Asia sec XIX

8/22/2019 Asia sec XIX

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Under the pseudonym of Sax Rohmer, theBritish mystery novelist Arthur Sarsfield Ward(18861959) wrote books featuring acharacter named Fu Manchu. The long,drooping Fu Manchu moustache is namedafter this character.
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A. In 1800 the Qing dynasty of the Manchus was

at the height of its power. After more than acentury of Western humiliation andharassment, the Qing dynasty collapsed inthe early 1900s.

I. Causes of Decline (page 380)

B. Internal changes also played a role in thedownfall of the Qing dynasty. It began tosuffer from corruption, peasant unrest, andincompetence. Rapid population growth400 million by 1900along with food

shortages and regular famine made thesematters worse.


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C. The ships, guns, and ideas of foreigners

probably hastened the end of the Qing Era.

I. Causes of Decline (page 380)


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A. In 1800 European merchants in China were

restricted to a trading outlet at Guangzhou, orCanton. The British were not happy with thearrangement. Britain also imported more fromChina than it exported to China, giving Britainan unfavorable balance of trade as its hardcurrency was paid to China.

II. The Opium War(pages 380381)


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B. Negotiations to address the trade imbalance

failed, and Britain turned to trading opium toaddress their economic concerns. The BritishEast India Company grew the opium in Indiaand shipped it to China, where its useskyrocketed. Soon silver was flowing out ofChina to Britain.



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C. The Chinese knew of the dangers of this

highly addictive drug and had made its tradeillegal. At first they appealed to the Britishgovernment on moral grounds to stop theexport of opium into China. Britain refused tostop. The Chinese government blockaded

Guangzhou to force the traders to surrendertheir opium, and Britain responded by startingthe Opium War (18391842). After the Britishfleet sailed almost unopposed up the ChangJiang, China made peace.



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D. The Treaty of Nanjing (1842) opened five

coastal ports in China to British trade, limitedtaxes on imported British goods, and gave theBritish the island ofHong Kong. The Chinesealso agreed to pay for the war. The treaty didnot mention opium.

E. Europeans lived in the five ports in theirown sections and were not subject toChinese laws, a practice known asextraterritoriality.



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F. The end of the Opium War marked the

beginning of strong Western influence inChina. China offered the same concessionsto other Western nations it had to Britain, andsoon the five treaty ports were boomingwith trade.



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G. In 1984 Great Britain and China signed a joint

declaration in which Britain agreed to returnHong Kong to China in 1997. China promisedthat Hong Kong would remain a free marketand have its own way of life. Hong Kong grewtremendously as people in the 1950s and

1960s fled the Communist regime in mainlandChina. Today it is the eighth largest tradingnation in the world.



12/70

A. Because the Chinese government failed to

handle its internal economic problems, the TaiPing Rebellion, a peasant revolt, occurredfrom 1850 to 1864. It was led by HongXiuquan, who saw himself as the youngerbrother of Jesus Christ. He was convinced

God had given him the mission of destroyingthe Qing dynasty.

III. The Tai Ping Rebellion (pages 382383)


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B. Hong and his peasant army captured Yongan,

where he proclaimed a new dynastytheHeavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Tai PingTianguo in Chinese, hence the name TaiPing Rebellion.)

C. The rebellion called for social reforms thatincluded giving land to all peasants andtreating women as the equals of men. Womenhad their own units in the Tai Ping army.



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D. Hongs rebellion called for people to give up

private possessions. Land was to be held incommon, and food, money, etc., were to beshared equally. Hong outlawed alcohol,tobacco, and foot binding. The social goals ofthe twentieth-century Chinese Communist

Revolution would be similar.



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E. In 1853 the rebels seized Nanjing and

massacred 25,000 men, women, andchildren. Europeans helped the Qing dynastyrespond to the rebellion. In 1864 combinedChinese and European forces took backNanjing. Gradually, the power of the rebellion

weakened.

F. The Tai Ping Rebellion was one of historysmost devastating civil wars. As many astwenty million people died in the 14-year

struggle.



