2. galman v sb

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-galman-v-sb 1/42

EN BANC

[G.R. No. 72670. September 12, 1986.]

SATURNINA GALAN, RE!NAL"# GALAN $%& '#SE (. BENG)#N, AR!

C#NCE(CI#N BAUTISTA, '#A*UIN G. BERNAS, S.'., . BELLARINE BERNAS,

#.S.B., +RANCISC# I. CA-E), S#LITA C#LLAS#NS#", SANTIAG# "ULA#, 'R.,

ARIA +ERIA, ARCEL# B. +ERNAN, +RANCISC# GARCIT#RENA, // AN"RE

G#N)ALE), '#SE C. LAURETA, SAL-A"#R (. L#(E), +ELI . ARABA, 'R.,

CECILIA U3#) (ALA, 'AIE -. #NG(IN, +ELI (ERE), '#SE B.L. RE!ES, '#SE E.

R#ER#, 'R., RA#N "EL R#SARI#, 'R., RICAR"# '. R#UL#, AUGUST#

SANCE), EANUEL -. S#RIAN#, "A-I" S!CI(, ENRI*UE S!*UIA, CRISTINA

TAN, 'ESUS -ARGAS, BERNAR"# . -ILLEGAS, -ICENTE 'A!E, /// , (et4t4o%er5, .

SAN"IGANBA!AN, +IRST "I-ISI#N repre5e%te& b '5t4:e $%e; ($m$r$%, C<$4rm$%, $%&

'5t4:e5 A=5to Amore5 $%& B4e%e%4&o -er$ Cr>, ember5?, 'USTICE BERNAR"#

+ERNAN"E) #mb&5m$%? $%& GEN. +ABIAN C. -ER, A'. GEN. (R#S(ER# A. #LI-AS,

BRIG. GEN. LUTER A. CUST#"I#, C#L. ARTUR# G. CUST#"I#, C#L. -ICENTE B.

TIGAS, 'R., CA(T. +ELI(E -ALERI#, CA(T. LLEEL!N A-INTA, CA(T. R#E# .

BAUTISTA, 2%& LT. 'ESUS CASTR#, SGT. (ABL# ARTINE), SGT. ARNUL+# "E ESA,

SGT. T#AS +ERNAN"E), SGT. CLAR# LAT, SGT. +IL#EN# IRAN"A, SGT.

R#LAN"# C. "E GU)AN, SGT. ERNEST# . ATE#, SGT. R#"#L+# . "ES#L#NG,

SGT. LE#NAR"# #'ICA, SGT. (E(IT# T#RI#, SGT. ARAN"# "ELA CRU), SGT.(R#S(ER# A. B#NA, CIC R#GELI# #REN#, CIC ARI# LA)AGA, AIC C#R"#-A G.

ESTEL#, AIC ANICET# ACU(I"# $%& ERIL# G#SUIC#, Re5po%&e%t5.

Lp4%o L$>$ro $%& Artro . &e C$5tro, @or (et4t4o%er5.

A%to%4o R. Coro%e; @or re5po%&e%t5 Ge%. -er $%& Co;. T4=$5, 'r.

Ro&o;@o U. '4me%e> @or re5po%&e%t Br4=. Ge%. C5to&4o.

R$mo% . Ber%$;&o @or re5po%&e%t . Go54:o.

Rom;o *4mbo @or re5po%&e%t B. -er$ Cr>.

Norberto '. *45mb4%= @or re5po%&e%t (. #;4$5.

+e;4 So;omo% @or re5po%&e%t Co;. A. C5to&4o.

A;@o%5o S. Cr> @or B. +er%$%&e>.

E&=$r&o B. G$o5 @or . ($m$r$%.

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


S!LLABUS

1. REE"IAL LA CRIINAL (R#CE"URE +IN"INGS #+ C#ISSI#N TAT

(R#CEE"INGS A-E BEEN -ITIATE" B! LAC #+ "UE (R#CESS, U(EL" CASE AT

BAR.— T<e Comm4554o% 5bm4tte& t<e @o;;o4%= re:omme%&$t4o%D Co%54&er4%= t<e e45te%:e

o@ $&eF$te :re&4b;e e4&e%:e 5<o4%= t<$t t<e pro5e:t4o% 4% t<e AF4%oG$;m$% :$5e $%& t<e

'5t4:e5 <o tr4e& $%& &e:4&e& t<e 5$me $:te& %&er t<e :omp;54o% o@ 5ome pre55re <4:<

proe& to be beo%& t<e4r :$p$:4t to re545t, $%& <4:< %ot o%; pree%te& t<e pro5e:t4o% to @;;

e%t4;$te 4t5 po54t4o% $%& to o@@er $;; t<e e4&e%:e5 <4:< 4t :o;& <$e ot<er45e pre5e%te&, bt

$;5o pre&eterm4%e& t<e @4%$; ot:ome o@ t<e :$5e, t<e Comm4554o% 45 o@ t<e :o%54&ere& t<4%4%=

$%& be;4e@, 5bHe:t to t<e better op4%4o% $%& H&=me%t o@ t<45 o%or$b;e :ort, t<$t t<e pro:ee&4%=5

4% t<e 5$4& :$5e <$e bee% 4t4$te& b ;$: o@ &e pro:e55, $%& <ereb re5pe:t@;; re:omme%&5

t<$t t<e pr$er 4% t<e pet4t4o% @or $ &e:;$r$t4o% o@ $ m45tr4$; 4% S$%&4=$%b$$% C$5e5 No5. 10010

$%& 10011 e%t4t;e&‘(eop;e . Lt<er C5to&4o, Et A;., ‘ be =r$%te&. T<e Cort $&opt5 $%&

$pproe5 t<e Report $%& 4t5 @4%&4%=5 $%& <o;&5 o% t<e b$545 t<ereo@ $%& o@ t<e e4&e%:e re:e4e&

$%& $ppre:4$te& b t<e Comm4554o% $%& &; 5pporte& b t<e @$:t5 o@ pb;4: re:or& 5et t<$t t<e

t<e% (re54&e%t :o&e%$me& #;mp5? <$& 5t$=em$%$=e& 4% $%& @rom $;$:$$%= ($;$:e $

5:r4pte& $%& pre&eterm4%e& m$%%er o@ <$%&;4%= $%& &45po54%= o@ t<e AF4%o G$;m$% mr&er

:$5e $%& t<$t t<e pro5e:t4o% 4% t<e AF4%oG$;m$% :$5e $%& t<e '5t4:e5 <o tr4e& $%& &e:4&e&

t<e 5$me $:te& %&er t<e :omp;54o% o@ 5ome pre55re <4:< proe& to be beo%& t<e4r :$p$:4t

to re545t, $%& <4:< %ot o%; pree%te& t<e pro5e:t4o% to @;; e%t4;$te 4t5 po54t4o% $%& to o@@er $;; t<e e4&e%:e5 <4:< 4t :o;& <$e ot<er45e pre5e%te&, bt $;5o pre&eterm4%e& t<e @4%$;

ot:ome o@ t<e :$5e o@ tot$; $b5o;t4o% o@ t<e te%t54 re5po%&e%t5$::5e& o@ $;; :r4m4%$; $%&

:44; ;4$b4;4t. T<e Cort @4%&5 t<$t t<e Comm4554o%’5 Report $%& @4%&4%=5 $%& :o%:;54o%5 $re

&; 5b5t$%t4$te& b t<e e4&e%:e $%& @$:t5 o@ pb;4: re:or&. Compo5e& o@ &45t4%=45<e&

member5 o@ proe% 4%te=r4t 4t< $ :omb4%e& tot$; o@ 1J1 e$r5 o@ eper4e%:e 4% t<e pr$:t4:e o@

;$ KK e$r5? $%& 4% t<e pro5e:tor4$; $%& H&4:4$; 5er4:e5 86 e$r5 4% t<e tr4$; $%& $ppe;;$te

:ort5?, epert5 $t 54@t4%=, t<e :<$@@ @rom t<e =r$4%, t<e Comm4554o% proper; $ppr$45e& t<e

e4&e%:e5 pre5e%te& $%& &e%4$;5 m$&e b pb;4: re5po%&e%t5.

2. I". I". #CER! #+ 'U"ICIAL (R#CESS A CASE #+. — T<e re:or& 5<o5

5@@o:$t4%=; t<$t @rom be=4%%4%= to e%&, t<e t<e% (re54&e%t 5e&, or more pre:45e;, m455e& t<e

oer<e;m4%= re5or:e5 o@ t<e =oer%me%t $%& <45 $t<or4t$r4$% poer5 to :orrpt $%& m$e $

mo:er o@ t<e H&4:4$; pro:e55 4% t<e AF4%oG$;m$% mr&er :$5e5. A5 =r$p<4:$;; &ep4:te& 4%

t<e Report, $%& bor%e& ot b t<e <$ppe%4%=5 re5 4p5$ ;oF4tr?, 54%:e t<e re5o;t4o% prep$re& b

<45 Coor&4%$tor, $%e; L$>$ro, <45 (re54&e%t4$; A5545t$%t o% Le=$; A@@$4r5, @or t<e

T$%o&b$$%’5 &45m455$; o@ t<e :$5e5 $=$4%5t $;; $::5e& $5 %p$;$t$b;e 4t o;& 5mmo% t<e

&emo%5tr$tor5 b$: to t<e 5treet5 $%& $t $% r$te $5 %ot $::ept$b;e to t<e errer$ pro5e:t4o%

p$%e;, t<e %<o; 5:e%$r4o @or $:F4tt$; o@ $;; 26 $::5e& $@ter t<e r4==e& tr4$; $5 or&ere& $t t<e

$;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e, o;& $::omp;45< t<e to pr4%:4p$; :;$mor @or t<e 55pe:te& 4;;er5 to be:<$r=e& 4% :ort $%& o@ =44%= t<em t<ro=< t<e4r $:F4tt$; t<e ;e=$; 5<4e;& o@ &ob;e Heop$r&.

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


I%&ee&, t<e 5e:ret $;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e $t <4:< t<e $t<or4t$r4$% (re54&e%t :$;;e& to=et<er t<e

(re54&4%= '5t4:e o@ t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& T$%o&b$$% +er%$%&e> $%& t<e e%t4re pro5e:t4o%

p$%e; <e$&e& b "ept T$%o&b$$% errer$ $%& to;& t<em <o to <$%&;e $%& r4= moromoro?

t<e tr4$; $%& t<e :;o5e mo%4tor4%= o@ t<e e%t4re pro:ee&4%=5 to $55re t<e pre&eterm4%e&

4=%om4%4o5 @4%$; ot:ome $re 4t<ot p$r$;;e; $%& pre:e&e%t 4% ot $%%$;5 $%& Hr45pr&e%:e.

. I". I". I". SECRET C#N+ERENCE AT ALACA3ANG AN" TE ENTIRE

(R#SECUTI#N (ANEL REGAR"ING IINENT +ILING #+ TE CRIINAL CARGES

AGAINST TE ACCUSE" -ITIATE" ALL (R#CEE"INGS IN TE SAN"IGANBA!AN.—

T<e @$:t o@ t<e 5e:ret $;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e o@ '$%$r 10, 198K $t <4:< t<e $t<or4t$r4$%

(re54&e%t &45:55e& 4t< t<e (re54&4%= '5t4:e o@ t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& t<e e%t4re pro5e:t4o%

p$%e; t<e m$tter o@ t<e 4mm4%e%t @4;4%= o@ t<e :r4m4%$; :<$r=e5 $=$4%5t $;; t<e te%t54 $::5e&

$5 $&m4tte& b re5po%&e%t '5t4:e +er%$%&e> to <$e bee% :o%@4rme& b <4m to t<e t<e%

(re54&e%t’5 Coor&4%$tor $%e; L$>$ro o% t<e pre:e&4%= &$? 45 %ot &e%4e&. It 45 4t<ot

pre:e&e%t. T<45 $5 4;;e=$; %&er ot pe%$; ;$5. T<45 4;;e=$;4t 4t4$te& @rom t<e er be=4%%4%=

$;; pro:ee&4%=5 4% t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% :ort <e$&e& b t<e er (re54&4%= '5t4:e <o $tte%&e&. A5

t<e Comm4554o% %ote&D T<e er $:t5 o@ be4%= 5mmo%e& to $;$:$$%= $%& t<e4r re$&

$:F4e5:e%:e t<ereto t<e :4r:m5t$%:e5 t<e% obt$4%4%=, $re 4% t<em5e;e5 pre55re &r$m$t4>e& $%&

eemp;4@4e&. . . . -er4;, 4t :$% be 5$4& t<$t $% $o$; o@ 4%&epe%&e%t $:t4o% or re545t$%:e to

pre54&e%t4$; pre55re be:$me 4;;5or @rom t<e er mome%t t<e 5teppe& 4%54&e $;$:$$%=

($;$:e o% '$%$r 10,,198K.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

J. I". I". 'U"GENT -#I" AB INITI# IN -IE C#LLUSI#N AS T# AN"LING

AN" TREATENT #+ CASES.—

No :ort <o5e (re54&4%= '5t4:e <$5 re:e4e& or&er5 or 5==e5t4o%5 @rom t<e er (re54&e%t <o b $% $me%&$tor &e:ree m$&e 4t po554b;e to re@er t<e

:$5e5 to t<e S$%&4=$%b$$%, :$% be $% 4mp$rt4$; :ort, <4:< 45 t<e er e55e%:e o@ &e pro:e55 o@

;$. 'r45&4:t4o% oer :$5e5 5<o;& be &eterm4%e& b ;$, $%& %ot b pre5e;e:t4o% o@ t<e Ee:t4e,

<4:< :o;& be m:< too e$54; tr$%5@orme& 4%to $ me$%5 o@ pre&eterm4%4%= t<e ot:ome o@

4%&44&$; :$5e5. T<45 :r4m4%$; :o;;54o% $5 to t<e <$%&;4%= $%& tre$tme%t o@ t<e :$5e5 b pb;4:

re5po%&e%t $t t<e 5e:ret $;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e $%& ree$;e& o%; $@ter @4@tee% mo%t<5 b '5t4:e

$%e; errer$? :omp;ete; &45F$;4@4e& re5po%&e%t S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& o4&e& $b 4%4t4o 4t5

er&4:t. T<45 re%&er5 moot $%& 4rre;e$%t @or %o t<e ete%54e $r=me%t5 o@ re5po%&e%t5 $::5e&,

p$rt4:;$r; Ge%er$; -er $%& #;4$5 $%& t<o5e :$te=or4>e& $5 $::e55or4e5, t<$t t<ere <$5 bee% %o

e4&e%:e or 4t%e55 5ppre55e& $=$4%5t t<em, t<$t t<e erro%eo5 :o%:;54o%5 o@ #;4$5 $5 po;4:e

4%e5t4=$tor &o %ot m$e <4m $% $::e55or o@ t<e :r4me5 <e 4%e5t4=$te& $%& t<e $ppr$45$; $%&

e$;$t4o% o@ t<e te5t4mo%4e5 o@ t<e 4t%e55e5 pre5e%te& $%& 5ppre55e&. T<ere 4;; be t4me $%&

opport%4t to pre5e%t $;; t<e5e $r=me%t5 $%& :o%54&er$t4o%5 $t t<e rem$%& $%& retr4$; o@ t<e :$5e5

<ere4% or&ere& be@ore $ %etr$; $%& 4mp$rt4$; :ort.

K. I". I". I". AC*UITTAL "ECLARE" UNLA+UL AN" -#I" AB INITI# CASE AT

BAR.— T<e Spreme Cort :$%%ot perm4t 5:< $ 5<$m tr4$; $%& er&4:t $%& tr$e5t o@ H5t4:e to

5t$%& %re:t4@4e&. T<e :ort5 o@ t<e ;$%& %&er 4t5 $e=45 $re :ort5 o@ ;$ $%& H5t4:e $%& eF4t.

T<e o;& <$e %o re$5o% to e45t 4@ t<e ere $;;oe& to be 5e& $5 mere too;5 o@ 4%H5t4:e,&e:ept4o% $%& &p;4:4t to 5bert $%& 5ppre55 t<e trt<, 4%5te$& o@ repo54tor4e5 o@ H&4:4$; poer

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


<o5e H&=e5 $re 5or% $%& :omm4tte& to re%&er 4mp$rt4$; H5t4:e to $;; $;4e <o 5ee t<e

e%@or:eme%t or prote:t4o% o@ $ r4=<t or t<e pree%t4o% or re&re55 o@ $ ro%=, 4t<ot @e$r or @$or

$%& remoe& @rom t<e pre55re5 o@ po;4t4:5 $%& preH&4:e. T<e Cort 45 :o%5tr$4%e& to &e:;$re t<e

5<$m tr4$; $ mo: tr4$; t<e %o%tr4$; o@ t<e :e%tr — $%& t<$t t<e pre&eterm4%e& H&=me%t o@

$:F4tt$; $5 %;$@; $%& o4& $b 4%4t4o.

6. I". I". I". "#UBLE 'E#(AR"! CANN#T BE IN-#E" ERE (R#SECUTI#N

IS "ENIE" "UE (R#CESS. No &ob;e Heop$r&. — It 45 5ett;e& &o:tr4%e t<$t &ob;e Heop$r&

:$%%ot be 4%oe& $=$4%5t t<45 Cort’5 5ett4%= $54&e o@ t<e tr4$; :ort5’ H&=me%t o@ &45m455$; or

$:F4tt$; <ere t<e pro5e:t4o% <4:< repre5e%t5 t<e 5oere4=% peop;e 4% :r4m4%$; :$5e5 45 &e%4e&

&e pro:e55. A5 t<e Cort 5tre55e& 4% t<e 198K :$5e o@ (eop;e . Bo:$r, <ere t<e pro5e:t4o% 45

&epr4e& o@ $ @$4r opport%4t to pro5e:te $%& proe 4t5 :$5e, 4t5 r4=<t to &e pro:e55 45 t<ereb

4o;$te&.

7. I". I". I". -#I" ERE "ENIAL #+ RIGT T# "UE (R#CESS IS A((ARENT. —

T<e :$r&4%$; pre5e%t 45 t<$t <ere t<ere 45 $ 4o;$t4o% o@ b$54: :o%5t4tt4o%$; r4=<t5, :ort5 $re

o5te& o@ t<e4r Hr45&4:t4o%. T<5, t<e 4o;$t4o% o@ t<e St$te’5 r4=<t to &e pro:e55 r$45e5 $ 5er4o5

Hr45&4:t4o%$; 455e Gm$bo% . "4re:tor o@ t<e Bre$ o@ (r45o%5, L0026, 7 SCRA J20 ['$%.

0, 1971] <4:< :$%%ot be =;o55e& oer or &45re=$r&e& $t 4;;. <ere t<e &e%4$; o@ t<e

@%&$me%t$; r4=<t o@ &e pro:e55 45 $pp$re%t, $ &e:454o% re%&ere& 4% &45re=$r& o@ t<$t r4=<t 45 o4&

@or ;$: o@ Hr45&4:t4o% A&:$e% . +;ore5, L070 [$ 2K, 197], K1 SCRA 78 S<e;; Co. .

E%$=e, L011112, J9 SCRA J16 [+eb. 27, 197]?. A% H&=me%t or &e:454o% re%&ere&

%ot4t<5t$%&4%= 5:< 4o;$t4o% m$ be re=$r&e& $5 $ ‘;$;e55 t<4%=, <4:< :$% be tre$te& $5 $%

ot;$ $%& 5;$4% $t 54=<t, or 4=%ore& <ereer 4t e<4b4t5 4t5 <e$&’

A&:$e% . +;ore5, 5pr$?.

8. I". I". "#UBLE 'E#(AR"! EN A((LICABLE.— Re5po%&e%t '&=e’5 &45m455$;

or&er &$te& '; 7, 1967 be4%= %;; $%& o4& @or ;$: o@ Hr45&4:t4o%, t<e 5$me &oe5 %ot :o%5t4tte $

proper b$545 @or $ :;$4m o@ &ob;e Heop$r& $tt$:<e5 o%; $? po% $ $;4& 4%&4:tme%t, b? be@ore $

:ompete%t :ort, :? $@ter $rr$4=%me%t, &? $ $;4& p;e$ <$4%= bee% e%tere& $%& e? t<e :$5e $5

&45m455e& or ot<er45e term4%$te& 4t<ot t<e epre55 :o%5e%t o@ t<e $::5e& (eop;e . !;$=$%,

K8 (<4;. 8K1?. T<e ;oer :ort $5 %ot :ompete%t $5 4t $5 o5te& o@ 4t5 Hr45&4:t4o% <e% 4t

4o;$te& t<e r4=<t o@ t<e pro5e:t4o% to &e pro:e55. I% e@@e:t, t<e @4r5t Heop$r& $5 %eer

term4%$te&, $%& t<e rem$%& o@ t<e :r4m4%$; :$5e @or @rt<er <e$r4%= $%&Mor tr4$; be@ore t<e ;oer

:ort5 $mo%t5 mere; to $ :o%t4%$t4o% o@ t<e @4r5t Heop$r&, $%& &oe5 %ot epo5e t<e $::5e& to $

5e:o%& Heop$r&. Re5po%&e%t5$::5e&’5 :o%te%t4o% t<$t t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% H&=me%t o@

$:F4tt$; e%&5 t<e :$5e <4:< :$%%ot be $ppe$;e& or reope%e&, 4t<ot be4%= pt 4% &ob;e

Heop$r& $5 @or:e@;; &45po5e& o@ b t<e Cort 4% (eop;e Cort o@ Appe$;5, <4:< 45 @;;

$pp;4:$b;e <ere, $5 @o;;o5D T<$t 45 t<e =e%er$; r;e $%& pre5ppo5e5 $ $;4& H&=me%t. A5 e$r;4er

po4%te& ot, <oeer, re5po%&e%t Cort5’ Re5o;t4o% o@ $:F4tt$; $5 $ o4& H&=me%t @or <$4%=

bee% 455e& 4t<ot Hr45&4:t4o%. No &ob;e Heop$r& $tt$:<e5, t<ere@ore. A o4& H&=me%t 45, 4%

;e=$; e@@e:t, %o H&=me%t $t $;;. B 4t %o r4=<t5 $re &4e5te&. T<ro=< 4t, %o r4=<t5 :$% be $tt$4%e&.

Be4%= ort<;e55, $;; pro:ee&4%=5 @o%&e& po% 4t $re eF$;; ort<;e55. It %e4t<er b4%&5 %or b$r5

$%o%e. A;; $:t5 per@orme& %&er 4t $%& $;; :;$4m5 @;o4%= ot o@ 4t $re o4&. . . .

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


re4e o@ <45 ;o5t :$5e o%:e more, 54%:e pb;4: po;4: $%& 5o%& pr$:t4:e &em$%& t<$t ;4t4=$t4o% be

pt to $% e%& $%& %o 5e:o%& pro @orm$ mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% re4ter$t4%= t<e 5$me $r=me%t5

5<o;& be ept pe%&4%= 5o ;o%= @or oer 54 6? e$r5 $%& o%e 1? mo%t< 54%:e t<e &e%4$; o@ t<e

@4r5t mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o%?. T<45 op4%4o% :$%%ot be proper; 4%oe&, be:$5e <ere,

pet4t4o%er5’

5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% $5 @4;e& prompt; o% $r:< 20, 1986 @o;;o4%=t<e &e%4$; %&er &$te o@ +ebr$r Jt< o@ t<e @4r5t mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% $%& t<e 5$me $5

$&m4tte& per t<e Cort’5 Re5o;t4o% o@ Apr4; , 1986 $%& 45 %ot be4%= re5o;e& 4t<4% @4e

mo%t<5 o@ 4t5 @4;4%= $@ter t<e Comm4554o% <$& re:e4e& t<e e4&e%:e o@ t<e p$rt4e5 <o ere <e$r&

b t<e Cort o%; ;$5t A=5t 26t<. T<e% t<e 5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% 45 b$5e& o% $%

e%t4re; %e m$ter4$; =ro%& <4:< $5 %ot %o% $t t<e t4me o@ t<e &e%4$; o@ t<e pet4t4o% $%&

@4;4%= o@ t<e @4r5t mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o%, 4.e., t<e 5e:ret $;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e o% '$%$r 10,

198K <4:< :$me to ;4=<t o%; @4@tee% mo%t<5 ;$ter 4% $r:<, 1986 $%& 5<oe& beo%& per

$&e%tre $5 proe& 4% t<e Comm4554o% <e$r4%=5? t<e mer4t5 o@ t<e pet4t4o% $%& t<$t t<e

$t<or4t$r4$% pre54&e%t <$& &4:t$te& $%& pre&eterm4%e& t<e @4%$; ot:ome o@ $:F4tt$;. e%:e, t<e

te% member5 o@ t<e Cort 4t<ot $% %e $ppo4%tee5? %$%4mo5; ote& to $&m4t t<e 5e:o%&

mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o%.

ALA(A!, '., :o%:rr4%=D:<$%rob1e5 4rt$; 1$ ;4br$r

1. REE"IAL LA CRIINAL (R#CE"URE SEC#N" #TI#N +#R

REC#NSI"ERATI#N GRANTING TERE#+ 'USTI+IE" IN -IE #+ TE CERTAIN

SIGNI+ICANT +ACTS AN" CIRCUSTANCES N#T (RE-I#USL! "ISCL#SE" T# TE

C#URT.— Co%54&er4%= t<$t :ert$4% 54=%4@4:$%t @$:t5 $%& :4r:m5t$%:e5 %ot pre4o5; &45:;o5e&

to t<e Cort ere @o%& b t<e Comm4554o% :o%5t4tte& b t<45 Cort, prpo5e; to 4%F4re $%&$5:ert$4% t<e er$:4t o@ t<e 5$me, to be &; e5t$b;45<e& b 5@@4:4e%t e4&e%:e $%& $re 4%&4:$t4e

o@ $ 5:r4pte& $%& pre&eterm4%e& m$%%er o@ <$%&;4%= $%& &45po54%= o@ t<e AF4%oG$;m$% mr&er

:$5e . . . $%& t<$t t<ere e45t5 $&eF$te :re&4b;e e4&e%:e 5<o4%= t<$t t<e pro5e:t4o% 4% t<e

AF4%oG$;m$% :$5e $%& t<e '5t4:e5 <o tr4e& $%& &e:4&e& t<e 5$me $:te& %&er t<e :omp;54o%

o@ 5ome pre55re <4:< proe& to be beo%& t<e4r :$p$:4t to re545t $%& <4:< %ot o%; pree%te&

t<e pro5e:t4o% to @;; e%t4;$te 4t5 po54t4o% $%& to o@@er $;; t<e e4&e%:e5 4t :o;& <$e ot<er45e

pre5e%te&, bt $;5o pre&eterm4%e& t<e ot:ome o@ t<e :$5e . . . I Ho4% 4% =r$%t4%= pet4t4o%er ’5

5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o%.

