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Index

Aachen, 265, 325, 327, 338, 402Adalbero, 196Adalbert, St, Bishop of Prague, 174Adler, Guido, 359, 365adonic, 227, 231Ad organum faciendum, 53–5Affligemensis, Johannes

De musica cum Tonario, 48, 55, 60, 124Agricola, Alexander, 181Aires, Fernandez, 229Alberic, 330Albertet, 208Alcuin of York, 264, 337–8Alfanus, 330Alfonso VIII, 166Alfonso X (el Sabio) of Castile and Leon, see

cantigaAlfred, King, 114alleluia, 15, 17, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 44, 49, 63, 64,

186Alleluia. Ascendens Christus, 15, 51–2Alleluia. Christus resurgens, 28Alleluia. Justus ut palma, 53

Alma redemptoris mater, 229Alvernhe, Peire d’, 207Amalarius of Metz, 28, 193Ambros, August Wilhelm, 352, 354Ambrose, Saint, 19, 197, 227, 229, 338amour courtois, 209amplification, 46, 48, 124, 125, 187anceps, 226Anchieta, Juan de, 167al-Andalus, 169Anerio, Felice, 342Angevin saints, 116Anglo-Norman French, 111Anonymous IV, 72, 86, 300antiphon, 11, 12, 17, 19, 45, 48, 50, 115, 116,

119, 123, 203, 239Celeste beneficium, 123Marian, 117

Antony of Padua, Saint, 130Apfel, Ernst, 368Appel, Carl, 350Aquitaine, 23, 26, 56, 63, 207, 268, 324,

332Arabic music, 161Aragon, 88, 289, 327Aristotle

Politics, 89, 98Arnestus of Pardubice, 174

Arnulf of Metz, Saint, 191Arras, 223, 326Ars Nova, 98, 119, 144, 146–9, 152, 154, 166,

167, 176, 200, 310, 315, 364Ars Subtilior, 102, 146, 288, 289, 361Aubry, Pierre, 349–50Aucassin et Nicolette, 346Augustine, Saint, 9, 40, 98, 230, 264, 322, 337

De musica, 279Augustine, of Canterbury, Saint, 113, 337Aurenga, Raimbaut d’, 207Aures ad nostra deitatis preces, 231Auto de los Reyes Magos, see drama, vernacularauto-citation, 224Auvergne, 207, 332Auxerre, 326Ave, mundi spes, Maria, 125Avignon, 87, 95, 126, 136, 145, 201, 236, 275,

289, 327

Bach, Johann Sebastian, 72, 93, 352, 357Balbulus, Notker, 33, 234, 266, 336, 338

Deeds of Charlemagne, 338ballade, 100, 101, 102, 113, 142, 154, 221, 222,

274, 314, 327, 366En la maison Dedalus, 100

ballade-virelai, 92ballata, 92, 93, 94, 129, 130, 138, 141, 147, 154,

155, 156, 159, 333, 354, 355Bangor, 202Baralle, Godefroy de, 238Barberino, Francesco da, 94Barbigant, Jacques, 181Baroffio, Giacomo

Iter liturgicum Italicum, 128Baudelaire, Charles, 236Bec, Pierre, 209, 350Beck, Jean, 349–50Bede, the Venerable, 228, 337Bedingham, John, 113Beethoven, Ludwig van, 2, 100, 354, 357, 367Benedicamus Domino, 56, 63, 69, 72, 74, 123,

124, 125, 158, 165, 193, 272, 299Benedict, Saint, 12, 193Benedict of Aniane, 192Benedict of Peterborough, abbot, 116Benedictus, 123, 203Benet, 120Bent, Margaret, 96, 368Beowulf, 110Bernard de Cluny, 237[465]

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466 Index

Bernart de VentadornCan vei la lauzeta, see canso

Bertran de Born, 207Un sirventes on motz no falh, 210

Besseler, Heinrich, 352, 363, 368Black Death, 88, 275, 383Black Madonna, 167Boethius, 89, 228, 238, 243, 276, 277, 278, 284,

286, 287Bohemia, 23, 24, 171, 173, 174–5, 178–80, 274Bona Sforza, Queen of Poland, 171, 182Bonaventure, Saint, 232Boniface, Saint, 336books of hours, 201Boopstein, Barbara Ann, 67Bornelh, Giraut de, 210Bottee de Toulmon, Auguste, 347, 354,

367bouche, art de, 93Bourges, 326Bratislava Breviary, 173breviary, 122

of Pius V, 128brevis, 74, 119, 156Brule, Gace, 216, 326Brumel, Antoine, 181Brussels, 24, 347, 355Buigne, Gace de la, 98Burgos, 162, 166, 324, 325, 330Burgundy, 63, 196, 325, 326, 361, 362Burney, Charles, 346, 353, 354Bury St Edmunds, 45Busnois, Antoine, 181Byzantine music, 172–3

caccia, 93, 139, 140, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152,154, 333

Cosı pensoso, 142cadence, 10, 99, 128, 244, 245, 250, 251caesura, 38, 40, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232calendar

Egyptian, 239Cambridge, 51, 118, 292canon, 102, 108, 119, 140, 149, 150, 289

Austin, 1, 2, 4Victorine, 40

canonica musica, 85, 287canso, 130, 210, 211

Kalenda maya, 134Canterbury, 115, 337cantica, 225cantiga, 130, 168

de amigo, 168, 398de loor, 168de Santa Maria, 269

cantilena, 120cantilena romana, 189cantio, 177–8, 398

cantus, 48, 53–6, 63–4firmus, 120, 158, 253, 360, 361, 362, 363fractus, 122, 126, 128, 159, 174planus binatim, 122, 125

canzone, 131, 398Capella, Martianus, 228, 277Cardenal, Peire, 212Cardine, Eugene, 345Carmen Saeculare, 225Carmina Burana, 232, 233, 329Carolingian

archetype, 340empire, 26period, 11, 18renaissance, 192, 324

carols, 113, 201Carthage, 3, 322Cassiodorus, 9, 161, 277Castel del Monte, 121Castile, 67, 88, 166, 269Catalonia, 162, 164, 166, 167, 207, 327,

