223 fîR>> AÜ`m` g H$mbrZ {hbm H$hmZrH$ma Am¡a...

$: 223 fîR>> AÜ`m` g H$mbrZ {hbm H$hmZrH$ma Am¡a {edmZrshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/44936/11/11_chapter_06.pdf · 223 fîR>> AÜ`m` g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$ma Am¡a {edmZr$
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1. S>m°. ZyaOhm±, H$hmZrH$ma ào_M§X, (bIZD$, qhXr gm{hË` §S>ma : à. g§. 1975) n¥. 104, 105.

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1. am_Xae {_l, qhXr H$hmZr : A§Va§J nhMmZ, ({Xëbr, ZoeZb npãbqeJ hmD$g : à.g§.1994) n¥. 106.

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1. S>m°. Cfm Mm¡hmZ, Z`r H$hmZr Ho$ H$hmZrH$mam| H$s AmbmoMZmË_H$ ÑpîQ>, ({Xëbr, {h_mMb nwñVH$ §S>ma :à. g§. 1990) n¥.

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1. g§nm. am_oída {_l, {díd^maVr qhXr n{ÌH$m, (n. ~§Jmb, {díd^maVr em§Vr {ZHo$VZ : Aà¡b 2006-_mM© 2008) n¥. 113 go CX²Y¥VŸ&

2. S>m°. g[aVm Hw$_ma, _{hbm H$WmH$mam| H$s aMZmAm| _| ào_ H$m ñdê$n {dH$mg (1950 go 1975 VH$), (ZB© {Xëbr,amYmH¥$îU àH$meZ : à. g§. 1983) n¥. 131

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{H$ _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| Zo Zmar H$s ha pñW{V H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡&


2. S>m°. ~mnyamd XogmB©, ñdmV§Í`moËVa qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg, (H$mZnwa, {dH$mg àH$meZ : à. g§. 2000 B©.)n¥. 13.

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1. am_Xae {_l, qhXr H$hmZr : A§Va§J nhMmZ, ({Xëbr, ZoeZb npãbqeJ hmD$g : à.g§.1994) n¥. 87.

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B) {~IaVo hþE Xm§nË` g§~§Y H$m {MÌUB) {~IaVo hþE Xm§nË` g§~§Y H$m {MÌUB) {~IaVo hþE Xm§nË` g§~§Y H$m {MÌUB) {~IaVo hþE Xm§nË` g§~§Y H$m {MÌUB) {~IaVo hþE Xm§nË` g§~§Y H$m {MÌU - Xm§nË` g§~§Y go hr n[adma H$s {Z{_©{V hmoVr h¡&

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g\$br yV H$aZo _| Zmar H$m _hËËdnyU© `moJXmZ h¡& AmYw{ZH$ wJ _| Zmar H$mo "g~bm' H$hm

1. S>m°. _§Ow e_m©, gmR>moËVar _{hbm H$hmZrH$ma, (ZB© {Xëbr, amYm npãbHo$eÝg : à. g§.1992) n¥. 91.2. {edmZr, {dàbãYm, (ZB© {Xëbr, amYmH¥$îU àH$meZ : à.g§.2007) n¥. 30.

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1. S>m°. lr_{V {~Obr à^m àH$me, O¡Z|Ð Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| _| Zmar - M[aÌm| H$m _Zmod¡km{ZH$ YamVb, (ZB©{Xëbr, dr. Ho$. VZoOm : à. g§. 1991) n¥. 116.

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1. S>m°. Cfm Mm¡hmZ, Z`r H$hmZr Ho$ H$hmZrH$mam| H$s AmbmoMZmË_H$ ÑpîQ>, ({Xëbµr, {h_mMb nwñVH$ §S>ma :à. g§. 1990) n¥. 209.

2. S>m°. _§Ow e_m©, gmR>moËVar _{hbm H$hmZrH$ma, (ZB© {Xëbr, amYm npãbHo$eÝg : à. g§. 1992) n¥. 81.3. S>m°. Cfm Mm¡hmZ, Z`r H$hmZr Ho$ H$hmZrH$mam| H$s AmbmoMZmË_H$ ÑpîQ>, ({Xëbr, {h_mMb nwñVH$ §S>ma :

à. g§. 1990) n¥. 244.

