77

jjjjjktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;kld{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 ds

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds çFke ç’u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds çFke ç’u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds çFke ç’u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds çFke ç’u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds çFke ç’u i= ds fy,

ys[kdys[kdys[kdys[kdys[kd

MkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorizkpk;Zi z kpk;Zi zkpk;Zi z kpk;Zi zkpk;Z

Jh Ñ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh Ñ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh Ñ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh Ñ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh Ñ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;lhdj ¼jktñ½lhdj ¼jktñ½lhdj ¼jktñ½lhdj ¼jktñ½lhdj ¼jktñ½

◊ÊäÿÁ◊∑§ Á‡ÊˇÊÊ ’Ù«¸U, ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ, •¡◊⁄U

jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%'kqYd forj.k gsrq

78

j jjjjktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;kld{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 ds

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds çFke ç’u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds çFke ç’u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds çFke ç’u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds çFke ç’u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds çFke ç’u i= ds fy,

ys[kdys[kdys[kdys[kdys[kd

MkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorizkpk;Zi z kpk;Zi zkpk;Zi z kpk;Zi zkpk;Z

Jh Ñ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh Ñ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh Ñ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh Ñ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh Ñ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;lhdj ¼jktñ½lhdj ¼jktñ½lhdj ¼jktñ½lhdj ¼jktñ½lhdj ¼jktñ½

◊ÊäÿÁ◊∑§ Á‡ÊˇÊÊ ’Ù«¸U, ⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ, •¡◊⁄U

79

nks lcnnks lcnnks lcnnks lcnnks lcn

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS bfr;kl uS ys;*j lks/kijd :i esa dsbZ bfr;kl NihT;k gSa ft.kk jSeka; MkWñ eksrhyky esukfj;k] lhrkjke ykyl] MkWñ ghjkyky ekgs’ojh ] MkWñ iq:"kksŸke esukfj;k bR;knjk gSa A lkfgR; jh izozfr;ka uS ys;*j MkWñ fdj.k ukgVk jh iksFkh *vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jhizozfr;ka ,oa izsj.kkL=ksr* Hkh ?k.kh egrkÅ gS A b.kht Hkkar i=&if=dkoka esa o[kr flj vkys[k Hkhfo/kkoka jS fodkl vj m.kka jh miyfC/k jS :i esa Nirk jS;k gSa i.k Qsa: Hkh jktLFkkuh bfr;kl ys[kujh vsd egŸkh t:jr vkt Hkh cf.k;ksM+h gSA cny+rh lkfgR; psruk vj m.k jS lkFkS cny+rS ekinaMkuS /;ku esa jk[k*j lkfgR; jks izozfrxr foospu bfr;kl jks ewy+ vk/kkj gqo.kks pkbtS vj m.kh nhBlwa bfr;kl fy[k.kks l: gqoS rks fd.kh Hkh Hkklk jS lkfgR; jks lkarjks bfr;kl rS;kj gq; ldS AjktLFkkuh lefj/k Hkklk gS m.k jks vkjEHk dky vj e/;dky ikjEifjd lkfgR; jh nhB lwa ?k.kksegrkÅ gS vj m.kka jks ewY;kadu Hkh ukeh fxjkeh fo}kuka jks dj~;ksM+ks gSA vk/kqfuddky jS lkfgR; esa vkt uqaoh &uqaoh izozfr;ka vk; jS;h gSa m.kka jh ij[k t:jh gS A

EgsSa bfr;klw cks/k jh psruk vj vk/kkj Hkwfe uS le>*j lkfgR; jh psruk] cny+rS ifjosl vjmiyfC/k vky+h jpukoka uS /;ku esa jk[k*j vk/kqfud dky jks foHkktu dj~;ks gSA vk/kqfud dkyjS eka; vkt dsbZ jpukdkj gSa ftdk jpukRed :i esa vkijh vksy+[kk.k c.;k pqD;k gSa A Egkjh dkslhljS;h ds lxy+k uS lesV yso.kks pkbtS i.k Qsa: Hkh EgSa lk;n b.k esa lQy uh gq; lD;ks A ?k.kk t.kkajk ukao Hkh NwVX;k gqoSyk ] b.k lk: EgSa ekQh pkowayksA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS bfr;kl jks vsd izozfrxrv/;;u jS :i esa <kapks rS;kj gqoS] vk Egkjh dkslhl jS;h gS vj vk b.k ys[k.k jh [kkfl;r gSA

leS vj v/;;u jh lhek uS /;ku esa jk[krka Fkdka b.k bfr;kl lwa jktLFkkuh ikBdka vjfo|kfFkZ;ka uS tS FkksM+h tk.kdkjh feySyh rks EguS ?k.kh [kqlh gqoSyh A cksMZ lk: Hkh EgSa vkHkkj ekuwads osS EguS vks volj fn;ksA ft.k fo}kuka jh iqLrdka lwa enn feyh] m.kjS izfr Hkh vkHkkj izxV dj.kksEgkjks Qjt le>waA

lhdhldj ¼jkt½j llhdj ¼jktñ½lhdhldj ¼jkt½j llhdj ¼jktñ½lhdhldj ¼jkt½j llhdj ¼jktñ½lhdhldj ¼jkt½j llhdj ¼jktñ½lhdhldj ¼jkt½j llhdj ¼jktñ½ MkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkorMkWñ xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor

80

foxrfoxrfoxrfoxrfoxr

1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk 1&91&91&91&91&9

2- vkjEHk dky %2- vkjEHk dky %2- vkjEHk dky %2- vkjEHk dky %2- vkjEHk dky % 10&1910&1910&1910&1910&19

3- e/;dky %3- e/;dky %3- e/;dky %3- e/;dky %3- e/;dky % 20&3720&3720&3720&3720&37

4- vk/kqfud dky %4- vk/kqfud dky %4- vk/kqfud dky %4- vk/kqfud dky %4- vk/kqfud dky % 38&7638&7638&7638&7638&76

1

v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1

jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospukjktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospukjktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospukjktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospukjktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk

jktLFkkuh vkt jktLFkku jh ek;M+ Hkklk gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS lkfgR; jh Hkkjrh; HkklkokajS lkfgR; esa vsd U;kjh vksy+[kk.k fx.khtSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks twuks lkfgR; ywaBks vj xjc dj.k tksxgSA vkt jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa gkFk lwa fy[;ksM+h iksF;ka jks ftrks v[kwV HkaMkj gS fcrks L;kr bZ fd.khHkklk esa gqoSA ft.k rfj;ka jktLFkku jh ijEijkoka vnHkqr gaS m.kht Hkkar vBS jks lkfgR; HkhA jktLFkkuvkijS oSHko lwa Hkfj;ksM+S vrhr] xjchyh ijEijkoka vj lkaLØfrd thou jS ÅapS vknlkZa lk: vk[kS txesa ukeh&fxjkeh jS;ksA csfelky R;kx] egku cfynku vj ÅapS njtS jh ohjrk] ijkØe vBS gesl izsj.kknso.k tksx jS;kA jktLFkku lwj&ohjka jh tye Hkkse lk: fljS fx.khtSA vBS ftnaxh jS gjsd Ns= esathou ewY; vj eku&ejtknkoka jh] vBS jk ohj&iq#l vsd lhao FkjihthA vks bt dkj.k gS ds vktjktLFkku jks bfr;kl mtGh ohjxkFkkoka jk QM+QM+krk ikauka jks lkapks bfr;kl gS A

vBS jh b.k /kjrh lwa tqfM+;ksM+ks vBS jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ykSfdd vj lkaLØfrd ijEijkokajh nhB lwa vSM+ks fo[;kr jS;ks ds nsl jk ekuhrk fo}ku b.k lkfgR; jh ljko.kk djrk jS;k A jl] Hkkovj vkst lwa Hkfj;ksM+S b.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dkauh lj tktZ fxz;lZu] MkWñ VSslhVjh] MkWñ lquhfr dqekjpkVqT;kZ tSM+k fo}kuka jks /;ku x;ks A ohj jl jks tSM+ks ÅapS njtS jks jl&ifjikd jktLFkkuh lkfgR;esa nh[kS] oSM+ks nqfu;ka jS fd.kh lkfgR; esa uhA b.k jks dkj.k vks gS ds jktLFkkuh jh ohj jl jh dforkoka dfo;ka lwa jphth ftdk vkijh [kqyh vka[;ka lwa tq)Hkkse esa yM+rk ohjka uS ns[;kA oS vkijS gkFkesa dye Hkh idM+h rks c[kr vk;ka ryokj ys;uS tq) esa Hkh tw>~;k A vka dfo;ka duS tq) jks ÒksX;ksM+ksv.kHko gksA vBS jh ohj jl jh dfork jh izlalk djrk Fkdka johUnzukFk Bkdqj fy[;ks ds& *Hkxrh jljh dfork rks vk[kS Hkkjr jsS gjsd lkfgR; esa fey T;koS i.k jktLFkku vkijS [kwu lwa ftdS lkfgR;jks fujek.k dj~;ks] m.k lkfgR; jS tksM+ jks lkfgR; vkt lko nqjyHk gSA jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jh vk[kkfl;r gh ds oS tq) jS uxkjka jS fcPpS vkijh dforkoka jph**A *b.k dFku lwa y[kkoS ds v.kHko lwajP;ks&iP;ks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ohj jl jh nhB lwa ekjfed uS Hkqtkoka uS QM+dko.k okGks gS AjpukRedrk jS b.k fcanq ekFkS jktLFkkuh jpukdkj vi.kS vki esa ?k.kks egrkÅ gks A

b.kht Hkkar egkeuk ia- enueksgu ekyoh; Hkh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS ljkork Fkdkadº;ks&**jktLFkkuh ohjka jh Hkklk gS] jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ohj lkfgR; gS vj nqfu;ka jS lkfgR; eka;b.k jh U;kjh BkSM+ gS A vkt jh ih<+h lk: m.k jks v/;;u t:jh gkso.kks pkbtS A b.k thoar lkfgR;vj m.k jh Hkklk jS fodkl jks dke ?k.kks t:jh gS& EgSa m.k fnu jh mM+hd d:a gwWa tn fgUnw fo’ofo/kky;esa b.k jks leiwj.k foHkkx dk;e gqoS vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; jh [kkst jh Hk.kkbZ jks lkarjksizca/k gqoS**A b.k lwa tkfgj gS ds jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vkijh thoarrk vj [kqn jS U;kjS fujokGS l:ilwa nsl jk ekuhrk fo}kuka uS izHkkfor dfj;ksS A jktLFkkuh jk fo}ku izks0 ujksŸkenkl Lokeh fy[;ks gS&*jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ftnaxh jks lkfgR; gS ftnaxh lwa NsM+S vks ikxyka jks izyki uh cfYd ftnaxh lwa vsdxk<+ks lEcU/k jk[k.k vkGks gSA vks feu[k uS izsj.kk nso.k okGks vj vsd uqaoh psruk txko.k tksx gSA*jktLFkkuh lkfgR; turk jks lkfgR; gSA1 jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa ftdh Hkkoukoka jks fp=.k nh[kS] m.kjks foLrkj vk[kS nsl vj ftnaxh lwa tqfM+;ksM+ks gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh eksVh [kkfl;rka esa tyeHkkse

2

lk: R;kx vj cfynku jks Hkko] nslHkxrh vj /kjrh&isze] ukjh jks izsjd O;fDrŸo] ej.k fraokj jks pko]nqleha lwa cnGks yso.k jks Hkko] lqrarj Hkkouk] nsl jh vsdrk vj v[kaMrk] fla.kxkj vj ohj jl jksfp=.k bR;kn gSa vj vka folslrkoka jS dkj.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ?k.kks vksirks ykxSA

jktLFkku jks ukedj.k%&jktLFkku jks ukedj.k%&jktLFkku jks ukedj.k%&jktLFkku jks ukedj.k%&jktLFkku jks ukedj.k%& jktLFkkuh jktLFkku jkT; jh Hkklk gS jktLFkku lwa ckjSdksydkŸkk] eqacbZ] psUubZ bR;kn esa Hkh izoklh jktLFkkuh yksx ek;M+ Hkklk jks iz;ksx djSa b.k okLrSjktLFkku jS ukedj.k ckcr dha fopkj dj yso.kks pkbtS] Da;wds jktLFkkuh ukao jktLFkku ekFkS bZjk[khT;ksM+ks gSA jktLFkku esa lkfgR; fljt.k jh vsd ywaBh ijEijk jS;h gS b.kht Hkkar jktLFkkuh Hkklkjk Hkh iqjk.kSa o[kr esa dsbZ ukao jS;k gSaA

jktLFkku lcn jks lxGk lwa iSyks iz;ksx *jktLFkkuh;kfnR;* fo-la- 682 esa clarx<+ ¼fljksgh½jsS vsd flykys[k ekFkS [kqn;ksM+ks feyS+

sSA2 b.k jS iNS eqg.kksr usS.klh ¼fo-la- 1667&1727½ jh [;kr vj

*jkt:id*3 ¼la- 1788½ esa jktLFkku lcn jks iz;ksx gq;ks i.k vBS b.k jks ç;ksx jkt/kkuh jS vjFk esagSA çkUr jS vjFk esa *jktiwrkuk* lcn jks lS lwa iSyka tktZ Vkel lu~ 1800 esa dj~;ksA4 b.k jS iNS lu~1829 esa duZy VkWM vkijS bfr;kl *,uYl ,aM ,aVhD;wVht vkWQ jktLFkku* esa jktLFkku lcn jksiz;ksx dfj;ks ftdks vkxS pky*j izkUr jS vjFk esa :<+ gq;xksA vktknh lwa iSyka vBS NksVh&cM+h 21fj;klrka gh ftdh iNsS vsd gq;xh vj jktLFkku lcn izkUr jS :i esa vaxsT;ksA lj tktZ fxz;lZuvkijh iksFkh *fyaxfofLVd losZ vkWQ bafM;k* esa jktLFkku izkUr jh Hkklk uS bZ jktLFkkuh ukao fn;ks vjb.k ukao jks vk/kkj lk;n duZy VkWM jh iqLrd gh gqoSA

iqjk.kS o[kr esa jktLFkku jks vsd ukao uh gq;*j vyx&vyx Òw[kaMka jk vyx&vyx ukao gkftdk fj;klrka jS o[kr esa cnGrk jS;kA fta;k jktLFkku jS mrjknS Hkkx usS ]*tkaxyw*] mxw.kS Hkkx usS*eRL;* ¼t;iqj]]vyoj vj Hkjriqj jks Hkkx½ fn[k.kknsS vj mxw.kS Hkkx uS esnikV] ckxM+ izkXokV vjxqtZj=k] e/; Hkkx uS vjcqn o likny{k bR;kn ukao lwa vksG[krkA

vjkoyh igkM+ jh ijcr ekyk jktLFkku uS nks Hkkxka esa ckaV nsoS& vsd mrjknks vj vkFkaw.kkSHkkx rks nwtks fn[k.kknks vj mxw.kks HkkxA mrjknS& vkFkaw.kS Hkkx esa chdkusj] tSlyesj] tks/kiqj vj'ks[kkokVh jks dha Hkkx lkfey gSA lkewfgd :i lwa b.k Hkkx uS ekjokM+ ;k e: nsl dSork A vj b.khHkwHkkx jh Hkklk e:Hkklk jS :i esa tk.khtrhA bZa lwa lkQ tkfgj gS ds e:Hkklk jktLFkkuh okLrS iqjk.kksukao gksA

e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%&e:Hkklk%& ekjokM+ ;k e:nsl esa ftdh Hkklk cksyhtrh] m.k usS e:Hkklk ukaofnjhT;ks vj vsd c[kr esa vk bZ Hkklk vk[kS izkUr jh iz/kku vj lkfgfR;d Hkklk ghA vkxS tk;*jjktLFkku jS czteaMy jS usMS+ ftdks Ns= gks oks czt vj xqtjkr jS duS ftdks Ns= gks] oks xqtjkrh HkklkjS ijHkko esa vk;X;ksA

e:Hkklk jks iqjk.kks mYys[k lxGk lwa iSyka m|ksru lwjh jS fy[;ksMS+ xzaFk *dqoy;ekyk*esa feySA5 vks xzaFk vkBoha&uoha lrkCnh jks gSA b.k xzaFk esa 18 nslh Hkklkoka jS lkFkS e:] xqtZj] ykVvj ekyo iznsl jh Hkklkoka jk mnkgj.k b.k eqtc gSa %&

vI;k&rqI;k Òf.kjs vg isPNb ek:, rRrks]vI;k&rqI;k Òf.kjs vg isPNb ek:, rRrks]vI;k&rqI;k Òf.kjs vg isPNb ek:, rRrks]vI;k&rqI;k Òf.kjs vg isPNb ek:, rRrks]vI;k&rqI;k Òf.kjs vg isPNb ek:, rRrks]*u m js HkYym* Òf.kjs vg isPNb xqTtjs vojs*u m js HkYym* Òf.kjs vg isPNb xqTtjs vojs*u m js HkYym* Òf.kjs vg isPNb xqTtjs vojs*u m js HkYym* Òf.kjs vg isPNb xqTtjs vojs*u m js HkYym* Òf.kjs vg isPNb xqTtjs vojs*vEg dkm rqEag* Òf.kjs vg isPNb ykMs*vEg dkm rqEag* Òf.kjs vg isPNb ykMs*vEg dkm rqEag* Òf.kjs vg isPNb ykMs*vEg dkm rqEag* Òf.kjs vg isPNb ykMs*vEg dkm rqEag* Òf.kjs vg isPNb ykMsÒkb ; Hkb.kh rqCÒs Òf.kjs vg ekyos fnV~Bs Òkb ; Hkb.kh rqCÒs Òf.kjs vg ekyos fnV~Bs Òkb ; Hkb.kh rqCÒs Òf.kjs vg ekyos fnV~Bs Òkb ; Hkb.kh rqCÒs Òf.kjs vg ekyos fnV~Bs Òkb ; Hkb.kh rqCÒs Òf.kjs vg ekyos fnV~Bs ¼vçiHkza'k dkO; çHkh] i`-½e:Hkklk jk nwtk ukao *e:HkweHkklk* ] *ek:Hkklk*] *e:nslh; Hkklk*] *e:ok.kh* bR;kn Hkh feySA

fca;k e:Hkklk bZ vkxS pky*j ekjokM+h jS ifjfufLBr lkfgfR;d :i fMaxy jS ukoa lwa tk.khth A *j?kqukFk

3

:id* jk jpukdkj b.k e:Hkklk usS *eqjHkweHkklk*] *j?kqojtl izdkl* jk jpukdkj *e:/kj Hkk[kk* vj*oa’kHkkLdj* jk jpukdkj b.k uS *e:ckuh* dgh gSA lw;ZeYy feJ.k rkabZ vkrka&vkrka e:Hkklk ;ke:ckuh fMaxy jS vjFk esa :<+ gq;xh vj vk jktLFkkuh jS cztHkklk lwa izHkkfor fiaxy lwa lko vyxghA b.k rjS twuS c[kr esa ftdh Hkklk uS *e:Hkklk* dgh] m.kh jks foLrkj vkt jktLFkkuh gS vj b.kesa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh lxGh cksfy;ka lek;ksM+h gSaA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk %& Hkklk jh mRifŸk jS ckcr fopkj djka rks Bk iM+sSds l:iksr esa ftdh Hkklk jS;h m.kuS oSfnd laLØr jks ukao fn;ks x;ks A b.kuS bZ osnka jh Hkklk dghthAoSfnd laLØr lwa fodflr gq;*j laLØr c.kh A laLØr tn lkfgfR;d Hkklk c.kh rks tulk/kkj.k esacksypky jh Hkklk jS :i esa izkØr vkbZ A izkØr jk nks :i gk A iSyh izkØr esa ikyh vj v/kZ ekx/khHkklk gh] ft.k esa cksS) vj tSu /kje jk xzaFk fy[khT;kA nwth izkØr Hkklk esa dsbZ Ns=h; cksfy;kagh ft.k esa [kkl 'kkSjlSuh] iS’kkph] czkpM+] egkjk"Vªh] ekx/kh bR;kn gh A izkØr lwa bZa viHkzal jks fodklgq;ks A viHkzal jks c[kr eksVS :i esa 500 bZ- lwa 1000 bZ- rkabZ ekuhtSA6 nsl jS U;kjk&U;kjk Hkkxkaesa viHkazl jk U;kjk&U;kjk Hksn gkA vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkklkoka jks tye Hkh viHkzal jsS U;kjk&U;kjk :ikalwa gq;ks ft.kesa jktLFkkuh Hkh vsd gS A vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkklkoka jks tye viHkzal jS vyx&vyx Ns=h;:ika lwa b.k eqtc ekU;ks tkoS %&

viHkazl vk/kqfud Hkklkoka'kkSjlsuh vkFkaw.kh fgUnh] jktLFkkuh] igkM+h] xqtjkrh AiS’kkph ygank] iatkch AczkpM+ fla/kh Aegkjk"Vªh ejkBh Aekx/kh fcgkjh] caxyk] mfM+;k] vlfe;kAv/kZ ekx/kh iwohZ fgUnh Ab.k lwa lkQ tkfgj gS ds jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifŸk viHkzal 'kksSjlsuh lwa gq;h A

i.k vBS fo}kuka esa b.k ckr jks erHksn gS ds jktLFkkuh viHkzal jS fd.k :i lwatyehA MkW- fxz;lZu jktLFkkuh jh mRifŸk ukxj viHkazl lwa ekuS7 rks MkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ lkSjkVªhviHkazl lwa jktLFkkuh jks mn~Hko ekuSA8 jktLFkkuh fo}kuka eas MkW0 eksrhyky esukfj;k9 vj MkW- ghjkykyekgs’ojh10 xqtZjh viHkzal lwa jktLFkkuh jh mRifŸk ekuSA b.k rjS xqtZjh viHkzal lwa jktLFkkuh vjxqtjkrh jks rks 'kkSjlsuh viHkza’k lwa fgUnh jks fodkl gq;ksA 15oha lrkCnh rkabZ rks xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuhvsd bZ ghA iNS 16oha lrkCnh esa xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh jks U;kjks&U;kjks fodkl gq;ksA MkW- lquhfrdqekj pkVqT;kZ jks er gSa ds xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh jh mRifŸk izkphu if’peh jktLFkkuh lwa gqbZ vjvkxS pky*j 16oha lrkCnh esa xqtjkrh if’peh jktLFkkuh lwa vyx gq;xhA b.k rjS xqtjkrh vjjktLFkkuh nksuwa vkil esa Hkk.kka gaSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS lqrarj :i jh pjpk djka rks Bk iM+sS ds jktLFkkuh iSyka rks viHkazl lwa vyxgqbZ vj iNS izkphu jktLFkkuh lwa vyx gq;*j uohu jktLFkkuh jS :i esa vkijha vksG[kk.k Bkoh djhAizks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh uohu jktLFkkuh jh dha folslrkoka b.k Hkkar ekuS ftdh m.k uS izkphu jktLFkkuhlwa vyx djsS %&

1- , vj vkS&vka nks uqoka Lojka jks fodkl A2- orZuh esa vb&vm jh BkSM+ ,s vj vkS jks iz;ksxA

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3- uiqlad fyax NksM+ fn;ks ;k rks iqfyax esa feyX;ksA4- lcnka jsS vUr esa b ] m vj v jS mPpkj.k jks yksi AMkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ jS er esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh izeq[k folslrkoka b.k rjS gS %&1- jktLFkkuh esa *v* jks mPpkj.k *b* :i esa A fta;k euq"; jks *feu[k*A2- ew/kZU; *.k* vj *y+* jktLFkkuh jh [kkl /ofu;ka gSaA ew/kZU; M&M+ /ofu;ka jh rjQ dha crks

>qdko gSaA3- dsbZ cksfy;ka esa p ] N ] > rkyO; /ofu;ka jks mPpkj.k nUR; lq.khtSA4- *,s* vj *vkS* ;Fkkdze lwa *,* vj *vks* jS :i esa cksyhtSA5- jktLFkkuh esa egkizk.k v?kks"k cjx jk ?k]>] <+] /k] Hk jks mPpkj.k [kkl vj ekSfyd gSA6- v?kks"k egkizk.k /ofu;ka [k ] N ] B ] Fk ] Q cnyS+ uhaA7- ?kks"k egkizk.k ?k ] > ] <+ ] /k ] Hk lcnka jS iSyka vko.k lwa daBukyh; Li’kZ lwa fey tkoSA8- dsbZ txka *g* fy[;ks rks uh tkoS i.k var esa mPpkj.k *g* jh/ofu jks iz;ksx t:j gqoS] fta;k d;ks & dg;ksAjktLFkkuh jh cksfy;ka %&jktLFkkuh jh cksfy;ka %&jktLFkkuh jh cksfy;ka %&jktLFkkuh jh cksfy;ka %&jktLFkkuh jh cksfy;ka %& jktLFkkuh jktLFkku jh ek;M+ Hkklk gS i.k b.k jks Ns=

?k.kks O;kid gS vk nwj&nwj rkabZ cksyh T;koS] b.k lwa b.k jh cksyh jk U;kjk &U;kjk :i gSA jktLFkkuhHkklk uS cksyf.k;ka yksxka jh la[;k vkt lkr djksM+ ekuhtSA Hkklk foKku jk fon~oku jktLFkkuh uSvsd lqrarj Hkklk vaxstS A

izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jktLFkkuh jh eq[; P;kj cksfy;ka ekuh gSa %&1- vkFkwa.kh jktLFkkuh ;k ekjokM+h % b.k jks Ns= mn;iqj] tks/kiqj] tSlyesj] chdkusj vj

'ks[kkokVh gSA2- mxw.kh jktLFkkuh ;k <w<+kM+h % b.k jks Ns= t;iqj vj gkM+kSrh vapy gSA3- mrjknh jktLFkkuh % b.k jks Ns= vyoj] esokr rkabZ gSA4- fn[k.kknh jktLFkkuh % b.k jks Ns= ekyok rkabZ gS b.k esa uhekM+h jh cksfy;ka Hkh vkoSAvka cksfy;k esa vkFkaw.kh jktLFkkuh ;k ekjokM+h iz/kku gS D;awds b.k jS Ns= jks foLrkj nwth

cksfy;ka lwa ?k.kks gSA izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jS er esa fMaxy jks ewy vk/kkj Hkh ekjokM+h gS AMkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k vj MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ikap izeq[k cksfy;ka

ekauSA vk jks ifjpS b.k eqtc gS %&1- ekjokM+h %&1- ekjokM+h %&1- ekjokM+h %&1- ekjokM+h %&1- ekjokM+h %& lkfgR; vj foLrkj jh nhB lwa ekjokM+h jktLFkkuh jh lS lwa egrkÅ cksyh

gSA ekjokM+h l: lwa bZ lkfgfR;d Hkklk jS;h gSA b.k jks Ns= tks/kiqj] chdkusj] tSlyesj]] fd’kux<+]vtesj esjokM+k vj 'ks[kkokVh bykdS rkabZ gSA baZ jks lq) :i tks/kiqj vj b.k jS vklS &iklS jS bykdSesa nhlSA vk vkstxq.k iz/kku gSA ekjokM+h jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks vsd ekud :i fx.khtSA

2- <aw<+kM+h %&2- <aw<+kM+h %&2- <aw<+kM+h %&2- <aw<+kM+h %&2- <aw<+kM+h %& vk cksyh t;iqj] fd’kux<+ vj vtesj &esjokM+k jsS mrjknh vj mxw.kS Ns=esa cksyh tkoSA t;iqj bykdks b.k jks [kkl Ns= gSA gkM+kSrh b.k jh micksyh gS ftdh dksVk] cwanh vj>kykokM+ Ns= esa cksyh tkoSA b.k cksyh esa lar nknw vj m.kk jS flL;ka jks fy[;ksM+ks /kkjfed lkfgR;fey+SA

3- esokrh %&3- esokrh %&3- esokrh %&3- esokrh %&3- esokrh %& vk vyoj & Hkjriqj jS mrjknS &vkFkwa.kS Hkkx esa xqM+xkao rkabZ vk cksyhtS Ab.k cksyh ekFkS czt Hkklk jks vlj lkQ y[kkoSA b.k eka; ?k.kks lkfgR; uh gS A pj.knklh iaFk jktyenkrk lar pj.knkl vj m.kka jh nks flL;ka n;kckbZ vj lgtksckbZ jh jpukoka b.k esa fey+SA

5

4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %& vk cksyh Mwaxjiqj] ckalokM+k vj esokM+ jS dha Ns=ka esa cksyh tkoSAMkW- fxz;lZu Hkhyh uS vsd lqrarj Hkklk jks njtks fn;ks gS i.k MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh b.k uS lqrarj Hkklkuh ekuSaA xqtjkrh bykdk lwa tqfM+;ksMsS+ Ns= dkj.k b.k cksyh ekFkS xqtjkrh Hkklk jks vlj gS A

b.k rjS jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ikap cksfy;ka gS ft.kka esa ekjokM+h cksyh jh iz/kkurk gS vj vktlkfgR; jpuk lk: vk cksyh vk[kS izkUr esa vi.kk;h TkkoS A

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh U;kjS&U;kjS vapyka esaU;kjh&U;kjh cksyh gqorka Fkdka Hkh cS dBSà jktLFkkuh jS Lo:i ;k vsd:irk esa ck/kd uhA dgkorgS ds *Ppkj dksl ij ik.kh cnyS] vkB dksl ij ck.kh*A b.k lwa vk ckr lkQ gqoS ds jktLFkkuh Hkklkjh vS cksfy;ka jktLFkkuh jh flej?krk uS çxVS vj nw.k lwa jktLFkkuh jS fodkl uS Hkh xfr feySA vSM+hfLFkfr nqfu;ka jh lxyh Hkklkoka lkFkS gS ds m.kka esa dsà cksyh vj micksyh nhlSA

ft.k *ekjokM+h* uS jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks njtks nsoka m.k jks dkj.k vks gS ds lfn;ka lwa b.kekjokM+h esa à lkfgR; fyjO;ks tkorks jS;ks gS nwth cksfy;ka esa fyf[kr lkfgR; jks vHkko jS;ksA iNSekjokM+h uS cksy.k vkyk+ Hkh nwth cksfy;ka lwa ?k.kk gSaA b.k okLrS ekjokM+h uS vsd ekud Hkklk jks njtksfn;k tk ldS gS vj vks okftc Hkh gSA Hkklk oSX;kfud Hkh b.k ckr uS LohdkjS ds Hkklk jks fodklcksfy;ka lwa gqoSA fgUnh vj vaxzsth jh rks ckr NksM+ks] vkt xqtjkrh] ejkBh] caxyk bR;kn Hkklkoka jksfodkl Øe Hkh b.kh Hkkar nhlSA cksfy;ka jS fyf[kr :i uS ns[kka rks m.kesa U;kjksi.kks y[kkoS i.k b.kfyf[kr :i lwa à Hkklk jks vsd leku :i lkeS vkoSA jktLFkkuh jh U;kjh&U;kjh cksfy;ka jS x|&i|jh jpukoka uS ns[kka rks ykxS ds jktLFkkuh jks vsd ekud :i jS;ks gS vj oks vkfndky lwa vckj rkaÃvsdtSM+ks nhlSA

fd.kh Hkh Hkklk jh vsd:irk okLrS t:jh gS ds m.k esa [kwc fy[;ks tkoS vj cjkscj fy[;kstkoSA b.k fLFkfr lwa &Hkklk esa vkiksvki à vsd:irk vk; tkoSyhA b.k okLrS jktLFkkuh Hkklk uSys;j dha Hkzakfr;ka gSa vj m.kka esa vsd ckr jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh cksfy;ka jh dgh tkoS rks vks vkjksi Hkhyxk;ks tkoS ds ekjokM+h cksyh uS vkjoS jktLFkku ekFkS Fkksih tk; jS;h gS vj m.k uS à jktLFkkuhjks ekud :i ekU;ks tkoS gSA i.k fta;k fgUnh] czt] vo/kh ] Hkkstiqjh] jktLFkkuh] ekyoh bR;kncksfy;ka jks egÙkc gS vj vka jS lkfey :i jks ukao à fgUnh gS fc;akà jktLFkkuh Hkh ekjokM+h] gkM+kSrh]nwa<kM+h] ckxM+h] 'ks[kkokVh bR;kn cksfy;ka jks vsd lkfey :i gSA

dhsa yksx vks Hkje Hkh QSykoS ds jktLFkkuh fgUnh jS fodkl esa ck/kd gS i.k vks dSo.kks lkoxyr gSA fgUnh vki.kh jk"Vª Hkklk gS rks jktLFkkuh vki.kh ek;M+ HkklkA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ekurklwa fgUnh uS fd.kh Hkkar jks uqdlku uhA jktLFkkuh rks fgUnh lwa Hkh iqjk.kh Hkklk gSA eqfu m|ksru lwfjvkijS xzaFk *dqaoy;ekyk* ¼fo- l- 835½ esa m.k o[kr jh 18 Hkklkoka jS lkFkS *e:Hkklk* jS :i esasjktLFkkuh jks mYys[k dj~;ks gS vj m.k o[kr lwa vkt rkaà jktLFkkuh vsdkuh tuHkklk rks b.k jS lkFkSlkfgfR;d Hkklk jS;h gSA b.k rjS vsd:irk uh gqo.k jh ckr lko fujk/kkj gSA

fyfi %&fyfi %&fyfi %&fyfi %&fyfi %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh fyfi nsoukxjh gS i.k dha vk[kjka jh c.kkoV esa FkksM+ks varjgSA jktLFkkuh *y* vj *y+* jh vyx&vyx /ofu gS ft;ka *xky* lcn esa *y* /ofu gkso.kS lwa b.k jksvjFk diksy jS :i esa gS i.k ts xky jh BkSM+ *y+* vk[kj jks iz;ksx gqoS rks iNS *xky+* jks vjFk xky+hgq; tkoSA b.kh rjS *M* vj *M+* jh Hkh jktLFkkuh jh vyx&vyx /ofu gSaA jktLFkkuh esa fgUnh jk l]"k] 'k oj.kka jh BkSM+ Qxr l ¼nUR; :i½ jks bZ iz;ksx gqoSA

fMaxy vj fiaxy %&fMaxy vj fiaxy %&fMaxy vj fiaxy %&fMaxy vj fiaxy %&fMaxy vj fiaxy %& jktLFkkuh jks lkfgR; fMaxy vj fiaxy Hkklkoka esa feySA MkW-eksrhyky esukfj;k jks er gS ds *fMaxy jktLFkku jh cksypky jh Hkklk jks bZ lkfgfR;d :i gS vj fiaxy

6

jh rqyuk esa vk ?k.kh twuh] lkfgR; jh nhB lwa flefj/k vj vkstxq.k lwa Hkjiwj gSA*11 jktLFkku esa fiaxyHkklk esa Hkh ?k.kks lkfgR; feySA fiaxy jS b.k lkfgR; fljt.k jk jpukdkj HkkV tkfr jk dfo gSa rksfMaxy jks ?k.kdjks lkfgR; pkj.k dfo;ka jks jP;ksM+ks gSA vBS vk ckr mYys[ktksx gS ds HkkV tkfrpkj.k tkfr lwa vyk;nk gSA jktLFkku esa fiaxy Hkklk jks ukao HkkV tkfr jS vk/kkj ekFkS *HkkV&Hkk;[kk*vFkkZr~ HkkVka jh Hkklk Hkh dghtS A bZa jks izek.k lksy+oha lrkCnh jk pkj.k dfo mnSjke jS fy[;ksM+S *dfodqy cks/k* xazFk esa vks nwgks feyS %&

pkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Axq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AA1212121212

b.k lwa izxV gqoS ds fMaxy vj fiaxy nksuwa vsd&nwtS lwa lko vyx gSa vj vka jks O;kdj.kvj NanlkL= Hkh lko vyk;nk gS A fiaxy jks fodkl lksSjlSuh viHkzal lwa rks fMaxy jks fodkl xqtZjhviHkzal lwa gq;ksA vkxsS pky*j pkj.k vj HkkVka esa vka nksuwa Hkklkok usS ys;*j gksM+ Hkh ephA pkj.k dfoHkh fiaxy jS eka; jpukoka djhA vka jk fiaxy esa fy[;ksM+k pfj=&dkO;] ikSjkf.kd dkO; vj HkfDr dkO;feySA lw;ZeYy] Lo:inkl] x.ks’kiqjh tSM+k fiaxy jk ekuhrk jpukdkj gq;kA lw;ZeYy jS *oa’kHkkLdj*xazFk jks rhu&pkSFkkbZ Hkkx fiaxy esa jP;ksM+ks gSA b.kht Hkkar ^iFohjkt jklks*] ^jrujklks*] ^fot;ikyjklks* bR;kn xazFkka esa Hkh fiaxy jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA

vBS vk ckr Hkh /;kutksx gS ds fMaxy vj fiaxy uS ys;*j fo}kuka esa dsbZ rjS jk erHksn HkhjS;k gSaA vsd er jS eqtc fiaxy fMaxy lwa ?k.kh twuh gS vj fiaxy jS ctu ekFkS bZ fMaxy ukao i³~;ksAT;knkrj fo}kuka jks vks bZ dSo.kks gS i.k MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k jks eku.kks gS ds fMaxy lcn fiaxylwa twuks gS vj fiaxy jS rqd ekFkS fMaxy ukao jk[khT;ks] vk dYiuk lko fujewy gSA [kSj] vks vsd cgljks loky gsSA vk Hkh laHko gq; ldS ds vS nksuwa ukao vsdS lkFkS pkyhT;k gqoSA i.k dha Hkh gqoS fiaxyfMaxy lwa lko vySnk gSA MkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ Hkh fMaxy vj fiaxy uS nks vyx&vyx Hkklkjks njtks nsoSaA13

b.kht Hkkar *fMaxy* lcn uS ys;*j Hkh fo}kuka jS eka; dha Hkze gSaA MkW0 eksrhyky esukfj;kfMaxy uS lqrarj Hkklk ekuSa rks dha fo}ku fMaxy uS Qxr dkO; fljt.k jh vsd lSyh dsSosSA izks0ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jS eqrkfcd fMaxy jktLFkkuh lwa vyx dksbZ Hkklk uh] cfYd vk jktLFkkuh jh bZvsd [kkl dkO; lSyh gS D;wads lk/kkj.k jktLFkkuh vj fMaxy esa folsl Hksn ;k rks lcnkoyh jks gS;k lcnka jh fy[kkoV ¼orZuh½ jks] O;kdj.k jks Hksn rks uk dqN gSA14 b.k lwa eSlwl gqoS ds l: esa fMaxycksy&pky jh Hkklk jS;h gqoS vj iNS lkfgfR;d Hkklk jS eka; <+y+xh gqoSA izks0 Lokeh jS lcnka esa fMaxyviHkzal lSyh jks bZ fodflr :i gSA dns fMaxy lcn jks iz;ksx iwjh jktLFkkuh Hkklk lk: rks dnspkj.kh lSyh okLrS djhtrks jS;ks gSA

*fMaxy* lcn

jks iz;ksx

lxy+k

lwa iSyka jktLFkku jk [;krukao dfo vkfl;k ckadhnkl vkijh jpuk

*dqdfo crhlh* ¼1871 fo-½ jS b.k nwgS esa dj~;ks gS %&fMaxfy;ka fefy;ka djS fiaxy r.kksa izdkl AfMaxfy;ka fefy;ka djS fiaxy r.kksa izdkl AfMaxfy;ka fefy;ka djS fiaxy r.kksa izdkl AfMaxfy;ka fefy;ka djS fiaxy r.kksa izdkl AfMaxfy;ka fefy;ka djS fiaxy r.kksa izdkl AlaLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AAlaLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AAlaLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AAlaLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AAlaLkfØr gS diV lt ] fiaxy if<+;ka ikl AA1515151515

laor~ 1863 esa lsox eaNkjke fMaxy xhrka jks foospu dj.koky+ks *j?kqukFk :id* xazFk fMaxyHkklk esa fy[;ks i.k m.k esa fMaxy lcn jks iz;ksx *oa’kHkkLdj* esa djrka Fkdka fy[;ks %&

fMaxy miuked dgqad] e:ckuh; gq fo/ks; AfMaxy miuked dgqad] e:ckuh; gq fo/ks; AfMaxy miuked dgqad] e:ckuh; gq fo/ks; AfMaxy miuked dgqad] e:ckuh; gq fo/ks; AfMaxy miuked dgqad] e:ckuh; gq fo/ks; AviHkaz’k tkes vf/kd] lnk ohj jl Js; AAviHkaz’k tkes vf/kd] lnk ohj jl Js; AAviHkaz’k tkes vf/kd] lnk ohj jl Js; AAviHkaz’k tkes vf/kd] lnk ohj jl Js; AAviHkaz’k tkes vf/kd] lnk ohj jl Js; AA1616161616

7

b.k lwa fMaxy jks viHkazl jh rjQ >qdko vj ohj jl jS vuqdwy gqqo.k jh ckr tkfgj gqoSAbZa okLrS vks dº;ks tk ldS gS ds l: esa fMaxy cksypky jh Hkklk bZ jS;h gqoS vj iNS fodflr gq;*jlkfgfR;d Hkklk jks :i /kkj.k dj~;ks gqoSA fMaxy lcn jks iz;ksx dns Hkklk jS :i esa rks dns lSyhjS :<+ vFkZ esa gqorks jS;ks gSA fca;k pkj.k ft.k jktLFkkuh jS lkfgfR;d :i esa dfork djrk jS;k] okbZ fMaxy tk.khtrh jS;h gSA17

fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk %&fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk %&fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk %&fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk %&fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk %& *fMaxy* lcn jh O;qRifŸk ckcr dsbZ er izpfyr nhlS i.kfca;k vS lxy+k vuqeku jS vk/kkj ekFkS gSa %&

1- MkW- ,y-ih- VSlhVjh fMaxy uS xaok: vj vux< Hkklk dgh] i.k vk ckr rdZlaxr uhykxSA fMaxy i<~;k&fy[;k pkj.kka jh Hkklk jS;h gS iNS m.k jks vkijks Nan&lkL=] jl] vyadkj bR;knHkh gks vj vkijS c[kr esa jktnjckj esa eku&lEeku lwa lq.khtrh jS;h gSA

2- Jh gjizlkn 'kkL=h *fMaxy* jh O;qRifŸk *Mxy+* ;k *Mxj* lcn lwa ekuSa i.k vks er Hkh ekU;uh dº;ks tk ldSA oka jks dSo.kks gS ds *Mxy+* iSyka txy+ ;k e:nsl jh Hkklk jks ukao gks iNS fiaxyjh rqd ekFkS fMaxy gq;X;ksA oS vkijS er esa vsd nwgks Hkh mnkgj.k lk: izLrqr djSa%&

nhlS txy&Mxy tsFk ty cxy pkVs AnhlS txy&Mxy tsFk ty cxy pkVs AnhlS txy&Mxy tsFk ty cxy pkVs AnhlS txy&Mxy tsFk ty cxy pkVs AnhlS txy&Mxy tsFk ty cxy pkVs Avugqrk xy fn;s ] xy+k gqark xy dkVs AAvugqrk xy fn;s ] xy+k gqark xy dkVs AAvugqrk xy fn;s ] xy+k gqark xy dkVs AAvugqrk xy fn;s ] xy+k gqark xy dkVs AAvugqrk xy fn;s ] xy+k gqark xy dkVs AA

3- Jh xtjkt vks>k jS eqrkfcd *M* o.kZ jh iz/kkurk jS dkj.k fiaxy jS otu ekFkS fMaxy ukaoi³~~;ksA i.k vks er Hkh eatwj uh dj~;ks tk ldS D;wads *M* o.kZ iz/kku eku yso.kks mfpr uhA

4- Jh iq:"kksŸke Lokeh jks eku.kks gS ds *fMaxy* lcn fMe$xy+ lwa c.;ks gSA *fMe* jks vFkZMe: jh vkokt vj xy+ jks eryc xyS+ lwa gS b.k okLrS xyS+ lwa fMe&fMe jh vkokt esa fudy+*j ftdhdfork ohjka uS fcM+nkoS] ok fMaxy+ gSA i.k vks er Hkh fujk/kkj gSA

5- izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh fMaxy jh O;qRifŸk jsS ckcr nks laHkkouk vfHkO;Dr djSA iSyh laHkkoukvk gq; ldS ds fiaxy ukxjkt jh lekurk esa mfMaxy ukxjkt jh dYiuk djhth gqoS D;wads b.k esamfMaxy lcn bZ fMaxy jks ewy dº;ks tk ldS gSA

6- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k fMaxy lcn jks lEcU/k Mhax lwa ekuS vj oka jS eqrkfcd fMaxy jksvFkZ m.k Hkklk lwa gS ft.k jS xazFkka esa Mhax c?kkjh gqoSA pkj.k yksx njckjh dfo gk vj vkijS vklz;nkrkjh [kwc p<+k&c<+k*j izlalk djrkA MkW- esukfj;k jks eku.kks gS ds vkt Hkh cqtqxZ pkj.k fMaxy uh dS;*j*Mhaxy* lcn jks iz;ksx djSaA

b.k rjS vki&vkijS vankt lwa fMaxy lcn jh O;qRifŸk jh rykl dsbZ fo}ku djh gS i.k HkklkfoX;ku jS fd.kh Bksl vk/kkj jS vHkko esa] fd.kh er uS eatwj uh dj~;ks tk ldSA

vka lxy+h ckrka jS ckotwn fMaxy jks v[kwV lkfgR; gSA MkW- esukfj;k fy[;ks gS ds fMaxylkfgR; esa jktLFkku jk lSd³w ojlk jk laLdkj] tq>k: yksdthou vj bfr;klw psruk jks lkarjks :inhlSA fMaxy lkfgR; esa bfr;kl lwa tqfM+;ksM+h eksdy+h lkexzh gS vj e/;;qx jS bfr;kl ys[ku esa vk?k.kh lgk;d gq; ldSA fMaxy jks lkfgR; x| vj i| nksuwa fo/kkoka esa feySA x| lkexzh esa [;kr]ckr] foxr vj ih<+h&oalkoyh feySA pfj=&uk;d jS :i esa fy[;ksM+k xazFkka esa jklks] izdkl] foykl]:id] opfudk vj Nank jS :i esa jP;ksM+k xazFkka esa uhlk.kh] >wy.kk] osyh] /keky] xhr vj nwgk bR;kngSaA fMaxy esa QqVdj :i lwa dfork] nwgk] dfoŸk vj xhrka jks eksdy+ks HkaMkj gSA

fMaxy ewy :i lwa ohj jl iz/kku dkO; gS fca;k ohj jl jS vykok izlaxol nwtk jl Hkh vk;kgSaA fMaxy jS vyadkjka esa *o;.k lxkbZ* fMaxy jks pkoks vyadkj gS vj b.k jks tSM+ks iz;ksx fMaxy esa feyS]

8

oSM+ks fd.kh nwth Hkklkoka esa uhA vks fMaxy Hkklk jks [kqn jks vyadkj dghtlhA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; fljt.k jh vsdywaBh ijEijk jS;h gS vj c[kr eqtc b.k jS eka; dsbZ rjS jk mrkj&p<+ko Hkh vkork jS;k gSA b.k fLFkfresa lkfgR; jS fodklØe uS le>rk Fkdka b.k esa vk;ksM+k cnGko uS izozfŸk;ka jS lanHkZ esa vaosj.kks ?k.kkst:jh gSA b.k okLrS lkfgR; jS dky foHkktu lwa jktLFkkuh jS lkfgR; jks eksy&egŸk Hkh vkadhtSA

vc loky mBS ds dky foHkktu jks vk/kkj dkabZ gqoS D;awds lkfgR; esa rks lxGS Hkkar jhizozfŸk;ka jS;h gaS b.k okLr ukedj.k jks lgh vk/kkj rks çozfr bZ ekuht.kh pkbtSA jktLFkkuhlkfgR; jS dky foHkktu dj.k okGk fo}kuka esa MkW- ,y-ih- VslhVjh] MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k]lhrkjke ykyl] xtjkt vks>k bR;kn izeq[k gSaA izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh vj MkW- ghjkykyekgs’ojh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS bfr;kl jks dky foHkktu b.k eqtc dfj;ks gSa %&

vkjEHk dky & lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 rkabZe/; dky & lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 rkabZvk/kqfud dky & lu~ 1850 lwa vc yxb.kh Hkkar vk/kqfud dky uS Hkh nks Hkkxka esa foHkkftr dfj;ks gS &vktknh lwa iSyka & lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rkabZvktknh jS iNsS & ly~ 1947 lwa vkxSdky jh lhao r; djrk Fkdka izks0 ujksŸkenkl Lokeh m.k folslrkoka jh rjQ ladsr fn;ks

ftdh la- 1200 jS vsM+Ss&NsM+S futj vko.k ykxh ghA b.k rF; jS vk/kkj ekFkS gh vk/kqfud HkklkokajS dky foHkktu jh lhek la- 1200 jS vklS&iklS ekuhA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jks er gS ds la- 1200lwa iSyka bZ oS folslrkoka mÒjck ykxh gh] b.k okLrS la- 1100 lwa vkFkwa.kh jktLFkkuh jks vkfndkyeku.kks pkbtSA lq: esa jktLFkkuh vj xqtjkrh vsd ghA xqtjkrh jk fo}ku Hkh vk ekuS ds gsepUnzjS o[kr esa ftdh cksypky jh Hkklk gh m.kuS *Åxrh xqtjkrh* dgh xbZ i.k laHko gS ds *Åxrhxqtjkrh* gsepUnz jS c[kr lwa iSyka Hkh izpfyr gq; ldS] b.k okLrS xqtjkrh jk fo}ku Hkh izkphuif’peh jktLFkkuh ;k Åxrh xqtjkrh jks dky eksVS :i esa la- 1100 lwa bZ ekuSA b.k lwa vk ckrlkQ izxV gqoS ds fo}ku yksx jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ijEijk nloha&X;kjoha lrkCnh lwa ekusS i.kjktLFkkuh jks mn~xe b.k lwa Hkh ?k.kks twuks gSA MkW- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh jks eku.kks gS ds nlohalrkCnh esa jktLFkkuh eka; eksdGks lkfgR; feySA tBS rkabZ jktLFkkuh esa fy[;ksM+k *pfj= dkO;*jks loky gS oS rks lkroha lrkCnh esa fy[;ksM+k ekuSA b.k okLrS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ijEijk ?k.khtwuh ekuh tk ldsSA

jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %&jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %&jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %&jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %&jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %& Hkklk foX;ku jh nhB lwa jktLFkkuh vsdlqrarj Hkklk gS vj b.k jks uqoks vj twuks v[kwV lkfgR; Hkh gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks vkijks lcn dksl]O;kdj.k vj uqoks lkfgR; Òh gSA vkt Hkh jktLFkkuh esa uqoks lkfgR; fy[;ks tk jS;ks gS] i=& if=dkokaHkh NiSA i.k jktLFkkuh jh laoS/kkfud ekU;rk esa dsbZ rjS jh ck/kkoka vk jS;h gSaA

loky vks gsS ds tn lafo/kku jh vkBoha lwph esa nsl jh ef.kiqjh] dksad.kh tSM+h NksVh&NksVhHkklkoka uS ekU;rk feyxh rks jktLFkkuh uS D;awuh\ jktLFkkuh jS lanHkZ esa vsd:irk jks loky cscqfu;kngSA gj Hkklk jh U;kjh&U;kjh cksfy;ka Hkh gqoSA jktLFkku jh Hkh ikap cksfy;ka gSa i.k iNS Hkh jktLFkkuhjks vsd ekud l:i Hkh gS rks m.k jks folky lkfgR; HkhA jkT; ljdkj jh rjQ lwa *jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk]lkfgR; ,oa laLØfr vdkneh* jh Fkjiuk] tks/kiqj fo’ofo/kky; esa ,e-,- Lrj rkabZ jktLFkkuh uS

9

ikB~;dze esa jk[k.kks] ek/;fed f’k{kk cksMZ jS ikB~;dze esa Hkh jktLFkkuh uS vsd folS jsS :i esa ykxwdj.kks] jktLFkkuh jS izdklu vj iqjLdkjka jh ;kstuk bR;kn uS ns[krk Fkdka vks ykxS ds jktLFkkuhHkklk ts vkt vkijh ekU;rk lk: vkokt mBkoS rks ] oks m.k jks gd gS & vsd iq[rS vk/kkj jS lkFkSAvkt jktLFkkuh turk vj jpukdkjka esa HkklkbZ tkx:drk t:jh gSA vk r;lqnk ckr gS ds fd.khNs= jh fiNk.k cBS jh Hkklk] lkfgR; vj laLØfr lwa gqoSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS nsl jh vkBoha lwph esalkfey dj.kS jh ekax lko okftc gSA jkT; jh fo/kku lHkk ykjyS l= ¼vxLr 2003½ esa loZlEefrlwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ekurk jks çLrko ikfjr djuS dsUæ ljdkj dUuS Hkst fn;ks gS vcS dsUæ ljdkjjks fuj.kS HkklkbZ ekU;rk lk: t:jh gSA

lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&1- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp; ] i`- 19 & 20 A2- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- iq:"kksŸke esukfj;k] i`- 43- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- iq:"kksŸke esukfj;k] i`- 44- fefyVjh eS;k;lZ vkWQ fe0 tktZ VkWel] i`- 347] lu~ 18055- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vj lkfgR; % MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh] i- 46- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- uxsUæ] i`- 227- fyfXofLVd losZ vkWQ bafM;k] oksY;we IX Hkkx II8- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % MkW- pkVqT;kZ] i`- 459- jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;] i`- 410-jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; % MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh] i`- 3411-fMaxy esa ohj jl % MkW- esukfj;k] i- 112-jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk laf{kIr bfrgkl % MkW- xksj/ku flag 'ks[kkor] i`- 1013-Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkklk,a vkSj fgUnh % MkW- pkVqT;kZ] i`- 18514-jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp;] i`- 1715-ckadhnkl xzaFkkoyh] Hkkx nks] i`- 81] uk-ç-l-16-oa'kHkkLdj] çFke Hkkx] i`- 14017-la;qDr jktLFkku] o"kZ 6] la[;k 8] ekpZ 1957] i`- 31