332Catherine of Alexandria, Saint, 130Catullus, 226cauda, 69, 71, 211, 261, 262Celts, 113Cercamon, 208ceremonial, 122chace, 98, 151Challoner, Richard, 239chanson, 112, 215, 398, see song

a refrain, 82baladee, 92d’amour, 216d’eloge, 215de femme, 216de mal mariee, 216de toile, 215, 216jeu-parti, 216Jolietement m’en vois, 216, 217La Chastelaine de Saint Gille, 216Li nouviaus tanz et mai et violette, 217pieuse, 398rotrouenge, 216Sotte chanson, 216

chant, 23, 46–7, 49–51, 53, 56, 63, 64Ambrosian, 338Anglo-Saxon, 20Beneventan, 20, 330, 338Byzantine, 172–3Christian liturgical, 121, 122, 126Compostelan, 72Eastern European, 172–5Gallican, 19, 241, 336, 337, 372grand, 215, 216Gregorian, 17–20, 23, 26, 27, 45, 114, 126,

130, 160, 241–3, 250, 266, 277, 320, 324,326–9, 336–42, 344, 347, 350, 352, 364, 372






467 Index

Hispanic, 19Messine, 197Mozarabic, 338Old Roman, 372Old Spanish, 161, 163

Charlemagne, 18, 26, 173, 189, 192, 195,263–6, 277, 323, 325, 327, 329, 336–8,402

Charles I, King of France (the Bald), 27,266

Charles V, King of France, 316, 354Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor/I of Bohemia,

171, 173, 178Charles Martel, 263, 336Chartres, 199, 324, 326Chateaubriand, Francois-Rene de

Genie du christianisme, 347Chatre de Cange, 346Choralis Constantinus, 72Choron, Alexandre, 355Chretien de Troyes, 222Christianity

Romano-British, 113spread of, 172–3see also worship, Christian

Chrodegang, 189, 195, 196, 336, 341,402

Chroniques de France, 295church fathers, 188

writings, 9Church of England, 114Ciconia, Johannes, 137, 138, 145, 158

Doctorem principem / Melodia suavissima,368

Cıteaux, 197clausula

Alleluia. V. Pascha nostrum immolatus estChristus, 80

Clement VII, anti-pope, 88Cluny, 24, 35, 114, 196, 199, 325, 326coblas, 211

capfinidas, 211doblas, 211ternas, 211unissonans, 211

Codax, Martin, 168Codex Albensis, 173Codex Calixtinus, 63, 65Codex Specialnık, 181Coimbra, 229Coinci, Gautier de, 398

Miracles de Notre Dame, 223Collingwood, Robin George, 362–3, 364Cologne, 282, 283, 284, 286, 348colour, 90, 286, 290commune Sanctorum, 28Compere, Loyset, 237Compostela, Compostelan, 47–9, 63–5

conductus, 32, 49, 63, 67–72, 74, 76, 80, 85, 86,93, 118, 119, 148, 165, 166, 199, 231, 232,236, 250, 252, 256, 259, 261, 262, 284, 300,301, 310, 379, 380, 398

Consequens antecedente, 232–3cum caudis, 69, 76, 86cum littera, 69, 71, 74, 86, 380Gratulantes celebremus festum, 379Luget Rachel iterum, 69–71Mundus vergens, 231Novus miles sequitur, 232sine caudis, 69sine littera, 69, 71, 76, 86Sursum corda, 69Virtus moritur, 69, 380

confraternity, 129, 327Battuti, 129Disciplinati, 129Laudesi, 129of Santa Maria, 130

Constance, Council of, 182Constantine, 187Constantinople, 3Consueta, 164Contarini, Andrea, 141contracantum, 125copula, 54, 66, 74, 76, 283, 381Corbie, 114, 195, 292, 324, 326Cornysh, 110Couci, Chatelain de, 216, 349council

of Constance, 88of Meaux, 33, 45of Trent, 32, 201, 342–3Second Vatican, 25, 345

Courson, Robert, 85Coussemaker, Charles-Edmond-Henri de, 347,

349, 351, 352, 354, 358Couvin, Watriquet de, 222Cracow, 173, 175Crescimbeni, Mario Giovanni, 346crusades, 208Cumming, Julie, 368cursus, 33, 74, 381Cyril, St, 173Czech texts, 24

D’Accone, Frank, 144The Civic Muse, 128

Dahlhaus, Carl, 370Dandolo, Francesco, 137Daniel, prophet, 123Danjou, Felix, 343Dante Alighieri, 103, 121, 151, 156, 332, 345

De vulgari eloquentia, 211Per una ghirlandetta, 129

danza amarosa, 134Day of Judgement, 88, 165






468 Index

Denis, Saint, 114Denmark, 88, 360Des Knaben Wunderhorn, 348Deschamps, Eustache

L’Art de Dictier, 224descort, 93Dezes, Karl, 352diaphony, 46–51dictamen, 231Dijon, 197, 281discantus, 74, 75, 77, 86, 126, 148, 155, 252

English, 120, 255disciplina, 129Dobszay, Laszlo, 175Dom Dinis, King, 168Domaslav, 174Doonesbury, 67Douay, 239drama

liturgical, 114, 116vernacular, 116, 164

Drogo, 189, 190, 191, 192Du Fay, Guillaume, 24, 182, 365, 368

Iuvenis qui puellam, 236ductia, 93ductus, 163, 340Dunstan, 114Dunstaple, John, 3, 113, 120duplum, 69, 74, 77, 137, 237, 239, 311Durandus, William, bishop, 201