ELENCI#ERRERA, '., :o%:rr4%=D:<$%rob1e5 4rt$; 1$ ;4br$r

1. REE"IAL LA CRIINAL (R#CE"URE (R#SECUTI#N #+ #++ENSES RULE

#+ (UBLIC (R#SECUT#R.— A5 4t 45, t<e pro5e:t4o% @$4;e& to @;; e%t4;$te 4t5 po54t4o% $%&

to ;$ ot be@ore re5po%&e%t Cort $;; t<e pert4%e%t @$:t5 <4:< :o;& <$e <e;pe& t<$t Cort 4%

$rr44%= $t $ H5t &e:454o%. It <$&, t<5, @$4;e& 4% 4t5 t$5. A pb;4: pro5e:tor 45 ‘t<e

repre5e%t$t4e %ot o@ $% or&4%$r p$rt to $ :o%troer5, bt o@ $ 5oere4=%t <o5e ob;4=$t4o% to

=oer% 4mp$rt4$;; 45 $5 :ompe;;4%= $5 4t5 ob;4=$t4o% to =oer% $t $;; $%& <o5e 4%tere5t, t<ere@ore,

4% $ :r4m4%$; pro5e:t4o% 45 %ot t<$t 4t 5<$;; 4% $ :$5e bt t<$t H5t4:e $%& eer &e@4%4te 5e%5e t<e

5er$%t o@ t<e ;$, t<e to @o;& $4m o@ <4:< 45 t<$t =4;t 5<$;; %ot e5:$pe or 4%%o:e%:e 5@@er.S$re> . (;$to%, 69 (<4;. KK6 [19J0]?. e oe5 t<e 5t$te, t<e :ort $%& t<e $::5e& t<e &t to

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


;$ be@ore t<e :ort t<e pert4%e%t @$:t5 $t <45 &45po5$; 4t< met<o&4:$; $%& met4:;o5 $tte%t4o%,

:;$r4@4%= :o%tr$&4:t4o%5 $%& @4;;4%= p =$p5 $%& ;oop<o;e5 4% <45 e4&e%:e to t<e e%& t<$t t<e

:ort’5 m4%& m$ %ot be tortre& b &obt5, t<e 4%%o:e%t m$ %ot 5@@er, $%& t<e =4;t m$ %ot

e5:$pe %p%45<e& (eop;e . E5F4e;, 82 (<4;. JK [19J8]?.

2. A"INISTRATI-E SU(ER-ISI#N #-ER C#URTS AN" C#URT (ERS#NNEL

SAN"IGANBA!AN E*UALL! CUL(ABLE +#R ISCARRIAGE #+ 'USTICE CASE AT

BAR.— Re5po%&e%t Cort, 4% 5<o4%= p$rt4$;4t @or t<e $::5e& @rom be=4%%4%= to e%&, @rom t<e

r$@@;e o@ t<e 5bHe:t :$5e5 to t<e prom;=$t4o% o@ H&=me%t, <4:< $b5o;e& t<e $::5e&, e% m$55e,

@rom $% $%& $;; ;4$b4;4t, 45 eF$;; :;p$b;e @or m45:$rr4$=e o@ H5t4:e. "e pro:e55 o@ ;$, <4:<

reF4re5 $ <e$r4%= be@ore $% 4mp$rt4$; $%& &454%tere5te& tr4b%$; $%& t<e r4=<t o@ eer ;4t4=$%t to

%ot<4%= ;e55 t<$% t<e :o;& %etr$;4t o@ $% 4mp$rt4$; '&=e Gt4erre> . S$%to5, 112 (<4;. 18J

[1961] C$5t4;;o . '$%, 62 SCRA 12J [197K]?, $5 4o;$te&.

. REE"IAL LA CRIINAL (R#CE"URE 'U"GENT NULL AN" -#I" AB

INITI# -ITIATE" B! LAC #+ "UE (R#CESS. — T<e pro:ee&4%=5 be;o, <$4%= bee%

4t4$te& b ;$: o@ &e pro:e55, to t<e &etr4me%t o@ t<e St$te $%& t<e (eop;e, ere 4%$;4& $%& t<e

H&=me%t re%&ere& %;; $%& o4& $b 4%4t4o. T<ere <$4%= bee% %o tr4$; $t $;; 4% :o%temp;$t4o% o@

;$, t<ere 45 ;4e45e %o H&=me%t o% <4:< $ p;e$ o@ &ob;e Heop$r& m$ be b$5e&. To e%t4t;e

t<e $::5e& to t<e p;e$ o@ @ormer Heop$r&, t<e pro:ee&4%=5 m5t <$e bee% $;4& St$te . B$rt;ett,

16J N.. 7K7 St$te . #’"$ 18K So. 290?. T<e ;$: o@ $% @%&$me%t$; reF454te <4:< o;&

re%&er o4& t<e H&=me%t o;& m$e 4%e@@e:t4e $ p;e$ o@ Heop$r& b$5e& o% 5:< pro:ee&4%=5

Stee% . St$te, 2J2 S.. 10J7?.

J. I". I". "#UBLE 'E#(AR"! ATTACES E-EN I+ C#LLUSI#N TAES (LACE AN"

TE ACCUSE" ERE N#T A (ART! T# TE SAE (RINCI(LE N#T A((LICABLE IN

CASE AT BAR.— T<e $::5e&, <oeer, $r=e t<$t &ob;e Heop$r& $tt$:<e5 @or, ee% $55m4%=

4t<ot :o%:e&4%=, t<$t pre55re $%& :o;;54o% &4& t$e p;$:e, t<e ere %ot $ p$rt to t<e 5$me

$%&, @or t<o5e <o ere :<$r=e& o%; e4t<er $5 $::omp;4:e5 or $::e55or4e5, t<e :o%te%& t<$t t<e4r

$;;e=e& o@@e%5e 4%o;e& o%; $ :oerp 4% t<e 4%e5t4=$t4o% o@ t<e :r4me 5o t<$t, <$teer

pre55re $5 eerte& :o;& o%; <$e be%e@4te& t<e pr4%:4p$;5, :o%5eFe%t;, to 5bHe:t t<em to $

retr4$; 45 to pt t<em t4:e 4% Heop$r&. It 45 tre t<$t <ere $% $::5e& $5 %ot $ p$rt to t<e

@r$&, $ :o%4:t4o% :$%%ot be $o4&e& b t<e 5t$te St$te . e@;4%, 96 So. JK9, 19 A;$. App. 222?.

oeer, t<$t e:ept4o% 45 4%$pp;4:$b;e to t<e :$5e5 $t b$r <ere bot< t<e pro5e:t4o% $%& t<e

Tr4$; Cort 4t5e;@ ere p$rt4e5 to t<e @r$& $%& :o;;54o%. Nor :$% 4t be 5$4& t<$t t<e $::5e& ere

%ot $ p$rt t<ereo@. T<e $=reeme%t to @4;e t<e mr&er :<$r=e 4% Cort 5o t<$t, $@ter be4%= $:F4tte&

$5 p;$%%e&, t<e $::5e& :o;& %o ;o%=er be pro5e:te& %&er t<e &o:tr4%e o@ &ob;e Heop$r& t<e

:$te=or4>$t4o% o@ t<e $::5e& 4%to pr4%:4p$;5, $::omp;4:e5 $%& $::e55or4e5 5o t<$t %ot $;; o@ t<em

o;& be &e%4e& b$4; &r4%= t<e tr4$;, ere @r$&;e%t; :o%:e4e& @or t<e4r be%e@4t $%& @or t<e

prpo5e o@ prote:t4%= t<em @or 5b5eFe%t pro5e:t4o%. It 45, t<5, %o b$r to $ 5b5eFe%t

pro5e:t4o% @or t<e 5$me o@@e%5e Com$5 . Sper4or Cort, 192 (. 2&. JJ9, JK2, 1 C. 2&. 682?.

A er&4:t o@ $:F4tt$; pro:re& b t<e $::5e& b @r$& $%& :o;;54o% 45 $ %;;4t $%& &oe5 %ot pt

<4m 4% Heop$r& $%& :o%5eFe%t;, 4t 45 %o b$r to $ 5e:o%& tr4$; @or t<e 5$me o@@e%5e St$te . Lee,0A, 1110, 6K Co%%. 26K, J8 Am. S.R. 202, 27 L. RA. J98?.

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


R E S # L U T I # N

TEEANEE, C.'.D

L$5t A=5t 215t, or %$t4o% m$re& 4t< 5o;em%4t $%& @or t<e @4r5t t4me 4% @ree&om t<e t<4r&

$%%4er5$r o@ t<e tre$:<ero5 $55$554%$t4o% o@ @oremo5t oppo54t4o% ;e$&er @ormer Se%$tor Be%4=%o

N4%o AF4%o, 'r. 4mpr45o%e& @or $;mo5t e4=<t e$r5 54%:e t<e 4mpo54t4o% o@ m$rt4$; ;$ 4%

September, 1972 b t<e% (re54&e%t +er&4%$%& E. $r:o5, <e $5 5e%te%:e& to &e$t< b @4r4%=

5F$& b $ m4;4t$r tr4b%$; @or :ommo% o@@e%5e5 $;;e=e& to <$e bee% :omm4tte& ;o%= be@ore t<e

&e:;$r$t4o% o@ m$rt4$; ;$ $%& <o5e Hr45&4:t4o% oer <4m $5 $ :44;4$% e%t4t;e& to tr4$; b H&4:4$;

pro:e55 b :44; :ort5 <e rep&4$te&. N4%o p;e$&e& 4% $4% t<$t t<e m4;4t$r tr4b%$;5 $re

$&m4tte&; %ot :ort5 bt mere 4%5trme%t5 $%& 5bHe:t to t<e :o%tro; o@ t<e (re54&e%t $5 :re$te& b

<4m %&er t<e Ge%er$; #r&er5 455e& b <4m $5 Comm$%&er4%C<4e@ o@ t<e Arme& +or:e5 o@ t<e

(<4;4pp4%e5, $%& t<$t <e <$& $;re$& bee% pb;4:; 4%&4:te& $%& $&H&=e& =4;t b t<e (re54&e%t o@

t<e :<$r=e5 4% $ %$t4o%4&e pre55 :o%@ere%:e <e;& o% A=5t 2J, 1971 <e% <e &e:;$re& t<e

e4&e%:e $=$4%5t N4%o %ot o%; 5tro%= bt oer<e;m4%=. 1 T<45 @o;;oe& t<e (;$>$ 4r$%&$

bomb4%= o@ A=5t 21, 1971 o@ t<e pro:;$m$t4o% r$;; o@ t<e oppo54t4o% L4ber$; ($rt :$%&4&$te5

@or t<e Noember, 1971 e;e:t4o%5 <e% e4=<t per5o%5 ere 4;;e& $%& pr$:t4:$;; $;; o@ t<e

oppo54t4o% :$%&4&$te5 <e$&e& b Se%$tor 'o4to S$;o%=$ $%& m$% more ere 5er4o5; 4%Hre&?,

$%& t<e 55pe%54o% o@ t<e pr44;e=e o@ t<e r4t o@ <$be$5 :orp5 %&er (ro:;$m$t4o% No. 889 o%A=5t 2, 1971. T<e m$55$:re $5 4%5t$%t; $ttr4bte& to t<e :omm%45t5 bt t<e trt< <$5 %eer

bee% %o%. Bt t<e t<e% (re54&e%t %eer @4;e& t<e 5$4& :<$r=e5 $=$4%5t N4%o 4% t<e :44; :ort5.

N4%o AF4%o $5 %eert<e;e55 t<ere$@ter $;;oe& 4% $, 1980 to ;e$e t<e :o%tr to %&er=o

5::e55@; <e$rt 5r=er. A@ter t<ree e$r5 o@ e4;e $%& &e5p4te t<e re=4me’5 re@5$; to =4e <4m $

p$55port, <e 5o=<t to retr% <ome to 5tr4e @or $ =e%4%e %$t4o%$; re:o%:4;4$t4o% @o%&e& o%

H5t4:e. e $5 to be :o;&b;oo&e&; 4;;e& <4;e %&er e5:ort $$ b 5o;&4er5 @rom <45 p;$%e

t<$t <$& H5t ;$%&e& $t t<e $%4;$ I%ter%$t4o%$; A4rport o% t<$t @$te@; &$ $t p$5t 1 p.m. 45 br$4%

$5 5m$5<e& b $ b;;et @4re& po4%tb;$% 4%to t<e b$: o@ <45 <e$& b $ mr&ero5 $55$554%,

%ot4t<5t$%&4%= t<$t t<e $4rport $5 r4%=e& b $4rt4=<t 5e:r4t o@ :;o5e to 2,000 5o;&4er5 — $%&

@rom $ m4;4t$r 4epo4%t, 4t $5? te:<%4:$;; 4mpo554b;e to =et 4%54&e 5:<? $ :or&o%. 2 T<e

m4;4t$r 4%e5t4=$tor5 reporte& 4t<4% $ 5p$% o@ t<ree <or5 t<$t t<e m$% <o 5<ot AF4%o <o5e

4&e%t4t $5 t<e% 5ppo5e& to be %%o% $%& $5 ree$;e& o%; &$5 ;$ter $5 Ro;$%&o G$;m$%,

$;t<o=< <e $5 t<e per5o%$; @r4e%& o@ $::5e& Co;. Artro C5to&4o <o p4:e& <4m p @rom <45

<o5e o% A=5t 17, 198? $5 $ :omm%45t<4re& =%m$%, $%& t<$t t<e m4;4t$r e5:ort5 =%%e&

<4m &o% 4% tr%. T<e m4;4t$r ;$ter @4;me& $ ree%$:tme%t o@ t<e 4;;4%= 5:r4pte& $::or&4%= to t<45

er54o% $%& :o%t4%o5; rep;$e& 4t o% $;; T- :<$%%e;5 $5 4@ 4t ere t$e% ;4e o% t<e 5pot. T<e

t<e% (re54&e%t 4%5t$%t; $::epte& t<e m4;4t$r er54o% $%& repe$te& 4t 4% $ %$t4o%$;; te;e45e& pre55

:o%@ere%:e t<$t <e =$e ;$te 4% t<e ee%4%= o@ A=5t 22, 198, <ere4% <e 5$4&, 4% or&er to 4%&:e&45be;4e@ t<$t t<e m4;4t$r <$& $ <$%& 4% t<e 4;;4%=, t<$t 4@ t<e prpo5e $5 to e;4m4%$te AF4%o,

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


t<45 $5 %ot t<e $ to &o 4t.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

T<e %$t4o%$; tr$=e& 5<o:e& t<e :o%5:4e%:e o@ t<e e%t4re %$t4o% $%& otr$=e& t<e @ree or;&. T<e

;$r=e m$55e5 o@ peop;e <o Ho4%e& 4% t<e te%&$ per4o& o@ %$t4o%$; mor%4%= $%& :$me ot 4%

m4;;4o%5 4% t<e ;$r=e5t $%& mo5t or&er; pb;4: tr%ot @or N4%o’

5 @%er$; re@;e:te& t<e4r =r4e@ @or <45 m$rtr&om $%& t<e4r e$r%4%= @or t<e trt<, H5t4:e $%& @ree&om.:<$%rob;e5.:omD:r$;$Dre&

T<e t<e% (re54&e%t $5 :o%5tr$4%e& to :re$te $ +$:t +4%&4%= Bo$r& to 4%e5t4=$te t<e

tre$:<ero5 $%& 4:4o5 $55$554%$t4o% o@ @ormer Se%$tor Be%4=%o S. AF4%o, 'r. o% A=5t 21,

198 [<4:<] <$5 to $;; +4;4p4%o5 be:ome $ %$t4o%$; tr$=e& $%& %$t4o%$; 5<$me 5pe:4$;; be:$5e

o@ t<e e$r; &45tort4o%5 $%& e$==er$t4o%5 4% bot< @ore4=% $%& ;o:$; me&4$ J 5o t<$t $;; r4=<t

t<4%4%= $%& <o%e5t me% &e54re to e%t4;$te t<e trt< t<ro=< @$re, 4%&epe%&e%t $%& &45p$554o%$te

4%e5t4=$t4o% b pre5t4=4o5 $%& @ree 4%e5t4=$tor5. A@ter to @$;5e 5t$rt5, K <e @4%$;; :o%5t4tte&

t<e Bo$r& 6 o% #:tober 22, 198 <4:< <e;& 12K <e$r4%= &$5 :omme%:4%= Noember , 198

4%:;&4%= <e$r4%=5 4% Too $%& 8 <e$r4%=5 4% Lo5 A%=e;e5, C$;4@or%4$? $%& <e$r& t<e

te5t4mo%4e5 o@ 19J 4t%e55e5 re:or&e& 4% 20,77 p$=e5 o@ tr$%5:r4pt5, %t4; t<e 5bm4554o% o@ t<e4r

m4%or4t $%& m$Hor4t report5 to t<e (re54&e%t o% #:tober 2 $%& 2J, 198J. T<45 $5 to m$r

$%ot<er @4r5t $%<ere 4% t<e or;& <ere4% t<e m4%or4t report $5 5bm4tte& o%e &$ $<e$& b

t<e po%e%te t<ereo@, t<e :<$4rm$%, <o $5 re:e4e& :o%=e%4$;; $%& :or&4$;; b t<e t<e%

(re54&e%t <o tre$te& t<e report $5 4@ 4t ere t<e m$Hor4t report 4%5te$& o@ $ m4%or4t report o@ o%e

$%& @ort<4t< re@erre& 4t to re5po%&e%t T$%o&b$$% @or @4%$; re5o;t4o% t<ro=< t<e ;e=$; 55tem

$%& @or tr4$; 4% t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% <4:< $5 better %o% $5 $ =r$@t :ort $%& t<e m$Hor4t report

o@ t<e @or ot<er member5 $5 5bm4tte& o% t<e @o;;o4%= &$ to t<e t<e% (re54&e%t <o :o;&;

re:e4e& t<em $%& :o;& 5:$r:e; :o%:e$; <45 4%5t$%t reHe:t4o% o@ t<e4r report 4t< t<e =r4m5t$teme%t t<$t I <ope o :$% ;4e 4t< or :o%5:4e%:e 4t< <$t o <$e &o%e.:r$;$

4rt$1$ ;4br$r

T<e @$:t 45 t<$t bot< m$Hor4t $%& m4%or4t report5 ere o%e 4% reHe:t4%= t<e m4;4t$r er54o% $5

propo%&e& b t<e :<4e@ 4%e5t4=$tor, re5po%&e%t Ge%. #;4$5, t<$t Ro;$%&o G$;m$% $5 t<e N(A

<4re& $55$554%, 5t$t4%= t<$t t<e e4&e%:e 5<o5 [to t<e :o%tr$r] t<$t Ro;$%&o G$;m$% <$& %o

5ber54e $@@4;4$t4o%5. T<e ere 4% $=reeme%t t<$t o%; t<e 5o;&4er5 4% t<e 5t$4r:$5e 4t< Se%.

AF4%o :o;& <$e 5<ot <4m t<$t G$;m$%, t<e m4;4t$r’5 @$;; = $5 %ot t<e $55$554% o@

Se%. AF4%o $%& t<$t t<e SAT trooper5 <o =%%e& &o% G$;m$% $%& t<e 5o;&4er5 <o

e5:orte& Se%. AF4%o &o% t<e 5er4:e 5t$4r5, &e;4ber$te; $%& 4% :o%5p4r$: 4t< o%e $%ot<er,

=$e $ perHre& 5tor to 5 re=$r&4%= t<e $;;e=e& 5<oot4%= b G$;m$% o@ Se%. AF4%o $%& t<e

mo4%= &o%, 4% tr%, o@ G$;m$% <4m5e;@ 4% 5<ort, t<$t N4%o’5 $55$554%$t4o% $5 t<e pro&:t

o@ $ m4;4t$r :o%5p4r$:, %ot $ :omm%45t p;ot. T<e o%; &4@@ere%:e betee% t<e to report5 45 t<$t

t<e m$Hor4t report @o%& $;; t<e te%t54 pr4$te re5po%&e%t5 $boe%$me& 4% t<e t4t;e o@ t<e :$5e

<e$&e& b t<e% A+( C<4e@ Ge%er$; +$b4$% C. -er 4%o;e& 4% t<e m4;4t$r :o%5p4r$: $%& t<ere@ore

4%&4:t$b;e @or t<e preme&4t$te& 4;;4%= o@ Se%$tor Be%4=%o S. AF4%o, 'r. $%& Ro;$%&o G$;m$% $t

t<e IA o% A=5t 21, 198 <4;e t<e :<$4rm$%’5 m4%or4t report o;& e:;&e %4%etee% o@

t<em $%& ;4m4t $5 p;otter5 t<e 54 per5o%5 <o ere o% t<e 5er4:e 5t$4r5 <4;e Se%$tor AF4%o

$5 &e5:e%&4%= $%& Ge%er$; Lt<er C5to&4o . . . be:$5e t<e :r4m4%$; p;ot :o;& %ot <$e bee% p;$%%e& $%& 4mp;eme%te& 4t<ot <45 4%tere%t4o%. :<$%rob;e5 4rt$; ;$;4br$r

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


T<e :<$4rm$% rote 4% <er m4%or4t report 5ome<$t prop<et4:$;;? t<$t T<e ep4;o=e to or

or ;4e5 4% <$t 4;; tr$%5p4re 4% $::or&$%:e 4t< t<e $:t4o% t<$t t<e #@@4:e o@ t<e (re54&e%t m$

t<ere$@ter &4re:t to be t$e%. T<e @ormember m$Hor4t report $;5o prop<et4:$;;? rote 4% t<e

ep4;o=e $@ter $r%4%= t<e @or:e5 <o $&<ere to $% $;4e% $%& 4%to;er$b;e po;4t4:$; 4&eo;o= $=$4%5t%5:rp;o5; 54%= t<e report to &45:re&4t or tr$&4t4o%$;; reere& 4%5t4tt4o%5?, t<$t t<e

tr$=e& ope%e& or ee5 $%& @or t<e @4r5t t4me :o%@4rme& or or5t @e$r5 o@ <$t %:<e:e& e4;

o;& be :$p$b;e o@ &o4%= T<e roteD:<$%rob;e5 4rt$; ;$;4br$r

T<e t$5 o@ t<e Bo$r& $5 :;e$r $%& %eF4o:$;. T<45 t$5 $5 %ot o%; to &eterm4%e t<e @$:t5

$%& :4r:m5t$%:e5 5rro%&4%= t<e &e$t< o@ t<e ;$te @ormer Se%$tor. #@ =re$ter 54=%4@4:$%:e 45 t<e

$e5ome re5po%54b4;4t o@ t<e Bo$r& to p<o;& r4=<teo5%e55 oer e4;, H5t4:e oer 4%H5t4:e,

r$t4o%$;4t oer 4rr$t4o%$;4t, <m$%e%e55 oer 4%<m$%4t. T<e t$5 $5 4%&ee& $ p$4%@; te5t, t<e

4%e4t$b;e re5;t o@ <4:< 4;; re5tore or :o%tr’5 <o%ore& p;$:e $mo%= t<e 5oere4=% %$t4o%5

o@ t<e @ree or;& <ere pe$:e, ;$ $%& or&er, @ree&om, $%& H5t4:e $re $ $ o@ ;4@e.

ore t<$% $% ot<er ee%t 4% :o%tempor$r (<4;4pp4%e <45tor, t<e 4;;4%= o@ t<e ;$te @ormer

Se%$tor AF4%o <$5 bro=<t 4%to 5<$rper @o:5, t<e 4;;5 per$&4%= (<4;4pp4%e 5o:4et. It $5 t<e

:o%:ret4>$t4o% o@ t<e <orror t<$t <$5 bee% <$%t4%= t<45 :o%tr @or &e:$&e5, rot4%e; m$%4@e5te&

b t<e bre$&o% o@ pe$:e $%& or&er, e:o%om4: 4%5t$b4;4t, 5ber54o%, =r$@t $%& :orrpt4o%, $%&

$% 4%:re$54%= %mber o@ $b54e e;eme%t5 4% <$t $re ot<er45e %ob;e 4%5t4tt4o%5 4% or :o%tr

— t<e m4;4t$r $%& ;$ e%@or:eme%t $=e%:4e5. e $re, <oeer, :o%4%:e& t<$t, b $%& ;$r=e, t<e

=re$t m$Hor4t o@ t<e o@@4:er5 $%& me% o@ t<e5e 4%5t4tt4o%5 <$e rem$4%e& &e:e%t $%& <o%or$b;e,

&e&4:$te& to t<e4r %ob;e m4554o% 4% t<e 5er4:e o@ or :o%tr $%& peop;e.

T<e tr$=e& ope%e& or ee5 $%& @or t<e @4r5t t4me :o%@4rme& or or5t @e$r5 o@ <$t %:<e:e&

e4; o;& be :$p$b;e o@ &o4%=. A5 @ormer I5r$e;4 +ore4=% 4%45ter Abb$ Eb$% ob5ere5.’ Nobo&

<o <$5 =re$t $t<or4t :$% be tr5te& %ot to =o beo%& 4t5 proper ;4m4t5.’ So:4$; $p$t<,

p$5544t $%& 4%&4@@ere%:e $%& %e=;e:t <$e 5p$%e& 4% 5e:ret $ &$r @or:e t<$t 45 be%t o%

&e5tro4%= t<e $;e5 <e;& 5$:re& b @ree&om;o4%= peop;e.

To $55ert or proper p;$:e 4% t<e :44;4>e& or;&, 4t 45 4mper$t4e t<$t pb;4: o@@4:4$;5 5<o;&

re=$r& pb;4: 5er4:e $5 $ re@;e:t4o% o@ <m$% 4&e$;5 4% <4:< t<e <4=<e5t 5e%5e o@ mor$; $;e5

$%& 4%te=r4t $re 5tr4:t; reF4re&.