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S>m°. gw_ZHw$_ma "gw_Z' Zo "H$hmZr Am¡a H$hmZrH$ma' Bg J«§W _| à_wI gmR>moËVar

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h¡& X²{dVr` _hm wX²Y Ho$ gmW hr maV H$mo {d^mOZ H$s Xþ:IX pñW{V go JwOaZm n‹S>m& gm{hË`

na g_mO H$m à^md ahVm h¡& X²{dVr` _hm wX²Y g_mßV hþAm& bo{H$Z BgHo$ gm_m{OH$,

1. S>m°. gw_ZHw$_ma "gw_Z', H$hmZr Am¡a H$hmZrH$ma, ({Xëbr, gy © àH$meZ : à. g§.1996) n¥. 91.2. dhr, n¥. 94.3. dhr, n¥. 94.4. dhr, n¥. 115.

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Zo Omo Hw$N> ^r {bIm, g_mO H$mo gm_Zo aIH$a hr {bIm& "Z`r H$hmZr' _| H$hmZrH$mam| Zo1. am_Xae {_l, qhXr H$hmZr : A§Va§J nhMmZ, (ZB© {Xëbr, ZoeZb npãbqeJ hmD$g: à.g§.1994) n¥. 69.2. S>m°. O §Vr àgmX Zm¡{Q>`b, qhXr H$s à{V{Z{Y H$hm{Z`m± : VmpËdH$ {ddoMZ, ({Xëbr, Am © àH$meZ _§S>b

: à. g§. 2007) n¥. 14.

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1. Za|Ð _mohZ, g_H$mbrZ qhXr H$hm{Z`m±, (ZB© {Xëbr, ^maVr` àH$meZ g§ñWmZ : à.g§.1995) n¥. 15.2. dhr, n¥. 22.3. S>m°. amO|Ð `mXd, H$hmZr : ñdê$n Am¡a g§doXZm, (ZB© {Xëbr, dmUr àH$meZ : à.g§.2000) n¥. 17.

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à. g§. 1990) n¥. 41, 42.

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2. S>m°. AZynm H¥$îUZ, Z`r H$hmZr : H$Ï`, {eën Am¡a CnbpãY`m±, (_Wwam, Odmha nwñVH$mb` : à. g§.2011) n¥. 95.

3. am_Xae {_l, qhXr H$hmZr : A§Va§J nhMmZ, (ZB© {Xëbr, ZoeZb npãbqeJ hmD$g : à. g§. 1994) n¥. 87.

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1. amO|Ð `mXd, H$hmZr : ñdê$n Am¡a g§doXZm, (ZB© {Xëbr, dmUr àH$meZ : à. g§. 2000) n¥. 90.

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4 OyZ, 1934 B©. H$mo _hmamîQ> Ho$ Am¡a§Jm~mX eha _| hþAm& "_mbVr Omoer H$s H$hm{Z`m±',

"_Ü`m§Va', "EH$ Ka gnZm| H$m', "~mob ar H$R>nwVbr', "_hH$Vo [aíVo' Am{X H$hmZr g§J«h h¡&


252252252252252

_mbVr Omoer H$m OrdZ Ho$ à{V ÑpîQ>H$moZ AmñWmdmXr h¡& Zmar _Z H$s Vh VH$ OmH$a

Zmar öX` H$s AmH$m§jmAm|, _mZ{gH$ J«§{W`m| Ed§ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo CÝhm|Zo {deof ê$n go {M{ÌV

{H$`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ _| ì`mßV {d{^ÝZ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo ghOVm go àñVwV {H$`m

h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ àdmh _| ~hH$a gm§ñH¥${VH$ {damgV H$mo ZH$maZm CÝh| ng§X Zht h¡& ~XbVo

n[adoe _| r nma§nm[aH$ _yë`, Z¡{VH$Vm, {ddmh, Y_©, g§ñH¥${V Am{X Ho$ à{V BZH$m bJmd h¡&

""_mbVr Omoer H$s aMZmAm| Ho$ AZwerbZ go ñnîQ> h¡ {H$ do nm[adm[aH$ H$hm{Z`m± {bIZo _|