Early Music movementEcce advenit Dominator Dominus, 45Edward III, 112Egidius, 96

Courtois et sages, 87Franchois sunt nobles, 143

El mois de mai, see chanson; pastourelleEleanor, queen of Castile, 166Eleanor of Aquitaine, 112, 268Elizabeth of Hungary, 24Elizabeth of Thurinigia, St, 174Emperor

Holy Roman, 171, 200, 328, 330England, 3, 20, 34, 88, 90, 95, 107–19, 122, 202,

234, 262, 267, 268, 285, 315, 316, 328, 333,337

London, 109, 134, 135, 143, 144, 316English, Middle, 109, 110, 111, 116Enlightenment, 343, 345, 346, 347, 353,

364Erythraean pythoness, 165estampida, 133estampie, 93, 133Esztergom, 328Ethelwold, 42, 114, 267exemplum, 33, 49Exultet, 20

Faidit, Gaucelm, 346Fasani, Rainerio, 129Fauvel, Roman de, 91, 96, 221, 237, 239, 273,

310, 316, 325, 333Federico II, 121, 136Ferdinand of Aragon, 167Fetis, Francois-Joseph, 347, 351, 354, 355, 357,

358Biographie universelle, 355

Ficker, Rudolf, 352, 359–63, 364, 367–8Fleury, 43, 114, 199, 324, 326Florence, 24, 94, 125, 129, 130, 133, 134, 136,

138, 139, 140–2, 144, 146, 152, 154, 158,273, 381

Santo Spirito, 130Fontaine, Huitace de, 221

Dex trop demeure, 221Forest, 120Forkel, Johann Nikolaus, 346, 354formes fixes, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 222Fortunatus, Venantius, 227

Pange lingua, 227fractio, 69France, 20, 23, 32, 34, 56, 87–9, 93, 107, 110,

112, 114, 119, 126, 136, 140, 145, 161, 165,166, 199, 207, 215, 230, 252, 262, 268, 269,273, 274, 283, 285, 289, 305, 306, 310, 323,325, 333, 343, 345, 347, 348, 350, 357, 360,361

Francis, Saint, 24, 130Cantico delle creature, 129

Frankish kingdom, 18, 26, 27, 277, 323, 327Frankish traditions, 34frons, 211Frye, Walter, 113, 181Fuller, Sarah, 99, 100, 289, 368

Gaffurio, Franchino, 125Practica musicae, 125

Gallicanism, 114Gallo, F. Alberto, 125garip, 93Garrat, James, 354Garzo, 130Gascony, 207Gaul, 19, 113, 114, 162, 338Geering, Arnold, 176Geistesgeschichte, 359, 363Gembloux, 326Gennrich, Friedrich, 209Gerard of Liege, 82Gerbert, Martin, 351, 359Germany, 23, 88, 110, 281, 305, 323, 329, 347,

348German chant dialect, 174

Gevaert, Francois-Auguste, 339, 347Ghent, 27, 327, 362, 367

altarpiece, 362, 367






469 Index

Giovanni da Cascia, 94Girona, 164Gleoman, 110Gluck, Christoph Willibald. Ritter von, 357Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 348Gollner, Theodor, 176Gorze, 196Gospel, 17, 116, 186, 198, 203gradual, 15, 128, 199, 244, 343

Editio Medicaea, 342–3, 344Editio Vaticana, 343, 345Pustet, 344Sederunt principles, 166Viderunt omnes, 166, 300, 343

great mortality, 88Great Schism, the, 145, 173, 289Gregory VII, pope, 325Gregory XI, pope, 88Gregory XIII, pope, 342Gregory the Great, pope, 18, 113, 202, 277, 337,

339, 353Gretry, Andre-Erneste-Modest, 346Grimm’s Marchen, 348Grocheo, Johannes de, 85, 135, 382

De musica, 310ductus, 135stantipes, 135

Grudencz, Petrus de, 179–80, 181Guarin, 238Guido d’Arezzo, 1, 21, 267, 280, 297, 330

Guidonian Hand, 1Micrologus, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 124, 280, 281,

298Guillaume IX, Duke of Aquitaine, 207, 268,

305Gunbad-i-Qabus, 67

Haberl, Franz Xaver, 344Hadrian, pope, 192, 195, 338Haines, John, 349Halle, Adam de la, 351, 354

Le Jeu de la Feuille, 223Le Jeu du Pelerin, 223Le Roi du Sicile, 223Robin et Marion, 223strophic conge, 223Tant con je vivray, 355

Handel, George Frideric, 357, 358Handschin, Jaques, 350, 365Harrison, Frank Ll, 365Hartker Antiphoner, 338Hawkins, John, 346Haydn, Franz Joseph, 2, 365Hedwig, St, 174Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 358Heidelberg, 347, 355, 363Helmholz, Hermann von, 351Henri d’Helene, 238

Henry II, 112, 208, 268Henry VIII, 114Herder, Johann Gottfried, 346, 347, 348, 351,

353, 357, 358, 362Volkslieder, 347

Hereford, 202Hesdin, Jehan Acart de

La prise amoureuse, 222Hieronymus de Moravia, 284Hildegard of Bingen, 268, 269, 342Histoire litteraire des troubadours, 346hocket, 93, 126, 274, 275Hoffman, E. T. A., 352–4, 356–7, 358Holy Cross, 73, 117Holy See, 18, 136, 145, 271Horace, 225, 227, 228Hospodine, pomiluj ny, 173Hucbald of Saint-Amand, 278, 351Hucke, Helmut, 340Hugh of St Victor, 40Hugo, Victor, 347Huizinga, Johan, 361, 362, 367Hungary, 171, 175, 180–2, 320, 328Hus, Jan/Hussitism, 179, 182hymn