10

v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2vkjEHk dky ¼ lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ- ½vkjEHk dky ¼ lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ- ½vkjEHk dky ¼ lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ- ½vkjEHk dky ¼ lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ- ½vkjEHk dky ¼ lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ- ½

fd.kh Hkh dky jS bfr;kl usS le>.kS lk: m.k dky jS ifjosl uS Hkh pks[kh rfj;ka le>yso.kks pkbtS] D;wads lkfgR; vki jS ifjosl jh mit gqoSA b.k okLrS tn vkika vkjEHk dky ekFkS fopkjdjka rks t:jh gS ds m.k dky jh jktuhfrd] /kkjfed vj lkekftd fLFkfr;ka uS Hkh xSjkbZ lwa le>yso.kh pkbtSA bfr;kl esa mYys[k gsS ds g"kZo)Zu vafre fgUnw lezkV gks vj m.k jS c[kr law bZ nslekFkS ckjS lwa eqlyekuka jk geyk l: gq;X;k gk vj g"kZo)Zu m.kka jks eqdkcyks dj.kS esa lQy Hkh gq;ksAg"kZo)Zu jh fejrw jS iNS fnYyh jh lŸkk esa fc[kjko vk;X;ksA m.k c[kr ftdk Hkh fgUnw jktk lkaehvk;k] oS tq) jh vkx esa yxkSyx tw>rk jS;kA vkBoha lrkCnh lwa ianjoha lrkCnh rkabZ Hkkjrh; bfr;kljktuhfrd nhB lwa mFkG & iqFkG vkØe.k] tq)] vO;oLFkk] jktkoka jh vkilh QwV vj dy+g jks gks]ft.k jks izHkko bZa c[kr jS lkfgR; esa lkQ&lkQ y+[kkoS] b.k lwa ykxsS ds bZa dky esa fd.kh vsd izozfrjh iz/kkurk uh jS;hA1

jktuhfrd ifjos’k %&jktuhfrd ifjos’k %&jktuhfrd ifjos’k %&jktuhfrd ifjos’k %&jktuhfrd ifjos’k %& g"kZo)Zu jh fejrw jS iNS mŸkjknsS Hkkjr esa izfrgkjka jS vsdfolky vj lejFk lkezkT; jh uhao iM+h i.k izfrgkjka jh lŸkk jS detksj gqorka bZ nwtk lkeUrvki&vki jS lqrarj jkT; jh Fkjiuk esa ykxX;kA b.k lkeUrk esa pkSgkuka jks LFkku fljS gksA lkaHkj]tkyksj] ukxkSj] HkM+kSp] ukMksy bR;kn vka jk [kkl lŸkk dsUnz gkA vka esa likny{k jk pkSgku bfr;klesa vkijh lwjohjrk vj lkezkT;oknh Hkkouk okLrS ?k.kk fo[;kr jS;kA i`Fohjkt pkSgku r`rh; ¼lu~1172 & 1192½ tn flagklu ekFkS fcjkT;k] m.k c[kr eqlyekuka jks nckc c<+rks bZ x;ksA lu~ 1178bZ- esa eksgEen xkSjh jks Hkkjr ekFkS geyks gq;ks] oks fnYyh lwa xqtjrks gq;ks BsB xqtjkr rkabZ iwX;ks vjm.k uS lsoV ijkLr gqo.kks iM~;ksA pkSgkuka uS fn[k.kknh vj vkFkwa.kh fnlk lwa pkyqD;ka jks Hkh dha MjgksA nfD[k.k &iwjc esa m.k c[kr egksck jk pansy jktkoka jks jkt gksA lu~ 1182 esa i`Fohjkt pansykaekFkS vkØe.k dfj;ksA b.k tqx esa vkYgk&Åny ukao jk nks vSM+k ijkØeh ohj tks/kk gk ftdk jktkijeky jh enn djhA ^i`Fohjkt jklks* vj ^ijeky+ jklks* esa b.k tq) jks lkarjks mYys[k gSA

b.k c[kr esokM+ esa xqfgy oal jks izHkko gksA vkBoha lrkCnh esa b.k oal esa ijkdzeh 'kkld cIikjkoy gq;kA b.k oal uS dnS fprksSM+ jk eks;Z] dUukSt jk izfrgkj] xqtjkr jk pkyqD;] ekyok jk ijekjvj lkdEHkjh jk pkSgkuka jsS vf/kdkj esa jSo.kks i³~;ksA ckjoha lnh jS vkf[kj esa tkyksj jks dhfrZiky esokM+jk lkld lkeUr flag uS ijkLr djuS esokM+ ekFkS vkijks dCtks dj fy;ksA

j.kFkEHkkSj jS pkSgku jktkoka esa gEehjnso vafre lkld gksA *gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;*gEehj dkO;* vj *gEehj jklkgEehj jklkgEehj jklkgEehj jklkgEehj jklks*esa gEehj jh ohjrk vj ijkØe jks oj.ku gSA lu~ 1299 bZ- esa vykmÌhu f[kyth jks j.kFkEHkkSj ekFkSvkØe.k gq;ks vj j.kFkEHkkSj jh ?ksjkcanh djhA b.k tq) esa vykmÌhu lkFkS tq) djrk Fkdka gEehjohjxfr ikbZ vj jktiwr jkf.k;ka tkSgj dfj;ksA lu~ 1301 esa j.kFkEHkksj ekFkS vykmÌhu jks vf/kdkjgq;X;ksA vj b.k iNS oks fprkSM+ ekFkS geyks cksy fn;ks D;wads vykmÌhu fprksSM+ jk jktk jrulsu jhjk.kh in~feuh jS :i ekFkS eqX/k gksA lsoV jkuh in~feuh vkijh nwth jkf.k;ka jS lkFkS tkSgj dfj;ks vjvykmÌhu uS fprkSM+ jS fdys esa fprk jh jk[k feyhA b.k iNS vykmÌhu vj tkyksj lkld dkUgM+nsjS tq)ka jks ltho oj.ku gSA

11

vBhuS esokM+ jS jkT; esa Hkh mFkG&iqFkG gqorh jS;hA iSyka fprkSM+ ekFkS vykmÌhu dks vf/kdkjgq;ks rks iNS gEehj Qs: fprkSM+ uS dCtS esa fy;ksA gEehj jS iNS m.k jks cM+ks yM+dks Ns= flag jk.kk c.;ksANs= flag jsS iNS egkjk.kk yk[kk jS csVS&iksrS jko pwaM+k] j.key] dkUgk bR;kn jks esokM+ esa lklu jS;ksAdkUgk jh fejrw iNS ekjokM+ esa xÌh yso.k okLrS ?kj esa gh tq) gq;ksA j.key uS esokM+ jh xÌh feyxhA

j.key jS tko.k jS iNS ekyok jS lqyrku gks’kax’kkg jks esokM+ jS xkxjks.k fdyS ekFkS vkØe.kgq;ksA b.k tq) esa fdyS jh fjPNk dj.koky+k vpynkl [khaph ohjxfr ikbZA *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*esa b.k tq) jks iwjks oj.ku feySA

eksdy jS fu/ku iNS fprksSM+ ekFkS jk.kk dqaHkk ¼lu~ 1433 lwa 1468 rkabZ½ jks lklu jS;ks vjesokM+ jS fujek.k okLrS dqaHkk jks ;ksxnku lxGk lwa cŸkks jS;ks A

b.k jktuhfrd fLFkfr lwa eSlwl gqoS ds vks c[kr tq)ka jks gks vj yxkSyx tq) gqork jSrkAb.k c[kr pkj.k dfo;ka ftdks dkO; fy[;ks oks c[kr jh t:jr eqtc ohjjl lwa Hkfj;ksM+ks gksA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS vkjEHk dky esa ftdks lkfgR; feyS m.kuS uhpS fy[;ksM+S eqtc ckaV~;ks tkldsS gS %&

1- tSu lkfgR;2- yksSfdd lkfgR;3- pkj.k lkfgR;1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky esa tSu lkfgR; jks ?k.kks egŸo gSA vkijssS

/kje jS izpkj&izlkj okLrS tSu lk/kq ft.k rfj;ka izkØr vj viHkzal uS vi.kk;h] m.kht Hkkar vkxSpky*j jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS Hkh vkijks ek/;e Lohdkj~;ksA 12oha lnh jS mŸkjk/kS c[kr esa HkykabZNksVh&NksVh iksF;ka fy[khth gqoS i.k cS izpqj ek=k esa miyC/k gqo.k ykxhA folS vj lSyh jh fofo/krkjh nzfLV lwa tSu lkfgR; l: lwa bZ egrkÅ fx.khtSA tSu lkfgR; jks eq[; nzfLVdks.k /kkjfed vjpfj=&fujek.k jks gksA b.k lkfgR; esa jl jh nzfLV lwa lkUr jl jh iz/kkurk jS;h gSA izks- ujksŸkenklLokeh jS lcnka esa dsSoka rks tSu lkfgR; jh nwth folslrk m.k jS x| jks vHkko y[kkoS i.k jktLFkkuesa pkSnoha lnh lwa x| lkfgR; cjkscj feyS vj eksdGks feySA2 tsSu lkfgR; jh dFkkoka rks vkijh U;kjhfolslrk jk[kSaA vk dkO; Ñfr;ka jks eq[; m)s’; vke vkneh jS eu esa /kje jS izfr :>k.k iSnk dj.kksgksA vka jh Hkklk tu lk/kkj.k jh cksy&pky jh Hkklk ghA

MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh tSu lkfgR; jS i| uS P;kj eksVS Hkkxka esa b.k <+x lwa ckaV;ks gS %&¼1½ pfjr dkO; ;k dFkkdkO; %&¼1½ pfjr dkO; ;k dFkkdkO; %&¼1½ pfjr dkO; ;k dFkkdkO; %&¼1½ pfjr dkO; ;k dFkkdkO; %&¼1½ pfjr dkO; ;k dFkkdkO; %& pfjr dkO; nks izdkj jk feyS& bfr;klw vj

ikSjkf.kdA vS dkO; izfl) egkiqjlka jS thou lwa tqfM+;ksM+k gSA dkO; :i jh fofo/krk Hkh vka jh[kkfl;r dghtS] fta;k jkl] pkSibZ] <+ky] iokM+k] laf/k] ppZjh] izcU/k pfj=] lEcU/k] vk[;kud] dFkkbR;knA

¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %&¼2½ mRlo dkO; %& vka jks vk;kstu fd.kh fraokj ;k folsl vkSlj lwa tqfM+;ksM+ks gqoSAb.k esa Qkxq] /keky] ckjgeklk] fookgyks] csfy] /koy] eaxy+ vkn ukao fnjhft;k gSaA

¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %&¼3½ uhfr dkO; %& vS dkO; eq[; :i lwa uhfr ;k minsl nso.k lk: jP;ksM+k gSA vak jSjpuk & izdkjka esa laokn] dDdk&ekr‘dk ckouh] dqyd] gh;kyh vkn gSA

¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %&¼4½ Lrqfr dkO; %& b.k <ax jk dkO; rhjFkadjka] lk/kqiqjlka vj rhjFkLFkyka jh Lrqfr esafy[;ksM+k gSA vS jpukoka NksVh&NksVh gSa vj Lrqfr] Lrou] Lrks=] lT>k;] churh] xhr] ueLdkj bR;kfnukao lwa feySA

b.k lwa ykxS ds tSu dfo pfjr] Qkxq] jkl vkn lSfy;ka vj dkO; jS dsbZ :ika uS vi.kk;kA

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vka esa *jkljkljkljkljkl* ?k.kh izHkkolkyh lSyh gh ftdk esa rhjFkadjka jS thou pfjr uS vsd vknlZ jS :i esa *jkljkljkljkljkl*ukao lwa dfork esa izLrqr dfj;ksA jktLFkkuh jS b.k vkjEHk dky ekFkS xqtjkrh jks izHkko Hkh lkQ nhlsSAb.k rjS vks dº;ks tk ldS gS ds jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky jh jpukoka esa tSu&lkfgR; jks egrkÅ;ksxnku gSA X;kjoha vj pkSngoha lnh jS lkfgR; jS bfr;kl ys[k.k lk: tSu lkfgR; jks izeq[k vk/kkjgSA tSu lekt fta;k&fda;k vkijsS b.k twuS lkfgR; uS vkt rkabZ Hkh cpk; jk[;ks gS] vk cM+h ckr gSA

tSu lkfgR; jh izeq[k d`fr;ka jks ifjpS b.k Hkkar gS %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrs’oj&ckgqcfy /kksj %& vk dfr otzlsu lwfj jh fy[;ksM+h gS vj b.k jks jpukdky

la- 1125 gSA vk jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh lxGk lwa iqjk.kh jpuk gS ftdh ek: xwtZj Hkklk esa jP;ksM+h gSA48 Nank esa fy[;ksM+h bZa jpuk esa Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jS tq) jks oj.ku gS b.k esa ohj vj lkUr jl jksizHkkoh fp=.k feySA

Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrs’oj ckgqcfy jkl %& vk jpuk otzlsu lwfj jk iÍ/kj lkfyHknz lwjh laor~ 1241 esafy[khA vks tSu lkfgR; jh jkl ijEijk jks iSyks xzaFk gSA b.k xzaFk esa Hkjrs’oj vj ckgqcfy jkspfj=&oj.ku gSA viHkazl Hkklk esa vka nksuwa pfj= &uk;dka uS ys;*j dsbZ dkO;&Ñfr;ka fy[;ksM+h gSaAb.k jh dFkk b.k Hkkar gS ds Hkjrs’oj vj ckgqcfy v;ks/;koklh rhjFkadj fj[kcnso jk csVk gkA Hkjrmej esa cM+k gk b.k okLrS ckauS v;ks/;k jks vj ckgqcfy NksVk gk b.k okLrS ckauS r{kflyk jks jkt fn;ksA bZ xzaFk esa nksuwa ohjka jS ijkØe vj ohjrk jks izHkkoh oj.ku gSA lsoV fgalk vj ohjrk jS iNS m.k esafojfDr jks Hkko njlk.kks] bZa dkO; dks ewy edln jS;ks gSA *Hkjr &ckgqcfy jklHkjr &ckgqcfy jklHkjr &ckgqcfy jklHkjr &ckgqcfy jklHkjr &ckgqcfy jkl* nslh Nank vjjkx&jkxfu;k esa fy[;ksM+ks [kaM dkO; gSA izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jS er esa lkfyHknz lwfj jktLFkkuh jkegrkÅ dfo gSaA3 dkO; esa ukVdh;rk] Vs<+k&es<+k dFku vj vuqizkl jh lqUnj NVk gSA lsuk] gkFkh]?kksM+k vj lsSfudka jks [kwc p<+k&c<+k*j c[kku dfj;ksM+ks gSA b.k dkO; jks vsd mnkgj.k b.k Hkkar gS %&

izfg mXxfe iwjc fnflfg ] ifgyma pkfy; pDd Aizfg mXxfe iwjc fnflfg ] ifgyma pkfy; pDd Aizfg mXxfe iwjc fnflfg ] ifgyma pkfy; pDd Aizfg mXxfe iwjc fnflfg ] ifgyma pkfy; pDd Aizfg mXxfe iwjc fnflfg ] ifgyma pkfy; pDd A/kwft; /kj;y Fkjgj ,a ] pfy; dqpkpy pDd AA/kwft; /kj;y Fkjgj ,a ] pfy; dqpkpy pDd AA/kwft; /kj;y Fkjgj ,a ] pfy; dqpkpy pDd AA/kwft; /kj;y Fkjgj ,a ] pfy; dqpkpy pDd AA/kwft; /kj;y Fkjgj ,a ] pfy; dqpkpy pDd AA

cqf)jkl %&cqf)jkl %&cqf)jkl %&cqf)jkl %&cqf)jkl %& vk jpuk Hkh lkfyHknz lwfj jh fy[;ksM+h gSA b.k jS eka; 63 Nan gSa vk esaHkksGk&HkkGk yksxka lk: *fl[kko.kfl[kko.kfl[kko.kfl[kko.kfl[kko.k* fn;ksM+k gSA lxGk Nank esa uhfr] minsl vj Kku jh NksVh&NksVhckrka dg~;ksM+h gSaA b.k esa yksd&O;ogkj] lkekU; vkpj.k vj ln~xfr iko.k lk: dsbZ lh/kh ljymfDr;ka gSa ft.k jS dkj.k vk jpuk ?k.kh yksdpkoh gq;hA *cqf)jklcqf)jklcqf)jklcqf)jklcqf)jkl* jh uhfrxr ckrka esa tBS ljyrkgS] cBS dsbZ txka xw<+rk Hkh gS ft;ka egkurk lk: Li"V er cksyksA

thon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %&thon;k jkl %& vk jpuk tkyksj jk tSu dfo *vklxqvklxqvklxqvklxqvklxq* jh fy[;ksM+h gSA b.k jks jpuk dkylaor~ 1257 gSA b.kesa dqy 53 Nan gSA feu[k esa n;k vj d:.kk Hkko mitko.kks] b.k dkO; jks eq[;edln gSA b.k Ñfr esa tSu rhjFkadjka jks Hkh dBS&dBS oj.ku feySA

panuckyk jkl %&panuckyk jkl %&panuckyk jkl %&panuckyk jkl %&panuckyk jkl %& vks 35 Nan jks [kaMdkO; gS vj b.k jk jpukdkj Hkh tSu dfo vklxqgSaA b.k jh dFkkukf;dk tSu ijEijk jh izfl) lrh panuckyk gS ftdh pEikuxjh jk jktk nf/kokgujh csVh gSA vk dsoS ds vsdj dkSlEch jks jktk lrkuhd pEikuxjh ekFkS vkØe.k dfj;ks vj m.kjkslsukifr panuckyk jks vigj.k dj fy;ks vj iNsS m.kuS vsd lsB uS csp nhA lsB panuckyk usS izrkfM+rdjh i.k ok vkijS lrh&/kje ekFkS vfMx jS;hA lsoV Hkxoku egkohj lwa nh{kk ys;*j ekSsr ikbZAHkko&fp=.k jh nhB lwa vk Ñfr ekjfed vj d:.kk lwa vksrizksr gSA

tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %&tEcw Lokeh jkl %& izLrqr jpuk egsUnz lwfj jS flL; /kje jh fy[;ksM+h gS b.k jks jpukdky laor~ 1266 ekuhtSA b.k esa fo[;kr tEcw Lokeh jh dFkk uS dfork esa cka/kh gSA dqy 41 i|gSA dFkk ekjfed vj minsl nso.k okGh gSA

13

usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %& vS nksuwa jpukoka ikYg.k dfo jh jP;ksM+h gSAusfeukFk ckjgeklk esa 16 i| gS vj vkcwjkl esa 51 i| gSA vka jpukoka jks jpukdky fo-la- 1289gSA tEcw Lokeh jkl jh Hkkar tSu dkO; esa usfeukFk vj jkterh jk izse&izlax ?k.kk pkok jS;k gSaAusfeukFk rsbloka rhjFkadj gk vj egkjktk leqnz fot; jk iq= gkA m.kka jks C;kc mxzlsu jh csVhjkterh jS lkFkS r; gq;ks gksA dSoS gSa ds usfeukFk vkijS C;ko lwa isSyka cjkr jS Hkkstu lk: vsdBdfj;ksM+k tkuojka jh d:.k iqdkj lq.kh rks m.kka jks fgjnkS ilht mB~;ks vj oS lalkj uS R;kx*j riL;klk: fxjukj pY;k x;kA iNS tnS jkterh uS b.k ?kVuk jks Bk i³~;ks rks ?k.kks nq%[k gq;ks vj usfeukFkjks vuqlj.k djrk Fkdka nhDlk ysyhA usfeukFk ckjgeklks* ek:&xqtZj dfork jk iSyks ckjgeklks ekuhtSA

*vkcw jkl*vkcw jkl*vkcw jkl*vkcw jkl*vkcw jkl* esa ea=h foey vj oLrqiky rstiky jk vkcw ijcr ekFkS c.kk;ksM+k tSu efnjkajks mYys[k gSA

‘’kakfrukFk nso jkl %&‘’kakfrukFk nso jkl %&‘’kakfrukFk nso jkl %&‘’kakfrukFk nso jkl %&‘’kakfrukFk nso jkl %& y{ehukFk fryd fo-la- 1313 esa *’kkafrukFk nso jkl’kkafrukFk nso jkl’kkafrukFk nso jkl’kkafrukFk nso jkl’kkafrukFk nso jkl* jh jpukdjhA b.k jpuk esa tSu /kje jS lksyoS rhjFkadj 'kkafrukFk jS thou jh dFkk dghth gSA bfr;kl jhnzfLV lwa Hkh vk jpuk egrkÅ gS D;wads b.k esa dsbZ bfr;kl jk rF; Hkh feysSA b.k esa vks rF; mtkxjgq;ks gsS fd ftuifr fo-la- 1201 esa [ksM+ xkao esa vj ftus’oj lwfj fo-la- 1256 esa tkykSj esa rhjFkadj'kkafrukFk jh ewjrh FkjihA

jsoarfxfj jkl %&jsoarfxfj jkl %&jsoarfxfj jkl %&jsoarfxfj jkl %&jsoarfxfj jkl %& vk fot;lsu lwfj jh fy[;ksM+h dkO; Ñrh gSA b.k jh jpuk la- 1231jS vSM+s &NsM+S gqbZA b.k esa rhjFkadj usfeukFk jh izfrek vj jsoarfxfj rhjFk jks oj.ku gSA b.k esa izØfrjks lqUnj fp=.k gSA

tSu lkfgR; jh nwth jpukoka esa egkohj jkl ¼fo-la- 1307½ fou;pUnz jks usfeukFk pmibZ¼fo-la- 1325½ lkseewfrZ jh P;kj NksVh jpukoka & ftus’oj lwfj fookg oj.ku jkl] ftu izcks/k lwfjppZjh] xqjkoyh jsyqvk rFkk ftu izcks/k lwfj cksfydk ¼fo-la- 1331½ mn;/keZ jks *mo,lekymo,lekymo,lekymo,lekymo,lekydgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;* 81 NIi;] jYg ;k jktflag jks *ft.knŸk pfjrft.knŸk pfjrft.knŸk pfjrft.knŸk pfjrft.knŸk pfjr* ¼fo-la- 1354½ eqfu jktfryd jks*’kkfyHknz jkl’kkfyHknz jkl’kkfyHknz jkl’kkfyHknz jkl’kkfyHknz jkl* ftuizHk lwfj jks *in~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZ* ¼fo-la- 1385½ ftuin lwfj jks *LFkwfyHknzLFkwfyHknzLFkwfyHknzLFkwfyHknzLFkwfyHknzQkxQkxQkxQkxQkx*¼fo-la-1390½ iwf.kZekxPN jS 'kkfyHknz lwfj jks *iap ikaMo pfjr jkliap ikaMo pfjr jkliap ikaMo pfjr jkliap ikaMo pfjr jkliap ikaMo pfjr jkl* ¼fo-la- 1410½ mik/;k;fou;izHk jks *xkSre Lokeh jklxkSre Lokeh jklxkSre Lokeh jklxkSre Lokeh jklxkSre Lokeh jkl* ¼fo-la-1412½ t;ls[kj lwfj jks *f=Hkqou nhid izca/kf=Hkqou nhid izca/kf=Hkqou nhid izca/kf=Hkqou nhid izca/kf=Hkqou nhid izca/k* ^usfeukFkQkxq* vj *vjcqnkpy ohurhvjcqnkpy ohurhvjcqnkpy ohurhvjcqnkpy ohurhvjcqnkpy ohurh* ¼fo-la- 1462½ rFkk ghjkuan lwfj *oLrqiky rstikyoLrqiky rstikyoLrqiky rstikyoLrqiky rstikyoLrqiky rstiky* ¼fo-la- 1485½izeq[k gSA nwtS dfo;ka esa jkt’ks[kj lwfj] egksik/;k; t;lkxj] nsoiky bR;kn mYys[ktksx gSaA b.kckr lwa izxV gqoS ds jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky esa lSdM+ksa tSu dfo vkijh jpukoka lwa jktLFkkuh HkklkuS lefj) djhA

2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS vkjEHk esa yksSfdd lkfgR; Hkh miyC/kgqoSA fca;k tSu xzaFk vj gsepUnz jS viHkzal O;kdj.k essa Hkh izse] fl.kxkj] fojg] ohjrk bR;kn jk vys[kwanwgk feySA vka esa dha nwgk rks Qsj&cny jS lkFk vkt Hkh yksd esa pkok ekuhtSA ykSfdd dkO; esa ftdhdkO; jpukoka feyS] m.k jks ifjpS b.k Hkkar gS %&

chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks %& ^chlynso jklks* ujifr ukYg dfo jks fo-la- 1212 esa jP;ksM+ks dkO; gSAb.k xzaFk esa b.k jpuk jS dky jks mYys[k b.k eqtc gq;ks gS %&

ckjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh AtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AA

dha fon~oku b.k iaxrh jks vjFk la- 1272 Hkh yxkoS i.k vf/kdkal fo}ku b.k jks jpukdky la-1212 gh ekuSA dfo ukYg uS chlynso prqFkZ jks ledkyhu crk;ks gS i.k ukYg jS ckcr dksbZa izkekf.kd

14

lkexzh vtS yx uh feyhAMkWñ ekrk izlkn xqIr *chlynso jklkschlynso jklkschlynso jklkschlynso jklkschlynso jklks* jS 128 Nank jks lkarjks lEiknu dfj;ks gSA4 MkW0

eksrhyky esukfj;k jS dSo.kSs jSs eqtc b.k esa P;kj [kaM gSa vj dqy feyk;*j 216 Nan esa vks xzaFk iwjksgq;ks gSA b.k jh Hkklk xqtjkrh&jktLFkkuh jks feY;ks&tqY;ks :i gSA5 chylnso jklks fo;ksx fla.kxkjjh JsLB jpuk gSA b.k jh dFkk jks :i b.k rjS feySA chlynso vtesj jks pkSgku lkld gks vj b.kjks C;ko /kkjkuxjh jk jktk Hkkst ijekj jh iq=h jkterh jS lkFkS gq;ksA vsdj ckrka bZ ckrka esa jkterhdha pqHkrh ckr chlynso uS dg nhA m.k jh rh[kh O;aX; ckr uS lq.k*j jktk ukjkt gq;*j mM+hlk pY;ksx;ks vj ckjg cjl rkabZ uh vk;ks rks jkterh vkijS O;aX; opuka ekFkS iNrk.kS ykxhA lsoV nq%[khgks;*j vsd iafMr jS lkFkS lansl HksT;ks vj chlynso iwBks vk;X;ksA

b.k dkO; esa izse jS lqHkkfod :i jks vksirks fp=.k gSA b.k jS lkFkS bZ lkFkS fo;ksx vj la;ksxi[kka jks bZ ekjfed oj.ku gSA b.k esa *es?knwres?knwres?knwres?knwres?knwr* vj *lans’kjkldlans’kjkldlans’kjkldlans’kjkldlans’kjkld* jh lansl ijEijk Hkh feySA dkO;esa lkeUrh thou lk: vkØksl vj ukjh lqyHk Hkkoukoka jh foolrk vj ykpkjh Hkh ns[k.ktksx gSAjkterh jh rh[kh O;aX;ok.kh fd.kh Hkh dBksj fgjnSokGk feu[k uS nzfor dj ldS gSA jktLFkku jhizØfr jks euekso.kks l:i *chlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklks* esa gSA fojg dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ka esa izØfr fp=.k ?k.kksennxkj fl) gq;ks gSA

*chlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklks* jh Hkklk cksypky jh gS b.k lwa ykxS ds b.k jks jpukdkj ?k.kks i<~;ks fy[;ksuh gksA chlynso jklks dkO; jks vsd uewuks b.k Hkkar gS %&

izh; rks pkfy;ks dkfrx ekl] lwuk eafnj ?kj dfoyklAizh; rks pkfy;ks dkfrx ekl] lwuk eafnj ?kj dfoyklAizh; rks pkfy;ks dkfrx ekl] lwuk eafnj ?kj dfoyklAizh; rks pkfy;ks dkfrx ekl] lwuk eafnj ?kj dfoyklAizh; rks pkfy;ks dkfrx ekl] lwuk eafnj ?kj dfoyklAlwuk pmjk pks[k.Mh ] u;.k xek;ks iafFk lfj tkbZ AAlwuk pmjk pks[k.Mh ] u;.k xek;ks iafFk lfj tkbZ AAlwuk pmjk pks[k.Mh ] u;.k xek;ks iafFk lfj tkbZ AAlwuk pmjk pks[k.Mh ] u;.k xek;ks iafFk lfj tkbZ AAlwuk pmjk pks[k.Mh ] u;.k xek;ks iafFk lfj tkbZ AAHkw[k ugha =hl mNy+h ] m.kh ?kM+ka uhan dgk Fkh gksbZ AHkw[k ugha =hl mNy+h ] m.kh ?kM+ka uhan dgk Fkh gksbZ AHkw[k ugha =hl mNy+h ] m.kh ?kM+ka uhan dgk Fkh gksbZ AHkw[k ugha =hl mNy+h ] m.kh ?kM+ka uhan dgk Fkh gksbZ AHkw[k ugha =hl mNy+h ] m.kh ?kM+ka uhan dgk Fkh gksbZ Avk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAvk?k.k dj fnu NksVk gksbZ ]l[kh lans’kks eksdyksÅ dksbZ AAgalkoyh %&galkoyh %&galkoyh %&galkoyh %&galkoyh %& vlkbr dfo jks *galkoyhgalkoyhgalkoyhgalkoyhgalkoyh* ukao lwa vsd izsedkO; feySA b.k jh jpuk fo-la-

1427 esa gq;ksM+h gSA b.k dkO; esa pkSikbZ Nan jh iz/kkurk gS i.k fcPpS&fcPpS dBS nwgk Hkh feySA vkjpuk ljy vj ljl gSA

*glkaoyh*glkaoyh*glkaoyh*glkaoyh*glkaoyh* jks jpukdkj vlkbr fl)iqj esa iSnk gq;ks vj oks tkfr lwa vksSfnP; czkã.k gksA*galkoyh*galkoyh*galkoyh*galkoyh*galkoyh* dkO; jks vsd uewuks b.k Hkkar gS %&

fdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Afdyfdyrh ou fopjrh oj chlkl Alf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AAlf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AAlf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AAlf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AAlf/k lkeh lkgl dhm] gw¡ vsdyh fujkl AAHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar AHkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj]lefj lke.kh dar Agalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AAgalkmfy /kjrh <y+h ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafr AA

clUr foykl %&clUr foykl %&clUr foykl %&clUr foykl %&clUr foykl %& *clUr foykl*clUr foykl*clUr foykl*clUr foykl*clUr foykl* yksSfdd dkO; jh mŸke njtS jh jpuk gSA MkW- ekrkizlkn xqIr b.k jS egŸo uS Lohdkjrk Fkdka vks fy[;ks gS ds vk vsd ?k.kh ljl lkfgfR;d jpuk gSvj vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkklk lkfgR; jS vkfndky jS bfr;kl esa cstksM+ gSA7

b.k Ñfr jS jpukdkj jks vckj rkabZ Bk uh i³~;ksA b.k jpuk esa pkSjklh nwgk gS ft.kesa clUrvj yqxk;ka uS izHkkfor dj.k okGS foyklh izHkko jks lkarjks fp=.k gSA

b.k dkO; esa vsd rjQ izØfr rks nwtS dkauh eneLr ukjh jS foyklh lqHkko jk ekjfedfprjke gSaA vks dkO; ljlrk vj fl.kxk: Hkkoukoka jh nhB lwa fljSA b.k dfr esa vkfndky jS

15

tu&thou jks oks i[k mtkxj gq;ks gS ft.kuS vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy lk;n ryokjka jh >.k>.kkVesa uh lq.k lD;kA ukjh izØfr vj iq:l jS eneLr :i jh vSM+h lkarjh >kadhb.k dkO; esa nhlS ftdh jhfrdky jk fl.kxk: dfo;ka jS oj.ku esa Hkh uhA crkSj felky %&

bf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Afo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AA

yksSfdd dkO; jS eka; ftdh nwth dkO; dfr feyS] m.k esa vsd gS &^J`axkj 'krd^J`axkj 'krd^J`axkj 'krd^J`axkj 'krd^J`axkj 'krd*A b.kesa105 Nan gS vj b.k jh jpuk la- 1354 esa gq;hA

laor~ 1409 esa Hkhe *ln~;oRl ohj izca/kln~;oRl ohj izca/kln~;oRl ohj izca/kln~;oRl ohj izca/kln~;oRl ohj izca/k* dkO; fy[;ksA b.k esa 730 Nan gS vj b.k jksvk[;ku jktLFkku] xqtjkr vj vklS&iklS jS bykdS esa ?k.kks izpfyr gS A

ek.kD; lqUnj lwfj *ey; lqUnjh dFkkey; lqUnjh dFkkey; lqUnjh dFkkey; lqUnjh dFkkey; lqUnjh dFkk* ukao lwa izsek[;ku fy[;ksA b.k jks jpuk dky fo-la-1421 gSA yksSfdd dkO; jh b.k ijEijk esa ghjkuan lwfj jks fy[;ksM+ks fo|kfoykl iokM+m* ¼fo-la- 1428½vj ghj HkkV jfpr *ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k* Hkh feySA ?kk?k vj HkM~Mjh jh ekSle lEcU/kh dgkorka Hkhlk;n b.kh c[kr esa fy[;ksM+h gSaA

3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %& pkj.k lkfgR; lwa eryc pkj.k lSyh esa fy[;ksM+S lkfgR; lwagSA vks dkO; pkj.k tkfr jk dfo;ka jS vykok czkã.k] jktiwr] <k<h] <ksyh] jko] lsod bR;kn tkfrjk dfo;ka jks fy[;ksM+ks gSA pkj.k tkfr jh vk folslrk gh ds ok dfork Hkh fy[kh rks c[kr vk;katq)Hkwfe esa Hkh vkijh lwjohjrk jks ifjpS Hkh fn;ksA jktLFkku esa pkj.k tkfr jks jktiwr dkSe lwa xk<+kslEcU/k jº;ks gS vS yksx jktiwrka jS jktnjckj esa jS;*j tBS m.kka uS fcM+nkork] cBS oka jh dhjr vjtl jks xq.kxku Hkh djrkA vks bZ dkj.k gS ds vka jS lkfgR; esa ohjRo jks ltho :i mtkxj gq;ks gSApkj.k lkfgR; ?k.kks lefj) vj fodflr gS vj bZa jh nsl&fonsl jk fo}ku izlalk Hkh djh gSA vkajS lkfgR; esa ohj vj fla.kxkj jl jh iz/kkurk gqork Fkdka Hkh lxGk jlka jks izHkkoh fp=.k feySA pkj.kÅapS njtS jk Hkxr Hkh gq;k gSA vka jks lxGks lkfgR; vSfrgkfld lanHkZ lwa miT;ksM+ks vj ?k.kks egrkÅgSA izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh jS er esa pkj.kh lSyh jks lkfgR; ohj jlkRed vj bfr;klw gSA b.k jh HkklkfMaxy gSA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jks Hkh vks bZ dSo.kks gS ds pkj.k lkfgR; jh folsl ckr vk gS ds vksvSfrgkfld rF;ka lwa Hkjiwj gSA oS pkj.k lkfgR; uS nks Hkkxka esa ckaV~;ks gS8 &

1- vSfrgkfld & ohj jlkRed2- ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfedjktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS vkjEHk dky jh dha egrkÅ jpukoka uhpS fy[kh eqtc gSa %&j.keYy Nan %&j.keYy Nan %&j.keYy Nan %&j.keYy Nan %&j.keYy Nan %& vks dkO; Jh/kj O;kl jks fy[;ksM+ks gS ftdks bZMj jS jktk j.key jks

ledkyhu gksA b.k xzaFk jks jpukdky fo-la- 1457 ekuhtSA j.keYy Nan esa 70 i| gSsA bZa dkO; esa ikV.kjS lwcsSnkj tQj [kka vj j.keYy jS tq) jks oj.ku feySA b.k jh Hkklk vkstLoh] vyadkje;h vj lthogSA vSfrgkfld :i lwa b.k dkO; jks ?k.kks egŸo gSA b.k dkO; jks vsd mnkgj.k b.k Hkkar gS %&

nenedkj nek; neDdg ] <e<e <e<e <ksy <eDdbZnenedkj nek; neDdg ] <e<e <e<e <ksy <eDdbZnenedkj nek; neDdg ] <e<e <e<e <ksy <eDdbZnenedkj nek; neDdg ] <e<e <e<e <ksy <eDdbZnenedkj nek; neDdg ] <e<e <e<e <ksy <eDdbZrjoj osl igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AArjoj osl igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AArjoj osl igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AArjoj osl igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AArjoj osl igÍbZ ] rjjj ] rqjd iM+b rygfÍbZ AA

Jh/kj O;kl vkijS c[kr jk egrkÅ dfo gk ftdk ohjjlkRed dkO; jS vykok /kkjfed vjikSjkf.kd dkO; Hkh fy[;kA *j.keYy Nanj.keYy Nanj.keYy Nanj.keYy Nanj.keYy Nan* jS vykok Jh/kj O;kl jh nwth dkO; Ñfr;ka esa *lIrlrhlIrlrhlIrlrhlIrlrhlIrlrhjk Nanjk Nanjk Nanjk Nanjk Nan* ¼120 Nan½] *dfoŸk HkkxordfoŸk HkkxordfoŸk HkkxordfoŸk HkkxordfoŸk Hkkxor* ¼127 Nan½ bR;kn gSA

16

ohjek;.k %&ohjek;.k %&ohjek;.k %&ohjek;.k %&ohjek;.k %& bfr;klw nzfLV lwa egrkÅ dkO; ijEijk esa ohjek;.k dkO; mYys[ktksx gSAb.k dkO; jks jpukdkj cknj tkfr jks eqlyeku <k<h gks D;wa ds dfo [kqn fy[;ks gS ds&

cknj <k<+h cksfy;ks fulk.kh xyka Acknj <k<+h cksfy;ks fulk.kh xyka Acknj <k<+h cksfy;ks fulk.kh xyka Acknj <k<+h cksfy;ks fulk.kh xyka Acknj <k<+h cksfy;ks fulk.kh xyka A

*ohjek;.k**ohjek;.k**ohjek;.k**ohjek;.k**ohjek;.k* dkO; jS jpukdkj vj jpuk dky ckcr fo}kuka jk vyx&vyx er gSaA ia-jkedj.k vklksik *ohjek;.k*ohjek;.k*ohjek;.k*ohjek;.k*ohjek;.k* dkO; jks jpukdkj jkepUnz uS ekuS] i.k vks er mfpr uh ykxSA MkW-eksrhyky esukfj;k b.k xzaFk jS jpukdky jS folS esa nks ckrka dSsoaSA iSyh ckr rks vk gS ds b.k jks jpukdky fo-la- 1440 ekU;ks tkoS vj vks dfo jko ohjeth jS vklfjr gksA nwtS dkauh osS b.k xzaFk uS vBkjohalnh jh jpuk Hkh dSosSA9 izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh b.k uS pkj.k lSyh jh l:ikSr jh jpukoka esa BkSM+ nsoSaA10

MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh ohjek;.kohjek;.kohjek;.kohjek;.kohjek;.k jks jpuk dky fo-la- 1460 jS iNS fo-la- 1500 jS vsM+S&NsMS+ ekuSAb.k xzaFk esa dqy 285 Nan gS vj b.k esa eaMksoj jS jko efYyukFk jS csVS txeky vj m.k jS HkrhtS ohjejks tksb;k jS lkFkS gqbZ yM+kbZ jks oj.ku gSA b.k esa fulk.kh Nan jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA ohjek;.kohjek;.kohjek;.kohjek;.kohjek;.k ohjjl jh vkstLoh vj mŸke njtS jh jpuk gSA vBS vsd mnkgj.k izLrqr gS%&

cVdk MMxk cxrjka >Vdk dj >kM+S]cVdk MMxk cxrjka >Vdk dj >kM+S]cVdk MMxk cxrjka >Vdk dj >kM+S]cVdk MMxk cxrjka >Vdk dj >kM+S]cVdk MMxk cxrjka >Vdk dj >kM+S]irlkgka ny+ ik/kjS jkBkSM+ jekM+S Airlkgka ny+ ik/kjS jkBkSM+ jekM+S Airlkgka ny+ ik/kjS jkBkSM+ jekM+S Airlkgka ny+ ik/kjS jkBkSM+ jekM+S Airlkgka ny+ ik/kjS jkBkSM+ jekM+S A?kksM+k vkxy+ xSc dk cktk ctokM+S]?kksM+k vkxy+ xSc dk cktk ctokM+S]?kksM+k vkxy+ xSc dk cktk ctokM+S]?kksM+k vkxy+ xSc dk cktk ctokM+S]?kksM+k vkxy+ xSc dk cktk ctokM+S]rsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S Arsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S Arsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S Arsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S Arsx cgs Hkwrka r.kh jkBkSM+ vxkM+S A

bfr;kl jh nzfLV lwa vks dkO; ?k.kks egrkÅ gS D;wads b.k esa jkBkSM+ka vj tksb;k jS ckjS esa?k.kdjk bfr;klw rF; gS ftadk bfr;kl ys[ku jS eryc lwa i<+.ktksx gSA ohjek;.kohjek;.kohjek;.kohjek;.kohjek;.k esa b.k dkO;jS uk;d jks ;FkkjFkdkjh oj.ku feySA Hkklk esa izokg vj lthork vSM+h gS ds Hkksr de jpukoka esa feySA

b.kht Hkkar *lIrlrhlIrlrhlIrlrhlIrlrhlIrlrh* vj *dfoŸk HkkxordfoŸk HkkxordfoŸk HkkxordfoŸk HkkxordfoŸk Hkkxor* ukao lwa Hkh nks pkj.k lSyh jh jpukoka feySft.kka jS eka; ohjrk vj /kkjfed Hkkoukoka jks lkarjks oj.ku gSA

vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk %&vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk %&vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk %&vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk %&vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk %& b.k jks jpukdkj flonkl xkM.k gSA opfudk jSjpukdky ckcr dfo dha uh fy[;ksA vk x|&i| feflzr NksVh lh jpuk gSA b.k jS eka; nksgk] lksjBkvj dqaMfy;k Nan jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA b.k esa x|&i| jk dqy 120 Nan gSA Hkklk&Hkko vj lkfgR;ijEijk jh nhB lwa vk vsd egrkÅ d`fr gSA

b.k opfudk esa xkxjksux<+ jS jktk vpynkl [khaph vj ekaMw jS eqlyeku lqyrkugkslaxlkg xksjh jS tq) jks ltho oj.ku gSA opfudk jS dFkkud jk nks Hkkx gS vsd Hkkx esa rksxkxjks.k jS fdyS ekFkS cknL;k jks geyks vj nwtS Hkkx esa jktiwr ukfj;ka jks tksSgj oj.ku gSA MkW-ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jSs dSo.kS eqtc& *tq) jks leS fo-la- 1480 vj b.k jks jpukdky fo-la- 1500 jSvklS&iklS eku.kks pkbtS*A11 opfudk ohj jl iz/kku jpuk gS i.k vsd txka d:.k jl jks HkhmYys[k feyS opfudkopfudkopfudkopfudkopfudk jS izLrqfrdj.k jh lSyh *okr*okr*okr*okr*okr* lSyh lwa feyrh&tqyrh gS vj vk Hkh gq;ldS gS ds dfo tu&lk/kkj.k jh Hkkoukoka uS /;ku esa jk[k*j bZ b.k dkO; jh jpuk djh gqoSAbfr;klw nhB lwa rks vk jpuk ?k.kh mYys[ktksx uh i.k dkO; vj Hkklk jh nhB lwa b.k jks vsdegrkÅ i[k eSlwl gqoSA vsd mnkgj.k ns[kks %&

fcgaw Nsfg cka.kkoyh A ljiqfMax lGGh]fcgaw Nsfg cka.kkoyh A ljiqfMax lGGh]fcgaw Nsfg cka.kkoyh A ljiqfMax lGGh]fcgaw Nsfg cka.kkoyh A ljiqfMax lGGh]fcgaw Nsfg cka.kkoyh A ljiqfMax lGGh]v.kh v.kh vrqyh "kx "kxka "kGh]v.kh v.kh vrqyh "kx "kxka "kGh]v.kh v.kh vrqyh "kx "kxka "kGh]v.kh v.kh vrqyh "kx "kxka "kGh]v.kh v.kh vrqyh "kx "kxka "kGh]

17

:f/kj /kkj jGrGh ] cgq ukpS dqeqn egkcyh]:f/kj /kkj jGrGh ] cgq ukpS dqeqn egkcyh]:f/kj /kkj jGrGh ] cgq ukpS dqeqn egkcyh]:f/kj /kkj jGrGh ] cgq ukpS dqeqn egkcyh]:f/kj /kkj jGrGh ] cgq ukpS dqeqn egkcyh]vkyw>S vka=koyh A vky; vpyslfj vM;ka Avkyw>S vka=koyh A vky; vpyslfj vM;ka Avkyw>S vka=koyh A vky; vpyslfj vM;ka Avkyw>S vka=koyh A vky; vpyslfj vM;ka Avkyw>S vka=koyh A vky; vpyslfj vM;ka A

dfo flonkl xkM.k b.k tq) uS vkijh vka[;k lwa ns[;ks gks b.k okLrsS tq) oj.ku esa lthorkvj ;FkkjFkrk gSA vk opfudk pkj.k lkfgR; jh egrkÅ dfr;ka jsS eka; vsd fx.khtSA opfudk jksx| ?k.kks lkarjks gSA ckr lSyh jks lSt izokg vj vkst gS elyu fta;k &

vsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Aegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+S A lksuks vj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw A

b.kh rjS tk[kk ef.kgkj jh vsd jpuk *gfjpan iqjk.kgfjpan iqjk.kgfjpan iqjk.kgfjpan iqjk.kgfjpan iqjk.k* ¼fo-la- 1453½ Hkh pkj.k lkfgR; jhpks[kh jpuk gSA

vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %&vkjEHk dky jh miyfC/k %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS bfr;kl jks vks c[krlkfgfR;d nhB lwa egrkÅ ekuhtSA b.k dky jS lkfgR; ekFkS fopkj djka rks Bk iM+S ds b.k esa pkj.klSyh] ykSfdd lSyh vj tSu lSyh esa lkfgR; fy[;ks x;ksA tSu lSyh jS lkfgR; esa fofo/krk vj izpqjrkgSA jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky jks egrkÅ lkfgR; tSu lkfgR; gSA b.k lwa vks Bk iM+S ds tSu dfo tBSlkfgR; jks fujek.k djrk jS;k cBS oS nwtka jh fy[kh jpukoka uSs Hkh vaosjrk jS;kA jktLFkkuh lkfgR;jh ns[kHkkG vj fjPNk rkabZ tSu fo}kuka jk iz;kl fuLpS bZ mYys[ktksx ekU;k tkoSykA izks- ujksŸkenklLokeh fy[;ks gS ds tSu fo}ku lkfgR; jh jpuk bZ uh djh] oS lkfgR; uS laHkky*j jk[;ksA ts tSufo}ku lkfgR; jh laHkky uh djrk rks iqjk.kS c[kr jks lkfgR; vkt vkika uS uh feyrksA tSu dfo;kajS vykok nwtS yksxka jk fy[;ksM+k lSad³~k xzaFk vkt tSu Hk.Mkjk esa lqHkkfod :i law fey tkoSA12 tscS vks dke uh djrk rks lk;n ?k.kdjks lkfgR; uLV Hkh gq; ldS gksA

Hkklk jh nhB lwa ns[;ks tkoS rks b.k dky jh Hkklk xqtjkrh&jktLFkkuh feflzr gS vj dsbZjpukoka esa viHkzal Hkklk jks izHkko Hkh nhlS A i.k bZa;k ykxS ds vkjEHk dky esa jktLFkkuh /khjS&/khjSlkfgR; fljt.k jks ek/;e c.kht.k ykxh vj iNS ok vkxS pky*j xqtjkrh lwa vyx gq;xhA Hkklkjh nhB lwa jktLFkkuh jk dsbZ :i fodflr gq; jS;k gkA pkj.kh lkfgR; esa m.k jks lkfgfR;d :ifMaxy jS :i esa rks tSu lkfgR; esa jktLFkkuh jks ykSfdd :i lh/kS&ljy :i esa yksxka jS lkaeh vko.kykX;ks gksA

folS vj flYi jh nhB lwa jktLFkku jks vkjEHk dky ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA bZa dky jS lkfgR; esa b.kdky jS lkfgR; jh ijEijkoka jks :i Hkh vkijS ewyHkko lkFkS nh[k.k ykX;ksA tSu lkfgR; esa /kkjfedHkkouk vj pfjr uk;dka jS izsj.kknk;h vk[;kuka jS ek/;e lwa pfj= fujek.k ekFkS tksj fn;ks x;ksA ba;kgh pkj.kh lkfgR; esa ohj jl rks ykSfdd lkfgR; esa fla.kxk: Hkkouk jks lqHkkfod fp=.k feySA b.kdky jS lkfgR; esa lkUr] ohj vj fl.kxkj jl jh iz/kkurk jS;h vj b.k okLrS ftdk folS fy;k x;k]okajk Ns= Hkh vka jlka lwa tqfM+;ksM+k gS vBS vsdkuh tq) Hkkse lwa Hkkx*j eksDl jh Hkkouk gS rks nwtS dkauhtq)Hkwfe esa tq) jh iqdkj vj yydkj gSA izse vj fl.kxkj Hkkouk jks lkapks vj ekso.kks :i b.k dkyjh dkO; jpukuka jh laosnuk gSA b.k okLrS vkjEHk dky jk dkO; jks ewy vk/kkj /kje] isze] fl.kxkjvj ohj Hkkouk jS;h A

flYi jh nhB lwa ns[kk rks b.k c[kr jS lkfgR; esa fofo/krk gSA tSu dfo vkijS fljt.k esa dkO;jS dbZ :ika uS vi.kk;k vj vka jks izHkko vkxS vko.k okGh jpukoka ekFkS Hkh lkQ y[kkoSA tSu dfo*jkl*jkl*jkl*jkl*jkl* uS vsd izHkkolkyh jpuk&lSyh jS :i esa vi.kk;ks vj tSu rhjFkadj vj m.kka jS thou&pfjr vj

18

vknlZ uS *jkl*jkl*jkl*jkl*jkl* jS ek/;e lwa izLrqfr nhA ykSfdd dkO;ka esa chlynso tSM+h jpuk Hkh vkbZ rks b.k folSlwa gV*j nwtS fol;ka ek;S bZ dkO; fy[khT;kA b.k dky jS lkfgR; esa izØfr jk dsbZ :i fn[kkbZ nsoSAtSu dkO; esa dkO; :ika jh fofo/krk gS fta;k jkl] pkSibZ] <ky] iokM+k] laf/k] ppZjh izokn] pfj=]vk[;ku bR;knA *opfudk*opfudk*opfudk*opfudk*opfudk* pkj.k lkfgR; jh vsd uqaoh fo/kk gh ft.k esa x| vj i| nksuwa feY;ksM+kgkA *opfudk*opfudk*opfudk*opfudk*opfudk* jks vkxS pky*j vSM+ks izHkko i³~;ks ds e/;dky esa dsbZ opfudkoka fy[khthA

Nan jh nhB lwa Hkh b.k dky jS lkfgR; esa fofo/krk jS;hA nwgk] NIi;] rksVd] rksej] pkSibZvkn Nank jks iz;ksx pkj.kh lkfgR; esa [kwc gq;ksA *nwgks*nwgks*nwgks*nwgks*nwgks* rks vkjEHk lwa gh jktLFkkuh jks pkoks Nan jS;ksgSA *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* vSM+ks bZ dkO; gS ft.k jS eka; x| vj i| jks feflzr :i gSAb.k dky esa dFkk&oj.ku jh vkijh futw lSyh gSA opfudkopfudkopfudkopfudkopfudk uS pEiw dkO; jh laX;k nh tk ldsS gSA opfudkopfudkopfudkopfudkopfudk NksVh gqorka Fkdka Hkh vkjEHk dky jh vsd folsl mYys[ktksx Ñrh gSA b.k lwa vk ckrHkh izdV gqoS ds jktLFkkuh esa x| jks mn~Hko 14oha lnh jS e/; esa gq;ksA

lSyh ekFkS fopkj djka rks Bk iM+S ds tSu dfo;ka jh yksdxhrka jh rjt ekFkS fy[;ksM+h jpukokaHkh feySA l: esa yksdxhr jh iSyh vksGh ns nh vj iNS m.kh otu ij dkO;&jpuk djhA vSfrgkfldnhB lwa vka yksdxhr ijd jpukoka jks ?k.kks egŸo gSA tSu dfo yksd izpfyr vj ijEijkxr dFkkokauS vkijh jpukoka esa b.k <ax lwa BkSM+ nh ds cS vkt yksd lkfgR; jh /kjksgj ekuhtSA tSu dkO; esadBS&dBS dkO;&:f<+;ka jks iz;ksx Hkh feySA

b.k nzfLV lwa ns[kka rks fuLpS bZ vkjEHk dky jks ;ksxnku ?k.kks egrkÅ gS & dF; vj flYijS ifjis[k esaA vkjEHk dky jh folslrkoka esa /kje Hkkouk jks lkfRod :i] isze jh mnkŸkrk] x| jksmn~Hko] ohj jl iz/kku vkstLoh dfork] tq)ka jks ltho fp=.k bR;kn gSaA vkjEHk dky jh dha jpukokarks Hkko&Hkklk jh nhB lwa Hkh izkS<+ vj izsj.kknk;h gSaA

lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&1- fgUnh lkfgR; dk lkfgR; % MkWñ uxsUnz ] i`- 702- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp;] izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh] i`- 22&233- ** ** ** ** ** ** i`- 254- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- uxsUnz] i`- 865- fgUnh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;] i`- 896- clUr foykl vkSj mldh Hkklk % MkWñ ekrkizlkn xqIr] i`- 97- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp; ] i`- 258- jktLFkkuh lkfgR;] i`- 709- fMaxy esa ohj jl] i`- 22610-jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp;] i`- 2911-jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;] i`- 8312-jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp;] i`- 27

vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&

oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %1- cqf)jkl jpuk fd.k jh gS \ ¼v½ oztlsu lwfj ¼c½ egsUnz lwfj ¼l½ vklxq ¼n½ fot;lsu lwjh ¼ ½

19

2- usfeukFk pmibZ jks jpukdkj dq.k gsS \¼v½ fot;pUnz ¼c½ mn;/keZ

¼l½ ’kkfyHknz lwfj ¼n½ ghjkuan lwfj ¼ ½3- ujifr ukYg jh jpuk dq.klh gS \ ¼v½ galkoyh ¼c½ clar foykl ¼l½ galjkt&cPNjkt pkSikbZ ¼n½ ohlynso jklks ¼ ½4- ykSfdd lkfgR; jh dq.klh jpuk gS \ ¼v½ clar foykl ¼c½ j.keYy Nan ¼l½ ohjek;.k ¼n½ vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk ¼ ½5- Jh/kj O;kl jh fy[;ksM+h jpuk dq.klh gS \ ¼v½ ohlynso jklks ¼c½ galkoyh ¼l½ jsoarfxfj jkl ¼n½ j.keYy Nan ¼ ½6- ^vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* fd.k <ax jks dkO; gS \ ¼v½ izca/k dkO; ¼c½ [kaMdkO; ¼l½ ykSfdd dkO; ¼n½ pEiw dkO; ¼ ½7- *ohlynso jklks* esa dq.k lks jl gS \ ¼v½ ohj jl ¼c½ d:.k jl5- tSu dkO; jks dkabZ mnsl gks \6- pkj.k dkO; esa dq.k lS jlka jh iz/kkurk gS \7- ohlynso jklks jh Hkklk fd.k Hkkar jh gS \8- izØfr fp=.k jh nhB lwa dq.k lks dkO; egrkÅ gS \

fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %1- pkj.k lkfgR; jks dkabZ egŸo gS \2- tSu lkfgR; jsS ;ksxnku ckcr fy[kks \3- ykSfdd lkfgR; jh folslrkoka crkoks \4- vkjEHk dky jS lkfgR; jks dkabZ ;ksxnku gS \5- pfj= dkO; lwa dkabZ eryc le>ks gks \6- mRlo dkO; dq.k lk gS \7- yksSfdd lkfgR; jh fd.kh mŸke jpuk jks oj.ku djks\8- vkjEHk dky esa lxy+k lwa cslh jpukoka dq.k lk dfo;ka jh feyS\