{deof g\$b ahr h¡& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| dV©_mZ Zmar OmJaU H$s gOrd MoVZm H$mo ñWmZ

àmßV hþAm h¡&''1 BÝhm|Zo AnZr H$hm{Z`m| X²dmam ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$m à{V{Z{YËd {H$`m h¡&

BZH$s H$hmZr H$m {df` joÌ gr{_V h¡&

D$)D$)D$)D$)D$) _§Owb JV_§Owb JV_§Owb JV_§Owb JV_§Owb JV - _§Owb JV qhXr gm{hË`-OJV² H$s gwn[a{MV bo{IH$m h¡& BZH$m OÝ_

22 OyZ, 1936 B©. _| _oaR> (CËVa àXoe) _| hþAm& "Jwb_moha Ho$ JwÀN>o', "AmË_hË`m Ho$ nhbo',

"{H$VZm N>moQ>m g\$a', "~mdZ nËVo Am¡a EH$ OmoH$a', "g\o$X H$mAm¡ Am¡a XÿV' Am{X H$hmZr

g§J«h h¡& CÝhm|Zo H${Vn` {ZåZ _Ü`dJ© H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& {ZåZ _Ü`dJu`

Zmar nr‹S>m H$m dU©Z CÝhm|Zo AnZr H$hm{Z`m| _| {H$`m h¡& ê${‹T>J«ñV g_mO na CÝhm|Zo VrIm

ì §½` {H$`m h¡&

_Yw qgh {bIVr h¡ - ""gwà{gX²Y H$Wm-bo{IH$m _§Owb ^JV H$s ~mah ~hþM{M©V

H$hm{Z`m| H$m g§J«h h¡& BZ H$hm{Z`m| _| A{^ì`ŠV h¡ AmO H$s OrdZ H$s Amem-{Zamem,

ê$XZ-hmñ`, Am¡a à{VpîR>V h¡ _mZd _yë`&''2 _§Owb ^JV H$s H$hm{Z`m± Eogr h¢, Omo h_|

_mZd _Z H$s AVb JhamB`m| _| CVmaH$a `mX ah OmVr h¡&

E)E)E)E)E) XrpßV I§S>obdmbXrpßV I§S>obdmbXrpßV I§S>obdmbXrpßV I§S>obdmbXrpßV I§S>obdmb - g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$ma XrpßV I§S>obdmb H$m OÝ_ 21

AŠVy~a, 1930 B©. _| hþAm& "dh Vrgam', "H$S>do gM', "Yyn Ho$ Ahgmgr' BZHo$ H$hmZr-

g§J«h h¢& BZH$s g^r aMZmAm| _| n{V-nËZr Ho$ ~XbVo g§~§Y, H$m_-dmgZmOÝ` ào_ {ddmh

Am¡a ^moJdmX hr H|$Ð q~Xþ ahm h¡&

1. _Ywqgh, AmR>d| XeH$ H$s qhXr H$hmZr, (ZB© {Xëbr, amYm npãbHo$eÝg : à& g§. 1993) n¥. 120.2. dhr, n¥. 102.

253253253253253

XrpßV I§S>obdmb H$s H$hm{Z`m| H$s {deofVm h¡ nmR>H$ Ho$ X²dmam AË §V AmË_r`Vm Ho$

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{bE OrZo H$s AmH$m§jm aIVr h¡ VWm ñd § ^r Am¡a n{V X²dmam AÝ` Ho$ gmW {ddmhoVa g§~§Y

~ZmZo _§o nahoO Zht OVmVr& XrpßV I§S>obdmb Zo ào_ H$s A^md _| goŠg Ho$ ~moY H$mo {M{ÌV

H$aZo H$m `ËZ {H$`m h¡& A{YH$m§e H$hm{Z`m| _| n{V-nËZr Ho$ ào_ Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo {dH¥$V ê$n _|

A§{H$V {H$`m h¡& ""XrpßV I§S>obdmb H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| EH$ Amoa Za-Zmar, n{V-nËZr _| VZmd

Am¡a {~Iamd H$m {MÌU CnbãY h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa Zm¡H$ar noem Zm[a`m| H$s `mVZm H$m {MÌU