Audite omnes amantes Deum, 230Ave maris stella, 41, 230

Iberia, 114Incisa di Valdarno, 130Innocent III, pope, 200interval-progression treatise, 55–6,

60, 64introit

Puer natus est, 343Ipsi soli, 50Iraq, 320Ireland, 109, 202, 322Isaac, Heinrich, 181Isabella of Castile, 167, 170Isidore, Metropolitan of Kiev, 173Isidore of Seville, 98, 161, 163, 277, 291, 318,

322, 385De ecclesiasticis officiis, 161

isorhythm, 361–2pan-isorhythm, 90

istampita, 133Belica, 134Gaetta, 134In pro, 134Isabella, 134La manfredina, 134, 135Lamento di Tristano, 134, 135Parlamento, 134Principio di virtu, 134Saltarello, 134Tre Fontane, 134Trotto, 134






470 Index

Istvan I, King of Poland, 173Iustus ut palma minor, 34

Jacopo da BolognaFenice fu, 139

Jadwiga, St see HedwigJakemes

Roman du castelain de Couci, 223James, Saint, 63, 325Jan of Jenstejn, Archbishop, 174–5Jaufre, Rudel, 207Jean de Berry, 96Jean of Luxembourg, 88Jerusalem, 19, 71, 320Jews, 161, 170Johannes de Garlandia, 282, 284, 290,

366John XXII, pope, 236John the Baptist, Saint, 73, 190John the Deacon, 336, 338John the Evangelist, Saint, 28, 190Jommelli, Niccolo, 357Jonah (Biblical character)

and the whale, 80Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 180Josquin des Prez, 167, 327, 352, 364jubilus, 15, 27, 52Jumieges, abbey of, 33

karoles, 110Karp, Theodore, 343Kazimierz Jagiello, Prince, 182Kent, 113Kiesewetter, Raphael Georg, 347, 351, 353, 354,

355, 358Kippenberg, Burkhard, 350Kosice monastery, 180Kreutziger-Herr, Annette, 348Kroyer, Theodor, 365, 368

La neve e ’l ghiaccio, 142Ladislaus, St, 174Lady Chapel, 118lai, 93, 97, 250, 274, 384

loıd (or laıd), 93Lambillotte, Louis, 343Landini, Francesco, 138, 140–4, 147, 156, 354,

355, 361‘Musica son’, 94, 148Non avra ma’ pieta, 355

Lanfrancdecretals, 45

Lang, Paul Henry, 363Languedoc, 207, 332Lateran, 190, 201lauda, 128, 131

Altissima luce, 132, 133Ave dei genitrix, 133

Ave donna santissima, 133Ave vergene gaudente, 132, 133Cristo e nato, 133De la crudel morte di Cristo, 132Edizioni Ernetti, 133Edizioni Terni, 133Madonna Santa Maria, 132Martin Durre, 133O divina Virgo flore, 132O Maria d’omelia, 132Regina sovrana, 132, 133ripresa, 93, 130, 132, 154–7spirituale, 201Venite a laudare, 131

Lavardin, Hildebert of, 231Le Grant, Denis, 238

Se je chant, see chaceLeander, 162Leech-Wilkinson, Daniel, 362, 365Lefferts, Peter M., 368Leich, 93Leo, Leonardo, 357Leo I, pope, 9Leo III, pope, 338Leo XIII, pope, 344Leon, 163Leoninus, 72, 73, 300Levy, Kenneth, 340, 372Liber antiphonarius, 344Liber gradualis, 344Liber Ordinarius, 123Liege, 326Limousin, 207, 332Lincoln, 202liturgy

Jerusalem, 9Latin, 10, 45, 110, 130, 328Mozarabic rite, 162Ordo, 44, 45, 74, 189Ordo Romanus I, 14practice, 9, 186, 192, 315

liturgy, feasts, 190Advent, 17, 191Annuale, 73Ascension, 44, 73, 137, 190, 191, 266Assumption, 73, 165, 190, 266, 272Christmas, 11, 28, 42, 45, 72, 73, 113, 165,

189, 190, 266, 272, 343Circumcision, 191, 378Communion, 80, 187Corpus Christi, 116Easter, 20, 42, 73, 80, 116, 123, 129, 164, 189,

190, 248, 266, 272, 295Easter Vigil, 20Epiphany, 45, 190, 191, 266, 272Eucharist, 10, 185, 186, 187, 192Exaltation of the Cross, 190ferial, 191






471 Index

Good Friday, 116Holy Saturday, 19, 20, 190Holy Week, 116, 201Lent, 17, 244Maundy Thursday, 163, 190Octave, 191Palm Sunday, 11, 116, 190Pentecost, 34, 41, 73, 190, 191, 266, 272St Stephen, 72Transfiguration, 116

liturgy, genresantiphonaries, 122chant, 24, 34, 63, 128, 300, 328, 335communion, 186, 203gradual, 64, 122introit, 42, 164, 186, 187, 343Marian antiphon, 11, 117, 118orationale, 162ordinary, 114, 117, 267, 268, 270, 273processional, 122sanctorale, 189, 191, 193, 328temporale, 189, 192, 193

Llibre Vermell, 167Lo lume vostro, 139Lombardy, 136, 207Lotharingia, 197, 323Louis of Anjou, 24Louis the Pious, 18Lowinsky, Edward, 363–65, 368Lucca, 125, 138, 139, 387Ludmila, St, 174Ludwig, Friedrich, 349, 350, 352, 358–59, 363,