A tr$=e& ;4e t<$t <4:< <$ppe%e& o% A=5t 21, 198, $%& t<e :r4545 t<$t @o;;oe&, o;& <$e

%orm$;; :$5e& t<e re54=%$t4o% o@ t<e C<4e@ o@ t<e Arme& +or:e5 4% $ :o%tr <ere pb;4: o@@4:e

45 4ee& 4t< <4=<e5t e5teem $%& re5pe:t $%& <ere t<e mor$; re5po%54b4;4t4e5 o@ pb;4: o@@4:4$;5

tr$%5:e%& $;; ot<er :o%54&er$t4o%5.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

It 45 eF$;; t<e @$:t t<$t t<e t<e% (re54&e%t t<ro=< $;; <45 re:or&e& pb;4: $:t5 $%& 5t$teme%t5

@rom t<e be=4%%4%= &45&$4%e& $%& reHe:te& <45 o% Bo$r&’5 $boe @4%&4%=5 $%& 4%545te& o% t<e

m4;4t$r er54o% o@ G$;m$% be4%= N4%o’

5 $55$554%. I% p<o;&4%= t<45 4e t<$t t<ere 45 %o4%o;eme%t o@ $%o%e 4% <45 =oer%me%t 4% t<e $55$554%$t4o%, <e to;& "$4& Br45:oe t<e% A(

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


$%4;$ Bre$ C<4e@? 4% $ R$&4oT- 4%ter4e o% September 9, 198 t<$t I $m :o%4%:e& t<$t 4@

$% member o@ m =oer%me%t ere 4%o;e&, I o;& <$e %o% 5ome<o . . . Ee% $t $ @$4r;

;o ;ee;, I o;& <$e %o%. I %o <o t<e t<4%. I %o <$t t<e $re t<4%4%= o@. 7 e

to;& CBS 4% $%ot<er 4%ter4e 4% $, 198J $5 <45 +$:t +4%&4%= Bo$r& $5 <o;&4%= 4t5 <e$r4%=5?

t<e @o;;o4%=DH=:D:<$%rob;e5.:om.p<

CBSD ‘Bt 4%&ee& t<ere <$5 bee% re:e%t e4&e%:e t<$t 5eem5 to :o%tr$&4:t e$r;4er report5,

%$me;, t<e re:e%t e4&e%:e 5eem5 to 4%&4:$te t<$t 5ome o@ t<e =$r&5 m$ <$e bee% re5po%54b;e

@or 5<oot4%= N4%o?.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

ARC#SD‘e;;, o $re o@ :or5e ro%=. <$t o <$e bee% re$&4%= $re t<e %e5p$per5

$%& t<e %e5p$per report5 <$e bee% b4$5e&. T<e e4&e%:e 5t4;; proe5 t<$t G$;m$% $5 t<e 4;;er.

T<e e4&e%:e $;5o 5<o5 t<$t t<ere ere 4%te;;4=e%:e report5 :o%%e:t4%= t<e :omm%45t p$rt to

t<e 4;;4%=.’ 8

I% <45 rep; o@ #:tober 2K, 198J to Ge%er$; -er ’5 ;etter o@ t<e 5$me &$te =o4%= o% ;e$e o@

$b5e%:e po% re;e$5e o@ t<e Bo$r&’5 m$Hor4t report 4mp;4:$t4%= <4m, <e rote t<$t ?e $re

ee% more $$re, =e%er$;, t<$t t<e :4r:m5t$%:e5 %&er <4:< t<e bo$r& <$5 :<o5e% to 4mp;4:$te

o 4% 4t5 @4%&4%=5 $re @r$=<t 4t< &obt $%& =re$t :o%tr$&4:t4o%5 o@ op4%4o% $%& te5t4mo%. A%&

e $re &eep; &45trbe& t<$t o% t<e b$545 o@ 5o:$;;e& e4&e%:e, o <$e bee% 5o $::5e& b 5ome

member5 o@ t<e Bo$r&, $%& ete%&e& er be5t 45<e5 to o $%& or @$m4; @or $ 5pee&

re5o;t4o% o@ or :$5e, 9 ee% $5 <e $%%o%:e& t<$t <e o;& retr% t<e =e%er$; to <45 po54t4o% $5

A+( C<4e@ 4@ <e 45 $:F4tte& b t<e S$%&4=$%b$$%. I% $% 4%ter4e o% '%e J, 198K 4t< t<e

G$mm$ (<oto A=e%:, $5 re5po%&e%t :ort $5 <e$r4%= t<e :$5e5, <e $5 Fote& $5 5$4%= t<$t $54;; prob$b; be 5<o%, t<o5e 4t%e55e5 $=$4%5t t<e $::5e&? $re perHre& 4t%e55e5. 10

It $5 $=$4%5t t<45 5ett4%= t<$t o% Noember 11, 198K pet4t4o%er5 S$tr%4%$ G$;m$% $%& Re%$;&o

G$;m$%, mot<er $%& 5o%, re5pe:t4e;, o@ t<e ;$te Ro;$%&o G$;m$%, $%& te%t%4%e 29? ot<er

pet4t4o%er5, :ompo5e& o@ t<ree @ormer '5t4:e5 o@ t<45 Cort, @4e 4%:mbe%t $%& @ormer %4er54t

pre54&e%t5, $ @ormer A+( C<4e@ o@ St$@@, ot5t$%&4%= member5 o@ t<e (<4;4pp4%e B$r $%& 5o;4&

:4t4>e%5 o@ t<e :omm%4t, @4;e& t<e pre5e%t $:t4o% $;;e=4%= t<$t re5po%&e%t5 T$%o&b$$% $%&

S$%&4=$%b$$% :omm4tte& 5er4o5 4rre=;$r4t4e5 :o%5t4tt4%= m45tr4$; $%& re5;t4%= 4% m45:$rr4$=e

o@ H5t4:e $%& =ro55 4o;$t4o% o@ t<e :o%5t4tt4o%$; r4=<t5 o@ t<e pet4t4o%er5 $%& t<e 5oere4=%

peop;e o@ t<e (<4;4pp4%e5 to &e pro:e55 o@ ;$. T<e $55erte& t<$t t<e T$%o&b$$% &4& %ot

repre5e%t t<e 4%tere5t o@ t<e peop;e <e% <e @$4;e& to eert =e%4%e $%& e$r%e5t e@@ort5 to pre5e%t

4t$; $%& 4mport$%t te5t4mo%4$; $%& &o:me%t$r e4&e%:e @or t<e pro5e:t4o% $%& t<$t t<e

S$%&4=$%b$$% '5t4:e5 ere b4$5e&, preH&4:e& $%& p$rt4$; 4% @$or o@ t<e $::5e&, $%& t<$t t<e4r

$:t5 :;o&e& 4t< t<e =r$e5t &obt5 t<e 54%:er4t o@ =oer%me%t to @4%& ot t<e trt< $bot t<e

AF4%o $55$554%$t4o%. (et4t4o%er5 pr$e& @or t<e 4mme&4$te 455$%:e o@ $ tempor$r re5tr$4%4%=

or&er re5tr$4%4%= t<e re5po%&e%t S$%&4=$%b$$% @rom re%&er4%= $ &e:454o% o% t<e mer4t5 4% t<e

pe%&4%= :r4m4%$; :$5e5 <4:< 4t <$& 5:<e&;e& o% Noember 20, 198K $%& t<$t H&=me%t be

re%&ere& &e:;$r4%= $ m45tr4$; $%& %;;4@4%= t<e pro:ee&4%=5 be@ore t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $%&

or&er4%= $ retr4$; be@ore $% 4mp$rt4$; tr4b%$; b $% %b4$5e& pro5e:tor. 10

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


At t<e <e$r4%= o% Noember 18, 198K o@ pet4t4o%er5’ pr$er @or 455$%:e o@ $ tempor$r

re5tr$4%4%= or&er e%Ho4%4%= re5po%&e%t :ort @rom re%&er4%= $ &e:454o% 4% t<e to :r4m4%$; :$5e5

be@ore 4t, t<e Cort re5o;e& b %4%etoto ote5 11 to 455e t<e re5tr$4%4%= or&er pr$e& @or. T<e

Cort $;5o =r$%te& pet4t4o%er5 $ @4e&$ per4o& to @4;e $ rep; to re5po%&e%t5’ 5ep$r$te :omme%t5

$%& re5po%&e%t T$%o&b$$% $ t<ree&$ per4o& to 5bm4t $ :op o@ <45 8Jp$=e memor$%&m @or t<e pro5e:t4o% $5 @4;e& 4% t<e S$%&4=$%b$$%, t<e 54=%$tre p$=e o@ <4:< $;o%e <$& bee%

5bm4tte& to t<e Cort $5 A%%e K o@ <45 :omme%t.:<$%rob;e54rt$;$;4br$r

Bt te% &$5 ;$ter o% Noember 28, 198K, t<e Cort b t<e 5$me %4%etotoote r$t4o 4% reer5e,

12 re5o;e& to &45m455 t<e pet4t4o% $%& to ;4@t t<e tempor$r re5tr$4%4%= or&er 455e& te% &$5

e$r;4er e%Ho4%4%= t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% @rom re%&er4%= 4t5 &e:454o%. 1 T<e 5$me Cort m$Hor4t

&e%4e& pet4t4o%er5’ mot4o% @or $ %e K&$ per4o& :o%te& @rom re:e4pt o@ re5po%&e%t

T$%o&b$$%’5 memor$%&m @or t<e pro5e:t4o% <4:< $pp$re%t; $5 %ot 5ere& o% t<em $%&

<4:< t<e $;;e=e& $5 er m$ter4$; to t<e Fe5t4o% o@ <45 p$rt4$;4t, b4$5 $%& preH&4:e 4t<4%

<4:< to @4;e $ :o%5o;4&$te& rep; t<ereto $%& to re5po%&e%t5’ 5ep$r$te :omme%t5, b $% e4=<tto

t<ree ote, 4t< '5t4:e Gt4erre> Ho4%4%= t<e &455e%ter5. 1J

#% Noember 29, 198K, pet4t4o%er5 @4;e& $ mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o%, $;;e=4%= t<$t t<e &45m455$;

&4& %ot 4%&4:$te t<e ;e=$; =ro%& @or 5:< $:t4o% $%& r=4%= t<$t t<e :$5e be 5et @or $ @;; <e$r4%=

o% t<e mer4t5 be:$5e 4@ t<e :<$r=e o@ p$rt4$;4t $%& b4$5 $=$4%5t t<e re5po%&e%t5 $%& 5ppre554o%

o@ 4t$; e4&e%:e b t<e pro5e:t4o% $re proe%, t<e pet4t4o%er5 o;& be e%t4t;e& to t<e re;4e@5

&em$%&e&D T<e (eop;e $re e%t4t;e& to &e pro:e55 <4:< reF4re5 $% 4mp$rt4$; tr4b%$; $%& $%

%b4$5e& pro5e:tor. I@ t<e St$te 45 &epr4e& o@ $ @$4r opport%4t to pro5e:te $%& :o%4:t be:$5e

:ert$4% m$ter4$; e4&e%:e 45 5ppre55e& b t<e pro5e:t4o% $%& t<e tr4b%$; 45 %ot 4mp$rt4$;, t<e%t<e e%t4re pro:ee&4%=5 o;& be %;; $%& o4&. (et4t4o%er5 pr$e& t<$t t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% be

re5tr$4%e& @rom prom;=$t4%= t<e4r &e:454o% $5 5:<e&;e& $%e o% "e:ember 2, 198K.

#% "e:ember K, 198K, t<e Cort reF4re& t<e re5po%&e%t5 to :omme%t o% t<e mot4o% @or

re:o%54&er$t4o% bt 455e& %o re5tr$4%4%= or&er. T<5, o% "e:ember 2, 198K, $5 5:<e&;e&,

re5po%&e%t S$%&4=$%b$$% 455e& 4t5 &e:454o% $:F4tt4%= $;; t<e $::5e& o@ t<e :r4me :<$r=e&,

&e:;$r4%= t<em 4%%o:e%t $%& tot$;; $b5o;4%= t<em o@ $% :44; ;4$b4;4t. T<45 m$re& $%ot<er

%5$; @4r5t 4% t<$t re5po%&e%t S$%&4=$%b$$% 4% e@@e:t :o%4:te& t<e er 4:t4m Ro;$%&o

G$;m$% <o $5 %ot o% tr4$;? $5 t<e $55$554% o@ N4%o :o%tr$r to t<e er 4%@orm$t4o% $%&

e4&e%:e 5bm4tte& b t<e pro5e:t4o%. I% oppo54t4o%, re5po%&e%t5 5bm4tte& t<$t 4t< t<e

S$%&4=$%b$$%’5 er&4:t o@ $:F4tt$;, t<e 4%5t$%t :$5e <$& be:ome moot $%& $:$&em4:. #%

+ebr$r J, 1986, t<e 5$me Cort m$Hor4t &e%4e& pet4t4o%er5’ mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% @or

;$: o@ mer4t, 4t< t<e r4ter $%& '5t4:e Ab$& S$%to5 m$4%t$4%4%= or &455e%t.

#% $r:< 20, 1986, pet4t4o%er5 @4;e& t<e4r mot4o% to $&m4t t<e4r 5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o%

$tt$:<e& t<ere4t<. T<e t<r5t o@ t<e 5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% $5 t<e 5t$rt;4%= $%&

t<ere@ore %%o% ree;$t4o%5 o@ "ept T$%o&b$$% $%e; errer$ $5 reporte& 4% t<e $r:< 6,

1986 455e o@ t<e $%4;$ T4me5 e%t4t;e& AF4%o Tr4$; $ S<$m, t<$t t<e t<e% (re54&e%t <$&

or&ere& t<e re5po%&e%t5 S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& T$%o&b$$% Ber%$r&o +er%$%&e> $%& t<e pro5e:t4o% p$%e; <e$&e& b errer$ to <4te$5< t<e :r4m4%$; :$5e5 $=$4%5t t<e 26 re5po%&e%t5 $::5e& $%&

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


pro&:e $ er&4:t o@ $:F4tt$;.:<$%rob;e5 4rt$; ;$;4br$r

#% Apr4; , 1986, t<e Cort =r$%te& t<e mot4o% to $&m4t t<e 5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% $%&

or&ere& t<e re5po%&e%t5 to :omme%t t<ereo%. 1K

Re5po%&e%t T$%o&b$$% Ber%$r&o +er%$%&e> 5t$te& 4% <45 $%4@e5t$t4o% @4;e& o% Apr4; 11, 1986

t<$t <e <$& :e$5e& to <o;& o@@4:e $5 T$%o&b$$% $5 o@ Apr4; 8, 1986 <e% <e $5 rep;$:e& b t<e

%e T$%o&b$$%, R$; . Go%>$;e5, bt re4ter$t4%= <45 po54t4o% 4% <45 :omme%t o% t<e pet4t4o%, <e

$&&e& re;$t4e to t<e reporte& $;;e=e& ree;$t4o%5 o@ "ept T$%o&b$$% $%e; errer$, <ere4%

re5po%&e%t %eer 5::mbe& to $% $;;e=e& $ttempt5 to 4%@;e%:e <45 $:t$t4o%5 4% t<e prem45e5,

<$4%= 4%5te$& 5::e55@;; re545te& per:e4e& $ttempt5 to eert pre55re to &rop t<e :$5e $@ter

pre;4m4%$r 4%e5t4=$t4o% $%& $:t$;; or&ere& t<e @4;4%= $%& pro5e:t4o% o@ t<e to 2? mr&er

:$5e5 be;o $=$4%5t <ere4% pr4$tep$rt re5po%&e%t5. e :$%&4&; $&m4tte& $;5o 4% <45

memor$%&mD T<ere 45 %ot m:< t<$t %ee& be 5$4& $bot t<e e45te%:e o@ pre55re. T<$t t<ere

ere pre55re5 :$% <$r&; be &e%4e& 4% @$:t, 4t <$5 %eer bee% &e%4e&. 1K e 5bm4tte& t<$t ee%

$5 <e e<eme%t; &e%4e5 4%54%$t4o%5 o@ $% &4re:t or 4%&4re:t :omp;4:4t or p$rt4:4p$t4o% 4% $%

$;;e=e& $ttempt to 5ppo5e&; <4te$5< t<e :$5e5 be;o, . . . 5<o;& t<45 o%or$b;e Cort @4%&

5@@4:4e%t :$5e to H5t4@ t<e reope%4%= $%& retr4$; o@ t<e :$5e5 be;o, <e o;& e;:ome 5:<

&ee;opme%t 5o t<$t $% ro%= t<$t <$& bee% :$5e& m$ be r4=<te& $%& 5o t<$t, $t t<e er ;e$5t

t<e $:t$t4o%5 o@ <ere4% re5po%&e%t 4% t<e prem45e5 m$ be re4ee& $%& ree$m4%e&, :o%@4&e%t $5

<e 45 t<$t t<e e%& 4;; 5<o t<$t <e <$& &o%e %ot<4%= 4% t<e prem45e5 t<$t 4o;$te& <45 tr5t $5

T$%o&b$$% #mb&5m$%?. Ne T$%o&b$$% R$; . Go%>$;e5 4% <45 :omme%t o@ Apr4; 1J,

1986 4%terpo5e& %o obHe:t4o% to t<e reope%4%= o@ t<e tr4$; o@ t<e :$5e5 . . . $5, 4% @$:t, <e r=e& t<$t

t<e 5$4& :$5e5 be reope%e& 4% or&er t<$t H5t4:e :o;& t$e 4t5 :or5e.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

Re5po%&e%t5 '5t4:e5 o@ t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% +4r5t "4454o% 4% t<e4r :o;;e:t4e :omme%t o@ Apr4; 9,

1986 5t$te& t<$t t<e tr4$; o@ t<e :r4m4%$; :$5e5 b t<em $5 $;4& $%& re=;$r $%& &e:4&e& o% t<e

b$545 o@ e4&e%:e pre5e%te& $%& t<e ;$ $pp;4:$b;e, bt m$%4@e5te& t<$t 4@ 4t 45 tre t<$t t<e @ormer

T$%o&b$$% $%& t<e "ept T$%o&b$$%, C<4e@ o@ t<e (ro5e:t4o% ($%e;, ere pre55re& 4%to

5ppre554%= 4t$; e4&e%:e <4:< o;& prob$b; $;ter t<e re5;t o@ t<e tr4$;, A%5er4%=

Re5po%&e%t5 o;& %ot 4%terpo5e $% obHe:t4o% to t<e reope%4%= o@ t<o5e :$5e5, 4@ o%; to $;;o

H5t4:e to t$e 4t5 :or5e. Re5po%&e%t S$%&4=$%b$$% '5t4:e B4e%e%4&o C. -er$ Cr>, 4% $

5ep$r$te :omme%t, $55erte& t<$t <e p$55e& %o %ote to $%o%e t<e %ote be4%= b$%&4e& $bot 45 %ot

4% <45 <$%&r4t4%= <e <$& %ot<4%= to &o 4t< t<e r4t4%= o@ t<e %ote or o@ $% %ote o@ $% 4%&

4%te%&e& @or $% ;$er o@ t<e &e@e%5e or ee% o@ t<e pro5e:t4o% $%& reFe5te& @or $%

4%e5t4=$t4o% b t<45 Cort to 5ett;e t<e %otep$554%= 455e o%:e $%& @or $;;.

"ept T$%o&b$$% $%e; errer$, 4% <45 :omme%t o@ Apr4; 1J, 1986 $@@4rme& t<e $;;e=$t4o%5 4%

t<e 5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% t<$t <e ree$;e& t<$t t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% '5t4:e5 $%&

T$%o&b$$% pro5e:tor5 ere or&ere& b $r:o5 to <4te$5< t<e AF4%oG$;m$% mr&er :$5e.

e $mp;4@4e& <45 ree;$t4o%5, $5 @o;;o5DH=:D:<$%rob;e5.:om.p<

1. AB INITI#, A -ER"ICT #+ AC*UITTAL

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


I%:4&e%t5 &r4%= t<e pre;4m4%$r 4%e5t4=$t4o% 5<oe& om4%o5 54=%5 t<$t t<e @$te o@ t<e :r4m4%$;

:$5e o% t<e &e$t< o@ ESe%$tor Be%4=%o AF4%o $%& Ro;$%&o G$;m$% o% A=5t 21, 198 $5

&oo%e& to $% 4=%om4%o5 e%&. $;$:$$%= $%te& &45m455$; — to t<e ete%t t<$t $ prep$re&

re5o;t4o% $5 5e%t to t<e I%e5t4=$t4%= ($%e; :ompo5e& o@ t<e %&er54=%e&, +45:$;5 Er%e5to

Ber%$be $%& Leo%$r&o T$m$o? @or 54=%$tre. T<45, o@ :or5e, $5 re545te& b t<e p$%e;, $%& $re5o;t4o% :<$r=4%= $;; t<e re5po%&e%t5 $5 pr4%:4p$;5 $5 @or$r&e& to t<e T$%o&b$$% o% '$%$r

10, 198K.

2. ALACA3ANG C#N+ERENCE (LANNE" SCENARI# #+ TRIAL.

At 6D00 p.m. o@ 5$4& &$te '$%$r 10? r. +er&4%$%& E. $r:o5 t<e @ormer (re54&e%t? 5mmo%e&

to $;$:$$%= '5t4:e Ber%$r&o +er%$%&e> t<e T$%o&b$$%?, S$%&4=$%b$$% '5t4:e $%e;

($m$r$% t<e (re54&4%= '5t4:e? $%& $;; t<e member5 o@ t<e ($%e;.

A;5o pre5e%t $t t<e meet4%= ere '5t4:e $%e; L$>$ro t<e Coor&4%$tor? $%& r5. Ime;&$ R.

$r:o5, <o ;e@t e$r;4er, :$me b$: $%& ;e@t $=$4%. T<e @ormer (re54&e%t <$& $ :op o@ t<e

p$%e;’5 54=%e& re5o;t4o% :<$r=4%= $;; $::5e& $5 pr4%:4p$;5?, e4&e%t; @r%45<e& <4m 4%

$&$%:e, $%& 4t< prep$re& %ote5 o% t<e :o%te%t5 t<ereo@.:<$%rob;e5 4rt$;$;4br$r

:<$%rob;e5.:omD:<$%rob;e5.:om.p<

T<e @ormer (re54&e%t 5t$rte& b e<eme%t; m$4%t$4%4%= t<$t G$;m$% 5<ot AF4%o $t t<e t$rm$:.

A;be4t 4%4t4$;; t<e %&er54=%e& $r=e& $=$4%5t t<e t<eor, to rem$4% 54;e%t $5 t<e more &45:reet

po5tre <e% t<e @ormer (re54&e%t be:$me emot4o%$; <e $5 F4te 54: t<e%?.

"r4%= $ =oo& p$rt o@ t<e :o%@ere%:e, t<e @ormer (re54&e%t t$;e& $bot AF4%o $%& t<e

:omm%45t5, ;$mb$5t4%= t<e A=r$$ Bo$r&, 5pe:4$;; t<e Le=$; ($%e;. S<4@t4%= to t<e m4;4t$r <e

rmb;e& o% 5:< 5t$teme%t5 $5D‘It 4;; be b;oo& . . . Ge%. R$mo5, t<o=< :;o5e to me, 45 =ett4%=

$mb4t4o5 $%& poor 'o<%% &oe5 %ot %o <$t to &o’ . . .’or %&er5t$%&4%= 4t< Ge%. R$mo5

45 t<$t <45 5t4%t 45 o%; tempor$r, bt <e 45 be:om4%= $mb4t4o5’ . . .’t<e bo5 ere @r$%t4:

<e% t<e <e$r& t<$t t<e 4;; be :<$r=e& 4% :ort, $%& 4;; be &et$4%e& $t :4t H$4;.’

+rom otr4=<t &45m455$;, t<e 5e%t4me%t eere& to$r&5 $ more pr$=m$t4: $ppro$:<. T<e @ormer

(re54&e%t more or ;e55 :o%:e&e& t<$t @or po;4t4:$; $%& ;e=$; re$5o%5 $;; t<e re5po%&e%t5 5<o;& be

:<$r=e& 4% :ort. (o;4t4:$;;, $5 4t 4;; be:ome e4&e%t t<$t t<e =oer%me%t $5 5er4o5 4% pr54%=

t<e :$5e to$r&5 4t5 ;o=4:$; :o%:;54o%, $%& t<ereb e$5e pb;4: &emo%5tr$t4o%5 o% t<e ot<er <$%&,

;e=$;;, 4t $5 per:e4e& t<$t $@ter %ot I+? t<e $re $:F4tte&, &ob;e Heop$r& o;& 4%re. T<e

@ormer (re54&e%t or&ere& t<e% t<$t t<e re5o;t4o% be re45e& b :$te=or4>4%= t<e p$rt4:4p$t4o% o@

e$:< Re5po%&e%t.

I% t<e m$tter o@ :5to& o@ t<e $::5e& pe%&e%te ;4te t<e Coor&4%$tor $5 or&ere& to =et 4% to:<

4t< Ge%. N$r:45o C$brer$, Ge%. -4:e%te E&$r&o $%& "4re:tor 'o;; B=$r4% to pt o% re:or& t<$t

t<e <$& %o p;$:e 4% t<e4r re5pe:t4e 4%5t4tt4o%5. T<e e45te%:e o@ (" No. 19K0 =44%= :5to& to

:omm$%&4%= o@@4:er5 o@ member5 o@ A+( :<$r=e& 4% :ort? $5 %eer me%t4o%e&.

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


It $5 &e:4&e& t<$t t<e pre54&4%= H5t4:e +4r5t "4454o%? o;& per5o%$;; <$%&;e t<e tr4$;, $%&

$55r$%:e $5 m$&e b <4m t<$t 4t o;& be @4%45<e& 4% @or to 54 mo%t<5, po4%t4%= ot t<$t, 4t<

t<e re:e%t e@@e:t44t o@ t<e Ne R;e5 o% Cr4m4%$; (ro:e&re, t<e tr4$; :o;& be epe&4te&.

To$r&5 t<e e%& o@ t<e to <or meet4%= $%& $@ter t<e 5:r4pt <$& bee% t$:4t; m$ppe& ot, t<e@ormer (re54&e%t ttere&D‘$=moromoro %$ ;$%= $o.’