{_b OmVm h¡& BZH$s H$hmZr amo_m§{Q>H$ ~moY Am¡a Cggo Nw>Q>H$mam nmZo H$s `mVZm _| ‹S>mobVr

ahVr h¡&''2 XrpßV H$s g^r H$hm{Z`m| _| EH$ Ag§VwîQ> Xm§nË` h¡, {Og_| nmZr _| ahH$a ^r

V‹S>nZodmbr _N>br Ho$ g_mZ Zmar H$s pñW{V h¡& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| H$m _yb AmYma Xm§nË` g§~§Y hr

h¡& BZH$s H$hm{Z`m| H$s Zmar H$^r EH$ nwéf go g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$aVr h¡ Vmo H$^r Xmo Ho$ gmW&

Eo)Eo)Eo)Eo)Eo) __Vm H$m{b`m__Vm H$m{b`m__Vm H$m{b`m__Vm H$m{b`m__Vm H$m{b`m - __Vm H$m{b`m H$m H$hmZr g§gma {dñV¥V Z hmoH$a gr{_V h¡& bo{H$Z

Bg gr{_V H$hmZr g§gma go hr dh »`mV Zm_ hþB©& BZH$m OÝ_ 2 Zd§~a, 1940 B©. _| d¥§XmdZ

_| hþAm& "EH$ AX²X Am¡aV', "grQ> Z§. Nh', "Nw>Q>H$mam', "à{V{XZ', "CgH$m `m¡dZ', "OmM

A^r Omar h¡', BZHo$ H$hmZr g§J«h h¢&

__Vm H$m{b`m EH$ Eogr H$WmH$ma h¡, Omo AmYw{ZH$ {dMmaYmam _| a§Jr hþB© h¡& CÝhm|Zo

AnZr Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m| _| ào_ Ho$ Cg ñdê$n H$mo COmJa {H$`m h¡, Omo R>§S>onZ Am¡a ObZ H$mo {bE

hþE h¢& BÝhm|Zo Wm g§ d VQ>ñWVm go H$m_ {H$`m Am¡a H$^r mdwH$Vm go ~MZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s&

""EH$ AmbmoMH$ Ho$ AZwgma BZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| EH$ hr Zm¡OdmZ b‹S>H$s H$m Moham C^aVm h¡,

Omo CZH$m AbJ-AbJ g§X^m] _| ^r AnZr ì`pŠVJV A{^ê${M`m| Am¡a g_pîQ>JV n[adoe _|

h_oem EH$-gr bJVr h¡&''2 __Vm H$m{b`m H$s H$hm{Z`m± A{YH$Va A{ddm{hV b‹S>{H$`m| H$s

g_ñ`m na AmYm[aV h¡& BZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| Xm§nË` g§~§Ym| H$m CëboI ~hþV H$_ hþAm h¡&

CÝhm|Zo AnZr H$hm{Z`m| _| ào_ Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo COmJa H$aZo Ho$ {bE {Og gmhg H$m X_ ^am

J`m h¡ dh ~MH$mZm h¡& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| n[adoeJV gÀMmB© H$mo B©_mZXmarnyd©H$ C^maZo H$m

1. S>m°. g[aVm Hw$_ma, _{hbm H$WmH$mam| H$s aMZmAm| _| ào_ H$m ñdê$n-{dH$mg, (ZB© {Xëbr, amYmH¥$îUàH$meZ : à. g§. 1983) n¥. 179.

2. dhr, n¥. 140.

254254254254254

gX¡d à`mg {XIVm h¡& __Vm H$m{b`m H$m g¥OZ g§X © Zmar OrdZ H$s Hw§$R>mAm|, {ZamemAm| Ed§

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BZ g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| H$s H$hm{Z`m| H$s {deofVmE± XoIZo Ho$ ~mX `h

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g§~§Ym| H$mo Z`r ÑpîQ> BZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| {_bVr h¡& BZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| H$s Zmar nwéf H$s

Vah nanwéf go `m¡Z g§~§Y aIVr h¡& Bgr H$maU Zmar H$m ì`pŠVËd CÀN¥>§Ib hþAm h¡&

nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ Am¡a n{V-nËZr _| {~Iamd H$m {MÌU r g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| Zo