20

v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3

e/;dky ¼ lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 ½e/;dky ¼ lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 ½e/;dky ¼ lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 ½e/;dky ¼ lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 ½e/;dky ¼ lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 ½

lkfgR; jS lEcU/k esa vks vsd egrkÅ dFk.k gS ds lkfgR; vkijS ifjosl lwa mitS vj ifjosluS bZ izxVSA jktLFkkuh jks jpukdkj vkijh ft.k fLFkfr;ka lwa tqfM+;ksM+ks gks] m.kka jh bZekunkj vfHkO;fDroks vkijS lkfgR; esa djrks jS;ksA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS e/;dky ekFkS fopkj djka rks vkika uS b.k c[krjS jktuhrw vj /kkjfed ifjosl uS ns[k.kks ?k.kks ykteh gSA

jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %& e/;dky esa jktLFkku jS bfr;kl ekFkS fopkj djka rks izrhr gqoSds pkSgkuka jS iru jS iNS jktLFkku esa dh uqoka lkldka jkS mnS] fnYyh esa eqlyekuka jS lkezkT; jh Fkjiuk]oka jk vR;kpkj vj vukpkj] vaxsztka jks lklu vj m.kka jh Hkh f[kykQr djrk yksx&vS dha cnykookyh fLFkfr;ka gh ft.k jks e/;dky esa ?k.kks egŸo gksA

jktLFkku esa jktiwr yEcS leS rkabZ eqlyekuka lwa yM+rk jS;k i.k vkilh QwV jS dkj.k] m.kjkseqdkcyks uh dj lD;k vj NsyS m.kka usS gkj.kks i³~;ksA esokM+ esa dqaHkk jS iNS mn;flag esokM+ jh jktxÌhekFkS fcjkT;kA m.k c[kr esokM+h lkeUrka esa QwV ghA bZMj lwa jk;ey fprkSM+ ekFkS vkdze.k dfj;ks vjesokM+ jks jktk c.k cSB~;ksA jk;ey jh fejrw iNS egkjk.kk lkaxk ¼lu~ 1509½ flagklu ekFkS fcjkT;kAbfr;kldkjka jks fy[k.kks gS ds lksyoha lnh jS vkjEHk esa mrjknS Hkkjr jh fLFkfr ?k.kh uktqd ghA fnYyhesa fldanj yksnh jks lklu gksA m.k jh fejrw jS iNS bczkghe yksnh lqyrku c.;ks vj oks fprkSM+ jS geySesa jk.kk lkaxk jS gkFk lwa ekj~;kss x;ksA b.kh Hkkar xqtjkr vj esokM+ jS fcPpsS cjkcj ruko c<+rks jS;ksAm.k c[kr ekjokM+ jk jkBkSM+] vkesj jk dNkok vj gkM+kSrh jk pkSgku vki&vkijh rkdr uS c<+k;rk jS;kvj vkijS jkT; jks foLrkj dfj;ksA lu~ 1508 esa jko xkaxk ekjokM+ jS flagklu ekFkS fcjkT;k vj vkijSjkT;&foLrkj jh ;kstukoka c.kk;hA lu~ 1520 esa i`Fohjkt vkesj jk jktk c.;k vj oS Hkh vkijS jktuS c<+ko.k lk: dkslhl esa ykX;kA vBhuS jk.kk lkaxk vj ckcj jS fcPpS [kkuok esa tq) gq;ks ft.kesa jk.kklkaxk ijkftr gq;X;kA

j.key jks ikVoh csVks jko tks/kk gks ftdks lu~ 1459 esa tks/kiqj clk;ks vj m.kuS ekjokM+jh jkt/kkuh c.kk;hA lu~ 1489 esa jko tks/kk jks fu/ku gq;X;ks vj lkry] lwtk vj xkaxk lkld c.;kAxkaxk jh fejrw jS iNS lu~ 1531 esa ekynso ekjokM+ jks lkld c.;ksA ekynso [kqn vkijS jkT; uS c<+ko.kkspk;ks b.k okLrS esM+rk] vtesj vj chdkusj ekFkS dCtks dfj;ksA lu~ 1562 esa ekynso jks nsgkUr gq;xksAekynso jS iNS jktLFkku esa eqxyka jS lSfud dsUnzka jh Fkjiuk gqbZ vj jktiwrka jS vkilh Vdjko vj QwVlwa vk[ksS izkUr jh fLFkfr n;uh; gq;xhA

esokM+ eas tn egkjk.kk izrki jktxÌh ekFkS fcjkT;k m.k c[kr fprkSM+ ekFkS eqxyka jks vf/kdkjgks vj tks/kiqj] chdkusj] tSlyesj jk jktk vdcj jh v/khurk Lohdkj dj pqD;k gkA twu 1576 esa jk.kkizrki vj vdcj jh lsuk jS fcPpsS gYnh?kkVh esa tq) gq;ksA dfo nqjlk vk<+k vkijS vkstLoh nwgk esaizrki jh lwjohjrk vj LokfHkeku jks oj.ku dj~;ksA

vkSjaxtsc jh fejrw iNS eqxyka jh lYrur jks iru gq;X;ksA nqjlk vk<+k jh fc:n fNgrjhA*i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh csfyi`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh csfyi`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh csfyi`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh csfyi`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh csfy fdzlu :de.khfdzlu :de.khfdzlu :de.khfdzlu :de.khfdzlu :de.kh* jh b.kh dky jh Ñfr;ka gaSA

vkSjaxtsc jh fejrw jS iNS jktLFkku jh jktuhfr esa dha mFkG&iqFkG vj cnyko vk;ks vj ejkBk

21

lxrh jks mnS gq;ks vj /khjS&/khjS jktLFkku esa ejkBk lxrh jks vf/kdkj terks x;ksA jktiwr jktkoka jhgkyr m.k c[kr pks[kh uh ghA cS jkx&jax esa Mwc;ksM+k gkA b.k okLrS vkil esa yM+rk&>xM+rkA HkkjrjS eka; m.k leS vaxsztka jh lxrh jks fodkl gks; jS;ks gksA b.k okLrS ejkBk lxrh uS ncko.k lk: vaxsztkalwa enn yso.k jks vkxzg tks/kiqj]] t;iqj] dksVk jk lkld dfj;ks] b.k jks urhtks vks gq;ks ds vaxsztka jsSennxkj gkso.k lwa jktiwr jktkoka jh lqrarjrk [kRe gq;xh vj vkjfFkd nzfLV lwa Hkh detksjh vk;xhft.k lwa lkeUrk jh Hkh f[kykQr gqo.k ykxhA lu~ 1818 esa jktLFkku jh lxGh fj;klrka vaxsztkajh v/khurk Lohdkj djyh ft.k jh izfrfdz;k lu~ 1857 jks xnj gksA

b.k rjS e/;dky jh jktuhrw fLFkfr;ka lwa lkQ ykxS ds lekt esa tq)] vO;oLFkk]vjktdrk vj vkdze.k jh fLFkfr ghA eqxyka jks iru] vaxsztka jS f[kykQ cxkor jks Hkko iSnkgqo.kks iz/kku fLFkfr;ka ghA lkekftd ifjosl esa vlkfUr rks vkjfFkd Ns= esa detksjh ghA lektm.k c[kr dsbZ rjS jh :f<+;ka lwa tdfM+;ksM+ks gksA

e /;dky j h [ k kl i z o z fr; k a %&e/;dky j h [k kl i z o z fr; k a %&e/;dky j h [ k kl i z o z fr; k a %&e/;dky j h [k kl i z o z fr; k a %&e/;dky j h [k kl i z o z fr; k a %& e/;dky jh jpukRedrkckcr fopkj djka rks Bk iM+S ds m.k c[kr dkO;&folS] dkO; :i vj dkO;&lSfy;ka jh fofo/krk ghAb.k dky esa tSu lkfgR;] yksSfdd lkfgR; vj pkj.k lkfgR; esa vys[kwa jpukdkj gq;kA b.kh rjSvk[;ku dkO; vj lar&dkO; jks fujek.k Hkh gq;ksA pkj.k lkfgR; esa ohj] fl.kxkj vj HkfDr Hkkoukl w a t q fM +; k sM + k s l k fgR; fy[k hT; k s rk s l ar ijEijk e s a / k kj fed ln ~ H k kovj ijekRek jS fujxq.k vj lxq.k :i uS ys;*j dkO; jh jpuk gq;hA viHkzal dky jh dsbZ folslrkokae/;dky jh lkfgR; psruk esa Hkh vk;hA jktLFkku esa ukFk lEiznk; jks izHkko rks l:iksr lwa bZ jS;ks gSAe/;dky jS lar lkfgR; esa dsbZ vSM+k iaFk nhlS ft.kka jh Hkxrh&i)fr ekFkS ukFk lEiznk; jks ijks[k izHkkoy[kkoSA eqlyekuka jS izHkko l:i yksxka esa iwtk&vjpuk jks Hkko dha ?k.kks c<~;ksA

e/;dky esa ftdk vk[;ku fy[;k m.kka jks mnsl yksdtho.k jh yksd psruk vj lkaLØfrdHkkouk uS etcwr dj.kh ghA vks bZ dkj.k gS ds vka vk[;kuka esa ftdk ?kVuk&ijlax fy;k x;k] cScksypky jh lk/kkj.k Hkklk esa fy[khT;kA vka jpukoka jks yksd:fp jh nhB lwa ?k.kks egŸo gsSA

iUnzgoha lnh esa jktLFkkuh xqtjkrh lwa vyx gq; tkoSA b.k okLrS bZa dky esa jktLFkkuh jkslkfgfR;d :i Hkh gks rks cksypky jh Hkklk jks HkhA b.k dky esa dkO; :i vj lSfy;ka jS vykok ftdhfolSxr fofo/krk gh] m.k jS vk/kkj ekFkS e/;dky uS ts lqoj.k ;qx dº;ks tk; rks dksbZ vfrjatukuh gqo SyhA ohj] fl.kxkj vj Hkxrh jh ÅapS njtS jh jpukok a jh yw aBh ijEijke/;dky esa jS;h] ftdh xjctksx gSA

izozfr;ka jS ekFkS e/;dky jS lkfgR; uS b.k eqtc foHkkftr dj~;ks tk ldsS %& 1- pkj.k dkO;2- vk[;ku dkO;3- lar dkO;4- ykSfdd dkO;5- tSu dkO;1- pkj.k dkO; %&1- pkj.k dkO; %&1- pkj.k dkO; %&1- pkj.k dkO; %&1- pkj.k dkO; %& jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS vkjEHk dky esa pkj.k dkO; feyS ft.kjks lqj

ohj jlkRed gks D;wads m.k c[kr tq)e; fLFkfr;ka ghA iUnzgoha lnh lwa ys;*j 19oha lnh jks c[krmFkG&iqFkG] vO;oLFkk] tq) bR;kn jks gksA iSyka jktiwr vj eqxyka esa tq)] eqxyka jS iru iNS vaxzsthlklu jks foLrkj vj dha cjlka iNS vaxzstka jh f[kykQr esa xwatrk cxkor jk lqjA bZa jktuhfrd fLFkfrjS dkj.k b.k dky esa ftdks lkfgR; fy[;ks x;ks m.k esa nsl] /kje vj laLØfr jh fjPNk lk: tw>.kokGk

22

erokGk ohjka jS tl jks c[kku dj~;ks x;ks gSApkj.k dkO; jh [kkl /kkjkoka uS nks Hkkxka esa ckaV ldka %&¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO;¼[k½ ikSjkf.kd /kkjfed dkO;

¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&¼d½ vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %& b.k /kkjk esa vSM+k pkj.k dfo vkoSa ftdk vkijSvklz;nkrk jh lwjohjrk vj ijkØe jks c[kku dj~;ksA vS dfo eksdS ekFkS tq) Hkkse esa tk;*j [kqnryokj Hkh pyk;h gS vks bZ dkj.k gS ds vka jS dkO; esa ohj jl jks izHkkolkyh fp=.k feySA vS pkj.kdfo vkijS jktk jk ledkyhu jS;k gSa b.k okLrS vka jS dkO; esa jktk vj m.k jS lklu lEcU/kh dsbZbfr;klw rF; Hkh feySA vka jS dkO; esa flYixr fofo/krk Hkh ghA bZa dky esa ohj jl jh mŸke njtSjh dkO; Ñrh feyS ftdka esa izca/k dkO;] osfy] opfudk bR;kn folsl Nank jks iz;ksx Hkh gq;ks gSA

dkyØe uS /;ku esa jk[krka Fkdka ohjjlkRed dkO; jS dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %& e/;dky jS pkj.k dfo;ka esa xkM.k ilkbr jks vsd izeq[k LFkku gSA

ilkbr jh jpukoka esa *jko fj.key jks :id*jko fj.key jks :id*jko fj.key jks :id*jko fj.key jks :id*jko fj.key jks :id* vj *xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k* [kkl gSA *jko fj.key jksjko fj.key jksjko fj.key jksjko fj.key jksjko fj.key jks:id*:id*:id*:id*:id* fofo/k izdkj jk 71 Nank esa fy[;ksM+ks gS ft.kesa jko fj.key jS tl vj dqaHkk jh fejrw jks oj.kugSA *xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k* tks/kiqj jk laLFkkid jko tks/kk jh izlalk esa fy[;ksM+ks dkO; gSA b.k esa Hkh dqy75 Nan gSaA xkM.k ilkbr jh nwth QqVdj jpukoka esa *dfoŸk jko fj.key pwaMS jS oSj esa HkkfV;kdfoŸk jko fj.key pwaMS jS oSj esa HkkfV;kdfoŸk jko fj.key pwaMS jS oSj esa HkkfV;kdfoŸk jko fj.key pwaMS jS oSj esa HkkfV;kdfoŸk jko fj.key pwaMS jS oSj esa HkkfV;kuS ekfj;k rS leSjkuS ekfj;k rS leSjkuS ekfj;k rS leSjkuS ekfj;k rS leSjkuS ekfj;k rS leSjk* *dfoŸk jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjkdfoŸk jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjkdfoŸk jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjkdfoŸk jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjkdfoŸk jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjk* vj*dfoŸk jk.kS eksdy+ ewvka jh [kcj vk;ka jkdfoŸk jk.kS eksdy+ ewvka jh [kcj vk;ka jkdfoŸk jk.kS eksdy+ ewvka jh [kcj vk;ka jkdfoŸk jk.kS eksdy+ ewvka jh [kcj vk;ka jkdfoŸk jk.kS eksdy+ ewvka jh [kcj vk;ka jk* bR;kn gSA ilkbr yksd pkok dfo gkA

f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %& vkijS c[kr jk Bkok vj pkok dfo;ka esa f[kfM+;k pku.k jks egrkÅLFkku gSA vS jko jk.kk eksdy vj jko tks/kk jk ledkyhu gkA dsbZ vka uS chdkusj jh Fkji.kkdj.kokGk jko chdk jk ledkyhu Hkh ekuSA chdkth vka uS yk[k ilko Hkh fn;ks] vSM+h ckr HkhdghtSA eqDrd dkO; jS :i esa f[kfM+;k jh *nwgk jko fj.key jknwgk jko fj.key jknwgk jko fj.key jknwgk jko fj.key jknwgk jko fj.key jk*] *nwgk jko j.k/khj jknwgk jko j.k/khj jknwgk jko j.k/khj jknwgk jko j.k/khj jknwgk jko j.k/khj jk* vknjpukoka miyC/k gSaA f[kfM+;k tXxk Hkh vkijh jpuk opfudkopfudkopfudkopfudkopfudk esa f[kfM+;k pku.k jS *nwgk jko fj.keynwgk jko fj.keynwgk jko fj.keynwgk jko fj.keynwgk jko fj.keyjk*jk*jk*jk*jk* jks mYys[k dj~;ks gSA vk ckr vks izek.k gS ds f[kfM+;k vkijS c[kr esa ukeh&fxjkeh dfo gkA

fla<+k;p pkSHkqtk %&fla<+k;p pkSHkqtk %&fla<+k;p pkSHkqtk %&fla<+k;p pkSHkqtk %&fla<+k;p pkSHkqtk %& ohj jlkRed dkO; jh fljt.kka dj.k okGk dfo;ka esa fla<+k;ppkSHkqtk jks vkijks egŸo gSA vka jh jpuk jks dky laor~ 1500 jS vklS&iklS gSA fla<+k;p Hkh jko j.keyjS ckjS esa dkO; fy[;ks gSA

in~eukHk %&in~eukHk %&in~eukHk %&in~eukHk %&in~eukHk %& tkyksj jk pkSgku v[kSjkt jks jktnjckjh dfo in~eukHk gksA fo-la- 1512 esa*dkUgM+ns izcU/k*dkUgM+ns izcU/k*dkUgM+ns izcU/k*dkUgM+ns izcU/k*dkUgM+ns izcU/k* jh jpuk in~eukHk djhA b.k dkO; esa tkyksj jk lksufxjk pkSgku dkUgM+ns ekFkSvykmÌhu f[kyth vkØe.k dfj;ks vj m.k tq) esa dkUgM+ns dsbZ ohjka jS lkFkS ohjxfr ikbZ m.k jksizHkkoh fp=.k gSA dkUgM+ns izca/k P;kj [kaMka esa foHkkftr gS vj b.k esa pkSikbZ] nwgk] loS;k vkn Nankjks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA dkUgM+ns izca/k lksy+oha lnh jk dkO;ka esa egrkÅ LFkku jk[ksSA b.k dkO; jk lEikndizks- ds-oh-O;kl b.k jh rqyuk *i`Fohjkt jklks*i`Fohjkt jklks*i`Fohjkt jklks*i`Fohjkt jklks*iFohjkt jklks* lwa djh gSA b.k dkO; esa m.k c[kr jh lkekftd]/kkjfed] vkjfFkd vj Hkwxksy lEcU/kh ifjfLFkfr;ka jks ltho fp=.k gq;ks gSA lkfgfR;d nhB lwa izlknlSyh esa fy[;ksM+ks dkUgM+ns izca/kdkUgM+ns izca/kdkUgM+ns izca/kdkUgM+ns izca/kdkUgM+ns izca/k vsd izkS<+ jpuk gSA b.kesa ikap ykSfdd lSyh jk xhr vj nks x|kal Hkh fn;kgSA dkUgM+ns izca/kdkUgM+ns izca/kdkUgM+ns izca/kdkUgM+ns izca/kdkUgM+ns izca/k esa dqy 1000 Nan gSaA

HkkaMm O;kl %&HkkaMm O;kl %&HkkaMm O;kl %&HkkaMm O;kl %&HkkaMm O;kl %& HkkaMm O;kl fo-la- 1538 esa j.kFkaHkksj jk ukeh vj gBh pkSgku ohj gEehjnsojS lEcU/k esa *gehjk;.k*gehjk;.k*gehjk;.k*gehjk;.k*gehjk;.k* dkO; fy[;ksA b.k dkO; esa gEehjnso jh ohjrk] ijkdze] lj.kkxr fjPNk jks Hkko

23

bR;kn jks lqUnj fp=.k dfj;ks gSA b.k jks dFkkud *dkUgM+ns izca/k* lwa feyrks&tqyrks gSA b.k esa dqy 321Nan gSA dkO; esa nwgk] xkgk] pkSikbZ vkn fofo/k Nank jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA

ohBw lwtk %&ohBw lwtk %&ohBw lwtk %&ohBw lwtk %&ohBw lwtk %& ohBw lwtk jko chdk vj yw.kdj.k jks ledkyhu dfo gksA jko tSrlh ohBwuS tkxhj jS :i esa vssd xkao Hkh fn;ksA ohBw *jko tSrlh jks ik?kM+h Nan* ukao lwa vsd dkO; fy[;ksgS] b.k esa 401 Nan gSA bfr;kl jh nhB lwa vks ?k.kks egrkÅ dkO; gS A

jko tSrlh lwa tqfM+;ksM+k nks nwtk dkO; *jko tSrlh Nan* vj *tSrlh jklks* Hkh feyS i.k vkajS jpukdkj ckcr dksbZ iq[rk tk.kdkjh uhA

ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %& b.k jks tye fo-la- 1563 jS vklS&iklS gq;ksA vS jko ekynso jk folslfdjikik= gkA [;krukao HkDr dfo bZljnkl b.kka jk Hkrhtk gkA vka jh dqy 7 jpukoka ns[k.kS esa vkoSft.kk esa *mekns HkfV;k.kh jk dfoŸk* vj *ck?kth jk nwgk* ?k.kk pkok gSaA mekns HkfV;k.kh bfr;kl esa:Bh jk.kh jS ukao lwa fo[;kr gSA dSoSa ds mekns jks C;ko tks/kiqj jk jko ekynso jS lkFkS gq;ks meknsC;ko jh iSyh jkr bZ ekynso lwa ukjkt gq;xhA D;wads mekns ekynso uS m.k jh nklh Hkkjeyh lwa iszedjrka ns[k fy;ksA b.k okLrS ok ekynso lwa :lxh vj rk ftnaxh :Bh jS;hA Hkkjeyh iNS dksVM+kjk Lokeh ck?kth jS lkFkS jSo.k ykxxhA ckjB vklk jh nksuwa jpukoka mekns vj ck?kth lwa lEcfU/krgSA *ck?kth jk nwgk* d:.k jl lwa vSM+k Hkjiwj gSa ds m.kk uS lq.k*j fd.kh Hkh lfgjnS O;fDr uS jkso.kksvkT;koSA vS lksjBk ck?kth jh fejrw jS iNS fy[;k x;k gSa vka uS jktLFkkuh esa fiNksyk ¼ejfl;k½ dº;ktk;] fta;k&

ck?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Atklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AA

chBw esgk %&chBw esgk %&chBw esgk %&chBw esgk %&chBw esgk %& chBw esgk jS jpukdky jS ckjS esa dksbZ izkekf.kd rF; miyC/k uhA MkW0 ghjkykyekgs’ojh jS er esa b.k jks jpukdky lrjoha lrkCnh jS l:vkr esa ekU;ks tk ldS gSA1 vka jh jpukoka esa *ikcwthjk Nan*] *xksxkth jk jlkoyk*] *dj.khth jk Nan*] *pkankth jh csy* vkn izeq[k gSA *ikcwth jk Nan* esa ikcwthjks opunz<+rk vj ohjrk jks fp=.k gS vj vk chBw esgk jh mŸke jpuk gSA

ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %& vka jks tye tks/kiqj jkT; jS Hkknszl xkao esa gq;ksA vka jS tye jS ckjSesa nks er gSA dha fo}ku vka jks tye fo-la- 1595 ekuS dha fo-la- 1515A MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh vjMkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k jS er esa bZljnkl jks tye la- 1595 esa eku.kks ?k.kks mfpr gSA2 bZljnkl Hkxrdfo gk i.k cS ohj jl jh dforkoka Hkh fy[khA pkj.k dfo;ksa esa bZljnkl dfo jS :i esa ekuhtSA vkajh dqy jpukoka 13 gSa fta;k& 1- gfjjl 2- NksVk gfjjl 3- ckyyhyk 4- xq.k Hkkxor gal 5-x:M+iqjk.k 6- xq.k vkxe 7- fuank Lrqfr 8- nsfo;k.k 9- xq.k oSjkV 10- lHkk ioZ 11- gkyk >kykjk dqMafy;k 12- jko dSykl vj 13- nk.kyhyk A

ckjgB bZljnkl jh jP;ksM+h *gkyk >kyk jk dqaMfy;k* jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ohj jl jh lszLB jpukekuhtSA b.k Ñrh esa >kyk jk;flag vj gkyk tlkth jS fcPpS gq;ksM+k tq) jks vkijh vka[;ka lwa ns[;ksM+S:i esa oj.ku gq;ks gSA b.k dkO; esa ohj jl jks ltho fp=.k gSA vka dkO; xazFkk jS vykok bZljnkljk dha QqVdj xhr vj nwgk Hkh fy[;ksM+k feyS fta;k &

lSy ?keksM+k fde lák fde lfg;k xtnar AlSy ?keksM+k fde lák fde lfg;k xtnar AlSy ?keksM+k fde lák fde lfg;k xtnar AlSy ?keksM+k fde lák fde lfg;k xtnar AlSy ?keksM+k fde lák fde lfg;k xtnar AdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AA

bZljnkl perdkjh iq:l gkA vka jS Hkxrh jS perdkj jh vusd nar dFkkoka vkt Hkh yksxka

24

jS ewaMk lwa lq.ku feySA oka jks dSo.kks gks ds bZljnkl vykSfdd flf) okGk gkA b.k okLrS yksx ckauS^bZljk lks ijesljk*^bZljk lks ijesljk*^bZljk lks ijesljk*^bZljk lks ijesljk*^bZljk lks ijesljk* Hkh dsS;*j iqdkjrkA

nwnk vkfl;k %&nwnk vkfl;k %&nwnk vkfl;k %&nwnk vkfl;k %&nwnk vkfl;k %& vS jko lqjrk.k jk fdjikik= gkA vka jh dha QqVdj jpukoka feyS ftdkesa ohj dYyk ekFkS fy[;ksM+k dqaMfy;k ?k.kk pkok gq;k gSa vka jh la[;k 7 gSA

lk an w e ky k %&lk an w e kyk %&lk an w e ky k %&lk an w e kyk %&lk an w e ky k %& lk an w e kyk dfo chdku s j j k j ktk j k; fl ag j kledkyhu gkA jk;flag vka uS iqjLdkj Hkh fn;kA lkanw ekyk ckn’kkg vdcj] egkjk.kk izrki vjjk;flag jS ijkØe jh dFkk rhu vyx&vyx jpukoka eas djh gSA lkanw *>wy.kk*>wy.kk*>wy.kk*>wy.kk*>wy.kk* Nan jk folsl dfoekuhtSA vka jh dha jpukoka uhpS fy[kh eqtc gSa %&

1- >wy.kk egkjkt jk;fla?k th jk2- >wy.kk nhoka.k Jh izrkifla?k th jk3- >wy.kk vdcj ikrlkg th jknwjlk vk<+k %&nwjlk vk<+k %&nwjlk vk<+k %&nwjlk vk<+k %&nwjlk vk<+k %& e/;dky jk [;krukao vj pkok dfo;ka esa nqjlk vk<+k jks ukao fljSA Jh

'kadjnku tsBk HkkbZ jS er essa vka jks tye fo-la- 1595 esa xkao tSrkj.k esa gq;ks vj cBS bZ fo-la- 1708 esalqjxokl HkhA ba;k dº;ks tkoS ds nqjlk vk<+k tn NksVk gk] m.k c[kr gh vka jS firkth jks nsgkUr gq;xksrks cxM+h jk Bkdqj izrki flag vka jks ikyu&iksl.k dj~;ksA nqjlk jk fnYyh jk cknlkg vdcj lwa pks[kklEcU/k gk vj njckj esa Hkh pks[kh izfrLBkA nqjlk fgUnw /kje vj fgUnw laLØfr jk ?k.kk mikld gkA bZaokLrS fgUnqoka jh xjhc gkyr uS ns[k*j vdcj jh dwVuhfr ekFkS O;ax djrkA vka jh jpukoka esa esokM+ jSjk.kk izrki] jko pUnzlsu vj jko lqjrk.k jS nslisze jh Hkkoukoka uS vkstLoh lqj esa izLrqr djh gSA

nqjlk vk<+k jh izeq[k jpukoka esa *fo#n fNgrjhfo#n fNgrjhfo#n fNgrjhfo#n fNgrjhfo#n fNgrjh*] *fdjrkj ckouhfdjrkj ckouhfdjrkj ckouhfdjrkj ckouhfdjrkj ckouh* bR;kn izeq[k gSaA nqjlkvk<+k jh dha 125 NksVh&cM+h dfr;ka] fMaxy vj QqVdj i| feySA vka esa *fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh*fo#n fNgrjh* ?k.kh pfpZrjS;h gSA izca/k jpukoka >wy.kk esa *jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk*jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk*jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk*jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk*jko vejflag xtfla?kksr jk* nqjlk vk<+k jh mŸke jpuk gSA b.kjks vsd mnkgj.k b.k Hkkar gS%&

ykSiS fgUnw rkt] lxi.k jksiS rqjd lwaykSiS fgUnw rkt] lxi.k jksiS rqjd lwaykSiS fgUnw rkt] lxi.k jksiS rqjd lwaykSiS fgUnw rkt] lxi.k jksiS rqjd lwaykSiS fgUnw rkt] lxi.k jksiS rqjd lwavkjt dqy+ jh vkt] iwath jk.k izrkilh AAvkjt dqy+ jh vkt] iwath jk.k izrkilh AAvkjt dqy+ jh vkt] iwath jk.k izrkilh AAvkjt dqy+ jh vkt] iwath jk.k izrkilh AAvkjt dqy+ jh vkt] iwath jk.k izrkilh AAvdcj dwV vtk.k] fg;k QwV NksMS+ u gB]vdcj dwV vtk.k] fg;k QwV NksMS+ u gB]vdcj dwV vtk.k] fg;k QwV NksMS+ u gB]vdcj dwV vtk.k] fg;k QwV NksMS+ u gB]vdcj dwV vtk.k] fg;k QwV NksMS+ u gB]ixka u ykx.k ik.k] fi.k/kj jk.k izrkilh AAixka u ykx.k ik.k] fi.k/kj jk.k izrkilh AAixka u ykx.k ik.k] fi.k/kj jk.k izrkilh AAixka u ykx.k ik.k] fi.k/kj jk.k izrkilh AAixka u ykx.k ik.k] fi.k/kj jk.k izrkilh AA

nwnk foljky %&nwnk foljky %&nwnk foljky %&nwnk foljky %&nwnk foljky %& nwnk foljky jh fy[;ksM+k jpuk *jko jruflag jh csfy*jko jruflag jh csfy*jko jruflag jh csfy*jko jruflag jh csfy*jko jruflag jh csfy* gSA b.k esatSrkj.k jS lkld jruflag jks eqxyka jS lkFkS gq;ksM+S tq) jks oj.ku gSA 72 Nank jks vks dkO; ohj jljh mŸke jpuk dgh tk ldSA b.k esa tq) vj C;ko jS :id jks fujokg gq;ks gSA

dslksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %& xkM.k lrjoha lrkCnh jk egku dfo gSaA tks/kiqj jk egkjktkxtflag jk vS pkok dfo ekuhtSA vka jh ywaBh jpuk *xtxq.k :id c/k*xtxq.k :id c/k*xtxq.k :id c/k*xtxq.k :id c/k*xtxq.k :id c/k* egkjkt xtflag jS dsbZtq)ka jS oj.ku lwa Hkjiwj gSA tq) oj.ku jh iz/kkurk lwa b.kuS tq) dkO; Hkh dº;ks tk ldsS gSA 130Nank esa fy[;ksM+S b.k izca/k dkO; esa ohj jl jks ltho fp=.k gq;ks gSA b.k dkO; ekFkS ukFkiaFk jks izHkkoHkh nhlSA

egslnkl jko %&egslnkl jko %&egslnkl jko %&egslnkl jko %&egslnkl jko %& vka jh fy[;ksM+h lkr jpukoka esa *fcUgSjklks*fcUgSjklks*fcUgSjklks*fcUgSjklks*fcUgSjklks* lxGk lwa cslh [;kfrokGhjpuk gSsA b.k esa 'kkgtgka jk rhu fonzksgh 'kkgtknk jk lkgh lsuk lkFkS gq;ksM+S tq) jks ltho oj.kugSA dBS&dBS xkSM+ ohjka jh ohjrk Hkh mtkxj gq;h gSA

fxj/kj vkfl;k %&fxj/kj vkfl;k %&fxj/kj vkfl;k %&fxj/kj vkfl;k %&fxj/kj vkfl;k %& vka jks 943 Nan jks fy[;ksM+ks izca/k dkO; *lxr jklks*lxr jklks*lxr jklks*lxr jklks*lxr jklks* feySA b.k esa egkjk.kkizrki jS NksVS HkkbZ lxrflag jS ohjrkiwj.k dkeka jks fp=.k gSA

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tXxk f[kfM+;k %&tXxk f[kfM+;k %&tXxk f[kfM+;k %&tXxk f[kfM+;k %&tXxk f[kfM+;k %& e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh jpukoka esa tXxk f[kfM+;k jhfy[;ksM+h *opfudk jkBkSM+ jruflag egslnklksr jh* [;kfrukao jpuk ¼jpukdky fo-la- 1715½ gSAb.kesa jryke jS ohj ;ks)k jruflag vj lkgtknk vkSjaxtsc jS fcPpsS gq;ksM+S tq) jks ltho oj.ku gSAlsoV jruflag tq)Hkwfe esa ohjxfr ikoSA dfo b.k jpuk esa tq) jks daykRed oj.ku vŸkks lkarjks dj~;ksgS ds dfork jks vkuan vk; T;koSA

dqHk.kdj lkanw %&dqHk.kdj lkanw %&dqHk.kdj lkanw %&dqHk.kdj lkanw %&dqHk.kdj lkanw %& lkanw jks fo-la- 1732 jS vsMS+&NsM+S fy[;ksM+ks *jrujklks* xazFk feySA b.k jS vykoklkanw *t;pan jklks*] *egkjktk jk;flag jh lfr;ka jk dfoŸk*] QqVdj xhr vj nwgk fy[;kA

jruw ohjHkk.k %&jruw ohjHkk.k %&jruw ohjHkk.k %&jruw ohjHkk.k %&jruw ohjHkk.k %& tks/kiqj jS egkjktk vHk;flag vj xqtjkr jS 'ksj cqyUn [kka jS fcPpS fo-la- 1787 esa vgenkckn esa tq) gq;ksA bZa ?kVuk&ijlax uS ys;*j jktLFkkuh esa rhu dfo;ka jk rhu dkO;feySA b.k esa jruw ohjHkk.k jks *jkt:id* dj.khnku jks *lwjtizdkl* vj f[kfM+;k c[krk jks*vgenkckn jk dfoŸk* ukao lwa fy[;ksM+k dkO; feySA *jkt:id* vj *lwjtizdkl* ohj jl jh mŸkedfr;ka gSA

gEehjnku jruw %&gEehjnku jruw %&gEehjnku jruw %&gEehjnku jruw %&gEehjnku jruw %& vka jh ukeh jpuk *nslyth jh opfudknslyth jh opfudknslyth jh opfudknslyth jh opfudknslyth jh opfudk* gS fca;k vka jS ckjS esa dº;ksx;ks gS ds vka jk dsbZ fol;ka ekFkS 175 xzaFk fy[;ksM+k gSaA

vk<+k igkM+[kku %&vk<+k igkM+[kku %&vk<+k igkM+[kku %&vk<+k igkM+[kku %&vk<+k igkM+[kku %& vk<+k *xksxkns :idxksxkns :idxksxkns :idxksxkns :idxksxkns :id* jh jpuk fo-la- 1780 vj fo-la- 1811 jS fcPpS dhAb.k esa jkBkSM+ xksxk jks tksb;ka lwa tq) dj*j ohjxfr iko.kS jks oj.ku gSA b.k jh dFkk cknj <k<h jh jP;ksM+hohjek;.k lwa feyrh&tqyrh gSA

xkM.k xksihukFk %&xkM.k xksihukFk %&xkM.k xksihukFk %&xkM.k xksihukFk %&xkM.k xksihukFk %& vBkjoha lrkCnh jS vkjEHk esa xkM.k xksihukFk *xzaFkjktxzaFkjktxzaFkjktxzaFkjktxzaFkjkt* jh jpuk djhftdks chdkusj jk egkjktk xtflag lwa tqfM+;ksM+ks gSA

f[kfM+;k gqdehpan %&f[kfM+;k gqdehpan %&f[kfM+;k gqdehpan %&f[kfM+;k gqdehpan %&f[kfM+;k gqdehpan %& vS mUuhloha lnh jk pkok xhrdkj gkA vka jk fMaxy xhr ?k.kk pfpZr jS;kgSA pkj.kka esa vka jS xhrka uS daBLFk dj.kS jh ijEijk jS;h gSA

vkfl;k ckadhnkl %&vkfl;k ckadhnkl %&vkfl;k ckadhnkl %&vkfl;k ckadhnkl %&vkfl;k ckadhnkl %& vS e/;dky jk Nsyk cM+k dfo gSA vka jks tye tks/kiqj jS iapHknzkNs= jS HkkfM+;kokl xkao esa fo-la- 1828 esa gq;ksA 16 cjl jh mej esa tks/kiqj vk;X;k vj dkO;]O;kdj.k] bfr;kl bR;kn jh nhDlk ik;*j m.k c[kr jk egkjktk ekuflag th jk fdjikik= gq;X;kAckadhnkl laLØr] fMaxy] Qkjlh vj czt Hkklk jk fo}ku gkA vka jk 30 xzaFk vj dha QqVdj xhr feySAckadhnkl vkt fMaxy jk fljS dfo ekuhtSA

ckadhnkl jh dfork esa vk/kqfud thou jh vlaxfr;ka ekFkSS bZ rh[kks izgkj nhlSA vaxszthlkezkT;okn jS f[kykQ cS nslokfl;ka uS vk ftdh pq.kkSrh nh gS oks *psrkouh jks xhrpsrkouh jks xhrpsrkouh jks xhrpsrkouh jks xhrpsrkouh jks xhr* [kklk pkoks jS;ks gSAoka jh dfork jks vsd uewuks ns[kks %&

lwj uS iwNS Vhi.kks ] lqdu u ns[kS lwj Alwj uS iwNS Vhi.kks ] lqdu u ns[kS lwj Alwj uS iwNS Vhi.kks ] lqdu u ns[kS lwj Alwj uS iwNS Vhi.kks ] lqdu u ns[kS lwj Alwj uS iwNS Vhi.kks ] lqdu u ns[kS lwj Aej.kka uS eaxy fx.kS ] lej p<S eq[k uwj AAej.kka uS eaxy fx.kS ] lej p<S eq[k uwj AAej.kka uS eaxy fx.kS ] lej p<S eq[k uwj AAej.kka uS eaxy fx.kS ] lej p<S eq[k uwj AAej.kka uS eaxy fx.kS ] lej p<S eq[k uwj AA

fgUnh dfork esa jkLVªh; Hkkouk jh l:vkr HkkjrsUnq jh dfork lwa ekuhtS i.k vBS vktk.k*j bpjp gqoSyks ds ckadhnkl rks Hkksr iSyka fgUnw&eqlyekuka lwa Åij mB*j jkLVªh;rk jSHkko uS b.k Hkkar vfHkO;fDr nh%&

vk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åijvk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åijvk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åijvk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åijvk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åijjk[kks js fdfgd jtiwrh] ejnka fgUnw dh eqlyek.kAjk[kks js fdfgd jtiwrh] ejnka fgUnw dh eqlyek.kAjk[kks js fdfgd jtiwrh] ejnka fgUnw dh eqlyek.kAjk[kks js fdfgd jtiwrh] ejnka fgUnw dh eqlyek.kAjk[kks js fdfgd jtiwrh] ejnka fgUnw dh eqlyek.kA

b.k rjS ckadhnkl jks vks mn~cks/ku xhr m.k ;qx jh vsd egrkÅ vj mYys[ktksx jpukdghtlhA fMaxy jS fljS ukao dfo ckadhnkl jh jpukoka jks lEiknu lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor *ckadhnklxzaFkkoyh* ukao lwa dj~;ks gSA ckadhnkl jh nwth iksF;ka esa *tsgM+tl tM+ko*] *Hkqjtky+ Hkw"k.k*] *gejksV

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Nrhlh*] *fl)jko Nrhlh* bR;kn gSA ckadhnkl uS vaydkjka jks lkarjks X;ku gksA m.kk jh dfork jhckuxh jks vsd uewuks %&

lknwyks cu lkfgcks] [kkVS ix ix [kwu Alknwyks cu lkfgcks] [kkVS ix ix [kwu Alknwyks cu lkfgcks] [kkVS ix ix [kwu Alknwyks cu lkfgcks] [kkVS ix ix [kwu Alknwyks cu lkfgcks] [kkVS ix ix [kwu Adk;jM+k b.k dke uwa] tacwd dgS tcwu AAdk;jM+k b.k dke uwa] tacwd dgS tcwu AAdk;jM+k b.k dke uwa] tacwd dgS tcwu AAdk;jM+k b.k dke uwa] tacwd dgS tcwu AAdk;jM+k b.k dke uwa] tacwd dgS tcwu AAuj dk;j vk.kS ugha] yw.k fygkt yxkj Auj dk;j vk.kS ugha] yw.k fygkt yxkj Auj dk;j vk.kS ugha] yw.k fygkt yxkj Auj dk;j vk.kS ugha] yw.k fygkt yxkj Auj dk;j vk.kS ugha] yw.k fygkt yxkj A/kksyS fnu NkSM+S /k.kh] Å.kh feyS m.k ckj AA/kksyS fnu NkSM+S /k.kh] Å.kh feyS m.k ckj AA/kksyS fnu NkSM+S /k.kh] Å.kh feyS m.k ckj AA/kksyS fnu NkSM+S /k.kh] Å.kh feyS m.k ckj AA/kksyS fnu NkSM+S /k.kh] Å.kh feyS m.k ckj AA

ohj jl jh dforkoka fy[k.k okGk nwtk dfo;ka esa ladjnku lkekSj] ckjgB yk[kk] dY;k.knklesgM+w bR;kn izeq[k gaSA

¼[k½ ikSjkf.kd /kkjfed dkO; %&¼[k½ ikSjkf.kd /kkjfed dkO; %&¼[k½ ikSjkf.kd /kkjfed dkO; %&¼[k½ ikSjkf.kd /kkjfed dkO; %&¼[k½ ikSjkf.kd /kkjfed dkO; %& b.k /kkjk esa cS dfo vkoS ftdk ikSjkf.kd izlaxka vj/kkjfed Hkkouk uS ys;*j dkO; fy[;ksA b.k <ax jS dkO; esa lxGk vorkjka uS ys;*j jpukoka feyS] iNSHkh jke vj dzL.k uS ys;*j cslh dforkoka gSaA b.k jS vykok dha jpukoka pkj.kh nsoh fta;k vkoM+ th]egek;] pkGsjk;] dj.khth lwa lEcfU/kr rks dha fujxq.k Hkxrh jh jpukoka Hkh feySA vBS izca/k vjeqDrd dkO; jh dha egrkÅ dfr;ka jks ifjpS dfo;ka jS lkFkS b.k Hkkar fn;ks tk ldS gS %&

i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ %&i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ %&i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ %&i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ %&i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ %& jkBkSM+ iFohjkt chdkusj ujsl jko dY;k.key jk csVk vj tSrlh jkiksrk gkA vka jks tye fo-la- 1606 esa vj fu/ku fo-la- 1657 esa gq;ksA vS cgqeq[kh izfrHkk jk /k.kh vjjktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk lszLB dfo;ka esa vsd gSaA vka jh [;kfr dfo vj Hkxr jS :i esa vk[kS txr esagSA vka uS fMaxy] czt vj laLØr jks xSjks X;ku gksA fizFkhjkt LokfHkekuh] [kjh dSo.k okGk vj jkLVªh;fopkj/kkjk lwa tqfM+;ksM+k gkA fizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ jh uhpS fy[kh jpukoka ?k.keksyh vj lkfgfR;d nhB lwamYys[ktksx gSa %&

1- osfy fdzlu :de.kh jh2- Bkdqj th jk nwgk3- xaxk th jk nwgk4- QqVdj nwgk vj xhrfizFkhjkt jkBksSM+ jh izeq[k Ñrh *osfy fdzlu :de.kh jh* gSA b.k Ñrh esa Hkxrh] fl.kxkj

vj ohj jl jks lqUnj leUo; y[kkoSA 304 Nank esa fy[;ksM+h vk Ñrh ØL.k vj :de.kh jhizsedFkk uS ys;*j pkySA nqjlk vk<+k b.k Ñrh us fMaxy jh ljclszLB jpuk ekurk Fkdka ikapoksosn vj mUuhloksa iqjk.k crk;ks gSA *osfy* ekFkS dsbZ fo}ku Vhdkoka fy[kh ft.k lwa b.k jhyksdfiz;rk izxV gqoSA b.k esa dksbZ lansg uh ds Hkko] dyk] izØzfr fp=.k bR;kn jh nhB lwa vkjpuk cstksM+ gSA fl.kxkj vj isze jks fp=.k ekSfyd] ekjfed vj uqaoksi.kks fy;ksM+ks gSA b.k jhHkklk lkfgfR;d jktLFkkuh gS vj b.k esa izfl) Nan *osfy;ks xhr* jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA vsdmnkgj.k ns[kks%&

lax l[kh ] dqy+ osl lek.kh ] isf[k dyh ifne.kh ifjAlax l[kh ] dqy+ osl lek.kh ] isf[k dyh ifne.kh ifjAlax l[kh ] dqy+ osl lek.kh ] isf[k dyh ifne.kh ifjAlax l[kh ] dqy+ osl lek.kh ] isf[k dyh ifne.kh ifjAlax l[kh ] dqy+ osl lek.kh ] isf[k dyh ifne.kh ifjAjktfr jktdqvfj jk; vax.k ] mfM;.k vEc gfj AAjktfr jktdqvfj jk; vax.k ] mfM;.k vEc gfj AAjktfr jktdqvfj jk; vax.k ] mfM;.k vEc gfj AAjktfr jktdqvfj jk; vax.k ] mfM;.k vEc gfj AAjktfr jktdqvfj jk; vax.k ] mfM;.k vEc gfj AA

fdluks %&fdluks %&fdluks %&fdluks %&fdluks %& vka jh izfl) jpuk *egknso ikjcrh jh osfyegknso ikjcrh jh osfyegknso ikjcrh jh osfyegknso ikjcrh jh osfyegknso ikjcrh jh osfy* gsS ft.k jS eka; 382 Nan gSAb.k jS eka; flo vj ikjcrh jS lkFkSs gq;ksM+k nks C;koka jks oj.ku gSA osfy jsS jpukdkj :i esa fdlum¼fdluks½ ukao feySA

dslksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %&dslksnkl xkM.k %& dslksnkl ohj jl jh jpukoka jS lkFkS Hkxrh folS lwa tqfM+;ksM+h jpukokaHkh fy[khA *fulk.kh foosdokj*] *Nan egknso th jks* vj *Nan Jh xksj[kukFk* xkM.k jh mYys[ktksx

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jpukoka gSaAek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k %&ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k %&ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k %&ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k %&ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k %& n/kokfM+;k jks tye fo-la- 1610 vj 1615 jS fcpS esM+rk jS duS

cywank xkao esa gq;ksA vS n/kokfM+;k xksS= jk pkj.k pwaMk th jk csVk gkA dfo gkso.kS jS lkFkS&lkFkS ÅapSnjtS jk Hkxr Hkh gkA vka jh izfl) Ñrh *jke jklks* gS ftdh e/;;qx jh egrkÅ dkO; Ñfr;ka esa vsdfx.khtSA ckYehdh jh jpuk lwa iszfjr gks;*j vS Hkko vj Hkklk jh nhB lwa [kklk egrkÅ Ñrh fy[khgSA vka jh nwth jpuk *fulk.kh xteks[k* Hkh gSA

lk;kath >wyk %&lk;kath >wyk %&lk;kath >wyk %&lk;kath >wyk %&lk;kath >wyk %& vka jks tye bZMj jkT; jk yhyNk xkao esa fo-la- 1632 esa gq;ksA lka;k th ØL.kjk xSjk Hkxr gk vka jh jpukoka ØL.k Hkxrh lwa ljkcksj gSA vka jk nks xzaFk feyS& *:de.kh gj.k* vj*ukxne.k*A ukene.k lka;k th jh izkS<+ jpuk fx.khtS b.k esa dkfy; enZu jh dFkk gSA ukxne.k njlkooj.ku] :i oj.ku vj laoknka jh nhB lwa folsl jpuk ekuhtSA vka jks lqjxokl fo-la- 1703 esa gq;X;ksA

lqjtunkl iwfu;k ¼la- 1640&1748½ %&lqjtunkl iwfu;k ¼la- 1640&1748½ %&lqjtunkl iwfu;k ¼la- 1640&1748½ %&lqjtunkl iwfu;k ¼la- 1640&1748½ %&lqjtunkl iwfu;k ¼la- 1640&1748½ %& vka jks tye fo-la- 1640 esa gq;ksA vka jh jpukokaesa *dFkk gfjxq.k*] *dFkk xteks[k* vj *jkejklks* izeq[k gSA b.k esa jkejklks esa 176 Nan gSa vk ohjjl jhÑrh gS vj dFkkoLrq jh nhB lwa b.k esa uqaoksi.kks Hkh gSA vka jks lqjxokl fo-la- 1748 esa gq;ksA

dY;k.knkl %&dY;k.knkl %&dY;k.knkl %&dY;k.knkl %&dY;k.knkl %& vka jh fy[;ksM+h iksFkh *xq.k xksfoUn* ¼jpuk dky fo-la- 1700½ gS ft.kesa jkevj ØL.k jh yhykoka jks lkarjks vj euekso.kks oj.ku gSA lkfgR; jh nzfLV lwa vk jpuk ?k.kh egrkÅ gSA

ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %&ckjgB bZljnkl %& *gkyk >kyka jk dqaMfy;k* jk jpukdkj bZljnkl dfo jS lkFkS HkxrHkh gk vj oka jh HkfDr lEcU/kh jpukoka esa *gfjjl*] *xq.k fuankLrqfr* izeq[k gSaA

eqjkjhnkl ckjgB ¼la- 1800&1890½ %&eqjkjhnkl ckjgB ¼la- 1800&1890½ %&eqjkjhnkl ckjgB ¼la- 1800&1890½ %&eqjkjhnkl ckjgB ¼la- 1800&1890½ %&eqjkjhnkl ckjgB ¼la- 1800&1890½ %& vka jh fy[;ksM+h jpuk *xq.k fot; C;kg* feySb.k jS eka; ØL.k vj :de.kh lwa tqfM+;ksM+h dFkk gSA

Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %&Ñikjke f[kfM+;k %& vS f[kfM+;k 'kk[kk jk pkj.k dfo gkA vka jks tye tks/kiqj Ns= esa[kjkM+h xkao esa gq;ksA vS iNS lhdj jk jkojktk nsohflag duS vk;X;k vj jkojktk y{e.kflag jS c[krrkabZ cBS jS;kA vka uS jkojktk jh rjQ lwa tkxhj esa xkao Hkh fn;ks ftdks Ñikjke th jh <+k.kh jS ukaolwa tk.khtSA jktLFkkuh uhfr lkfgR; esa Ñikjke f[kfM+;k jks ukao fljS fx.khtSA vka jk uhfr lEcU/kh lksjBk*jkft;k ds lksjBs* ukao lwa ?k.kk pkok gS vj oS vkt t.kS&t.kS jS daBk esa yksd tho.k jks fgLlks c.k*jlq.khtrk jsSosSA Ñikjke jktLFkkuh uhfr lEcU/kh dkO; esa lEcks/ku lSyh jk iSyk jpukdkj gSaA vka jksjktLFkkuh uhfr dkO; esa ekSfyd vj vuwBks ;ksxnku gSaA lksjBk jh ckuxh ns[kks &

eq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+S Aeq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+S Aeq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+S Aeq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+S Aeq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+S AblM+k lwa b[ky+kl] jk[khtS uga jkft;k AAblM+k lwa b[ky+kl] jk[khtS uga jkft;k AAblM+k lwa b[ky+kl] jk[khtS uga jkft;k AAblM+k lwa b[ky+kl] jk[khtS uga jkft;k AAblM+k lwa b[ky+kl] jk[khtS uga jkft;k AAdkyh ?k.kh dq:i] dlrwjh dkaVk rqyS Adkyh ?k.kh dq:i] dlrwjh dkaVk rqyS Adkyh ?k.kh dq:i] dlrwjh dkaVk rqyS Adkyh ?k.kh dq:i] dlrwjh dkaVk rqyS Adkyh ?k.kh dq:i] dlrwjh dkaVk rqyS AlDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AAlDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AAlDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AAlDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AAlDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;k AA

jkft;k dikjke jks lsod gks m.kuS lEcks/ku ns;*j Ñikjke vkijS lsod uS vej dj fn;ksAvkt ?k.kdjk yksx vk ekusS ds vS lksjBk jkft;k jk fy[;ksM+k gSaA

vksik vk<+k %&vksik vk<+k %&vksik vk<+k %&vksik vk<+k %&vksik vk<+k %& vS e/;;qx jk Nsyk Hkxr dfo gsSaA vka jks jpukdky fo-la- 1860 lwa 1890jS fcPpS ekU;ks tkoSA vka jk fy[;ksM+k QqVdj xhr bZ feySA vka xhrka esa ljyrk vj ekjfedrk gSA

ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfed dkO; fy[k.kokGk jpukdkjka eas Jh/kj O;kl jh *nqxkZlIrlrh* ]t;flag ¼16oh- lnh½ jks *gfjjklw*] vYyw th dfo;k ¼fo-la- 1525&1625½ jks *Hkxrhijd Nan*] ckjgBvklk ¼fo-la- 1550&1650½ jks *xq.k fujat.k izk.k*] pwaMks th n/kokfM+;k ¼jpukdky fo-la- 1620&1625½jh *fuca/kkoa/k* vj *xq.k pk.kd osfy*] lka[kyk djelh :.kspk jh *fØlu th jh osfy*] dq’kykHk jh

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*nqxkZlkŸklh*] foV~Bynkl jks *:de.kh gj.k*] egslnkl jko jks *:?kukFk pfjr*] *uojl osfy*] eqgrk:?kukFk jks *:?kjklk*] vkbZnku xkM.k jks *Jh Hkokuh 'kadj jks xq.k f’koiqjk.k*] dsljh flag tSrkor jks *ia[khiqjk.k*] t;pan jh *ekrkth jh opfudk* bR;kn jpukoka mYys[ktksx gSaA

2- vk[;ku dkO; %&2- vk[;ku dkO; %&2- vk[;ku dkO; %&2- vk[;ku dkO; %&2- vk[;ku dkO; %& e/;;qx esa vk[;ku dkO;ka jh Hkh vsd yEch ijEijk jS;h gS vjvS vk[;ku ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfed izlaxka ekFkS vk/kkfjr gSa vj vka jh izLrqfr yksd izpfyrjkx&jkxfu;ka jS ek/;e lwa gq;h gSA ukVdh; lsSyh esa fy[;ksM+k vS vk[;ku dkO; lkekftd vjlkaLØfrd nhB lwa /k.kk egrkÅ gsS vj vka esa lekt lq/kkj vj lekt fujek.k jh Hkkouk ekFkS tksjfn;ks gSA dha izeq[k vk[;kuka jk jpukdkj b.k rjS gSa %&