T<e p$rt4%= or&5 o@ t<e @ormer (re54&e%t ereD ‘T<$% o @or or :ooper$t4o%. I %o <o

to re:4pro:$te.’

<4;e 5t4;; 4% t<e p$;$:e =ro%&5 o% t<e $ ot, t<e %&er54=%e& m$%4@e5te& <45 &e54re to t<e

T$%o&b$$% to re54=% @rom t<e p$%e;, or ee% t<e o@@4:e. T<45, $5 e;; $5 ot<er moe5 to t<45 e@@e:t,

<$& $;$5 bee% re@5e&. op4%= t<$t 4t< 5@@4:4e%t e4&e%:e 54%:ere; $%& e@@4:4e%t; pre5e%te&

b t<e pro5e:t4o%, $;; 4%o;e5 4% t<e tr4$; o;& be :o%5:4e%:epr4:e& $%& re$;4>e t<e @t4;4t $%&

4%H5t4:e o@ pro:ee&4%= 4% $::or&$%:e 4t< t<e 5:r4pt, t<e %&er54=%e& opte& to 5$ o%.:r$;$

4rt$1$ ;4br$r

errer$ @rt<er $&&e& &et$4;5 o% t<e 4mp;eme%t$t4o% o@ t<e 5:r4pt, 5:< $5 t<e <o;&4%= o@ $

m$ebe;4ee r$@@;e 4t<4% 18 m4%te5 o@ t<e @4;4%= o@ t<e I%@orm$t4o%5 4t< t<e S$%&4=$%b$$%

$t %oo% o@ '$%$r 2, 198K, <4;e t<ere ere %o member5 o@ t<e me&4$ t<e 4%5t$;;$t4o% o@ T-

mo%4tor5 &4re:t; be$me& to $;$:$$%= t<e 4%5t$;;$t4o% o@ $ $r room o::p4e& b t<e

m4;4t$r $ttempt5 to &4re:t $%& 5t4@;e 4t%e55e5 @or t<e pro5e:t4o% t<e 5ppre554o% o@ t<e e4&e%:e

t<$t :o;& be =4e% b U.S. A4r@or:e me% $bot t<e 5:r$mb;4%= o@ N4%o’5 p;$%e t<e

5ppre554o% o@ rebtt$; 4t%e55e5 $%& t<e b4$5 $%& p$rt4$;4t o@ t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% 4t5 :$$;4er &45re=$r& o@ <45 p;e$ t<$t 4t 5<o;& %ot &e:4&e t<e5e :$5e5 o% t<e mer4t5 4t<ot @4r5t m$4%= $

@4%$; r;4%= o% t<e ot4o% @or I%<4b4t4o% $%& t<e (re54&4%= '5t4:e’5 oer4;; 4t< t<e

&e:;$r$t4o% t<$t t<e Cort @4%&5 $;; $::5e& 4%%o:e%t o@ t<e :r4me5 :<$r=e& 4% t<e to

4%@orm$t4o%5, $%& $::or&4%=;, t<e 4%:r %e4t<er :r4m4%$; %or :44; ;4$b4;4t, $&&4%= t<$t 4% t<e

$;mo5t te%t e$r5 t<$t t<e %&er54=%e& <$5 bee% t<e pro5e:tor 4% t<e 5$;$ o@ t<e (re54&4%=

'5t4:e t<45 45 t<e o%; o::$54o% <ere :44; ;4$b4;4t 45 pro%o%:e& 4% $ &e:454o% o@ $:F4tt$;. e

$55o:4$te& <4m5e;@ 4t< t<e mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% $%& ;4e45e pr$e& t<$t t<e pro:ee&4%=5

4% t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& 4t5 &e:454o% be &e:;$re& %;; $%& o4&.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

Ne So;4:4tor Ge%er$; Se&@re #r&oe>’ :omme%t o@ Apr4; 2K, 1986 5bm4tte& t<$t $ &e:;$r$t4o%

o@ m45tr4$; 4;; &epe%& o% t<e er$:4t o@ t<e e4&e%:e 5pport4e o@ pet4t4o%er5’ :;$4m o@

5ppre554o% o@ e4&e%:e $%& :o;;54o%. e 5bm4tte& t<$t t<45 o;& reF4re re:ept4o% o@ e4&e%:e

b $ Cort$ppo4%te& or &e54=%$te& :omm4554o%er or bo& o@ :omm4554o%er5 $5 $5 &o%e 4% G.R.

No. 7116, +r. Rom$%o :$5e $%& G.R. No. 61016, or$;e5 :$5e $%& G.R. No. 700KJ, B$%:o

+4;4p4%o :$5e? $%& t<$t 4@ pet4t4o%er5’ :;$4m ere 5b5t$%t4$te&, $ reope%4%= o@ t<e &ob;e mr&er

:$5e 45 proper to $o4& $ m45:$rr4$=e o@ H5t4:e 54%:e t<e er&4:t o@ $:F4tt$; o;& %o ;o%=er be $

$;4& b$545 @or $ &ob;e Heop$r& :;$4m.:<$%rob;e5.:om.p< D 4rt$; ;$ ;4br$r

Re5po%&e%t5$::5e& oppo5e& t<e 5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% $%& pr$e& @or 4t5 &e%4$;.Re5po%&e%t #;4$5 :o%te%&e& t<$t t<e proper 5tep @or t<e =oer%me%t $5 to @4;e $ &4re:t $:t4o% to

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


$%%; t<e H&=me%t o@ $:F4tt$; $%& $t $ re=;$r tr4$; pre5e%t 4t5 e4&e%:e o@ :o;;54o% $%&

pre55re5.

A5 $ <o;e, $;; t<e ot<er re5po%&e%t5 r$45e& t<e 455e o@ &ob;e Heop$r&, $%& 4%oe& t<$t t<e

455e5 <$& be:ome moot $%& $:$&em4: be:$5e o@ t<e re%&4t4o% o@ t<e S$%&4=$%b$$%’

5 H&=me%t o@ $:F4tt$; o@ $;; re5po%&e%t5$::5e& o% "e:ember 2, 198K, 4t< :o%5e;5 @or

re5po%&e%t5 -er $%& T4=$5, $5 e;; $5 #;4$5, @rt<er $r=4%= t<$t $55m4%= t<$t t<e H&=me%t o@

$:F4tt$; 45 o4& @or $% re$5o%, t<e reme& 45 $ &4re:t $:t4o% to $%%; t<e H&=me%t <ere t<e

br&e% o@ proo@ @$;;5 po% t<e p;$4%t4@@ to e5t$b;45< b :;e$r, :ompete%t $%& :o%4%:4%= e4&e%:e

t<e :$5e o@ t<e %;;4t.

A@ter pet4t4o%er5 <$& @4;e& t<e4r :o%5o;4&$te& rep;, t<e Cort re5o;e& per 4t5 re5o;t4o% o@ '%e K,

1986 to $ppo4%t $ t<reemember :omm4554o% :ompo5e& o@ ret4re& Spreme Cort '5t4:e Co%r$&o

-$5Fe>, :<$4rm$%, $%& ret4re& I%terme&4$te Appe;;$te Cort '5t4:e5 4;$=ro5 Germ$% $%&

E&$r&o C$=4o$ $5 member5, to <e$r $%& re:e4e e4&e%:e, te5t4mo%4$; $%& &o:me%t$r, o@ t<e

:<$r=e5 o@ :o;;54o% $%& pre55re5 $%& re;e$%t m$tter5, po% pr4or %ot4:e to $;; p$rt4e5, $%& to

5bm4t t<e4r @4%&4%=5 to t<45 Cort @or proper &45po54t4o%. T<e Comm4554o% :o%&:te& <e$r4%=5 o%

19 &$5, 5t$rt4%= o% '%e 16, 1986 $%& e%&4%= o% '; 16, 1986. #% t<e 5$4& ;$5t &$, re5po%&e%t5

$%%o%:e& 4% ope% <e$r4%= t<$t t<e &e:4&e& to @ore=o t<e t$4%= o@ t<e proHe:te& &epo54t4o% o@

@ormer (re54&e%t $r:o5, $5 <45 te5t4mo% o;& be mere; :orrobor$t4e o@ t<e te5t4mo%4e5 o@

re5po%&e%t5 '5t4:e ($m$r$% $%& T$%o&b$$% +er%$%&e>. #% '; 1, 1986, 4t 5bm4tte& 4t5

ete%54e 6Jp$=e Report 16 <ere4% 4t &45:55e& @;; t<e e4&e%:e re:e4e& b 4t $%& m$&e $

re:$p4t;$t4o% o@ 4t5 @4%&4%=5 4% :$p5;4>e& @orm, $5 @o;;o5DH=:D:<$%rob;e5.:om.p<

1. T<e #@@4:e o@ t<e T$%o&b$$%, p$rt4:;$r; '5t4:e +er%$%&e> $%& t<e Spe:4$; I%e5t4=$t4%=

($%e; :ompo5e& o@ '5t4:e errer$, +45:$; Ber%$be $%& Spe:4$; (ro5e:tor T$m$o, $5 or4=4%$;;

o@ t<e 4e t<$t $;; o@ t<e te%t54 26? re5po%&e%t5 %$me& 4% t<e A=r$$ Bo$r& m$Hor4t report

5<o;& $;; be :<$r=e& $5 pr4%:4p$;5 o@ t<e :r4me o@ &ob;e mr&er @or t<e &e$t< o@ Se%$tor Be%4=%o

AF4%o $%& Ro;$%&o G$;m$%.

2. <e% $;$:$$%= ;e$r%e& o@ t<e 4mpe%&4%= @4;4%= o@ t<e 5$4& :<$r=e be@ore t<e

S$%&4=$%b$$%, t<e Spe:4$; I%e5t4=$t4%= ($%e; <$4%= $;re$& prep$re& $ &r$@t Re5o;t4o%

re:omme%&4%= 5:< :or5e o@ $:t4o%, (re54&e%t $r:o5 5mmo%e& '5t4:e +er%$%&e>, t<e t<ree

member5 o@ t<e Spe:4$; I%e5t4=$t4%= ($%e;, $%& '5t4:e ($m$r$% to $ :o%@ere%:e 4% $;$:$$%=

4% t<e e$r; ee%4%= o@ '$%$r 10, 198K.

. I% 5$4& :o%@ere%:e, (re54&e%t $r:o5 4%4t4$;; epre55e& <45 &45$=reeme%t 4t< t<e

re:omme%&$t4o% o@ t<e Spe:4$; I%e5t4=$t4%= ($%e; $%& &45pte& t<e @4%&4%=5 o@ t<e A=r$$ Bo$r&

t<$t 4t $5 %ot G$;m$% <o 5<ot Be%4=%o AF4%o.

J. L$ter 4% t<e :o%@ere%:e, <oeer, (re54&e%t $r:o5 $5 :o%4%:e& o@ t<e $&45$b4;4t o@

@4;4%= t<e mr&er :<$r=e 4% :ort 5o t<$t, $@ter be4%= $:F4tte& $5 p;$%%e&, t<e $::5e& m$ %o

;o%=er be pro5e:te& 4% 4e o@ t<e &o:tr4%e o@ &ob;e Heop$r&.

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


K. (re5m$b; 4% or&er to be $55re& t<$t %ot $;; o@ t<e $::5e& o;& be &e%4e& b$4; &r4%= t<e

tr4$;, :o%54&er4%= t<$t t<e o;& be :<$r=e& 4t< :$p4t$; o@@e%5e5, (re54&e%t $r:o5 &4re:te& t<$t

t<e 5eer$; $::5e& be ‘:$te=or4>e&’ 5o t<$t 5ome o@ t<em o;& mere; be :<$r=e& $5

$::omp;4:e5 $%& $::e55or4e5.

6. I% $&&4t4o% to 5$4& &4re:t4e, (re54&e%t $r:o5 or&ere& t<$t t<e :$5e be <$%&;e& per5o%$;; b

'5t4:e ($m$r$% <o 5<o;& &45po5e o@ 4t 4% t<e e$r;4e5t po554b;e t4me.

7. T<e 4%5tr:t4o%5 =4e% 4% t<e $;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e ere @o;;oe& to t<e ;etter $%&

:omp;4$%:e t<ere4t< m$%4@e5te& 4t5e;@ 4% 5eer$; 5pe:4@4: 4%5t$%:e5 4% t<e :or5e o@ t<e

pro:ee&4%=5, 5:< $5, t<e :<$%=4%= o@ t<e re5o;t4o% o@ t<e 5pe:4$; 4%e5t4=$t4%= p$%e;, t<e @4;4%= o@

t<e :$5e 4t< t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& 4t5 $554=%me%t to '5t4:e ($m$r$%, 5ppre554o% o@ 5ome 4t$;

e4&e%:e, <$r$55me%t o@ 4t%e55e5, re:$%t$t4o% o@ 4t%e55e5 <o =$e $&er5e te5t4mo% be@ore

t<e A=r$$ Bo$r&, :o$:<4%= o@ &e@e%5e :o%5e;5, t<e <$5t tr4$;, mo%4tor4%= o@ pro:ee&4%=5, $%&

ee% 4% t<e er &e:454o% re%&ere& 4% t<e :$5e.

8. T<$t epre554o% o@ (re54&e%t $r:o5’ &e54re $5 to <o <e $%te& t<e AF4%oG$;m$% :$5e

to be <$%&;e& $%& &45po5e& o@ :o%5t4tte& 5@@4:4e%t pre55re o% t<o5e 4%o;e& 4% 5$4& t$5 to

:omp; 4t< t<e 5$me 4% t<e 5b5eFe%t :or5e o@ t<e pro:ee&4%=5.

9. T<$t <4;e '5t4:e ($m$r$% $%& '5t4:e +er%$%&e> m$%4@e5te& %o re;54o% $=$4%5t

:omp;4%= 4t< t<e $;$:$$%= &4re:t4e, '5t4:e errer$ p;$e& <45 ro;e 4t< m$%4@e5t;

$mb4$;e%t @ee;4%=5.

10. S@@4:4e%t e4&e%:e <$5 bee% e%t4;$te& to 5<o $ 5:r4pte& $%& pre&eterm4%e& m$%%er o@

<$%&;4%= $%& &45po54%= o@ t<e AF4%oG$;m$% mr&er :$5e, $5 5t$=em$%$=e& @rom $;$:$$%=

$%& per@orme& b 4;;4%= &r$m$t45 per5o%%$e $5 e;; $5 b re:$;:4tr$%t o%e5 <4ppe& 4%to ;4%e b

t<e om%4pre5e%t 4%@;e%:e o@ $% $t<or4t$r4$% r;er.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

T<e Comm4554o% 5bm4tte& t<e @o;;o4%= re:omme%&$t4o%.:<$%rob;e5.:om D 4rt$; ;$ ;4br$r

Co%54&er4%= t<e e45te%:e o@ $&eF$te :re&4b;e e4&e%:e 5<o4%= t<$t t<e pro5e:t4o% 4% t<e

AF4%oG$;m$% :$5e $%& t<e '5t4:e5 <o tr4e& $%& &e:4&e& t<e 5$me $:te& %&er t<e :omp;54o%

o@ 5ome pre55re <4:< proe& to be beo%& t<e4r :$p$:4t to re545t, $%& <4:< %ot o%; pree%te&

t<e pro5e:t4o% to @;; e%t4;$te 4t5 po54t4o% $%& to o@@er $;; t<e e4&e%:e5 <4:< 4t :o;& <$e

ot<er45e pre5e%te&, bt $;5o pre&eterm4%e& t<e @4%$; ot:ome o@ t<e :$5e, t<e Comm4554o% 45 o@

t<e :o%54&ere& t<4%4%= $%& be;4e@, 5bHe:t to t<e better op4%4o% $%& H&=me%t o@ t<45 o%or$b;e

Cort, t<$t t<e pro:ee&4%=5 4% t<e 5$4& :$5e <$e bee% 4t4$te& b ;$: o@ &e pro:e55, $%& <ereb

re5pe:t@;; re:omme%&5 t<$t t<e pr$er 4% t<e pet4t4o% @or $ &e:;$r$t4o% o@ $ m45tr4$; 4%

S$%&4=$%b$$% C$5e5 No5. 10010 $%& 10011 e%t4t;e& ‘(eop;e . Lt<er C5to&4o, Et A;.,‘ be

=r$%te&.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

T<e Cort per 4t5 Re5o;t4o% o@ '; 1, 1986 @r%45<e& $;; t<e p$rt4e5 4t< :op4e5 o@ t<e Report$%& reF4re& t<em to 5bm4t t<e4r obHe:t4o%5 t<ereto. It t<ere$@ter <e$r& t<e p$rt4e5 $%& t<e4r

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


obHe:t4o%5 $t t<e <e$r4%= o@ A=5t 26, 1986 $%& t<e m$tter $5 5bm4tte& @or t<e Cort’5

re5o;t4o%.

T<e Cort $&opt5 $%& $pproe5 t<e Report $%& 4t5 @4%&4%=5 $%& <o;&5 o% t<e b$545 t<ereo@ $%& o@

t<e e4&e%:e re:e4e& $%& $ppre:4$te& b t<e Comm4554o% $%& &; 5pporte& b t<e @$:t5 o@ pb;4: re:or& $%& %o;e&=e 5et @ort< $boe $%& <ere4%$@ter, t<$t t<e t<e% (re54&e%t :o&e%$me&

#;mp5? <$& 5t$=em$%$=e& 4% $%& @rom $;$:$$%= ($;$:e $ 5:r4pte& $%& pre&eterm4%e&

m$%%er o@ <$%&;4%= $%& &45po54%= o@ t<e AF4%oG$;m$% mr&er :$5e $%& t<$t t<e pro5e:t4o%

4% t<e AF4%oG$;m$% :$5e $%& t<e '5t4:e5 <o tr4e& $%& &e:4&e& t<e 5$me $:te& %&er t<e

:omp;54o% o@ 5ome pre55re <4:< proe& to be beo%& t<e4r :$p$:4t to re545t, $%& <4:< %ot

o%; pree%te& t<e pro5e:t4o% to @;; e%t4;$te 4t5 po54t4o% $%& to o@@er $;; t<e e4&e%:e5 <4:< 4t

:o;& <$e ot<er45e pre5e%te&, bt $;5o pre&eterm4%e& t<e @4%$; ot:ome o@ t<e :$5e o@ tot$;

$b5o;t4o% o@ t<e te%t54 re5po%&e%t5$::5e& o@ $;; :r4m4%$; $%& :44; ;4$b4;4t.

T<e Cort @4%&5 t<$t t<e Comm4554o%’5 Report 4%:orpor$te& <ere4% b re@ere%:e? $%& @4%&4%=5

$%& :o%:;54o%5 $re &; 5b5t$%t4$te& b t<e e4&e%:e $%& @$:t5 o@ pb;4: re:or&. Compo5e& o@

&45t4%=45<e& member5 o@ proe% 4%te=r4t 4t< $ :omb4%e& tot$; o@ 1J1 e$r5 o@ eper4e%:e 4% t<e

pr$:t4:e o@ ;$ KK e$r5? $%& 4% t<e pro5e:tor$; $%& H&4:4$; 5er4:e5 86 e$r5 4% t<e tr4$; $%&

$ppe;;$te :ort5?, epert5 $t 54@t4%= t<e :<$@@ @rom t<e =r$4%, 17 t<e Comm4554o% proper; $ppr$45e&

t<e e4&e%:e5 pre5e%te& $%& &e%4$;5 m$&e b pb;4: re5po%&e%t5, t<5DH=:D:<$%rob;e5.:om.p<

T<e &e54re o@ (re54&e%t $r:o5 to <$e t<e AF4%oG$;m$% :$5e &45po5e& o@ 4% $ m$%%er 54t$b;e

to <45 prpo5e5 $5 F4te %&er5t$%&$b;e $%& $5 bt to be epe:te&. T<e :$5e <$& 5t4rre&

%pre:e&e%te& pb;4: ot:r $%& 4&e 4%ter%$t4o%$; $tte%t4o%. Not 4%$r4$b;, t<e @4%=er o@ 55p4:4o% po4%te& to t<o5e t<e% 4% poer <o 5ppo5e&; <$& t<e me$%5 $%& t<e mo5t :ompe;;4%=

mot4e to e;4m4%$te Se%$tor AF4%o. A &$ or 5o $@ter t<e $55$554%$t4o%, (re54&e%t $r:o5 :$me p

4t< $ pb;4: 5t$teme%t $4re& oer te;e454o% t<$t Se%$tor AF4%o $5 4;;e& %ot b <45 m4;4t$r

e5:ort5, bt b $ :omm%45t <4re& =%. It $5, t<ere@ore, %ot $ 5or:e o@ o%&er t<$t (re54&e%t

$r:o5 o;& $%t t<e :$5e &45po5e& o@ 4% $ m$%%er :o%545te%t 4t< <45 $%%o%:e& t<eor t<ereo@

<4:<, $t t<e 5$me t4me, o;& :;e$r <45 %$me $%& <45 $&m4%45tr$t4o% o@ $% 55pe:te& =4;t

p$rt4:4p$t4o% 4% t<e $55$554%$t4o%.

T<e :$;;4%= o@ t<e :o%@ere%:e $5 %&obte&; to $::omp;45< t<5 prpo5e . . .

(re54&e%t $r:o5 m$&e %o bo%e5 to :o%:e$; <45 prpo5e @or :$;;4%= t<em. +rom t<e 5t$rt, <e

epre55e& 4rr4t$t4o% $%& &45p;e$5re $t t<e re:omme%&$t4o% o@ t<e 4%e5t4=$t4%= p$%e; to :<$r=e $;;

o@ t<e te%t54 26? re5po%&e%t5 $5 pr4%:4p$;5 o@ t<e :r4me o@ &ob;e mr&er. e 4%545te& t<$t 4t

$5 G$;m$% <o 5<ot Se%$tor AF4%o, $%& t<$t t<e @4%&4%=5 o@ t<e A=r$$ Bo$r& ere %ot

5pporte& b e4&e%:e t<$t :o;& 5t$%& 4% :ort. e &45:55e& $%& $r=e& 4t< '5t4:e errer$ o%

t<45 po4%t. 4&$ 4% t<e :or5e o@ t<e &45:554o%, me%t4o% $5 m$&e t<$t t<e @4;4%= o@ t<e :<$r=e

4% :ort o;& $t ;e$5t mo;;4@ pb;4: &em$%&5 $%& po554b; pree%t @rt<er 5treet &emo%5tr$t4o%5.

It $5 @rt<er po4%te& ot t<$t 5:< $ pro:e&re o;& be $ better $rr$%=eme%t be:$5e, 4@ t<e

$::5e& $re :<$r=e& 4% :ort $%& 5b5eFe%t; $:F4tte&, t<e m$ :;$4m t<e be%e@4t o@ t<e&o:tr4%e o@ &ob;e Heop$r& $%& t<ereb $o4& $%ot<er pro5e:t4o% 4@ 5ome ot<er 4t%e55e5 5<$;;

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


$ppe$r <e% (re54&e%t $r:o5 45 %o ;o%=er 4% o@@4:e.

A@ter $% $=reeme%t $5 re$:<e& $5 to @4;4%= t<e :$5e, 4%5te$& o@ &45m4554%= 4t, bt 4t< 5ome o@

t<e $::5e& to be :<$r=e& mere; $5 $::omp;4:e5 or $::e55or4e5, $%& t<e Fe5t4o% o@ pree%t4e

:5to& o@ t<e $::5e& <$4%= t<ereb re:e4e& 5$t45@$:tor 5o;t4o%, (re54&e%t $r:o5 too p t<e

m$tter o@ <o o;& tr t<e :$5e $%& <o ;o%= 4t o;& t$e to be @4%45<e&.

A::or&4%= to '5t4:e errer$, (re54&e%t $r:o5 to;& '5t4:e ($m$r$% ‘ po4%t b;$% ’ to

per5o%$;; <$%&;e t<e :$5e. T<45 $5 &e%4e& b '5t4:e ($m$r$%. No 54m4;$r &e%4$; $5 o4:e& b

'5t4:e +er%$%&e> 4% t<e e%t4re :or5e o@ <45 to&$ te5t4mo%. '5t4:e ($m$r$% ep;$4%e& t<$t

5:< or&er :o;& %ot <$e bee% =4e% 4%$5m:< $5 4t $5 %ot et :ert$4% t<e% t<$t t<e

S$%&4=$%b$$% o;& tr t<e :$5e $%&, be54&e5, :$5e5 t<ere4% $re $554=%e& b r$@@;e to $ &4454o%

$%& %ot to $ p$rt4:;$r '5t4:e t<ereo@.

It $5 prepo5tero5 to epe:t '5t4:e ($m$r$% to $&m4t <$4%= re:e4e& 5:< pre54&e%t4$;

&4re:t4e. 45 &e%4$;, <oeer, @$;;5 to p4e:e5 4% t<e ;4=<t o@ t<e @$:t t<$t t<e :$5e $5 4%&ee&

<$%&;e& b <4m $@ter be4%= $554=%e& to t<e &4454o% <e$&e& b <4m. A 5ppo54t4o% o@ mere

:o4%:4&e%:e 45 $t o%:e &45pe;;e& b t<e :4r:m5t$%:e t<$t <e $5 t<e o%; o%e @rom t<e

S$%&4=$%b$$% :$;;e& to t<e $;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e <ere4% t<e 5$4& &4re:t4e $5 =4e% . . .

T<e =44%= o@ 5:< &4re:t4e to '5t4:e ($m$r$% m$ $;5o be 4%@erre& @rom <45 $&m4554o% t<$t <e=$e (re54&e%t $r:o5 t<e po554b;e t4me @r$me <e% $5e& $5 to <o ;o%= 4t o;& t$e <4m to

@4%45< t<e :$5e.