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G. One reason the Qing dynasty failed to deal

well with the internal unrest was its ongoingstruggle with the Western powers. In 1856Great Britain and France began anotherseries of attacks, seizing the capital of Beijingin 1860. In the ensuing Treaty of Tianjin, the

Chinese agreed to legalize the opium trade,open new ports to the West, and surrenderthe Kowloon Peninsula to Great Britain.



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A. By the late 1870s the Qing dynasty was in

serious decline. Warlords who had organizedarmies to fight against the Tai Ping Rebellionkept their armies and continued to collectlocal taxes to support their forces.

B. Reformers called for a new policy ofself-strengthening for the Qing dynasty. Thisapproach meant that China should adoptWestern technology while keeping itsConfucian values and institutions. This

policy guided China for the next 25 years.

IV. Efforts at Reform (page 383)


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C. Some reformers wanted to introduce

democracy, but such an idea was too radicalfor most. Rather, China tried to modernize itsmilitary and industrialize while retaining thebasic elements of Chinese civilizationand values.

IV. Efforts at Reform (page 383)


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A. The new policy did not help the Qing dynasty

retain power. European advances into Chinaand internal deterioration continued.

B. Russia forced China to give up territories inSiberia. Tibet was freed from Chinese

influence by the struggle for it betweenRussia and Great Britain.

V. The Advance of Imperialism (pages 384385)


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C. European states began to create spheres of

influenceinside China. Chinese warlordsnegotiated with the foreign powers toexchange trading, mining, and building rightsfor money. In 1894 another matter weakenedthe Qing. China went to war with Japan over

Japanese inroads into Korea, and Japansoundly defeated the Chinese.

D. New pressures for Chinese territories arose.Germany demanded territories after two of its

missionaries were murdered in 1897. WhenChina conceded, other European powersmade new claims on Chinese territory.



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E. This scramble for territory took place in a time

of internal crisis. The emperorGuang Xulaunched his massive reform campaign calledthe One Hundred Days of Reform. He calledfor political, administrative, and educationalreforms in an attempt to Westernize China

and make it move toward democracy.Conservatives at court opposed the reforms.The Empress Dowager Ci Xi,the emperorsaunt, also opposed the reforms. With the helpof the army, she imprisoned the emperor andended the reform efforts. She ruled China foralmost 50 years.



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A. Great Britain and the United States feared

other nations would overrun China should itsgovernment collapse. In 1899 the U.S.secretary of state John Hay proposed equalaccess to the Chinese market for all nations.No nation disagreed, and Hay declared that

the foreign states agreed China should havean Open Door policy.

VI. Opening the Door to China (page 385)


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B. The policy reflected the American concern for

Chinas survival and the trading companiesdesires to operate in open markets withoutthe existing division into spheres of influence.The Open Door policy did lift restrictions onforeign imports imposed by the dominant

power within each sphere, although spheresof influence remained.



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C. The Open Door policy lessened the fears of

the Western powers that one of them wouldtry to dominate the Chinese market for itself.



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A. The Open Door policy did not stop the Boxer

Rebellion, however. Boxerwas the popularname for members of the secret group calledthe Society of Harmonious Fists, whopracticed a system of exercise they thoughtwould protect them from bullets.

VII. The Boxer Rebellion (page 386)

B. The Boxers were upset over foreign influencein China. They especially disliked Christianmissionaries and Chinese converts toChristianity. They killed Christians and

foreigners, including the German envoyto Beijing.


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C. In response an allied army of the Western

powers and Japan attacked Beijing in 1900. Itrestored order and demanded moreconcessions from the Chinese government,which was forced to pay a heavy indemnitypayment for damagesto the powers that

had ended the rebellion. The Chinese imperialgovernment was weaker than ever.

VII. The Boxer Rebellion (page 386)


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General Yuan Shigai was known as the fatherof the warlords; at least 10 of the mostpowerful warlords of the 1920s had served as

officers in his army. Many of the other warlordsachieved power mainly through the backing offoreign powers, including Japan, Great Britain,and the Soviet Union.