{H$`m h¡&

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{deofVmE± ^r g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| go AbJ h¡& Zmar OrdZ {MÌU Vmo g^r

g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| Zo {H$`m h¡& qH$Vw {edmZr Ho$ Zmar OrdZ {MÌU H$s EH$

_hËËdnyU© {deofVm h¡ {H$ BÝhm|Zo Hw$_mD±$ Zmar Omo {nN>‹S>r hþB© h¡, CgH$m {MÌU H${Vn` hþAm

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bmoH${à` H$Wm bo{IH$m {edmZr H$s ÑpîQ> AmO Ho$ VWmH${WV gä` g_mO H$s AZoH$mZoH$

{dg§J{V`m| na n‹S>r h¡& Bgr Vah {edmZr Zo g_H$mbrZ g_ñ`m H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡&

{edmZr Or H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| goŠg g§~§Yr {MÌU A{YH$ Zht h¡& `m¡Z AV¥pßV H$s

H$hm{Z`m± ^r H$_ hr XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡& {edmZr Or H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| Xm§nË` g§~§Y H$m

{~Iamd A{dídmg Am¡a Ad¡Y g§~§Ym| Ho$ H$maU hþAm h¡& {edmZr Or H$s A{YH$Va {ddm{hV

Zmar _`m©Xmerb h¡, dh nanwéf go g§§~§Y Zht ñWm{nV H$aVr& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ A{YH$ nmÌ

Hw$_mD±$ Ho$ CÀM _Ü`dJ© Ho$ h¢& BÝhm|Zo Zmar Ho$ ha nhby H$m {MÌU gyú_Vm go {H$`m h¡& Zmar

Ho$ ha ê$n H$m {MÌU JhamB© go {H$`m h¡& {edmZr Zo AnamYr Zmar H$m {MÌU ^r {H$`m h¡,


255255255255255

Omo g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| _| A{YH$Va Zht {XImB© XoVm h¡& CZH$s Zmar emo{fV,

Ë`mJ_`r, AmXe©, à{VemoYr, {dÐmohr Am¡a ñd §{gX²Ym ^r h¡& ""{edmZr Zo Zmar {MÌU _§o

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g_H$mbrZ bo{IH$mAmo _| Á`mXm g§Vw{bV h¡&''1

{edmZr Zo Zmar hmoH$a Zmar _Z H$mo g_Pm naIm h¡, CgHo$ AÝVg _| ~¡Ro> AVb _| Nw>no

amJ, X²dof, ào_, K¥Um H$mo nhMmZm h¡ Am¡a CZ ^mdZmAm| H$mo AnZr boIZr X²dmam Xÿgam| VH$

nhþ±Mm`m h¡& CZH$m _w»` {df` Zmar`m± hr ahr& {edmZr Or Zo Zmar H$mo J[a_m_`r _mZm h¡

do AnZo g§ñH$mam| _| ~±Yr BwB© Zmar Ho$ AmdaU_` gm¢X © H$mo hr {M{ÌV H$aVr h¡ CZHo$ boIZ

_| H$moB© Adm§N>Zr` àg§J Zht Am o h¢& BgHo$ gmW amOZr{VH$ H$hm{Z`m| na ^r {edmZr Zo

AnZr boIZr MbmB© h¡& CZH$s Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m± WmW© OrdZ go Ow‹S>r hþB© h¡& »`mVZm_ bo{IH$m

_ÝZy §S>mar Am¡a H¥$îUm gmo~Vr Zo ào_ Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo COmJa H$aZo Ho$ {bE Vrgao ì`pŠV H$m n|M

S>mbm h¡& {edmZr H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| Zmar Ho$ ào_ _| Vrgam AmX_r Zht h¡&

AV: g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| H$s H$hm{Z`m| H$s àd¥pËV`m± Am¡a {edmZr H$s

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_§o {edmZr H$m ñWmZ AJ«JÊ` Am¡a {d{eîQ> h¡& g_ñV _{hbm bo{IH$mAm| _| g~go {dñV¥V Ed§

