40 dzU, 2007 mv‡j cUzqvLvjx I ei¸bv A‡j cÖvq 20-25 dzU DuPz R‡jv”Q¡vm n‡qwQj| N~wY©So QvovI f‚wgK‡¤úi d‡jI R‡jv”Q¡vm n‡Z cv‡i| f‚wgK‡¤úi d‡j m„ó R‡jv”Q¡vm‡K mybvwg e‡j| R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi d‡j DcK‚jxq A‡ji e¨vcK ÿqÿwZ nq| gvbylmn RxeRš‘ I mnvq m¤ú` cvwb‡Z †f‡m P‡j hvq Ges we ÍxY© AÂj mgy‡ ªi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq| †hgb-1991 mv‡j m„ó N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡m e¨vcK ÿqÿwZ nq| Z‡e cieZx©‡Z miKvwi I †emiKvwi ch©v‡q N~wY©So †gvKv‡ejvq eûgyLx c`‡ÿc MÖnY 2007 Ges 2009 mv‡j h_vµ‡g wmWi I AvBjvq Rxebnvwbi cwigvY mnbxq ivL‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| L. K v j ‰e kv Lx So I U ‡ b©‡ Wv (Nor’ wester & Tornado) : evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Kvj‰ekvLx So Ges U‡b©‡Wv Ab¨Zg| Kvj‰ekvLx So MÖx®§Kvjxb Rjevqyi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| mvaviYZ ˆekvL gv‡mi †k‡li w`‡K G So n‡Z †`Lv hvq e‡j G‡K Kvj‰ekvLx So e‡j| gvP©-GwcÖj gv‡m mܨvi w`‡K AvKvk nVvr Kv‡jv †g‡N †X‡K eRªwe y¨rmn cÖej S‡ov nvIqv cÖevwnZ nq| G SoB Kvj‰ekvLx So bv‡g cwiwPZ| G S‡o evrmwiK e„wócv‡Zi cÖvq GK-cÂgvsk msNwUZ nq| A‡bK mgq e„wócv‡Zi mv‡_ wkjve„wóI n‡q _v‡K| †`‡ki c~e©v‡j G So AwaK n‡q _v‡K| Kvj‰ekvLx S‡o gvbyl, cïcvwL I m¤ú`nvwb N‡U Ges KuvPv Nievwo aŸsm nq| GQvov dm‡jiI e¨vcK ÿwZ nq|

N~wY©S‡oi b¨vq U‡b©‡Wvi †ÿ‡ÎI cÖPЇe‡M evZvm Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z cÖevwnZ nq| †Kv‡bv ’v‡b wb¤œPvc ev jNyPvc m„wó n‡j D³ ¯’v‡bi Dò evZvm Dc‡i D‡V hvq Ges H k~b¨ RvqMv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ PZzw ©‡Ki kxZj evqy ªæZMwZ‡Z avweZ nq Ges U‡b©‡Wvi DrcwË nq| mvaviYZ GwcÖj-†g gv‡m U‡b©‡Wv AvNvZ nv‡b| 1989 mv‡j gvwbKM‡Äi mvUzwiqvq cÖjqsKix U‡b©‡Wv AvNvZ nv‡b Ges e¨vcK aŸsmjxjv mvwaZ nq| U‡b©‡Wvi †ÿ‡Î evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM mvaviYZ NÈvq 480 †_‡K 800 wK‡jvwgUvi n‡Z cv‡i| U‡b©‡Wvi we Ívi gvÎ K‡qK wgUvi Ges ˆ`N© 5 †_‡K 30 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq cÖwZ eQi U‡b©‡Wv n‡Z †`Lv hvq| U‡b©‡Wv Ges N~wY©S‡oi g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv N~wY©So DrcwË nq mgy‡ ª, Ab¨w`‡K U‡b©‡Wv †h †Kv‡bv ’v‡b m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

M. e b¨v (Flood) : eb¨v evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM| mvaviY A‡_© b`xi cvwb hLb yÕK‚j Qvwc‡q cvk¦©eZ©x MÖvg, bMi, e›`i, evwoNi fvwm‡q wb‡q hvq Ges we ÍxY© A‡ji dmj webó K‡i ZLb Zv‡K eb¨v e‡j| cÖvq cÖwZ eQi †`‡ki we ÍxY© AÂj eb¨vq cøvweZ nq| aiY I cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx eb¨v‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-†gŠmygx eb¨v, AvKw¯§K eb¨v, DcK~jxq eb¨v Ges bMi eb¨v|