T<e te5t4mo% o@ '5t4:e errer$ t<$t, &r4%= t<e :o%@ere%:e, $%& $@ter $% $=reeme%t $5 re$:<e&

o% @4;4%= t<e :$5e $%& 5b5eFe%t; $:F4tt4%= t<e $::5e&, (re54&e%t $r:o5 to;& t<em ‘#$,

m$= moromoro %$ ;$m$%= $o’ $%& t<$t o% t<e4r $ ot o@ t<e room (re54&e%t $r:o5

epre55e& <45 t<$%5 to t<e =rop $%& ttere& ‘I %o <o to re:4pro:$te,’ &4& %ot re:e4e $%

&e%4$; or :o%tr$&4:t4o% e4t<er o% t<e p$rt o@ '5t4:e +er%$%&e> or '5t4:e ($m$r$%. No ot<er

per5o% pre5e%t 4% t<e :o%@ere%:e $5 pre5e%te& b t<e re5po%&e%t5. "e5p4te $% e$r;4er

m$%4@e5t$t4o% b t<e re5po%&e%t5 o@ t<e4r 4%te%t4o% to pre5e%t +45:$; Ber%$be $%& (ro5e:tor

T$m$o, 5:< moe $5 $b$%&o%e& 4t<ot $% re$5o% <$4%= bee% =4e% t<ere@or.?.

T<e @$:t5 5et @ort< $boe $re $;; 5pporte& b t<e e4&e%:e o% re:or&. I% t<e m4%& o@ t<e

Comm4554o%, t<e o%; :o%:;54o% t<$t m$ be &r$% t<ere@rom 45 t<$t pre55re @rom $;$:$$%=

<$& 4%&ee& bee% m$&e to be$r o% bot< t<e :ort $%& t<e pro5e:t4o% 4% t<e <$%&;4%= $%&

&45po54t4o% o@ t<e AF4%oG$;m$% :$5e. T<e 4%te%54t o@ t<45 pre55re 45 re$&4; &e&:t4b;e @rom

t<e per5o%$;4t o@ t<e o%e <o eerte& 4t, <45 mor$; $%& o@@4:4$; $5:e%&$%: oer t<o5e to <om

<45 4%5tr:t4o%5 ere &4re:te&, t<e mot4$t4o% be<4%& 5:< 4%5tr:t4o%5, $%& t<e %$tre o@ t<e

=oer%me%t pre$4;4%= $t t<$t t4me <4:< e%$b;e& t<e t<e% <e$& o@ 5t$te to eer:45e $t<or4t$r4$% poer5. T<$t t<e :o%@ere%:e :$;;e& to 5:r4pt or 5t$=em$%$=e t<e pro5e:t4o% $%& tr4$; o@ t<e

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


AF4%oG$;m$% :$5e $5 :o%54&ere& $5 5omet<4%= $%om$;o5 t<$t 5<o;& be ept $$ @rom t<e

pb;4: ee 45 5<o% b t<e e@@ort to $55re 4t5 5e:re:. No%e bt t<o5e &4re:t; 4%o;e& ere

:$;;e& to $tte%&. T<e meet4%= $5 <e;& 4% $% 4%%er room o@ t<e ($;$:e. #%; t<e +4r5t L$& $%&

(re54&e%t4$; Le=$; A5545t$%t '5t4:e L$>$ro ere 4t< t<e (re54&e%t. T<e :o%@eree5 ere to;& to

t$e t<e b$: &oor 4% =o4%= to t<e room <ere t<e meet4%= $5 <e;&, pre5m$b; to e5:$pe %ot4:e b t<e 454tor5 4% t<e re:ept4o% <$;; $4t4%= to 5ee t<e (re54&e%t. A:t$;;, %o pb;4: me%t4o% $5

eer m$&e o@ t<45 :o%@ere%:e %t4; '5t4:e errer$ m$&e <45 epo5e 5ome @4@tee% 1K? mo%t<5 ;$ter

<e% t<e @ormer (re54&e%t $5 %o ;o%=er $ro%&.

(re54&e%t $r:o5 %&obte&; re$;4>e& t<e 4mport$%:e o@ t<e m$tter <e $%te& to t$e p 4t<

t<e o@@4:4$;5 <e $5e& to be 5mmo%e&. e <$& to &o 4t per5o%$;;, $%& %ot mere; t<ro=< tr5te&

$5545t$%t5. T<e ;$: o@ 4;; or &eterm4%$t4o% o% t<e p$rt o@ '5t4:e +er%$%&e> $%& '5t4:e ($m$r$%

to re545t t<e pre54&e%t4$; 5mmo%5 &e5p4te t<e4r re$;4>$t4o% o@ 4t5 %<o;e5ome 4mp;4:$t4o%5 o%

t<e4r <$%&;4%= o@ t<e :e;ebr$te& mr&er :$5e m$ be e$54; 4%@erre& @rom t<e4r %Fe5t4o%e&

obe&4e%:e t<ereto. No e@@ort to re545t $5 m$&e, &e5p4te t<e e45te%:e o@ $ mo5t $;4& re$5o% to be=

o@@, o% t<e ;$me e:5e5 t<$t t<e e%t t<ere ot o@‘:r4o54t,’ or‘ot o@ re5pe:t to t<e #@@4:e

o@ t<e (re54&e%t,’ or t<$t 4t o;& be ‘%be:om4%= to re@5e $ 5mmo%5 @rom t<e (re54&e%t.’

S:< @r$me o@ m4%& o%; ree$;5 t<e4r 55:ept4b4;4t to pre54&e%t4$; pre55re $%& ;$: o@ :$p$:4t

to re545t t<e 5$me. T<e er $:t5 o@ be4%= 5mmo%e& to $;$:$$%= $%& t<e4r re$& $:F4e5:e%:e

t<ereto %&er t<e :4r:m5t$%:e5 t<e% obt$4%4%=, $re 4% t<em5e;e5 pre55re &r$m$t4>e& $%&

eemp;4@4e&. T<e4r $bHe:t &e@ere%:e to (re54&e%t $r:o5 m$ ;4e45e be 4%@erre& @rom t<e

$&m4tte& @$:t t<$t, %ot <$4%= bee% =4e% 5e$t5 &r4%= t<e to<or :o%@ere%:e '5t4:e +er%$%&e>

5$4& 4t $5 %ot t<$t ;o%=, bt &4& %ot 5$ <o ;o%=? 4% <4:< (re54&e%t $r:o5 &4& t<e t$;4%= mo5t

o@ t<e t4me, t<e ;45te%e& to <4m o% t<e4r @eet. -er4;, 4t :$% be 5$4& t<$t $% $o$; o@ 4%&epe%&e%t$:t4o% or re545t$%:e to pre54&e%t4$; pre55re be:$me 4;;5or @rom t<e er mome%t t<e 5teppe&

4%54&e $;$:$$%= ($;$:e o% '$%$r 10, 198K. 18

T<e Comm4554o% p4%po4%te& t<e :r:4$; @$:t$; 455e t<5D t<e more 54=%4@4:$%t 4%F4r 45 o%

<et<er t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& t<e #@@4:e o@ t<e T$%o&b$$% $:t$;; 5::mbe& to 5:<

pre55re, $5 m$ be =$=e& b t<e4r 5b5eFe%t $:t$t4o%5 4% t<e4r re5pe:t4e <$%&;4%= o@ t<e

:$5e. It &; :o%:;&e& t<$t t<e pre55re eerte& b (re54&e%t $r:o5 4% t<e :o%@ere%:e <e;& o%

'$%$r 10, 198K per$&e& t<e e%t4re pro:ee&4%=5 o@ t<e AF4%oG$;m$% [mr&er] :$5e5 $5

m$%4@e5te& 4% 5eer$; 5pe:4@4: 4%:4&e%t5 $%& 4%5t$%:e5 4t e%mer$te& 4% t<e Report %&er t<e

<e$&4%= o@ $%4@e5t$t4o%5 o@ (re55re $%& $%4p;$t4o%.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

S@@4:e 4t to =4e <ere4%be;o br4e@ e:erpt5D—

1. T<e :<$%=4%= o@ t<e or4=4%$; errer$ p$%e; &r$@t Re5o;t4o% :<$r=4%= $;; t<e te%t54

$::5e& $5 pr4%:4p$;5 b :o%5p4r$: b :$te=or4>4%= $%& :<$r=4%= 17 $5 pr4%:4p$;5, Ge%er$;5 -er

$%& #;4$5 $%& 6 ot<er5 $5 $::e55or4e5 $%& t<e :44;4$% $5 $::omp;4:e, $%& re:omme%&4%= b$4; @or

t<e ;$tter to :$te=or4e5D T<e :$te=or4>$t4o% m$ %ot be :omp;ete; H5t4@4e& b 5$4%= t<$t, 4% t<e

m4%& o@ '5t4:e +er%$%&e>, t<ere $5 %o 5@@4:4e%t e4&e%:e to H5t4@ t<$t $;; o@ t<e $::5e& be

:<$r=e& $5 pr4%:4p$;5. T<e m$Hor4t o@ t<e A=r$$ Bo$r& @o%& t<e e45te%:e o@ :o%5p4r$: $%&re:omme%&e& t<$t $;; o@ t<e $::5e& be :<$r=e& $::or&4%=;. 4t<ot =o4%= 4%to t<e mer4t o@ 5:<

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


@4%&4%=, 4t m$ <$r&; be &45pte& t<$t, 4% :$5e o@ &obt, $%& 4% $::or&$%:e 4t< t<e 5t$%&$r&

pr$:t4:e o@ t<e pro5e:t4o% to :<$r=e $::5e& 4t< t<e mo5t 5er4o5 po554b;e o@@e%5e or 4% t<e

<4=<e5t :$te=or 5o $5 to pree%t $% 4%:r$b;e 4%H5t4:e 4% t<e ee%t t<$t t<e e4&e%:e pre5e%te& 4%

t<e tr4$; 4;; 5<o <45 =4;t o@ t<e =r$er :<$r=e, t<e mo5t ;o=4:$; $%& pr$:t4:$; :or5e o@ $:t4o%

5<o;& <$e bee%, $5 or4=4%$;; re:omme%&e& b t<e errer$ p$%e;, to :<$r=e $;; t<e $::5e& $5 pr4%:4p$;5. A5 4t tr%e& ot, '5t4:e +er%$%&e> re$&4; opte& @or :$te=or4>$t4o% <4:<, %ot

5rpr454%=;, $5 4% :o%5o%$%:e 4t< t<e $;$:$$%= 4%5tr:t4o%. It 45 too m:< to $ttr4bte to

:o4%:4&e%:e t<$t 5:< %5$; :$te=or4>$t4o% :$me o%; $@ter t<e t<e% (re54&e%t’5 4%5tr:t4o% $t

$;$:$$%= <e% Ge%. -er ’5 :o%5e; Att. Coro%e;, <$& bee% $54%= t<e 5$me o@ T$%o&b$$%

+er%$%&e> 54%:e Noember, 198J $%& '5t4:e +er%$%&e> <4m5e;@, $&m4tte&? t<$t, $5 o@ t<$t t4me,

[t<e $;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e o% '$%$r 10, 198K], <45 o% 4e $5 4% :o%@orm4t 4t< t<$t o@

t<e Spe:4$; I%e5t4=$t4%= ($%e; to :<$r=e $;; o@ t<e te%t54 26? re5po%&e%t5 $5 pr4%:4p$;5 o@ t<e

:r4me o@ &ob;e mr&er. 19 A5 t<e Comm4554o% @rt<er %ote&, '5t4:e +er%$%&e> %eer &e%4e& t<e

:;$4m o@ '5t4:e errer$ t<$t t<e &r$@t re5o;t4o% o@ '$%$r 10, 198K E<4b4t ‘B1’? [:<$r=4%=

$;; 26 $::5e& $5 pr4%:4p$;5] $5 to <$e bee% t<e 5bHe:t o@ $ pre55 :o%@ere%:e o% t<e $@ter%oo% o@

5$4& &$te <4:< &4& %ot =o t<ro=< &e to t<e 5mmo%5 @or t<em to =o to $;$:$$%= 4% t<e e$r;

ee%4%= o@ 5$4& &$te. 20

2. Sppre554o% o@ 4t$; e4&e%:e $%& <$r$55me%t o@ 4t%e55e5D Re$;4>4%=, %o &obt, t<$t $

p$rt’5 :$5e 45 $5 5tro%= $5 t<e e4&e%:e 4t :$% pre5e%t, %m45t$$b;e $%& per545te%t e@@ort5 ere

eerte& 4% be<$;@ o@ t<e $::5e& to e$e% t<e :$5e o@ t<e pro5e:t4o% $%& t<ereb $55re $%&

H5t4@ [t<e $::5e&’5] ee%t$; 5:r4pte& $:F4tt$;. U%@$or$b;e e4&e%:e5 ere 5o=<t to be

5ppre55e&, $%& 5ome ere 4%&ee& pree%te& @rom be4%= e%t4;$te&. A&er5e 4t%e55e5 ere

<$r$55e&, :$Ho;e&, perHre& or t<re$te%e& e4t<er to re@r$4% @rom te5t4@4%= or to te5t4@ 4% $ m$%%er @$or$b;e to t<e &e@e%5e.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

T<e Report 5pe:4@4e& t<e or&e$;5 o@ t<e pro5e:t4o% 4t%e55e5D 21 Ce5$r Loter4%$, (AL emp;oee,

Robert$ $54b$, G$;m$%’5 5tep&$=<ter <o re:$%te& t<e4r te5t4mo%4e5 be@ore t<e +$:t

+4%&4%= Bo$r& $%& <$& to be &45:$r&e& $5 pro5e:t4o% 4t%e55e5 be@ore $t t<e tr4$;. 4t%e55e5

-4e5:$ $%& R$$5 <o $;5o te5t4@4e& be@ore t<e Bo$r& &45$ppe$re& $;; o@ $ 5&&e% $%& :o;& %ot

be ;o:$te& b t<e po;4:e. T<e Comm4554o% %$rr$te& t<e e@@ort5 to 5t4@;e 4o5<4 $$m4$,

ee4t%e55 <o $::omp$%4e& N4%o o% <45 @$te@; @;4=<t o% A=5t 21, 198 $%& &e5:r4be& t<em

$5 p$;p$b;e, 4@ :r&e $%& &45p;$4%=? 5<eer $b5e o@ poer. $$m4$ $5 %ot ee% $;;oe& to

retr% to $%4;$ o% A=5t 20, 198J to p$rt4:4p$te 4% t<e @4r5t &e$t< $%%4er5$r o@ N4%o bt $5

&eporte& $5 $% %&e54r$b;e $;4e% $%& <$& to ;e$e o% t<e %et p;$%e @or Too. T<e Bo$r& <$& to

=o to Too to <e$r $$m4$ =4e <45 te5t4mo% be@ore t<e '$p$%e5e po;4:e 4% $::or&$%:e 4t<

t<e4r ;$ $%& $$m4$ :;$4me& be@ore t<e Comm4554o% t<$t t<e E%=;45< tr$%5:r4pt4o% o@ <45

te5t4mo%, $5 prep$re& b $% o@@4:4$; o@ t<e (<4;4pp4%e Emb$55 4% Too, $5 4%$::r$te $%& &4&

%ot :orre:t; re@;e:t t<e te5t4mo% <e =$e $;t<o=< t<ere $5 %o :;e$r 5<o4%= o@ t<e

&45:rep$%: @rom t<e or4=4%$; tr$%5:r4pt4o% <4:< $5 4% N4ppo%=o. Upo% <45 $rr4$; $t t<e IA

o% A=5t 21, 198K o% 4%4t$t4o% o@ '5t4:e errer$ to te5t4@ $t t<e o%=o4%= tr4$;, $ 5<ot $5 @4re&

$%& $ 5o;&4er $5 5ee% r%%4%= $$ b me&4$ me% <o 5o=<t to prote:t $$m4$ @rom <$rm

b 5rro%&4%= <4m. $$m4$ $5 @or:e& b 4mm4=r$t4o% o@@4:4$;5 to ;e$e t<e :o%tr bS$tr&$ A=5t 2Jt<? %ot4t<5t$%&4%= errer$’5 reFe5t to ;et <4m 5t$ %t4; <e :o;& te5t4@

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


. T<e &45:$r&4%= o@ t<e $@@4&$4t5 ee:te& b U.S. $4rme%D <4;e 4t 45 tre t<$t t<e U.S.

$4rme%’5 propo5e& te5t4mo%4e5 o;& 5<o $% $ttempt o@ t<e (<4;4pp4%e A4r +or:e to &4ert t<e

p;$%e to B$5$ A4r@4e;& or 5ome ot<er p;$:e, 5:< 5<o4%= o;& %ot %e:e55$r4; :o%tr$e%e t<e

t<eor o@ t<e pro5e:t4o%, %or t<e $:t$; @$:t t<$t Se%$tor AF4%o $5 4;;e& $t t<e $%4;$I%ter%$t4o%$; A4rport. '5t4:e errer$ <$& $::r$te; po4%te& ot t<$t 5:< $ttempt o@ 5:r$mb;4%=

AF4%o’5 p;$%e mere; 5<oe& $‘4&er r$%=e o@ :o%5p4r$:,’ 4t be4%= po554b; H5t o%e o@

to or t<ree ot<er p;$%5 &e54=%e& to $::omp;45< t<e 5$me prpo5e o@ ;4F4&$t4%= Se%$tor AF4%o.

I% $% ee%t, ee% $55m4%= t<$t t<e 5$4& p4e:e o@ e4&e%:e :o;& =o e4t<er $, 4t m$ %ot be

5::e55@;; :o%te%&e& t<$t 4t $5 pr&e%t or 45e o% t<e p$rt o@ t<e pro5e:t4o% to tot$;; &45:$r&

t<e 5$4& p4e:e o@ e4&e%:e. "e5p4te m4%or 4%:o%545te%:4e5 :o%t$4%e& t<ere4%, 4t5 4%tro&:t4o% :o;&

<$e <e;pe& t<e :$5e o@ t<e pro5e:t4o%. I@ 4t ere %ot 5o, or t<$t 4t o;& ee% @$or t<e &e@e%5e,

$5 $erre& b '5t4:e +er%$%&e>, t<e &eterm4%e& e@@ort to 5ppre55 t<e 5$me o;& <$e bee%

tot$;; %:$;;e& @or.:<$%rob;e5 4rt$;$;4br$r :<$%rob;e5.:omD:<$%rob;e5.:om.p<

J. N4%e propo5e& rebtt$; 4t%e55e5 %ot pre5e%te&

K. T<e @$4;re to e<$5t $$4;$b;e reme&4e5 $=$4%5t $&er5e &ee;opme%t5D <e% t<e Spreme

Cort &e%4e& t<e pet4t4o% o@ '5t4:e +er%$%&e> [$=$4%5t t<e e:;54o% o@ t<e te5t4mo%4e5 =4e% b

t<e m4;4t$r re5po%&e%t5 <e$&e& b Ge%. -er be@ore t<e +$:t +4%&4%= Bo$r&], t<e ;$tter $;mo5t

4mme&4$te; $%%o%:e& to me&4$ t<$t <e $5 %ot @4;4%= $ mot4o% @or t<e re:o%54&er$t4o% o@ 5$4&

&e%4$;, @or t<e re$5o% t<$t 4t o;& be @t4;e to &o 5o $%& @oo;<$r& to epe:t $ @$or$b;e $:t4o% o%

t<e 5$me . . . 45 po5tre . . . 45, 4% t<e ;e$5t, 4%&4:$t4e t<$t <e $5 ;44%= p to t<e 4%5tr:t4o% o@

@4%45<4%= t<e tr4$; o@ t<e :$5e $5 5oo% $5 po554b;e, 4@ %ot o@ 5omet<4%= e;5e.

6. T<e $554=%me%t o@ t<e :$5e to (re54&4%= '5t4:e ($m$r$%D '5t4:e errer$ te5t4@4e& t<$t

(re54&e%t $r:o5 or&ere& '5t4:e ($m$r$% po4%tb;$% to <$%&;e t<e :$5e. T<e pro@orm$ &e%4$; b

'5t4:e ($m$r$% o@ 5:< 4%5tr:t4o% :rmb;e5 %&er t<e $:t$;4t o@ 5:< &4re:t4e <$4%= bee%

:omp;4e& 4t< to t<e ;etter . . .

'5t4:e ($m$r$% 5o=<t to &45:re&4t t<e :;$4m t<$t <e $5 or&ere& b (re54&e%t $r:o5 to <$%&;e

t<e :$5e per5o%$;; b ep;$4%4%= t<$t :$5e5 4% t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $re $554=%e& b r$@@;e $%& %ot to

$ p$rt4:;$r '5t4:e, bt to $ &4454o% t<ereo@. T<e e4&e%:e be@ore t<e Comm4554o% o% <o t<e

:$5e <$ppe%e& to be $554=%e& to '5t4:e ($m$r$% e4%:e5 $ 5tro%= 4%&4:$t4o% t<$t 5:< $554=%me%t

$5 %ot &o%e @$4r; or re=;$r;.

T<ere $5 %o e4&e%:e $t $;; t<$t t<e $554=%me%t $5 4%&ee& b 4rte o@ $ re=;$r r$@@;e, e:ept

t<e %:orrobor$te& te5t4mo% o@ '5t4:e ($m$r$% . . . "e5p4te $% $%%o%:eme%t t<$t '5t4:e

E5:$re$; o;& be pre5e%te& b t<e re5po%&e%t5 to te5t4@ o% t<e :o%te%t5 o@ <45 $@ore5$4&

emor$%&m, 5:< $5 %ot &o%e. No re$5o% $5 =4e% < '5t4:e E5:$re; :o;& %ot, or o;&

%ot ;4e to te5t4@. Ne4t<er $5 $% o%e o@ t<e o@@4:4$;5 or emp;oee5 o@ t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% <o,

$::or&4%= to '5t4:e ($m$r$%, ere pre5e%t &r4%= t<e 5ppo5e& r$@@;e, pre5e%te& to :orrobor$te

t<e :;$4m o@ '5t4:e ($m$r$% $5 re=$r&5 t<e 5$4& r$@@;e.

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


It 45 $;5o $% $&m4tte& @$:t t<$t t<e to I%@orm$t4o%5 4% t<e &ob;e mr&er :$5e ere @4;e& b

'5t4:e errer$ o% '$%$r 2, 198K, $t 12D02 p.m., $%& t<e member5 o@ t<e R$@@;e Comm4tteeere 5mmo%e& $t 12D20 p.m. or o%; 18 m4%te5 $@ter t<e @4;4%= o@ t<e to I%@orm$t4o%5. S:<

5pee& 4% t<e $:t$; $554=%me%t o@ t<e :$5e :$% tr; be :$te=or4>e& $5 %5$;, 4@ %ot etr$or&4%$r,

:o%54&er4%= t<$t be@ore $ :$5e @4;e& m$ be 4%:;&e& 4% t<e r$@@;e, t<ere 45 %ee& @or $ :ert$4%

$mo%t o@ p$per or to be %&ert$e%. I@ 5:< pre;4m4%$r reF4reme%t5 ere &o%e 4% t<45 :$5e

4t<4% t<e ;4m4te& t4me $$4;$b;e t<ere@or, t<e :<$r=e t<$t t<e r$@@;e $5 r5<e& to $o4& t<e

pre5e%:e o@ me&4$ peop;e o;& r4%= 4t< trt<.

<$t 45 more 4%tr4=4%= 45 t<e @$:t t<$t $;t<o=< $ r$@@;e m4=<t <$e bee% $:t$;; :o%&:te&

<4:< re5;te& 4% t<e $554=%me%t o@ t<e :$5e to t<e +4r5t "4454o% o@ t<e S$%&4=$%b$$%, t<e

Comm4554o% &4& %ot re:e4e $% e4&e%:e o% <o or < 4t $5 <$%&;e& per5o%$;; b '5t4:e

($m$r$% <o rote t<e &e:454o% t<ereo@, $%& %ot b $% o%e o@ t<e to ot<er member5 o@ <45

&4454o% . . .:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

7. T<e :5to& o@ t<e $::5e& t<e4r :o%@4%eme%t 4% $ m4;4t$r :$mp, 4%5te$& o@ 4% $ :44;4$% H$4;D

<e% t<e Fe5t4o% o@ :5to& :$me p $@ter t<e :$5e $5 @4;e& 4% t<e S$%&4=$%b$$%, t<e ;$tter

455e& $% or&er &4re:t4%= t<e :o%@4%eme%t o@ t<e $::5e& 4% t<e C4t '$4; o@ $%4;$. T<45 or&er $5

%ot :$rr4e& ot 4% 4e o@ t<e 4%@orm$t4o% =4e% b t<e $r&e% o@ t<e C4t '$4; t<$t t<ere $5 %o

5p$:e @or t<e te%t54 $::5e& 4% 5$4& H$4;. T<e 5$me 4%@orm$t4o% $5 =4e% <e% t<e :5to&

$5 propo5e& to be =4e% to t<e N$t4o%$; (e%4te%t4$r 4% %t4%=;p$ $%& to t<e N$t4o%$; Bre$o@ I%e5t4=$t4o%. At t<$t po4%t, t<e &e@e%5e :$me p 4t< (re54&e%t4$; "e:ree No. 19K0A <4:<

$t<or4>e5 t<e :5to& o@ t<e $::5e& m4;4t$r per5o%%e; 4t< t<e4r re5pe:t4e Comm$%&4%=

#@@4:er5. '5t4:e errer$ :;$4me& t<$t t<e 5$4& (re54&e%t4$; "e:ree $5 %ot %o% ee% to t<e

T$%o&b$$% '5t4:e +er%$%&e> <o <$& to :$;; p t<e t<e% 4%45ter o@ '5t4:e E5te;4to e%&o>$ to

reFe5t $ :op o@ t<e 5$me, $%& $5 =4e% 5:< :op o%; $@ter 5omet4me . . .