MsYg th ¼fo-la- 1490&1550½ %&MsYg th ¼fo-la- 1490&1550½ %&MsYg th ¼fo-la- 1490&1550½ %&MsYg th ¼fo-la- 1490&1550½ %&MsYg th ¼fo-la- 1490&1550½ %& vS vfHkeU;q jh dFkk uS vk/kkj eku*j *vgeuhvgeuhvgeuhvgeuhvgeuh* uke lwa 717Nank esa vk[;ku fy[;ks gSA b.kesa ohj vj d:.k jl jh iz/kkurk gS vj b.k esa ;qxhu ifjosl vj yksd O;ogkjjh pks[kh ckrka uS Hkh ijksVh gSA

ine Hkxr %&ine Hkxr %&ine Hkxr %&ine Hkxr %&ine Hkxr %& vka jks fy[;ksM+ks *:de.kh eaxy:de.kh eaxy:de.kh eaxy:de.kh eaxy:de.kh eaxy* jktLFkku esa lxGk lwa cslh pkoks gq;ksgS vj oks vkt yksd thou esa jp&ip*j m.k jks vsd fgLlks gh gq;xksA b.k jks jpuk dky fo-la- 1550jS vklS&iklS ekuhtSA

esgksth %&esgksth %&esgksth %&esgksth %&esgksth %& vS jkek;.k ukao lwa jkedFkk ekFkS vk/kkfjr vk[;ku fy[;ks gS vj vks e/;;qxjks mŸke njtS jks vk[;ku gSA b.k vk[;ku jks jpukdky fo-la- 1775 gsSA

dSlksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dSlksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dSlksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dSlksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %&dSlksth ¼fo-la- 1630&1736½ %& vka jk P;kj vk[;ku feyS & *dFkkHkhao nqlkl.kh*] *dFkklqjxk jksg.kh*] *dFkk cglksouh* vj *izgykn pfjr*A vka esa *izgykn pfjr* lxGk lwa ?k.kks egrkÅ gSAb.k esa dqy 696 Nan gS ft.k esa okRlY; vj d:.k Hkkoka jks ekjfed fp=.k gq;ks gSA

b.k ;qx jk nwtk vk[;kuka esa lqjtuth jfpr *dFkk mlk iqjk.k* vj *izgykn iqjk.k*] :Lreth jfpr *fdlu C;koyks*] ljo.k th jfpr *lhrk iqjk.k* vj ijlqjke nsokpk;Z jk jP;ksM+k dsbZvk[;ku fy;k tk ldS gSaA

3- lar dkO; %&3- lar dkO; %&3- lar dkO; %&3- lar dkO; %&3- lar dkO; %& jktLFkkuh yksd thou esa lnk lwa bZ lark jh ekurk vj m.kka jks izHkkojS;ks gSA vka lark jks /kkjfed okrkoj.k c.kko.kS esa [kklk ;ksxnku gSA vka lark jS dkj.k jktLFkkuhlkfgR; esa lkarjh c<+ksrjh gq;h gSA vS lar uh rks ?k.kk i<~;k fy[;k gk vj uh vka esa dkO; fljt.kjh dksbZ tkx:rk bZ gh A D;wads vka jks mnsl rks lh/kS ljy <ax lwa vkijh ckr jks izpkj dj.kks gks Avks bZ dkj.k gS ds vka jS dkO; esa dykRedŸkk jks vHkko gSA vka lar dfo;ka uS nks Hkkxka esa ckaV~;k tkldS %&

1- lEiznk; folsl okGk dfo2- lEiznk; lwa vyk;nk jSo.k okGk dfovka esa [kkl lEiznk;ka jks ifjpS b.k eqtc gS %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %&ukFk lEiznk; %& bZa lEiznk; jk izorZd xq: xksj[kukFk ¼11oha lrkCnh jS vklS&iklS½ gkA

vka jh ijEijk esa ukS ukFk vj ckjk iaFk iz/kku jS;k gSaA jktLFkku jS tu&tho.k vj lkfgR; ekFkS ukFkiaFk jks eksVks izHkko gSA fizFkhukFk e/;;qx ¼17oh- lrkCnh½ jk ukeh lar gq;k ftdkajh 29 jpukoka feySAtks/kiqj jk egkjktk ekuflag ukFkka jk Hkxr gkA cukukFk] uoyukFk vj mŸkeukFk b.k lEiznk; jkekuhrk dfo gq;k gSaA lar cukukFk jh *vuqHko izdkl* vj *ijokuk* nks egrkÅ Ñfr;ka gSaA

fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %&fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; %& b.k lEiznk; jk izorZd tkEHkks th ¼fo-la- 1508&1593½ gkA vkslEiznk; fujxq.k uS ekuSA b.k lEiznk; jS lark jh ftdh ok.kh feyS m.k jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gSA lEiznk;

29

jS izeq[k dfo;ka esa ÅnksSth uS.k] ohYgksth] dslkSth] lqjtuth] ijekuan th] gj[kpan th bR;kn gSAtlukFkh lEiznk; %&tlukFkh lEiznk; %&tlukFkh lEiznk; %&tlukFkh lEiznk; %&tlukFkh lEiznk; %& b.k lEiznk; jk izorZd tlukFk th ¼fo-la- 1539&1563½ gkA

fopkj njl.k esa vks lEiznk; fo’ouksbZ lEiznk; lwa feyrks&tqyrks gSA b.k lEiznk; esa djenkl]nsoksth] ykyukFk] pks[kukFk bR;kn izfl) dfo gq;k gSa vka jh jpukoka jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa feySA

fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %&fujatuh lEiznk; %& vks iaFk gfjnkl egkjkt lwa pkY;ksM+ks gsSA bZa jk vuq;k;h fujatufujkdkj jh vkjk/kuk djsA b.k esa dha rks xgLFk Hkh gSa rks dh fugaxA b.k lEiznk; ekFkS vkxS pky*jlxq.k Hkxrh jks izHkko Hkh i³~;ksA MhMokuk jS usM+S fujatuh lEiznk; jks iz/kku dsUnz gSA gfjnkl thegkjkt jh ok.kh esa jktLFkkuh jS lkFkS&lkFkS cztHkklk jk lcn Hkh feySA b.k lEiznk; esa dh vSM+klar Hkh gq;k gSa ftdk jktLFkkuh esa Hkxrhijd jpukoka Hkh fy[kh gSaA

nknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %&nknw iaFk %& b.k iaFk jk izorZd lar nknwn;ky gkA vka jS thou ckjS esa ftdk rF; feyS]oka esa FkksM+ks erHksn gS i.k vks fuLpS bZ dº;ks tk ldS gS ds vka jh riL;k jks Ns= jktLFkku bZ jS;ksvj vS lxGh txka je.k&Hkze.k djrk jS;kA NsyS vS ujs.kk ¼Qqysjk jS du½S jSo.kS ykX;k vj cBS bZczãyhu gq;kA bZa okLrS ujs.kk nknw iaFkh lk/kqvksa jh iz/kku xÌh gsSA nknw iaFkh Hkh vkxS pky*j ikaplk[kkoka esa caVX;k & 1- ykylk 2- ukxk 3- mŸkjknh 4- fojä vj 5- [kkdhA nknw jh dfork jh HkklkjktLFkkuh gSA nknw iaFk jk nwtk dfo;ka esa c[kukth] jTtcth] lqUnjnkl th ¼NksVk½] larnkl ckjggtkjh] Hkh[ku th] okftan bR;kn izeq[k gSaA vka lark jh jpukoka jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa fy[;ksM+h feySAHkklk esa dBS&dBS jktLFkkuh esa czt vj [kM+h cksyh jks felz.k Hkh nhlSA

ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %&ykynklh lEiznk; %& ykynklh lEiznk; ;k ykyiaFk jk izorZd ykynkl gkA vka jkstye vyoj jS usM+S /kksyhnwi esa vsd eso ifjokj esa gq;ksA vka jS minslk esa Hkxoku jh Hkxrh vj m.kkaflej.k&dhjru lwa dek*j [kk.kks gSA vka jh jpukoka esa 125 nksgk vj 60 in gSaA bZa lEiznk; jS nwtsSdfo;ka esa gfjnkl] Mawxjth lk/k] izk.kh lk/k] Hkh[kuth lk/k bR;kn gSaA

pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %&pj.knklh iaFk %& bZa jk izorZd pj.knkl gSa vks iaFk dchj iaFk lwa feyrks&tqyrks gSAb.k iaFk esa xq:&pj.kka jks vkljks lxGk lwa Åapks lk/ku gSA pj.knkl lxq.k jks fojks/k djrkjS;k vj fujkdkj ijekRek jh lk/kuk ekFkS cG fn;ksA b.k iaFk jh n;kckbZ vj lgtksckbZ jhjpukoka Hkxrh ijEijk esa vkijh egrkÅ BkSM+ jk[kSA vka jS inka jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gS dBS&dBSHkklk esa czt vj [kM+h cksyh jks izHkko Hkh futj vkoSA bZa iaFk jk nwtk dfo;ka esa tksxthr th]jke:i th bR;kn gsSa i.k vka jh Hkklk [kM+h cksyh jS usM+S gSA

jkelusgh lEiznk; %&jkelusgh lEiznk; %&jkelusgh lEiznk; %&jkelusgh lEiznk; %&jkelusgh lEiznk; %& jkelusgh lEiznk; jh jktLFkku esa P;kj lk[kk gS %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼’kkgiqjk½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼’kkgiqjk½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼’kkgiqjk½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼’kkgiqjk½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼’kkgiqjk½ %& b.k lEiznk; jk izorZd jkepj.k th egkjkt ¼fo-la-

1776&1855½ gkA vS ijekRek uS fujxq.k l:i jk Hkxr gk vj ewjrhiwtk esa folokl uh djrkA vkajh ok.kh esa 36 gtkj flyksd gSa ftdks fujxq.k Hkxrhijd folS jks foLodksl dº;ks tk ldS gSaA b.klEiznk; jS nwtS dfo;ka esa jketu th] Hkxokunkl th] jkeizrki th] nwYgsjk; th] txUukFk th bR;kngaSA

jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼jS.k] esM+rk½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼jS.k] esM+rk½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼jS.k] esM+rk½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼jS.k] esM+rk½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼jS.k] esM+rk½ %& bZa lEiznk; jk vuq;k;h nfj;koth uS vkijks xq:ekuSA vka jks xq:nqokjks jS.k esa gSA jg.k&lg.k vj iwtk&mikluk esa vS lkgiqjk vj [kSM+kiS jk jkelusghlEiznk; lwa feyrk ykxSA vS Hkh ijekRek uS fujxq.k ekuSA nfj;koth jh 412 lkf[k;ka vj 30 in feySAb.k lEiznk; jk nwtk dfo iw.kZnkl] fdlunkl] ukudnkl] eulkjke] gj[kkjke bR;kn gS A

30

jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkusj½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkusj½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkusj½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkusj½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼lhaFky ] chdkusj½ %& bZa lEiznk; jk izorZd gjhjke th gSa vjlhaFky vka jks tye LFkku gSA vS Hkh fujxq.k lEiznk; jk lejFkd gSA b.k lEiznk; jk dfo;ka esagfjnsonkl th] ukjk;.knkl th] ihjkjke th bR;kn izeq[k dfo gaSA

jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+kik½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+kik½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+kik½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+kik½ %&jkelusgh lEiznk; ¼[kSM+kik½ %& b.k lEiznk; jk izorZd jkenkl th egkjkt ¼ fo-la-1783&1855 ½ gSa ftdk lhaFky lk[kk jk izorZd gfjnkl th jk flL; gk vj m.kka jS vknsl lwa bZ oSvk vsd uqaoh lk[kk [kksGhA vka jh ok.kh fujxq.k gSA b.k lEiznk; jS nwtk dfo;ka esa n;kyqnkl] ij’kqjke]ihFkksnkl] iwj.knkl bR;kn izeq[k gaSA

e/;;qx jS nwtS lar&lEiznk;ka esa jfld lEiznk; ¼jSoklk½] fuEckdZ lEiznk; ¼lysekckn½]xwnM+ iaFk ¼nkarM+k] HkhyokM+k½] vyf[k;k lEiznk; ¼chdkusj½] vkbZiaFk ¼fcykM+k½ bR;kn gSa vka lEiznk;esa ftrk Hkh lar gq;k cS jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa bZ vkijh ok.kh uS vfHkO;ä djrk jS;kA

lEiznk; fujis[k lar dfo %&lEiznk; fujis[k lar dfo %&lEiznk; fujis[k lar dfo %&lEiznk; fujis[k lar dfo %&lEiznk; fujis[k lar dfo %& e/;;qx esa dh vSM+k dfo Hkh gk ftdk jks lEcU/k fd.khlEiznk; lwa uh gks i.k oka jh lar ok.kh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh vueksy /kjkgj fx.khtSA lEiznk; lwackjS jSo.kokGk dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS %&

ihikth %&ihikth %&ihikth %&ihikth %&ihikth %& vka jh dha lkf[k;ka vj 25 in feySA vS fujxq.k Hkxrhijd Hkkoukoka gS i.k vkajh Hkklk czt izHkkfor jktLFkkuh gSaA

dkth egewn %&dkth egewn %&dkth egewn %&dkth egewn %&dkth egewn %& ¼fo-la- 1450&1550½ vka jk 35 in feySA vka jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh feflzr[kM+h cksyh gSA

ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %&ehjkckbZ %& Hkxrh jh lk[k c<+ko.kokGk dfo;ka esa jktLFkku jh ehjk jks ukao fljS vj ?k.kksfo[;kr gSaA ehjk jS tye LFkku] thou dky vj O;fäRo jS lEcU/k esa vyx&vyx jk; feySA fca;kehjk jks tye esM+rS jS usM+S dqM+dh xkao esa lu~ 1504 bZaa- esa gq;ksA ehjk oSL.ko Hkxr jko nwnk jh iksrhghA b.k jks C;ko jk.kk lkaxk jS cM+S csVS Hkkstjkt jS lkFkS gq;ks i.k C;ko jS lkr cjl iNS bZ Hkkstjktjks lqjxokl gq;X;ks ft.k lwa ehjk jS thou esa vsd Hkhrjh la?klZ isSnk gq;ks vj ok b.k ?kVuk jS lkFkS bZyksSfdd lEcU/k lwa eqxrh ys;*j Hkxoku jh Hkxrh esa rYyhu gq;xh vj dSo.k ykxh *esjs rks fxj/kj xksikynwljks uk dksbZ*A ehjk 1558 lwa 1563 bZ0 jS fcPpS nsoyksd gq;hA

ehjkckbZ jh fy[;ksM+h iwjh vj v/kwjh jpukoka jh la[;k X;kjg gS& xhr xksfoUn jh Vhdk]ujlhth dk ek;jk] jkx lksjB dk in] eykj jk xksfoUn] lR;ekHkkuq :l.k] ehjk dh xjch] :de.kheaxy] ujlh esgrk dh gqaMh] pjhr ¼pfj=½] QqVdj inA vka esa QqVdj in bZ ehjk jk izkekf.kd inekuhtSA ehjk jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh gS i.k dBS&dBS czt cksyh jk lcn Hkh feySA ehjk vkijS fiz; uSfujxq.k vj lxq.k nksuwa :ika esa ekU;ksA ehjk jS inka esa gB;ksx jks izHkko Hkh nhlsSA ehjk ØL.k jh Hkxr]fonzksfg.kh vj lk/oh ghA ehjk jS lkfgR; esa vsd lgt Hkkouk vj ihM+k jks esy+&feyki gSA

nhu njosl %&nhu njosl %&nhu njosl %&nhu njosl %&nhu njosl %& ¼fo-la- 1810&1890½ e/;;qx jk lkarjk lar dfo;ka esa nhu njosl fx.khtSAvka jh jpukoka esa nhuizdklnhuizdklnhuizdklnhuizdklnhuizdkl] xzaFk vnykuanxzaFk vnykuanxzaFk vnykuanxzaFk vnykuanxzaFk vnykuan] ijekFkZ izlaxijekFkZ izlaxijekFkZ izlaxijekFkZ izlaxijekFkZ izlax bR;kn nl jpuk,a gSaA vkaBk xazFkka jh HkklkjktLFkkuh feflzr [kM+h cksGh gSA

lEiznk; fujis[k nwtk dfo;ka esa lar Kkuhth] xcjhckbZ] lar ekoth] ukenso] Jh ØL.knklbR;kn gSaA

4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %&4- ykSfdd dkO; %& e/;dky esa iszeijd dkO; jh vSM+h jpukoka feyS ft.kesa dsbZ

jpukoka rks vX;kr jpukdkjka jh gaS rks dha jpukdkjka jk ukao Hkh jpuk jS lkFkS feySA b.k vk/kkj ekFkS

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nks rjS jh jpukoka jks foHkktu b.k Hkkar gq; ldS gS %&¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka¼[k½ vX;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka

¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka %&¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka %&¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka %&¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka %&¼d½ X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka %& X;kr jpukdkjka jh jpukoka esa ikB jh nhB lwa dksbZ[kkl vUrj uh fn[kkbZ nsoSA vS uhpS fy[kh gSa %&

x.kifr %&x.kifr %&x.kifr %&x.kifr %&x.kifr %& vka jh fy[;ksM+h iksFkh *ek/kokuy dke danyk izca/k* jh jpuk gSA b.k jS eka;ek/ko vj dkedanyk jh dgkuh 2500 nwgka esa egkdkO; lSyh esa fy[;ksM+h gSA lekt lkL=h; nhBlwa vks xazFk [kklk egrkÅ gSA b.k jS eka; ckjgeklk jS ek/;e lwa fcjg&oj.ku dj~;ks x;ks gSA b.kesadsbZ txka leL;kewyd igsfy;ka Hkh gSaA

vka jh fy[;ksM+h jpuk *cqf)jklks* ¼jpukdky lksyoha lrkCnh½ gS b.kesa pEikorh jS jktdqekj vjoSL;kiq=h jh izsedFkk gSA var esa nksuwa iszeh&iszfedk ifr&iRuh jS :i esa jSo.kS ykx T;koSA *cqf)jklks* jhHkklk viHkzal feflzr jktLFkkuh gSA

nwth izsedFkkoka esa tSu dfo dq’kyykHk jh jP;ksM+h *ek/kokuy dkedanyk pmibZ*¼jpukdky fo-la- 1616½ vj nkeksnj jh *ek/kokuy dFkk* ¼17oha lrkCnh½ izeq[k gSA

¼[k½ vX;kr dfo;ka jh jpukoka %&¼[k½ vX;kr dfo;ka jh jpukoka %&¼[k½ vX;kr dfo;ka jh jpukoka %&¼[k½ vX;kr dfo;ka jh jpukoka %&¼[k½ vX;kr dfo;ka jh jpukoka %& e/;dky esa dh vSM+h iszeijd dFkkok Hkh feyS ft.kjSjpukdkjka ckcr izkekf.kdrk js lkFkS dh uh dS; ldkA vS iszek[;ku dsbZ :ika esa feyS b.k jS lkFkSvka jk dsbZ ikBkUrj Hkh nhlSA vka esa izeq[k iszek[;ku b.k Hkkar gS %&

<+ksyk ek: jk nwgk %& b.k xzaFk jS jpukdkj vj jpukdky jS ckcr fo}kuka esa erHksn gSA tSudfo dq’kyykHk b.k iszedFkk jk fc[kj~;ksM+k nwgk uS vsdB djuS *<+ksyk ejo.k jh pkSibZ* ukao lwa fo-la-1617 esa izLrqr dj~;kA b.k esa dº;ks x;ks gS ds nwgk ?k.kk iqjk.kka vNbZ] b.k lwa ykxS ds vk nwgk jh jpukfo-la- 1617 lwa iSyk gq;xh ghA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs’ojh jS erkuqlkj b.k jh jpuk fo-la- 1500 jS vklS&iklSgq;hA3 *<+ksyk ek: jk nwgk* lq) iszek[;ku gS ft.kesa <+ksyk vj ekjo.kh jh izse dFkk nwgka jS ek/;e lwadgh xbZ gSA *<ksyk ek: jk nwgk* uS tkrh; dkO; vj yksd Hkklk dkO; jh laX;k Hkh nh gSA b.k dkO;esa fo;ksx fl.kxkj jks ekjfed fp=.k gq;ks gSA ekjo.kh jks fo;ksx oj.ku rks jktLFkkuh fl.kxkj dkO;jh vsd miyfC/k ekuhtSyhA bZ dkO; jk Hkkoiwj.k fl.kxk: nwgka lwa ljlrk vj lthork jks vSM+ks :iizxV gq;ks gS ds vS nwgk vkt yksd esa Hkh ?k.kk pkok gq;X;kA lqHkkfodrk b.k dkO; jh folsl ckr dghtkoSyhA ekjo.kh jS fo;ksx fl.kxkj jks oj.ku dha nwgk esa uhpS fy[;ka eqtc gS %&

iaFkh gkFk lanslM+bZ /k.k fcyyarh nsg AiaFkh gkFk lanslM+bZ /k.k fcyyarh nsg AiaFkh gkFk lanslM+bZ /k.k fcyyarh nsg AiaFkh gkFk lanslM+bZ /k.k fcyyarh nsg AiaFkh gkFk lanslM+bZ /k.k fcyyarh nsg Aix lwa dk<S yhgVh] mj vklqoka Hkjsg AAix lwa dk<S yhgVh] mj vklqoka Hkjsg AAix lwa dk<S yhgVh] mj vklqoka Hkjsg AAix lwa dk<S yhgVh] mj vklqoka Hkjsg AAix lwa dk<S yhgVh] mj vklqoka Hkjsg AAfcTtqfy+;ka uhyfTt;ka ty+gj rw gh yfTt AfcTtqfy+;ka uhyfTt;ka ty+gj rw gh yfTt AfcTtqfy+;ka uhyfTt;ka ty+gj rw gh yfTt AfcTtqfy+;ka uhyfTt;ka ty+gj rw gh yfTt AfcTtqfy+;ka uhyfTt;ka ty+gj rw gh yfTt Alwuh lst fonsl fiz;] e/kqjS e/kqjS xfTt AAlwuh lst fonsl fiz;] e/kqjS e/kqjS xfTt AAlwuh lst fonsl fiz;] e/kqjS e/kqjS xfTt AAlwuh lst fonsl fiz;] e/kqjS e/kqjS xfTt AAlwuh lst fonsl fiz;] e/kqjS e/kqjS xfTt AA

b.k rjS *<ksyk ek: jk nwgk<ksyk ek: jk nwgk<ksyk ek: jk nwgk<ksyk ek: jk nwgk<ksyk ek: jk nwgk* vsd yksd dkO; gSA vkFkaw.kS jktLFkku esa vkt Hkh vks dkO; ?k.kkspkoks gSA b.k lEcU/k esa dº;ks tk lds gS %&

lksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Hkfy ejo.k jh ckr AlksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Hkfy ejo.k jh ckr AlksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Hkfy ejo.k jh ckr AlksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Hkfy ejo.k jh ckr AlksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Hkfy ejo.k jh ckr Atkscu NkbZ /k.k Hkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkr AAtkscu NkbZ /k.k Hkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkr AAtkscu NkbZ /k.k Hkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkr AAtkscu NkbZ /k.k Hkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkr AAtkscu NkbZ /k.k Hkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkr AA

*<+ksyk ek: jk nwgk* ewy :i esa nwgk esa fy[;ksM+ks gS vkxs pky*j vk bZ fl.kxkj dkO; ijEijkfcgkjh jS dkO; esa nwgS jS :i esa izxV gq;xhA

32

tsBok jk lksjBk %&tsBok jk lksjBk %&tsBok jk lksjBk %&tsBok jk lksjBk %&tsBok jk lksjBk %& lksjBk jS ek/;e lwa mtGh vj tsBok jh iszedFkk jks ekjfed fp=.kfeySA tkrh; ca/ku jS dkj.kS mtGh jks tsBok lwa C;ko uh gq; lD;ks b.k okLrS mtGh jks lkapks fo;ksx?k.kS ekjfed :i esa lksjBka esa izxV gq;ks gSA vka lksjBka jks jpukdky fo-la- 1400&1500 jS fcPpSekuhtSA nks lksjBk mnkgj.k :i esa b.k Hkkar gS %&

tk fcu ?kM+h u tk;] tekjks fde tkolh Atk fcu ?kM+h u tk;] tekjks fde tkolh Atk fcu ?kM+h u tk;] tekjks fde tkolh Atk fcu ?kM+h u tk;] tekjks fde tkolh Atk fcu ?kM+h u tk;] tekjks fde tkolh Afcy[krM+h ohgk;] tksx.k djX;ks tsBok AAfcy[krM+h ohgk;] tksx.k djX;ks tsBok AAfcy[krM+h ohgk;] tksx.k djX;ks tsBok AAfcy[krM+h ohgk;] tksx.k djX;ks tsBok AAfcy[krM+h ohgk;] tksx.k djX;ks tsBok AAVksy+h lwa Vy+rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+h lwa Vy+rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+h lwa Vy+rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+h lwa Vy+rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AVksy+h lwa Vy+rkag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoS AckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AAckYgk chNM+rkag] th.kkS fd.k fo/k tsBok AA

ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %&ukxth&ukxerh %& ukxth vj ukxerh jS iszek[;ku jk 50 nwgk feySA ukxerh ukxthuS pkorh D;wads m.k jks ukxth lwa xk<+ks gsr gksA tn ukxerh vkijS lkljS tko.k ykxh rks ok ukxthuS fprk ekFkS ns[k*j ?k.kh nq%[kh gq;xh vj m.k jS eu esa fojg jks Hkko mift;ks D;wads ukxth ukxerhjS fojg lwa ihfM+r gks;*j vkRegR;k djyhA b.k ckr jks irks tn ukxerh uS ykX;ks rks ok Hkh [kqnfprk esa ty*j [kqn uS [kRe dj fy;ksA vkt b.k iszek[;ku jk ftdk nwgk feyS] oS ?k.kk ekjfed vjihM+knk;d gSa vka nwgk esa ukxerh jh iqdkj HkkVS lsS fgjnS uS Hkh fgyk; nsoSA ns[kks&

ukxk ukxj csy] iljS i.k QwyS ugha Aukxk ukxj csy] iljS i.k QwyS ugha Aukxk ukxj csy] iljS i.k QwyS ugha Aukxk ukxj csy] iljS i.k QwyS ugha Aukxk ukxj csy] iljS i.k QwyS ugha Ackyi.kS jks esy+] fcNM+S i.k HkwyS ugha AAckyi.kS jks esy+] fcNM+S i.k HkwyS ugha AAckyi.kS jks esy+] fcNM+S i.k HkwyS ugha AAckyi.kS jks esy+] fcNM+S i.k HkwyS ugha AAckyi.kS jks esy+] fcNM+S i.k HkwyS ugha AA

ls.kh chtkuan %&ls.kh chtkuan %&ls.kh chtkuan %&ls.kh chtkuan %&ls.kh chtkuan %& ls.kh chtkuan Hkh yksd izpfyr izsek[;ku gSaA chtkuan ls.kh jS ?kjka jSlkaeh tk;*j oh.kk ctkorks ft.k lwa nksuqaok esa izse gq;xks i.k iNsS ls.kh jS firk chtk.kan jS lkaeh vsdljr jk[kh ds m.k uS c[kr flj iwjks dj.kks chtk.kan jS okLrS eqfLdy gksA b.k dkj.k ls.kh fgekGSesa [kqn uS xGko.kS lk: pkyhA chtk.kan uS tn Bk i³~;ks rks oks ls.kh jS ykjS&ykjS m.k uS gsyks ikM+rksx;ks i.k ls.kh BsSj uh ldh vj vkijk izk.k foljftr dj fn;kA b.k dFkk lwa tqM+;ksM+k 81 nwgk feySAb.k jks jpuk dky fo-la- 1550 jS vsMS+&NsM+S ekuhtSA uewuS jks vsd nwgks ns[;ks tk ldS&

ch>k gw¡ fcy[kh fQ:a] nojh nk/kh csy Ach>k gw¡ fcy[kh fQ:a] nojh nk/kh csy Ach>k gw¡ fcy[kh fQ:a] nojh nk/kh csy Ach>k gw¡ fcy[kh fQ:a] nojh nk/kh csy Ach>k gw¡ fcy[kh fQ:a] nojh nk/kh csy Ac.ktkjk jh vkx T;wa] x;ks /kqdarh esy AAc.ktkjk jh vkx T;wa] x;ks /kqdarh esy AAc.ktkjk jh vkx T;wa] x;ks /kqdarh esy AAc.ktkjk jh vkx T;wa] x;ks /kqdarh esy AAc.ktkjk jh vkx T;wa] x;ks /kqdarh esy AA

ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lksjB %&ch>ka lksjB %& vk izsedFkk xqtjkr vj jktLFkku esa ?k.kh yksdfiz; gSA b.k lwa lEcfU/kr75 nwgk feySA b.k jks jpuk dky lksyoha lrkCnh jks gsSA mnkgj.k jS :i esa vsd nwgks &

ch>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ach>k Fkka dg dkj.kb] rksM~;m uolj gkj Ayksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AAyksd tka.kbZ eksrh pq.kbZ] fue fue d:a tqgkj AA

tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cwcuk %&tyky&cwcuk %& b.k izse dFkk esa tyky vj cwcuk jks isze feyu vj fojg njlk;ks gSAb.k iszek[;ku jk dksbZ 100 nwgk feySA

b.k rjS e/;;qx esa ftdk iszek[;ku feyS] os nwgk vj lksjBk esa fy[;ksM+k gSaA5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %&5- tSu dkO; %& tSu dkO; jh jpuk vsd mnsl jS lkFkS gq;hA b.k dkO; esa ftdk pfj=

mtkxj dj~;k x;k gS oka jS ek/;e lwa ikika lwa eqxrh vj /kje lk: :>k.k iSnk dj.kks vka jks ewymnsl gSA /kje iz/kku gkso.kS jS dkj.k vS dkO; tSu /kje jk egkiqjlka uS vknlZ jS lkFkS lkeh jk[kSAe/;;qx esa izeq[k tSu dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k Hkkar gS %&

czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %&czã ftunkl %& vS fo}ku jS lkFkS&lkFkS dfo Hkh gkA vka jk 50 law Åij fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh

33

feflzr dkO; feySA vS ?k.kdjk *jkl* fy[;kA b.kesa *jkek;.k* ;k *jke lhrk jkl* lxGk lwa pkoh jpukgS A

Nhgy %&Nhgy %&Nhgy %&Nhgy %&Nhgy %& vS 16oha lnh jS e/; jk dfo gkA vka jh ikap NksVh&NksVh jpukoka feyS& iaplgsyh xhr] iaFkhxhr] mnjxhr] iapsfUnz; cksy vj uke ckouhA *iap lgsyh* cksypky jh jktLFkkuhesa fy[;ksM+h jpuk gSA

dq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %&dq’kyykHk %& vS pfpZr tSu dfo jº;k gSaA vka jh lxGh jpukoka jktLFkkuh esa gSaAdq’kyykHk jh jpukoka uS P;kj :ika esa ckaV ldka gk %&

1- izpfyr yksddFkkoka % ek/kokuy pksSikbZ] <+ksyk ekjo.kh pkSikbZA2- tSu ijEijk esa izpfyr dFkkud % vxM+nŸk jkl] iwT;okg.k xhrA3- nsoh ;k lxrh ekFkS % nqxkZlkŸklh] Hkokuh Nan bR;knA4- Nan lkL=h; xzaFk % fiaxy fljksef.kb.k esa *ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy*ek/kokuy* vj *<ksyk ekjo.kh<ksyk ekjo.kh<ksyk ekjo.kh<ksyk ekjo.kh<ksyk ekjo.kh pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ*pkSikbZ* ljl dkO; gSAle; lqUnj %&le; lqUnj %&le; lqUnj %&le; lqUnj %&le; lqUnj %& lrjoha lrkCnh jS tSu dfo;ka esa vka jks folsl LFkku gSA laLØr jS vykok vS

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa Hkh [kwc lkfgR; jP;ksA vka jh jpukoka esa ^exkorh jkl*] uyne;Urh pkSikbZ*] lhrkjkepkSikbZ* bR;kn izeq[k gsS A

tSu lkfgR; jS nwtk dfo;ka esa gsejru lwfj] yC/kksn;] ftug"kZ] /keZo)Zu] nkSyr fot;]fou;pUnz] t;eYyth] Hkh[k.kth bR;kn izeq[k gSaA vka jh lSd³q jpukoka feySA yC/kksn; jh lkr izca/kkRedÑfr;ka gsSA vka esa *in~feuh pfjr pksSikbZ* izeq[k gSA Hkh[k.kth ¼la- 1783&1800½ vS rsjkiaFk ¼LosrkEcj½jk izorZd gsSaA fo-la- 1817 esa vS rsjkiaFk jh uhao jk[khA Hkh[k.kth /kjexzaFkk jS opauk jh lkarjh vjekSfyd O;k[;k djh gSA *fHk{kw xazFk jRukdj* ukao lwa vka jks dkO; nks [kaMk esa NI;ksM+ks gSA

e/;dky esa jhfr xzaFkk jS lkFkS&lkFkS Nan&vyadkjka jh Hkh jpukoka feySA vka jpukoka eas *fiaxyf’kjksef.k*¼dq’kyykHk½] *gfj fiaxy izca/k* ¼lu~ 1664½] *fiaxy izdk’k* ¼gehjnku jruw½ bR;kn gSA lsoxeulk jke jks *j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks* b.k ijEijk jh vsd izksS<+ drh gS ft.k jh jpuk lu~ 1806 esagq;hA b.k esa fMaxy] xhr] Nan vj vyadkjka jks lkarjks foospu gq;ks gSA

x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jh ijEijk ?k.kh twuh jS;h gsSA fgUnh ifjokjjh Hkklkoka esa x| jks mn~Hko dkyØe jh nhB lwa ns[kka rks jktLFkkuh esa bZ feySA4 fo}kuka jks eku.kksgS ds jktLFkkuh esa x| jh mRifŸk rsjoha lrkCnh jS fcPpsS gq;hA laor~ 1330 esa *vkjk/kukvkjk/kukvkjk/kukvkjk/kukvkjk/kuk* ukao lwa vsdfVIi.kh feyS ftdh uS jktLFkkuh x| jks iSyks uewuks dº;ks tk ldsS gSA tSu lkfgR; esa tSu lk/kq vkijS/kje jS izpkj&izlkj okLrS /kje dFkkoka fy[khA x| jS fodkl esa vka /kje dFkkoka jh folsl HkwfedkjS;hA vS dFkkoka tsSu /kje jS xzaFkka jh O;k[;kuka vj m.k jk fl)kUrka uS le>ko.k lk: ghA vSO;k[;kokGh dFkkoka *ckykocks/kckykocks/kckykocks/kckykocks/kckykocks/k* jS ukao lwa tk.khtSA izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh vj MkW- ghjkykyekgs’ojh jS erkuqlkj x| jks izkS<+ :i iUnzoha lnh esa feySA

e/;;qx esa x| jk fofo/k :i nhlS ft.kesa ckykocks/k] VCck] dFkk xazFk] pfj= xzaFk] iz’uksŸkj]iV~Vkoyh] fu;e&i=] opfudk] ckr] [;kr bR;kn izeq[k gSaA x| lkfgR; uS b.k Hkkar foHkkftr dj~;kstk ldS gS %&

1- /kkjfed x|2- vSfrgkfld x|3- yfyr x|

34

1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %& /kkjfed x| essa tSu jpukdkjka jks folsl ;ksxnku gSA /kkjfed x|jk jpukdkjka esa vkpk;Z r:.kizHk lwfj] lkselqUnj lwfj] es:lqUnj] ek.kD;pUnz lwfj izeq[k gSA

2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %& vSfrgkfld x| esa bfr;klw fol;ka uS x| jS :i esa izLrqr dj~;kgSA vka jk dsbZ :i feyS fta;k& [;kr] ckr] foxr] opfudk] nokoSr bR;kn gS opfudkoka esa*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* ¼flonkl xkM.k½] *jkBkSM+ jrulh egslnklksr jh opfudk* ¼f[kfM+;ktXxk½] nokoSr esa *ujflagnkl xkSM+ nokoSr* ¼HkkV dkyhnkl½ bR;kn izeq[k gSA [;krdkjka esa eqrkuS.klh] ckadhnkl vj n;kynkl gSA vka jh fy[;ksM+h [;krka jks bfr;klw nhB lwa ?k.kks egŸo gSA

3- yfyr x| %&3- yfyr x| %&3- yfyr x| %&3- yfyr x| %&3- yfyr x| %& jktLFkkuh jks ckr lkfgR; lefj) gSA vBS vSfrgkfld] dkYifud vjikSjkf.kd fol;ka uS ys;*j [kwc ckrka fy[;ksM+h gS vka jS eka; /kje] uhfr] izse] gkL; bR;kn jh ckrka gSaAjktLFkku esa ckr dSo.k jh vsd ykEch ijEijk jS;h gS vS ckrka jkspd] ljl vj euekso.kh gSA vka jksx| Hkh lkarjks vj lkfgfR;drk fy;ksM+ks gSA jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; esa dh ckrka ?k.kh pkoh gSs fta;k&jktk Hkkst] ek?k iafMr vj Mksdjh jh ckr] jktkHkkst vj [kkQjS pksj jh ckr] l;.kh&pj.kh jh ckr]QksQkuan jh ckr] Åek HkfV;k.kh jh ckr bR;knA

b.k rjS e/;;qx esa ftdks x| feyS m.kesa rqde; x| jh izozfr jS;h gS fca;k dBS&dBS rqdjfgr x| Hkh feySA

yksd lkfgR; %&yksd lkfgR; %&yksd lkfgR; %&yksd lkfgR; %&yksd lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa yksd lkfgR; jks v[kwV Hk.Mkj gSA yksd lkfgR;jh ekSf[kd ijEijk jS;h gSA vks fd.kh O;fä folsl jks jP;ksM+ks uh cfYd lEiwj.k lekt ;k yksd bZb.k jks jpukdkj gSA eksSf[kd ijEijk jS :i esa vks lkfgR; ih<+h nj ih<+h vkxS pkyrks jSoSA yksdlkfgR; jS ek/;e lwa fd.kh Hkh tuin ;k vapG jh yksd laLØfr] yksd thou vj yksd fujek.k jkslqHkkfod :i lkaeh vkoSA yksd lkfgR; jks foHkktu b.k Hkkar dj~;ks tk ldsS gS %&

1- yksdxhr2- iokM+k3- yksd dFkkoka4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %&1- yksdxhr %& jktLFkkuh yksdxhrka jh vkijh nqfu;ka gS vka esa yksd Hkkoukoka jks lqHkkfod

:i nhlSA jktLFkkuh yksdxhrka uS nks Hkkxka esa ckaV ldka& /kkjfed xhr vj euksjatukRed xhrA/kkjfed xhrka esa /kje jS fof/k&fo/kku vj fØ;kdykika jks fp=.k gSaA vSM+k yksdxhrka esa laLdkj xhr]nsoh&nsorkoka jk xhr vj ozr lEcU/kh xhr ns[;k tk ldSaA b.kh rjS *gjtlgjtlgjtlgjtlgjtl* vj *lcnlcnlcnlcnlcn* Hkh vkayksdxhrka esa yksdok.kh jS :i esa vkoSA euksjatukRed xhr rht& R;waokj] [ksy] fjrq vj ekuo tho.kjk ljl ijlax vkoSA vka x.kxkSj] rht] nhokyh] gksyh jk xhr Hkh lkfey gSaA vyx&vyx voljkaek;S ?kj&fxjLFkh] ifjokj isze vj vkeksn&izeksn jk yksdxhr Hkh lekt esa ?k.kk pkok gSaA

2- iokM+k %&2- iokM+k %&2- iokM+k %&2- iokM+k %&2- iokM+k %& *iokM+kiokM+kiokM+kiokM+kiokM+k* lcn laLØr jsS izokn lcn lwa c.;ks gSA iokM+k uS dsbZ fo}ku yksdxkFkkHkh dSoSA yEcks dFkkud gqo.k jS dkj.k b.k uS dsbZ *>hM+k* Hkh dsSoSA vka iokM+k jh vkijh dha folslrkokagqoS] fta;k jpukdkj jks vX;kr gqo.kks] izkekf.kd ewyikB uh fey.kks] laxhr vj fujr jks esy+] ekSf[kdijEijk] yEcks dFkkud bR;knA jktLFkkuh iokM+k esa ikcwth jk iokM+k] cxM+kor] fugkyns&lqyrku

35

bR;kn ?k.kk yksdfiz; gSaA ikcwth jS iokM+k jh la[;k 52 ekuhtSA b.kh bZ Hkkar *cxM+korka jk iokM+k*vŸkk yksdfiz; gsSa ds Hkksik b.k yksdxkFkk uS Hkh xkoSA jkuh y{eh dqekjh pwMkaor *nsoukjk;.k dh xkFkk*ukao lwa cxM+korka jS iokM+k jks lEiknu dj;ks gSA *fugkyns lqyrku jk ckou iokM+k* jS ukao lwa izfl)gSA b.k uS tksxh lkajxh ekFkS xkoSA jktLFkkuh jk ekuhrk fo}ku vj vkykspd MkW0 dUgS;kyky lgyb.k yksd egkdkO; uS vsd tksxh lwa lq.k*j iqLrd :i esa fyfic) dj~;ks gSA MkW0 ØL.k fcgkjh lgyb.k yksd egkdkO; uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j b.k ekFkS lVhd :i esa lks/k Hkh dj~;k gSA

3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %&3- yksd dFkkoka %& yksddFkk jktLFkkuh esa ckr dghtSA x| jS :i esa [;kr] foxr]opfudk bR;kn :i *okrokrokrokrokr* lwa lko vyk;nk gSaA jktLFkkuh yksddFkkoka esa ohjrk] isze] gkL;] uhfrbR;kn jks izHkkoh fp=.k gq;ks gSA jktLFkkuh esa ohjrk iz/kku yksd dFkkoka jh izpqjrk gSA vSM+hyksddFkkoka esa ^jko fj.key jh okr*] jktk ujfla?k jh okr*] jko pwaMs jh okr*] ikcwth jh okr* ?k.khpfpZr gSa nwth yksddFkkoka esa ^<+ksyk ek:*] &tyky cwcuk*] ^ewey&egsUnj] iksikckbZ jh okr*]^fc.ktkjk&fc.ktkjh jh okr*] ineS pkj.k jh okr* bR;kn yksdfiz; gSaA jktLFkkuh yksddFkkoka jS lanHkZesa MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] xksfoUn vxzoky] y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor] fot;nku nsFkk]lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- d`L.k fcgkjh lgy] jkefuokl 'kekZ] Hkaoj flag lkekSj bR;kn jksladyu&lEiknu ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA

4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd %&4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd %&4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd %&4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd %&4- [;ky ;k yksdukVd %& jktLFkku esa [;ky ;k yksdukVdka jks iznlZ.k Hkh cjkscj gqorksjS;ks gSA [;ky jS okLrS [kqyS eap jh t:jr gqoS ft.kjS P;k: rjQ njld cSB T;koSa vj iNS [;kyl: gqoS ftdks lkjh jkr pkyrks jSoSA [;ky esa dkO;] vfHku;] laxhr vj fujr jks lekosl gqoSA [;kyeq[; :i lwa xkoks tkoSA chp&chp esa ftdk laokn vkoS] oS x| esa gqoSA vxjpan ukgVk jks eku.kksgS ds jktLFkku esa fyf[kr [;kyka jks izpkj&izlkj mUuhloha lnh ds e/; esa gq;ks ;k chloha lnh jSvkjEHk esa gks ldSA5

[;ky fy[k.kokGk yksxka esa eksrhjke] iwuepan] ukuwyky eh.kk] yPNhjke bR;kn izeq[k gSAvyx&vyx vapGka jh lsSyh jS vk/kkj ekFkS vka [;kyka jk dsbZ ukedj.k Hkh gq;k gSa fta;k& ’ks[kkokVh[;ky] dqpke.kh [;ky] vyhcDlh [;ky bR;knA dha yksdfiz; [;kyka esa <+ksyk ejo.k] pdok cS.k]txnso dadkyh] uy ne;Urh] jktk eksj/ot bR;kn gSA

5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka %&5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka %&5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka %&5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka %&5- yksdksfä vj igsfy;ka %& vkilh ckrphr jS njE;ku vj ys[ku Hkh yksdksfä vjigsfy;ka jks iz;ksx gqorks jsSoSA b.k lwa Hkklk esa lqUnjrk vj dFku esa peRdkj mitSA vka jktLFkkuhdgkorka esa vBS jh tuHkkouk vj yksd laLØfr jks ltho fp=.k gq;ksA jktLFkkuh dgkorka uS ys;*jizks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh] MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy laxzg vj lEiknu jks mYys[ktksx dke dj~;ks gSA MkW-euksgj 'kekZ dgkorka jS ykjS yksd v.kHko jS :i esa fNI;ksM+h dFkkoka uS Hkh izLrqr djh gSA b.k folSesa MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy jks xzaFk *jktLFkkuh dgkors % ,d v/;;u* igyks vj egrkÅ lks/kizca/k gS ft.kjS eka; jktLFkkuh dgkorka jks vk/kkjHkwr vj izkekf.kd v/;;u dj~;ks gSA lkSHkkX;flag’ks[kkor] egsUnz Hkkukor] f’koflag pks;y bR;kn Hkh c[kr flj jktLFkkuh dgkorka ekFkS lks/kijd ys[kfy[krk jS;k gSaA

ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %& e/;dky jS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ekFkS fopkj djka rks y[kkoS ds b.k dkyesa dF; vj flYi jh fofo/krk jS;hA vsd rjQ ohjrk] Hkxrh vj fl.kxkj ijd lkfgR; jh jpuk gqbZrks nwtS dkuh x| jks fodkl vj m.k jk Hkkar&Hkkar jk uqaok :i Hkh lkeh vk;kA ckadhnkl tSM+k dfolkEiznkf;drk law Åij mB*j nslizse jh Hkkouk lwa dkO; jh fljt.kk djrk jssS;kA b.k dky jS dkO; esaR;kx] cfynku vj leji.k jh Hkkouk jks fp=.k gSA

36

ohj jl jsS ekFkS fl.kxkj jks rkyesy b.k dkO; jh folslrk gSA b.k dky esa fl.kxkj jh ÅapSnjtS jh jpukoka lkeh vk;hA ykSfdd dkO; jS :i esa ?k.kk bZ izsek[;ku Hkh miyC/k gq;kA *<+ksykek:jk nwgk* vSM+ks bZ fl.kxkj iz/kku yksdizfl) izsek[;ku gSA

e/;;qx jh vsd mYys[ktksx ckr vk gS ds b.k dky esa i| jS lkFkS&lkFkS x| jks bZ fodklgq;ks vj vks fgUnh ifjokj jh Hkklkoka esa lxGk lwa iSyka jktLFkkuh esa fn[kk;h nsoSA jktLFkkuh esa rsjohalrkCnh lwa ys;*j vkt rkabZ x| jh ywaBh ijEijk cjkscj pkySA yfyr x| jS :i esa jktLFkkuh ckrlkfgR; jh fofo/krk mYys[ktksx gSA b.k tqx jh egrkÅ Ñfr;ka esa dkUgM+ns izca/k] gEehjk;.k] gkyk&>kyk jh dqaMfy;k] fo#n fNgrjh] opfudk jkBkSM+ jruflag egslnklksr jh] psrko.kh jk xhr] osfyfØlu :de.k jh] jkejklkS] ukxne.k] jkft;k jk lksjBk] ehjkckbZ jh inkoyh] <+ksyk ek: jk nwgk]fugkyns lqyrku] cxM+kor bR;kn gSaA Nan jh fofo/krk vka dkO; jpukoka jh folslrk gSA

lUnHkZ %&lUnHkZ %&lUnHkZ %&lUnHkZ %&lUnHkZ %&1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk vksSj lkfgR; ] i`- 1122- ** ** ** ] i`- 1263- lkaLØfrd jktLFkku % la- jruyky ’kkg] i`- 224- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ] MkW- uxsUnz ] i`- 2735- izkphu dkO;ksa dh :i ijEijk] vxjpan ukgVk] i`- 141

vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&vH;kl lk: loky %&

oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %1- dkUgM+ns izca/k jh jpuk dq.k djh \ ¼v½ ckjgB vklk ¼c½ ohBw lwtk ¼l½ ckjgB bZljnkl ¼n½ in~eukHk ¼ ½2- xkM.k ilkbr jh jpuk dq.klh gsS \

¼v½ gfjjl ¼c½ jko fj.key jks :id ¼l½ xtxq.k ¼n½ jrujklks ¼ ½3- osfy fØlu :de.kh jk jpukdkj dq.k gS \ ¼v½ dY;k.knkl ¼c½ clar foykl ¼l½ jkBkSM+ fizFkhjkt ¼n½ dslksnkl xkM.k ¼ ½4- *jkft;k jk lksjBk* fd.k jk fy[;ksM+k gSa \ ¼v½ in~e Hkxr ¼c½ esgksth ¼l½ Ñikjke f[kfM+;k ¼n½ eqjkjhnku ckjgB ¼ ½5- *ukxne.k* jks jpukdkj dq.k gS \ ¼v½ lqjtunkl iwfu;k ¼c½ lka;kth >wyk ¼l½ f[kfM+;k gqdehpan ¼n½ xkM.k xksihukFk ¼ ½6- *fo:n fNgrjh* fd.k jh jpuk gS \ ¼v½ jruw ohjHkk.k ¼c½ tXxk f[kfM+;k ¼l½ nwnk foljky ¼n½ nqjlk vk<k ¼ ½7- ckjgB bZljnkl jh pfpZr jpuk dq.klh gS \

37

¼v½ gkyk >kyk jk dqaMfy;k ¼c½ ck?kth jk nwgk ¼l½ opfudk jkBkSM+ jrufla?k egslnklksr jh ¼n½ jkt :id ¼ ½8- <ksyk ek: jk nwgk jks jpukdky dq.k lks gS \ ¼v½ 12oha lrkCnh ¼c½ vBkjoh lrkCnh ¼l½ laor~ 1617 ¼n½ la- iUnjS lksS jS vklikl ¼ ½

?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %1- *fugkyns lqyrku* uS fd.k <ax jks dkO; ekU;ks tkoS\2- jktLFkkuh x| jh iSyh iksFkh dq.klh gS \3- le; lqUnj dq.k lS dky jk dfo gk \4- ehjk jh Hkklk dq.k lh gS \5- jktLFkkuh esa [;ky dn lwa fy[k.kk l: gq;k \6- *fMaxy dks’k* jk jpukdkj crkoks \7- fujatuh lEiznk; dq.k pyk;ks \8- *:de.kh&eaxy* fd.k jks fy[;ksM+ks gS \

y?kwjkRed loky %y?kwjkRed loky %y?kwjkRed loky %y?kwjkRed loky %y?kwjkRed loky %1- *j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks* fd.k <ax jks xazFk gS \2- *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* esa dq.k lks jl iz/kku gS\3- yksd lkfgR; jk dq.k&dq.k lk Hksn gS \4- *iokM+k* lcn fd.k lwa c.;ks gS \5- *osfy fØlu :de.kh jh* jks iz/kku jl dkabZ gS \6- jktLFkkuh esa x| jh l:vkr dn lwa ekuh tkoS \7- jktLFkkuh yksddFkkoka jk folS dkabZ jS;k \8- yksdksfDr dkabZ gqoS \

fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %1- *osfy fØlu :de.kh jh* dSM+h jpuk gS \2- jkejklks jh folslrkoka crkoks \3- vk[;ku dkO; jh ijEijk fd.k <ax jh gh \4- ckadhnkl jh dfork esa jkLVªh;rk jh Hkkouk crkoks \5- tSu dkO; fy[k.kS jks dkabZ mnsl gks \6- e/;dky jS x|&lkfgR; ckcr fy[kks \7- yksd lkfgR; jh folslrkoka crkoks \8- iokM+k jks vjFk vj izeq[k iokM+ka jks mYys[k djks \

38

v/;k; % 4v/;k; % 4v/;k; % 4v/;k; % 4v/;k; % 4

vk/kqfud dky % ¼lu~ 1850 lwa vtS rkabZ½vk/kqfud dky % ¼lu~ 1850 lwa vtS rkabZ½vk/kqfud dky % ¼lu~ 1850 lwa vtS rkabZ½vk/kqfud dky % ¼lu~ 1850 lwa vtS rkabZ½vk/kqfud dky % ¼lu~ 1850 lwa vtS rkabZ½

vk/kqfud dky jks vkjEHk mUuhloha lrkCnh jS mrjkn lwa ekU;ks tkoSA D;wads b.k dky [kaMlwa jpukRed Lrj ekFkS dkO;xr psruk esa cnyko miT;kSA b.k c[kr jh jktuhfrd] lkekftd vjvkjfFkd fLFkfr;ka lwa ftdh uqaoh mFkG&iqFkG gqbZ] ok lkfgR; okLrS Hkh uqaoks lUnHkZ gksA lu~ 1857 jhØkfUr jks l:i dha Hkh ekU;ks tkoS i.k fuLpS bZ jktLFkku ØkfUrdkfj;ka jks nzfLVdks.k vaxszt fojks/kh gksb.k jks lejFku vBS jk ledkyhu dfo Hkh dj~;ksA ckadhnkl] lw;ZeYy feJ.k] 'kadjnku lkekSj] cq) thvkfl;k] fxjojnku dfo;k bR;kn fczfVl lŸkk jS f[kykQ vkijks vkØksl izxV djrka Fkdka vkstLohLoj jks ifjpS fn;ksA Mwaxth&tokjth vxzstka jS fo:) esa txka&txka rgydks epk fn;ksA vktHkksik&Hkksih Mwaxth&tokjth jk xhr xkoSA

b.k lwa izxV gqoS lu~ 1850 jS vsM+S&NsM+S ftdh lelkef;d ?kVukoka vj ifjfLFkfr;ka mithoS tu&tkxj.k vj vk/kqfudrk jh izfØ;k uS tye fn;ksA vk/kqfud dky jks foHkktu b.k <ax lwa fd;kstk ldS &

1- tkxj.k dky ¼ lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rkabZ ½2- vktknh jS iNS jks dky ¼ lu~ 1947 lwa 1965 rkabZ ½