ì`mnH$ CVZm hr loîR> H$hmZr g§gma {edmZr H$m h¡&

6.56.56.56.56.5 qhXr H$hmZr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg _| {edmZr H$m `moJXmZqhXr H$hmZr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg _| {edmZr H$m `moJXmZqhXr H$hmZr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg _| {edmZr H$m `moJXmZqhXr H$hmZr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg _| {edmZr H$m `moJXmZqhXr H$hmZr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg _| {edmZr H$m `moJXmZ :

qhXr H$hmZr H$s {dH$mg `mÌm _| Zm[a`m| H$m `moJXmZ AË §V _hËËdnyU© ahm h¡&

_{hbmAm| Ho$ boIZ Ho$ H$maU hr Zmar ho ha nhby H$mo gyú_Vm go Ed§ WmW©Vm go {M{ÌV {H$`m

J`m& qhXr _| _{hbm boIH$m| X²dmam a{MV gm{hË` gm{hpË`H$ _yë`m| Ho$ AmYma na ZB© CnbpãY

h¡& AÝ`m` Ho$ à{V ñnîQ> Am¡a gÑT> AmdmO CR>mZm Zmar boIZ H$m CX²Xoí` h¡& _{hbm boIH$m|

Zo Zmar-{d_e© Ho$ {bE H$b_ nH$‹S>H$a B©_mZXmar go Zmar MoVZm H$s g§Kf©-`mÌm H$mo g§doXZmË_H$

T>§J go emídV _yë`m| go A§{H$V {H$`m h¡& ""g_H$mbrZ bo{IH$mAm| Zo Zmar Ho$ ~Xbo hþE ñdê$n,


256256256256256

_gbZ Zm¡H$arnoem Zmar H$m ñdê$n, Zmar H$m ñdmV§Í`~moY, Zmar H$s d¡ pŠVH$ g_ñ`mE± Am{X

{df`m| na VQ>ñW ÑpîQ> S>mbr h¡&''1 _{hbm bo{IH$mAm| H$m boIZ joÌ {d{eîQ ^r h¡ Am¡a

ì`mnH$ ^r& nwéf H$hmZrH$ma Am¡a _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| _| go _{hbm bo{IH$mAm| na AZw d

g§gma gr{_V hmoZo H$m Amamon bJm`m h¡, bo{H$Z ñdmV§Í`moËVa _{hbm bo{IH$mAm| Ho$ gm{hË`

g§gma XoIm Om` Vmo o _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| na AÝ`m` h¡&>

dmñVd _| XoIm Om` Vmo qhXr gm{hË` OJV² H$mo _ÝZy §S>mar, Cfm {à §dXm, H¥$îUm

gmo~Vr, XrpßV I§S>obdmb, {Zê$n_m godVr, {edmZr, _mbVr Omoer, {MÌm _wX²Jb Am{X _{hbm

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h¡ {H$ g¥OZmË_H$ boIZ na Ho$db nwéf H$s ~nm¡Vr Zht h¡& Zmar Ho$ nmg ^r AX² yV à{V^m

hmoVr h¡& à{V^m {H$gr dJ©, qbJ {deof H$s g§npËV Zht h¡& AmYw{ZH$ wJ _| h_mao gm_Zo H$B©

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H$hmZr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg _| _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| H$m `moJXmZ _hËËdnyU© h¡& BZ _{hbm

bo{IH$mAm| H$s Vah {edmZr H$m `moJXmZ {ZpíMV ê$n go _hËËdnyU© Am¡a Cn wŠV h¡& qhXr

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ñdmV§Í`moËVa qhXr H$Wm gm{hË` H$s geŠV bo{IH$m {edmZr H$m qhXr gm{hË` Ho$

{dH$mg _| _hËËdnyU© moJXmZ h¡& {edmZr Zo gm{hË` H$s bJ^J g^r {dYmAm§| _| AnZr boIZr

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Ho$ H$maU h¡&

{edmZr Zo Zmar OrdZ H$s ha g_ñ`m Am¡a ~m[a{H$`m| H$mo gyú_Vm go {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡&

AV: _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| _| AbJ-gm ñWmZ àmßV {H$`m h¡& {edmZr Or em`X AHo$br _{hbm

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AnZo Amn gm{~V hmo OmVm h¡& ""{edmZr Zo Zmar OrdZ Ho$ Z OmZo {H$VZo nhbyAm| H$mo COmJa