8. T<e mo%4tor4%= o@ pro:ee&4%=5 $%& &ee;opme%t5 @rom $;$:$$%= $%& b $;$:$$%=

per5o%%e;. T<ere 45 $% %:o%tr$&4:te& e4&e%:e t<$t t<e pro=re55 o@ t<e pro:ee&4%=5 4% t<e

S$%&4=$%b$$% $5 e;; $5 t<e &ee;opme%t5 o@ t<e :$5e ot54&e t<e Cort <$& bee% mo%4tore& b

$;$:$$%= pre5m$b; @or 4t to %o <$t $5 <$ppe%4%= $%& to t$e reme&4$; me$5re5 $5 m$

be %e:e55$r, '5t4:e ($m$r$% <$& :$%&4&; $&m4tte& t<$t te;e454o% :$mer$5 bo;&; :$rr4%= t<e

;$be; o@‘#@@4:e o@ t<e (re54&e%t o@ t<e (<4;4pp4%e5’ ere 4%5t$;;e& 4% t<e :ortroom @or t<$t

prpo5e. T<ere $5 $ room 4% t<e S$%&4=$%b$$%, m45:<4eo5; :$;;e& ‘$r room’, <ere4%

m4;4t$r $%& $;$:$$%= per5o%%e; 5t$e& to eep tr$: o@ t<e pro:ee&4%=5, t<e :;o5e mo%4tor4%=

b $;$:$$%= 5<oe& 4t5 re5;t5 o< 5eer$; o::$54o%5 5pe:4@4e& 4% t<e Report. $;$:$$%= $5

4mme&4$te; $$re o@ t<e '$p$%e5e 4t%e55 $$m4$’5 pre5e%:e 4% '5t4:e errer$’5 o@@4:e o%

A=5t 21, 198K $%& @ore5t$;;e& t<e =44%= o@ <45 te5t4mo% b <$4%= t<e '$p$%e5e Emb$55

$&45e $$m4$ to ;e$e t<e :o%tr $t o%:e. L4e45e, Co;. B$;b4%o "4e=o, $;$:$$%=

4%te;;4=e%:e :<4e@, 5&&e%; $ppe$re& $t t<e N$t4o%$; Bre$ o@ I%e5t4=$t4o% o@@4:e <e% t<e:r4%= ;$& Rebe::$ *4H$%o $5 bro=<t t<ere b NBI $=e%t5 @or 4%terro=$t4o% $%& t<ere4%

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


5o=<t to obt$4% :5to& o@ <er. It 45 ;4e45e $% %&45pte& @$:t, t<e Comm4554o% %ote& t<$t

5eer$; m4;4t$r per5o%%e; prete%&e& to be &ept 5<er4@@5 o@ t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& $tte%&e& t<e

tr4$;5 t<ereo@ 4% t<e pre5:r4be& &ept 5<er4@@5’ %4@orm5. T<e Comm4554o%’5 4%e5:$p$b;e

@4%&4%=D It 45 $b%&$%t; :;e$r t<$t (re54&e%t $r:o5 &4& %ot o%; =4e 4%5tr:t4o%5 $5 to <o t<e

:$5e 5<o;& be <$%&;e&. e 5$ to 4t t<$t <e o;& %o 4@ <45 4%5tr:t4o%5 4;; be :omp;4e& 4t<.

9. ($rt4$;4t o@ S$%&4=$%b$$% betr$e& b 4t5 &e:454o%D T<$t (re54&e%t $r:o5 <$& $%te& $;;

o@ t<e te%t54 $::5e& to be $:F4tte& m$ %ot be &e%4e&. T<e &45po5$; o@ t<e :$5e 4% 5$4&

m$%%er 45 $% 4%te=r$; p$rt o@ t<e 5:e%$r4o <4:< $5 :;eer; &e54=%e& to $::omp;45< to pr4%:4p$;

obHe:t4e5, 5eem4%=; :o%@;4:t4%= 4% t<em5e;e5, bt @$or$b;e bot< to t<e% $&m4%45tr$t4o% $%& to

t<e $::5e& to 4t, [1] t<e 5$t45@$:t4o% o@ t<e pb;4: :;$mor @or t<e 55pe:te& 4;;er5 o@ Se%$tor

AF4%o to be :<$r=e& 4% :ort, $%& [2] t<e @ore:;o5re o@ $% po554b4;4t t<$t t<e m$ $=$4% be

pro5e:te& @or t<e 5$me o@@e%5e 4% t<e ee%t t<$t (re54&e%t $r:o5 5<$;; %o ;o%=er be 4% poer.

I% re%&er4%= 4t5 &e:454o%, t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% oer&4& 4t5e;@ 4% @$or4%= t<e pre54&e%t4$; &4re:t4e.

It5 b4$5 $%& p$rt4$;4t 4% @$or o@ t<e $::5e& $5 =;$r4%=; ob4o5. T<e e4&e%:e pre5e%te& b t<e

pro5e:t4o% $5 tot$;; 4=%ore& $%& &45re=$r&e&. . . . It $5 &eeme& %ot 5@@4:4e%t to 54mp; $:F4t

$;; o@ t<e te%t54 $::5e& o% t<e 5t$%&$r& =ro%& t<$t t<e4r =4;t <$& %ot bee% proe% beo%&

re$5o%$b;e &obt, $5 $5 t<e mo5t ;o=4:$; $%& $ppropr4$te $ o@ H5t4@4%= t<e $:F4tt$; 4% t<e

:$5e, t<ere %ot be4%= $ tot$; $b5e%:e o@ e4&e%:e t<$t :o;& 5<o =4;t o% t<e p$rt o@ t<e $::5e&.

T<e &e:454o% <$& to pro%o%:e t<em‘4%%o:e%t o@ t<e :r4me :<$r=e& o% t<e to 4%@orm$t4o%5, $%&

$::or&4%=;, t<e 4%:r %e4t<er :r4m4%$; %or :44; ;4$b4;4t.’ It 45 $ r$re p<e%ome%o% to 5ee $

per5o% $::5e& o@ $ :r4me to be @$ore& 4t< 5:< tot$; $b5o;t4o%. . . .

"obt o% t<e 5o%&%e55 o@ t<e &e:454o% e%tert$4%e& b o%e o@ t<e to H5t4:e5 <o :o%:rre&

4t< t<e m$Hor4t &e:454o% pe%%e& b '5t4:e ($m$r$% $5 ree$;e& b '5t4:e errer$ <o

te5t4@4e& t<$t 4% #:tober, 198K, <e% t<e &e:454o% $5 be4%= prep$re&, '5t4:e A=5to Amore5

to;& <4m t<$t <e $5 o@ t<e 4e t<$t 5ome o@ t<e $::5e& 5<o;& be :o%4:te&, <e <$4%= @o%&

&4@@4:;t 4% $:F4tt4%= $;; o@ t<em <oeer, <e :o%@4&e& to '5t4:e errer$ t<$t '5t4:e ($m$r$%

m$&e 4t :;e$r to <4m $%& '5t4:e -er$ Cr> t<$t $;$:$$%= <$& 4%5tr:t4o%5 to $:F4t $;; o@ t<e

te%t54 $::5e& TSN, '; 17, 1986, p. J9?. '5t4:e Amore5 $;5o to;& '5t4:e errer$ t<$t <e

o;& :o%@4rm t<45 5t$teme%t <4:< $5 me%t4o%e& 4% '5t4:e errer$’5 :omme%t to t<e Se:o%&

ot4o% @or Re:o%54&er$t4o%? 4@ $5e& $bot 4t TSN, '%e 19, 1986, pp. 929?. T<45 te5t4mo% o@

'5t4:e errer$ rem$4%e& %rebtte&. Emp<$545 5pp;4e&?.

T<e re:or& 5<o5 5@@o:$t4%=; t<$t @rom be=4%%4%= to e%&, t<e t<e% (re54&e%t 5e&, or more

pre:45e;, m455e& t<e oer<e;m4%= re5or:e5 o@ t<e =oer%me%t $%& <45 $t<or4t$r4$% poer5 to

:orrpt $%& m$e $ mo:er o@ t<e H&4:4$; pro:e55 4% t<e AF4%oG$;m$% mr&er :$5e5. A5

=r$p<4:$;; &ep4:te& 4% t<e Report, 5pr$, $%& bor%e ot b t<e <$ppe%4%=5 re5 4p5$ ;oF4tr$ 22?,

54%:e t<e re5o;t4o% prep$re& b <45 Coor&4%$tor, $%e; L$>$ro, <45 (re54&e%t4$; A5545t$%t o%

Le=$; A@@$4r5, @or t<e T$%o&b$$%’5 &45m455$; o@ t<e :$5e5 $=$4%5t $;; $::5e& $5 %p$;$t$b;e 4t

o;& 5mmo% t<e &emo%5tr$tor5 b$: to t<e 5treet5 2? $%& $t $% r$te $5 %ot $::ept$b;e to t<e

errer$ pro5e:t4o% p$%e;, t<e %<o; 5:e%$r4o @or $:F4tt$; o@ $;; 26 $::5e& $@ter t<e r4==e& tr4$;$5 or&ere& $t t<e $;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e, o;& $::omp;45< t<e to pr4%:4p$; obHe:t4e5 o@

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


5$t45@$:t4o% o@ t<e pb;4: :;$mor @or t<e 55pe:te& 4;;er5 to be :<$r=e& 4% :ort $%& o@ =44%= t<em

t<ro=< t<e4r $:F4tt$; t<e ;e=$; 5<4e;& o@ &ob;e Heop$r&. 2J

I%&ee&, t<e 5e:ret $;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e $t <4:< t<e $t<or4t$r4$% (re54&e%t :$;;e& to=et<er t<e

(re54&4%= '5t4:e o@ t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& T$%o&b$$% +er%$%&e> $%& t<e e%t4re pro5e:t4o% p$%e; <e$&e& b "ept T$%o&b$$% errer$ $%& to;& t<em <o to <$%&;e $%& r4= moromoro?

t<e tr4$; $%& t<e :;o5e mo%4tor4%= o@ t<e e%t4re pro:ee&4%=5 to $55re t<e pre&eterm4%e&

4=%om4%4o5 @4%$; ot:ome $re 4t<ot p$r$;;e; $%& pre:e&e%t 4% or $%%$;5 $%& Hr45pr&e%:e. To

borro $ p<r$5e @rom N4%o’5 Apr4; 1J, 197K ;etter 4t<&r$4%= <45 pet4t4o% @or <$be$5 :orp5,

2K T<45 45 t<e e4; o@ o%em$% r;e $t 4t5 er or5t. #r (e%$; Co&e pe%$;4>e5 $% ee:t4e

o@@4:er <o 5<$;; $&&re55 $% or&er or 5==e5t4o% to $% H&4:4$; $t<or4t 4t< re5pe:t to $% :$5e

or b54%e55 :om4%= 4t<4% t<e e:;54e Hr45&4:t4o% o@ t<e :ort5 o@ H5t4:e. 26 45 ob5e554o% @or

t<e bo5’ $:F4tt$; ;e& to 5eer$; @4r5t <4:< o;& ot<er45e be 4%ep;4:$b;eD—

1. e tr%e& <45 b$: o% $%& rep&4$te& t<e @4%&4%=5 o@ t<e er +$:t +4%&4%= Bo$r& t<$t <e

<4m5e;@ $ppo4%te& to 4%e5t4=$te t<e %$t4o%$; tr$=e& $%& %$t4o%$; 5<$me o@ t<e tre$:<ero5 $%&

4:4o5 $55$554%$t4o% o@ N4%o AF4%o $%& to e%t4;$te t<e trt< t<ro=< @ree, 4%&epe%&e%t $%&

&45p$554o%$te 4%e5t4=$t4o% b pre5t4=4o5 $%& @ree 4%e5t4=$tor5.

2. e :or&4$;; re:e4e& t<e :<$4rm$% 4t< <er m4%or4t report o%e &$ $<e$& o@ t<e @or

m$Hor4t member5 $%& 4%5t$%t; re@erre& 4t to re5po%&e%t5 @or @4%$; re5o;t4o% t<ro=< t<e ;e=$;

55tem $5 4@ 4t ere t<e m$Hor4t $%& :o%tro;;4%= report $%& rebe& t<e @or m$Hor4t member5

<e% t<e pre5e%te& to <4m t<e %et &$ t<e4r report :$;;4%= @or t<e 4%&4:tme%t o@ $;; 26

re5po%&e%t5 <e$&e& b Ge%5. -er $%& #;4$5 4%5te$& o@ t<e ;e55er 5ee% %&er t<e :<$4rm$%’

5m4%or4t report?.

. +rom t<e &$ $@ter t<e AF4%o $55$554%$t4o% to t<e &4:t$te& er&4:t o@ $:F4tt$;, <e tot$;;

&45re=$r&e& t<e Bo$r&’5 m$Hor4t $%& m4%or4t @4%&4%=5 o@ @$:t $%& pb;4:; 4%545te& t<$t t<e

m4;4t$r’5 @$;; = Ro;$%&o G$;m$% $5 t<e 4;;er o@ N4%o AF4%o $%& 5o=<t @t4;e; to

H5t4@ t<e 5o;&4er5’ 4%:ompete%:e $%& =ro55 %e=;4=e%:e to pro4&e $% 5e:r4t @or N4%o 4%

:o%tr$5t to t<e4r $;$:r4t 4% =%%4%= &o% t<e $;;e=e& $55$554% G$;m$% $%& 5e$;4%= <45 ;4p5.

J. T<e S$%&4=$%b$$%’5 &e:454o% ($m$r$%, '. po%e%te? 4% e@@e:t :o%4:te& Ro;$%&o G$;m$%

$5 N4%o’5 $55$554% %ot4t<5t$%&4%= t<$t <e $5 %ot o% tr4$; bt t<e 4:t4m $::or&4%= to t<e er

4%@orm$t4o% @4;e&, $%& e4&e%:e to t<e :o%tr$r 5bm4tte&, b t<e errer$ pro5e:t4o% p$%e; $%&

K. '5t4:e ($m$r$%’5 po%e%:4$ &e5p4te re5er$t4o%5 epre55e& b '5t4:e Amore5 <o $%te&

to :o%4:t 5ome o@ t<e $::5e&? =r$%te& $;; 26 $::5e& tot$; $b5o;t4o% $%& pro%o%:e& t<em

4%%o:e%t o@ t<e :r4me5 :<$r=e& 4% t<e to 4%@orm$t4o%5, $%& $::or&4%=;, t<e 4%:r %e4t<er

:r4m4%$; %or :44; ;4$b4;4t, %ot4t<5t$%&4%= t<e e4&e%:e o% t<e b$545 o@ <4:< t<e +$:t +4%&4%=

Bo$r& <$& %$%4mo5; &e:;$re& t<e 5o;&4er5’ er54o% o@ G$;m$% be4%= AF4%o’5 4;;er $

perHre& 5tor, =4e% &e;4ber$te; $%& 4% :o%5p4r$: 4t< o%e $%ot<er.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

T<e @$:t o@ t<e 5e:ret $;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e o@ '$%$r 10, 198K $t <4:< t<e $t<or4t$r4$%

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


(re54&e%t &45:55e& 4t< t<e (re54&4%= '5t4:e o@ t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& t<e e%t4re pro5e:t4o%

p$%e; t<e m$tter o@ t<e 4mm4%e%t @4;4%= o@ t<e :r4m4%$; :<$r=e5 $=$4%5t $;; t<e te%t54 $::5e&

$5 $&m4tte& b re5po%&e%t '5t4:e +er%$%&e> to <$e bee% :o%@4rme& b <4m to t<e t<e%

(re54&e%t’5 Coor&4%$tor $%e; L$>$ro o% t<e pre:e&4%= &$? 45 %ot &e%4e&. It 45 4t<ot

pre:e&e%t. T<45 $5 4;;e=$; %&er or pe%$; ;$5, 5pr$. T<45 4;;e=$;4t 4t4$te& @rom t<e er be=4%%4%= $;; pro:ee&4%=5 4% t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% :ort <e$&e& b t<e er (re54&4%= '5t4:e <o

$tte%&e&. A5 t<e Comm4554o% %ote&D T<e er $:t5 o@ be4%= 5mmo%e& to $;$:$$%= $%& t<e4r

re$& $:F4e5:e%:e t<ereto %&er t<e :4r:m5t$%:e5 t<e% obt$4%4%=, $re 4% t<em5e;e5 pre55re

&r$m$t4>e& $%& eemp;4@4e& . . . -er4;, 4t :$% be 5$4& t<$t $% $o$; o@ 4%&epe%&e%t $:t4o% or

re545t$%:e to pre54&e%t4$; pre55re be:$me 4;;5or @rom t<e er mome%t t<e 5teppe& 4%54&e

$;$:$$%= ($;$:e o% '$%$r 10, 198K. :<$%rob;e5 ;$ ;4br$r

No :ort <o5e (re54&4%= '5t4:e <$5 re:e4e& or&er5 or 5==e5t4o%5 @rom t<e er (re54&e%t

<o b $% $me%&$tor &e:ree &45:;o5e& o%; $t t<e <e$r4%= o@ or$; $r=me%t5 o% Noember 8,

198J o% $ pet4t4o% :<$;;e%=4%= t<e re@err$; o@ t<e AF4%oG$;m$% mr&er :$5e5 to t<e T$%o&b$$%

$%& S$%&4=$%b$$% 4%5te$& o@ to $ :ort m$rt4$;, $5 m$%&$tor reF4re& b t<e %o% (.". 18K0 $t

t<e t4me pro4&4%= @or e:;54e Hr45&4:t4o% o@ :ort5 m$rt4$; oer :r4m4%$; o@@e%5e5 :omm4tte& b

m4;4t$r me% 26? m$&e 4t po554b;e to re@er t<e :$5e5 to t<e S$%&4=$%b$$%, :$% be $% 4mp$rt4$;

:ort, <4:< 45 t<e er e55e%:e o@ &e pro:e55 o@ ;$. A5 t<e r4ter t<e% rote, Hr45&4:t4o% oer

:$5e5 5<o;& be &eterm4%e& b ;$, $%& %ot b pre5e;e:t4o% o@ t<e Ee:t4e, <4:< :o;& be m:<

too e$54; tr$%5@orme& 4%to $ me$%5 o@ pre&eterm4%4%= t<e ot:ome o@ 4%&44&$; :$5e5. 26 T<45

:r4m4%$; :o;;54o% $5 to t<e <$%&;4%= $%& tre$tme%t o@ t<e :$5e5 b pb;4: re5po%&e%t5 $t t<e 5e:ret

$;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e $%& ree$;e& o%; $@ter @4@tee% mo%t<5 b '5t4:e $%e; errer$?

:omp;ete; &45F$;4@4e& re5po%&e%t S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& o4&e& $b 4%4t4o 4t5 er&4:t. T<45 re%&er5moot $%& 4rre;e$%t @or %o t<e ete%54e $r=me%t5 o@ re5po%&e%t5 $::5e&, p$rt4:;$r; Ge%er$;5

-er $%& #;4$5 $%& t<o5e :$te=or4>e& $5 $::e55or4e5, t<$t t<ere <$5 bee% %o e4&e%:e or 4t%e55

5ppre55e& $=$4%5t t<em, t<$t t<e erro%eo5 :o%:;54o%5 o@ #;4$5 $5 po;4:e 4%e5t4=$tor &o %ot

m$e <4m $% $::e55or o@ t<e :r4me5 <e 4%e5t4=$te& $%& t<e $ppr$45$; $%& e$;$t4o% o@ t<e

te5t4mo%4e5 o@ t<e 4t%e55e5 pre5e%te& $%& 5ppre55e&. T<ere 4;; be t4me $%& opport%4t to

pre5e%t $;; t<e5e $r=me%t5 $%& :o%54&er$t4o%5 $t t<e rem$%& $%& retr4$; o@ t<e :$5e5 <ere4% or&ere&

be@ore $ %etr$; $%& 4mp$rt4$; :ort.:<$%rob;e5 ;$ ;4br$r

T<e Spreme Cort :$%%ot perm4t 5:< $ 5<$m tr4$; $%& er&4:t $%& tr$e5t o@ H5t4:e to 5t$%&

%re:t4@4e&. T<e :ort5 o@ t<e ;$%& %&er 4t5 $e=45 $re :ort5 o@ ;$ $%& H5t4:e $%& eF4t. T<e

o;& <$e %o re$5o% to e45t 4@ t<e ere $;;oe& to be 5e& $5 mere too;5 o@ 4%H5t4:e, &e:ept4o%

$%& &p;4:4t to 5bert $%& 5ppre55 t<e trt<, 4%5te$& o@ repo54tor4e5 o@ H&4:4$; poer <o5e

H&=e5 $re 5or% $%& :omm4tte& to re%&er 4mp$rt4$; H5t4:e to $;; $;4e <o 5ee t<e e%@or:eme%t

or prote:t4o% o@ $ r4=<t or t<e pree%t4o% or re&re55 o@ $ ro%=, 4t<ot @e$r or @$or $%& remoe&

@rom t<e pre55re5 o@ po;4t4:5 $%& preH&4:e. ore 5o, 4% t<e :$5e $t b$r <ere t<e peop;e $%& t<e

or;& $re e%t4t;e& to %o t<e trt<, $%& t<e 4%te=r4t o@ or H&4:4$; 55tem 45 $t 5t$e. I% ;4@e, $5

$% $::5e& be@ore t<e m4;4t$r tr4b%$; N4%o <$& p;e$&e& 4% $4% t<$t $5 $ :44;4$% <e $5 e%t4t;e&

to &e pro:e55 o@ ;$ $%& tr4$; 4% t<e re=;$r :44; :ort5 be@ore $% 4mp$rt4$; :ort 4t< $% %b4$5e&

pro5e:tor. I% &e$t<, N4%o, $5 t<e 4:t4m o@ t<e tre$:<ero5 $%& 4:4o5 $55$554%$t4o% $%& t<ere;$t4e5 $%& 5oere4=% peop;e $5 t<e $==r4ee& p$rt4e5 p;e$& o%:e more @or &e pro:e55 o@ ;$ $%&

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


$ retr4$; be@ore $% 4mp$rt4$; :ort 4t< $% %b4$5e& pro5e:tor. T<e Cort 45 :o%5tr$4%e& to &e:;$re

t<e 5<$m tr4$; $ mo: tr4$; — t<e %o%tr4$; o@ t<e :e%tr— $%& t<$t t<e pre&eterm4%e& H&=me%t

o@ $:F4tt$; $5 %;$@; $%& o4& $b 4%4t4o.

1. No &ob;e Heop$r&.—

It 45 5ett;e& &o:tr4%e t<$t &ob;e Heop$r& :$%%ot be 4%oe& $=$4%5tt<45 Cort’5 5ett4%= $54&e o@ t<e tr4$; :ort5’ H&=me%t o@ &45m455$; or $:F4tt$; <ere t<e

pro5e:t4o% <4:< repre5e%t5 t<e 5oere4=% peop;e 4% :r4m4%$; :$5e5 45 &e%4e& &e pro:e55. A5 t<e

Cort 5tre55e& 4% t<e 198K :$5e o@ (eop;e . Bo:$r, 27

<ere t<e pro5e:t4o% 45 &epr4e& o@ $ @$4r opport%4t to pro5e:te $%& proe 4t5 :$5e, 4t5 r4=<t

to &e pro:e55 45 t<ereb 4o;$te&. 27

T<e :$r&4%$; pre:ept 45 t<$t <ere t<ere 45 $ 4o;$t4o% o@ b$54: :o%5t4tt4o%$; r4=<t5, :ort5 $re

o5te& o@ t<e4r Hr45&4:t4o%. T<5, t<e 4o;$t4o% o@ t<e St$te’5 r4=<t to &e pro:e55 r$45e5 $ 5er4o5

Hr45&4:t4o%$; 455e Gm$bo% . "4re:tor o@ t<e Bre$ o@ (r45o%5, L0026, 7 SCRA J20 ['$%.

0, 1971] <4:< :$%%ot be =;o55e& oer or &45re=$r&e& $t 4;;. <ere t<e &e%4$; o@ t<e

@%&$me%t$; r4=<t o@ &e pro:e55 45 $pp$re%t, $ &e:454o% re%&ere& 4% &45re=$r& o@ t<$t r4=<t 45 o4&

@or ;$: o@ Hr45&4:t4o% A&:$e% . +;ore5, L070 [$ 2K, 1971, K1 SCRA 78 S<e;; Co. .

E%$=e, L011112, J9 SCRA J16 +eb. 27, 197]?. A% H&=me%t or &e:454o% re%&ere&

%ot4t<5t$%&4%= 5:< 4o;$t4o% m$ be re=$r&e& $5 $ ‘;$;e55 t<4%=, <4:< :$% be tre$te& $5 $%

ot;$ $%& 5;$4% $t 54=<t, or 4=%ore& <ereer 4t e<4b4t5 4t5 <e$&’ A&:$e% . +;ore5, 5pr$?.

Re5po%&e%t '&=e’5 &45m455$; or&er &$te& '; 7, 1967 be4%= %;; $%& o4& @or ;$: o@

Hr45&4:t4o%, t<e 5$me &oe5 %ot :o%5t4tte $ proper b$545 @or $ :;$4m o@ &ob;e Heop$r& Ser4%o .)o5$, 5pr$?.

Le=$; Heop$r& $tt$:<e5 o%; $? po% $ $;4& 4%&4:tme%t, b? be@ore $ :ompete%t :ort, :? $@ter

$rr$4=%me%t, &? $ $;4& p;e$ <$4%= bee% e%tere& $%& e? t<e :$5e $5 &45m455e& or ot<er45e

term4%$te& 4t<ot t<e epre55 :o%5e%t o@ t<e $::5e& (eop;e . !;$=$%, K8 (<4;. 8K1?. T<e ;oer

:ort $5 %ot :ompete%t $5 4t $5 o5te& o@ 4t5 Hr45&4:t4o% <e% 4t 4o;$te& t<e r4=<t o@ t<e

pro5e:t4o% to &e pro:e55.