3- uoys[ku dky ¼ lu~ 1965 lwa vtS rkabZ ½

tkxj.k dky % ¼ lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rkabZ ½tkxj.k dky % ¼ lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rkabZ ½tkxj.k dky % ¼ lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rkabZ ½tkxj.k dky % ¼ lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rkabZ ½tkxj.k dky % ¼ lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rkabZ ½vk/kqfud dky jh l:vkr lu~ 1850 lwa ekuhtSA b.k okLrS vk t:jh gS ds b.k dky jS Hkhrj

ftdh fLFkfr;ka esa cnyko vk;ks] m.k jks v/;;u dj~;ks tkoS ft.k lwa lkfgfR;d psruk uS le>.ksSvj foLysl.k dj.kS esa enn fey ldsSA

jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %& lu~ 1857 lS foIyo jS dkj.kS bLV bafM;k dEiuh jks izHkqRofeVX;ks vj Hkkjr fczfVl lkezkT; jks mifuosl c.kX;ksA lu~ 1885 esa jkLVªh; dkaxzsl jh Fkjiuk gqbZ vjtulk/kkj.k ekFkS vka jS fopkjka jks izHkko i³~;ksA vkxS pky*j dkaxzsl esa uje vj xje nks nG c.kX;kAlu~ 1903 esa fnYyh njckj vj lu~ 1905 esa cax&Hkax jh ?kVukoka lwa jktuhfrd Ns= esa [kwc gypy iSnkgq;hA nwtS dkuh Hkkjr jS yksxka esa vkijh vktknh yso.k lk: R;kx] cfynku] la?klZ jh Hkkouk c<+.kykxhA iSyS foLo tq) ¼1914 bZ-½ jS iNS vaxszt tu psruk uS gj rjS lwa dqpy.kks l: dj~;ks vj iNSxka/khth vlg;ksx vkanksyu ¼lu~ 1920&21½ jh l:vkr djhA vaxsztka jh neu uhfr jS dkj.k jktLFkkuesa ØkfUr jh Hkkoukoka uqaoks eksM+ yso.k ykxhA dksVk jk dsljh flag ckjgB] tksjkoj flag] [kjok jk xksikyflag] C;koj jk nkeksnj izlkn jkBh vj fot; flag ifFkd tSM+k ØkfUrdkjh b.k vaxzst fojks/kh vkanksyuusS ?k.kks lfØ; dj~;ksA b.k c[kr jh nks [kkl ?kVukoka&fctksfy;k vj csxw jS fdlkuka jks vkanksyumYys[ktksx gSA vka jS ek/;e lwa tkxhjnkjh izFkk jS lksl.k vj vR;kpkj jS f[kykQ vkokt mBkbZAt;ukjk;.k O;kl] ghjkyky 'kkL=h] ekf.kdyky oekZ] gfjHkkÅ mik/;k;] lkxjey xksik bR;kn lu~

39

1930 jS vsM+S&NsM+S jk izeq[k usrk gk ftdk xkao&xkao eas vktknh jh vy[k txkbZA1942 esa *Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyuHkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyuHkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyuHkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyuHkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu* vktkn fgan QkSt jks xBu vj iNS 15 vxLr 1947 uS

nsl vktkn gq;ksAlkekftd vj /kkjfed ijosl %&lkekftd vj /kkjfed ijosl %&lkekftd vj /kkjfed ijosl %&lkekftd vj /kkjfed ijosl %&lkekftd vj /kkjfed ijosl %& jktuhfrd gypyka jS lkFkS lkekftd vj /kkjfed

nhB lwa Hkh vSM+k vkanksyu l: gq;k ftdk lekt uS vsd uqoh psruk nhA czã lekt] izkFkZuk lekt]vk;Z lekt bR;kn jh Hkwfedk b.k nzfLV lwa ?k.kh tksjnkj jS;hA vS lkekftd vj /kkjfed laxBulkekftd dqizFkkoka vj dqjhfr;ka ekFkS rh[kk izgkj djrk jS;k ft.k lwa uqaok uSfrd ewY;ka jh Fkjiukgq;hA jktk jkeeksgu jk;] dslopUnz lsu] n;kuan ljLorh] foosdkuan bR;kn lkekftd Ns= esa pks[kklq/kkj dj~;k vj vkMEcj] <ksax] ik[kaM vj dqizFkkoka jks [kaMu dj~;ksA vka jS lq/kkjoknh nzfLVdks.k jkslekt jS okrkoj.k ekFkS xgjks vlj gq;ksA

lkaLØfrd ifjosl %&lkaLØfrd ifjosl %&lkaLØfrd ifjosl %&lkaLØfrd ifjosl %&lkaLØfrd ifjosl %& vaxsztka jS v/khu jSo.k vj vkFkaw.kh lH;rk] laLØfr vj lkfgR;jS laijd esa vko.kS lwa vk/kqfudrk jks lapkj gkso.kks ykteh gksA vaxsztka jh uqaoh vjFk O;oLFkk]uqaoh f’k{kk uhfr] ;krk;kr jS lk/ku bR;kn lwa fopkjka esa cnyko vk;ks vj lkaLØfrd psruk jksuqoksi.kks izxV~;ksA m/kksx /ka/kk] lkaLØfrd psruk] vkFkaw.kS izHkko vj lkfgR; jks tu ekul ij /khjS&/khjS xSjks izHkko iM+rks x;ksA

b.k rjS vk ckr eSlwl gqoS ds lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rkabZ ftdh jktuhfrd] lkekftd vjlkaLØfrd ifjfLFkfr;ka jS;h m.k jks vlj lkfgR; jh psruk ekFkS iM+.kks t:jh gksA b.k lwa lkfgR;jS eka; vk/kqfudrk jS lapkj lwa uqoks cks/k miT;ks vj lkfgR; vkijh jpukRed laosnuk esa cnGrks lksfutj vk;ksA lkfgR; jS cnyko jh vk izfØ;k lqHkkfod gSA vcS tkxj.k dky jS lkfgR; ekFkS b.krjS fopkj dj~;ks tk ldS gS %&

dkO; %&dkO; %&dkO; %&dkO; %&dkO; %& tkxj.k jh ifjfLFkfr lwa jkLVªh; psruk] thou cks/k vj lkaeh vko.k okGhpq.kkSfr;ka vj vk/kqfudrk jS lapkj lwa dkO; laosnuk esa Qsjcny gq;ks vj dkO; vkijS ifjosllwa tq³~;ksA lw;ZeYy feJ.k vj ’kadjnku lkekSj b.k dky jk nks vSM+k tkx:d dfo gk ftdklu~ 1857 jh ØkfUr jS lUnHkZ esa vsd ;qx&dfo jh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA b.k dky jS nwtS dfo;ka jhdfork ikjEifjd jS;hA vBS b.k dky jS dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS %&

lw;ZeYy feJ.k %&lw;ZeYy feJ.k %&lw;ZeYy feJ.k %&lw;ZeYy feJ.k %&lw;ZeYy feJ.k %& lw;ZeYy feJ.k egku izfrHkk lEiUu dfo vj fo}ku gkA pkj.k dqyjS eka; vkt Hkh m.kka jh [;kfr gSA vBS vk dSorka dha ladksp uh ds lw;ZeYy feJ.k tSM+k dfo dsbZlrkfCn;ka iNS isSnk gqoSA lw;ZeYy feJ.k jks tye fo-la- 1872 esa cwanh esa gq;ksA feJ.k cwanh jk ujslegkjko jkeflag jk jktnjckjh dfo gkA vka jh jpukoka esa *oa’k HkkLdj*] *ohj lrlbZ*] *cyon~ foykl*]*jkejatkV*] *Nankse;q[k* bR;kn izeq[k gSA

oa'k HkkLdj vkijks lc lwa cM+ks vj izfl) xzaFk gS ft.kjh jpuk lu~ 1840 esa gq;hA vkscwanh jkT; jks in~;e; bfr;kl gSA b.k uS egkHkkjr jh rjS foLodkslh; vSfrgkfld dkO; jhlaX;k nhA

lw;ZeYy feJ.k jks nwtks xazFk *ohj lrlbZ* gS b.kesa dqy 288 nwgk gSa vj vS ohj jlkRed nwgkfMaxy jh miyfC/k ekuhtS D;wa ds *ohj lrlbZ* fMaxy jh vuqie Ñrh gSA lw;ZeYy feJ.k vka nwgk esajktLFkku jS thou ewY;ka vj vknlZ uS vsd uqoks lUnHkZ fn;ks gS vka bZ otS gS ds ohjrk] R;kx] cfynku]/kjrh izse] mnkŸk Hkkouk] ukjh jks lrhRo vj ohjRo bR;kn Hkkoukoka uS ?k.kh izHkkoh vfHkO;fä bZa lrlbZ

40

esa feyhA b.k dkO; jS ykjS lu~ 1857 jS xnj jh izsj.kk gSA *ohj lrlbZ* Hkkjr jS bfr;kl jh vsd egku?kVuk uS dkO; jS lUnHkZ esa b.k Hkkar izxV djS &

chde cjlka chfr;ka x.k pkS pan xq.khl Achde cjlka chfr;ka x.k pkS pan xq.khl Achde cjlka chfr;ka x.k pkS pan xq.khl Achde cjlka chfr;ka x.k pkS pan xq.khl Achde cjlka chfr;ka x.k pkS pan xq.khl Afclgj frFk xq: tsB cfn ] le; iyV~Vh lhlAAfclgj frFk xq: tsB cfn ] le; iyV~Vh lhlAAfclgj frFk xq: tsB cfn ] le; iyV~Vh lhlAAfclgj frFk xq: tsB cfn ] le; iyV~Vh lhlAAfclgj frFk xq: tsB cfn ] le; iyV~Vh lhlAA*cyon~ foykl**cyon~ foykl**cyon~ foykl**cyon~ foykl**cyon~ foykl* rhtks xzaFk gS b.k jS eka; fHk.kk; jS jktk cyoar flag jS pfj= jks oj.ku gSAb.k rjS lw;ZeYy feJ.k vk/kqfud dky jk fMaxy lSyh jk iSyk egku vj Nsyk dfo gq;kA

ohj jl jS ÅapS njtS jS dfo jS :i esa vka jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa vej LFkku jSoSyksA vka jks fu/ku fo-la-1920 esa gq;ksA

’kadjnku lkekSj ’kadjnku lkekSj ’kadjnku lkekSj ’kadjnku lkekSj ’kadjnku lkekSj ¼fo-la- 1881&1935½ %&%&%&%&%& vaxszth lklu jS vR;kpkjka jh tksjnkj rh[kSlcnka esa vkykspuk dj.kokGk vk/kqfud dfo;ka esa ’kadjnku lkekSj jks ukao fljSA vkijks tyepw: ftyS jSs lqtkux<+ rglhy jS xkao ckscklj esa fo-la- 1881 esa gq;ksA vke pkj.k ifjokj esa tyE;klkekSj jh dfork esa vaxsztka jS f[kykQ vkx mxy.kS jh xSjh rkdr ghA m.k c[kr jktLFkku esa lkekSjjS eqdkcyS esa dksbZ nwtks dfo uh gks ft.kjh dfork esa vkx jh yiVka gqoSA lkekSj jh dfork vsd rjQvaxsztka jS lksl.k] vR;kpkj] HkzLVkpkj vj vuhfr jks fojks/k djS] cBS bZ nwtS dkuh tkxhjnkjka vj Bkdjkajh mnklhurk jks fp=.k Hkh djSA ’kadjnku jh vkokt esa fuMjrk vj vkst gks] ØkfUr jS Hkko lwamefM+;ksM+h lkekSj jh dfork rste; ghA

’kadjnku lkekSj izxfr’khy fopkj/kkjk jk dfo gkA m.k jS dkO; esa lekt jS lksflr O;fäjh ihM+koka jks lkapks fp=.k gSA lxrh lqtl] HkkxhjFkh efgek] c[kr jks ck;jks] nsl niZ.k] lkdsr lrdZbR;kn ’kadjnku jh izeq[k jpukoka gSaA

izlkn vj vkst lwa Hkj;ksM+h lkeksSj jh dfork esa lgtrk vj ykfyR; gSA b.k lwa ykxS dslw;ZeYy feJ.k vj ’kadjnku lkekSj tkxj.k dky jk nks folsl dfo gk ftdk vkijS c[kr esa vaxsztkalwa eqxrh iko.k lk: Mads jh pksV dforkoka fy[krk jS;kA

ijEijkxr dkO; %&ijEijkxr dkO; %&ijEijkxr dkO; %&ijEijkxr dkO; %&ijEijkxr dkO; %& ikjEifjd lSyh esa jP;ksM+S dkO; jS dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS %&jkeukFk dfo;k ¼lu~ 1801&1879 bZ-½ %&jkeukFk dfo;k ¼lu~ 1801&1879 bZ-½ %&jkeukFk dfo;k ¼lu~ 1801&1879 bZ-½ %&jkeukFk dfo;k ¼lu~ 1801&1879 bZ-½ %&jkeukFk dfo;k ¼lu~ 1801&1879 bZ-½ %& jkeukFk dfo;k vkijh lh/kh ljy vj

izlkne;h lSyh jS dkj.k vk[kSs jktLFkku jk dfo;ka esa ?k.kk yksdfiz; jS;k gSaA vka jh jpukoka esa *ikcwthjk lksjBk* vj *nzksinh fou;* ;k *d:.k cgrjh* [kkl gSaA *d:.k cgrjh* esa nzkSinh jks phjgj.k dj.kSiNS fØL.k uS nzkSinh ftdh iqdkj djh] m.k jks ekjfed fp=.k gSA bZa jS vykok dfo;k pkj.kh nsohdj.kh th jh efgek vj dh [kkl pfjr uk;dka uS ys;*j Hkh dforkoka fy[khA jkeukFk dfo;k jklw;ZeYy feJ.k vj ’kadjnku lkekSj jS nsgkUr ekFkS fy[;ksM+k ejfl;k Hkh feySA

Lo:inkl ¼lu~ 1801&1863½ %&Lo:inkl ¼lu~ 1801&1863½ %&Lo:inkl ¼lu~ 1801&1863½ %&Lo:inkl ¼lu~ 1801&1863½ %&Lo:inkl ¼lu~ 1801&1863½ %& pkj.k dqy esa tyE;k Lo:i nkl iNS nknw iaFkhlk/kq gq;X;kA vki laLØr] fMaxy] fiaxy bR;kn Hkklkoka jk fo}ku gkA vkijh fy[;ksM+h jpukoka esaikaMo ;'ksUnq pfUnzdk] jl&jRukdj] ik[kaM [kaMu o.kkZFk eatjh] nzLVkUr nhfidk] *o`frcks/k* bR;knizeq[k gSa A

jko c[rkoj ¼lu~ 1913&1894 bZ-½ %&jko c[rkoj ¼lu~ 1913&1894 bZ-½ %&jko c[rkoj ¼lu~ 1913&1894 bZ-½ %&jko c[rkoj ¼lu~ 1913&1894 bZ-½ %&jko c[rkoj ¼lu~ 1913&1894 bZ-½ %& vS Vkad lk[kk jk jko gk vj mn;iqj jk egkjk.kkLo:iflag jk njckjh dfo gkA vka jh jpukoka esa dsgj izdkl] jlksRifŸk] Lo:i&;’k izdk’k] ’kaHkq&;’kizdk’k bR;kn izeq[k gSaA *dsgjizdkl* vka jh lszLB jpuk gSA

leku ckbZ ¼lu~ 1825&1885 bZ-½ %&leku ckbZ ¼lu~ 1825&1885 bZ-½ %&leku ckbZ ¼lu~ 1825&1885 bZ-½ %&leku ckbZ ¼lu~ 1825&1885 bZ-½ %&leku ckbZ ¼lu~ 1825&1885 bZ-½ %& lekuckbZ jktLFkkuh jk izfl) dfo jkeukFk dfo;k

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jh lqiq=h ghA vki Hkxr dfo=h jS :i esa yksdfiz; jS;hA vka jh jpukoka esa bZ’k efgek] jkf/kdk’kjhjksiek] JhØL.kksiek] ifrr i=ksiek bR;kn izeq[k gSaA

dfo;k fpeuth ¼lu~ 1833&1887 bZ-½ %&dfo;k fpeuth ¼lu~ 1833&1887 bZ-½ %&dfo;k fpeuth ¼lu~ 1833&1887 bZ-½ %&dfo;k fpeuth ¼lu~ 1833&1887 bZ-½ %&dfo;k fpeuth ¼lu~ 1833&1887 bZ-½ %& pkj.k dkO; jh nzfLV lwa dfo;k fpeu th?k.kk pkok jS;kA vS lq;ksX; dfo vj fo}ku gkA vkijh jpukoka esa fofo/krk gSA *lks<k;.k* vkijhizfl) Ñrh ekuhtSA fca;k dqy feyk;*j vkijh 21 iqLrdka gSaA

f’kocDl ikykor ¼lu~ 1844&1899 bZ-½ %&f’kocDl ikykor ¼lu~ 1844&1899 bZ-½ %&f’kocDl ikykor ¼lu~ 1844&1899 bZ-½ %&f’kocDl ikykor ¼lu~ 1844&1899 bZ-½ %&f’kocDl ikykor ¼lu~ 1844&1899 bZ-½ %& ikykor vyoj ujsl eaxyflag jkjktnjckjh dfo gkA *vyoj dh "kV_rq >ekyvyoj dh "kV_rq >ekyvyoj dh "kV_rq >ekyvyoj dh "kV_rq >ekyvyoj dh "kV_rq >eky* vka jh lkfgfR;d drh gS ft.kesa fjrqoka jklqHkkfod fp=.k gSaA

Åejnku ykyl ¼lu~ 1851&1903 bZ-½ %&Åejnku ykyl ¼lu~ 1851&1903 bZ-½ %&Åejnku ykyl ¼lu~ 1851&1903 bZ-½ %&Åejnku ykyl ¼lu~ 1851&1903 bZ-½ %&Åejnku ykyl ¼lu~ 1851&1903 bZ-½ %& Åejnku ykyl jks tye tks/kiqj ftyS jS<+k<jokM+k xkao esa gq;ksA vki iSyka jkelusgh lEiznk; lwa izHkkfor gks;*j lU;klh gq;xk vj iNS vk;Zlekt lwa izHkkfor gks;*j ikNk xgLFkh c.kX;kA vkijh Hkklk lh/kh ljy gS vki lkekftd dqizFkkokavj ika[kMka jks tksjnkj [kaMu dj~;ks gSA Åejnku izxfr’khy fopkjka jk tkx:d dfo gkA *nk: jknksl* ] *vckj dks gky*] *fofHkpkj dh cqjkbZ*] *vey jk vksx.k*] *rEck[kw dh rkM+.kk* bR;kn izeq[kjpukoka gS ftdh ?k.kh yksdfiz; jS;h gSA vkijh dforkoka jks laxSz *Åej dkO;* ukao lwa NI;ks gSA

egkjkt prqjflag ¼lu~ 1879&1929 bZ-½ %&egkjkt prqjflag ¼lu~ 1879&1929 bZ-½ %&egkjkt prqjflag ¼lu~ 1879&1929 bZ-½ %&egkjkt prqjflag ¼lu~ 1879&1929 bZ-½ %&egkjkt prqjflag ¼lu~ 1879&1929 bZ-½ %& egkjkt prqj flag lk/kS ljy fgjnS okGkdfo gkA vki esokM+ esa djtkGh jk Lokeh egkjkt ck?kflag jk oalt gkA vki jks thou vsd lSt;ksxh vj Hkxr jks gks D;wads vkijh /kjeiRuh jSs nsgkUr gqo.k jS iNS vki mn;iqj lgj jS ckjS vsd xkaoduS dqfV;k c.kk;*j jSorkA vkijk fy[;ksM+k 18 xazFk feyS ft.kesa Hkxor xhrk dh xaxktGh Vhdk]ijekFkZ fopkj] ;ksxlw= dh Vhdk] vy[k iphlh] prqj fparkef.k] vuqHko izdkl] prqj izdkl bR;knizeq[k gSA vki jktLFkkuh vj czt Hkklk esa dforkoka fy[khA Hkko izo.krk] ekSfydrk vj lqHkkfodrkjh nhB lwa vka jh dforkoka folsl egŸookGh gSaA

eksM+flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1861 bZ-½ %&eksM+flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1861 bZ-½ %&eksM+flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1861 bZ-½ %&eksM+flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1861 bZ-½ %&eksM+flag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1861 bZ-½ %& pkj.k dkO; jk ekuhrk dfo jS :i esa efg;kfj;ktk.khtSA vS lw;ZeYy feJ.k jh *ohj lrlbZ* uS iwjh dj.kS okLrS 453 nwgk fy[;k gkykafd vka jkfy[;ksM+k nwgk vj lw;ZeYy feJ.k jS nwgk esa izfrHkk jS vk/kkj ekFkS Hksn gqo.kks lqHkkfod gSA

fgxy+ktnku dfo;k ¼lu~ 1861&1948 bZ-½ %&fgxy+ktnku dfo;k ¼lu~ 1861&1948 bZ-½ %&fgxy+ktnku dfo;k ¼lu~ 1861&1948 bZ-½ %&fgxy+ktnku dfo;k ¼lu~ 1861&1948 bZ-½ %&fgxy+ktnku dfo;k ¼lu~ 1861&1948 bZ-½ %& fgxy+ktnku dfo;k pkj.k lSyh jkizHkkolkyh dfo gkA vka jks tye t;iqj jS usM+S lsokiqjk xkao esa gq;ksA vkijh jpukoka esa ^ex;k e`xsUnz*]^izR;; i;ks/kj*] ^lky fxjg ’krd*] ^esgkbZ efgek*] ^nqxkZ cgrjh*] ^vk[ksV vitl*] ^ckf.k;ks jklks*bR;kn egrkÅ gSaA vkijh dj.khth vj bUnzckbZ jh Lrqfr Hkh fy[;ksM+h gSaA vki fMaxy jk fo}ku gkA

dsljh flag ckjgB %&dsljh flag ckjgB %&dsljh flag ckjgB %&dsljh flag ckjgB %&dsljh flag ckjgB %& dsljh flag ckjgB izfl) ØkfUrdkjh vj nslHkxr dfo gkA vkajks iwjks ifjokj vktknh jS okLrS cfynku dj~;ksA vki esokM+ jk egkjk.kk QrSflag uS lEcksf/kr dj*j*psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;kpsrko.kh jk pwaxV~;kpsrko.kh jk pwaxV~;kpsrko.kh jk pwaxV~;kpsrko.kh jk pwaxV~;k* ¼13 lksjBS½ fy[;k ftdk ?k.kk ppkZ tksx jS;kA ohj jl jks vkstiwj.k oj.kuvkijh folslrk gSA

mn;jkt ÅtG ¼lu~ 1885&1967½ %&mn;jkt ÅtG ¼lu~ 1885&1967½ %&mn;jkt ÅtG ¼lu~ 1885&1967½ %&mn;jkt ÅtG ¼lu~ 1885&1967½ %&mn;jkt ÅtG ¼lu~ 1885&1967½ %& mnSjkt ÅtG jks tye ekjokM+ esa mtGk xkao¼iksdj.k jS usMS+½ esa gq;ksA vki pkj.k lekt jk ekuhrk fo}ku gkA nhiS okjka nsl] T;kajksS lkfgr txexS*tSM+h iszj.kknk;d iaxr lwa yksxka jks lkfgr dkauh /;ku [khP;ksA vka jS dkO; esa jktLFkku jh /kjrh bfr;klvj Hkklk lk: ?k.kks izse gSA vkijh jpukoka esa /kwM+lkj] ekjokM+ jk ohj] nw/k izdk’k] ekr‘Hkklk nksgkoyh]Hkkfu;k jk nwgk] Lojkt ’krd] rst lrd] loksZn; lrd] Jelrd] lrh lrd bR;kn pkoh jS;h gSaA

42

ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1891&1973½ %&ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1891&1973½ %&ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1891&1973½ %&ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1891&1973½ %&ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k ¼lu~ 1891&1973½ %& ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k ikjEifjd lSyh jkdfo jS;k gaSA bZljnkl] ckadhnkl vj lw;ZeYy feJ.k tSM+k dfo;k jh ohj ijEijk lwa vksrizksr lrlbZjh ijEijk esa vS [kqn Hkh *ohj lrlbZ* dkO; fy[;ksA vka jh nwth jpukoka esa ^xka/kh lrd*] gkMh lrd*]^pwaMk lrd*] ^>kykeku lrd*] ^ohj lrd*] ^d’ehj lrd* bR;kn izeq[k gSaA *ohj lrlbZ* esatqx/kje uS ns[krka Fkdka R;kx vj ohjRo jks fp=.k feySA

ijEijkxr dkO; jk nwtk jpukdkjka esa jkoy ujsUnzflag] ckykcDl ikykor] eqjkfj nku]fd’kuth] dfojkt eksgu flag jko] ekudqekjh] x.ks’kiqjh] izrkidqaojh bR;kn gSaA ijEijkxr dkO;vktknh jS iNS Hkh fy[;ks x;ks gSA dha dfo rks vkt Hkh vSM+ks dkO; fy[kSA

vktknh % uqoha psruk jks mnS %&vktknh % uqoha psruk jks mnS %&vktknh % uqoha psruk jks mnS %&vktknh % uqoha psruk jks mnS %&vktknh % uqoha psruk jks mnS %& vktknh fd.kh Hkh nsl jS okLrS vsd egrkÅ ewY;gSA 15 vxLr 1947 uS vki.kks nsl vktkn gq;ks vj bZa iNS nsl jS jktuhfrd] lkekftd vj /kkjfedifjosl esa ?k.kks cnyko vk;ksA vktknh jS iNS nsl jS tho.k esa uqoha psruk jks mnS gkso.kks lqHkkfod gksAvktknh jS lkFkS yksxka jh eksdGh dkeukoka tqfM+;ksM+h ghA b.k jS lkFkS bZ lkFkS uqoS fujek.k jhlq[k&lqfo/kkoka jh dYiukoka HkhA jktLFkku esa Hkh vktknh jS iNS egrkÅ cnyko vk;ksA vizsy 1949esa jktLFkku la?k jh Fkjiuk gq;h vj lkeUrh O;oLFkk jks vUr gq;ksA tu lk/kkj.k esa b.k cnyko jh?k.kh [kqlh ghA

1952 bZ- esa iSyks vke pquko gq;ks vj nsl jk izfrfuf/k nsl jh O;oLFkk jh ckxMksj laHkkGhAjkT;ka jks foyhuhdj.k] tehankjh izFkk jks [kkReks] etnwjka jS fgrka jh fjPNk vj gfjtuka lk: vys[kwa;kstukoka jh ?kksl.kk& dha vSM+k dke gk ftdka lwa yksxka uS vktknh jks vglkl gq;ks vj vk vklkca/kh ds nsl jS eka; dha uqaoks cnyko t:j vklhA i.k cnyko jh vsS mEehnka lu~ 1955 bZ- rkabZvkorka&vkorka xk;c gqo.k ykxhA P;ka: rjQ HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] lqokjFk Hkkouk] vukpkj] ?kwal[kksjhbR;kn fLFkfr;ka QSsy+hA 1960 bZ- rkabZ vkorka&vkorka usg: ;qx jks vUr gq;xks] vsSM+ks eSlwl gq;ksA 1962bZ- esa phu jks geyks] 1964 bZ- esa usg: jks fu/ku] 1965 bZ- esa Hkkjr vj ikdhLrku jks tq)] 1971 bZ-esa caxyk nsl jh yM+kbZ] 1973 bZ- esa fcgkj esa Nk=ka jks vkanksyu vj 1975 bZ- esa vkikr fLFkfr] 1977bZ- esa lŸkk jks cnyko vj 1984 bZ- esa Jherh bafnjk xka/kh jh gR;k& vS jktuhfr Ns= jh dh vSM+h?kVukoka gh ftdh iwjS jktuhfrd ifjosl uS >d>ksj fn;ksA

vkjfFkd Ns= esa nsl jS fodkl lk: 1951 bZ- esa iapojlh; ;kstukoka jh l:vkr gq;hA 1959bZ- esa iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk ykxw gq;h vj jkT; jS eka; f’k{kk] fpfdRlk] [ksrh flapkbZ] ;krk;kr]m/kksx /ka/kk bR;kn uS c<koks fn;ks ft.k lwa jkT; jh fodkl ;k=k l: gq;hA i.k csxh bZ izlklujh vkik/kkih] ukSdjlkgh vj HkzLVkpkj jks lh/kks vlj turk ekFkS gqo.k ykX;ks vj yksxka esa vkØkslvj fojks/k jh Hkkoukoka HkM+dhA yksxka jks vktknh lwa eksgHkax gqo.k ykX;ksA b.k eksgHkax jks lxGk lwacslh vlj e/;ojx ekFkS gq;ksA lkekftd ewY;ka jks fo?kVu] la;qDr ifjokjka jks VwV.kks vj c<+rhcsjkstxkjh jh leL;koka jS dkj.k lekt jh fLFkfr;ka esa vŸkks csxks cnyko vk;ks ds yksx vktknh uSHkwy*j vsd nwtS la?klZ jh fLFkfr lwa tw>.kS ykX;kA

lkfgfR;d ifjosl %&lkfgfR;d ifjosl %&lkfgfR;d ifjosl %&lkfgfR;d ifjosl %&lkfgfR;d ifjosl %& vktknh jS iNS vk;ksM+k cnyko jks vlj tBS jktuhfrd] lkekftdvj vkjfFkd fLFkfr;ka ekFkS i³~;ks] cBS bZ lkfgR; jh jpukRed psruk Hkh m.k lwa izHkkfor gqbZA lkeUrhO;oLFkk jks VwV.kks] :<hoknh ekufldrk] xkaoka jks fiNMksi.kks] iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk lwa xkaoka esa QSsyh xanh

43

jktuhfr] csjkstxkjh] lgjka jh rjQ ukSdjh okLrS nksM+.kkS] vk;h lky iM+rks dkG vj tuekul esaQSY;ksM+ks vlarksl vj vkØksl tSM+h fLFkfr;ka jks vlj jpukdkj ekFkS Hkh i³~;ks vj oks vkijhlaosnukoka uS ;qx jS ifjos[k esa vfHkO;ä dj.kS ykX;ksA vka fLFkfr;ka lwa jktLFkkuh dfork vj fo/kkokaesa bZa cnyko jh fLFkfr;ka mtkxj gkso.kS ykxhA

vktknh jSs vklS&iklS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa jpukRed ys[ku] lks/k vj i=dkfjrk jS Ns=esa uqoha ijEijkoka jh uhao iM+hA lw;Zdj.k ikjhd] izks- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh] vxjpan ukgVk] MkW- eksrhykyesukfj;k] MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy] MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh] lkSHkkX;flag ’ks[kkor] Hkaoj flag lkekSj bR;knfo}ku jktLFkkuh jS izkphu lkfgR; uS fgUnh txr jsS lkeh jk[;ksA lw;Zdj.k jh *cksyko.k* ;k*izfrKkiwfrZ* ¼1933½ ukao lwa jktLFkkuh esa vsd vsdkadh laxszS NI;ksA b.k jS iNS jktLFkkuh dkO; jhegrkÅ jpuk pUnz flag jh *cknGh*¼ 1941½ Nih ftdh ikjEifjd lSyh lwa gV*j vsd uqoS folS uS izLrqrdj~;ksA vk vk/kqfud jktLFkkjh jh iSyh drh ghA b.k jS iNS eqdqy jh *lsSuk.kh*¼1944½ eaph; dforkvk;h vj b.k lwa jktLFkkuh jks vsd uqaoks ekgkSy c.;ksA 1944 esa fnuktiqj esa jktLFkkuh jks iSykslEesyu gq;ksA bZa jS lkFkS bZ lkFkS jktLFkkuh esa if=dkoka bZ Ni.k ykxhA m.k c[kr jh if=dkoka esajktLFkkuh ¼1946½] jktLFkku Hkkjrh ¼1946½] ekjokM+h ¼1947½ bR;kn ghA vktknh jsS iNS rks dsbZif=dkoka fudGhA

lu~ 1950 bZ- jS iNS jktLFkkuh ys[ku esa uqaoks tksl vk;ks vj x|&i| esa dsbZ uqaok jpukdkjmnS gq;kA 1953 bZ- esa jkor lkjLor jh *e:ok.kh* ¼t;iqj½ vj 1954 bZ- esa fd’kksjdYiuk dkar jks*vksGeks* ¼jrux<+½ vkijS c[kr jh vSM+h if=dkoka gh& ftdka jS ek/;e lwa ?k.kdjk jpukdkj Ni*jlkfgR; esa vkijh lk[k c<+kbZA vka nksuwa if=dkoka jks bfr;klw ;ksxnku gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lk:jpukdkj vj ikBd rS;kj dj.kS esa vka jh Hkwfedk ?k.kh ljko.k tksx jS;hA

lu~ 1960 bZ- esa vsM+S&NsMS+ jktLFkkuh jS jpukRed ys[ku esa dh iSyka lwa cslh xfr vk;h vjlkfgR; jh fofo/k fo/kkoka esa fljt.k gqo.k ykX;ksA fgUnh jS lkFkS&lkFkS eapka ekFkS Hkh jktLFkkuhdfork yksdfiz; gqo.k ykxhA b.k c[kr jktLFkkuh dfork ekFkS fopkj djka rks vks y[kkosS ds vsdkuheap lwa izHkkfor gks;*j xhr [kwc fy[;k x;k rks nwtS dkuh jpukRedrk jS eka; jkLVªh;rk] fl.kxk:Hkko] izxfrlhy psruk] izØfr fp=.k bR;kn izozfŸk;ka mHkjhA 1965 bZ- jS iNS jktLFkkuh dfork esadF; vj flYi jh nhB lwa uqoks cnyko vk;ks vj dha uqoka dfo ;qxcks/k vj vkt jh laosnukoka lwa tqM+*jvkijS vklS&iklS jS ifjosl uS lko uqaoh vfHkO;fä nhA b.k rjS jktLFkkuh x| vj nwth fo/kkoka esaHkh uqaoh laosnukoka mHkjhA vBS isSyka jktLFkkuh dfork jh izozfŸk;ka vj iNS jktLFkkuh x| jh izozfŸk;ka

ekFkS foospu djL;kA

dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %&dkO;/kkjk %& vktknh jS iNS jktLFkkuh dfork esa dF; vj flYi jh nhB lwa fofo/krkvj O;kidrk vk;h gSA vBS vsdkuh fljt.k esa ijEijkxr lSyh Hkh nhlS rks nwtS dkuh lelkef;difjosl lk: tkx:drk HkhA jktLFkkuh dfork jh fofo/k izozfŸk;ka jks foospu b.k rjS dj~;ks tkldS%&

1- jkLVªh; lkaLØfrd /kkjk2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk3- izxfrlhy /kkjk4- izØfr fp=.k5- gkL; O;aX;

44

6- lEcks/ku dkO;7- uqaoh dfork

1- jkLVªh; lkaLØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lkaLØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lkaLØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lkaLØfrd /kkjk %&1- jkLVªh; lkaLØfrd /kkjk %& vktknh lwa iSyka ijEijkÅ dkO; jh jpuk rks gqorh jS;hi.k vktknh jS iNS ftdks ifjosl esa cnyko vk;ks m.k jS ifjis[k esa jkLVªh; vj lkaLØfrd psruk lwaHkjiwj dkO; /kkjk jks fljt.k Hkh gq;ksA 1962 bZ- esa Hkkjr phu vj 1965 bZ- esa Hkkjr &ikd tq) jSdkj.k vk[kS nsl esa vsd vSM+ks okrkoj.k c.;ks ds nslHkxrh vj jkLVª&psruk jh uqaoh ygj mith vjm.k jS lUnHkZ esa dfo Hkh m.kh Hkkar jks dkO; fy[;ksA vka dforkoka esa dfo nsl uS lxGk lwa Åapksle>rk Fkdka dforkoka fy[khA vka dforkoka esa tye Hkkse jS lk: R;kx] cfynku vj ljcl vji.kdj.kS jh Hkkoukoka nhlSA nsl lk: vkijS izk.kka jks cfynku] vk jpukoka jh iz/kku izozfr ghA jktLFkkuhdfo b.k fLFkfr jS lUnHkZ esa vsdkuh vSM+k pfjr uk;d izLrqr dj~;k] ftdk nsl jS okLrS R;kx vjcfynku djrk vk;k gS rks nwtS dkuh vSM+h i| dFkkoka fy[kh ft.kka jS ek/;e lwa ohj ijEijkoka jkHkko mitSA vSM+h jpukoka m.k c[kr ?k.kh izsj.kknk;h jS;hA

dfo vkijS ifjosl lwa tqfM+;ksM+ks jSoS i.k dsbZ ckj eksStwnk c[kr jh leL;koka jks lek/kku

ikSjkf.kd ;k vSfrgkfld izlaxk uS ys;*j m.k jS ek/;e lwa Hkh izLrqr dj ldSA dfo jks vks cks/k laLØfr

jS eku&ewY;ka uS vkt jS ;qx&lUnHkZ esa O;k[;kf;r djSA bDdhloha lrkCnh foX;ku vj rduhdh izxfr

lwa izHkkfor gSA vkt jks fopkj txr ekuork jS lkaeh dsbZ pq.kksfr;ka jk[kSA vSM++h fLFkfr esa feu[k jh

vfLerk uS cpko.k lk: lkaLØfrd ekuo ewY;ka jh /kjksgj uS cpko.kks t:jh gSA jktLFkkuh dfo

jkLVªh;rk jS lkFkS&lkFkS lkaLØfrd ladV uS Hkh eSlwl fd;ks b.k okLrS ekuorkoknh Hkkoukvksa esa

vksrizksr lkfgR; jks fljt.k Hkh vka jks vsd mnsl jS;ksA

jkLVªh;rk jh Hkkouk uS tkxfjr dj.kS lk: dfo bfr;kl esa dha vSM+k pfj= fy;k ftdk

Hkkoukoka mitk ldssS vj feu[k jS eka; ohjrk] R;kx] dŸkZO; fuLBk vj LokfHkeku Hkj ldSA eqdqy

jh *lSuk.kh*] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jh *ikry+ vj ihFky*] eqdqy jks *dksM+ens vj fgjksy*+] euksgj ’kekZ jh

*lqtkuflag ’ks[kkor*] *ckyw th pkaikor* vj *ekuflag >kyk] fxj/kkjh flag ifM+gkj jh *es?kukn*

vj *?kwM+dksV*] dj.khnku ckjgB jh *nksoM+k vkalw* bR;kn izeq[k gsSaA vka dFkkoka esa jktLFkku jh laLØfr

jks izsj.kknk;h l:i rks R;kx] lwjohjrk] cfynku] LokfHkoku bR;kn jks vknlZ :i izLrqr fd;ks gSA

jkLVªh;rk jks vsd lqj Hkkjr&phu tq) jS le; lxGh i=&if=dkoka esa miT;ksA dfo

lkEiznkf;drk] ladhj.krk vj lqokjFk uS R;kx*j nsl lk: ej&feV.kS uS bZ ije dŸkZO; crk;ksA vSM+h

jpukoka e:ok.kh*] vksGeks*] la?k’kfä* bR;kn if=dkoka esa [kwc NihaA ijeohj ih:flag vj ijeohj

lSrku flag uS ys;*j QqVdj dforkoka [kwc fy[khth vka eas lokbZ flag /keksjk] eqdqu flag] jsorflag

HkkVh] vt;nku ckjgB] jkoy ujsUnzflag] mn;jkt mTtoy jks ukao fy;ks tk ldSA vS lxGh jpkukoka

fMaxy lSyh esa Nan jS fo/kku esa fy[;ksM+h gSa b.k ohj dkO; ijEijk esa ukjk;.k flag HkkVh ¼ijeohj½]

guqoUr flag nsoM+k] cuokjh yky lqeu bR;kn jks ukao Hkh fy;ks tk ldSA

ohj dkO; ijEijk esa dha dfoa pfj=ka uS ys;*j vkijh jpukoka fy[khA ukjk;.k flag HkkVh jks

*nqxkZnkl* ¼1956½ eqxr Nan esa fy[;ksM+ks isSyks izksS<+ vj izHkkolkyh dkO; gSA b.k jS eka; ekuo Hkkouk uS

lkdkj dj.kS lk: vkneh jh vfLerk jh yM+kbZ yM+.kS okGS pfj= nqxkZnkl uS izxV dj~;ks gSA *nqxkZnkl*

45

jS cgkuS dfo vsd vSM+k feu[k uS izxV~;ks gS ftdk lEiwj.k :i lwa feu[k jh Hkkouk usS pfjrkFkZ dj ldSAdF; vj flYi jh nhB lwa *nqxkZnkl* vuqie jpuk gSA ijEijkxr dkO; esa cuokjh yky lqeu jks *nsY;kajks fnoyks* ¼1963½ egrkÅ Ñrh gS ft.kesa egkjk.kk izrki jS ekuoh :i uS mtkxj dj~;ks gSA

jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh jh *gkMh jk.kh* ¼1965½ Hkh eqxr Nan esa fy[;ksM+h dkO; jpuk gSAg.kqoUr flag nsoM+k jh *lwjk nhok ns'kjk*¼1967½] eqdquflag jh *lSrku lrlbZ*] *vejfla?k jh osfy*¼1965½] *ikcwth jh osfy*¼1964½ bR;kn Ñfr;ka Hkh egku vj iszj.kknh pfj= uS izLrqr djSA eqdquflagfMaxy lSyh jk izkS<+ jpukdkj gSa vj vS fMaxy esa dsbZ egrkÅ osfy;ka jh jpuk djh gSaA b.kh Hkkarpfjr&uk;dka uS ys;*j lR;ukjk;.k veu jh *’kh’knku*¼1961½] j?kqjktflag gkMk jh *gjnksy*¼1978½jpukoka Hkh egrkÅ gSa vka jpukoka esa vsSfrgkfld pfjr uk;dka jS R;kx vj cfynku jh vej xkFkkokauS izxVh gSA

pfj= uk;dka jh b.k ijEijk esa egkRek xka/kh uS ek/;e c.kk;*j Hkh dh dkO; fy[;k x;kAvka esa xka/kh xkFkk] xka/kh lrd ¼ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k½] xka/kh izdkl ¼la- osnO;kl ½]*ckiw* ¼euksgj ’kekZ½vj lw;ZeYy feJ.k uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j iszeth isze *lwjt* ¼1978½ dkO; fy[;ksA

lkaLØfrd psruk jks lqj Hkh jktLFkkuh fljt.k jks izeq[k vk/kkj jS;ks gS vj b.k <ax jh jpukokaesa dfo lkaLØfrd thou ewY;ka uS vkijS c[kr jk thou&ewY;ka jS lUnHkZ esa uqoha O;k[;k nsorks jS;ksgSA vSM+k dfo;ka esa MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh] lR;izdk’k tks’kh] fxj/kkjh flag ifM+gkj] egkohj izlkntks’kh] ekaxhyky prqosZnh] lqesj flag ’ks[kkor bR;kn izeq[k gSaA MkW- euksgj ’kekZ jktLFkkuh jk ofjLBjpukdkj gSa m.kka jh dkO; d`fr;ka esa dwatk] xksihxhr] varjtkeh] vejtkeh] vejQy bR;kn izeq[kgSaA vka dforkoka esa yksd laLØfr vj vk/;kfRed lkaLØfrd jks vSM+ks leUo; FkjI;ks gS ds feu[k m.kjh rjQ >qD;k fcuk jS; uh ldSA *xksihxhr* ikSjkf.kd izlax] *vejQy* vj jpukoka esa mifu"knka uSvk/kkj c.kk;*j Hkkoukoka uS izxVh gSA

lR;izdk’k tks’kh jh egrkÅ Ñrh *jk/kk* ¼1960½ ikSjkf.kd izlax uS ys;*j eqxr Nan esafy[;ksM+h gSsA b.k esa jk/kk jS ikSjkf.kd iz.k; izlax uS uqaoS :i esa izLrqr fd;ks gSA b.k dkO; esa dFkkudjks ewyHkko vrS ljy vj lh/kS :i esa mtkxj gq;ks gS ds iwjS dkO; esa Hkkorjax jh rUe;rk fn[kk;hnsoSA izse jk/kk jks ewy lqj gS ft.kesa O;kidrk vj mnkrŸkk gSA isze jh izrhd jk/kk nqfu;ka jS nq%[k njnuS vkijS isze esa lesV ysoS vkSj b.k okLrS ok vkijS ehr dkUgk uS tq) u yM+.ksS jks vkxzg djrh Fkdkatq) lwa iwBks cqyk yso.k jh ckr djSA b.k dkO; esa jk/kk jks tq) fojks/kh :[k vkt jS ifjos[k esa lkolkapks izrhr gqoS] fta;k &

eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &eu jk ehr dkUgk jS &

tx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rkstx esa tS eaMX;ks ?kelk.k] rks

HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okjHkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okjHkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okjHkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okjHkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okj

vkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kksvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kks

pqM+y+k QkSMS+yk dky+k vks<pqM+y+k QkSMS+yk dky+k vks<pqM+y+k QkSMS+yk dky+k vks<pqM+y+k QkSMS+yk dky+k vks<pqM+y+k QkSMS+yk dky+k vks<

vej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;kavej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;kavej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;kavej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;kavej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;ka

b.k rjS jk/kk jS lqj esa ekuork jh Hkkouk gSAlR;izdk’k tks’kh jh nwth dkO;drh *cksy+ Hkkjey+h*¼1974½ gS b.kesa Hkkjeyh jS vSfrgkfld pfj=

uS vkRedFkkRed lSyh esa izLrqr djrka Fkdka iwj.k iw:l jh vk/kqfud vfHkO;fä gSA lkeUrh okrkoj.k

46

lwa tqfM+;ksM+S b.k dkO; esa Hkkjeyh jS euksHkkoka jks ;FkkjFk fp=.k gq;ks gSA isze vj lqUnjrk jh ljy

vuqHkwfr;ka lwa jP;ksM+ks vks dkO; ?k.kks ekjfed rks vsd uqaoh vo/kkj.kka uS izxVSA dfo [kqn ukjh

lwa iwNS &

Hkksx.k nks Fkkjh nsgHkksx.k nks Fkkjh nsgHkksx.k nks Fkkjh nsgHkksx.k nks Fkkjh nsgHkksx.k nks Fkkjh nsg

feVko.k nks Fkkajks :ifeVko.k nks Fkkajks :ifeVko.k nks Fkkajks :ifeVko.k nks Fkkajks :ifeVko.k nks Fkkajks :i

vsdkdkj dj nks Fkkjh vkrekvsdkdkj dj nks Fkkjh vkrekvsdkdkj dj nks Fkkjh vkrekvsdkdkj dj nks Fkkjh vkrekvsdkdkj dj nks Fkkjh vkrek

djnks eqxr vkokxe.k lwadjnks eqxr vkokxe.k lwadjnks eqxr vkokxe.k lwadjnks eqxr vkokxe.k lwadjnks eqxr vkokxe.k lwa

yqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iwj.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iwj.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iwj.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iwj.k iq:l Ayqxk;ka Fks tqx uS iwj.k iq:l A

lkaLØfrd psruk jk uqaok vk;keka jh izLrqfr MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh jh *ehjk* ¼1976½ dkO;esa nhlSA vSfrgkfld pfj=ka jh vorkj.kka esa MkW- HkkVh jh ekSfyd nhB jS;h gSA e/;dky jS lkeUrhlekt esa jSo.kokGh ehjk vkijS vUrjeu jS fojks/k uS ukjh eqxrh jS lUnHkZ esa izxV djSA vkijSs la?klZesa tw>.kS okGh ehjk iq:l jh lg;ksfxuh c.k*j ihfM+r fLFkfr;ka lk: psrkouh nsorh dsSoS &

Fks dkabZ nsoks cj cj esaFks dkabZ nsoks cj cj esaFks dkabZ nsoks cj cj esaFks dkabZ nsoks cj cj esaFks dkabZ nsoks cj cj esalfr;ka jh lk[klfr;ka jh lk[klfr;ka jh lk[klfr;ka jh lk[klfr;ka jh lk[kFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ks SFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ks SFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFkkajh vj/kaxh uS lwafi;ksSFks lstk jksS uS fprk jksS bZ vk/kFks lstk jksS uS fprk jksS bZ vk/kFks lstk jksS uS fprk jksS bZ vk/kFks lstk jksS uS fprk jksS bZ vk/kFks lstk jksS uS fprk jksS bZ vk/kts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+ts oS tw>rh tho.k Fkkjs tksM+Fks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk AFks tx jks dksbZ lej uh gkjrk A

Hkkocks/k vj flYi jh nhB lwa *ehjk* vsd izHkko’kkyh dkO; Ñrh gSAegkohj izlkn tks’kh ØL.k pfj= uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j fcanzkou ¼1978½] eFkjk ¼1982½] }kfjdk

¼1985½ vj /kje{ks= ¼1988½ egkdkO;ka jh jpuk djhA vka egkdkO;ka esa tks’kh tu ekul esa jP;ksM+kikSjkf.kd izlaxk uS ys;*j vkt jS lUnHkZ esa m.kka jh lkarjh vfHkO;fä nh gSA tks’kh jh vka jpukoka esaijEijkxr Nan jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA

ØL.k dkO; jh b.k ijEijk esa ekaxhyky prqosZnh jk *ØL.k pfjr* Hkh nks [kaMk jS eka; foHkkftrizca/k dkO; gSA bfr;kl vj laLØfr jh lefUor psruk lwa tqfM+;ksM+k dkO;ka esa JheUr dqekj O;kl jksjkenwr ¼1966½] dkUgegflZ jks e: ea;d ¼1961½] fo’oukFk foeys’k jh jkedFkk ¼1968½] fxj/kkjh flagifM+gkj jks eku[kks ¼1964½] dj.khnku ckjgB jh ’kdqUryk ¼1974½] vEcw ’kekZ jh vEcw jkek;.k bR;kndkO; fn[kk;h nsoSA JheUrdqekj *jkenwr* jS vykok dSd;h] tkudh] ekaMoh] bafnjk xka/kh vj ehjkçca/k dkO; fy[;k gSaA vS lxyk ukjh ç/kku dkO; gSaA

lqesj flag ’ks[kkor jks *e: eaxy* dfo jS eq[kj fparu uS izxVS ft.kesa lkaLØfrd psruk jS lkFkSthou&ewY;ka uS lkarjS :i esa izxV dj~;ks gSA okYehdh vj eSfFkyh’kj.k xqIr jS dkO; esa ft.klkaLØfrd psruk jks lqj vfHkO;ä gq;ks gS] oks gh lqj lqesj flag ’ks[kkor jS dkO; jh Hkh vsd [kkfl;rgSA

jkLVªh; vj lkaLØfrd psruk jk nwtk dfo;ka esa ukuwjke laLdrkZ jks *yadk.k/k.kh* vj *xksihpan*]lR;ukjk;.k veu jks *’kh’knku*¼1961½] lw;Z’kadj ikjhd jh */kjrh*¼1976½] vEcw 'kekZ jks *;h’kq gtkjk* vj*vEcw jkek;.k*]eqjyheuksgj cklksfr;k jh *okg HkkbZ ’ks[kkokVh*] ukjk;.k flag f’kokdj jh *nqxkZnkl lrlbZ*

47

bR;kn gSaA Hkkuflag ’ks[kkor jh *gYnh?kkVh*] /kksady flag pjyk jks *e: efgek*] rkÅ ’ks[kkokVh jks*gEehjdkO;*] jkeflag lksyadh jks *tu uk;d izrki*] mEesn flag [khanklj jks *egkjk.kk jh vksG;w*¼1959½ bR;kn dkO; dfr;ka Hkh mYys[ktksx gSA vk/kqfud lSyh jS jpukdkjka esa j?kqjkt flag gkMk]xtkuu oekZ] ’kfänku dfo;k] dY;k.k flag jktkor] jke flag lksyadh] cLrhey lksyadh] Hkxorhizlkn pkS/kjh] dY;k.k xkSre] cnzhizlkn jkds’k] ctjax yky ikjhd bR;kn gSaA

b.k /kkjk jk izeq[k dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gSa %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %&es?kjkt eqdqy %& vktknh lwa iSyk dfork fy[k.kokGk dfo;ka esa es?kjkt eqdqy vSM+k dfo

gSa ftdk *lSuk.khlSuk.khlSuk.khlSuk.khlSuk.kh* tSM+h ohj izlax ekFkS fy[;ksM+h dfork lwa vk[kS nsl esa pkok gq;kA pw: ftyS jSjktx<+ esa tyE;ksM+k eqdqy jh dbZ i| dFkkoka fy[;ksM+h gSa ft.kka jS eka; dksM+ens] vk.k jh ckr]nqjxkorh] paojh bR;kn gSaA *lSuk.kh jh tkxh tksr* vj *fdjR;k* eqdqy jh izdkf’kr jpukoka gSaAvktknh jS iNS eqdqy jh jpukoka esa izxfrlhy fopkjka jks :>k.k Hkh nhlSA eqdqy jh Hkklk esa vkst]izokg vj ljyrk gSA

MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %&MkWñ euksgj ’kekZ %& >qU>quw ftysS jS fclkÅ dLcs esa tyE;ksM+k MkW- ’kekZ jktLFkkuh jkekuhrk fo}ku] lejFkdfo vj yksd lkfgR; jk ywaBk tk.kdkj gSaA dfork jS lkFkS&lkFkS vki jks x|esa Hkh jpukoka feySaA vjkoyh jh vkRek] xhrdFkk] dwatk] xksihxhr] vejQy] varjtkeh] iaNh] /kjrhekrk] jl /kkjk] tu uk;d] vkjt /kkjk] vcyka xteksrh] /kksjka jks laxhr] Qwy ika[kM+h bR;kn dkO;jpukoka gSaA MkW- ’kekZ jh psruk cgqeq[kh vj jkLVªh;] lkaLØfrd Hkko /kkjk lwa tqfM+;ksM+h gSA vka jhjpukoka esa cnyrS ifjosl vj ;qx psruk jS ekdwy tkx:drk Hkh gSA lkaLØfrd xfjek] iz[kj fparu]lgt ljy vfHkO;fä vj flYixr fofo/krk vk;jh folslrk gSA

dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k %& vkijks tye pw: ftyS jS lqtkux<+ dLcS esa 1919 bZ- esa gq;ksA l:esa vkijh dfork *ikry vj ihFky* eapka ekFkS ?k.kh yksdfiz; gq;hA vkijh dkO; dfr;ka esa eha>j] jef.k;sSjk lksjBk] dwa&dwa yhyVkal] /kjetyka] /kjdwapk] ek;M+ jks gsyks] lcn] lrok.kh] v?kksjh dky] gsek.kh]yhdydksfy+;k] nhB bR;kn izeq[k gSaA lsfB;ka jh dkO; psruk esa lkaLØfrd] izxfrlhy vj vk/;kfRedcks/k jk fofo/k vk;ke gSaA fpUruijd nhB] yksdthou jks izHkko vj laosnukÅ fljt.k vka jS dkO; jhfolslrkoka gSaA ljy Hkklk jS dkj.k lsfB;k jh vsd vyx vksG[kk.k gSA

MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&MkWñ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %& vkijks tye 1930 bZ- esa tks/kiqj jS ekywaxk xkao esa gq;ksAHkkVh jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lejFk vj lszLB dfo gSaA vksyw] lka>] nqxkZnkl] thou /k.k] ijeohj] dy+i]ehjk] cjlk jk MhxksM+k Mwaxj ykaf?k;k vj feu[k uS le>k.kks ?k.kks nksjks gS HkkVh jh izeq[k dkO; dfr;kagSA izse vj lkSUn;Z jh laosnuk ekFkS HkkVh jS fy[;ksM+k dkO; esa lkaLØfrd ewY;ka jks Hkh tcj fp=.kgSA HkkVh fca;k :ekuh laosnuk jk dfo gSa vk :ekfu;r dnS fd.kh jS fo;ksx fl.kxkj esa ¼vksyw½ rksdnS izØzfr fp=.k ¼lka>½ esa izxV gqorh jS;h gSA *dy+i* esa fparuijd xhr gSaA