364lur, 360

Machaut, Guillaume de, 1, 88, 90–3, 95–7, 100,102, 103, 112, 117, 145, 148, 151, 176,222–4, 236, 238, 253, 257, 273–5, 289, 313,314, 318, 326, 328, 349, 351, 358, 365–7,384

Bone pastor / Bone pastor / Bone Pastor, 97Dame a vous, virelai, 97Felix virgo / Inviolata genitrix / Ad te

suspiramus gementes et flentes, 236Le Voir Dit, 224, 366–67Ma fin est mon commencement, 102Mass, 349, 354Nes qu’on porroit (ballade), 102Remede de Fortune, 93, 97, 224, 274, 367Se je souspir, virelai, 257Tous corps / De souspirant / Suspiro, 361Trop de peinne, 102

Macon, 196madrigal, 94, 139, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148,

149, 150, 158, 258Deh dimmi tu, 142La neve e ’l ghiaccio, 143Una colomba candida e gentile, 141

Magister Frater, 142maıtrises, 347Majo, Giuseppe de, 357Maraschi, Bartolomeo de, Bishop, 180Marcabru, 207Marchetto da Padova, 134, 137,

288Pomerium, 134, 137, 146, 287

Margival, Nicole de, 222, 223Dit de la panthere d’amours, 222

Marian, 41, 95, 114, 159Martial, St, 26, 299Martial de Limoges, Saint, 206Martin V, Pope, 88Martyr, Justin, 185, 186, 187Mary Magdalene, Saint, 130mass, 12, 17, 44, 49, 63, 64, 72, 73, 80, 95, 96,

114, 118–20, 123, 126–8, 138, 140, 144–6,158, 159, 163, 185–90, 192, 196, 197,201–3, 244, 248, 278, 287, 294, 297, 298,320, 324, 327, 328, 339, 342, 343, 349, 354,369

Agnus Dei, 17, 123, 158, 186Barcelona, 95, 164Credo IV, 126Credo Apostolorum, 126, 128Credo Cardinalis, 126, 128Credo Regis, 126Credo Vatican I, 128fore-mass, 187, 195, 322Gloria, 10, 12, 15, 27, 95, 138, 144, 145, 158,

159, 186, 187, 193, 354gradual, 63high, 116, 202Ite Missa Est, 95Kyrie, 14, 15, 30, 44, 49, 63, 72, 95, 123, 125,

158, 159, 186, 187, 193, 270Kyrie Cunctipotens genitor, 30Kyrie Fons bonitatis, 44Kyrie Te Christe, 30Lady mass, 117, 118Missal, 116, 122, 294ordinary, 10, 14, 17, 95, 117proper, 115, 164, 193, 196, 343Proprium, 125Roman Missal, 196Sanctus, 17, 95, 117, 123, 125, 158, 159, 186,

203Toulouse, 95, 332Tournai, 95, 117

Matyas Corvinus, King of Hungary, 171,180–1

al-Mawsil, 320Meaux, 27Medicaea, Editio, 342Memling, Hans

Najera Triptych, 367Memoires sur l’ancienne chevalerie, 346






472 Index

Methodius, St, 173metra, 225, 228–32, 240metre

dactylic hexameter, 226dactylic pentameter, 226iambic dimeter, 227

Metz, 44, 45, 189, 192, 195–7, 200, 202, 323,324, 326, 336, 338, 341, 382

Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 357–8Michael, Saint, 73Michel, Francisque, 349Miesko I, King of Poland, 173Milan, 19, 136, 139, 141, 192, 197, 279,

338Minnelied, 398Minnesang, 305, 307, 328, 349, 350minor asclepiad caalectic, 228Minotaur, 101minstrel, 108, 111, 268, see also troubadour;

trouvereMissal

Barberiniano Latino 560, 123Mocquereau, Andre, 344mode

1, 232, 23recitation tones, 11, 12, 48tritus, 50, 280, 281, 289tropological, 40

modulamina, psalle, 28modus

ponens, 233tollens, 233

Moll, Kevin, 368Moncrif, 346

Choix de chansons, 346Moniot d’ Arras, 82monophony

in vernacular, 67, 342, 347Mont-Blandin, abbey of, 27Monte Cassino, 330, 338Montier-en-Der, 326Montpellier, 4, 82, 90, 217, 218, 222, 273, 283,

302, 349, 382Montpellier Codex, 349

Morales, Cristobal, 168Moravia, 284Morawski, Jerzy, 174Morton, Robert, 113motet, 47, 67, 77, 79–90, 95, 97, 98, 103, 119,

141, 158, 206, 215, 217, 218, 220, 221,225, 234–40, 255, 262, 273, 283, 284, 285,287, 300, 301, 311, 315, 349, 360–3, 368,382

Amis, vostre demoree /Pro patribus, 82Apta caro, 236Argi vices Poliphemus / Cum Pilemon rebus

paucis, 236

Benigna celi regina / Beata es, Maria /Inveritate, 236

contrafactum, 40, 63, 81, 129, 210, 212Degentis vita / Cum vix artidici / Vera pudicia,

240Flos virginum, 236French double, 81Inter densas deserti meditans / Imbribus

irriguis / Admirabile est nomen Domini,240; isorhythmic, 85, 119, 120, 274,361–2

Quant florist la violete, 235, 384Quinque incitamenta, 82Servant regem / O Philippe / Rex regum,

236talea, 90

Moulu, Pierre, 237Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 357, 364Murino, Egidius de

Tractatus cantus mensurabilis, 288Muris, Johannes de, 87, 89, 237, 285, 290Musica euchiriadis, 46, 48–50musica ficta, 99, 101, 289Muslim, 161, 169, 170

invasion, 162, 169rule, 161, 162, 163, 170

Naples, 2, 126, 134, 136, 145, 146, 223naqqara (nakers), 169Narbonne, 162, 207Narcissus, 214narrative, Arthurian, 223Navarre, 88, 308Netherlands, 23New Testament, 11, 42, 116New York, 168Nicholas of Radom see RadomskiNisard, Theodore, 343Non a Narcisso, 141Normans, 20, 33, 109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 118,