I% e@@e:t, t<e @4r5t Heop$r& $5 %eer term4%$te&, $%& t<e rem$%& o@ t<e :r4m4%$; :$5e @or @rt<er

<e$r4%= $%&Mor tr4$; be@ore t<e ;oer :ort5 $mo%t5 mere; to $ :o%t4%$t4o% o@ t<e @4r5t Heop$r&,

$%& &oe5 %ot epo5e t<e $::5e& to $ 5e:o%& Heop$r&.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

ore 5o &oe5 t<e r;e $=$4%5t t<e 4%o4%= o@ &ob;e Heop$r& <o;& 4% t<e :$5e5 $t b$r <ere $5 e

<$e <e;&, t<e 5<$m tr4$; $5 bt $ mo: tr4$; <ere t<e $t<or4t$r4$% pre54&e%t or&ere&

re5po%&e%t5 S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& T$%o&b$$% to r4= t<e tr4$; $%& :;o5e; mo%4tore& t<e e%t4re

pro:ee&4%=5 to $55re t<e pre&eterm4%e& @4%$; ot:ome o@ $:F4tt$; $%& tot$; $b5o;t4o% $54%%o:e%t o@ $;; t<e re5po%&e%t5$::5e&. Not4t<5t$%&4%= t<e ;$&$b;e e@@ort5 o@ '5t4:e errer$

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


S$%&4=$%b$$%’5, :omme%t5. A;t<o=< %o re5tr$4%4%= or&er $5 455e& $%e, re5po%&e%t

S$%&4=$%b$$% 5<o;& %ot <$e pre:4p4t$te; 455e& 4t5 &e:454o% o@ tot$; $b5o;t4o% o@ $;; t<e

$::5e& pe%&4%= t<e @4%$; $:t4o% o@ t<45 Cort. T<45 45 t<e te$:<4%= o@ -$;&e> . AF4;4>$% K ,

<ere4% t<e :ort 4% 5ett4%= $54&e t<e <$5t :o%4:t4o%5, r;e& t<$t pr&e%:e &4:t$te& t<$t

re5po%&e%t H&=e? re@r$4% @rom &e:4&4%= t<e :$5e5 or $t t<e er ;e$5t to <o;& 4% $be$%:e t<e prom;=$t4o% o@ <45 &e:454o% pe%&4%= $:t4o% b t<45 Cort. Bt pr&e%:e =$e $ to 4mpr&e%:e

t<e re5po%&e%t H&=e $:te& pre:4p4t$te; b &e:4&4%= t<e :$5e5 [<$5t4; 4t<ot $$4t4%= t<45

Cort’5 $:t4o%]. A;; o@ t<e $:t5 o@ t<e re5po%&e%t H&=e m$%4@e5t =r$e $b5e o@ &45:ret4o% o% <45

p$rt $mo%t4%= to ;$: o@ Hr45&4:t4o% <4:< 5b5t$%t4e; preH&4:e& t<e pet4t4o%er.:r$;$

4rt$1$ ;4br$r

. ReD #bHe:t4o%5 o@ re5po%&e%t5. — T<e ot<er re;$te& obHe:t4o%5 o@ re5po%&e%t5’ :o%5e;5

m5t be reHe:te& 4% t<e @$:e o@ t<e Cort’5 &e:;$r$t4o% t<$t t<e tr4$; $5 $ mo: tr4$; $%& t<$t t<e

pre&eterm4%e& H&=me%t o@ $:F4tt$; $5 %;$@; $%& o4& $b 4%4t4o.

$? It @o;;o5 t<$t t<ere 45 %o %ee& to re5ort to $ &4re:t $:t4o% to $%%; t<e H&=me%t, 4%5te$& o@ t<e

pre5e%t $:t4o% <4:< $5 t4me; @4;e& 4%4t4$;; to &e:;$re $ m45tr4$; $%& to e%Ho4% t<e re%&4t4o% o@

t<e o4& H&=me%t. A%& $@ter t<e <$5t re%&4t4o% o@ 5:< H&=me%t @or t<e &e:;$r$t4o% o@ 4t5 %;;4t,

@o;;o4%= t<e pre5e%t$t4o% o@ :ompete%t proo@ <e$r& b t<e Comm4554o% $%& t<e Cort’5 @4%&4%=5

t<ere@rom t<$t t<e pro:ee&4%=5 ere @rom t<e be=4%%4%= 4t4$te& %ot o%; b ;$: o@ &e pro:e55

bt $;5o b t<e :o;;54o% betee% t<e pb;4: re5po%&e%t5 :ort $%& T$%o&b$$%? @or t<e re%&4t4o%

o@ $ pre&eterm4%e& er&4:t o@ $:F4tt4%= $;; t<e te%t54 re5po%&e%t5

$::5e&.:<$%rob;e54rt$;$;4br$r

b? It 45 m$%4@e5t t<$t t<45 &oe5 %ot 4%o;e $ :$5e o@ mere 4rre=;$r4t4e5 4% t<e :o%&:t o@ t<e

pro:ee&4%=5 or error5 o@ H&=me%t <4:< &o %ot $@@e:t t<e 4%te=r4t or $;4&4t o@ t<e H&=me%t or

er&4:t.

:? T<e :o%te%t4o% o@ o%e o@ &e@e%5e :o%5e; t<$t t<e St$te $%& t<e 5oere4=% peop;e $re %ot

e%t4t;e& to &e pro:e55 45 :;e$r; erro%eo5 $%& :o%tr$r to t<e b$54: pr4%:4p;e5 $%& Hr45pr&e%:e

:4te& <ere4%$boe.

&? T<e 5bm4tt$; o@ re5po%&e%t5$::5e& t<$t t<e <$& %ot eerte& t<e pre55re $pp;4e& b t<e

$t<or4t$r4$% pre54&e%t o% pb;4: re5po%&e%t5 $%& t<$t %o e4&e%:e $5 5ppre55e& $=$4%5t t<em

m5t be <e;& to be %te%$b;e 4% t<e $e o@ t<e e4; p;ot %o epo5e& @or t<e4r preor&$4%e&

<o;e5$;e eo%er$t4o%.

e? Re5po%&e%t5’ 4%o:$t4o% o@ t<e r4ter ’5 op4%4o% 4% L>o% Broer$=e Co., I%:. . $r4t4me

B;&=. Co., I%:. 6 45 4%$ppropr4$te. T<e r4ter t<ere4% <e;& t<$t $ p$rt 5<o;& be e%t4t;e& to o%;

o%e Spreme Cort $%& m$ %ot 5pe:;$te o% 4t$; :<$%=e5 4% t<e Cort’5 member5<4p @or

re4e o@ <45 ;o5t :$5e o%:e more, 54%:e pb;4: po;4: $%& 5o%& pr$:t4:e &em$%& t<$t ;4t4=$t4o% be

pt to $% e%& $%& %o 5e:o%& pro @orm$ mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% re4ter$t4%= t<e 5$me $r=me%t5

5<o;& be ept pe%&4%= 5o ;o%= @or oer 54 6? e$r5 $%& o%e 1? mo%t< 54%:e t<e &e%4$; o@ t<e@4r5t mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o%?. T<45 op4%4o% :$%%ot be proper; 4%oe&, be:$5e <ere,

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


pet4t4o%er5’ 5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% $5 @4;e& prompt; o% $r:< 20, 1986 @o;;o4%=

t<e &e%4$; %&er &$te o@ +ebr$r Jt< o@ t<e @4r5t mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% $%& t<e 5$me $5

$&m4tte& per t<e Cort’5 Re5o;t4o% o@ Apr4; , 1986 $%& 45 %o be4%= re5o;e& 4t<4% @4e

mo%t<5 o@ 4t5 @4;4%= $@ter t<e Comm4554o% <$& re:e4e& t<e e4&e%:e o@ t<e p$rt4e5 <o ere <e$r&

b t<e Cort o%; ;$5t A=5t 26t<. T<e%, t<e 5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% 45 b$5e& o% $%e%t4re; %e m$ter4$; =ro%& <4:< $5 %ot %o% $t t<e t4me o@ t<e &e%4$; o@ t<e pet4t4o% $%&

@4;4%= o@ t<e @4r5t mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o%, 4.e, t<e 5e:ret $;$:$$%= :o%@ere%:e o% '$%$r 10,

198K <4:< :$me to ;4=<t o%; @4@tee% mo%t<5 ;$ter 4% $r:<, 1986 $%& 5<oe& beo%& per

$&e%tre $5 proe& 4% t<e Comm4554o% <e$r4%=5? t<e mer4t5 o@ t<e pet4t4o% $%& t<$t t<e

$t<or4t$r4$% pre54&e%t <$& &4:t$te& $%& pre&eterm4%e& t<e @4%$; ot:ome o@ $:F4tt$;. e%:e, t<e

te% member5 o@ t<e Cort 4t<ot $% %e $ppo4%tee5? %$%4mo5; ote& to $&m4t t<e 5e:o%&

mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o%. 7

J. 4t< t<e &e:;$r$t4o% o@ %;;4t o@ t<e pro:ee&4%=5, t<e :$5e5 m5t %o be tr4e& be@ore $%

4mp$rt4$; :ort 4t< $% %b4$5e& pro5e:tor.— T<ere <$5 bee% t<e ;o%= &$r %4=<t o@ $t<or4t$r4$%

re=4me, 54%:e t<e @$e $mb5< 4% September, 1972 o@ t<e% "e@e%5e Se:ret$r '$% (o%:e E%r4;e

$5 %o $&m4tte& b E%r4;e <4m5e;@? $5 5t$=e& to tr4==er t<e 4mpo54t4o% o@ m$rt4$; ;$ $%&

$t<or4t$r4$% o%em$% r;e, 4t< t<e p$&;o:4%= o@ Co%=re55 $%& t<e $bo;4t4o% o@ t<e o@@4:e o@ t<e

-4:e(re54&e%t.

A5 re:e%t; ret4re& Se%4or '5t4:e -4:e%te Ab$& S$%to5 re:$;;e& 4% <45 $;e&4:tor to t<e %e

member5 o@ t<e B$r ;$5t $, I% t<e p$5t @e e$r5, t<e H&4:4$r $5 %&er <e$ $tt$: b $%

etreme; poer@; ee:t4e. "r4%= t<45 5t$te o@ H&4:4$; 54e=e, ;$er5 bot< 4% $%& ot54&e t<e

H&4:4$r per:ept4e; 5rre%&ere& to t<e $%4m5 o@ te:<%4:$;4t. I% t<e e%&, mor$;4t $5oer<e;me& b te:<%4:$;4t, 5o t<$t t<e ;$tter emer=e& =; $%& %$e& 4% 4t5 tre

m$%4@e5t$t4o%.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

No t<$t t<e ;4=<t 45 emer=4%=, t<e Spreme Cort @$:e5 t<e t$5 o@ re5tor4%= pb;4: @$4t< $%&

:o%@4&e%:e 4% t<e :ort5. T<e Spreme Cort e%Ho5 %e4t<er t<e poer o@ t<e 5or& %or o@ t<e

pr5e. It5 5tre%=t< <$5 m$4%; 4% pb;4: :o%@4&e%:e, b$5e& o% t<e trt< $%& mor$; @or:e o@ 4t5

H&=me%t5. T<45 <$5 bee% b4;t o% 4t5 :<er45<e& tr$&4t4o%5 o@ obHe:t44t $%& 4mp$rt4$;4t, 4%te=r4t

$%& @$4r%e55 $%& %5er4%= ;o$;t to t<e Co%5t4tt4o% $%& t<e r;e o@ ;$ <4:< :ompe;5

$::ept$%:e $5 e;; b t<e ;e$&er5<4p $5 b t<e peop;e. T<e ;oer :ort5 &r$ t<e4r be$r4%=5 @rom

t<e Spreme Cort. 4t< t<45 Cort’5 H&=me%t to&$ &e:;$r4%= t<e %;;4t o@ t<e Fe5t4o%e&

H&=me%t or $:F4tt$; $%& &4re:t4%= $ %e tr4$;, t<ere m5t be $ reHe:t4o% o@ t<e tempt$t4o% o@

be:om4%= 4%5trme%t5 o@ 4%H5t4:e $5 4=oro5; $5 e reHe:te& be:om4%= 4t5 4:t4m5. T<e e%& o@

o%e @orm o@ 4%H5t4:e 5<o;& %ot be:ome 54mp; t<e be=4%%4%= o@ $%ot<er. T<45 54mp; me$%5 t<$t

t<e re5po%&e%t5 $::5e& m5t %o @$:e tr4$; @or t<e :r4me5 :<$r=e& $=$4%5t t<em be@ore $%

4mp$rt4$; :ort 4t< $% %b4$5e& pro5e:tor 4t< $;; &e pro:e55. <$t t<e p$5t re=4me <$& &e%4e&

t<e peop;e $%& t<e $==r4ee& p$rt4e5 4% t<e 5<$m tr4$; m5t %o be $55re& $5 m:< to t<e $::5e&

$5 to t<e $==r4ee& p$rt4e5. T<e peop;e 4;; $55re&; <$e $ $ o@ %o4%= <e% H5t4:e <$5

pre$4;e& $5 e;; $5 <e% 4t <$5 @$4;e&.:<$%rob;e5 4rt$; ;$;4br$r

T<e %ot4o% %rtre& %&er t<e p$5t re=4me t<$t t<o5e $ppo4%te& to pb;4: o@@4:e oe t<e4r pr4m$r

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


$;;e=4$%:e to t<e $ppo4%t4%= $t<or4t $%& $re $::o%t$b;e to <4m $;o%e $%& %ot to t<e peop;e or

t<e Co%5t4tt4o% m5t be &45:$r&e&. T<e @%:t4o% o@ t<e $ppo4%t4%= $t<or4t 4t< t<e m$%&$te o@

t<e peop;e, %&er or 55tem o@ =oer%me%t, 45 to @4;; t<e pb;4: po5t5. <4;e t<e $ppo4%tee m$

$:%o;e&=e 4t< =r$t4t&e t<e opport%4t t<5 =4e% o@ re%&er4%= pb;4: 5er4:e, t<e $ppo4%t4%=

$t<or4t be:ome5 @%:t5 o@@4:4o $%& t<e pr4m$r ;o$;t o@ t<e $ppo4%te& m5t be re%&ere& to t<eCo%5t4tt4o% $%& t<e 5oere4=% peop;e 4% $::or&$%:e 4t< <45 5$:re& o$t< o@ o@@4:e. To p$r$p<r$5e

t<e ;$te C<4e@ '5t4:e E$r; $rre% o@ t<e U%4te& St$te5 Spreme Cort, t<e '5t4:e5 $%& H&=e5

m5t eer re$;4>e t<$t t<e <$e %o :o%5t4te%:, 5ere %o m$Hor4t %or m4%or4t bt 5ere o%; t<e

pb;4: 4%tere5t $5 t<e 5ee 4t 4% $::or&$%:e 4t< t<e4r o$t< o@ o@@4:e, =4&e& o%; t<e Co%5t4tt4o%

$%& t<e4r o% :o%5:4e%:e $%& <o%or.

K. Note o@ Comme%&$t4o%. — T<e Cort epre55e5 4t5 $ppre:4$t4o% 4t< t<$%5 @or t<e

4%$;$b;e 5er4:e5 re%&ere& b t<e Comm4554o% :ompo5e& o@ ret4re& Spreme Cort '5t4:e

Co%r$&o . -$5Fe>, :<$4rm$%, $%& ret4re& Cort o@ Appe$;5 '5t4:e5 4;$=ro5 Germ$% $%&

E&$r&o C$=4o$ $5 member5. I% t<e pre 5p4r4t o@ pb;4: 5er4:e, t<e re%&ere& 5e;@;e55; $%&

4t<ot rem%er$t4o% t<oro=<, :ompete%t $%& &e&4:$te& 5er4:e 4% &45:<$r=4%= t<e4r t$55 o@

<e$r4%= $%& re:e44%= t<e e4&e%:e, e$;$t4%= t<e 5$me $%& 5bm4tt4%= t<e4r Report $%& @4%&4%=5

to t<e Cort 4t<4% t<e 5:<e&;e& per4o& $%& =re$t; e$54%= t<e Cort’5 br&e%.

ACC#R"INGL!, pet4t4o%er5’ 5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% 45 =r$%te&. T<e re5o;t4o%5 o@

Noember 28, 198K &45m4554%= t<e pet4t4o% $%& o@ +ebr$r J, 1986 &e%4%= pet4t4o%er5’ mot4o%

@or re:o%54&er$t4o% $re <ereb 5et $54&e $%& 4% ;4e t<ereo@, H&=me%t 45 <ereb re%&ere& %;;4@4%=

t<e pro:ee&4%=5 4% re5po%&e%t S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& 4t5 H&=me%t o@ $:F4tt$; 4% Cr4m4%$; C$5e5 No5.

10010 $%& 10011 e%t4t;e& (eop;e o@ t<e (<4;4pp4%e5 . Ge%. Lt<er C5to&4o, Et. A;. $%& or&er4%=$ retr4$; o@ t<e 5$4& :$5e5 <4:< 5<o;& be :o%&:te& 4t< &e;4ber$te &45p$t:< $%& 4t< :$re@;

re=$r& @or t<e reF4reme%t5 o@ &e pro:e55, 5o t<$t t<e trt< m$ be @4%$;; %o% $%& H5t4:e &o%e

to $;;.

T<45 re5o;t4o% 45 4mme&4$te; ee:tor. S# #R"ERE".

!$p, Cr>, ($r$5 $%& +e;4:4$%o, ''., :o%:r.

+er4$, +er%$% $%& N$r$5$, ''., too %o p$rt.

+e;4:4$%o, '., I Ho4% Gt4erre>, 'r., '., 4% <45 5t$teme%t5 4% t<e ;$5t t<ree p$r$=r$p<5 pr4or to t<e

&45po54t4e p$r$=r$p<? o@ <45 Sep$r$te Co%:rr4%= #p4%4o%.

Sep$r$te #p4%4o%5

ELENCI#ERRERA, '., :o%:rr4%=D:<$%rob1e5 4rt$; 1$ ;4br$r

Co%545te%t 4t< <$t I <$& per:e4e& $5 t<e %ee& to e5t$b;45< t<e trt< be<4%& t<e 4:4o5

$55$554%$t4o% o@ t<e ;$te Se%$tor Be%4=%o AF4%o, $5 epre55e& 4% m &455e%t4%= op4%4o% 4%

G$;m$% . ($m$r$% 18 SCRA 29J, 79 [198K]?, $%& 5o t<$t H5t4:e m$ be &o%e, I ote @or t<eretr4$; pr$e& @or b pet4t4o%er5.

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


T<ere 45 re$5o% to be;4ee t<$t 5ome 4t$; e4&e%:e <$& bee% 5ppre55e& b t<e pro5e:t4o%, or t<$t

4t <$& &45re=$r&e&, $5 4mm$ter4$; or 4rre;e$%t, e4&e%:e <4:<, 4@ pre5e%te&, :o;& $@@e:t t<e

ot:ome o@ t<e :$5e. A5 4t 45, t<e pro5e:t4o% @$4;e& to @;; e%t4;$te 4t5 po54t4o% $%& to ;$ ot

be@ore re5po%&e%t Cort $;; t<e pert4%e%t @$:t5 <4:< :o;& <$e <e;pe& t<$t Cort 4% $rr44%= $t $ H5t &e:454o%. It <$&, t<5, @$4;e& 4% 4t5 t$5.

A pb;4: pro5e:tor 45‘t<e repre5e%t$t4e %ot o@ $% or&4%$r p$rt to $ :o%troer5, bt o@ $

5oere4=%t <o5e ob;4=$t4o% to =oer% 4mp$rt4$;; 45 $5 :ompe;;4%= $5 4t5 ob;4=$t4o% to =oer% $t

$;; $%& <o5e 4%tere5t, t<ere@ore, 4% $ :r4m4%$; pro5e:t4o% 45 %ot t<$t 4t 5<$;; 4% $ :$5e bt t<$t

H5t4:e 5<$;; be &o%e. A5 5:<, <e 45 4% $ pe:;4$r $%& eer &e@4%4te 5e%5e t<e 5er$%t o@ t<e ;$,

t<e to @o;& $4m o@ <4:< 45 t<$t =4;t 5<$;; %ot e5:$pe or 4%%o:e%:e 5@@er. [It$;4:5 or5] S$re>

. (;$to%, 69 (<4; KK6 [19J0]?.

e oe5 t<e 5t$te, t<e :ort $%& t<e $::5e& t<e &t to ;$ be@ore t<e :ort t<e pert4%e%t @$:t5 $t

<45 &45po5$; 4t< met<o&4:$; $%& met4:;o5 $tte%t4o%, :;$r4@4%= :o%tr$&4:t4o%5 $%& @4;;4%= p =$p5

$%& ;oop<o;e5 4% <45 e4&e%:e to t<e e%& t<$t t<e :ort’5 m4%& m$ %ot be tortre& b &obt5, t<e

4%%o:e%t m$ %ot 5@@er, $%& t<e =4;t m$ %ot e5:$pe %p%45<e& (eop;e . E5F4e;, 82 (<4;.

JK [19J8]?.

Re5po%&e%t Cort, 4% 5<o4%= p$rt4$;4t @or t<e $::5e& @rom be=4%%4%= to e%&, @rom t<e r$@@;e o@

t<e 5bHe:t :$5e5 to t<e prom;=$t4o% o@ H&=me%t, <4:< $b5o;e& t<e $::5e&, e% m$55e, @rom

$% $%& $;; ;4$b4;4t, 45 eF$;; :;p$b;e @or m45:$rr4$=e o@ H5t4:e. "e pro:e55 o@ ;$, <4:<

reF4re5 $ <e$r4%= be@ore $% 4mp$rt4$; $%& &454%tere5te& tr4b%$; $%& t<e r4=<t o@ eer ;4t4=$%t to%ot<4%= ;e55 t<$% t<e :o;& %etr$;4t o@ $% 4mp$rt4$; '&=e Gt4erre> . S$%to5, 112 (<4;. 18J

[1961] C$5t4;;o . '$%, 62 SCRA 12J [197K]?, $5 4o;$te&.:<$%rob;e5.:om.p< D 4rt$; ;$

;4br$r

T<e pro:ee&4%=5 be;o, <$4%= bee% 4t4$te& b ;$: o@ &e pro:e55, to t<e &etr4me%t o@ t<e St$te

$%& t<e (eop;e, ere 4%$;4& $%& t<e H&=me%t re%&ere& %;; $%& o4& $b 4%4t4o. T<ere <$4%= bee%

%o tr4$; $t $;; 4% :o%temp;$t4o% o@ ;$, t<ere 45 ;4e45e %o H&=me%t o% <4:< $ p;e$ o@ &ob;e

Heop$r& m$ be b$5e&. To e%t4t;e t<e $::5e& to t<e p;e$ o@ @ormer Heop$r&, t<e pro:ee&4%=5

m5t <$e bee% $;4& St$te . B$rt;ett, 16J N.., 7K7 St$te . #’"$ 18K So. 290?. T<e ;$: o@

$% @%&$me%t$; reF454te <4:< o;& re%&er o4& t<e H&=me%t o;& m$e 4%e@@e:t4e $ p;e$ o@

Heop$r& b$5e& o% 5:< pro:ee&4%=5 Stee% . St$te, 2J2 S.. 10J7?.

T<e $::5e&, <oeer, $r=e t<$t &ob;e Heop$r& $tt$:<e5 @or, ee% $55m4%= 4t<ot :o%:e&4%=,

t<$t pre55re $%& :o;;54o% &4& t$e p;$:e, t<e ere %ot $ p$rt to t<e 5$me $%&, @or t<o5e <o

ere :<$r=e& o%; e4t<er $5 $::omp;4:e5 or $::e55or4e5, t<e :o%te%& t<$t t<e4r $;;e=e& o@@e%5e

4%o;e& o%; $ :oerp 4% t<e 4%e5t4=$t4o% o@ t<e :r4me5 5o t<$t, <$teer pre55re $5 eerte&

:o;& o%; <$e be%e@4te& t<e pr4%:4p$;5, :o%5eFe%t;, to 5bHe:t t<em to $ retr4$; 45 to pt t<em

t4:e 4% Heop$r&.

It 45 tre t<$t <ere $% $::5e& $5 %ot $ p$rt to t<e @r$&, $ :o%4:t4o% 5e:re& @r$&;e%t; b

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


t<e St$te’5 o@@4:er :$%%ot be $o4&e& b t<e 5t$te St$te . e@;4%, 96 So. JK9,19 A;$. App. 222?.

oeer, t<$t e:ept4o% 45 4%$pp;4:$b;e to t<e :$5e5 $t b$r <ere bot< t<e pro5e:t4o% $%& t<e

Tr4$; Cort 4t5e;@ ere p$rt4e5 to t<e @r$& $%& :o;;54o%. Nor :$% 4t be 5$4& t<$t t<e $::5e& ere

%ot $ p$rt t<ereo@. T<e $=reeme%t to @4;e t<e mr&er :<$r=e 4% Cort 5o t<$t, $@ter be4%= $:F4tte&

$5 p;$%%e&, t<e $::5e& :o;& %o ;o%=er be pro5e:te& %&er t<e &o:tr4%e o@ &ob;e Heop$r& t<e:$te=or4>$t4o% o@ t<e $::5e& 4%to pr4%:4p$;5, $::omp;4:e5 $%& $::e55or4e5 5o t<$t %ot $;; o@ t<em

o;& be &e%4e& b$4; &r4%= t<e tr4$;, ere @r$&;e%t; :o%:e4e& @or t<e4r be%e@4t $%& @or t<e

prpo5e o@ prote:t4%= t<em @rom 5b5eFe%t pro5e:t4o%. It 45, t<5, %o b$r to $ 5b5eFe%t

pro5e:t4o% @or t<e 5$me o@@e%5e Com$5 . Sper4or Cort, 192 (. 2&. JJ9, JK2, 1 C. 2&. 682?.

A er&4:t o@ $:F4tt$; pro:re& b t<e $::5e& b @r$& $%& :o;;54o% 45 $ %;;4t $%& &oe5 %ot pt

<4m 4% Heop$r& $%& :o%5eFe%t;, 4t 45 %o b$r to $ 5e:o%& tr4$; @or t<e 5$me o@@e%5e St$te . Lee,

0A. 1110, 6K Co%%. 26K, J8 Am. S.R. 202, 27 L. RA. J98?.

T<e pro:ee&4%=5 be;o <$4%= bee% @$t$;; @;$e& b pre55re, @r$& $%& :o;;54o%, 4t< t<e ;e=$;

:o%5eFe%:e t<$t t<ere $5 %o tr4$; $%& H&=me%t to 5pe$ o@, $%& %&er t<e :4r:m5t$%:e5

pe:;4$r o%; to t<e5e :$5e5, I ote @or $ retr4$; 4% t<e 4%tere5t o@ trt< $%& t<e e%&5 o@ pb;4:

H5t4:e. A5 4% $;; :r4m4%$; pro:ee&4%=5, <oeer, t<e $::5e& m5t be =$r$%tee& $ @$4r, 5pee&,

$%& 4mp$rt4$; retr4$; be@ore $% %b4$5e& Tr4b%$; $%& pro5e:tor $%&, I m4=<t $&&, 5$@e=$r&e&

$=$4%5t tr4$; b pb;4:4t.