*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl*nqxkZnkl* HkkVh jh bZ uh jktLFkkuh dkO; jh vsd ywaBh miyfC/k gSA ft.k ekuoh; /kjkryekFkS HkkVh nqxkZnkl tSM+sS pfj= uS izLrqr fd;ks gS m.k ÅapkbZ rkabZ HkkVh jh dksbZ jpuk uh iwxhAlkaLØfrd fojklr uS vkt jS lUnHkZ esa fd.k rjS cpk;*j jk[kh tk ldS gsSs] vk HkkVh jh dsbZ dkO;Ñfr;kajks ewy lqj gSA b.kh Hkkar *ehjk* tsSM+k pfj= esa oS e/;;qx jh m.k ukjh uS izLrqr djh gS ftdh lkeUrhokrkoj.k esa lxGh tathjk uS NksM+*j ukjh eqxrh jh Mxj r; djSA v/kwjh dYiuk] izrhd] fcEcfo/kku vjuqaok mieku HkkVh jS flYi jh folslrk gSA fljt.k jh xSjkbZ] O;kidrk vj izkS<+rk jS dkj.k HkkVh jh dfork

48

vkijh vyx vksG[kk.k c.kkoSAlR;izdk’k tks’kh %&lR;izdk’k tks’kh %&lR;izdk’k tks’kh %&lR;izdk’k tks’kh %&lR;izdk’k tks’kh %& vkijks tye 22 ebZ] 1920 bZ- uS tks/kiqj es gq;ksA l:vkr esa tks’kh jk

xhr ?k.kk pkok gq;kA ijEijkÅ dkO; psruk jS izHkko lwa tks’kh Hkh *<+ksykek:* vj *mty+h* ftlh in~; dFkkokafy[khA nhok dkaiS D;wa] yLdj uk FkeS] jk/kk vj cksy Hkkjeyh bR;kn tks’kh jh izeq[k Ñfr;ka gSaA :ekuh:>k.k] yksdxhrka jh lSyh vj fparu jh lgtrk tks’kh jS dkO; jh folslrk dghtsSA

*jk/kk* vj *cksy Hkkjeyh* tks’kh jh nks folsl dkO; Ñfr;ka gSaA vkxr&v.kkxr] lksu fejxyk]vkgqfr;ka] tksM+k;r] xkaxs; bR;kn dforkoka tks’kh jS lksp uS vkt jS lUnHkZ esa izxVSA yksd thou jhljyrk] feBkl vj Hkklk jks xs; :i tks’kh jS dkO; jh futw folslrkoka gSaA

egkohj izlkn tks’kh %& vkijks tye >qU>quw ftyS jS MwaMyksn dLcs esa 1914 bZ- esa gq;ksA vkijktLFkkuh jk dfo vj fo}ku gkA ØL.k ijEijk esa vkijk P;kj dkO; fozUnkou] eFkjk] }kfjdk vj/kjeNs= NI;ksM+k gSaA lkaLØfrd psruk jks lgt :i vkijS dkO; jh folslrk gSA vki *jktLFkkuhjkek;.k* Hkh fy[khA vkijks dkO; lkaLØfrd fp=.k jh nhB lwa lQy gSA

lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %&lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %&lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %&lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %&lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %& vkijks tye lhdj ftyS jS ljoM+h xkao esa 1935 bZ- esa gq;ksA vkajh dfork tkrjk esa izØfr lwa ys;*j lkaLØfrd ewY;ka jks fp=.k gSA dfork esa dF; vj flYi jh okajh futw nhB gSA *es?kekG* fjrq dkO; ijEijk jh egrkÅ d`rh gS rks *e: eaxy* bfr;kl njlu vjfparu jh nhB lwa lQy dkO; gSA *e: eaxy* jh jpukoka esa lkaLØfrd psruk vj vkLFkkoknh lqj gSANan fo/kku jh dlkoV] lcn p;u] xaHkhjrk vj Hkklk jks Vdlky+h :i vka jS dkO; jh folslrkokadgh tk ldsSA

2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk %&2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk %&2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk %&2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk %&2- O;fäoknh xhr /kkjk %& xhr jktLFkkuh dkO; jh yksdfiz; fo|k jS;h gSA e/;dkyesa Hkh fMaxy xhrka jh izLrqfr jS;h vj pkj.k dfo vkstLoh Hkklk esa vkijk xhr lq.kkork jS;kA vktknhlwa iSyka rks lekt lq/kkj vj vktknh lk: tutkxjrh Y;ko.k okLrS xhr fy[;k x;k vj eapk ekFkS[kwc lq.kk;k x;kA futwi.kks] HkkokRedrk] lqHkkfodrk vj Hkklk jks lEiszl.k vk xhrka jh [kkfl;r ghAizk;% xhr y;kRed gqork vj vka lk: dfo;ka jk vki&vki jk lqj HkhA

xhrka jS iNS jktLFkkuh esa i| dFkkoka jks izpyu gq;ksA eqdqy jh *lSuk.kh* vj dUgS;kykylsfB;k jh *ikry&ihFky* dfork lwa dfork jh blh ijEijk bZ iM+xhA vktknh jS iNS eap ekFkSjktLFkkuh xhrka jh ?k.kh ekax gq;hA

jktLFkkuh xhrdkjka jh laonsuk tBS yksdthou lwa tqfM+;ksM+h gh] cBS yksdxhrka jh lSyh jksizHkko Hkh vka ekFkS vk;ksA jktLFkkuh dfork uS eap ekFkS yksdfiz; c.kko.k esa vka xhrdkjka jks eksVks;ksxnku jS;ks gSA

xhr jks i[k ewy+ :i esa Hkkouk lwa tqfM+;ksM+ks gqosSA b.k okLrS m.k esa futw lq[k&nq%[k jhvuqHkwfr;ka izxVh tkoSA O;fäxr Hkkouk lwa mift;ksM+S xhrka esa eu jh ihM+k] osnuk vj la?klZ jks fp=.klqHkkfod gSA xhr esa Hkko jh lPpkbZ vj rhozrk lqHkkfod gSA jktLFkkuh esa ftdks xhr dkO; fy[;ksm.kesa izse] fl.kxkj] izØfr] /kjrh izse bR;kn jks fp=.k gSA

vkstLoh xhr ijEijk esa es?kjkt eqdqy vj dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jS iNS lR;izdk’k tks’kh vjxtkuu oekZ jks mYys[ktksx LFkku gSA tks’kh :ekuh fetkt jk xhrdkj gSaA m.kka jS xhrka esa yksdxhrkajS izHkko jks vglkl Hkh gqoS] dBS&dBS izxfrlhy lqj Hkh futj vkoSA yksdxhr vj yksdlaxhr lwa xgjktqfM+;ksM+k dfo;ka esa xtkuu oekZ jks ukao fljSA lqjhyks lqj] yksdxhrka jh feBkl vj yksd/kquka jS laxhr

49

jks izHkko xtkuu oekZ jS dkO; jh izeq[k folslrkoka gSA */kjrh jh /kqu*] *lksuks fuitS jsr esa*] *ckjgeklks*vka jS xhrka jS rhu izeq[k laxsSz gSaA xtkuu oekZ jS xhr esa laosnukoka jk dsbZ i[k gSa ftdk ekjfedrkjS lkFkS eu uS Hkk T;koSA *gYnh jks jax lqjax* vj *laLdkj xhr* esa C;ko jS eksdS xk;k tko.k okGk xhrkajks ekjfed :i nhlSA *lksou Fkky+* dfork jks vsd uewuks %&

ikS QkVh tn cksy+.k ykX;kikS QkVh tn cksy+.k ykX;kikS QkVh tn cksy+.k ykX;kikS QkVh tn cksy+.k ykX;kikS QkVh tn cksy+.k ykX;k

ia[k i[ks: ihiy+ Mky+ia[k i[ks: ihiy+ Mky+ia[k i[ks: ihiy+ Mky+ia[k i[ks: ihiy+ Mky+ia[k i[ks: ihiy+ Mky+

NksVh n~;ksjk.kh ihl.k cSBhNksVh n~;ksjk.kh ihl.k cSBhNksVh n~;ksjk.kh ihl.k cSBhNksVh n~;ksjk.kh ihl.k cSBhNksVh n~;ksjk.kh ihl.k cSBh

cktj eksB fp.kk jh nkycktj eksB fp.kk jh nkycktj eksB fp.kk jh nkycktj eksB fp.kk jh nkycktj eksB fp.kk jh nky

cM+h ftBk.kh tk;kS xhxy+kscM+h ftBk.kh tk;kS xhxy+kscM+h ftBk.kh tk;kS xhxy+kscM+h ftBk.kh tk;kS xhxy+kscM+h ftBk.kh tk;kS xhxy+ks

ckt.k ykX;ks lksou Fkky+ Ackt.k ykX;ks lksou Fkky+ Ackt.k ykX;ks lksou Fkky+ Ackt.k ykX;ks lksou Fkky+ Ackt.k ykX;ks lksou Fkky+ A

/ofuijd xhr fy[k.kokGk esa xtkuu oekZ vsdyk dfo gSaA *lVduy+h* vj */kq.k jS fiatkjk*oekZ jk /ofuijd xhr gSaA xhrka jS eka; xtkuu oekZ dsbZ iz;ksx dj~;kA

jktLFkkuh xhrdkjka esa fd’kksj dYiuk dkar jh vsd vyx fiNk.k gSA oS vktknh lwa iSykadkO; fljt.k esa ykX;ksM+k gkA oka jS xhrka jh laosnuk O;kid vj izHkkoh gsSA HkkokRed fLFkfr;ka jS lkFkSvkijS fparu jh xgjkbZ uS tksM+*j xhr fy[k.kk] fd’kksj dYiuk dkar jh folslrk gSA

dY;k.k flag jktkor jS xhrka esa fl.kxkj vj izØfr jh iz/kkurk gSA jktLFkku jk pkokxhrdkjka esa jktkor jh Bkoh BksSM+ gSA jktkor ewy+ :i esa :ekuh fetkt jk dfo gS i.k izØfr vj[ksr&[ky+S lwa tqfM+;ksM+h oka jh laosnuk izxfrlhy Hkh gSA *jkefr;k er rksM+*] *vk tehu vki.kh* vj*dq.k dq.kuS le>koka* vkijk izeq[k xhr laxsSz gSA

j?kqjkt flag gkMk vj y{e.kflag jloar Hkh pkok xhrdkj gSaA j?kqjkt flag gkM+kSrh jk izeq[kxhrdkj gsSaA *Qwy dslwyk Qwy* vj *v.k ckP;k vk[kj* vka jk nks xhr laxzsS gSaA jloar jk xhr fl.kxkjijd gSaA

eksgEen lnhd jS xhrka jh laosnuk vkt jS thou jh folxfr;ka tqfM+;ksM+h gSA *tw>rhtw.k*¼1982½ vj *varl rkl*¼1980½ vka jk pkok xhr laxszS gSA

lhrkjke egflZ jS xhrka esa Hkko jh xaHkhjrk vj fparuijd nhB jS;h gSA *eNyh eu Egkjks*]*ekaVh jh eqy+d*] *izhr ihM+ jks iky+*] *esy nh vMk.kS phr*] *fje>ksy*] *cksy bdrkjks* bR;kn vkijk xhrlaxsSz gSA enu xksiky 'kekZ ¼xks[kka ÅHkh xksjM+h½ jS xhrka esa fl.kxkj jh ekndrk gSA vkt jS xhrdkjkaesa HkkxhjFk flag HkkX; jS xhrka esa fol;xr uohurk vj flYi jh rktxh gSA *njnfnlkoj* vj *xhrkaiSyh ?kw?kjh* vka jk nks laxsSz gSaA

jktLFkkuh jk nwtk xhrdkjka esa ukjk;.k flag HkkVh] x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn] jsornkudfYir] lqeus’k tks’kh] fxj/kkjh flag ifM+gkj] euqt nsokir] ds’ko ifFkd] Hkhe ikaM;k] cæhnku xkM.k¼fcFkk dyl] >wedks½] nqxkZnku xkSM+] eqdqV ef.kjkt] vej flag jktiqjksfgr] ohjsUnz y[kkor] vkasdkjikjhd] ’;ke lqUnj Hkkjrh] /kuat; oekZ] dkUgnku dfYir] jkexksiky ’kekZ uoy] vk’kk ’kekZ]’kfDrnku dfo;k] vkse iqjksfgr bR;kn gSaA

xhr jS lkFkS jktLFkkuh esa xty Hkh ?k.kh fy[khth gSa vj eapk ekFkS pkoh Hkh gq;hA xty

50

fy[k.kokGk dfo;ka esa lR;su tks’kh ¼cary½] lkaoj nb;k ¼vk lnh fetyh ejS½] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh¼xquSxkj xty½] ’kadjyky Lokeh ¼xty jks xtjks½] dqUnu flag lty] iznhi ’kekZ] izseth izse bR;kngSaA

eksgu vkyksd jktLFkkuh dkO; esa uqok iz;ksxka jS okLrS ?k.kk tk.khtSA vki *rqDrd* jS :iesa *Mka[ky+k* fy[;k ftdk ?k.kk pkok gq;kA vS *Mka[ky+k* rh[kS O;aX; lwa Hkfj;ksM+k gSA vaxzsth esa ftdksfyefjd gS m.kuS bZ jktLFkkuh esa *Mka[kyks* c.kk fn;ksA ba;k bZ vaxzsth esa lksusV fy[;k gS vkSjjktLFkkuh esa eksgu vkyksd Hkh lksusV ¼lkS lksusV½ fy[;k gSA jktLFkkuh esa *Mka[kyk* fy[k.kokGk nwtkdfo;ka esa fo|klkxj 'kekZ] ctjax lkjLor] jkeLo:i fdlku] x.kifr] lEir ljy bR;kn gSaA

b.k xhr/kkjk jka izeq[k xhrdkjka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gSa%&fd’kksjdYiuk dkar %& vkijks tye pw: ftyS jS jrux<+ dLcs esa 1930 bZ- esa gq;ksA

*vksGeks* tSM+h lkfgfR;d if=dk jS ek/;e lwa vki ftdh lsok djh] ok vSfrgkfld egŸo jh gSAvki jktLFkkuh jk ofjLB xhrdkj gsSaA vka jS xhrka esa ekuo eu jh laosnukoka jsS vNwrS :i jS lkFkSvk/;kfRed fparu Hkh lek;ksM+ks gSA *eku[kks gsyks ekjS* vkijks iSyks xhr laxzsS gksA nwth iksF;kaesa *dw[k i³~;S jh ihM+*] *rkj ctk*] *ns[kS ftlh fprkjS* bR;kn xhr laxzS gSA vkijS xhrka esa xSjkbZ]izkS<+rk vj fparukRedrk gSA vsd xhr jks uewuks b.k Hkkar %&

b.k tue esa Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue esa Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue esa Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue esa Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue esa Qwy&Qy gS dey+ Hkj ry+kc gSb.k tue esa lwy] lqxa/k iqli jks c.kko gSb.k tue esa lwy] lqxa/k iqli jks c.kko gSb.k tue esa lwy] lqxa/k iqli jks c.kko gSb.k tue esa lwy] lqxa/k iqli jks c.kko gSb.k tue esa lwy] lqxa/k iqli jks c.kko gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa gj[k]fuj[k ] ij[k jks ctkj gSb.k tue esa ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ko gSb.k tue esa ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ko gSb.k tue esa ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ko gSb.k tue esa ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ko gSb.k tue esa ft.k jh futj] pk¡n jks iM+ko gSvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj jsvkrek vej ltu] tx uS tue lkj js

vlksd erh gkj js Avlksd erh gkj js Avlksd erh gkj js Avlksd erh gkj js Avlksd erh gkj js A

dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %&dY;k.k flag jktkor %& vkijks tye ukxkSj ftyS jS fprkok xkao esa lu~ 1939 bZ- esa

gq;ksA eap jk pkok vj ywaBk xhrdkjA isze vj fl.kxkj jS Hkkoka jh eksSfyd izLrqfr vka jS xhrka jks vNwrks

i[k gSA *jkefr;k er rksM+*] *vk tehu vki.kh* vj *dq.k dq.kuS le>koka* vka jk rhu laxszS gSA *vk;ks

rks gqoSyks*]*:i frtksjh*] *csyM+h bR;kn dforkoka ?k.kh pkoh gq;hA

j?kqjkt flag gkMk %&j?kqjkt flag gkMk %&j?kqjkt flag gkMk %&j?kqjkt flag gkMk %&j?kqjkt flag gkMk %& vkijks tye >kykokM+ ftyS jS peyklk xkao esa 1933 bZ- esa gq;ksA

vki gkM+kSrh vapy jk ofjLB xhrdkj gSaA jktLFkkuh xhrdkjka esa vkijks Bkoks LFkku gSaA *?kw?kjk*]*v.k

ckP;k vk[kj*] *gjnksy*] *vkey [khojk* vj *Qwy dslwyk Qwy* vkijk izeq[k xhr laxszS gSaA

3- izxfroknh /kkjk %&3- izxfroknh /kkjk %&3- izxfroknh /kkjk %&3- izxfroknh /kkjk %&3- izxfroknh /kkjk %& jktLFkkuh dkO; esa izxfrlhy psruk jks mnS vaxzsth lklu dky lwa

bZ gq;X;ksA nsl jh turk ekFkS gqo.kokGk vR;kpkj] vukpkj vj lksl.k jS okLrS egkRek xka/kh vj nwtk

lekt lq/kkjd Hkh vkokt mBkork jS;kA jktLFkku esa lkeUrh ifjosl esa nfc;ksM+h turk jS nq%[k &njn

uS m.k c[kr jk jktusrk vj dha jpukdkj Hkh eSlwl djhA b.k jks bZ vks ifj.kke gks ds vsd rjQ vaxszth

lklu jks fojks/k gq;ks rks nwtS dkuh lkeUrh vR;kpkjka jS f[kykQ vkokt mBkbZA ewy+ :i esa ftdh

jktuhfrd psruk gh] ok bZ vkxS pky*j izxfrlhy dkO; jh vk/kkjHkkse c.khA tu dfo mLrkn] jsornku

51

pkj.k] lqeus’k tks’kh] euqt nsikor bR;kn b.k dkO; /kkjk jk izeq[k dfo gkAvktknh jS iNS lkekftd vj jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ka esa ftdh iwathoknh vj lkeUrh euksojrh

mith] m.k jks vS dfo tksjnkj fojks/k dj~;ksA vka jh dforkoka esa vU;k;] lksl.k vj vR;kpkj lk:vkØksl vj fojks/k jks Hkko gS] cBS bZ fdlku vj etnwj esa tkxjrh Y;ko.k jh Hkkouk HkhA

x.ks’khyky O;kl] lqeus’k tks’kh] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] jsornku pkj.k] es?kjkt eqdqy]fd’kksjdYiuk dkar] xtkuu oekZ] euqt nsikor] Hkhe ikafM;k] osn O;kl] eksgEen lnhd] nqxkZnkuxkSM+] y{e.knku dfo;k bR;kn vSM+k dfo gSa ftadk jS dkO; esa izxfrlhy Hkkouk jks lqUnj :i nhlSA

izxfrlhyrk jks lqj jktLFkkuh jh uqaoh dfork esa Hkh mtkxj gq;ksA vkt jS feu[k jh fLFkfr;kalk: uqaok dfo vkijh tkx:drk jks ifjpS nsork m.k jS la?klZ jh fgek;r djhA vSM+k dfo;ka esarstflag tks/kk] uan Hkkj}kt] jktsUnz cksgjk] ikjl vjksM+k] pUnzizdkl nsoy] ’;ke egflZ] vkbZ nku flagHkkVh] psru Lokeh bR;kn izeq[k gSaA

izxfrlhy dkO; psruk jk izeq[k dfo b.k Hkkar gSa%&x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn %&x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn %&x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn %&x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn %&x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn %& lkE;oknh fopkj/kkjk jk leZFkd mLrkn jks tye tks/kiqj

esa 1904 bZ- esa gq;ksA vS ØkfUrdkjh gk vj vktknh lwa iSyka dsbZ ckj tsy+ Hkh x;kA *tudfo mLrkn*jS ukao lwa vka jh dforkoka Nirh jS;hA mLrkn u`R;xhr] :id xhr bR;kn Hkh fy[;k gsaSA tu uk;dt;ukjk;.k O;kl jS lkFkS vki tu&vkanksyuka eas cjkscj Hkkx ysorkA

mLrkn jh fljt.k laosnuk jk dsbZ i[k gSaA oka jh dfork mn~cks/kukRed] bfr;klw psruklwa Hkjiwj vj lkekftd tu tkxj.k jh Hkkouk uS lesV~;ksM+h gSA vka jh dfork esa tkxjrh] fonzksg vjO;aX; jh rh[kh ekj gSaA lkeUrh O;oLFkk esa cnGko Y;ko.k lk: mLrkn yksxka uS b.k <ax lwa iszfjrdj~;k &

Fks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa MjiksFks fx.krh esa ?k.kk Hkk;yk] gkdsS lwa D;wa Mjiks

fx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iksfx.krh jk fr.k[kk gS pqxyks] ck<srh ys >³~iks

Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+Fks /kjks /ked uS /kksy lkFkh] dj nks chVka uS xksy+

cank eSur jh tS cksy Acank eSur jh tS cksy Acank eSur jh tS cksy Acank eSur jh tS cksy Acank eSur jh tS cksy A

b.kh Hkkar *tkx j.kcadk flikgh*] *ekFkk ns.kk iM+lh eqyd uS eksV~;kjka*] *ij.;k MjS erh*bR;kn mn~cks/ku lwa Hkfj;ksM+h dforkoka gSaA

mLrkn eqagQV gk b.k okLrS oka uS dSork tst uh ykxrhA oS ftdks eSlwl djrk] m.kuS rqjUrdS; nsork] fta;k&

Hkwy djh tu uk;d Hkkjh ] pjS x/ksM+k dslj D;kjh AHkwy djh tu uk;d Hkkjh ] pjS x/ksM+k dslj D;kjh AHkwy djh tu uk;d Hkkjh ] pjS x/ksM+k dslj D;kjh AHkwy djh tu uk;d Hkkjh ] pjS x/ksM+k dslj D;kjh AHkwy djh tu uk;d Hkkjh ] pjS x/ksM+k dslj D;kjh Ab.k lwa vkxS mLrkn tq>k: O;fäRo jk /k.kh gkA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; esa mLrkn jh

dfork jks lqj lxGk lwa vkxsS gksA

jsornku pkj.k %&jsornku pkj.k %&jsornku pkj.k %&jsornku pkj.k %&jsornku pkj.k %& vkijks tye tks/kiqj ftyS jS eFkkf.k;k xkao eas 1924 bZ- esa gq;ksAizxfrlhy psruk jh nhB lwa jsornku pkj.k jks dkO; ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA mLrkn jks lqj tBS tu tkxj.kesa xwaT;kas rks jsornku pkj.k jks lqj dfo&lEesyuka esaA vki eap jk pkok&Bkok vj ywaBk dfo gkA *psreku[kks* vkijh jpukoka jks laxszS gSA vkijh dfork esa iwathoknh vj lkeUrh O;oLFkk ekFkS rh[kks O;aX; gSAvktknh lwa iSyka fy[;ksM+h dforkoka esa fdlku fonzksg jh >yd gSA *badykc jh vka/kh*] *psr eku[kk*]

52

*ekVh FkuS cksy.kks iM+lh* bR;kn vkijh ?k.kh pkoh dforkoka jS;h gSaA fdlku uS psrkorka fy[;ksM+hdfork jks vsd uewuks &

ekaX;k [ksr feyS uh djlk] eksy pqdk.kks iM+lhekaX;k [ksr feyS uh djlk] eksy pqdk.kks iM+lhekaX;k [ksr feyS uh djlk] eksy pqdk.kks iM+lhekaX;k [ksr feyS uh djlk] eksy pqdk.kks iM+lhekaX;k [ksr feyS uh djlk] eksy pqdk.kks iM+lheksR;ka ewaxh b.k /kjrh jks] dksy fuHkk.kks iM+lheksR;ka ewaxh b.k /kjrh jks] dksy fuHkk.kks iM+lheksR;ka ewaxh b.k /kjrh jks] dksy fuHkk.kks iM+lheksR;ka ewaxh b.k /kjrh jks] dksy fuHkk.kks iM+lheksR;ka ewaxh b.k /kjrh jks] dksy fuHkk.kks iM+lhlkeh /kjrh ts dksbZ vk;ks] tksj trk.kks iM+lhlkeh /kjrh ts dksbZ vk;ks] tksj trk.kks iM+lhlkeh /kjrh ts dksbZ vk;ks] tksj trk.kks iM+lhlkeh /kjrh ts dksbZ vk;ks] tksj trk.kks iM+lhlkeh /kjrh ts dksbZ vk;ks] tksj trk.kks iM+lh[ksr [kaM+rka gy+ ts jksD;ks] gkFk dVk.kks iM+lh[ksr [kaM+rka gy+ ts jksD;ks] gkFk dVk.kks iM+lh[ksr [kaM+rka gy+ ts jksD;ks] gkFk dVk.kks iM+lh[ksr [kaM+rka gy+ ts jksD;ks] gkFk dVk.kks iM+lh[ksr [kaM+rka gy+ ts jksD;ks] gkFk dVk.kks iM+lhyksbZ fcuk jax uh vkoS /kjrh iM+xh /kksGhyksbZ fcuk jax uh vkoS /kjrh iM+xh /kksGhyksbZ fcuk jax uh vkoS /kjrh iM+xh /kksGhyksbZ fcuk jax uh vkoS /kjrh iM+xh /kksGhyksbZ fcuk jax uh vkoS /kjrh iM+xh /kksGhfdrjk fnu rd lcj djSyk] ekVh galus cksyhfdrjk fnu rd lcj djSyk] ekVh galus cksyhfdrjk fnu rd lcj djSyk] ekVh galus cksyhfdrjk fnu rd lcj djSyk] ekVh galus cksyhfdrjk fnu rd lcj djSyk] ekVh galus cksyh

js cank psr eku[kkjs cank psr eku[kkjs cank psr eku[kkjs cank psr eku[kkjs cank psr eku[kktekuks psr.k jks vk;ks Atekuks psr.k jks vk;ks Atekuks psr.k jks vk;ks Atekuks psr.k jks vk;ks Atekuks psr.k jks vk;ks A

jsornku pkj.k jh dfork esa vkst vj O;aX; gSAxtkuu oekZ %&xtkuu oekZ %&xtkuu oekZ %&xtkuu oekZ %&xtkuu oekZ %& vkijks tye pw: ftyS jS jrux<+ dLcs esa 1927 bZ- esa gq;ksA vki jktLFkkuh

jk pkok xhrdkj gSa vj eapk ekFkS ?k.kh yksdfiz;rk vftZr djhA */kjrh jh /kqu*] *lksuks fuitS jsresa*] *ckjgeklk* bR;kn vkijk dfork laxszS gSA vka jS xhrka esa xkao jS thou jks eueksgd fp=.k gScBS bZ izxfrlhy lqj jks izHkko Hkh gSA */kjrh vc ilokM+ks Qsjs*] *iwjc esa yky lwjt mx vk;ks*]*vM+oks [ksr :[kkyS+* bR;kn dforkoka izxfrlhy fopkj lwa tqfM+;ksM+h gSA

4- izdzfr fp=.k %&4- izdzfr fp=.k %&4- izdzfr fp=.k %&4- izdzfr fp=.k %&4- izdzfr fp=.k %& vktknh lwa iSyka Hkh jktLFkkuh dfork esa izØfr jks fp=.k cjkscj gqorksjS;ks gS D;wads feu[k vj izØfr jks lEcU/k l: lwa gSA izØfr jks lq) fp=.k jktLFkkuh esa vk/kqfud ;qxjh bZ nsu gSA b.k nhB lwa pUnz flag jh *cknGh*¼1942½ jktLFkkuh lqrarj izØfr fp=.k jh iSyh ÑrhgSA Ãa jS iNS pUnzflag jh *yw* drh Hkh folq) izØzfr dkO; gSA ijEijkÅ Nan jks iz;ksx] izlkn xq.koky+hlSyh vj lgt vfHkO;fä *yw* jh [kkfl;r dgh tkoSyhA b.k jS iNS rks jktLFkkuh esa ukuwjkelaLdrkZ] MkW- euksgj ’kekZ] ukjk;.k flag HkkVh] lqesj flag ’ks[kkor] mn;ohj ’kekZ] dY;k.k flagjktkor] y{e.knku dfo;k] dku flag HkkVh bR;kn dfo;ka izØfr jk lqrarj dkO; fy[;kA dkO; esaizØfr jS vkyEcu vj mÌhiu :i esa rks fp=.k lxGk bZ dfo fd;ks i.k dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] MkW-euksgj ’kekZ] fd’kksjdYiuk dkar] lqeus’k tks’kh] jsornku pkj.k] lR;izdk’k tks’kh] egkohj izlkntks’kh] lw;Z’kadj ikjhd bR;kn izeq[k gSaA MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jks izØfr dkO; *jl /kkjk* izØfr vjvk/;kfRed fparu lwa feY;ksM+ks ljl dkO; gSA iwjh jpuk izlkn lSyh esa fy[;ksM+h gSA b.kh Hkkar vkajh nwth drh *xteksrhxteksrhxteksrhxteksrhxteksrh* Hkh izØfr fp=.k &jgL;kRed Hkkouk uS mtkxj djSA

lw;Z’kadj ikjhd jks */kjrh/kjrh/kjrh/kjrh/kjrh* ¼1992½ egkdkO; lq) izØfr fp=.k jh lcGh vj ljl jpukgSA

y{e.knku dfo;k jh *:a[k lrlbZ:a[k lrlbZ:a[k lrlbZ:a[k lrlbZ:a[k lrlbZ* ¼1991½ Hkh izØfr jS fp=.k jh nhB lwa egrkÅ gSA b.kesa Hkkar&Hkkar jS :a[kka jks oj.ku] :a[kka jh efgek] Hkkjr jh lkaLØfrd ijEijkoka jks oj.ku gq;ks gSAlrlbZ izØfr&fp=.k jh ijEijk esa egrkÅ dkO; drh fx.khtSyhA dY;k.k flag jktkor jh*ijHkkrhijHkkrhijHkkrhijHkkrhijHkkrh* izØfr fp=.k jh yksdjax esa jP;ksM+h ?k.keksyh jpuk gSA ekuohdj.k jS iz;ksx lwa dkO; esaljyrk vj yksdjatuk izxV gqoS gSA

vk/kqfud thou jh tfVyre laosnukoka uS izxV dj.kS jS okLrS jktLFkkuh uqaoh dfork esa izdzfr

53

jS lUnHkZ esa uqaoks nzfLVdks.k fn[kkbZ nsoSA vBS u rks izdzfr lk: HkkoukRed nzfLV gS vj uh izdzfr ekFkSdkssbZ HkkoukRed vkjksi.kA uqaok dfo;ka esa ef.k e/kqdj] uan Hkkj}kt] xksj/ku flag 'ks[kkor] ikjlvjksM+k] Hkxorh yky O;kl] pUnzizdk’k nsoy] vtqZunso pkj.k] lkaoj nb;k] dqanu ekyh] ekypanfrokM+h] ’;ke egf"kZ] jfo iqjksfgr bR;kn gSaA

izØfr dkO; jk izeq[k jpukdkjka jks ifjpS b.k Hkkar gSa %&pUnzflag %&pUnzflag %&pUnzflag %&pUnzflag %&pUnzflag %& vkijks tye Jhxaxkuxj ftyS jS fcjdkyh xkao esa lko.k lqdyk iwjf.kek

fo-l- 1969 bZ- esa gq;ksA jktLFkku jh izdzfr lwa xgjks yxko jk[k.k jSs dkj.k vki jktLFkkuh dkO;uS *cknGh* vj *yw* tSM+h egrkÅ d`fr;ka nhA *cknGh* jpuk jks vSfrgkfld egŸo gS D;wads b.kdkO; jS iNS jktLFkkuh dfork esa izØfr fp=.k jh vsd U;kjh fujoky+h ijEijk l: gq;hA

*cknGhcknGhcknGhcknGhcknGh* dkO; esa izdzfr jS cny+rs :i jS lkFkS ekuoh Hkkoukoka jks b.k Hkkar fp=.k dj~;ks gS %&igjS cnGS cknGh] cnG igj cnyk; AigjS cnGS cknGh] cnG igj cnyk; AigjS cnGS cknGh] cnG igj cnyk; AigjS cnGS cknGh] cnG igj cnyk; AigjS cnGS cknGh] cnG igj cnyk; Alwjt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AAlwjt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AAlwjt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AAlwjt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AAlwjt lktu uS l[kh] vklh dq.k lks nk; AA

*cknGh*cknGh*cknGh*cknGh*cknGh* jktLFkkuh tho.k esa lq[k jks lapkj dj.kokGh gSA vks bZ otS gS ds xjeh jS iNS yksxcknGh jh mMhd dj.kS ykx tkoS&

vk;h ?k.kh mMhdrk] e:/kj dksM djS Avk;h ?k.kh mMhdrk] e:/kj dksM djS Avk;h ?k.kh mMhdrk] e:/kj dksM djS Avk;h ?k.kh mMhdrk] e:/kj dksM djS Avk;h ?k.kh mMhdrk] e:/kj dksM djS Aiku Qwy lS lwfd;k] dkabZ HksaV /kjS AAiku Qwy lS lwfd;k] dkabZ HksaV /kjS AAiku Qwy lS lwfd;k] dkabZ HksaV /kjS AAiku Qwy lS lwfd;k] dkabZ HksaV /kjS AAiku Qwy lS lwfd;k] dkabZ HksaV /kjS AAlksuS lwjt Åfx;ks] nhBh cknfy+;ka AlksuS lwjt Åfx;ks] nhBh cknfy+;ka AlksuS lwjt Åfx;ks] nhBh cknfy+;ka AlksuS lwjt Åfx;ks] nhBh cknfy+;ka AlksuS lwjt Åfx;ks] nhBh cknfy+;ka Ae:/kj ysoS ckj.kk] Hkj&Hkj vka[kfM+;ka AAe:/kj ysoS ckj.kk] Hkj&Hkj vka[kfM+;ka AAe:/kj ysoS ckj.kk] Hkj&Hkj vka[kfM+;ka AAe:/kj ysoS ckj.kk] Hkj&Hkj vka[kfM+;ka AAe:/kj ysoS ckj.kk] Hkj&Hkj vka[kfM+;ka AA

b.kh Hkkar *yw* dkO; esa xjeh jS ekSle esa pky.kokGh ywvka jh izp.Mrk jks ;FkkjFk fp=.kdj~;ks gSA vka nksuwa dkO;ka jS ek/;e lwa izØfr fp=.k jS lkFkS&lkFkS yksdtho.k jh HkkoukRed vjlkaLØfrd psruk jks Hkh oj.ku gq;ks gSA pUnz flag izØfr jk dqly fprsjk gSa vka jh Hkklk esaykfyR; gSA

ukuwjke laLdrkZ %&ukuwjke laLdrkZ %&ukuwjke laLdrkZ %&ukuwjke laLdrkZ %&ukuwjke laLdrkZ %& vka jh fy[;ksM+h izØfr dkO; jh jpukoka esa *dyk;.k*¼1949½ vj*nlnso*¼1955½ izeq[k gSa A izØfr jS lkFkS&lkFkS yksSfdd ifjosl jks lkarjks fp=.k vka jS izØfr dkO;kaesa gSA vk dfo jh ekso.kh jpuk gSA vS *izØfr lbdM+ks* ukao lwa izØfr fp=.k jk lkS Nan Hkh fy[;kgsSaA

ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %&ukjk;.k flag HkkVh %& HkkVh jh *lka>* ¼1954½ izØfr dkO; jh ywaBh vj izkS<+ jpuk gSANk;koknh laosnuk] fcEc fo/kku] ekSfyd dYiuk bR;kn HkkVh jS dkO; jh folslrkoka dgh tkoSy+hA*lka>lka>lka>lka>lka>* b.kh Hkkocks/k jh jpuk gqo.k [kkrj cknGh jh ijEijk esa vsd vuqie d`rh dghtlhA b.k iksFkhesa dqy 115 i| gSa] vBS Hkh izØfr vj ifjosl jks xgjks lEcU/k dfo jh [kkfl;r gSA feu[k jh ftdhHkkoukoka izØfr lwa tqM+*j eksgd c.kxh] m.kka jk vkReh; fp=.k b.kesa gSA ekuohdj.k vyadkj jks [kwciz;ksx gq;ks gSA HkkVh jh nwth dforkoka esa Hkh txka&txka izØfr jks fp=.k feyS ft.kesa Nk;koknh lSyhjks izHkko lkQ nhlSA

lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %&lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %&lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %&lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %&lqesj flag ’ks[kkor %& vkijh *es?kekG* ¼1964½ fjrq ijEijk esa ljl vj ltho dkO; gSAcjlk fjrq esa tBS izØfr vkijks euekso.kks :i fn[kkoS] cBS bZ izØfr jS b.k l:i uS ns[k*j dsbZ rjS jhHkkoukoka tkxSA *es?kekG* Nan esa jP;ksM+ks dkO; gS vj b.k esa c;.k lxkbZ Nan jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA Nk;koknh

54

lSyh jks :i Hkh dkO; esa gS& fp=kRedrk] ekuohdj.k] yk{kf.kdrk] lcn flYi bR;kn ckrka es?kekGesa gSA dfo jS nwtS dkO; *e:&eaxy* esa Hkh izØfr vj laLØfr jks lkarjks fp=.k gq;ks gSA *es?keky+* lwavsd mnkgj.k ns[kks%&

yqd yqd yjtS] mM+ mM+ yidSyqd yqd yjtS] mM+ mM+ yidSyqd yqd yjtS] mM+ mM+ yidSyqd yqd yjtS] mM+ mM+ yidSyqd yqd yjtS] mM+ mM+ yidSywek >wek yksj Aywek >wek yksj Aywek >wek yksj Aywek >wek yksj Aywek >wek yksj A

Hkj&Hkj jhrS & Qsj HkjhtS] xy&xyHkj&Hkj jhrS & Qsj HkjhtS] xy&xyHkj&Hkj jhrS & Qsj HkjhtS] xy&xyHkj&Hkj jhrS & Qsj HkjhtS] xy&xyHkj&Hkj jhrS & Qsj HkjhtS] xy&xyfu[kjS xkSj Afu[kjS xkSj Afu[kjS xkSj Afu[kjS xkSj Afu[kjS xkSj A

>j&>j >jS >dksjk] izk.k iiS;k iqGdS>j&>j >jS >dksjk] izk.k iiS;k iqGdS>j&>j >jS >dksjk] izk.k iiS;k iqGdS>j&>j >jS >dksjk] izk.k iiS;k iqGdS>j&>j >jS >dksjk] izk.k iiS;k iqGdSeksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeksj c<+S eu eksjk Aeksj c<+S eu eksjk A

mn;ohj ’kekZ %&mn;ohj ’kekZ %&mn;ohj ’kekZ %&mn;ohj ’kekZ %&mn;ohj ’kekZ %& vkijks tye >qU>quw ftyS jS fclkÅ dLcS esa fo-la- 1988 esa gq;ksA vkicgqeq[kh izfrHkk jk jpukdkj gSaA vkijh izØfr dkO; jpukoka esa *MkaQh* vj *lwaVks* izeq[k gSaA

*lwaVkslwaVkslwaVkslwaVkslwaVks* dkO; esa dfo tBS izØfr jks lqUnj fp=.k djS] cBS bZ *lwaVks* foukldkjh l:i jSdkj.k m.k uS ØkfUr jks njl.k eku ysoSA b.k nhB lwa dkO; esa vsd fopkj/kkjk izxV gqoSA dfolkekftd folerk] oxZ la?klZ vj fonzksgh Hkkouk uS dsbZ rjS lwa izxV djSA xjhch jks fp=.k djrkFkdka dfo dsoS &

[kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke[kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke[kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke[kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dke[kwu ilhuks dj fnu rksMS] Y;k.kks&[kk.kks fur jks dkecka <wa<k esa D;wa flj QksM+S] n;k fn[kk D;wa rks eu uS Fkkecka <wa<k esa D;wa flj QksM+S] n;k fn[kk D;wa rks eu uS Fkkecka <wa<k esa D;wa flj QksM+S] n;k fn[kk D;wa rks eu uS Fkkecka <wa<k esa D;wa flj QksM+S] n;k fn[kk D;wa rks eu uS Fkkecka <wa<k esa D;wa flj QksM+S] n;k fn[kk D;wa rks eu uS FkkejksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+jksVh iksrk cBS u tk;s] csyk uS rw Vky+dje pkanMk ns[k xjhch] c.kh jksfV;ka xSja dky+ AAdje pkanMk ns[k xjhch] c.kh jksfV;ka xSja dky+ AAdje pkanMk ns[k xjhch] c.kh jksfV;ka xSja dky+ AAdje pkanMk ns[k xjhch] c.kh jksfV;ka xSja dky+ AAdje pkanMk ns[k xjhch] c.kh jksfV;ka xSja dky+ AA

mn;ohj ’kekZ jh *MkaQh* ¼1973½ esa fl;kyS+ esa csSo.kokGh rh[kh lhr ygj jks fp=.k dj~;ksgSA *MkaQh* vj *lwaVks* nksuwa izØfr jk vSM+k :i gSa ftdka lwa vk[kks feu[k lekt tqfM+;ksM+ks vj izHkkforgSA lh/kh ljy Hkklk] izØfr jS ek/;e lwa izxfrlhy fopkj jh vfHkO;fä vj ekuoh; psruk jks uqaoksvk;ke& vS mn;ohj 'kekZ jS dkO; jh folslrkoka gSaA

nwtS dfo;ka esa dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jS dfork laxsSz&*dwa d*wa] *v?kksjh dky+*] *lrok.kh*] *yhyVkal*vj *eha>j* esa izØfr jk lqUnj fp=.k gsSaA MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jS dkO; *jl/kkjk* vj *xteksrh* esa izØfrjks ijEijkÅ fp=.k gSaA dY;k.k flag jktkor jh *ijHkkrh*¼1979½ esa mlk dky jks lqUnj fp=.k gSAizdzfr jks izrhdkRed fp=.k jsornku pkj.k] es?kjkt eqdqy] xtkuu oekZ bR;kn dfo;ka jh dforkokaesa Hkh txka&txka futj vkoSA

5- gkL;&O;aX; dfork %&5- gkL;&O;aX; dfork %&5- gkL;&O;aX; dfork %&5- gkL;&O;aX; dfork %&5- gkL;&O;aX; dfork %& gkL; vj O;aX; nksuwa feY;ksM+k jsSoS A vka jS fcPpS larqyu gkso.kkst:jh gSA ts dksbZ jpuk lq) gkL; jh gqoSyh rks Qxr euksjatu ek= dghtlhA b.k okLrS gkL; jSlkFkS&lkFkS m.k esa O;aX; Hkh gkso.kks pkbtS ft.k lwa jpuk esa rh[kksi.kks vk T;koSA jktLFkkuh esa l:esa ftdh dforkoka fy[kh] oka esa lq/kkjoknh psruk gkso.kS lwa folxfr;ka vj dqizFkkoka ekFkS O;aX; gksAbL;k dfo;ka esa Åejnku ykyl jks ukao vxz.kh gSA ykyl jh dforkoka jks lqj O;aX;kRed gksA

vktknh lwa iSyka lkezkT;okn] vkjfFkd lksl.k] vR;kpkj bR;kn jS f[kykQ jktuhfrd tkxzrhY;ko.kh gh] b.k otS lwa ftdh dforkoka fy[khth] oka esa vkØksl ?k.kks vj O;aX; de gksA vktknh iNS

55

nsl jh O;oLFkk esa tSM+ks HkzLVkpkj] dkGkcktkjh vj uSfrd ewY;ka jks iru gq;ks] oka uS vk/kkj c.kk;*jO;aX; dforkoka fy[khthA vka dfo;ka esa x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn] jsornku pkj.k] xtkuu oekZ bR;knizeq[k gSaA

x.ks’khyky O;kl mLrkn jh dforkoka esa jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ka lk: rh[kks vkØksl vj xgjksO;aX; gSA *EgS vk;k vdy crkck uS*] *vktknh jks mrkjks*] *usrkoka jh fuljekbZ*] *Hkwy djh tu uk;dHkkjh* bR;kn dforkoka esa rh[kks O;aX; gSA b.kh Hkkar izxfrlhy fopkjka jk leZFkd mLrkn lkekftd:f<+;ka vj va/kfoLoklka ekFkS Hkh rh[kk izgkj djrk jS;kA jsornku pkj.k vj xtkuu oekZ jh dforkokaesa iwathoknh euxr vj lksl.k jS f[kykQ O;aX; gSA

jktLFkkuh dfork esa gkL;&O;aX; jh pkoh fLFkfr dfo lEesyuka jS ek/;e lwa feyhA bL;kdfo;ka esa fo’oukFk ’kekZ foeys’k] cqf)izdk’k ikjhd] ukxjkt ’kekZ] vUujke lqnkek] rkÅ ’ks[kkokVh]lEir ljy] euksgj yky xks;y bR;kn jk ukao izeq[k gSaA vS dfo lelkef;d tho.k] lkekftdvlaxfr] eagxkbZ] csjkstxkjh] lektokn] dkG bR;kn fLFkfr;ka ekFkS O;aX; djrk jS;k gSA

fo’oukFk ’kekZ foeys’k jks gkL;&O;aX; dfo;ka esa fljS ukaoA vka jh O;aX; dforkoka jks folSlkekftd vj jktuhfrd jS;ks gSA *fcjekth jks cj*] *u;h lky jks dys.Mj*] *chu.kh m?kkM+S ewaMS vkbZ*]*pq.kko Hkkl.k*] *ifjokj fu;kstu* bR;kn dforkoka eap ekFkS ?k.kh pkoh jS;h gSA vka jh O;aX; dforkokajk dbZ laxzS NI;k gSa ft.kesa *lridokuh*] *NsM+[kkuh*] *dqpj.kh*] *Vldksy+h*] *ukSjl gkL;*] *[kjhel[kjh* bR;kn izeq[k gSaA vka jh Hkklk BsB 'ks[kkokVh vj lcn&p;u O;aX;kRed gSaA

O;aX; dfo;ka esa cqf)izdk’k ikjhd Hkh ?k.kk pkok dfo gsSa ftdk jh dforkoka esa jktuhfrdvj lkekftd fLFkfr;ka lk: rh[kks O;aX; gSA vka jS gkL; O;aX; laxzS esa *lcM+dk*] *pwaVD;k*] *frjlk*]*dynkj*] *bUnj lwa bUVjO;w* bR;kn gSaA Hkklk esa BsB <w<+kM+h jks eqgkojks vj lcn p;u lwa gkL; O;aX;jh fLFkfr mitSA

gkL; O;aX; dfo;ka esa ukxjkt 'kekZ jks egrkÅ LFkku gSA BsB ’ks[kkokVh cksyh esa fy[;ksM+hukxjkt jh dforkoka lkekftd vlaxfr;ka vj jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ka ekFkS rh[kks izgkj djSA *Fkkjks dsY;ka gk* ukxjkt ’kekZ jh dforkoka jks laxzS gSA

lcnka jk BsB ewy+ :i esa idM+*j m.kka jS ek/;e lwa gkL; O;aX; jh rkdr iSnk dj.kks eksguek/kqjh jh dforkoka jh folslrk gSA jkex<+ ’ks[kkokVh esa tk;k tyE;k eksgu ek/kqjh jks vsd dforklaxSz *nM+kNaV* ukao lwa NI;ks gSA vUukjke lqnkek jh dforkoka esa Hkh dBS&dBS O;aX; jks :i fn[kkbZ nsoSA*fijksy+ esa dqŸkh C;kbZ* lqnkek jks gkL;&O;aX; dforkoka jks laxzS gSA

gkL; O;aX; jk flYi rqdkUr vj vsSrqdkUr nksuw feySA vBhuS O;aX; dforkoka esa iSjksM+h] Mka[ky+k¼rqDrd½ bR;kn jk iz;ksx Hkh gq;k gSaA eqjyh/kj O;kl] cqf)izdk’k ikjhd bR;kn iSjksM+h fy[kh gSa rkseksgu vkyksd jk *Mka[ky+k* jS ek/;e lwa gkL;&O;aX; dfork jks flYi jS :i esa uqoks iz;ksx nhlSA gkL;O;aX; dfo;ka esa rkÅ ’ks[kkokVh] dj.khnku ckjgB] f=yksd xks;y] Hkaoj cSjkxh] lEir ljy] Hkxorhizlkn pkS/kjh] gjQwy flag jfld] jkefujatu fBekÅ bR;kn jk ukao fy;k tk ldSA

1965 bZ- jS iNS jktLFkkuh jh uqaoh dfork esa Hkh O;aX; jh Bkoh fLFkfr mith gSA vka dforkokaesa ekStwnk thou jh folaxfr;ka] ewY;ghurk] fujklk] vukLFkk vj dqaBk bR;kn ij rh[kks O;aX; gSA vkadfo;ka esa ef.k e/kqdj] rst flag tks/kk] xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor] ikjl vjksM+k] uan Hkkj}kt] iszeth isze]

56

lkaoj nb;k] Hkxorh yky O;kl] vksadkj Jh bR;kn gSaA vktknh jS iNS xkao esa vk;ksM+S cny+ko uSrstflag tks/kk vkijh dfork *bS xkao esa dBS bZ dha OgSxks* esa rh[kS O;aX; lkFkS mHkkj~;ks gSA

6- lEcks/ku dkO; %& 6- lEcks/ku dkO; %& 6- lEcks/ku dkO; %& 6- lEcks/ku dkO; %& 6- lEcks/ku dkO; %& yksd dkO; jS :i esa *<+ksyk ek: jk nwgk* ¼fo-la- 1530½ ?k.kk egrkÅgSaA ewy :i esa ns[;ks tkoS rks vks dkO; isze dFkk vj lEcks/ku dkO; jS fljt.k jks iszj.kk lzksr gSAfca;k lEiwj.k lEcks/ku dkO; esa *tsBoS jk lksjBk* vkoSA vka jS iNS yk[k.klh pkj.k ¼fo-la- 1530½jk fy[;k *Ãfy;k jk lksjBk*] *ck?kth jk nwgk* ¼fo-la- 1563½] nqjlk vk<+k jk *fo#n fNgrjh* vji`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jk *HkkxhjFkh jk nwgk* lEcks/ku dkO; esa bZ vkoSA vka iNS jkeukFk dfo;k jk *ikcwthjk lksjBk*] *d:.kk ckouh*] lkanw jk;flag jk *eksfr;k jk nwgk* bR;kn gSaA vka esa Ñikjke f[kfM++;k ¼fo-la- 1800&1890½ jk fy[;ksM+k *jkft;k jk lksjBk* lxGk lwa fljS vj ?k.kk pkok gq;kA *jkft;k jklksjBk* jS iNS lEcks/ku dkO; jh ywaBh ijEijk l: gq;h ftdh fo-la- 1530 esa *Ãfy;k jk lksjBk* jS iNSfdlfu;k] jkft;k] jkeyk] uksiyk] exfu;k] eksfr;k] Qwfl;k] NksfV;k] ukfu;k] ghfj;k] ekfu;k]pdfj;k] lkaojk] ckoy+k bR;kn jS :i esa lEcks/ku dkO; jS :i esa c/krh x;hA

b.kh ijEijk esa vkt Hkh lEcks/ku :i esa dha dkO; fy[;k x;k gSa ft.kesa euksgj ’kekZ ¼jkethjk lksjBk½] MkW- mn;ohj ’kekZ ¼ekSydSs jk lksjBk½] rkÅ ’ks[kkokVh ¼ckoyk jk lksjBk½] egkohj izlkntks’kh ¼nwfn;k jk lksjBk½] cLrhey lksyadh ¼cfLr;k jk lksjBk½] jkethyky dY;k.kh ¼jk?ko lSdM+ks½]vLr vyh eydk.k ¼vkeuk jk lksjBk½ bR;kn izeq[k gSaA

7- uqaoh dfork %&7- uqaoh dfork %&7- uqaoh dfork %&7- uqaoh dfork %&7- uqaoh dfork %& ijEijkÅ jktLFkkuh dfork esa dF; jh nhB lwa 1965 bZ- jS vklS&iklScny+ko jh fLFkfr;ka lkQ futj vko.k ykxhA bZa cny+ko jS ikNS cny+rh laosnuk vj fLFkfr;ka jks xgjksncko gksA 1960 bZ- iNS jktuhfrd Lrj ekFkS HkzLVkpkj] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] xqVcanh] ukSdjlkgh]izkUrh;rk jks Hkko bR;kn gks rks lkekftd Ns= esa xjhch] csjkstxkjh] fc[kjrk ewY;] VwVrk ekuoh lEcU/k]vjktdrk] vO;oLFkk vj HkVdko jh fLFkfr ghA Ãa ifjosl lwa ftdh vfLFkjrk] vlarqyu vj fujklklwa ifjiwj.k fLFkfr;ka c.kh] oka jks izHkko ;qok jpukdkjka jh laosnuk ekFkS i³~;ks vj jpukRed psrukjh fLFkfr cnGhA uaqoks dF; vj vkijS ifjosl lwa tqM+ko jh bZekunkjh vk dforkoka jks eksVks vk/kkjgksA b;ka eSlwl gq;ks ds dfork vcS dYiuk lwa nwj gks;*j lkapS ;FkkjFkoknh vj izkekf.kd v.kHko uSys;*j uqaok lUnHkkZ uS vfHkO;fä nsoSA

vktknh jS iNS ukuwjke laLdrkZ jks *le; jks ck;jks* ¼1953½ vj ukjk;.k flag HkkVh jks*nqxkZnkl* ¼1956½ eqDr Nan jS eka; fy[;ksM+h dforkoka esa flYixr uqaoksi.kks gqorka Fkdka HkheksStwnk tho.k jks ;FkkjFk m.kka esa uhA jktLFkkuh uqaoh dfork 1960 bZ- jS vsMS+&NsM+S fy[k.kh l:gq;h vj 1971 bZ- esa tn MkW- rstflag tks/kk jh *jktLFkkuh dfork&vsd* ¼=Sekfld if=dk½Ni*j vkbZ rks jktLFkkuh uqoha dfork ckcr yksxka jks /;ku x;ksA l: eas uqaoh dfork xy+S uhmrjh b.k okLrS fojks/k Hkh lqHkkfod gks] i.k fojks/k jks ery+c bZ dha uqoSi.kka lwa gksA vk ckrlkQ gS ds jktLFkkuh uqaoh dforkoka jh laosnuk ijEijkÅ dfork lwa lko vyx ghA bZa if=dk esaikap dfo& xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor] ikjl vjksM+k] ef.k e/kqdj] vksadkj ikjhd vj [kqn rstflagtks/kk jh VkGoh uqoha dforkoka ghA

b.k if=dk jS lEikndh; jh rh[kh izfrfdz;k gq;h i.k jktLFkkuh uqaoh dfork [kqn uS LFkkfirdj.kS esa lQy gqbZA