267, 333North America, 107Norway, 88nota/notula, 93notation, 20, 119, 162, 276, 295

adiastematic neumes, 19Aquitanian, 21, 56, 163Ars Nova, 119black mensural, 349longa, 74, 83, 84mensural system, 119neumatic style, 71, 306semibrevis minima, 100semiduplex, 73

Notre Dame, Paris, 40, 47, 259, 260, 282, 283,284, 292, 300, 301, 305, 316, 325, see alsoParis

polyphony, 47, 282, 284, 300






473 Index

O in Italia felice Liguria, 139‘O sing unto the Lord a new song’, 1Obrecht, Jacob, 167, 352Occitane, 206, 305, 306, 331, 332

literature, 206text, 206

occursus, 48, 50, 51, 53, 66Ockeghem, Johannes, 240

Intemerata Dei mater, 240Odilo, 35office, 10, 17, 48, 114, 122, 137, 161, 163, 192,

193, 195, 198, 201, 277, 278, 324, 327, 338,339, 342

Benedictus, 11, 123compline, 12, 117, 195introit, 185Little Hours of the Virgin, 117Magnificat, 11, 123Matins, 10, 11, 12, 42, 43, 63, 116, 165, 202,

324matins responsories, 63nones, 195Officium peregrinorum, 116prime, 195sext, 195terce, 195vespers, 10, 11, 116, 195Vigil, 193, 195

Olesnicki, Bishop, 173Omnia beneficia, 176–7Or qua compagni, 140Ora pro nobis sancta Dei genitrix,

123orders, Monastic

Benedictine Rule,Carmelite, 24Cistercian, 341Dominican, 24, 129, 200, 284, 341Franciscan, 24, 200, 201, 331Regula Benedicti, 372Servant of Mary, 129, 142

Ordinal of the Papal Court, 201ordines, 74Oresme, Nicole, see Aristotle, Politicsorgan, 53, 99, 141, 142, 160, 365,

366organum, 46–50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 60, 66, 67, 72–5,

77, 80, 85, 86, 113, 115, 118, 123, 166, 234,235, 252, 253, 255, 256, 262, 267, 272, 279,280, 282–4, 300, 301, 305, 316, 351, 355,360, 362, 379, 382

flexible, 49, 50, 51, 53per se, 74, 75, 77, 86, 283, 381purum, 199, 299quadrupla, 72, 77strict, 49–51, 53vox organalis, 48, 50–5, 66, 122, 124, 128, 279,

298, 299

vox principalis, 48–9, 51–2, 66, 122, 124, 127,279, 298, 299, see also Winchester

Orologio, Giovanni Dondi dall’, 138Orthodox Church, 172–5Ostia, Leo of, 330Otmar, Saint, 372Otto I, 200Ottoman Empire, 170Ottonians, 197oultrepasse, 93Ovid, 227, 228, 230Oxford, 118, 292

Padua, 125, 136–40, 144, 146, 158Page, Christopher, 3, 92, 103, 209, 350, 365,

368Paleographie musicale, 344Palestrina, Pierluigi da, 347, 357Paolo, Abbot da Firenze, 143, 144, 158Paris, 27, 39, 40, 143, 144, 148, 158, 199, 200,

202, 209, 215, 223, 270, 273, 282, 284, 286,292, 300, 301, 310, 316, 323, 325, 326, 331,332, 334, 347, 355, 412, see also NotreDame, Paris

repertory, 47, 72, 199, 316Paris, Gaston, 348partsong, 109

Tappster, drinker, fille another ale, 109paschal candle, 20pastourelle, 220

‘Hier main quant je chevauchoie’, see Robinet Marian, 221

Patier, Dominique, 174–5Patrick, Saint, 230Paul the Deacon, 189, 227Pecham, John, 232

Philomena praevia temporis amoeni, 232Peguilhan, Aimeric de, 208Penalosa, Francisco de, 168Pepin, 18, 263, 323, 327, 336, 337,

341performance, 4, 11, 14, 23, 43, 46, 51, 99, 198,

211, 224, 242, 253, 291, 296, 306, 350, 354,355, 365, 367, 368, 383

a cappella, 365alternatim, 44, 99, 203before 1980s, 367biscantare, 125cantatur iuxta, 44discantare, 125extempore, 46, 49, 55, 61instruments, 365memory and, 319modern, 367neume, 280organizare, 125polyphonic, 159, 275, 342public, 110






474 Index

performance (cont.)solo, 294succinere, 123, 125super librum, 125tenere organum, 125unison, 252

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, 357Perne, Francois Louis, 347, 349, 354Perotinus, 72

quadrupla, 73, 166, 300Petrarch, 103, 130, 236Petrus de Cruce, 284, 382, 406Philip, Duke of Burgundy, 274Philip the Chancellor, 176, 231,

236Philippus de Caserta

Par les bons, 87Phoebus, 239Phoebus, Gaston, 275Piedmont, 207Piero, Magister, 94Pierre de Bruges, 238Pikulik, Jerzy, 175Pisani, Enrico

Christe deus, 129sequence, Natus, passus, Dominus

resurrexit hodie, 125Pistoia, 123, 125, 142, 146Pius IX, pope, 344Pius X, pope, 344plainchant see chantplainsong, 25planctus, 167, 250Plantagenets, 112Plato, 98, 277Plummer, John, 181Poitiers, 207Poland, 171, 175Politian, 400polyphony

Aquitanian, 48, 56Compostelan, 47–8, 63, 65Continental, 109early, 46–7, 49, 298Eastern European, 176–81parallel, 48Parisian, 47, 49, 65pre-Parisian, 47primitive, 122simple, 122–7, 158, 252, 253