{H$`m h¡, {Og_| CZH$s boIZr Zo g^r nmÌm| Ho$ gmW Ý`m` {H$`m h¡ Am¡a dh ñdm^m{dH$ ^r

h¡ Š`m|{H$ EH$ Zmar hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo do {OVZr Zmar H$s _ZmoJV ^mdZmAm|, Xþ:I, nr‹S>m, ào_,

{Zamem Am{X {d{^ÝZ nhbyAm| H$mo OmZ gH$Vr h¡, AZw d H$a gH$Vr h¡, CVZm H$moB© nwéf Zht

H$a gH$Vm&''1

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Xþ:I hr {_bVm h¡, BgH$m {MÌU CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| {_bVm h¡&

{edmZr Zo AnZr H$hm{Z`m| _| {d{^ÝZ mfmAm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& O¡go {H$ - ~m§Jbm,

A§J«oOr, Hw$_mD±$, Aa~r, \$magr Am{X Ho$ H$maU amîQ>r` EH$Vm {Z_m©U hmo OmVr h¡& H$hmZr Ho$

Zm_ n‹T>Zo go CZH$s H$hm{Z`m± n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE nmR>H$ Vag OmVo h¢& H$hmZr _| dU©Z e¡br H$m

à`moJ ~hþV gw§XaVm go {H$`m h¡& Bggo CZH$s à{V^m kmV hmoVr h¡& {edmZr Zo VËg_ Am¡a

Ab§H$ma mfm H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡, Omo AÝ` g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| Zo Zht {H$`m& Bgr

Vah BVZo VËg_ eãX Am¡a Z o Cn_m Ab§H$ma qhXr gm{hË` H$s CnbpãY hr h¡Ÿ& VËg_ mfm

1. Hw$_mar e{e~mbm n§Om~r, {edmZr Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m aMZm {dYmZ, (O`nwa, XodZmJa àH$meZ : à. g§.1981) n¥. 52.

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Am¡a Ab§H$ma H$m à`moJ hmoVo hþE r CZH$s mfm ~mo{Pb Zht ~Z OmVr h¡& ""qhXr H$WmH$mam|

H$s ^rS> _| {edmZr Or AnZr ^mfm-e¡br Ho$ H$maU AbJ go hr nhMmZ OmVr h¡& {deofU

YH©$dmŠ` Am¡a _whmdam| H$m à`moJ CZH$s mfm H$mo H$erXma ~ZmVm h¡& CZH$s e¡br H$WmË_H$,

n[aM`mË_H$ Am¡a {ddaUmË_H$ h¡&''1 BgHo$ gmW hr àmMrZ g§ñH¥${V gm{hË` H$m kmZ CZHo$

gm{hË` go {_bVm h¡&

{edmZr Or Zo {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m Am¡a g_H$mbrZ ES²>g O¡gr g_ñ`m H$mo AnZr

H$hm{Z`m| _| COmJa {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ H$maU nmR>H$ BZ g_ñ`mAm| go ~MZo H$m à`mg Adí`

H$a|Jo& CÝhm|Zo "dgwY¡d-Hw$Qw>§~H$_²' H$s mdZm H$mo gm{hË` _| àH$m{eV {H$`m h¡& CZH$m gm{hË`

OZ _§JbH$mar h¡& {edmZr Zo nmR>H$m| H$mo AÀN>m g§Xoe XoZo Ho$ hoVw gm{hË` H$s {Z{_©{V H$s h¡&

AV: g_mO Ho$ à{V dh Xm{`Ëd H$mo {Z^mVr h¡& {edmZr AnZo gm{hË` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _mZd

_Z na g§ñH$ma H$aVr h¡& {edmZr Ho$ gm{hË` _| gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§nXm H$m OVZ hþAm h¡, {Oggo

g§ñH¥${V H$mo h_ Or{dV aI gH$Vo h¢&

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nwañH$ma' - amÁ` gaH$ma X²dmam Am¡a maV gaH$ma X²dmam "nX²_lr' H$s Cnm{Y go AZm`mg hr