*jktLFkkuh&vsd* jS lEikndh; esa uqaoh dfork jS dF; vj flYi uS vkt jS lUnHkZ esa njlk;ks

57

gSA uqaoks dfo tho.k lk: vkijh vkLFkk izxVS vj tho.k jh pq.kksfr;ka jk eqdkcyks djrka Fkdka vktjh ifjfLFkfr;ka ekFkS tw>SA uqaoks dfo uh fd.kh fopkj lwa ca/;ksM+ks gS rks uh m.k jk fd.kh Hkkar jk vkxzgghA oks tho.k uS tho.k jS :i esa ;FkkjFk :i esa ns[kS&ij[ksS vj b.k jS iNS m.k jks O;kid ekuoh;nzfLVdks.k gSA

vkt jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh uaqoh dfork ledkyhu Hkkjrh; Hkklk jS tksM+ esa fd.kh rjS lwa deuhA ;qxcks/k] vuqHkwfr jh lPpkbZ vj flYixr rktxh] iz;ksx vj uqaoS eqgkojs esa m.k jks foxlko ?k.kksegrkÅ gSA jktLFkkuh esa gkbdw Hkh fy[;k x;k gS rks ykEch dforkoka HkhA xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor¼fdjdj½] lkaoj nb;k ¼gkbdw½] vksadkj ikjhd ¼uSuh dforkoka½ bR;kn NksVh dforkoka jk dsbZ iz;ksxdj~;k rks rstflag tks/kk ¼bZa xkao esa dBS bZ dha OgSxks gS] Egkjk cki½] xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor ¼[kqn lwa [kqnjh ckrka½] uan Hkkj}kt ¼va/kkj i[k½] ikjl vjksM+k ¼c/kkiks½ bR;kn ykEch dforkoka Hkh fy[khA

vktknh jS iNS ftdks cny+ko vk;ks m.k esa xkao jh ftnaxh jk v.kHko Hkh dkO; laosnuk jkegrkÅ fcnqa jS;k gaS vktknh jS iNS xzkeh.k psruk jks :i VwVrks&fc[kjrks x;ks] xanh jktuhfr lwa vkilesa yM+kbZ&>xM+k] ekjihV vj nqle.kh jks bL;ks okrkoj.k c.;ks ds yksx xkaoka lwa lSgjk dkuh Hkkx.kykX;kA rstflag tks/kk] xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor] uan Hkkj}kt] ef.k e/kqdj] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh]gjeu pkSgku] lkaoj nb;k] iq:lksŸke Naxk.kh bR;kn dfo;ka jh dforkoka esa yksdtho.k jS b.k cny+kouS ;FkkjFk :i esa izxV~;ks gSA

jktLFkkuh dfork esa uqaok dfo;ka jks lksp uaqoh jktLFkkuh dfork uS [kwc vkxS c<+k;ks gS vksbZ dkj.k gS ds vkt jktLFkkuh uqaoh dfork Hkkjrh; ledkyhu lkfgR; jh dforkoka jS eqdkcy+sS esavkijk ix tek; jk[;k gSaA dha dfo;ka jh laosnu fLFkfr;ka ekFkS b.k Hkkar fopkj dj~;ks tk ldS gSa %&

rst flag tks/kk %&rst flag tks/kk %&rst flag tks/kk %&rst flag tks/kk %&rst flag tks/kk %& ¼tye 7 tqykbZ 1950 bZ- ½ jktLFkkuh uqaoh dfork jk vkxhok.k dfoekuhtSA tks/kk dforkoka de fy[kh i.k dF; vj flYi lwa uqoh dfork jh vksG[kk.k c.kko.k esa vkajh dforkoka /k.kh egrkÅ gSaA vki *jktLFkkuh&vsd*] *nhB* bR;kn if=dkoka jk dha vad Hkh fudkY;kA*vksGw jh vksG~;ka* vkijh iSyh dkO; Ñrh gSA *dBS bS dha OgSxks*] *Egkjk cki* vj *nhBko jS cstk eka;*vkijh ?k.kh pfpZr dforkoka jS;h gSA vka dforkoka jks eqgkojks vSM+ks gks ds fgUnh jk dha dfo Hkh vkalwa iszfjr gks;*j dforkoka fy[khA

ef.k e/kqdj ef.k e/kqdj ef.k e/kqdj ef.k e/kqdj ef.k e/kqdj ¼tye flrEcj 1942 bZ-½ %&%&%&%&%& jktLFkkuh jk uqaok dfo;ka esa vkijh lUnHkZxrvj ;qxcks/k jh laosnukoka lwa vkijh lk[k dk;e djhA flYi jks peRdkj ef.k jh [kkfl;r jS;h gSA*dkGks ?kksM+ks*] *ujdokM+ks*] *lkstrh xsV* bR;kn vka jh pfpZr dfork jS;hA *ixQsjks* vkijh dforkokajks iSyks laxsSz gSA

xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %&xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor %& ¼tye 10 viszy 1941½ jktLFkkuh jk izeq[k uqaok dfo gS A*fdjdj* ¼1971 bZ-½ vj *iuth ek:* ¼1988 bZ-½ ukao lwa vkijk nks dfork laxzS NI;ksM+k gSA *iuth ek:*]*dkG*]*Egkjks xkao*] *izhr* vkijh lkarjh dforkoka gSA ifjosl jh tfVyre fLFkfr;ka vj v.kHko laosnuuS vki dsbZ fcEcka vj izrhdka jS ek/;e lwa O;Dr dj~;ks gSA

ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+k %&ikjl vjksM+k %& ¼tye 1937½ vk/kqfud laosnukoka uS vfHkO;ä dj.kokGk lejFk dfo gSaAvka jh dforkoka esa lgjh tho.k jks ifjosl gSA *>G* vka jks iSyks dfork laxzS gSA

uan Hkkj}kt %&¼uan Hkkj}kt %&¼uan Hkkj}kt %&¼uan Hkkj}kt %&¼uan Hkkj}kt %&¼tye 9 vxLr 1948½ izxfrlhy nzfLVdks.k vj xkao jh fLFkfr;ka lwa usM+kÅ

58

:i esa tqfM+;ksM+k dfo gSaA *va/kkj i[k* ukao lwa vka jks vsd dfork laxszS NI;ksM+ks gSApUnzizdk’k nsoy %&pUnzizdk’k nsoy %&pUnzizdk’k nsoy %&pUnzizdk’k nsoy %&pUnzizdk’k nsoy %& yksdtho.k jh lgtrk lwa vkt jS feu[k jh leL;koka uS vkijh dfork

esa mtkxj djh gSA vkijh dforkoka esa rktxh vj lgtrk gSA *ikxh*] *dkoM+*] *ekjx* *rksiukek* vj*jkx fctksx* vkijk dfork laxzsS gSaA vka jh dfork vk/kqfud thou ifjosl uS çxVSA

lkaoj nb;k lkaoj nb;k lkaoj nb;k lkaoj nb;k lkaoj nb;k ¼tye 10 vDVwEcj 1948½ %&%&%&%&%& vka jh dforkoka esa vkt jS eku[kS jh vc[kk;kajks ;FkkjFk fp=.k gSA m.kka jh lksp fLFkfr;ka jh psruk uS vsM+S laosnu lkFkS lkeh Y;ko.kh ft.klwa oSvkijh jpukRedrk uS vk;ke ns ldSA oka jS dfork laxzS esa *euxr*] *dky+ vj vkt jS fcPpS*] *vk[kjjh vkSdkr*] *vk[kj jh vka[k lwa* vj *gqoS jax gtkj* izeq[k gSaA

ekypan frokM+h %& ekypan frokM+h %& ekypan frokM+h %& ekypan frokM+h %& ekypan frokM+h %& ¼tye 19 ekpZ 1958½ uqaok dfo;ka esa vkijh vyx vksG[kk.k jk[kSAvka jh dforkoka ledkyhu ;FkkjFk uS vkijS futw jpko lwa mtkxj djrh vsd vsSM+S fojks/k uS izxVsSftdks dfork jk ix etcwr djSA frokM+h jh dforkoka dF; vj flYi esa rktxh fy;ksM+h gSA *mrj~;ksgS vkHkks* vka jks iSyks vj pfpZr dfork laxzS gSA b.k esa isze vj nkjlfud Hkkoukoka jks futw Lrj ekFkSvcksV fcack vj izrhdka jS ek/;e lwa fp=.k gq;ks gaSA

vksadkj ikjhd %&vksadkj ikjhd %&vksadkj ikjhd %&vksadkj ikjhd %&vksadkj ikjhd %& ¼26 ekpZ 1934½ vka jh dforkoka esa vkt jS folaxfr;ka jks fp=.k gSA*fN.kcks/kfN.kcks/kfN.kcks/kfN.kcks/kfN.kcks/k* jh vuqHkwfr jS :i esa ikjhd jh *uSuh dforkoka* egrkÅ gSaA

b.k esa dksbZ lansg uh ds vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork esa uqaoh dfork cks/k jS /kjkry+ ekFkS nwthfo/kkoka esa vxz.kh jS;h gSA vkt uqaoh dfork esa lxGk lwa cslh jpukdkj gSa ftdk dfork Hkh fy[kS rksdsbZ uaqok iz;ksx Hkh djsSA vka uqaok dfo;ka esa dUgS;kyky lsfB;k ¼yhyVkal] yhd ydksfy+;k½] Hkxorhyky O;kl ¼v.kgn ukn] lcn jkx vj vxuh earj½] vtZqunso pkj.k ¼fjanjksbZ½] eksgu vkyksd¼x&xhr½] ';ke egf"kZ ¼vM+oks½] gjh’k Hkknk.kh] vkbZnku flag HkkVh ¼galrksM+k gksBk jks lkap½] oklqvkpk;Z ¼lhj jks ?kj½] ehBs’k fueksZgh ¼vkiS vksyS+ nksyS+½] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh ¼Egkjks xkao½] vUukjkelqnkek ¼fijksy esa dqŸkh C;kbZ½] iszeth isze] ckcwyky 'kekZ ¼fgaoykl]lcn lk[k½] jkeLo:i fdlku¼fgoMS+ mith ihM+½] iq:"kksŸke Naxk.kh ¼lkalk jks lwr] fcpky+S½] lR;su tks’kh] gjeu pkSgku] psru Lokeh]jkeLo:i ijs’k] d".kxksiky ’kekZ] ¼psru jh /kw.kh½] y{e.knku dfo;k] T;ksfriqat] uhjt nb;k ¼lk[k]nslwaVk½s] lR;nso lforsUnz] jfo iqjksfgr ¼paexwaxk½] y{ehukjk;.k jaxk] glZnku glZ] fouksn lksekuh gal¼feu[k½] gjh’k Hkknk.kh] pSu flag ifjgkj] ch-,y- ekyh] ’;ke lqUnj Hkkjrh] dqanu ekyh ¼tx jks ys[kks]lkxj ika[kh½ ]Jhxksiky tSu ¼dky jks prqHkqZt½] lR;ukjk;.k bUnkSfj;k ¼fcd chp ctkjka½] ’kadjflagjktiqjksfgr] pUnz’ks[kj vjksM+k] vkse iqjksfgr dkxn] eksgu eaMsyk] ,l-vkj- Vsyj ¼ikaxy+h ihM+ jkvk[kj½] vrqy dud] jes’k e;ad] rkjky{e.k xgyksr bR;kn gSaA Hkxorhyky O;kl jk rhu dforklaxzS NI;k gSa *lcn jkxlcn jkxlcn jkxlcn jkxlcn jkx*] *vg.knuknvg.knuknvg.knuknvg.knuknvg.knukn* vj *vxuh earjvxuh earjvxuh earjvxuh earjvxuh earj*A vka jh dforkoka esa vkt jS feu[k jhfLFkfr;ka jks ;FkkjFk ;qx cks/k jS lanHkZ esa izxV dj~;ks gSA dforkoka esa izksS<+rk vj flYi jh vkijh c.kxVgSA vka jh dforkoka ledkyhu feu[k jh fparkaoka lwa Hkfj;ksM+h vkLFkkoknh gSA

T;ksfriqat jh dforkoka ¼cksy Mwaxjh <+c <+cwd½ esa laosnuk jk vNwrk fcEc vj izHkkoh vfHkO;fägSA ckcwyky 'kekZ jk nks dfork laxzS *fgoaykl* vj *lcn lk[k* NI;k gSaA vka dforkoka esa dF; jksuqaoksi.kks vj lEiszl.kh;rk gSA oklq vkpk;Z jk Hkh vckj&vckj nks dfork laxzS *lhj jks ?kj* vj *lwdksrkykc* izdkflr gq;k gSaA ba;k bZ uhjt nb;k jks *lk[k*] jfo iqjksfgr jks *pexwaxks*] vkbZanku flag HkkVh

59

jks *galrksM+k gksBka jks lkap*] ch-,y-ekyh jks *gsyh*] vrqy dud jks *vkoks ckr djka* bR;kn laxzS

ledkyhu dforkoka jk lakrjk laxzS gSaA

ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %& vk/kqfud dfork jS v/;;u lwa lkQ y[kkoS ds vk/kqfud dky esa tBSijEijkÅ fljt.k gq;ks] cBS 1857 bZ- jh ØkfUr jS iNS dha vSM+k dfo vk;k ftdk ;qx dfo jS :i esavkijh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA vktknh jS iNS fLFkfr;ka esa cny+ko vk;ks rks dkO;&laosnu esa cny+ko vko.kkst:jh gksA b.k dkj.k dfork jh /kkjk esa dsbZ izozfr;ka mithA jkLVªh;] lkaLØfrd vj O;fäxr xhriz/kku] izØfr] gkL; O;aX; vj uqoha dfork jS :i esa dfork jk jax fu[kj~;kA 1960 bZ- jS iNS dforkjh laosnuk ledkyhu ;FkkjFk lwa tqM+*j ekuoh ewY;ka uS uqaoh nhB lwa vfHkO;fä nhA vBS lwa jktLFkkuhesa uqoh dfork jks mnS gqoS vj vkt jktLFkkuh jh uqoha dfork fd.kh Hkh ledkyhu Hkklk jh dforklwa ykjS uhA *nqxkZnkl*] *ehjk* ¼ukjk;.k flag HkkVh½] *cksy Hkkjeyh* ¼ lR;izdk’k tks’kh½] *yhyVkal*¼dUgS;kyky lsfB;k½ bR;kn vuqie dkO; Ñfr;ka gSA ba;k bZ izdzfr dkO; jh nhB lwa *cknGh*] *yw*¼pUnzflag½] *lka>* ¼ukjk;.k flag HkkVh½] *es?kekG* ¼lqesj flag 'ks[kkor½] *lwaVks* ¼mn;ohj ’kekZ½ bR;knegrkÅ jpukoka fx.khtSA

izxfroknh dkO; jh nhB lwa x.ks’khyky O;kl] jsornku pkj.k ¼mNky+ks½] xtkuu oekZ] euqtnsikor jh dforkoka tu&psruk uS izHkkfor dj.kokGh fLFkfr;ka uS mtkxj djhA jktLFkkuh jh uaqohdfork jk laxzS vtS de fudY+;k gS iNS Hkh *ixQsjks* ¼ef.k e/kqdj½]*va/kkj i[k* ¼uan Hkkj}kt½] *ikxh*¼pUnzizdk’k nsoy+½] *iuth ek:* ¼xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor½] *>G* ¼ikjl vjksM+k½] *fjanjksbZ* ¼vtqZunsopkj.k½ *mrj;ks gS vkHkks* ¼ekypan frokM+h½ ] *dky vj vkt jS fcPpS* ¼lkaoj nb;k½] *rksiukek* vj*jkx&fotksx* ¼pUnzizdk’k nsoy½] *v.kgnukn* ¼Hkxorh yky O;kl½] *Egkjh dforkoka* ¼çse th çse½]*Egkjks xkao* ¼jkes'oj yky Jhekyh½] *lhj jks ?kj* ¼oklq vkpk;Z½] *lkxj ika[kh* ¼dqanu ekyh½ bR;kndfork laxSz egrkÅ gSaA QqVdj :i esa fy[;ksM+h dsbZ dfork jh vsdyh jpuk Hkh uqaoh dfork jh tkrjkjks egrkÅ fgLlks gSA

x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %&x| lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh jks x| lkfgR; ?k.kks twuks vj lefj/k gSA jktLFkkuh esax| lkfgR; jh mRifŸk 13&14oha lrkCnh jS eka; gqbZ vj 16&17oha lrkCnh esa oks vkijh mUur voLFkkesa iwxX;ksA izkphu x| uS uhpS fy[;S :i esa ckaV ldka gka %&

1- /kkjfed x|2- vSfrgkfld x|3- dykRed x|4- vU; :i1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %&1- /kkjfed x| %& /kkjfed x| jsS fodkl esa tSu lk/kqoka jks ?k.kks ;ksxnku jS;ks gSA vS

vkijS /kje jS izpk: vSM+ks lkfgR; fy[;ks gSA vkS lkfgR; ekSfyd de vj /kkjfed xzaFkk jh Vhdk jS:i esa gSA vS Vhdkoka nks :ika esa feyS& ckykocks/k vj VCckA ckykocks/k lh/kh ljy vj lqcks/k VhdkgqoSA b.k jS eka; jh O;k[;k jS lkFk tSu /kje jS fl)kUrk uS le>ko.k lk: dsbZ dFkkoka jks lgkjks fy;ksx;ks gSaA

VCck ckykocks/k lwa NksVks gqoSA b.k esa ewy+ lcn jks vjFk Åij&uhpS] vklS&iklS fy[;kstkoSA vkpk;Z r:.kizHk lwfj dk lMko’;d ckykocks/k* ¼fo-la- 1411½ jktLFkkuh x| jh iSyh izkS<+

60

Ñrh ekuh tkoSA/kkjfed lkfgR; nks lSfy;ka esa feyS& vsd tSu lSyh vj nwth tSu lsSyh lwa vyxA2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %&2- vSfrgkfld x| %& /kkjfed x| jS lkFkS vSfrgkfld x| jh l:vkr gq;hA vSfrgkfld

x| esa [;kr] okr] oalkoyh]inkoyh] ihf<+;koyh] foxr] gdhdr] gky bR;kn feySA [;kr esa jktkokajks oalkuqØe feySA vkt Hkh jktLFkku jS bfr;kl jS lUnHkZ esa eqg.kksr uS.klh] vkfl;k ckadhnkl vjn;kynkl jh [;kr izfl) gaSA

vSfrgkfld x| nks lSfy;ka esa fy[;ks x;ks gS& tsSu lSyh vj pkj.k lSyhA tSu lSyh jh Hkklklh/kh ljy vj pkj.k lSyh jh eaft;ksM+h gSA

3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %&3- dykRed x| %& dykRed x| jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa vkijks egŸo gSA dykRedx| eq[; :i lwa opfudk] flyksdk] o.kZd vj okr :i esa feySA opfudk x|&i| feflzr gSA vknlZopfudk esa vk/kks x| vj oks Hkh rqdkUr gqoSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ftdh egrkÅ opfudk fy[khthm.k esa *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* ¼flonkl xkM.k½ vj *opfudk jkBkSM+ jrufla?k egslnklksr jh*gSA

dykRed x| nokoSr esa Hkh feySA nokoSr esa HkkV ekyhnkl jh fy[kh *ujflagnkl dh nokoSr*?k.kh pks[kh gSA b.kh Hkkar dykRed x| jks vsd :i *flyksdk* Hkh gSA jktLFkkuh esa okr lkfgR; jksv[kwV Hk.Mkj gS b.k jS eka; Hkh x|&i| jks :i nhlSA ckr jh vkijh lSyh gSA

4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %&4- vU; :i %& x| jS nwtk :ika esa flyksys[k] iÍk&ijokuka gSaA

vk/kqfud dky jks x| lkfgR; %&vk/kqfud dky jks x| lkfgR; %&vk/kqfud dky jks x| lkfgR; %&vk/kqfud dky jks x| lkfgR; %&vk/kqfud dky jks x| lkfgR; %& jktLFkkuh jks twuks x| lkfgR; rks ywaBks jS;ksgS i.k m.k jh rqyuk esa vk/kqfud dky esa x| jh lxGh fo/kkoka esa lakrjks jpukRed lkfgR; fy[;ksx;ksA vk/kqfud x| jh izeq[k fo/kkoka esa miU;kl] dgkuh] ukVd] ,dkadh] fuca/k] lekykspuk bR;kn gSAvka x| fo/kkoka jks fodkl b.k rjS ns[;ks tk ldS gS %&

miU;kl %&miU;kl %&miU;kl %&miU;kl %&miU;kl %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa iSyks miU;kl f’kopan Hkjfr;k jks fy[;ksM+ks *dud lqUnj*¼1903½ miyC/k gqoS] b.k jS okLrS ys[kd xqtjkrh esa izpfyr *uoy dFkk* lcn jks iz;ksx fd;ks gSAb.k miU;kl jh dFkk ikfjokfjd gSA

*dud lqUnjdud lqUnjdud lqUnjdud lqUnjdud lqUnj* jS iNS Jhukjk;.k vxzoky jks *pkpk* ¼1925½ jktLFkkuh jks nwtks miU;kl gSAvks lkekftd miU;kl gS vj b.k esa *o`) fookg* jh leL;k uSs izxV djh gSA

vS nksuwa miU;kl iSyk miU;kl gS vka jks mnsl lekt lq/kkj jh Hkkouk gS dF; vj flYi ?k.khizkS<+rk uhA

vka nks miU;klka jS iNS vsd yEcks varjky jS;ks vj vktknh jS iNS 1956 bZ- esa Jhyky uFkeytks’kh jks *vkHkS iVdhvkHkS iVdhvkHkS iVdhvkHkS iVdhvkHkS iVdh* miU;kl NI;ksA b.k miU;kl esa fo/kok fookg jh leL;k mBk;h x;h gSAvks Hkh vsd lekt lq/kkj jS nzfLVdks.k lwa fy[;ksM+ks lkekftd miU;kl gSA lsoV leL;k jks lek/kku vknlZ :i esa gq;ks gSA Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jks nwtks miU;kl */kksjka jks /k.kh* ¼1968 bZ-½ vjrhtks *vsd chu.kh jks chan* ¼1973 bZ-½ gSA */kksjka jks /k.kh* bVyh fuoklh MkW- VslhVjh jsS thou ekFkSvk/kkfjr gSA vka nksuwa miU;klka esa Hkh miU;kldkj jks nzfLVdks.k vknlZoknh jS;ks gSA

jktLFkkuh miU;kl Ns= esa b.k jS iNS vUukjke lqnkek jks Bkoks vj ywaBks ukao fy;ks tk ldSgSA vka jh dFkkpsruk vkijS ifjosl lwa tqM+*j leL;koka uS vknlZoknh :>ku ekFkS izLrqr djSA vka jSmiU;klka esa *eSdrh dk;k eqy+drh /kjrh* ¼1966½] *vka/kh vkSj vkLFkk* ¼1974½] *esoS jk :a[k* ¼1977½]*Mkdhtrk ekuoh* vj *?kj lalkj* ¼nks Hkkx½ gSA *esSdrh dk;k vj eqy+drh /kjrh* esa vkRedFkkRed lSyh

61

esa lqFkkjh ukuh jh ihM+ uS izxV djh gSaA *vka/kh vj vkLFkk* miU;kl esa vdky+ lwa tw>rk feu[k jh;FkkjFk dgk.kh gS rks *esoS jks :[k* vkikrdky jh fLFkfr;ka uS ys;*j fy[;ksM+ks miU;kl gSA vUukjkelqnkek jS miU;kl jh folS oLrq izsepan jh laosnuk lwa xSjh izHkkfor gS b.k okLrS vknlZ] lksl.k] xjhcfeu[k jh n;uh; fLFkfr jks ekuoh; /kjkry ekFkS fp=.k dj~;ks x;ks gsSA Hkklk vj flYi jh nhB lwalqnkek jk miU;kl jktLFkkuh miU;klka esa Bkoh BksSM+ jk[kSA miU;kl ys[k.k jS okLrS ftdks oLrq fo/kku vsd BkoS miU;kldkj dUuS gqo.kks pkbtS] oks vUukjke lqnkek duS gSA

;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz *gw¡ xksjh fd.k iho jh* ¼1970½ vj *tksx&latksx* ¼1973½ miU;kl fy[;kAvS nksuwa miU;kl lkekftd gSaA *gw¡ xksjh fd.k iho jh* esa vsd vkdfLed ?kVuk latksx jS ek/;e lwaiquj fookg jh leL;k mBkbZ gS& rks *tksx&latksx* egkuxjh; thou jh >y+d izLrqr djSA

N=ifrfalg jks *frjldwa* ¼1974½ vfuLpS vj fuj.k; jS vHkko eas HkVdrS uk;d¼iou½ jhla?klZiwj.k dgkuh gSA miU;kl esa ØkfUr jh ctk; jksekal jks fp=.k ?k.kks gSA

lR;su tks’kh *daoyiwtk*¼1974½ miU;kl fy[;ks ftdks jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks iSyks vsSfrgkfldmiU;kl gSA b.k jS eka; rUuksV jktk fot;jkt vj egewn xtuoh jS fcPpS gq;ksM+S tq) jks oj.ku gSAvkapfydrk jS dkj.k miU;kl esa rktxh vj uaqoksi.kks gSA

fot;nku nsFkk jk nks miU;kl *rhMkSjko* ¼1966½ vj *eka jks cny+ks* NI;k gSaA nksuwa miU;klO;aX; lSyh esa yksddFkk jS tfj, lekt jh fLFkfr;ka ekFkS rh[kks izgkj djSA *rhMksSjko* vsd izrhd ik=gS ftdks v;ksX; gqorka Fkdka Hkh vkijh frdM+e lwa vkxS iwx T;koSA *eka jks cny+ks* miU;kl esa lkeUrhO;oLFkk ekFkS O;aX; gSA

jkefuokl 'kekZ jks *dky&HkSjoh* ¼1976½ vj *eka>y+* jkr xkaok esa QSY;ksM+S ra=&ea=] va/kfo’okl bR;kn jks euksoSX;kfud fp=.k djSA miU;kl esa xkao jS yksxka jks Hkksyksi.kks vj vX;kurk uSnjlk;ks gS] vks euksoSX;kfud miU;kl gSA

ch-,y- ekyh jk *feu[k jk [kkst* vj *vcksy+h* ukao lwa nks miU;kl NI;ksM+k gSaA nksuwa miU;klvkt jh leL;koka uS ys;*j pkySaA *feu[k jk [kkst* miU;kl esa tkfrxr ca/kuka lwa vyx gV.kS jh ihM+kjks rks *vcksy+h* esa thou jh vsdjlrk jks fp=.k dfj;ks gS tBS vsd ukjh vkijh rM+Qu vj O;Fkk&dFkkuS crkorh jSoSA

ikjl vjksM+k jS miU;kl *[kqyrh xkaBk* ¼1977½ vk/kqfud thou jh leL;koka uS ys;*jfy[;ksM+ks gSA b.k jS eka; vSM+h isze dFkk gS ftdh xSj tkfr; fookg jks lek/kku <w<+SA

xksj/kuflag ’ks[kkor jks *vsd QkSth 'kghn*¼2000½ djfxy jS tq) esa nsl lk: vkijS tho.kuS vjfir dj.kokGS QkSth flikgh jh lwjohjrk] R;kx vj lgknr jh lkaph ?kVuk gSA QkSth tho.kekFkS fy[;ksM+ks jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa vks iSyks miU;kl gSA

uan Hkkj}kt jks miU;kl *lkEgh [kqyrks ekjx* ¼2001½ jsfxLrkuh bykdS jsS feu[k jh la?klZxkFkk uS ;FkkjFk :i esa vfHkO;ä djSA vktknh rks vkika uS feyh i.k b.k jks dksbZ vlj vkika jS tho.kesa gq;ks] b.k jks lkarjks fp=.k b.k miU;kl esa gSA

vka miU;klka jS vykok jktLFkkuh esa ’kkfUr Hkkj}kt jkds’k jks *mM+tk jS lwok* vSM+h bZekjfed vj d:.k dgkuh gSA ft.kesa vkSjr vkijS gdka okLrS tqYeka lwa yMS+A miU;kldkj jks flYiuqaoks vj izHkkfor dj.kokGks gSA vCnqy oghn jks *?kjk.kks* miU;kl uqaoS dFkkud uS ys;*j lkarjh

62

Hkklk lSyh esa fy[;ksM+ks gSA Ãa esa tyerkabZ dU;kc/k jh dqizFkk jks fp=.k gSA nsofdlu jktiqjksfgrvkt jk Bkok miU;kldkj gSaA vka jk lekt vj ifjokj lwa tqfM+;ksM+k dFkkudka uS ys;*j dsbZmiU;kl NI;ksM+k gSa] ft.kesa *dyad*] */kkM+oh*] *diwr*] *tatky+*] *nkrkj* vj *lwjt* ?k.kk egrkÅgSaA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa y?kq miU;kl Hkh dsbZ fy[;k x;k ftdk dha rks *gjkoy+*] *vksGeks*]*ykMslj*] *jkLVªiwtk gsyks*] *tkxrh tksr* bR;kn esa NI;kA vka miU;klka esa lhrkjke egf"kZ jknks miU;kl *dq.k le>S paojh dk cksy* vj *ykyM+h vsdj Qs: xexh*] MkW- uflag jktiqjksfgrjks *Hkxoku egkohj*] nhun;ky dqanu jks *xqaokjikBks*] jkenŸk lkaÑR; jks *vkHkyns*] HkwjflagjkBkSM+ jks *jkrh ?kkVh*] iszeth izse jks *lsyh Nkao f[kT;wj dh*] fd’kksjdYiuk dkar jks */kkM+oh*] ekypanfrokM+h jks *Hkksy+ko.k*] dj.khnku ckjgB jks *ea=h jh csVh*] vksenŸk tks’kh jks *ik.kh ihtS Nk.k* vj uouhrikaMs jks *ekVhtw.k* izeq[k gSaA

vBS ts jktLFkkuh miU;klka jh fodkl ;k=k ekFkS fopkj djka rks y[kkoS ds *dud lqUnj*lwa ys;*j vtS rkabZ jS miU;klka esa dsbZ rjS jh izozfŸk;ka nhlS fta;k& lkekftd] vSfrgkfld] jktuhfrdvj ikSjkf.kdA vka miU;klka esa dsbZ vSM+k miU;kl gS ft.kesa vknlZokn] ?kVukRed la;ksx] oj.kkRedrkvj leL;koka jks lrgh fp=.k Hkh gq;ks gSA vSM+k miU;kl ?kVuk iz/kku gkso.kS lwa jkspd rks t:j gSaysfdu m.kka jS eka; Bksl dF; jks vHkko gSA xkaoka jS tho.k jks fp=.k djrk Fkdka dBS&dBS vkapfydrkjks njlko Hkh mYys[ktksx gSA

flYi jh nhB lwa ns[kka rks *vkHkS iVdh*] *eSdrh dk;k eqy+drh /kjrh*] *vka/kh vj vkLFkk*]*gw¡ xksjh fd.k iho jh*] *frjldwa*] miU;klka esa ijEijkÅ flYi gSA la;ksx] ?kVukRedrk vj oj.ku lSyhjS dkj.k vS miU;kl iszepan jS ;qx jh laosnuk lwa ?k.kk tqfM+;ksM+k gSA vka miU;klka esa vkRedFkkRedlSyh ¼eSdrh dk;k] eqy+drh /kjrh½] izrhd lsSyh ¼rhMkSjko½ bR;kn jks :i Hkh nhlSA vUukjke lqnkekjh Hkklk esa xgjh O;atuk] lgtrk vj izokg gSA fot;nku nsFkk jh Hkklk esa eatkoV gSA uan Hkkj}ktjh lsSyh vkt jS ;FkkjFk uS lgh vfHkO;fä nso.kokGh gSA

izeq[k miU;kldkjka jks ifjpS b.k rjS gS %&;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz %&;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz %&;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz %&;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz %&;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz %& vkijks tye 13 vxLr 1932 bZ- esa chdkusj esa gq;ksA vki

jktLFkkuh jk ekuhrk dFkkdkj gSaA vki dgk.kh] ukVd vj miU;kl fy[;ka gSA *gw¡ xksjh fd.k ihojh* vj *tksx&latksx* vc rkabZ NI;ksM+k nks miU;kl gSA

vUukjke lqnkek %&vUukjke lqnkek %&vUukjke lqnkek %&vUukjke lqnkek %&vUukjke lqnkek %& vkijks tye mn;jkelj ¼chdkusj½ esa gq;ksA vki cgqeq[kh izfrHkk jkjpukdkj gSaA *eSdrh dk;k eqy+drh /kjrh*] *esoS jk :a[k* vj *?kj&lalkj* vka jk NI;ksM+k miU;kl gSaAjktLFkku jS miU;kldkjka esa vUukjke lqnkek jh vkijh miU;kl dyk vj ftnaxh jS ykjS vkijks lkspjS;ks gSA ;FkkjFk jS lkFkS&lkFkS vknlZ jh >yd fn[kk;k fcuk vka jks oLrqfo/kku iwjks uh gqoSA vka jSmiU;klka esa yksdthou jks xSjkbZ lwa fp=.k gq;ks gSA izxfrlhy fopkjka jk fgek;rh vUukjke lqnkekjh Hkklk lh/kh&ljy vj O;atukRed gSA

fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %&fot;nku nsFkk %& vkijks tye cks:ank ¼tks/kiqj½ esa 1926 bZ- esa gq;ksA vkijk nks miU;kl*eka jks cny+ks* vj *rhM+kSjko* NI;ksM+k gSa ft.kesa yksddFkkoka usS vk/kkj c.kk*j lekt O;oLFkk ekFkS rh[kksO;aX; dfj;ks gSA vka jS yksd miU;kl esa yksddFkk jk lxGk rŸo vj yksd ifjosl ekStwn gSA

dgk.kh %&dgk.kh %&dgk.kh %&dgk.kh %&dgk.kh %& jktLFkkuh esas okr lkfgR; jks rks v[kwV Hk.Mkj gS vj m.k jh vsd vkijh ijEijk

63

jS;h gS ftdh vkt Hkh yksdthou esa nhlS ysfdu dgk.kh rks vk/kqfud lkfgR; jh fo/kk gSA jktLFkkuhesa fta;k miU;kl vj ukVd jS :i esa iSyk ys[kd f’kopUn Hkjfr;k ekU;k tkoS fca;k gh jktLFkkuhuS iSyh dgk.kh Hkh f’kopUn Hkjfr;k jh *foJkUr izokl* lu~ 1904 esa dydŸkS lwa Ni.kokGh ekfldi= *oS’;ksidkjd* esa NihA b.k jS iNS xqykcpan ukxkSjh jh *cM+h rht*] *cM+h csVh dh fodjh* vj *cgwdh [kjhn* bR;kn dgk.;k vyhx<+ lwa izdkflr *ekgs’ojh* if=dk esa NihA ukxkSjh jS iNS f’koukjk;.krksluhoky jh *fo|kijnsore~* vj *L=h f’k{k.k dks vksukeks* ekfld ukfld lwa izdkflr iapjkt esaNihA izoklh jpukdkjka jh vka dgk.;k esa vknlZokn vj lekt lq/kkj jh Hkkouk ghA

vka jS iNS chl cjl rkabZ jktLFkkuh esa dksbZ dgk.kh uh NihA lu~ 1935 bZ- jS vklS&iklS Qs:dgk.kh ys[k.k jh l:vkr gq;h] ft.kesa eqjyh/kj O;kl ]Jhpanjk; ekFkqj bR;kn izeq[k gSaA eqjyh/kj O;kl jks iSyks dgk.kh laxzS *cjlxkaB* ¼1956½ izdkflr gq;ksA fca;k b.k lwa iSyk O;kl jh dsbZdgk.;k Ni pqdh ghA O;kl jS iNS dgk.kh fy[k.kokGk esa ukuwjke laLdrkZ] uflag jktiqjksfgr]cStukFk iaokj] Jhyky uFkey tks’kh] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] vUukjke lqnkek] nkeksnj 'kekZ] dj.khnkuckjgB] jkes’ojn;ky Jhekyh ]ewypan izk.ks’k ]nhun;ky vks>k] Jheardqekj O;kl] jkefuokl 'kekZbR;kn gSaA vka dgk.khdkjka jks izozfrxr :i esa foHkktu uh dj ldka D;wads vka jS ys[ku esa fd.kh vsdizozfr jh iz/kkurh uhA

dF; vj flYi jh nhB lwa ftdks cny+ko jktLFkkuh dgk.kh esa vk;ks m.k jh >y+d lu~ 1970bZ- jS iNS fy[;ksM+h dgk.;ka esa futj vkoSA b.k lwa isSyka rks dgk.;ka ?kVuk&iz/kku] vknlZoknh vjijEijkxr flYi uS ys;*j pky.kokGh ghA

eqjyh/kj O;kl vj oka jS iNS jk dgk.khdkjka jh ewy+ nhB lkekftd psruk lwa tqfM+;ksMh jS;hAb.k okLrS vka jh dgk.;ka esa lekt lq/kkj vj vknlZoknh Hkkouk jh iz/kku ghA O;kl jh dgk.;ka jhfolS oLrq lgjh tho.k lwa tqfM+;ksM+h gS iNS Hkh oka jh dgk.;ka esa lekt lq/kkj vj lkekftd dqizFkkokaekFkS rh[kkS O;aX; gS fta;k oka jh *C;ko*] *cyeS jks eksy+*] vj *ujes?k ;k lekt jks uhjk* dgk.;ka ns[khtk ldS gSA vka dgk.;ka esa pfjr ;k okrkoj.k iz/kku uh gks;*j leL;koka jk r;lqnk lek/kku ikBdkajS lkeh jk[khT;k gSaA dgk.;ka jh Hkklk lh/kh&ljy gSA

ukuwjke laLdrkZ jk *X;ksgh*¼1957½] *nlnks[k* ¼1966½ vj */kj jh jsy* ¼1970½ ukao lwa rhudgk.kh laxzS NI;ksM+k gSaA vka jh dgk.;ka vkapfyd tho.k jh ijEijk] yksdfoLokl] lq[k&nq%[k vjlkekftd cqjkb;ka jks fp=.k djSA vka dgk.;k jk flYi ijEijkxr gS vj vka esa vknlZ] euksjatu]minsl vj oj.ku jh iz/kkurk gSA

u`flag jktiqjksfgr jktLFkkuh jk dgkuhdkjka esa vkijh Bkoh BkSM+ jk[kSA xzkeh.k tho.k jScny+rS lUnHkkZ uS uflag jktiqjksfgr xgjh laosnuk jS lkFkS vfHkO;ä dj~;k gaSA *jkrcklks* ¼1961½] *vejpwuM+h* ¼1969½] *eÅ pkyh eky oS* ¼1973½] *ijHkkfr;ks rkjks* bR;kn vka jk izeq[k NI;ksM+k dgk.kh laxzSgSaA vktknh jS iNS cny+rS lkekftd ewY;] HkzLV jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ka] fjLor[kksjh] HkzLVkpkj] dky+ vjlekt jh ihM+knk;d fLFkfr;ka jks fp=.k vka jh dgk.;ka esa gq;ks gSA uflag jktiqjksfgr jh dgk.;ka esavkt jh folaxfr;ka vj fuEuojx jS tho.k psruk jks bZekunkjh lwa izxV dj;ksM+ks ;FkkjFk gSA *jkrcklks*]*mŸkj Hkh[kk Egkjh ckjh*] *fxjtM+k*] *Hkkjr HkkX; fo/kkrk*] *dqvS Hkkax iM+h* bR;kn uflag jktiqjksfgrjh lko ;FkkjFkdkjh dgk.;ka gSaA vka dgk.;ka esa flYixr uqaoksi.kks Hkh y[kkoSA *v/kwjk liuk* vkijks[kkl dgk.kh laxzS gSA

64

xzkeh.k tho.k jh eka;Gh vj vc[kk;ka vj lgjh izHkko jS vuqHkwfr jS /kjkry+ ekFkS izxVdj.kokGk dgk.khdkj gS cStukFk iaokjA iaokj jk rhu dgk.kh laxzS *ykMslj* ¼1970½] *uS.kk [kwV~;ks uhj*vj *vksG[kk.k* NI;ksM+k gSaA iaokj jh dgk.;ka vknlZ dkuh mUeq[k gq;ksM+h ;FkkjFkoknh dgk.;ka gSaAvka esa *ykMslj*] *bukeh HkkHkh*] *uS.kk [kwV;ks uhj* izeq[k gSaA

vknlZokn lwa bZ izsfjr Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jh dgk.;ka lgjh thou lwa tqfM+;ksM+h leL;kokauS izxVSA vka jh dha dgk.;ka eukSoSX;kfud Hkh gaS ftdh ifr&iRuh jS vkilh lEcU/kk jh my>uka uSeuksfoX;ku jS lUnHkZ esa lqy+>koSA *eksyk;ksM+h ykMh* esa vuesy C;ko jh rks *ij.;ksM+h daokjh* esaifr&iRuh jS lEcU/kk jk uqaok vk;ke nhlSA

MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jh dgk.;ka esa lkekftd leL;koka uS mtkxj djh gS vka jh dgk.;ka esavknlZokn vj ;FkkjFkokn gSA *dU;knku* ¼1971½ ukao lwa vka jks dgk.kh laxzS NI;ksM+ks gS ft.k esalsB&lkgwdkjka jh mnkjrk] vkilh ln~Hkko vj fuezojx jk yksxka jh ihM+koka jks lkapks fp=.k gSA*dU;knku*] *Qfr;S jks C;ko*] *[kkath* bR;kn vka jh jkspd dgk.;ka gSaA

u`flagiqjksfgr jS iNS jktLFkkuh dgk.;ka esa vkijh U;kjh vksG[kk.k c.kko.kokGk dgk.khdkjkaesa vUukjke jks folsl eqdke gSA vUukjke lqnkek vkLFkkoknh jpukdkj gSa vj ;qx ;FkkjFk jS ykjS okafutw lksp vj vsd ÅaMh nhB jS;h gSA *vka/kS uS vka[;ka*] *xyr bykt* vj *ek;k jks jax* vkijk NI;ksM+kdgk.kh laxzS gSA vka jh dgk.;ka xzkeh.k ifjosl lwa tqfM+;ksM+h vj m.k jh eka;yh fLFkfr uS lkoG <axlwa vfHkO;fä nso.kokGh gSA vka jk ik= thoV jk gSa] cS tq>k: c.k*j fLFkfr;ka lwa la?klZ t:j djSai.k oka jS cks/k vj fparu jh vsd lhek t:j gSA lqnkek jh dgk.;ka esa dsbZ txka dkO;kRedrk vjfopkj cks/k jS dkj.k flYixr flfFkyrk Hkh vk;h gSA *<+yS Mwaxj % QVS pÍku*] *lqyrku usdh jks lezkV*]*vka/ksS uS vka[;ka* bR;kn lqnkek jh dha izeq[k dgk.;ka gSaA

dj.khnku ckjgB vkijh dgk.;ka esa xzkeh.k ifjosl jS cny+rs :i uS izxV dj~;ksA *vknehjks lhax* vj *ekVh jh egd* vka jk pfpZr dgk.kh laxsSz gS ft.kesa ifjokj vj lekt jh leL;koka jksoj.ku gSA vktknh jS iNS lkeUrh O;oLFkk VwVh rks jktuhfr jks xanks izHkko xkaoka jS ekFkS i³~;ks] b.kjks fp=.k vka jh dgk.;ka esa gSaA *nkst[k*] *fpeuh jks P;ku.kks*] *ekSr jh xkaB* bR;kn b.k jh izfrfuf/kjpukoka gsSA

nkeksnj izlkn 'kekZ jh dgk.;ka jh laosnuk xzkeh.k vj lgjh thou lwa tqfM+;ksM+h gSA ekuoeu jh eka;yh fLFkfr;ka uS mtkxj dj.kS esa nkeksnj 'kekZ vsd leFkZ dgk.khdkj gSaA *izsrkRek jh izhr*ukao lwa vka jks vsd laxzS NI;ksM+ks gSA *fprjke*] *iszrkRek jh izhr*] *getksy+h* bR;kn vka jh egrkÅdgk.;ka gSA

ewypan izk.ks’k jh dgk.;ka esa tho.k jS ;FkkjFk ifjosl jks fp=.k gSA izk.ks’k vkijh dgk.;kaaesa ifjokjka jh vkjfFkd raxh ]etcwjh vj eu jh nksxkpharh jks lkarjks oj.ku dj~;ks gSA *mdy+rk vkarjk% lhy+k lkl* ¼1973½ vj *pLenhB xokg* izk.ks’k jk nks dgk.kh laxzS gSaA

fot;nku nsFkk ewyr% yksd dFkkdkj gSaA m.kka jh yksddFkkoka jk dsbZ laxzS fudY+;k gSaA*vys[kw fgVyj* dgk.kh laxSz vka jks ekSfyd dgk.kh laxsSz gS i.k b.k jS <kapk esa yksddFkkoka jk rŸo t:jfNI;ksM+k gSaA vka jh ekSfyd dgk.;ka jks flYi Hkh dFkk lSyh lwa izHkkfor gSA nsFkk izxfrlhy fopkjlwa tqfM+;ksM+k gSaA

vktknh jS iNS vkjfFkd nckoka jS dkj.k xkaoka esa Hkh vsd lkFkS jsSof.k;ka ifjokj Hkh /khjS&/khjS VwV.k ykX;k rks ifjokj jS fjLrka esa Hkh dha Qjd vk;ksA ifr&iRuh jS lEcU/kk esa Hkh dsbZ rjS jh tfVyrkoka

65

vk;h rks ekuoh fjLrk VwV.k ykX;kA vk vsd vsSM+h laosnuk gh ft.k jS izHkko lwa vkt Hkh xkao ;k lgjvNwrks uhA bZa vkilh lEcU/kk jS cny+ko uS dha dgk.khdkj vkijh jpukRed laosnu jks folS c.kk;ks]b.kesa ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz] jkefuokl 'kekZ] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh bR;kn dha vSM+h dgk.;ka fy[khAvkilh lEcU/kk jSs cny+ko eas jkefuokl 'kekZ jh *lqgkx.k&Hkkx.k* vj ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz jh *cki vjcsVh* egrkÅ gSaA vkt feu[k elhu jh nkabZ pDdj dkVsS ft.k lwa oks lko tM+ ;k Qxr ta= c.kX;ksgSA b.k jks fp=.k jkefuokl 'kekZ jh *ySEi iksLV* vj *vkrecks/k* rFkk jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh jh*lGoVka* dgk.;ka esa nhlSA Jhekyh jh dgk.;ka nfyrojx jh ihM+k] foo’krk vj nhurk uS izxV djSA*[kkt:*] *tlksnk* bR;kn Jhekyh jh pfpZr dgk.;ka gSaA *lGoVka* ukao lwa vka jks dgk.kh laxzS Hkh NI;ksgSA

jktLFkku esa vkbZ lky vdky+ iM++rks jSoS vj vdky+ jh Hkhl.k fLFkfr lwa vBS jks tu tho.k]ilq /ku bR;kn izHkkfor gq;k fcuk uh jS; ldSA vdky+ jS dkj.k xkaookGk uS Hkh jkstxkj jh ryklesa xkao lwa ckjS tko.kks iMS+A vka fLFkfr;ka jks ifjokj ekFkS dsbZ izHkko iM+SA eqjyh/kj O;kl ¼esgek;ks½]u`flag jktiqjksfgr ¼xkao jh gFkkbZ] fl.kxkjh½] cStukFk iaokj ¼/kkih Hkwok½] Jheardqekj O;kl] j?kqukFkflag ¼vdky+ Åij rks dky+½ bR;kn pks[kh dgk.;ka fy[kh gSaA cnzhnku xkM.k jh dgk.;k ifjok:laosnuk lwa tqfM+;ksM+h gSa vka jks vsd dgk.kh laxzS *vkaacS jh Mky+ ljoj jh iky+* NI;kss gSA

vknlZoknh] vknlZ dkuh mUeq[k gq;ksM+h ;FkkjFkoknh dgk.;ka bR;kn esa lkekftd leL;kokajh iz/kkurk jS;h gSA L=h&iq:l jS lEcU/kka uS ys;*j dsbZ dgk.;ka fy[;ksM+h gSaA ifjokj jh v.klqy>hfLFkfr;ka lwa tqfM+;ksM+h euksoSX;kfud dgk.;ka Hkh vkt jh fLFkfr;ka uS izxVSA b.k nhB lwa u`flagjktiqjksfgr] jkes’oj n;ky Jhekyh] jkefuokl ’kekZ bR;kn jh dgk.;ka mYys[ktksx gSaA

vSfrgkfld dFkkudka uS ys;*j Hkh yksddFkk lSyh esa dsbZ dgk.;ka fy[khthA vka dgk.;ka esajktLFkku jh laLØfr vj eku&ewY;ka jks fp=.k gSA y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor jh *eka>y jkr*] *ewey+*] *fxjÅapk*] *Åapk x<+k*] *dS jS pdok ckr* bR;kn dgk.kh laxzS] bfr;klw lUnHkkZ lwa Hkjiwj gSaA b.kht HkkarvSfrgkfld dgk.;ka fy[k.kokGk esa y{eh dqekjh pwaMkor] lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor] c`teksgu tkofy;kbR;kn gSaA b.kh rjS ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfed izlaxk jsS vk/kkj ekFkS Hkh jktLFkkuh esa dgk.;ka fy[khthgSaA

vktknh jS iNS lkekftd] /kkjfed vj jktuhfrd Lrj ekFkS ftdks cny+ko vk;ks m.k jh lghvfHkO;fä jktLFkkuh dgk.;ka esa lu~ 1970 bZ- jS iNS bZ gq;hA jktLFkkuh uqaoh dfork esa laosnukRedcny+ko ekStwnk ;qx cks/k jS lUnHkZ esa vŸkks izHkkolkyh :i esa vk;ks ds vsdj jktLFkkuh dfork uS ys;*jpks[kh ppkZ gq;hA vkt jktLFkkuh dgk.kh Hkh laosnuk jS Lrj ekFkS fnuksfnu vkxS c<rh tk; jS;h gSAfca;k jktLFkkuh esa vkt Hkh dha jpukdkj vkijS iqjk.kS flYi cks/k uS ys;*j dgk.;ka fy[kS] i.k vSM+kyksx de gSaA vkt jktLFkkuh jk dgk.khdkj dFkk psruk jS ijEijkÅ :i lwa gV*j ;FkkjFkoknhdgk.;ka fy[k jS;k gSaA vS dgk.;ka vkt jS ifjosl lwa miT;ksM+h vj uqaoS dF; uS izxV dj.ksS oky+h gSaAbL;k uqaok dgk.khdkjka esa lkaoj nb;k] ekypan frokM+h] pUnzizdk’k nsoy] uan Hkkj}kt] eksgu vkyksd]Hkaojyky lqFkkj Hkzej]] ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz] nsofdlu jktiqjksfgr ¼fcjtwM+h jks ri vj ekslj can½] ch-,y- eky+h] gjeu pkSgku] fouksn lksekuh gal] euksgj flag jkBkSM+] jkeLo:i ijs’k] enu lSuh] Hkjrvksy+k] vkuan dkSj tks’kh] MkW- pkan dkSj tks’kh] ehBs’k fueksZgh] psru Lokeh] ek/kksflag bUnk] cqykdh 'kekZ]iq:"kksŸke Naxk.kh] lR;ukjk;.k bUnksfj;k] lq[knk dPNkok] lanhi /kkew] iqLiyrk d’;i] veksydpantkafxM+] lR;ukjk;.k tks’kh] izeksn ’kekZ Hkaoj O;kl]v'kksd tks'kh ØkUrk bR;kn gSaA

66

uqaoh ih<+h jk dgk.khdkjka esa lakoj nb;k ikfjokjhd ;FkkjFk vj uqoha laosnukoka lwa tqfM+;ksM+hlkarjh dgk.;ka fy[kh ft.kesa& *vlokM+S&ilokM+S*] */kjrh dn rkabZ ?kweSy+h*] *vsd nqfu;k Egkjh*] *iksFkhftlh iksFkh* ¼1996½ bR;kn gSaA jktLFkkuh esa oS uaqoh laosnuk lwa dgk.kh fy[k.kokGk uqoh ih<+h jk iSykdgk.khdkj gaSA nb;k vkijh dgk.;ka esa flYi jk ?k.kk iz;ksx dj~;kA laokn lSyh uS vi.kk;*j nb;kjh yxS&VxS nl dgk.;ka gSaA l: esa vka jh dgk.kh *xy+h ftlh xy+h* ?k.kh pkoh gq;hA vLlh jS nldesaa dgk.kh ys[ku jh l:vkr lwa nb;k csxk bZ vkijh Bkoh BksSM+ c.kkbZA laosnuk vj flYi jks uaqoksi.kksnb;k jh [kkl folslrk gSA *gkyr* nb;k jh laokn lSyh esa fy[;ksM+h mŸke dgk.kh gS nwth dgk.;kaesa *xy+h c.krk ?kj*] *lqdM+htrk vkax.kk*] *tq³~;k dV~;k*] *vkstw calr* bR;kn izeq[k gSaA vS lxGhdgk.;ka ;FkkjFkoknh gsSaA *vsd nqfu;k Egkjh* vka jks [kkl laxSz gSA

;knosUnz ’kekZ pUnz jktLFkkuh jk Bkok dgk.khdkj gSa vj oS cjlka lwa dgk.;ka fy[k jS;k gSaAvka jh dgk.;ka esa ikfjokjhd ftnaxh jh dsbZ vcjok;ka jks lkarjks oj.ku gSA vkijh dgk.;ka jktLFkkuhyksd thou uS njlkorh vj eku[kS jS eka;yh ijrka uS [kksy.kS okGh gSaA *tekjks* vka jks [kkl dgk.khlaxSz gSA

uqoha ih<+h jS dgk.khdkjka esa ekypan frokM+h jks ukao fljSA oS vc rkabZ yxHkx nks njtudgk.;ka fy[kh gSsaA */kMan* vj *lsfycszlu* ¼1998½ m.kka jk nks dFkk laxSz gSA vka jh dgk.;ka jh laosnuklko vNwrh vj feu[k jS varjeu jh m.k fLFkfr;ka uS izxVS ft.k jS eka; vkt feu[k [kks jS;ks gSA flYijh rktxh vj dF; uS izHkkolkyh <ax lwa izxV dj~.kks ekypan frokM+h jh dgk.;ka jh vkijh folslrkgSA vka jh dgk.;ka ledkyhu Hkkjrh; Hkklk jh fd.kh Hkh dgk.;ka lkFkS jk[kht ldSA *uktk;t*]*uhan*] *lsfyczslu*] *dhfe;ka jks cki*] *esn HkkbZ lkgc* bR;kn dgk.;ka vkijh vyx fiNk.k jk[kSA