PontificalRomano-German, 200

Portugal, 88, 115, 161, 162, 170, 192Galicia, 168

Pothier, Joseph, 344prime, 117Procopius, St, 174prophecy, Sibylline, 165

prophetia, 123prosa, 56, 164, 297

prosari, 128proses, 35, 49, 56–7, 114

prosula, 29, 234Provence, 207, 332, 346Psalm, 9

94, Venite exultemus, 11132, 28contra partem Donati, 230Laudate, 192Psalterius, 122tone, 10, 11, 129, 198

Puer natus est, see liturgy, genre: IntroitPythagoras, 90, 238, 239

quadrivium, 161, 265quadruplum, 81, 239Quem queritis, 42

rabab, 169Radomski, Mikolaj, 182razos, 208, 306Reaney, Gilbert, 365Reformation, 2, 202, 315refrain, 82, 91, 92, 93, 102, 107, 116, 147, 165,

188, 216, 222, 300, 331refrain citation, 222, 223Regensburg, 28, 328, 344Reginek, Antoni, 175Regularis Concordia, 42Remedius, Bishop of Rouen, 336Remigius, Saint, 191Renaissance, 2, 226, 229, 231, 240, 275, 352,

354, 359, 361–4Renart, Jean, 215, 223, 310

Le roman de la Rose, 215repertory

Aquitanian, 49, 55, 56, 72, 199Compostelan, 49, 63, 72Parisian, 47Winchester, 48–9, 53

responsorialprose, 63Regali ex progenie, 123

responsoryO adjutor, 64–5, 379

Revolution, French, 343, 347Reims, 95, 239, 274, 275Rhine, 3, 26, 33, 35, 267, 269, 323rhythmus, 225, 230, 231, 234, 236,

240syllabo-clausular, 229

Riccardo, count of Caserta, 121Richard I, King of England (‘the Lionheart’),

112, 346Riemann, Hugo, 349–52, 354, 355, 365, 366,

368






475 Index

Rinkenberg, Martin, 180Rioja, 163Riquier, Guiraut, 207rite

Ambrosian, 19, 192Gallican, 114Salisbury/Sarum, 20, 115, 116,

201rituals, 122Robert of Aix, 238Robertson, Anne Walters, 318Robertus de Anglia, 113Robin, 110, 218Robin et Marion, 220Rogation, 11Roman de la Rose, 310Rome, 18–20, 87, 114, 136, 145, 146, 185, 189,

191, 195, 200, 202, 228, 263, 265, 277, 289,322, 331, 332, 336–41, 345, 372

Romans, 113rondeau, 91, 146, 216, 223, 274, 287,

355dance, 221

rondellus, 68, 119rondet de carole, 216rota, 119, 134Rouen, 323, 334, 336Royal Household Chapel, 118Royllart

Rex Karole / Leticie, pacis / Virgo prius acposterius, 369

Rudel, Jaufre, 215Rue, Pierre de la, 352

Sacerdotes tui domine, 28Sacramentary

Gregorian, 192Saint-Palaye, Jean-Baptiste de Lacurne de,

346St Gall, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 330St Gall Cantatorium, 343St Mary’s Abbey, 45St Maur-des-Fosses, 199St Victor, abbey of, 40St Victor, Adam de, 40St-Martin-du-Re, Arnaud de, 238St-Riquier, 326saints, cult of, 174–5Salieri, Antonio, 205Salimbene of Parma, 125, 129

Cronica, 125Salzburg, 327, 328

Monk of, 328San Millan de la Cogolla, 163Sancti Spiritus assit nobis gratia, 34Sante Johanne, Matteus de

Inclite flos, 87Santiago de Compostela, 63, 165

sapphic stanza, 227Savoy, 88Saxony, 26, 327Scandinavia, 115, 255, 320Scarlatti, Alessandro, 357Schering, Arnold, 365, 366schola cantorum, 18, 188, 189, 336, 338Schumann, Robert, 358scop, 111Scotland, 88, 325, 334Sechnall, SaintSederunt principes, 72Sens, 326Sephardi, 170sequence, 17, 26–8, 32, 33, 34, 39–41, 43–5, 57,

74, 80, 93, 94, 115, 119, 125, 130, 175, 187,193, 209, 211, 218, 224, 234, 248, 250, 267,301, 305, 313, 330, 342

Alleluia Christus resurgens, 44Ave, mundi spes, Maria, 125Dilecte deo Galle perenni, 34Hac clara die, 44Nato canunt, 45Rex omnipotens, 44Templum cordis, 39, 41, 43Verbum bonum et suave, 130Victimae paschali laudes, 80

serviceSalve, 117

Sicily, 320Siena, 125, 128Sigismund I, King of Poland, 171, 182Societe des Anciens Textes Francais, 348Socrates, 233Soissons, 238, 325, 326Solesmes, 317, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345song, 45–6, 51, 56, 61, 66, 112, 211, 215, 287,

294, 300, 305, 306, 308, 309, 332, 333, 346,347, 348, see also chanson; troubadour;trouvere

A definement d’este lerray, 109Angelus ad virginem, 109Ars Nova, 87art, 110books of, 112ceremonial offices, 56collection, 310Compostela repertory, 63courtly, 112dance, 93, 244, 349devotional, 305Dou way Robin, 109drinking, 111duet, 258ecclesiastical, 46English art, 111French refrain, 257in Anglo-Norman, 112