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A. After the Boxer Rebellion, China desperately

tried to reform. Even the Empress Dowagernow embraced educational, administrative,and legal reforms.

B. A Western educational system replaced the

traditional civil service examinationeducational system. After 1905, legislativeassemblies were formed at the provincial(local) level. Elections for a nationalassembly were held in 1910.

I. The Fall of the Qing (pages 388389)


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C. The emerging elite of merchants and

professionals was angry on learning that thenew assemblies could not pass laws but couldonly advise the ruler. The reforms did nothingfor the peasants, artisans, and miners, whoseconditions worsened as taxes rose.

D. The first signs of revolution came with SunYat-sen and his Revive China Society,founded in the 1890s. He believed China hadto be united under a strong government to

resist the foreigners. Sun developed a three-part reform process: military takeover, a periodin which Suns revolutionary party wouldprepare the people for democracy, and aconstitutional democracy.



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E. Sun united radical groups from across China

and formed the Revolutionary Alliance, laterthe Nationalist Party. It adopted Suns ThreePeoples Principlesnationalism, democracy,and the right for people to pursue their ownlivelihoods.



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F. In 1908 the Empress Dowager died, and the

Qing dynasty was near its end. The infantHenry Pu Yi now occupied the throne. In1911 followers of Sun Yat-sen began anuprising in central China. Sun was in theUnited States. The Qing dynasty collapsed,

but Suns party did not have the strength toform a new government, soit turned to a member of theold order, General YuanShigai, who controlled the

army and had been sent tosuppress the rebellion.


General Yuan Shigai


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G. General Yuan negotiated with Suns party and

agreed to serve as president of a Chineserepublic and allow for the election of alegislature. Even so, the events of 1911 didnot produce a new social and political order.The Revolutionary Alliance with its Western

liberal democratic principles was supportedmainly by the urban middle class, and so wastoo small to support a new order.



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A. The military took over after the end of the

Qing dynasty. The Revolutionary Alliancedistrusted General Yuans motives, however.He did not understand Western liberalism andtried to set up a new imperial dynasty, evenusing murder and terror to destroy the new

democratic institutions.

II. An Era of Civil War(page 390)


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B. When General Yuan dissolved the parliament,

the Nationalists rebelled. The rebellion failedand Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan. After he diedin 1916, Yuan was succeeded by one of hisofficers. For several years China slipped intocivil war as weakened governmental power

allowed warlords to seize provincial power.Massive destruction and hunger was theoutcome.

II. An Era of Civil War(page 390)


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A. In traditional China young people were not

seen as individuals but as members of thefamily, valued for their potential for work,passing on the family name, and taking careof aging parents. In the early 1900s thisattitude was changing, due in part to a new

educational system. Young people began torespect the past less, especially theConfucian concept of the family. A spirit ofindividualism emerged out of the revolt ofthe youth.

III. Chinese Society in Transition (page 391)


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B. Chinese society was changing already in the

mid-1800s. The growth of industry and tradebrought to the cities a market forcommoditiesmarketable productssuchas oil, copper, salt, tea, and porcelain.Transportation was improving, and new crops

from abroad increased food production.

C. Westerners affected the Chinese economyin three ways: introducing new means oftransportation, creating an export market,

and integrating the Chinese market into thenineteenth-century world economy.



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D. To some, these economic and other changes

were beneficial since they shook China out ofits traditional ways. To others, the changesharmed China by destroying local industryand by allowing most of the profits to go toforeign countries.

E. Chinas pace of change quickened in the firstquarter of the twentieth century. After WorldWar I, the Chinese began to develop newventures. Cities like Shanghai and Wuhan

became major industrial and commercialcenters with a growing middle class and anindustrial working class.



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A. In 1800 life for most Chinesewho were

farmers whose lives revolved around theharvest cycle and established customs andritualswas the same as it had been forcenturies. A visitor to China in 1925 wouldhave seen a different society.