1. †g Š m yg x e b¨v : el©v †gŠmy‡g AwZwi³ e„wócv‡Zi d‡j †h eb¨vi m„wó nq Zv‡K †gŠmygx eb¨v e‡j| K…wl wbf©i evsjv‡`‡k †gŠmygx eb¨v †Zgb ÿwZ K‡i bv Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv gvivZ¥K ÿwZKi iƒc aviY K‡i| †gŠmygx eb¨vi gvÎv ¯fvweK n‡j dmj Drcv`‡b BwZevPK f‚wgKv iv‡L| 2 . A v K w ¯§ K e b¨v : el©v †gŠmyg e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv †gŠmy‡g AvKw¯§K e„wócv‡Zi d‡j ev cvnvwo X‡j †h eb¨vi m„wó nq Zv‡K AvKw¯§K eb¨v e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki wm‡jU, mybvgMÄ, †gŠjfxevRvi, nweMÄ, †b·KvYv Ges wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvq cÖvq cÖwZ eQi AvKw¯§K eb¨v n‡Z †`Lv hvq| 3 . Dc K ‚j x q e b ¨v : DcK‚jxq A‡j N~wY©So, mybvwg ev †Rvqvi-fvUvRwbZ Kvi‡Y †h eb¨v m„wó nq Zv‡K DcK‚jxq eb¨v e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿYv‡ji DcK‚jxq †Rjvmg~‡n G ai‡bi eb¨v †`Lv †`q|

4 . bM i e b¨v : bMi GjvKvq myôz I ch©vß cvwb wb®‹vkb e¨e ’v bv _vK‡j el©vKv‡j cÖPzi e„wócvZ n‡j eb¨v †`Lv †`q| G ai‡bi eb¨v‡K bMi eb¨v e‡j| XvKv, PÆMÖvgmn eo kn‡i G ai‡bi eb¨v †`Lv hvq| e b¨v i K v iY : cÖvK…wZK Ges gvbem„ó Dfq cÖKvi Kvi‡YB eb¨v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| cÖvK…wZK KviYmg~‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb, f‚wgiƒ‡ci MVb I cÖK…wZ, AwZe„wó, eidMjv cvwb, AvKuveuvKv b`x, wb¤œPvc, b`xi AwZwi³

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 81

cvwb, b`xi cvwb cÖevn ÿgZv n«vm cvIqv, ˆewk¦K Dòvqb BZ¨vw`| eb¨vi gvbem„ó KviY¸‡jv n‡jv-b`xi MwZc‡_ euvav, Lvj I bvjv fivU, AcwiKwíZ euva I iv ÍvNvU wbg©vY, b`xi Zj‡`k fivU, ebRm¤ú` aŸsm Kiv, b`xkvmb, DRv‡b cvwb cÖZ¨vnvi ev euva wbg©vY, cvwb wb®‹vkb e¨e ’vi AcÖZzjZv BZ¨vw`| e b¨v i c Ö fv e : eb¨vi d‡j eûgyLx ÿqÿwZi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| †hgb-m¤ú`nvwb, dmj Drcv`b n«vm, DcK~jxq A‡ji K…wlRwg jeYv³ nIqv, †ivM-e¨vwai we Ívi, †hvMv‡hvM e¨e ’v wew”Qbœ nIqv, my‡cq cvwbi msKU, Lv`¨ I cywói Afve cÖf…wZ| weMZ Aa©kZvãxi wKQz †ewk mg‡q evsjv‡`‡k †ek K‡qKwU fqven eb¨v msNwUZ nq| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv 1954, 1963, 1974, 1978, 1984, 1988, 1998, 2004, 2007 mv‡ji eb¨v| 1998 mv‡ji eb¨v wQj me‡P‡q `xN© ’vqx Ges †`‡ki AwaKvsk †Rjv ÿwZMÖ ’ nq| N . b `x fv Ob (Riverbank Erosion) : mvaviYfv‡e b`xi cvwb cÖev‡ni d‡j b`xi Zxi ev cv‡oi fvOb‡K b`xfvOb e‡j| el©v †gŠmy‡g b`x‡Z AwZwi³ cvwb cÖevwnZ nIqvi d‡j fvOb †`Lv †`q| mvaviYZ Ryb †_‡K †m‡Þ¤i gvm ch©šÍ cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv, eªþcyÎ, wZ Ívmn AmsL¨ kvLv I Dcb`x Øviv †`‡ki cÖvq 100wU Dc‡Rjv Kg‡ewk fvO‡bi wkKvi nq| b`xfvObcÖeY †Rjvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Rvgvjcyi, KzwoMÖvg, gywÝMÄ, e¸ov, gv`vixcyi, bvivqbMÄ, MvBevÜv, wmivRMÄ, kixqZcyi, †kicyi, ivRevwo, gvwbKMÄ, dwi`cyi, Puv`cyi, Uv½vBj, ewikvj, †MvcvjMÄ Ges DcK‚jxq AÂj Ab¨Zg| b`x fv O‡ b i K v iY : b`xfvOb m„wói Rb¨ cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Yi cvkvcvwk gvbem„ó KviYI `vqx| wb‡¤œ b`xfvO‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KviYmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-