476 Index

song (cont.)in honour of the Virgin, 167in Middle English, 112Jewish, 170late medieval, 365literate, 222love, 128, 332Minnesinger, 349monophonic, 253, 325, 326notation, 310old rude, 264oral tradition, 121orality, 350performance, 99polyphonic, 109popular, 110Provencal, 136reconstruction of in nineteenth century, 205religious, 201secular, 83, 107, 108, 120, 252strophic, 209Sumer is icumen in, 109, 119vernacular, 82, 109, 111, 205–10, 215, 221,

222, 306, 326, 331, 332, 335Wynter, 109

Soriano, Francesco, 342Spain, 122, 161–3, 165, 167–70, 192, 320, 322,

332, 338, 398Granada, 170

Spanke, Hans, 209Stanislaus, St, 175Stefan Batory, King of Poland, 171Stephen, Saint, 44, 73, 164, 174, 190,

191Stephen II, pope, 18, 336Stephen IX, pope, 330Stephen of Liege, 23Stevens, John, 350Stone Age, 161Strahov Codex, 181Strohm, Reinhard, 365summa, 286Switten, Margaret, 210Symmachus, pope, 15symphonia, 46, 49, 53symphony, 2, 95system

durus, 50mollis, 50

Szendrei, Janka, 175

Tarragona, 162Taruskin, Richard, 368Te Christe supplices exoramus, 44Te Deum, 195, 198, 225temperament, 121, 288, 331Tempo, Antonio da, 94tetrachord, 24, 53, 278, 280

theory, see also treatisegradus, 119pentachord, 24

Therouanne, Gilles de la, 238Thibaut, Anton Friedrich Justus, 347, 355Thibaut de Champagne, 269, 295, 306, 310, 326

Je me cuidoie partir, 346Thomas of Canterbury, 116, 174Tieck, Ludwig, 355tierce, 93Tinctoris, Johannes, 181, 289

Liber de arte contrapuncti, 125Tirlemont, Regnaud de, 238Tischler, Hans, 350Toledo, 24, 161, 162, 163, 166, 192, 322, 324tonary, 11, 26, 242

St Benigne of Dijon, 343St Riquier, 337

Toul, 326Touront, Johannes, 181tract, 10, 17treatise

Ad organum faciendum, 53–5, 124, 377Arts de seconde rhetorique, 224De Temporum ratione, 228Dialogus de musica, 280Expositiones tractatus, 125Micrologus, 46, 48, 49, 56, 53, 124, 280, 281,

298Musica, 48, 55, 60, 352Musica Albini, 265Musica disciplina, 278Musica enchiriadis, 46–50, 279, 298,

351–3Scolica enchiriadis, 279Vatican Organum, 64, 379

Trebor, 96Treitler, Leo, 340Trier, 326Trinity, 188triplum, 80, 81, 84, 90, 158, 220, 235, 236, 238,

239, 240, 311trobairitz, 89, 107, 206, 208–11, 213–15, 268,

305, 306, 310trope, 114

Angelorum glorie, 124Cuius stellam, 45Hodie sanctissimi, 30, 43Nos respectu gratie, 45Stella fulget, 124Tropier, 44

troubadourcanso, 210dansa, 210, 333descort, 210enueg, 210gap, 48, 189, 210joc-partie, 210






477 Index

joglars, 208laisse, 209partimen, 210pastorela, 210planh, 210rondet de carole, 215tenso, 210tornadas, 211tornoi de dames, 215

trouvere, 85, 89, 107, 131, 205, 207, 216, 221–4,268, 269, 295, 305–7, 310, 313, 326, 333,346–50

authorship, 223chanson, citation, 222citation, 310grand chant courtois, 216

Troyes, 326Trudeau, Garry, 67Tyniec Sacramentary, 173

Urban VI, pope, 88Ut queant laxis, 227, 281

Vercelli, Bishop of, 33Verdun, 26, 27

Treaty of, 26, 327Vergil, 228, 230vers, 210verse

syllabic, 233versus, 31, 32, 43, 49, 56–9, 60, 61, 63, 67, 68,

93, 168, 250, 252, 260, 286, 288, 299, 317,324, 368, 378

Aquitanian, 56, 60, 63, 68, 69,71

cum auctoritate, 232Per partum virginis, 57–62

Vezelay, 326vidas, 208, 306Viderunt omnes, 72Vienna, 347, 355, 367Vigo, 168Villancico, 168, 170Vincent of Kielce, 175Violante, 121Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene Emmanuel,

348

virelai, 92, 93, 97, 113, 154, 155, 167, 168, 221,274

Adiu, adiu, 142Virgin Mary, 28, 123Visigoth, 19, 161, 165, 322Visitatio sepulchri, 267Vita, Brother 125Vitry, Philippe de, 87, 91, 100, 141, 176, 236,

238, 274, 285, 326, 333motet, O canenda / Rex quem / Contratenor /

Rex regum, 240volta, 93, 134, 154, 155, 156Voltaire, 345Vos quid admiramini / Gratissima / Gaude

gloriosa, 240Vyssı Brod monastery, 178

Wackenroder, Wilhelm Heinrich, 355Wagner, Richard, 358Wala, Abbot, 195Wales, 202Walter of Chatillon, 231Weckerlin, Jean-Baptiste, 347Wenceslas, St, 174Wenceslas IV, King of Bohemia, 178Werf, Hendrick van der, 350Winchester, 23, 42, 45, 47, 48, 51, 56, 115, 199,

256, 267, 298, 299, 403pre-Conquest, 115trope, 45Tropers, 298

Winckelmann, Johann, 353–4Wolf, Johannes, 355, 359worship

Christian, 9, 169, 186, 204, 320Wulfstan of Winchester, 115

York, 202

Zagan, 180–1Zagial, 130, 180–1Zamorei, Gabio de’, 126

Sermone de fortitudine, 126Zell, Ulrich von, 35Zelter, Carl Friedrich, 355Zoilo, Annibale, 342Zygmunt see Sigismund






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