Hkaojyky Hkzej jh dgk.;ka jk rhu dFkk laxzS NI;ksM+k gSa& *rxknks*] *vewtks dn rkabZ* vj *lkrawlq[k* ¼1997½ vka jh dgk.;ka esa vke vkneh jh ihM+k] vHkko vj ?kqVu jks fp=.k gS vj vS dgk.;kalh/kh&ljy gSaA

ch-,y- ekyh v’kkar jh dgk.;ka le;&lR; uS vkijh nhB lwa izxVSA vka jk nks dgk.kh laxSz*fdyh fdyh dVdks* vj *jkbZ jkbZ jsr* NI;ksM+k gSA *dkty jh gR;k*] *fpxY;ksM+k gkFk*] *fHk[kkjh*]*xqnM+h jks njn* bR;kn vka jh pfpZr dgk.;ka gSaA v’kkar jh dgk.;ka esa ijEijk vj O;oLFkk jksfojks/k gSA vka jh Hkklk lh/kh ljy vj flYi jh lkarjh c.kxV gSA

euksgj flag jkBkSM+ jh dgk.;ka esa vklS&iklS jh fLFkfr;ka lwa mBk;ksM+k ik=ka jS ek/;e lwa vSM+hfLFkfr uS ;FkkjFk :i esa izxVh gS ftdh ekuoh laosnuk lwa ?k.kh Hkfj;ksM+h gSA vka jk rhu dgk.kh laxzS*jks’kuh jk tho* ¼1983½ ] *f[kM+dh* ¼1989½ vj *x<+ jks njoktks* ¼1997½ NI;ksM+k gSaA nzksinh] cGn]^jks’kuh jk tho* vj ^x<+ jks njoktks* vka jh pfpZr dgk.;ka jS;h gaSA

jkeLo:i ijs’k jh dgk.;ka e/;eojx jS lektw ;FkkjFk uS xSjkbZ lwa vfHkO;ä djSA vka jhdgk.;ka esa ekuoh fLFkfr;ka jk ihM+knk;d lUnHkZ feySA *mMhd*] *vka/kh jks vSuk.k* bR;kn vka jh egrkÅdgk.;ka gSaA

;qok dgk.khdkjka esa Hkjr vksy+k jh dgk.;ka jks vsd vyx eqgkojks gS A vka jks vsd dFkklaxSz *tho jh tkr* ¼1998½ NI;ksM+ks gSA vksy+k jh dgk.;ka jS eka; dF; jh iz/kkurk gSA vkijS lh/kS ljyflYi esa ca/;ksM+h vS dgk.;ka vkijh laosnuk esa ?k.kh ÅaMh gSa vj vkt jS thou ;FkkjFk lwa tqfM+;ksM+h

67

gSA *ij*] *lj.kkVks*] *C;ktfM+;ks*] *nwtks ujd* bR;kn vka jh pfpZr dgk.;ka gSaAjkeLo:i fdlku jh dgk.;ka vkt jS ;FkkjFk uS lkeh Y;koSA vkijks vsd dgk.kh laxzS

*gkMk[kksM+h* ¼2002½ NI;ksM+ks gS ft.kesa xzkeh.k tu thou jh vc[kk;ka vkt jS ifjos[k esa vfHkO;ä gqbZgSA vka jh dgk.;ka esa xkao jk fofo/k fprjke izxV gqoSA xkao jks lh/kks ljy thou dŸkks my+f>;ksM+ksgS] tfVy gS& vka jks izek.k fdlku jh dgk.;ka esa feySA *nyky* fdlku jh vsd pfpZr dgk.kh gS ftdSuS 1997 jks dFkk iqjLdkj à feY;ksA

enu lSuh vSM+k dgk.khdkj gS ft.kka jh lh/kh ljy dgk.;ka jk dFkkud vkijS ekax v.k nhBrkdr uS fNik;ksM+h gSA vkijks vsd dgk.kh laxzS *Qqjlr* ¼1997½ NI;ksM+ks gSA *n;k*] *tksM+k;r*] *lksuSjks lwjt*] *Qqjlr* bR;kn vkijh pfpZr dgk.;ka gSA

veksyd pan tkafxM+ jh dgk.;ka esa dF; jh uohurk vj flYi jh rktxh gSA tkafxM+ jhdgk.;ka esa 'ks[kkokVh vapy jks ?k.kks izHkko gSA vkijk nks dgk.kh laxzS *’ks[kkokVh jh vkapfyd dgk.;ka*vj *e/kqou jh jk/kk* ukao lwa NI;ksM+k gSaA *tewjks* vka jh pfpZr dgk.kh gSA cqykdh 'kekZ jks *fgyksjks*¼1994½iSyks dgk.kh laxSz gS ft.kesa n¶rjh ftnaxh jh ihM+k] dqaBk] grklk bR;kn jks ;FkkjFk fp=.k gSaA

vka dgk.khdkjka jS vykoka nwtk dsbZ dgk.khdkj gS ftdk lqrarj :i lwa dgk.;ka fy[kh gSarks dsbZ jk dgk.kh laxzS bZ NI;k gSa vka esa enu dsofy;k] pUnzizdk’k nsoy] uan Hkkj}kt] fouksnlksekuh¼pqih vj rhl½] dL.k dfYir] eksgu vkyksd] ehBs’k fueksZgh ¼vekol] vsde vj pkan½] guqekuikjhd] vkaun dkSj O;kl] iqLiyrk d’;i ¼/kjeatyka % /kj dwapk½] iszeth isze] ek/ko ukxnk] psruLokeh] f’kojkt Naxk.kh] nhun;ky vks>k] pkan dkSj tks’kh] lksukjke fo'uksbZ] lR;ukjk;.k bUnksSfj;k¼mrkj&p<+ko½] izgykn Jhekyh] ek/kks flag bUnk ¼ikMS oky+ks iwaN½] iq:"kksŸke Naxk.kh ¼fcpky+S½] cqykdh'kekZ bR;kn gSaA

jktLFkkuh esa y?kqdFkkoka Hkh [kwc fy[khth gsS b.kesa MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] MkW- mn;ohj 'kekZ]veksydpan tkafxM+] y{ehukjk;.k jaxk] nsofdlu jktiqjksfgr] nqxsZ’k] jkeLo:i fdlku] HkaojykyHkzej] uhjt nb;k] dey jaxk bR;kn izeq[k gSA b.k rjS jktLFkkuh dgk.kh dF; vj flYi esa uqaoksi.kksys;*j vkxsS vsd HkjkslS jS lkFk c/k jS;h gSA

ukVd %&ukVd %&ukVd %&ukVd %&ukVd %& jktLFkkuh ukVd jh l:vkr f’kopUnz Hkjfr;k jS ukVd *dslj foykl* ¼1900½lwa ekuhtSA vks iSyks ukVd gksA b.k esa lq/kkjoknh nzfLVdks.k uS ys;*j ukVddkj lekt jh vlaxfr;kauS izxVh gSA bZa jS iNS f’kopUnz Hkjfr;k jks *QkVdk tatky* vj *cq<+kik jh lxkbZ* NI;ks ft.kesalkekftd cqjkb;ka jks izLrqfrdj.k gksA lekt lq/kkj jh b.k l:vkr esa vkxS pky*j Hkxorh izlknnk:dk jks *cky fookg ukVd*] *ekjokM+h ekslj* vj *lxkbZ tatky*] ckydL.k ykgkSjh jks *dU;k fcØh*vj ukjk;.knkl vxzoky jks *cky C;ko dks QklZ* mYys[ktksx gSA vka lxGk ukVdka esa lekt lq/kkjjh Hkkouk] vknlZokn] minsl jh iz/kkurk vj lektw dqizFkkoka jks fp=.k jS;ks gSA ukVd jaxeap okLrSfy[;k tkoS vj m.kka jh lQyrk jh dlkSVh Hkh jaxeap bZ gqoSA vka ukVdka esa Hkjfr;k jS *dslj foykl*uS jaxeap ekFkS t:j lQyrk feyhA

lkekftd ukVdka jh b.k ijEijk esa enu eksgu fl) jk *t;iqj dh T;ks.kkj* ¼1928½ ukVdjaxeap jh nhB lwa ?k.kks pkoks gq;ksA vks nks [kaMk esa NI;ksM+ks gSA

b.k jS iNS 1929 bZ- esa dksydkŸkk esa Bkdqj nŸk nk/khp jks *ekgs’ojh iapk;r jks ok;Ldksi* ukVdNI;ksA b.k jh Hkklk tSlyesjh gSA b.k iNS jktLFkkuh ukVdka jS ys[ku esa vsd ykEcks c[kr [kkyh jS;ks

68

vj xhrdkj Hkjr O;kl jk nks ukVd *jaxhyks ekjokM+* ¼1947½ vj *<ksyk ejo.k* ¼1949½ NI;kA vS nksuwukVd jaxeap ij v.kwrh yksdfiz;rk gkfly djh vj iNS vka ij fQYe Hkh c.khthA vka ukVdka ekFkSikjlh fFk;sVj jks izHkko gSA

lw;Zdj.k ikjhd ftdk jktLFkkuh jk ywaBk fo}ku vj lEiknd gk] m.kka jks vsd ukVd *ehjk*¼1989½ NI;ks gS i.k bZ jks jpukdky 1930 bZ- lwa 1936 bZ- jS fcPpS gkso.kks pkbtSA

Hkjr O;kl jS iNS jktLFkkuh esa Qs: lekt lq/kkjoknh Hkkouk lwa iszfjr gks;*j teukizlknipksfj;k jks *u;h chu.kh* ¼1962½ ukVd NI;ks ft.k esa de i<+h fy[kh ukjh vj vuesG C;ko jh leL;kjks oj.ku gSA

vkKkpan Hk.Mkjh jkss vSfrgkfld ukVd *iUuk/kk;* ¼1963½ NI;ksA bZa jS eka; LokehHkxr iUuk/kk; jks pfj= izLrqr dj~;ksA b.k lwa iSyk jktLFkkuh jk vSfrgkfld ukVd esa Jhukjk;.k vxzoky jks*egkjk.kk izrki* ukVd Ni pqD;ks gks vj vks jktLFkkuh jks iSyks vSfrgkfld ukVd dº;ks tk ldSgSA bZ jS iNS egkjk.kk izrki jS pfj= uS vk/kkj c.kk;*j fxj/kkjh yky 'kkL=h jks esokM+h Hkklk esa *iz.kohjizrki* ukao lwa ukVd NI;ksA

bZa iNS vk/kqfud ukVdka jks nkSj l: gq;ksA dgk.khdkj ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz jks *rkl jks ?kj*¼1973½ vj cnzhizlkn iapksyh *ik.kh iSyh iky+* ¼1973½ ukVd NI;ksA pUnz jks ukVd vk/kqfud thoujh laosnuk uS ys;*j pkySA baZ jsS eka; lgjh ftnaxh jh dsbZ folaxfr;ka vkt jS ifjosl esa j[khth gSAcnzhizlkn iapksyh egkHkkjr jS dFkkud ekFkS vkijS ukVd jh jpuk djh gSA bZa iNS lR;ukjk;.k veujks *xqokM+ esa tk;ksMh* vj dFkkdkj vUukjke lqnkek jks *c/krh vaoykbZ* vj vtqZunso pkj.k jk *vktjk nks; ukVd* vj *cksyEgkjh eNyh bŸkks ik.kh* ¼1984½ NI;kA *c/krh vaoykbZ* esa vUukjke lqnkekxkaoka jh leL;koka uS O;aX;kRed :i esa izLrqr djrk Fkdka vsd vknlZ jk[;ksA vtqZunso pkj.k jk nks;ukVdka esa vsd *ladfj;ks* vj vsd *xokM+h* gS vtqZunso jk nksuwa ukVd jaxeap ekFkS ?k.kk lQy gq;kAvka ukVdka esa vsd fopkj lekt jS lkesS vkt jh ifjfLFkfr;ka eqtc jk[khT;ks gSA

y{ehukjk;.k jaxk jks *cS:fi;k* vj *ukxk vkneh*] jkedL.k egsUnz jks *EgkjS rks fxj/kj xksiky*

Hkh jktLFkkuh jk egrkÅ ukVd gSA jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ka jS lUnHkZ esa ch-,y- ekyh va’kkr jks *cksyrk

vk[kj* ¼1981½ ukVd NI;ks gSA ukVd esa jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ka ekFkS rh[kks O;aX; gS i.k ukVd jaxeap

jS vuqdwy uhA

xksj/ku flag ’ks[kkor jk nks ukVd *rhl ekj[kka* ¼1988½ vj *cLrhjke* ¼1989½ NI;k gSaA

*rhlekj[kka* esa vktknh jS iNS xkaoka jh ftnaxh esa vk;ksM+h xqaMkxjnh jks ;FkkjFk fp=.k O;aX; lSyh esa

gS rks *cLrhjke* ukVd gfjtu leL;k uS vkt jS ifjis[k esa lkekftd leL;koka lwa tksM+*j izxV djh

gSA nksuwa ukVd eap lk: fy[;ksM+k gSaA *cLrhjke* yksdukVd lsSyh jks iSyks ukVd gSA

vkt jS ukVddkjka esa vtqZunso pkj.k jks ukao fljSA jaxeap jh nhB lwa vka jk ukVd ?k.kk pkok

bZ uh gq;k cfYd vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ekFkS gkso.kSokGS ukVd vk;kstu izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkh iSyks njtks

vftZr dfj;ksA vtqZunso ukVddkj jS lkFkS ukV~; fujnsld Hkh gSA vka jk ukVdka esa

*/kjetq)* vj *tkrjk* ] ?k.kk pkok gq;k gSA jktLFkkuh ukVd uS jaxeap jh nhB lwa vsd uqaoksi.kks vj

vsd lkarjh fopkj y[kk.k jS dkj.k vtqZunso Bkok ukVddkj jS :i esa vkijh vksy+[kk.k c.kk pqD;k gSaA ukVd

jS lk: lejfir vtqZunso bZ fo/kk esa vk/kqfud jaxeap lwa jktLFkkuh ukVdka uS tksM+*j ?k.kks ljko.k tksx

69

dke dj jS;k gSaAfueksZgh O;kl Hkh pkok ukVddkj gSa vj vka jk ukVd Hkh jaxeap ekFkS ?k.kk yksdfiz; gq;k

gSaA ba;k bZ fueksZgh O;kl jks *lkaorks*] guqeku ikjhd jks *pks[kks&HkwaMks fnu* vj jk?ko izdkl jks *rhljksepk.k* pfpZr jS;ks gSA guqeku ikjhd jS *pks[kks fnu % HkwaMks fnu* vkt jh laosnuk uS ys;*j pkySA fueksZghO;kl jks *iz.kohj ikcwth* vj *Hkh[kks <+ksy+h* Hkh jaxeap ekFkS ?k.kk pkok gq;k gSaA

dqekj x.ks’k jk ikap ukVd NI;k gS] vS [kqn ukVddkj jS vykok ukVd funsZld vj vfHkusrkHkh gSA jktLFkkuh esa vka jk ikap ukVd gSA vkijk ukVd eaph; gS vj vk/kqfud eap uS /;ku esa jk[k*jfy[khT;k gSaA vkt jS ukVdka esa dqekj x.ks’k jh vsd Bkoh BkSM+ gS vki uqDdM+ ukVd Hkh fy[;k gSA*vtxj jh yhd*] *mX;ksM+ks va/kkj dwM+ uh cksyS* vj *,d gh f’kokuh*A *vtxj jh yhd* vkt jSvkardokn lwa tqfM+;ksM+h leL;k jks ltho fp=.k djSA *mX;ksM+ks va/kkj dwM+ uh cksyS* esa vsd fjVk;jfeu[k jh euksnlk jks fp=.k gSA *,d gh f’kokuh* esa ukjh euxr jks euksoSX;kfud oj.ku gSaA

T;ksfriqat jks *dadw dca/k* ¼1998½ ] dYyk th jkBkSM+ ekFkS fy[;ksM+ks ckxM+h cksy+h jks lkarjksukVd gSA b.kesa ohj dYyk th jh lwjki.k] nslHkxrh vj R;kx jks fp=.k gSaA

jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa vkt Hkh laHkkouk gS ds jaxeap uS /;ku jk[k*j lkarjk ukVd fy[;ktkoSA t;Ur fuokZ.k] Hkxorh yky O;kl] MkW- jkedL.k egsUnz] fueksZgh O;kl] vCnqy oghn dey ¼rwtk.kh d tk.kh½] gjh’k Hkknk.kh] v’kksd tks’kh] vUukjke lqnkek] ch-,y- ekyh bR;kn vkt Hkh ukVdfy[k jS;k gSaA

vsdkadh %&vsdkadh %&vsdkadh %&vsdkadh %&vsdkadh %& jktLFkkuh esa vsdkadh fy[k.kS jh l:vkr lu~ 1930 bZ- jS vklS&iklS gq;hA lu~1930 esa 'kksHkkpan tEeM+ jks *o`) fookg fonw"k.k* vsdkadh NI;ks vj vks jktLFkkuh jks iSyks vsdkadhekuhtSA jktLFkkuh vsdkadh esa tEeM+ jks egrkÅ ;ksxnku gSA b.k jS iNS JhukFk eksnh jks *xksek tkV*vsdkadh NI;ksA b.k jh jpuk lSyh ijEijkÅ ghA lu~ 1933 bZ- esa lw;Zdj.k ikjhd jks *cksy+ko.k* vsdkadhizdkflr gq;ksA vks vk/kqfud lSyh esa fy[;ksM+ks vsdkadh gSA

*cksy+ko.k* jS iNS vsdkadh Ns= esa dsbZ cjlk rkabZ vsdkadh uh fy[;k x;k vj lu~ 1954 bZ-esa xksfoUn yky ekFkqj jS lkr vsdkaD;ka jks laxzS *lrjax.kh* NI;ksA vka jk vsdkadh lkekftd vjikfjokjhd leL;koka uS ys;*j fy[;k x;k gSaA *ykyph eka&cki* b.k ladyu jks lkarjks vsdkadh gSAbZa jS iNS ekFkqj jks nwtks vsdkadh laxzS *iapk;r jkt* ¼1963½ NI;ksA

vsdkadh fo/kk jks fcxlko m.k c[kr jh i=&if=dkoka jS ek/;e lwa gq;ksA b.k esa *e:ok.kh*]*vksGeks*] *jktLFkku ohj*] *gjkoy+* vj vkt jh *tkxrh tksr*] *fc.ktkjks*] *jktLFkyh*] *ek.kd* bR;knif=dkoka jh egrh Hkwfedk jS;h gSA Jheardqekj O;kl jks vsdkadh laxzS *eqa’khth jh Mk;jh* NI;ks ft.kesapkj gkL; vsdkadh gaSA xksfoUn ekFkqj jS iNS jktLFkkuh vsdkadh fy[k.kokGk jpukdkjka esa MkW- euksgj'kekZ] y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor] x.kifrpUnz Hk.Mkjh] jkenŸk lkad`R;] vkKkpan Hk.Mkjh] Jhyky uFkeytks’kh] cStukFk iaokj] jkor lkjLor] ukjk;.k nŸk Jhekyh] nkeksnj izlkn ’kekZ] f=yksd xks;y]ekypan frokM+h] ukxjkt 'kekZ] jkefujatu ’kekZ fBekÅ] Hkaoj Hkknkuh] y{ehukjk;.k jaxk bR;kn gSaA

jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jh folS oLrq ekFksS fopkj djka rks ykxS ds m.k esa fofo/krk gSA jktLFkkuhesa vSfrgkfld] lkekftd vj gkL;&O;aX; vsdkadh fy[;k x;k gSA lkekftd vsdkafd;ka esa vknlZoknlwa ys;*j ;FkkjFkokn rkabZ jh izozfr nhlSA lkekftd leL;koka uS ys;*j fy[k.kokGk vka vsdkadhdkjka esa

70

xksfoUn ekFkqj] fujatuukFk vkpk;Z] ukjk;.knŸk Jhekyh] nkeksnj izlkn 'kekZ] ukxjkt 'kekZ bR;kn jkvsdkadh fy;k tk ldSA xksfoUn ekFkqj jk vsdkadh leL;kewyd gSaA m.kka jk vsdkadh *lrjafx.kh* ukaolwa nks [kaMk esa NI;ksM+k gSaA vka esa *ykyph eka&cki*] *MkDVj jks C;ko*] *cky fo/kok* bR;kn izeq[k gSaAb.kh rjS *fNa;k rkoM+ks* ¼ukjk;.k nŸk Jhekyh½] *rksi jks ykblsUl* ¼nkeksnj izlkn 'kekZ½] *jxr vsdfeu[k jks* ¼lqjsUnz vapy½ bR;kn lkekftd leL;koka lwa tqfM+;ksM+k gSaA

vSfrgkfld vsdkadh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor] MkW- euksgj ’kekZ] vkKkpan Hk.Mkjh] jkenŸk lkaLdR;bR;kn jk gSa ftdk esa jktLFkku jS thou ewY;ka jS lkFkS R;kx] ohjrk vj ijEijk jks lkarjks fp=.k gSAy{ehdqekjh pwaMkor jS vsdkadh *lke/kjek ekth* esa jktiwr ukjh jh ohjrk] vkKkpan Hk.Mkjh jS *nsljS okLrS* vsdkadh esa eka jh dBksjrk] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ *jS vsdkadh dfo jks dyad*] *mekns*] *jktnaM* bR;knesa lkeUrh lekt jh detksfj;ka jks fp=.k gSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa gkL;&O;aX; vsdkadh Hkh [kwc fy[;ksM+k gSA vSM+k vsdkadhdkjka esa ekypandhy] Jheardqekj O;kl] xksfoUn ekFkqj] ukxjkt 'kekZ] jkefujatu 'kekZ fBekÅ bR;kn gSaA ekypandhy jks *dqeyks QkSt esa* ¼1967½ vj jktLFkkuh gkL; vsdkadh NI;ksM+k gSA gkL; vsdkafd;ka esa Jheardqekj O;kl jk *xknMh jh iwaN*] *iksikckbZ jks lky+ks*] vj *eklh lwa el[kjh* gSaA xksfoUn ekFkqj jS gkL;O;aX; vsdkafd;ka esa *vsdrk jh felky+*] *nk;tks ewaxks iM+xks* vj *jDld c.kxk HkDld* izeq[k gSaA

jktLFkkuh gkL;&O;aX; vsdkadh fo/kk esa ukxjkt 'kekZ jk vsdkadh ?k.kk pkok gq;k gSaA vka jknks vsdkadh laxzS *bc rks psrks* vj *jke feykbZ tksM+h* NI;ksM+k gSA bZ jS vykok i=&if=dkoka esa vkajk vsdkadh cjkscj Nirk jSoSA ukxjkt 'kekZ jS vsdkafd;ka jh folslrk vk gS ds vsdkafd;ka esa lkekftdvj ikfjokjhd leL;koka jks lek/kku izLrqr djhT;ks gSA vS vsdkadh jaxeap ekFkS ?k.kk lQy gq;k gSAjkefujatu 'kekZ fBekÅ jks vsd O;aX; vsdkadh laxzS *rkbZ xkao jh nkbZ* NI;ks gSA

nwtk vsdkafd;ka esa *vkijks [kkl vkneh* ¼cStukFk iaokj½] *lEiknd jh ekSr* ¼jkor lkjLor½]*rksi jks ykblsUl* ¼nkeksnj izlkn 'kekZ½ bR;kn gSaA vkt Hkh jktLFkkuh vsdkadh [kwc fy[;k tk jS;kgSaA vk t:j gS ds nwth fo/kkoka jh rqyuk esa vsdkafd;ka jks foxlko de gSA

fuca/k %& jktLFkkuh Hkklk essa fuca/k Hkh c[krflj fy[;k x;k gSA fuca/k jh l:vkr f’kopUnzHkjfr;k jh jktLFkkuh Ñfr;ka ¼dud lqUnj] QkVdk tatky bR;kn½ jh Hkwfedk esa ns[kh tk ldssSA bZajsS iNS *ekjokM+h fgrdkjd*] *iapjkt* bR;kn if=dkoka esa HkkokRed vj gkL;&O;aX; lsSyh esa fuca/kNI;kA vka fuca/kk esa oztyky fc;k.kh jk *eksxjk dyh*] *xqykc dyh*] *cM+h Qtj dks nhoks* bR;knHkkokRed lSyh jk pks[kk fuca/k gSaA bZ jS iNS jktLFkkuh esa ftdh if=dkoka fta;k tkxrh tksr] ek.kd]xksjcan] jktLFkyh bR;kn gh rks vka esa Hkh fuca/k NI;kA fuca/k ys[ku jh fu;fer l:vkr *e:ok.kh*vj *vksGeks* tSM+h lkfgfR;d if=dkoka lwa gqoSA vka if=dkoka jS ek/;e lwa jktLFkkuh esa oj.kkRed]fopkjkRed] foospukRed vj gkL;&O;aX; lSyh esa fuca/k fy[;k x;kA vka fuca/kk esa dBS vSfrgkfldvk/kkj gS rks dBS lkaLØfrd /kjkry jh mnknŸkk& vka fuca/kk esa dBS&dBS gkL;&O;aX; lsSyh Hkh futjvkoSA

jktLFkkuh fuca/kdkjka esa y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor] lkSHkkX; flag ’ks[kkor] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] tgwaj [kkaesgj] vUUkkjke lqnkek] jkor lkjLor] lw;Z’kadj ikjhd] ch-,y- ekyh] dL.k xksiky ’kekZ] MkW- fdj.kukgVk] MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- xksfoUn flag jkBkSM+] Jheardqekj O;kl] Hkaoj flag lkekSj bR;kngSaA pwaMkor jk *esokM+h Qkx.k* vj *esokM+h nhoky+h* fuca/kka esa jktLFkku jS lkaLØfrd xkSjo jh >yd nhlSA

71

*jksfgM+S jk Qwy* ¼1973½ MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jS O;aX;kRed fuca/kka jks laxzS gSA jkor lkjLor jh *FkksFkh ckrka*vj dL.kxksiky 'kekZ jk *vsSud*] *pksy+ks*] *vkjtw iqjk.k* pks[kk fuca/k gSA vka jS fuca/kk esa ?k.kks futwi.kksgSA lqesj flag 'ks[kkor jks fuca/k laxzS *ek.kd eksrh* ¼1988½ jktLFkkuh Hkklk] lkfgR; vj laLØfr jSdsbZ igyqvk uS ekSfyd fparu lwa mtkxj djSA lqesj flag 'ks[kkor yfyr fuca/k Hkh fy[;k gSA vka jhHkklk jks vkijks eqgkojks vj dFk.k jh futw lSyh gSA

lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor jk fuca/k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; laLØfr vj bfr;kl lwa tqfM+;ksM+k gsSAvka jk NksVk&NksVk yfyr fuca/k R;wagkj&okj] ukeoj dohljka] Hkxrka dksV fdyka] [;krk&ckrka lwatqfM+;ksM+k gsSA *fp.kkS*] *opu*] *pkVw*] *thaHkk jh yikyksy+* bR;kn fuca/k ?k.kk lkarjk vj NksVh&NksVhckrka lwa cM+S lUnHkkZ jh ckr dsSo.koky+k gSA

tgwaj [kka esgj jk nks fuca/k laxzS *jktLFkkuh laLØfr jk fprjke* vj */kjetyk /kj dkslka* ukaolwa NI;ksM+k gSA vSfrgkfld ifjosl] xgjh lkaLØfrd nzfLV vj Hkklk jks yfyr :i vka fuca/kk jh[kkfl;r gSA 'kfDrnku dfo;k jks *laLØfr jh lkSjHk* ukao lwa fuca/k NI;ksM+k gS rks MkW- fdj.k ukgVkjks *Hky+ yqvka cktks dŸkh* foospukRed lSyh jk yfyr fuca/kka jks laxzS gSA

dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor jks fuca/k laxzS *ef.keky+* ¼1995½ jk fuca/k jktLFkkuh esa lxGk lwa iSykafy[;ksM+k euksoSX;kfud fuca/k gSA *tho*] *tkfr*] *lksp*] *liuks*] *Hkw[k*] *Mj*] *ekSr* tSM+k eukstkr lwatqfM+;ksM+k fol;ka ekFkS xSjkbZ vj ckjhdh lwa fy[;ksM+k fuca/k gSA ba;k à veksydpan tkafxM+ jk *xy+pV*esa NI;ksM+k fuca/k Hkh euksoSX;kfud gSaA

MkW- xksfoUn flag jkBkSM+ jh iksFkh *xkaok esa xkao lqgko.kks* ¼1998½ xkao jh yksd laLØfr vjcBsS jh ftnaxh lwa tqfM+;ksM+k yfyr fuca/k jks laxzS gSA Hkklk jh nhB lwa bZ vS fuca/k ?k.kk vljnkj gSaA

ch-,y- ekyh v’kkar ¼ekVh lwa etkd vj rkjka NkbZ jkr½] cqykdh 'kekZ ¼dfo] dfork vj ?kj

vky+h½] Jheardqekj O;kl ¼laLØfr jks lksp] >ka>j dks vj lQyrk jk ixksfr;k½ bR;kn jk fuca/k Hkh

lkarjk gSA vka jS vykok i=&if=dkoka esa Hkh fuca/k cjkscj Nirk jS;k gSaA Jhyky uFkey tks’kh]

lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor ¼lkfgR; lEink] iwtka ¼ikao½ dosljka½] nhun;ky vks>k] ewypan izk.ks’k] ek.kd

ca/kq frokM+h ¼lksufy;k vksy++[kk.k½] lw;Z’kadj ikjhd] nsofdlu jktiqjksfgr ¼ekslj can½] 'kjnpUnz iaM~;k¼ckxM+ uh laLØfr½] dL.kyky fo’uksbZ bR;kn dsbZ fuca/kdkj vkt Hkh fuca/k fy[k jS;k gSA nhun;ky

vks>k cjkscj c[kr flj fopkjkRed fuca/k fy[k jS;k gSA lw;Z’kadj ikjhd ¼lqj uj rks dFkrk Hkyk½

jk fuca/k Hkh izkS<+ vj yfyr lSyh esa fy[;ksM+k gSaA

lekykspuk %&lekykspuk %&lekykspuk %&lekykspuk %&lekykspuk %& jktLFkkuh i=&if=dkoka esa vkykspukRed ys[k vj iksF;ka jh leh{kk

yxksyx Nirh jSoSA i.k jktLFkkuh vkykspuk jks l:i vtS rkabZ lkeh uh vk;ksA ys[k vj leh{kk jh

vsd lhek gqoS rks m.k jh dha detksjh HkhA vkykspd rks rVLFk jS;*j fd.kh ekinaMk jS vk/kkj ekFkSjpukRed lkfgR; jh ckr djS ;k fd.kh fuj.k; uS izLrqr djS rks m.k lwa vkykspuk jks :i Hkh fcxlsS

vj jpukdkjka uS Hkh lgh fnlk&nzfLV feySA gjkoG] nhB] tkxrh tksr] e:ok.kh] vksy+eks] fc.ktkjks]

jktLFkyh bR;kn if=dkoka esa lekykspuk lEcU/kh ys[k Nirk jS;k gSaA l: esa jktLFkkuh jh dha dkO;

dfr;ka esa yEch pkSM+h Hkwfedkoka fy[khth ft.k lwa vkykspuk jks vsd ijEijkÅ nkSj l: gq;ksA

*nqxkZnkl*] *lka>*] *jk/kk* bR;kn jpukoka jh Hkwfedk ?k.kh egrkÅ gSaA

jktLFkkuh esa vkykspuk ok yksxka lwa l: gqoS ftdk ekSfyd fljt.k Hkh dj~;ks rks jpukRed

72

psruk jS ckcr vkijh foospukRed nhB gh izxVhA vSM+k jpukdkjka esa MkW- rstflag tks/kk] uan Hkkj}kt]MkW- xksj/ku flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- fdj.k ukgVk] MkW- enu dsofy;k] vksadkj ikjhd] psru Lokeh] vtqZunsopkj.k] dqanu ekyh] uhjt nb;k] Hkaoj flag lkekSj] txeksgu flag ifM+gkj bR;kn gsSaA MkW- rst flagtks/kk jh lekykspuk esa fol; oLrq uS le>.kS jh ekSfyd nhB gSA jktLFkkuh vkykspuk esa iksF;ka jksvHkko gS A uan Hkkj}kt jks *nkSj vj nk;jksS*] MkW- rst flag tks/kk jks ijEijk jks vad *gsek.kh* ]MkW-iq:"kksŸke vklksik jks *fljt.k jh ij[k*] dqanu ekyh jh ledkyhu jktLFkkuh dfork% laosnu vjflYi* vj vtqZunso pkj.k jh *jktLFkkuh dgk.kh* *ijEijk vj fodkl* vj *c[kr jh ckj[kM+h* bR;kndha egrkÅ iksF;ka gaSA b.k jS vykoS if=dkoka esa c[kr flj vkykspukRed vkys[k gh ?k.kk NI;k gsSaAlekykspuk iksFkh ij[k*jjS :i esa Hkh if=dkoka esa Nirh jS;h gS vj dsbZ vkykspd lkarjS <ax lwa leh{kk

djrk jS;k gSaA

x| lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka %&x| lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka %&x| lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka %&x| lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka %&x| lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka %& jktLFkkuh esa thouh] laLej.k] ;k=k oj.ku]bUVjO;w] x|dkO; bR;kn fo/kkoka esa FkksM+ks lkfgR; fy[;ks x;ks gSA vka jk fooj.k b.k eqtc gSa %&

thouh %&thouh %&thouh %&thouh %&thouh %& jktLFkkuh esa thouh lkfgR; vktknh jS iNS fy[;k x;ksA *e:ok.kh*] *vksy+eks*]*gjkoy* bR;kn if=dkoka esa lar&egkRek] yksdfiz; lkfgR;dkj vj dfoljka jh thouh Nirh jS;hgSA Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jh xka/kh th jh thouh *vki.kk ckiwth* ¼1969½] MkW- fdj.k ukgVk jh*f’kopUnz Hkjfr;k* ¼1970½] nhun;ky vks>k jh *nsl jk xkSjo* ¼1972½] *Hkkjr jk fuekZrk* ¼1972½] *NksVhmej % cM+k dke* ¼1977½] 'kkfUr Hkkukor jh *egkohj jh vksy+[kk.k* bR;kn dha mYys[ktksx thouh gaSA

js[kkfp= vj laLej.k %&js[kkfp= vj laLej.k %&js[kkfp= vj laLej.k %&js[kkfp= vj laLej.k %&js[kkfp= vj laLej.k %& jktLFkkuh esa 1946&47 jS vklS&iklS js[kkfp= fy[;k tko.kykX;kA Hkaojyky ukgVk jks *ykxw ckcks* iSyks laLej.kkRed js[kkfp= gSA 1946 esa Jhyky uFkey tks’khjks *Qjkey* js[kkfp= NI;ks vj iNS if=dkoka esa js[kkfp=ka jh l:vkr gq;hA js[kkfp= fy[k.kokGkesa eqjyh/kj O;kl] Jhyky uFkey tks’kh] eksgu yky iqjksfgr] f’kojkt Naxk.kh] useukjk;.k tks’kh]lw;Z’kadj ikjhd ¼eu lwa dnS uS fcljS½] Jherh deyk deys’k ¼cka nuka dh ckrka½] vLrvyh eydka.k¼mf.k;kjk vksY;wa r.kk½] vksadkj ikjhd]lR;su tks’kh ¼jksof.k;k nklk½] cStukFk iaokj]] nsofdlujktiqjksfgr] euksgj flag jkBkSM+] uFkey dsfM;k] rkjky{e.k xgyksr bR;kn izeq[k gSaA

*twuka thork fprjke* esa eqjyh/kj O;kl vj eksgu yky iqjksfgr lekt jk misf{kr ik=ka uS ys;*jekuoh; laosnuk jS lkFkS js[kkfp= fy[;k gSaA Jhyky uFkey tks’kh jk *lcnM+k* ¼1960½ esa vkijS ?k.kSlEidZ lwa tqfM+;ksM+k yksxka jh ;kn uS lcnka esa <kGh gsSA vka jS eka; dha gkL; iz/kku js[kkfp= Hkh gsSAjs[kkfp=ka esa Hkaojyky ukgVk jh *ckuxh* ¼1965½] f’kojkt Naxk.kh jh *mf.k;kjk* ¼1970½] cztukjk;.kiqjksfgr jh *vVkjoka* ¼1970½] *odhy lkgc* ¼1974½ bR;kn dha mYys[ktksx Ñfr;ka gSaA vU; QqVdjjs[kkfp=ka esa nkÅn;ky tks’kh jk *HkSalkS gks; u feu[k dh cksy+h cksyS+*] vksadkj ikjhd jk *gseh HkkxhjFk th*bR;kn gsSaA js[kkfp= uS *lcn fprjke* dS;*j gjeu pkSgku jk dsbZ lkarjk js[kkfp= i=&if=dkoka esa NI;kgSaA lR;su tks'kh jh *jksof.k;k nk*lk * js[kkfp= jh nhB lwa egrkÅ iksFkh gSA

MkW- useukjk;.k tks’kh jh iksFkh *vks+Gw jh vf[k;krka* ¼1994½ laLej.k fo/kk jh izkS<+ Ñrh gSAtks’kh jk vka laLej.kka esa jktLFkku jh yksd laLØfr jk QwBjk fprjke gSaA b.k iksFkh jk lkrwa bZ laLej.kvi.kS esa cstksM+ gSaA vk laLej.k fo/kk jh egrkÅ Ñrh gSA

vUukjke lqnkek *nsl fnlkoj* ¼1975½ vj *vkax.kS lwa vukZdqye~* iksFkh esa ;k=k jk laLej.k fy[;kgSaA b;ka à dY;k.k flag jktkor] jkedqekj vks>k] cqf)thoh jk Hkh ;k=k laLej.k NI;k gSaA fo".kq HkV~V

73

¼lkseukFk jh ;k=k½] vejukFk d';i vj >e.kyky O;kl Hkh lkarjk ;k=k laLej.k fy[;k gSaA*vksGw jh vkjlh* MkW- rkjky{e.k xgyksr jS vkB jktLFkkuh laLej.kka jh iksFkh gsSA vka lxGk

jks ewy lqj gS& ukjh mRihM+uA laosnuk jS /kjkry ij fy[;ksM+k vS laLej.k ?k.kk ekjfed gSaAbUVjO;w %&bUVjO;w %&bUVjO;w %&bUVjO;w %&bUVjO;w %& jktLFkkuh esa b.k fo/kk jks Hkh FkksM+ks fodkl gq;ks vj fc.ktkjks] ek.kd] ijEijk]

tkxrh tksr] jktLFkyh bR;kn if=dkoka esa fofo/k Ns=ka esa dkedj.k oky+k O;fä;ka jk fopkj tk.k.kSlk: bUVjO;w fy;k x;k gSaA *ek.kd* iSyka *vkeh&lkeh LraHk* jS eka; vyx&vyx Ns=ka jS yksxka jkbUVjO;w fy;k x;k gSa A *fc.ktkjks* if=dk esa MkW- xksj/ku flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] foeys’k]nwfy;k jk.kk] >kcjey 'kekZ bR;kn jk bUVjO;w fy;k gsSA *ijEijk* jS *gsek.kh* vad esa pUnz flag] MkW-ukjk;.k flag HkkVh] lR;izdk’k tks’kh] dksey dksBkjh bR;kn jk bUVjO;w NI;k gsSaA

O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %&O;aX; ys[ku %& jktLFkkuh esa dgk.kh vj fuca/k jS lkFkS lqrarj :i lwa O;aX; Hkh ?k.kkfy[khT;k gSaA vS O;aX; lekt vj jktuhfr esa QSY;ksM+h vlaxfr;ka ekFkS rh[kks izgkj djSaA jktLFkkuhesa c[krflj i=&if=dkoka esa O;aX; cjkscj Nirk jS;k gSaA vSM+k jpukdkjka esa MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] u`flagjktiqjksfgr] lkaoj nb;k] gjeu pkSgku] f=yksd xks;y] euksgjyky xks;y] cqf)izdk’k ikjhd] dL.kxksiky 'kekZ] xkso)Zu gsM+kÅ] vEcw 'kekZ bR;kn jk ukao fy;k tk ldS gSaA jktLFkkuh O;aX; jks fodklykjyS nks nldka esa dha ?k.kks gq;ks gSA O;aX; jh dsbZ ywaBh iksF;ka Hkh Nih gSa ft.kesa cqykdh 'kekZ jh *dfodfork vj ?kjvky+h* ¼1987½] psru Lokeh jS lEiknu esa *jpko* ¼1991½] izgykn Jhekyh jh *vkoy+&dkoy+*¼1991½] Hkxorh izlkn pkS/kjh jh *lqius esa pk.kd* ¼1995½] 'kadj flag jktiqjksfgr jks *lq.k vtqZu*¼1995½] lkaoj nb;k jh *bD;kou O;aX;* ¼1996½] MkW- euksgj yky xks;y jh *Egkjh teyksd ;k=k*¼1999½] ';ke xksbudk jh *xknM+ks cM+X;ks* ¼1999½] cqykdh 'kekZ jh *bTtr esa btkQks* ¼2000½ bR;kngSaA Hkxorh izlkn pkS/kjh jS O;aX; laxzS *lqius esa pk.kd* jktuhfr] lekt jk vkMEcj] HkzLVkpkj] izlklujh vkik/kkih bR;kn ekFkS pks[kh pksV dj.koky+k gSaA lkaoj nb;k jk *bD;kou O;aX;* laxzS esa fLFkfr;kaekFkS lVhd O;aX; dj~;k gSaA cS fcuk fd.kh ykx&yisV jS vkijh ckr fujHkhdrk jS lkFkS vfHkO;DrdjSaA vk nb;k jS O;aX;&laxzS jh [kkl folslrk gSA O;aX;&fo/kk esa nb;k jk O;aX; vsd egrkÅ ;ksxnkujS :i esa mYys[ktksx gSaA gjeu pkSgku jk O;aX; vsd rh[kh pqHku vj uqaok folS fy;ksM+k gSaA

vka O;aX; jpukdkjka jS vykok i=&if=dkoka esa ukxjkt 'kekZ] ';ke tkafxM+] ';kelqUnjHkkjrh] ,l-vkj- Vsyj] Hkokuh’kadj O;kl fouksn] jktfujatu 'kekZ fBekÅ] ekyhjke 'kekZ] HkaojykyHkzej] Nxuyky O;kl] MkW- enu dsofy;k] rkÅ 'ks[kkokVh] MkW- mn;ohj 'kekZ] MkW- eaxr cknybR;kn jk O;aX; Hkh NI;k gsSaA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa cky lkfgR; jh fljt.kk Hkh gq; jS;h gSA cky lkfgR; cky euksfoX;kulwa Hkfj;ksM+ks gSA jkuh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] y{ehukjk;.k jaxk] ch-,y- ekyh v’kkar] t;arfuekZ.k] cqykdh 'kekZ] vCnqy oghn dey] eksgu eaMsyk] uouhr jk;] jkefujatu 'kekZ fBekÅ] euksgj flagjkBkSM+] iszepan xksLokeh bR;kn jpukdkj cky dFkkoka ] cky miU;kl vj cky dforkoka fy[krk jS;kgSA dsbZ cky dFkkoka jks nwth Hkklk lwa mYFkks Hkh gq;ks gSA

x| dkO; %&x| dkO; %&x| dkO; %&x| dkO; %&x| dkO; %& x| dkO; 1946 bZ- esa pUnz flag *jktLFkkuh* if=dk esa lhi ukao lwa jpuk fy[kh b.kjS x| i| dkO; jh izØfr l: gq;hA b.k esa dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] eqjyh/kj O;kl] cStukFk iaokj] y{ehdqekjhpwaMkor] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] xksfoUn vxzoky] ek.kd ca/kq frokM+h vkn izeq[k gSaA lsfB;k jk *xy+xfp;k* ¼1972½] pUnz

74

flag jh *cky+lkn*] xksfoUn vxzoky jk *uqDrhnk.kk* ¼1978½ bR;kn egrkÅ iksF;ka gSaAvuqokn %&vuqokn %&vuqokn %&vuqokn %&vuqokn %& jktLFkkuh esa nwth Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka jS egrkÅ lkfgR; jks mYFkks Hkh gq;ks gSA vka

Hkklkoka esa laLØr] vaxzsth] caxyk] mnwZ bR;kn Hkklkoka jh jpuk jk vuqokn Hkh gq;k gSaA vuqokn jh nzfLVlwa pUnzflag ¼j?kqoa’k] xkFkk lIr’krh] es?knwr½] MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh ¼es?knwr½] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ¼johUnzok.kh] es?knwr] mej [k¸;ke½] euksgj izHkkdj ¼mej [k¸;ke] HkjFkjh lrd½] fo’oukFk 'kekZfoeys’k ¼Hkxon~ xhrk½] fd’kksjdYiuk dkar ¼fjrq lagkj] uLV uhM+] 'ksDlih;j jh ckrka½] jkeukFk O;klifjdj ¼ysfuu dqlqekatfy&:lh Hkklk lwa½] jkor lkjLor ¼tQjukeks ] caljh xkFkk lIrlrh] fjXosnjh fjpkoka½] tksxhnku dfo;k ¼dqjku dh vk;arka½] cæhnku xkM.k ¼e/kq'kkyk½] ;q’kqQ >qU>quoh ¼xkfycjktLFkkuh½ bR;kn vuqokn mYys[ktksx gSA nwtk vuqokndka esa fxj/kkjh yky 'kkL=h] uflag jktiqjksfgr]xksfoUn ekFkqj] ekaxhyky prqosZnh] vkbZ-ds- 'kekZ] Hkxorh yky O;kl] lR;izdk’k tks’kh] pUnzizdk’k nsoy]uan Hkkj}kt] ikjl vjksM+k] xksj/ku flag 'ks[kkor] T;ksfriqat] vkbZnku flag HkkVh] 'kkjnk ØL.k ¼’kdqUryk jhvksy+[k½] jkeLo:i fdlku] lR;ukjk;.k bUnksfj;k ¼lks dha gSa cks ]ekso.kh Hkkse½]ekypan frokM+h] uhjt nb;k]vtqZunso pkj.k] euksgj flag jkBksSM+] lhrkjke egf"kZ bR;kn gSaA vS b’;koL;ksifu"kn lwa mYFkks dj~;ks gSAfons’kh Hkklk jk ukVdka vj dforkoka jks ?k.kks vuqokn gq;ksA xqtjkrh] mfM+;k Hkklk jh dforkoka jks pUnzizdk’knsoy lkarjks vuqokn dj~;ks gSA ltk ¼:lh½] tVk;q ¼xqtjkrh½] lcnka jks vkHkks ¼mfM+;k½] dky+ esa dqjtk¼fgUnh½ jks mYFkks pUæçdk'k nsoy dfj;ksA

i=&if=dkoka %&i=&if=dkoka %&i=&if=dkoka %&i=&if=dkoka %&i=&if=dkoka %& jpukRed lkfgR; uS vkxS c<+ko.k lk: i=&if=dkoka jks ;ksxnku egrkÅgsSA vktknh lwa iSyka Hkh dh if=dkoka gh fta;k& os’;ksidkjd ¼dydŸkk½] egs’ojh ¼vyhx<+½] iapjkt

¼ukfld½] gal ¼bykgckn½] fo’kky Hkkjr ¼dydŸkk½] ekjokM+h ¼C;koj½] jktLFkkuh ¼dydŸkk½ bR;kn ghAvktknh jS iNS ftdh if=dkoka fudy+h oka esa e:ok.kh ¼tks/kiqj½] vksy+eks ¼jrux<+½ tsSM+h

lkfgfR;d if=dkoka jks vSfrgkfld egŸo gSA b.k jS iNS jktLFkkuh esa tk.kdkjh] vijap ¼tks/kiqj½]tyeHkkse] ejo.k ¼chdkusj½] gjkoy+ ¼tks/kiqj½] uS.klh ¼dksydkŸkk½] jktLFkyh ¼JhMwaxjx<+½] tkxrhtksr ¼chdkusj½] vksy+[kk.k ¼tks/kiqj½] fc.ktkjks ¼fiykuh½] jktLFkkuh vsd vj nhB ¼j.klhlj½] dpukj

¼vark½] cryko.k ¼fiykuh½] xksjcan ¼y{e.kx< vj xaxkuxj½] fi.kgkjh ¼t;iqj½] ek.kd ¼tks/kiqj½]usxpkj ¼chdkusj½] bZljykV ¼t;iqj½ bR;kn if=dkoka gSaA ekSfyd lw>&cw> lwa MkW- rstflag tks/kk jh

jktLFkkuh vsd] nhB vj tkxrh tksr jk lEiknu pfpZr jS;k gSA vijap] jktLFkyh] usxpkj ¼chdkusj½if=dkoka esa ;qok ih<+h jk jpukdkjka jh [kwc jpukoka Nih gaS] vkjfFkd ladV jh ctS lwa vk if=dkoka

esa ?k.kdjh if=dkoka can gq;xhA

ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %&ewY;kadu %& jktLFkkuh x| jh fofo/k fo/kkoka jks ewY;kadu djka rks izrhr gqoS ds dgk.khuS NksM+*j nwth fo/kkoka esa Hkksr de jpukoka miyC/k gqoSA iNS miU;kl] ukVd] vsdkadh ;k nwth

fo/kkoka esa dgk.kh gh vsd vSM+h fo/kk ftdh lelkef;drk vj vk/kqfudrk uS vi.kk;h gSaA vrh t:jgS ds x| esa vc fy[k.kks l: gq;ks vj vsd pks[kh l:vkr dghtlhA HkaykbZ jktLFkkuh x| ys[ku jh

fLFkfr nh[k.k esa detksj ykxS i.k lxGh fo/kkoka esa uqoh&uqoh izozfŸk;ka jks fcxlko] vsd lqHk ladsr gSAvktknh jS iNS jh fLFkfr;ka lwa jktLFkkuh jpukdkj ?k.kks izHkkfor gq;ks gS vj oks vkt jh

jktuhfr] tM+ O;oLFkk bR;kn ekFkS rh[kks O;aX; fd;ks gSA vkt miU;kl] ukVd] vsdkadh] laLej.k]

js[kkfp=] O;aX; ys[ku /khjS&/khjS vkijh larksltud fLFkfr lwa HkjkslkS t:j fnjkoSA jktLFkkuh esatÙkks x| fy[;ks tklh] Hkklk jh nhB lwa oks cŸkks à egrkÅ dghtlhA

75

vH;kllk: loky %&vH;kllk: loky %&vH;kllk: loky %&vH;kllk: loky %&vH;kllk: loky %&

oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %oLrqfuLB loky %1- fMaxy ijEijk jk Nsyk dfo dq.k gSa \ ¼v½ ’kadjnku lkekSj ¼c½ lw;ZeYy feJ.k ¼l½ jkeukFk dfo;k ¼n½ mn;jkt Åty ¼ ½2- vk/kqfud dky jk lq/kkjoknh dfo dq.k gk \ ¼v½ fgaxyktnku dfo;k ¼c½ Åejnku ykyl ¼l½ Lo:inkl ¼n½ dfo fpeu th ¼ ½3- *d:.kk cgrjh* jk jpukdkj crkoks \ ¼v½ f’kocDl ikykor ¼c½ eksM+flag efg;kfj;k ¼l½ jkeukFk dfo;k ¼n½ dfojkt eqjkfjnku ¼ ½4- *nqjxknkl* fd.k dfo jh Ñrh gS \ ¼v½ dUgS;kyky lsfB;k ¼c½ lR;izdk’k tks’kh ¼l½ egkohj izlkn tks’kh ¼n½ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh ¼ ½5- lqrarj izØfr fp=.k jh iSyh jpuk dq.klh gS \ ¼v½ ckny+h ¼c½ ijHkkrh ¼l½ es?keky+ ¼n½ MkaQh ¼ ½6- *yw* dkO; fd.k jks fy[;ksM+ks gS \ ¼v½ lqesj flag ’ks[kkor ¼c½ ukuwjke laLdrkZ ¼l½ pUnzflag ¼n½ MkW- euksgj ’kekZ ¼ ½7- uqaoh dfork jh l:vkr dn lwa ekuh tkoS \ ¼v½ lu~ 1950 ¼c½ lu~ 1960 ¼l½ lu~ 1970 ¼n½ lu~ 1965 ¼ ½8- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks iSyks miU;kl dq.k lks gS \ ¼v½ dud lqUnj ¼c½ vkHkS iVdh ¼l½ gwWa xkSjh fd.k iho jh ¼n½ frjldwa ¼ ½9- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh iSyh dgk.kh dq.k fy[kh \ ¼v½ eqjyh/kj O;kl ¼c½ f’kopUnz Hkjfr;k ¼l½ vUukjke lqnkek ¼n½ xqykcpUn ukxkSjh ¼ ½10- *cksy Hkkjeyh* dkO; jk jpukdkj dq.k gSa \ ¼v½ dY;k.k flag jktkor ¼c½ pUnzizdk’k nsoy ¼l½ jsornku pkj.k ¼n½ lR;izdk’k tks’kh ¼ ½

?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %?k.kk y?kqjkRed loky %1- *cksy+ko.k* jk jpukdkj dq.k gSa \2- *lSuk.kh* dfork dq.k vj dn fy[kh \

76

3- dY;k.k flag jktkor jh [;kfr fd.k :i esa gS \4- x.ks’khyky O;kl fd.k fopkj/kkjk jk dfo gSa \5- *psr eku[kks* jk jpukdkj dq.k gSa \6- *jktLFkkuh jkek;.k* fd.k jh fy[;ksM+h gS \7- fo’oukFk 'kekZ foeys’k dSM+k dfo gS \8- vUukjke lqnkek jS miU;kl jks ukao crkoks \y/kqjkRed loky %y/kqjkRed loky %y/kqjkRed loky %y/kqjkRed loky %y/kqjkRed loky %1- dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jS dkO; jh folslrkoka fy[kks \2- u`flag jktiqjksfgr fd.k <ax jk dgk.khdkj gSa \3- vUukjke lqnkek jh dgk.;k jh folslrkoka crkoks \4- fot;nku nsFkk jS miU;kl jks dkabZ ukao gS \5- jktLFkkuh esa xty dq.k&dq.k fy[kh gS \6- ekypan frokM+h dSM+k dgk.khdkj gSa \7- jktLFkkuh esa laLej.k fy[k.koky+k jpukdkj dq.k gSa \8- dkfynkl jS *es?knwr* jks jktLFkkuh esa mYFkks dq.k dj~;ks \

fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %fuca/k :i esa loky %1- *jk/kk* dkO; jks ewy lqj dkabZ gS \2- ikfjokjhd ;FkkFkZ jh dgk.kh fy[k.koky+k jpukdkj dq.k gsSa\3- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh fLFkfr jks mYys[k djks\4- uqaoh dfork iSyka jh dfork lwa lko vyk;nk gS dkabZ\5- jktLFkkuh izØfr dkO; jh folslrkoka crkoks \6- jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh folslrkoka fy[kks \7- lkaoj nb;k jh dgk.;k jh folslrkoka crkoks \8- jktLFkkuh vkykspuk jh fLFkfr fda;k dkabZ gS \