{edmZr Or qhXr gm{hË` _| »`mVH$s©V hmo J`r h¡& {OgH$m _yë`m§H$Z H$aZm nyU©V: g§ d Zht h¡&

{ZîH$f©{ZîH$f©{ZîH$f©{ZîH$f©{ZîH$f© :-

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h¡& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX H$hm{Z`m| _| H$B© Z`r YmamAm| H$m OÝ_ hþAm& "gmR>moËVar H$hmZr' CÝht

_| go EH$ h¡& qhXr H$hmZr H$s {dH$mg mÌm H$mo VrZ wJm| _| ~m±Q>m J`m h¡& 1) ào_M§Xnyd© wJ,

2) ào_M§X wJ, 3) ào_M§XmoËVa wJ& Bg Vrgao wJ _| qhXr H$hmZr H$s {dH$mg H$s ewédmV

hþB©& ào_M§XmoËVa wJ _| AmXe©dm{XVm Ho$ ñWmZ na `WmW©dmX, gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na

d¡ pŠVH$Vm Am¡a Y_© Ho$ ñWmZ na _Zmo{dkmZ Am¡a _Zmo{díbofU H$s H$hm{Z`m± {bIr J`r&

1. S>m°. _Yw gÝYw, gmR>moËVa _{hbm H$hmZrH$ma, ({Xëbr, gÝ_mJ© àH$meZ : à. g§. 1984) n¥. 31.

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ào_M§XmoËVa wJ _| H$hmZr H$m àdmh _w»`V: Xmo AbJ {XemAm| _| ~hVm ahm& EH$ dJ©

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ñdmYrZVm Ho$ níMmV "Z`r H$hmZr' H$m Am§XmobZ ewê$ hþAm&

Z`r H$hmZr Zo H$hmZr {df`H$ g^r na§namAm| Am¡a _mÝ`VmAm| H$m I§S>Z {H$`m& Z`r

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hmoZo na ~Xb-~XbH$a nwamZo AZw d àñVwV {H$E JE& A{YH$Va H$hm{Z`m± "_Ü`dJ©' go

g§~mo{YV Wr& AV: Z`r H$hmZr H$m Am§XmobZ 1963-1964 VH$ AmVo-AmVo ~wP-gm J`m Am¡a

H$hmZr n[adV©Z H$s n[aUVr "gmR>moËVar H$hmZr' _| hþB©& dmñVd _| gmR>moËVar H$hmZr Z`r

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EH$ AbJ nhMmZ H$amVr ahr h¡&

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{XImB© XoVr h¡&

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n[adV©Z hþAm h¡& Z`r H$hmZr H$m H$WmZH$ nwamZr H$hmZr H$s Vah EH$ hr KQ>Zm Ho$ {dñVma

go H$WmZH$ {Z_m©U Z hmoH$a H$WmZH$ H$mo {dñVma Ed§ d¡{dÜ` {_bm h¡& H$WmZH$ H$m {dH$mg

hmo J`m h¡& Z`r H$hmZr Ho$ H$WmZH$ H$m {Z_m©U {H$gr N>moQ>r-gr N>moQ>r ~mV m {d{eîQ> ì`pŠV

Ho$ M[aÌ go ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡&

Z`r H$hmZr _| "gm§Ho${VH$Vm' H$m à`moJ àMya _mÌm _| hþAm h¡& _mZd OrdZ Am¡a

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_| nhbr ~ma "_Ü`dJ©' Ho$ nmÌm| H$mo ñWmZ {_bm h¡&

{edmZr H$s g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| _| AZoH$ _{hbm bo{IH$mAm| H$m `moJXmZ

ahm h¡& {edmZr Ho$ à_wI g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H$hmZrH$ma _ÝZy §S>mar, H¥$îUm gmo~Vr, amOr goR>,

_¥Xþbm JJ©, _mbVr Omoer, _§Owb ^JV, XrpßV I§S>obdmb Am¡a __Vm H$m{b`m h¡& BZ g^r

_{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| _| {edmZr H$m AnZm AbJ ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& {edmZr Ho$ g_H$mbrZ _{hbmH$mam|

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Zht h¡&

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gm{hË` {dH$mg _| `moJXmZ aoIm§{H$V H$aVm h¡&

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