1. el©v †gŠmy‡g AZ¨waK e„wócvZ nIqv; 2. b`xi ¯vfvweK MwZc_ cwieZ©b Kiv; 3. b`xi MwZc_ AwaK AuvKveuvKv nIqv; 4. cwj Rgv n‡q b`xi Zj‡`k fivU n‡q hvIqv; 5. eb¨v `xN© ’vqx nIqv; 6. b`xM‡f© big I ÿwqòz wkjvi Dcw ’wZ; 7. b`xM‡f© dvU‡ji Dcw ’wZ; 8. cve©Z¨ GjvKvq eid Mj‡bi gvÎv e„w× cvIqv;

9. b`x Zx‡ii MvQcvjv wbab Kiv; 10. b`x Zxi Ges Zj‡`k †_‡K AcwiKwíZfv‡e evjy D‡Ëvjb; 11. b`x Zxi `Lj K‡i b`xi MwZc‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv ˆZwi Kiv; 12. wbqwgZ b`x Lbb bv Kiv; 13. AcwiKwíZ I AwaK cwigv‡Y †bŠhvb Pvjv‡bv BZ¨vw`| b`x fv O‡ b i c Ö fv e : b`xfvO‡bi d‡j Av_©-mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î `xN© ’vqx cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq| Gi d‡j AmsL¨ †jvK Nievwo nvwi‡q ev ‘nviv Ges f‚wgnxb n‡q c‡o| b`xfvO‡bi Ab¨vb¨ cÖfvemg~‡ni g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑ DØv¯‘ RbmsL¨v e„w×, `vwi ªZv e„w×, K…wl Drcv`b n«vm, K…wlRwgi cwigvY n«vm, cywónxbZv, kn‡i RbmsL¨vi Pvc e„w×, Aciva cÖeYZv e„w×, †ivMe¨vwai we¯Ívi BZ¨vw`| GQvov mvgvwRK e܇bI fvOb †`Lv †`q| A‡bK mgq RwgRgv I mnvq m¤ú` nvwi‡q gvbyl DØv ‘ nIqvq kn‡i Mgb K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvZ¥xq-¯R‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú‡K© Uvb c‡o|

O. j eY v ³ Z v (Salinity) : jeYv³Zv ej‡Z gvwU I cvwb‡Z je‡Yi cwigvY e„w× †c‡q †h Ae ’vi m„wó nq Zv‡K eySvq| mvaviYZ jeYv³Zvi gvÎv cwigvc Kiv nq wcwcwU (Parts Per Thousand-PPT) Øviv| mgy‡ ªi cvwb‡Z jeYv³Zvi Mo gvÎv 35 wcwcwU A_©vr 1 wK‡jvMÖvg cvwb‡Z cÖvq 35 MÖvg jeY _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq A‡ji gvwU I cvwb‡Z jeYv³Zvi cwigvY †ewk| e‡½vcmvM‡ii cvwb †Rvqv‡ii mgq b`xi gva¨‡g DcK~jxq