B. Chinas changes were most visible in thecities. Many Chinese saw the Confucianvalues and traditions as oppressive, andwanted to replace them with the social ideals

of the modern, liberal West.

IV. Chinas Changing Culture (pages 392393)


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C. The struggle between old and new was most

visible in the field of culture. Radical reformerswanted to eliminate traditional culture tocreate a China the modern world wouldrespect. In the late nineteenth century,intellectuals began introducing Western

books, painting, music, and ideas. By 1925Western culture had flooded China.

D. Western art became popular with the urbanmiddle class, while the traditional culture

remained popular with the more conservativepopulation, especially in rural areas.



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E. Most creative artists followed the Western,

foreign trends. Most Chinese novels, forexample, reflected the Western tendencytoward a realistic portrayal of society anddescribed the changing customs of urbanelites. Ba Jins trilogy Family, Spring, and

Autumn portray the disintegration ofConfucian ways as young people tried tobreak from their elders.



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The famous Japanese woodblock artistHokusai influenced Western painting in thenineteenth century. He became known in

Europe and the United States because hisprints often were used to wrap porcelain andother objects that were fashionable in the Westand exported there. Soon the prints themselvesbecame all the rage. Serious artists learned

new aesthetic ideas from Hokusais prints, andfrom the prints of other Japanese artists.


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A. By 1800 the Tokugawa shogunate had ruled

the Japanese islands for two hundred years.The country was virtually isolated fromforeigners. Foreign ships were driven away,and the little foreign trading was done onlythrough Nagasaki.

B. Western powers approached Japan in thehope of opening it up to their economicinterests. The United States was the firstforeign country to succeed with Japan. In

1853 four warships under CommodoreMatthew Perry arrived in Edo Bay (nowTokyo Bay).

I. An End to Isolation (page 397)


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C. The purpose was to bring the isolated people

into the family of civilized nations. Perrycarried a letter from President MillardFillmore, asking to open relations betweenthe two countries. Some shogunate officialsargued against contact and others

recommended concessions, or politicalcompromises. Theshogunates responsewas ultimately dictated bythe guns of Perrys ships

when he returned for ananswer with a larger fleet.


Commodore Perry meeting Japanese in 1853


45/70

D. Under military pressure Japan agreed to the

Treaty of Kanagawa. It provided for the returnof American shipwrecked sailors, whopreviously were treated as criminals, theopening of two ports to Western traders,and the establishment of a U.S. consulate

in Japan.

E. In 1858 a new treaty called for the openingof several new ports to U.S. trade andresidence, and an exchange of ministers.

Several European nations soon signed suchtreaties with Japan.



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A. Resistance to this change in relations with the

West was especially strong among thesamurai warriors in the territories of Satsumaand Choshu. In 1863, the Sat-Cho allianceforced the shogun to promise to end relationswith the West.

II. Resistance to the New Order(page 398)


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B. The Sat-Cho rebels were convinced they

needed to strengthen their military after losingan exchange with Western ships. They alsodemanded that the shogun resign and restorethe power of the emperor. Sat-Cho armiesattacked the shoguns palace in Kyoto in

1868. They declared the emperor restored.The shoguns forces and the shogunate sooncollapsed.

II. Resistance to the New Order(page 398)


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A. Although the Sat-Cho leaders mistrusted the

West, they soon realized Japan mustmodernize. The new leaders embarked onreforms that transformed Japan into a modernindustrial nation.

B. The young emperorMutsuhito called hisreign the Meiji, orEnlightened Rule. Thisperiod is known as the MeijiRestoration. Mutsuhito was

controlled by the Sat-Choleaders, and the capital wasmoved to their location, Edo(now Tokyo).

III. The Meiji Restoration (pages 398401)

Mutsuhito


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C. To undercut the power of the daimyothe

local noblesthe new leaders stripped themof the titles to their lands in 1871. Theirterritories were organized into prefectures,and the daimyo were named governors oftheir previous holdings. Today, Japan is

divided into 45 prefectures.D. The Meiji reformers set out to create a

Western-style political system. The leaderspledged in the Charter Oath to create a new

legislative assembly within the framework ofcontinued imperial rule.