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 82

A‡ji f‚wg‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i jeYv³Zv m„wó K‡i| mvaviYZ AvM÷ gvm †_‡K jeYv³Zv ïiæ nq Ges wW‡m¤i †_‡K GwcÖj gvm ch©šÍ m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q| DcK~jxq 16wU †Rjvi 64wU Dc‡Rjvq jeYv³Zv †`Lv hvq| Gi g‡a¨ me©vwaK jeYv³Zvq AvµvšÍ Lyjbv, mvZÿxiv, ev‡MinvU, cUzqvLvjx, wc‡ivRcyi, ei¸bv †Rjv| GQvov ewikvj, †bvqvLvjx, j²xcyi, gv¸iv, K·evRvi, †dbx cÖf…wZ †Rjv jeYv³Zvq AvµvšÍ|

j eY v ³ Z v i K v iY : mvaviYZ DcK‚jxq A‡ji f‚wg I cvwb‡Z jeYv³Zvi cÖavb KviY †Rvqvi-fvUv I mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×| mgy ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×i Rb¨ gvby‡li eûgyLx Kg©KvЇK `vqx Kiv nq|

j eY v ³ Z v i c Öfv e : jeYv³Zvi d‡j †hme cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv- 1. DcK‚jxq A‡ji Rwg K…wlKv‡Ri Abyc‡hvMx n‡q Drcv`b n«vm cvIqv; 2. my‡cq cvwbi Afve †`Lv †`Iqv; 3. DØv¯‘ †jv‡Ki msL¨v e„w×, 4. m¤ú`nvwb N‡U `vwi ªZv e„w×; 5. †ivMe¨vwai cÖv yf©ve; 6. e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ †bwZevPK cÖfve; 7. wgVv cvwbi gv‡Qi cÖRbb ÿgZv n«vm cvIqv; 8. MvQcvjvq goK jvMv; 9. dm‡ji †Mvov c‡P hvIqv cÖf…wZ|

P. L iv (Drought) : mvaviYZ Liv ej‡Z †Kv‡bv GjvKvq `xN©mgq a‡i f‚wg‡Z cvwbi Abycw ’wZ‡K eySvq| A_©vr †Kv‡bv GjvKv e„wónxb Ae ’vq _vK‡j ev Ach©vß e„wócvZ n‡j gvwUi ¯vfvweK Av ª©Zv K‡g wM‡q ﮋ n‡q c‡o| Gi d‡j gvwU †d‡U †PŠwPi n‡q hvq Ges cvwbi Íi wb‡P †b‡g hvq| Giƒc Ae ’v‡K Liv e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡ji †Rjvmg~‡n Livi cÖeYZv †ewk †`Lv hvq| weMZ Aa© kZ‡K 1973, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1995, 2016 mv‡j †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j AwaK Liv †`Lv †`q|

Liv i K v iY : Livi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KviYmg~n n‡jvÑ 1. e„wócv‡Zi Afve; 2. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨nxbZv; 3. ebf~wg DRvo; 4. b`xi DRv‡b AcwiKwíZ euva wbg©vY; 5. Gj wb‡bv I jv wb‡bvi cÖfve cÖf…wZ|

Liv i c Ö fv e : Livi d‡j †hme cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv- 1. K…wl dm‡ji Drcv`b n«vm; 2. f‚-Mf© ’ cvwbi Íi wb‡P †b‡g hvIqv; 3. Nievwo †Q‡o Ab¨Î Mgb; 4. Dw™¢ I cÖvwYRM‡Zi ¯vfvweK cwi‡ek weNœ nIqv; 5. Lv`¨ I cywói msKU ˆZwi nIqv; 6. MÖvgxY `vwi ªZv I †eKviZ¡ e„w×; 7. g„wËKvi De©iZv n«vm cÖf…wZ|

Q . A v ‡ m ©w bK (Arsenic) : Av‡m©wbK GKwU welv³ †gŠwjK c`v_©| GwU GK cÖKvi ivmvqwbK c`v_© hv f‚-Mf© ’ cvwb‡Z ªexf~Z Ae ’vq _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k Av‡m©wbK wb‡q cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv ïiæ nq 1984 mv‡j| GK Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki 41wU †Rjvi bjK‚‡ci cvwb‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎvi †P‡q AwaK

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 83

Av‡m©wbK i‡q‡Q (MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎv 0.01 wcwcGg, wek¦ ¯v ’¨ ms ’v)| Av‡m©wbK wgwkÖZ cvwb cvb Ki‡j Av‡m©wb‡Kvwmm bvgK †ivM nq| Av‡m©wbK AvµvšÍ †Rjvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Lyjbv, ev‡MinvU, mvZÿxiv, Kzwóqv, †g‡nicyi, h‡kvi, gv¸iv, dwi`cyi, Kzwgjøv, Puv`cyi, ivRkvnx, cvebv Ab¨Zg|