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E. A commission underIto Hirobumi traveled to

Great Britain, France, Germany, and theUnited States to study their governments.Two factions appeared in JapanLiberalsand Progressives. Each wanted a governmentwith power divided between the legislature

(parliament) and the executive, but theLiberals wanted power ultimately to residewith the legislature and the Progressiveswanted it to reside with the executive. TheProgressives won.



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F. Real executive authority lay not with the

emperor but with the prime minister and hiscabinet ministers, handpicked by the Meijileaders. Further, the members of the upperhouse were appointed, not elected. Thegovernment was democratic in form but

authoritarian in practice, therefore. Thetraditional ruling class kept its influence andeconomic power.



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G. Meiji leaders set up a new system of land

ownership. Peasants were given the lands ofthe daimyo, who were compensated withgovernment bonds. The leaders levied anannual 3 percent land tax, which brought inrevenues but was a real burden to the farmers.

H. The government turned to promoting industry,wanting to create a rich country and a strongstate. The government subsidized industries,brought in foreign advisors, improved

transportation, and started a new educationalsystem that stressed applied science.



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I. From the start, a unique feature of the Meiji

model of industrial development was the closerelationship between government and privatebusiness. Businesspeople were given moneyand privileges to start new enterprises, andthe government played some role even after

the business was on its feet.J. The Meiji reformers transformed other

institutions, especially the military. In 1871 anew army based on compulsory military

service was formed. All men served forthree years.



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K. A ministry of education guided the change to

universal education and instruction in moderntechnology. Soon the ministry adopted the

American educational system. Bright studentswere sent to study abroad. However, muchemphasis was still placed on the virtues of

loyalty to family, community, and, especially,the emperor.



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L. The Meiji Restoration changed Japans social

structure considerably. Before, communityand hierarchy ruled society, and womenespecially were ruled by the threeobediences: child to father, wife to husband,widow to son. Now, for the first time women

were allowed to seek an education. The shiftto industry meant thousands of Japanesetook jobs that signaled a change in thesocial structure.



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M. Western fashions became the

rage among the elite. Baseballwas imported from the UnitedStates. Young people wereincreasingly influenced byWestern culture and values,

imitating Western clothes,hairstyles, and socialpractices.



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N. The social changes had a dark side. Many

workers were ruthlessly exploited in the coalmines and textile mills. Miners trying toescape their horrible conditions sometimeswere shot. Even so, resistance was notunknown. Many sought political rights and

recognition of basic human rights. Womenplayed a role in the resistance. They formedthe Freedom and Peoples Rights Movementand demanded voting rights for women asearly as 1876.



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O. The change to a modern society did not

undermine the old loyalties, however. Theywere taught in the new schools and codified inthe constitution of 1890 and the Civil Code of1898, where, for example, individual rightswere played down, the right to vote was

limited to men, and women were placed withinthe context of their family role exclusively.



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A. Japan also copied the Western imperialist

approach to foreign affairs, in part because ithad no natural room for expansion. Tocompete with the West, Japan believed itwould need colonies as a source of wealthand power.

IV. Joining the Imperialist Nations (page 401402)

B. In 1874 the Japanese claimed control of theRyukyu Islands, previously subject to Chineserule. Japans navy forced Korea to open itsports to Japanese trade. In the 1880s, tension

between China and Japan over Korea grew.They warred, and the Japanese destroyed theChinese fleet and entered the Manchurian cityofPort Arthur.


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C. Rivalry with Russia over influence in Korea

led to strained relations. Russia wassupremely confident it could defeat Japan ina war.


D. Japan launched a surprise attack on theRussian naval base at Port Arthur, whichRussia had taken from China (Japan hadearlier returned the port to China). Japaneseforces moved into China, and the Russiantroops were not a match for them.