A v ‡ m ©w bK ~l‡ Y i c Öfv e : Av‡m©wbK ~l‡Yi d‡j †hme cÖfve c‡o †m¸‡jv n‡jv- 1. gvbe †`n Pg© †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqv; 2. wRnŸv, nvZ I cv‡qi Zvjy‡Z Kv‡jv `vM cov; 3. ewg, AiæwP, i³ Avgvkq, gy‡L Nv †`Lv †`qv; 4. dzmdzm, Rivqy, g~Îbvjx, g~Î_jx I e„‡° ÿZ ˆZwi; 5. i³k~Y¨Zv, k¦mb hš¿ AvµvšÍ nIqv; 6. cÖRbb ¯v‡ ’¨ cÖfve; 7. ¯§„wZ kw³ n«vm cvIqv; 8. kix‡i A¯vfvweK cwieZ©b cÖf…wZ |

R . f‚w g K ¤ú (Earthquake) : evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ f‚wgK¤ú me‡P‡q †ewk SuywKc~Y© n‡q DV‡Q| †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae ’vb Ges f‚-MvVwbK Kvi‡Y f‚wgK‡¤úi SuywKi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q G‡`k| 1993 mv‡j evsjv‡`k‡K wZbwU f‚wgK¤úcÖeY A‡j wef³ Kiv nq| G¸‡jv n‡jv-

1. gvivZ¥K SuywKc~Y© AÂj (wiLUvi †¯‹‡j gvÎv 7); 2. gvSvwi SuywKc~Y© AÂj (wiLUvi †¯‹‡j gvÎv 6) Ges 3. Kg Su~wKc~Y© AÂj (wiLUvi †¯‹‡j gvÎv 5)|

f~w g K ‡ ¤ú i K v iY : †hme Kvi‡Y f~wgK¤ú n‡Z cv‡i Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv- 1. f~-Z¡‡Ki †cøUmg~n ci¯úi av°v †L‡j; 2. f-‚Af¨šÍ‡i eo iK‡gi wkjvPz¨wZ NU‡j; 3. f~-Af¨šÍ‡i Zvc wewKiY K‡i msKzwPZ n‡j; 4. f‚-M‡f© mwÂZ ev®úPvc AwaK nIqvi d‡j wb¤œfv‡M cÖej‡e‡M av°v w`‡j; 5. Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy rcv‡Zi d‡j; 6. eo ai‡bi wkjvPz¨wZ NU‡j; 7. wngvbx m¤úªcvZ n‡j ZzlviL‡Ði AvNv‡Z; 8. f‚-Z¡‡Ki cvwb f‚-Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡j; 9. f‚-Av‡jvo‡bi d‡j f‚-Af¨šÍ‡i cÖej msN‡l©i d‡j KZK Ask a‡m co‡j ; 10. Lwb nVvr aŸ‡m co‡j cÖf…wZ|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 84

f‚ w g K ‡ ¤ú i c Ö fv e : f‚wgK‡¤úi d‡j †hme cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv-

1. f~wgK‡¤úi gvÎv AwaK n‡j e¨vcK cªvYnvwb N‡U _v‡K; 2. RxeRš‘ I MvQcvjv aŸsm n‡Z cv‡i; 3. Ni-evwo, iv ÍvNvU, Kj-KviLvbv aŸsm n‡Z cv‡i; 4. f‚-Z¡‡K fuv‡Ri m„wó nIqv; 5. b`-b`xi MwZc_ cwiewZ©Z nIqv; 6. f‚-Z¡‡K duvUj I Pz¨wZi m„wó; 7. mgy ªZ‡ji cwieZ©b nIqv; 8. f‚wgi DÌvb I cZb nIqv; 9. wngvbx m¤úªcvZ; 10. RbRxe‡b e¨vcK ¶q¶wZ nIqv; 11. eû gvbyl kvixwiK Ges gvbwmKfv‡e cÖwZeÜx nIqvi m¤¢vebv BZ¨vw`|

DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †k‡l ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`k wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM AvµvšÍ nq hv Rxeb I m¤ú‡`i e¨vcK ÿqÿwZ mvab K‡i| Gme y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv K‡i G‡`k‡K Dbœq‡bi c‡_ GwM‡q †h‡Z nq|

wk ÿ v _©x i K v R Avcbvi GjvKvq cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j Kx ai‡bi cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq Zv eY©bv Kiæb|

m v im s‡ÿc

we‡k¦i y‡h©vMcÖeY †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg| Avgv‡`i wcÖq GB †`k cÖvq cÖwZ eQiB GKvwaK y‡h©v‡M AvµvšÍ nq| N~wY©So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, U‡b©‡Wv, Kvj‰ekvLx So, eb¨v, Liv, b`xfvOb Ab¨Zg cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM| GQvov i‡q‡Q fqven f~wgK‡¤úi SzuwK| Gme y‡h©vM gvby‡li Rxeb I m¤ú`nvwbi cvkvcvwk ¯vfvweK cwi‡ek‡KI wech© Í K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j Zv KvwU‡q DV‡Z `xN©mgq †j‡M hvq, e¨vnZ nq †`‡ki Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ| Gme cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM‡K †gvKv‡ejv K‡i ÿqÿwZi cwigvY mnbxq ch©v‡q ivL‡Z miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk Avgv‡`i mevB‡K GwM‡q

Avm‡Z n‡e|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 85

c v‡ Vv Ë i g~j¨v q b- 4.5

m w V K Dˇ ii c v ‡ k w U K (√√√√) w Pý w `b |

1| evsjv‡`‡k m„ó cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM- i. eb¨v ii. N~wY©So iii. b`xfvOb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

2| wmWi †Kvb mv‡j msNwUZ nq? (K) 2007 (L) 2008 (M) 2009 (N) 2010 3| `xN© mgq a‡i cvwbi Abycw ’wZ‡K Kx e‡j? (K) eb¨v (L) Liv (M) U‡b©‡Wv (N) †KvbwUB bq 4| Av‡m©wb‡Ki MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎv KZ? (K) 0.01 wcwcGg (L) 0.05 wcwcGg (M) 0.07 wcwcGg (N) 1.00 wcwcGg 5| mvaviYZ †Kvb mg‡q U‡b©‡Wv nq? (K) b‡f¤i-wW‡m¤i (L) Rvbyqvwi-†deªæqvwi (M) gvP©-GwcÖj (N) †g-Ryb

DË ig v j v : cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.1 t 1| K 2| M 3| L 4| N 5| K cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.2 t 1| K 2| N 3| L 4| M 5| K 6| M cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.3 t 1| N 2| K 3| M 4| N

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.4 t 1| L 2| M 3| K 4| K 5| M cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.5 t 1| N 2| K 3| L 4| K 5| M

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq

BDwbU 04 c„ôv 86

P ~ov šÍ g~j¨v q b

K v Vv‡ gv e × (m„ Rbk x j) c Ök œ

1) w b‡ Pi D Ïx c K w U c o –b G es c Ökœ ‡ j v i DË i w `b | evsjv‡`‡k gvP© †_‡K †g gvm Dò I Av ª© Rjevqy weivR K‡i| d‡j Ab¨vb¨ mg‡qi Zzjbvq ZvcgvÎv †ewk _v‡K| A‡bK mgq K‡qKw`b a‡i Zxeª Zvc`v‡n gvbyl I cÖvwYi Rxeb ywe©ln n‡q D‡V| gvVNvU, K…wlRwg †d‡U †PŠwPi Ae ’v nq| AvKv‡k †g‡Ni †`Lv cvIqv hvq bv| Z‡e kxZKv‡j Gi wecixZ Ae ’v weivR K‡i| we‡kl K‡i †`‡ki DËiv‡j wn‡gj nvIqvq kixi wng n‡q Av‡m|

(K) gvP© †_‡K †g gvm †Kvb FZzi AšÍf©y³? 1 (L) Kvj‰ekvLx So †Kvb mgq AvNvZ nv‡b Ges †Kb? 2 (M) DÏxc‡K Av‡jvP¨ Dò FZz‡Z ’vb‡f‡` ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ nq †Kb? 3 (N) kxZKv‡j DËiv‡j Zxeª VvÐvi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 4

2 ) w b‡ Pi Q w e w U †` Lyb G es c Ö kœ ‡ j v i DË i w `b |

(K) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎwU Kx wb‡ ©k Ki‡Q? 1 (L) evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~‡ni bvg wjLyb| 2 (M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ NUbvq gvbeRxe‡b Kx ai‡bi cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq? eY©bv Kiæb| 3 (N) eb¨v Ges R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 4