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E. Meanwhile, the Japanese navy defeated the

Russian navy. Russia agreed to a humiliatingpeace in 1905. They gave the strategicLiaodong Peninsula to Japan, as well as partof an island north of Japan. The victoryestablished Japan as a world power.



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F. Japan consolidated its position in

northeastern Asia, annexing Korea in 1910.The United States recognized the annexationin return for Japans support for Americanauthority in the Philippines. Mutual suspicionbetween the two countries was growing,

however. Japan resented U.S. restrictions onimmigration, and many Americans fearedJapans growing power.



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A. The wave of Western technology and ideas

that entered Japan greatly changed traditionalJapanese culture, especially in literature.Japanese authors began imitating theWestern models.

V. Culture in an Era of Transition (page 402403)

B. Other aspects of culture also changed. TheJapanese invited technicians, engineers,architects, and artists from Europe and theUnited States to teach modern skills toJapanese students.


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C. By the end of the 1800s, however, a national

reaction had set in. In 1889 the Tokyo Schoolof Fine Arts was established to promotetraditional Japanese art. Some Japaneseartists searched for a new but traditionalmeans of expression.

D. Cultural exchange flowed East to West, aswell. Japanese porcelains, textiles, fans,woodblock prints, and folding screens becamefashionable in Europe and North America.Japanese art influenced Western painters,and Japanese gardens became especiallypopular in the United States.

V. Culture in an Era of Transition (page 402403)


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Chapter Summary

Imperialist powers advanced into China and Japan in the nineteenth century.Chinas government fell, but Japans modernized and endured.


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Empress Dowager Ci Xi, through her unwillingnessto make significant reforms, helped bring about theoverthrow of the Qing dynasty. Ci Xi was at first alow-ranking concubine to Emperor Xian Feng. Herposition became influential in 1856, when she gave

birth to the emperors first and only son.

When the emperor died, Ci Xi ruled China onbehalf of her son. Later, she ruled on behalf of hernephew Guang Xu. With the aid of conservativesat court and the imperial army, she had Guang Xujailed in the palace.

Empress Dowager Ci Xi ruled China for almost 50years, during a crucial period in the nations history. She waswell aware of her own power. I have often thought that I amthe cleverest woman who ever lived . . . I have 400 millionpeople all dependent on my judgement.

18351908

Chinese Empress

Ci Xi


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Sun Yat-sen was the leader of the revolutionarymovement that overthrew the Qing dynasty. Sun wasborn to a peasant family in the south and was educatedin Hawaii. He returned to China to practice medicine

but soon began to use his earnings to financerevolutionary activities.

A failed rebellion forced Sun to flee to Japan and laterto the United States and London. He raised money andrecruited Chinese exiles to carry out his revolutionaryplans. After the Qing government collapsed in 1911, he returned to

China. Sun decided to back General Yuan Shigai as president in 1912.He was afraid that more fighting would only lead to chaos and foreignintervention.

Sun never realized his dream of leading a new Chinese republic, butboth the Republic of China on Taiwan and the Peoples Republic ofChina honor him as the founder of modern China.

18661925

Chinese revolutionary

Sun Yat-sen


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A young man who worked closely with Sun Yat-sen wasChiang Kai-shek. Eventually he became president of theChinese Nationalist government (see Chapter 10). As ayoung man of 18, Chiang went to Japan for military training.There he learned to believe that an army could shape a

nations future.Like Sun Yat-sen, Chiang returned home when revolutionbroke out in 1911. After Suns death, Chiang became theleader of Suns Nationalist Party, the Guomindang (GDP).

In the 1920s and 1930s, the GDP and Chinese Communistsfought bitterly to become the dominant governmentexcept

when they were defending their nation against Japan. The GDP led arepublican government from 1928 to 1949, but it was never able to control theentire country.

Chiangs biggest weakness was that his support came from the cities. Heoffered little to the peasants, who ultimately backed Mao Zedong and theCommunists

18871975

General and Politician

Chiang Kai-shek

Asia sec XIX

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