ALA(A!, '., :o%:rr4%=D:<$%rob1e5 4rt$; 1$ ;4br$r

Co%54&er4%= t<$t :ert$4% 54=%4@4:$%t @$:t5 $%& :4r:m5t$%:e5 %ot pre4o5; &45:;o5e& to t<e Cort

ere @o%& b t<e Comm4554o% :o%5t4tte& b t<45 Cort, prpo5e; to 4%F4re $%& $5:ert$4% t<eer$:4t o@ t<e 5$me, to be &; e5t$b;45<e& b 5@@4:4e%t e4&e%:e $%& $re 4%&4:$t4e o@ $ 5:r4pte&

$%& pre&eterm4%e& m$%%er o@ <$%&;4%= $%& &45po54%= o@ t<e AF4%oG$;m$% mr&er :$5e . . .

$%& t<$t t<ere e45t5 $&eF$te :re&4b;e e4&e%:e 5<o4%= t<$t t<e pro5e:t4o% 4% t<e AF4%o

G$;m$% :$5e $%& t<e '5t4:e5 <o tr4e& $%& &e:4&e& t<e 5$me $:te& %&er t<e :omp;54o% o@ 5ome

pre55re <4:< proe& to be beo%& t<e4r :$p$:4t to re545t $%& <4:< %ot o%; pree%te& t<e

pro5e:t4o% to @;; e%t4;$te 4t5 po54t4o% $%& to o@@er $;; t<e e4&e%:e5 4t :o;& <$e ot<er45e

pre5e%te&, bt $;5o pre&eterm4%e& t<e ot:ome o@ t<e :$5e . . . I Ho4% 4% =r$%t4%= pet4t4o%er5’

5e:o%& mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o%.

I% m :o%54&ere& 4e, t<e e%&5 o@ '5t4:e 4;; be be5t 5ere& b $;;o4%= t<e tr4$; $%e o@ t<e

5bHe:t :$5e5 4% or&er to ;t4m$te; obt$4% $ H&=me%t t<$t 4;; be remoe& @rom $% 55p4:4o% o@

$tte%&$%t 4rre=;$r4t4e5. 4t< t<e =re$te5t 54=%4@4:$%:e be4%= =4e% b or peop;e to t<e 5$4& :$5e5,

<4:< $re e4&e%t; o@ <45tor4:$; 4mport$%:e, I $m re$&4; per5$&e& t<$t 4t 45 to or %$t4o%$;

4%tere5t t<$t $;; re;e$%t e4&e%:e t<$t m$ be %o $$4;$b;e be pro4&e& $% opport%4t to be

re:e4e& $%& m$&e %o% 5o t<$t <$teer 45 t<e $:t$; trt< :$% be r4=<t@;; $5:ert$4%e&.

I, t<ere@ore, ote @or $ &e:;$r$t4o% o@ m45tr4$; $%& @or %;;4@4%= t<e pro:ee&4%=5 o@ t<e re@erre&

Cr4m4%$; C$5e5 No5. 10010 $%& 10011 be@ore t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& t<e or&er4%= o@ $ retr4$;.

GUTIERRE), 'R., '., :o%:rr4%=D:<$%rob1e5 4rt$; 1$ ;4br$r

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


#% Noember 28, 198K, t<45 Cort &45m455e& t<e pet4t4o% @or :ert4or$r4 $%& pro<4b4t4o% 4t<

pre;4m4%$r 4%H%:t4o% $%& ;4@te& $ Tempor$r Re5tr$4%4%= #r&er e$r;4er =r$%te&. e $re %o

$:t4%= o% $ mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o% @4;e& b t<e pet4t4o%er5.

<e% t<e Cort 4%4t4$;; &45m455e& t<e pet4t4o%, I 455e& $ 5ep$r$te :o%:rr4%= $%& &455e%t4%=

op4%4o%. T<e 455e5 be@ore 5 ere %oe; $%& mome%to5. I @e;t t<$t 4% 4mme&4$te; &45m4554%= t<e

pet4t4o%, e ere &e%4%= t<e pet4t4o%er5 eer re$5o%$b;e opport%4t to proe t<e4r $;;e=$t4o%5 o@

%o%4%&epe%&e%t $%& b4$5e& :o%&:t o@ bot< t<e pro5e:t4o% $%& t<e tr4$; :ort. I 5t$te& t<$t t<e

455e5 o@ m45:$rr4$=e o@ H5t4:e $%& &e pro:e55 $r454%= @rom t<$t :o%&:t 5<o;& be $;;oe& more

ete%&e& tre$tme%t. 4t< t<e% A55o:4$te '5t4:e5 C;$&4o Tee<$%ee $%& -4:e%te Ab$& S$%to5, I,

t<ere@ore, &455e%te& @rom t<e Cort’5 re5o;t4o% &e%4%= t<e pet4t4o%er5’ mot4o%5 to :o%t4%e

pre5e%t4%= t<e4r :$5e.

S4%:e t<e m$Hor4t o@ t<e Cort, <oeer, <$& &e:4&e& to re5o;e t<e pet4t4o% o% 4t5 mer4t5 $%& t<e

@4%&4%=5 o@ t<e -$5Fe> Comm4554o% ere 5t4;; @or t<e @tre, I :o%:rre& 4% t<e re5;t o@ t<45

Cort’5 $:t4o% o% to =ro%&5 — 1? t<e r4=<t o@ t<e $::5e& to 5pee& tr4$; $%& 2? t<e

pre5mpt4o% 4% ;$ t<$t H&4:4$; $:t5 $re re=;$r; per@orme& $%& t<$t pb;4: o@@4:er5 <$e

&45:<$r=e& t<e4r &t4e5 4% $::or&$%:e 4t< ;$.

T<e @4%&4%=5 o@ t<e -$5Fe> Comm4554o% %o :o%@4rm m 4%4t4$; m45=44%=5 $%& more t<$%

oer:ome t<e pre5mpt4o% o@ re=;$r per@orm$%:e o@ o@@4:4$; &t po% <4:< I b$5e& m

:o%:rre%:e.

<$t ere 5ome o@ t<e5e m45=44%=5 %o =4e% 5b5t$%:e b t<e 4%e5t4=$t4o%O

45tr4$; 45 5$;; r$45e& b t<e $::5e&. I% t<45 pet4t4o% %e4t<er t<e $::5e& %or t<e pro5e:t4o%

5$ $%t<4%= ro%= 4% t<e pro:ee&4%=5. e <$& t<e %5$; p<e%ome%o% o@ t<e re;$t4e5 o@ o%e

4:t4m, prom4%e%t ;$er5 $%& ;$ pro@e55or5, $%& ret4re& '5t4:e5 $55m4%= t<e %:ommo% ro;e

o@ $;;e=4%= %ot o%; $ b4$5e& S$%&4=$%b$$% bt $;5o $ T$%o&b$$% <o;&4%= b$: 4t5 o%

e4&e%:e. I%5te$& o@ $;;o4%= t<e <e$te& p$554o%5 $%& emot4o%5 =e%er$te& b t<e AF4%o

$55$554%$t4o% to :oo; o@@ or &4e &o%, t<e $::5e& 4%545te& o% t<e 4mme&4$te re%&4t4o% o@ $

&e:454o%.

T<e S$%&4=$%b$$% 45 5$;; 5ober $%& re5pe:t@; 4% 4t5 re;$t4o%5 4t< t<e Spreme Cort. I,

t<ere@ore, @o%& 4t 5tr$%=e $%& %@ort%$te <, 4% 4t5 Comme%t, t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% 5<o;&

Fe5t4o% or $t<or4t to ;oo 4%to t<e eer:45e o@ 4t5 Hr45&4:t4o%. T<ere $5 t<e @rt<er m$tter o@

te;e454o% :$mer$5 &r4%= tr4$;, t<e4r e@@e:t o% t<e 4t%e55e5 $%& t<e H&=e5, $%& ot<er m45:<4eo5

pote%t4$;4t4e5.

T<e report o@ t<e -$5Fe> Comm4554o% %o 5<o5 t<$t t<ere $5 more to t<e5e m45=44%=5 $%&

55p4:4o%5 t<$% $ppe$re& 4% t<e re:or&5 $t t<$t t4me. T<e Cort’5 op4%4o% pe%%e& b t<e C<4e@

'5t4:e 5t$te5 4% &et$4; < t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $5 %ot $% 4mp$rt4$; tr4b%$; $%& t<e T$%o&b$$%%ot $% %b4$5e& pro5e:tor.

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


T<e r4=<t $=$4%5t &ob;e Heop$r& 45 4%te%&e& to prote:t $=$4%5t repe$te& ;4t4=$t4o%5 $%& :o%t4%o5

<$r$55me%t o@ $ per5o% <o <$5 $;re$& %&er=o%e t<e $=o% o@ pro5e:t4o% $%& tr4$; @or o%e $%&

t<e 5$me o@@e%5e. It :ert$4%; $5 %eer I%te%&e& to :oer $ 54t$t4o% <ere t<e pro5e:t4o%

5ppre55e5 5ome o@ 4t5 o% e4&e%:e, <ere t<e $::5e& :orre:t; $%& e$=er; $%t4:4p$te $ H&=me%t o@ $:F4tt$;, $%& <ere t<e :ort $ppe$r5 to <$e m$&e p 4t5 m4%& ee% be@ore tr4$; <$5

5t$rte&.

U%&er t<e :4r:m5t$%:e5 @o%& b t<e -$5Fe> Comm4554o%, t<ere $5 $ @$4;re o@ tr4$;

t$%t$mo%t to %o tr4$; $t $;;. A moromoro :o;& %ot po554b; re5;t 4% $ H5t or $;4& &e:454o%.

I $m, <oeer, :o%5tr$4%e& to r4te t<45 5ep$r$te op4%4o% to emp<$54>e $ :o%:er% o@ t<45 Cort $%&

o@ $;; +4;4p4%o5 <o $%t =e%4%e H5t4:e to be re$;4>e& 4% t<45 :$5e.

I% t<e 5$me $ t<$t e &ep;ore t<e pre55re5 $%& p$rt4$;4t <4:< ;e& to t<e H&=me%t o@

$:F4tt$;, e m5t 4%5re t<$t $b5o;te; %o 4%&4:$t4o% o@ b4$5, preH&=me%t, or 4%&4:t4e%e55 5<$;;

t$4%t t<e retr4$; o@ t<45 :$5e. T<e @$4r; 5tro%= ;$%=$=e 5e& b t<e Cort 4% 4t5 m$4% op4%4o%

%&er5:ore5 t<e =r$4t 4t< <4:< 4t 4e5 t<e tr$e5t4e5 o@ H5t4:e 4% t<45 tr4$; o@ t<e :e%tr. At

t<e 5$me t4me, %ot<4%= epre55e& 4% or op4%4o% 5<o;& be 4%terprete& $5 t<e Spreme Cort’5

m$4%= $ @$:t$; @4%&4%=, o%e $ or $%ot<er, $bot t<e perpetr$tor5 o@ t<e AF4%o or t<e G$;m$%

4;;4%=. A% 5t$teme%t5 $bot t<e :4r:m5t$%:e5 o@ t<e $55$554%$t4o% or $bot t<e m4;4t$r er54o%

o@ t<e 4;;4%=5 $re 4%te%&e& 5o;e; @or o%e 455e <et<er or %ot t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $:F4tt$;5

5<o;& be 5et $54&e $%& $ retr4$; or&ere&.

Ne4t<er or @4%$; re5o;t4o% o@ t<45 pet4t4o%, t<e 5t$tre o@ t<e per5o%5 4%o;e&, p$445$m$, t$%=

%$ ;oob @or $% $ppo4%tme%t or re$ppo4%tme%t, or $% ot<er etr$%eo5 m$tter5 5<o;& :o;or or

4%@;e%:e t<e @tre :or5e o@ t<45 :$5e.

Nee&;e55 to 5$, $% per5o% <o, 4% t<e p$5t, m$ <$e @orm$;; epre55e& op4%4o%5 $bot t<e

4%%o:e%:e or =4;t o@ t<e $::5e& 5<o;& be %e4t<er $ pro5e:tor or H&=e 4% $% @ort<:om4%= tr4$;.

It 45 %ot e%o=< @or t<e @tre pro:ee&4%=5 to be @$4r t<e 5<o;& be $boe $% 55p4:4o% o@

p$rt4$;4t, b4$5, r$%:or, or 4%&4:t4e%e55. It o;& be %@ort%$te 4@, 4% t<e :o%&:t o@ @rt<er

pro:ee&4%=5 4% t<45 :$5e, erro%eo5 4mpre554o%5 m$ $r45e t<$t $ pro5e:tor or H&=e <$5 preH&=e&

t<e =4;t or 4%%o:e%:e o@ $% $::5e&. $4%= H5t &e:;$re& $ m45tr4$;, e 5<o;& %ot $=$4% &e:;$re

t<e retr4$; $5 $%ot<er m45tr4$;, $& 4%@4%4tm.

+or t<e re$5o%5 $boe5t$te&, I :o%:r 4% t<e &e:454o% o@ t<e Cort to =r$%t t<e pet4t4o%er5’ 5e:o%&

mot4o% @or re:o%54&er$t4o%.

+e;4:4$%o, '., :o%:r 4% t<e ;$5t t<ree p$r$=r$p<5 pr4or to t<e &45po54t4e p$r$=r$p<?.

E%&%ote5D

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


// +r$%:45 G$r:<4tore%$ 4t<&re $5 :opet4t4o%er 4% 4e o@ <45 $ppo4%tme%t $%& $55mpt4o% o@

o@@4:e $5 (re54&4%= '5t4:e o@ t<e S$%&4=$%b$$% o% $ K, 1986, per t<e Re5o;t4o% o@ $ 1K,

1986.

/// T<e mot4o% @or 4%tere%t4o% o@ 2K $::5e& =e%er$;5 $%& m4;4t$r me% $%& o%e :44;4$% $5

=r$%te& 4% t<e Cort’5 Re5o;t4o% o@ Noember 2J, 198K. (et4t4o%er5 4% t<e4r $%4@e5t$t4o% o@

Noember 22, 198K ;4e45e 4mp;e$&e& t<e 5$4& 26 $::5e& $5 pr4$te re5po%&e%t5.

1. See AF4%o . 4;4t$r Comm4554o% No. 2, Et A;., 6 SCRA KJ6 $ 9, 197K?. N4%o

AF4%o’5 mot4o% o@ Apr4; 1J, 197K to 4t<&r$ <45 pet4t4o% :<$;;e%=4%= t<e Hr45&4:t4o% o@

m4;4t$r tr4b%$;5 oer :44;4$%5 4t< <45 ;etter 5t$t4%=, 4%ter $;4$, <45 re$5o%5 @or :o%t4%4%= t<e

<%=er 5tr4e <e? be=$% te% &$5 $=o, t<$t <e? @e;t t<$t t<e :$5e <e? <$& @4;e& 54%:e 197 4% t<e

Spreme Cort <$& be:ome me$%4%=;e55 t<$t <e <$5 &e:4&e& to p;$:e <45? @$te $%& <45? ;4@e

5F$re; 4% t<e <$%&5 o@ .. r. $r:o5 $5 &e%4e& b $ 5ee%tot<ree ote.

2. Co;. G. o%$5$%, T4me 455e o@ $r:< 10, 1986 4%45ter E%r4;e, Ne5ee 455e o@ $r:<

, 1986.

. (.". 1886 &$te& #:tober 1J, 198 $%& Ame%&$tor (.". 190 &$te& +ebr$r 8, 198J.

J. A5 $5 $ m$tter o@ pb;4: %o;e&=e, t<e ;o:$; me&4$ ere 5bHe:t to er t4=<t re4% b t<e

re=4me. T<ere $5 t<e 4ro%4: :$5e o@ Romme; Corro, pb;45<ere&4tor o@ t<e (<4;4pp4%e T4me5. 45

p$per $5 r$4&e&, p$&;o:e& $%& :;o5e& &o% b <e$4; $rme& 5o;&4er5 o% September 29, 198,$@ter <e <$& pb;45<e& t<ere4% repr4%t5 o@ 4re 5tor4e5 o% N4%o AF4%o’5 $55$554%$t4o%, 4>. t<$t

<45 $55$554%$t4o% $5 t<e pro&:t o@ $ m4;4t$r :o%5p4r$:. #% #:tober 1, 198, Corro <4m5e;@ $5

&et$4%e& %&er $ (ree%t4e "ete%t4o% or&er 455e& b t<e t<e% (re54&e%t $%& <e $5 t<ere$@ter

:<$r=e& 4% :ort 4t< 4%:4t4%= to 5e&4t4o% 4t< %o b$4; re:omme%&e&. e $5 report4%= o%; <$t

peop;e <ere $%& $bro$& <$& bee% t<4%4%= $%& t$;4%= $bot t<e AF4%o $55$554%$t4o%. T<e

(re54&e%t’5 +$:t +4%&4%= Bo$r&’5 o@@4:4$; report ;$ter bore ot $%& $@@4rme& <$t Corro <$&

pb;45<e& t<e e$r be@ore t<$t AF4%o’5 $55$554%$t4o%mr&er $5 &e to $ m4;4t$r :o%5p4r$:.

So o% Noember 8, 198J, po% $ <$be$5 :orp5 pet4t4o%, t<e Spreme Cort or&ere& <45 re;e$5e o%

re:o=%4>$%:e o@ <45 o% ;$er5. T<e t<e% (re54&e%t ;4@te& t<e ("A. Bt Corro %eer =ot b$: <45

%e5p$per %t4; $@ter t<e t<e% (re54&e%t $5 &epo5e&, oert<ro% $%& @;e& t<e :o%tr 4%

+ebr$r, 1986.

K. T<e @4r5t Bo$r& <e$&e& b t<e% C<4e@ '5t4:e E%r4Fe . +er%$%&o $%& :ompo5e& o@ @or

ret4re& Spreme Cort '5t4:e5 re54=%e&, $@ter 4t5 :ompo54t4o% $5 :<$;;e%=e& 4% $% $:t4o% @4;e& 4%

t<e Spreme Cort. T<ere$@ter, @ormer Se%$tor Artro . To;e%t4%o &e:;4%e& $ppo4%tme%t $5 bo$r&

:<$4rm$%.

6. Compo5e& o@ ret4re& Cort o@ Appe$;5 '5t4:e Cor$>o% '. A=r$$, :<$4rm$%, $%& ;$er

L:4$%o E. S$;$>$r, b54%e55m$% "$%te G. S$%to5, ;$bor ;e$&er Er%e5to +. errer$ $%& e&:$tor Am$&o C. "4>o%, member5.

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


7. r. P 5. 5pe:4$; e&4t4o% o@ #:t. 26No. 1, 198J, p. 11.

8. I&em, p. 12.

9. T4me5'or%$; 455e o@ #:tober 2K, 198J.

10. Re:or&, -o;. I, pp. 2J2K.

10$. T<e Cort per 4t5 Re5o;t4o% o@ No. 1J, 198K reF4re& re5po%&e%t5’ :omme%t o% t<e

pet4t4o% b No. 18, 198K $%& 5et t<e p;e$ @or re5tr$4%4%= or&er @or <e$r4%= $t D00 p.m. o@ t<e 5$me

&$. R$mo% C. AF4%o, '., Ho4%e& b +e;4 -. $$54$r, C.'., ote& to &45m455 otr4=<t t<e pet4t4o%

o% t<e =ro%&5 t<$t T<e S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& T$%o&b$$% $:te& 4t<4% t<e4r Hr45&4:t4o% 4% tr4%=

t<e :$5e, pet4t4o%er5 $re %e4t<er pb;4: pro5e:tor5 %or t<e $::5e& $%& <$e %o :$5e @or

$:t4o%, :o%:;&4%= t<$t t<e pet4t4o% 45 %oe; $%& %pre:e&e%te& @or t<e 54%=;e re$5o% t<$t 4t 45

&eo4& o@ $% ;e=$; b$545.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

11. A5 per t<e Cort’5 Re5o;t4o% o@ Noember 18, 198K, Se%4or A55o:4$te '5t4:e C;$&4o

Tee<$%ee $%& A55o:4$te '5t4:e5 -4:e%te Ab$& S$%to5, E@re% I. (;$%$, -e%4:4o E5:o;4%, =o

Gt4erre>, 'r., Be%$e%tr$ &e ;$ +e%te, Ser$@4% Ce$5, Ne5tor A;$mp$ $%& L4%o ($t$Ho ote&

to 455e t<e re5tr$4%4%= or&er, $%& $$54$r, C.'. $%& R$mo% C. AF4%o, '. re4ter$te& t<e4r ote5 to

&45m455 t<e pet4t4o%. Co%:ep:4o%, 'r. $%& e;e%:4oerrer$, ''., ere $b5e%t $%& Re;o$, '. $5 o%

;e$e.

12. A5 per t<e Cort’5 Re5o;t4o% o@ Noember 28, 198K, C<4e@ '5t4:e R$mo% C. AF4%o $%&

A55o:4$te '5t4:e5 ermo=e%e5 Co%:ep:4o%, 'r., E@re% I. (;$%$, -e%4:4o E5:o;4%, =o Gt4erre>,

'r., Be%$e%tr$ &e ;$ +e%te, Ser$@4% R. Ce$5, Ne5tor A;$mp$ $%& L4%o ($t$Ho 5o ote& to

&45m455 t<e pet4t4o%. Tee<$%ee $%& Ab$& S$%to5, ''., @4;e& 5ep$r$te &455e%t4%= op4%4o%5. Gt4erre>,

'r., '. @4;e& $ :o%:rr4%= $%& &455e%t4%= op4%4o%. e;e%:4oerrer$ $%& Re;o$, ''., ere o% ;e$e.

Tee<$%ee, '. 5t$te& 4% <45 &455e%t $%& ote @or =r$%t4%= pet4t4o%er5 t<e reFe5te& K&$ per4o& $%&

to 5et t<e :$5e @or <e$r4%= o% t<e mer4t5D I @$4; to 5ee t<e %ee& o@ r5<4%= t<e re;e$5e o@ t<e

m$Hor4t re5o;t4o% o@ &45m455$; :o%54&er4%= t<$t 4t $5 m$&e F4te :;e$r $t t<e <e$r4%= o% t<e

pet4t4o% @or 455$%:e o@ $ tempor$r re5tr$4%4%= or&er o% Noember 16, 198K t<$t t<e mer4t5 o@ t<e

pet4t4o% o;& be <e$r& b t<e Cort $@ter t<e p$rt4e5 <$& opport%4t to @4;e t<e4r p;e$&4%=5 5:<

$5 $% $me%&e& pet4t4o% to 4mp;e$& t<e $::5e& $5 e;; $5 t<e (eop;e $5 p$rt4e5 re5po%&e%t5,

be54&e5 =44%= t<e pet4t4o%er5 $% opport%4t to rep; to t<e :omme%t5 @4;e& b t<e or4=4%$;

re5po%&e%t5 S$%&4=$%b$$% $%& T$%o&b$$%. e $&&e& t<$t t<e pet4t4o% &e5ere& $ @;;&re55

<e$r4%= o% t<e mer4t5 t<$t t<e per5o%$;4t o@ t<e o@@e%&e& p$rt 5:< $5 S$tr%4%$ ". G$;m$% 4%

&45F$;4@4:$t4o% :$5e5 to @4;e t<e $:t4o% 4%&epe%&e%t; o@ t<e pro5e:t4o% to 5top t<e re%&4t4o% o@ $

po554b;e H&=me%t o@ $:F4tt$; b $ b4$5e& :ort <4:< o;& ;e$e t<e o@@e%&e& p$rt 4t<ot $%

reme& %or $ppe$; 4% 4e o@ t<e &ob;e Heop$r& r;e <$5 ;o%= bee% re:o=%4>e&, 54%:e t<e 1969

:$5e o@ ($re&e5 . Gope%=:o, 29 SCRA 688, %ot to me%t4o% t<e oerr4&4%= $%& tr$%5:e%&4%= pb;4:4%tere5t.

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


Ab$& S$%to5, '., 4% &455e%t4%= $%& ot4%= t<$t T<e m4%4mm tre$tme%t <4:< t<e pet4t4o%

&e5ere5 45 $ @;;&re55 <e$r4%= o% t<e mer4t5, pre@$:e& 5$me 4t< t<e 5t$teme%t t<$t I %eer <$&

$% 4;;54o% :o%:er%4%= t<e ;t4m$te @$te o@ t<e 4%5t$%t pet4t4o%, bt t<e pre:4p4t$te &45m455$; tr;

$m$>e5 me.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

1. E5:o;4%, '. $5 $b5e%t.

1J. Gt4erre>, 'r., '., :4t4%= t<e mome%to5 455e5 o@ &e pro:e55 $%& =r$e $erme%t5 o@

m45:$rr4$=e o@ H5t4:e, :$5t $ &455e%t4%= ote $=$4%5t t<e m$Hor4t re5o;t4o% to &e% pet4t4o%er5 t<e

br4e@ K&$ ete%54o% to @4;e $ rep; $%& to 4mme&4$te; &45m455 or &e% t<e pet4t4o% 4t$;4:5

:op4e&?, 5t$t4%= t<$t pet4t4o%er5 5<o;& be =4e% eer re$5o%$b;e opport%4t to 5<o t<e mer4t

o@ t<e% pet4t4o%. e per5o%$;; @o%& 4t 4%tr4=4%= @or t<e $::5e& 4% $ 5e%5$t4o%$; &ob;e mr&er

:$5e 4%o;4%= t<e r$;;4%= @4=re o@ t<e po;4t4:$; oppo54t4o% to 5tro%=; 4%545t o% $% 4mme&4$te

&e:454o%. e epre55e& &45trb$%:e < t<e ‘tr4$; o@ t<e :e%tr <ere $;; t<e $::5e&, e:ept

@or o%e :44;4$%, $re m4;4t$r o@@4:4$;5 $%& <ere 4t%e55e5 $re %&er5t$%&$b; re;:t$%t to :ome

@or$r&,’ 5<o;& <$e bee% te;e45e& $t $;;. Bt <e :o%:rre& 4% t<e re5;t5 o@ t<e m$Hor4t

re5o;t4o% o@ 4mme&4$te &45m455$; o@ t<e pet4t4o% o% t<e pre5mpt4o% t<$t H&4:4$; $:t5 ere

re=;$r; per@orme& $%& t<$t pb;4: o@@4:er5 <$e &45:<$r=e& t<e4r &t4e5 4% $::or&$%:e 4t<

;$.:r$;$ 4rt$1$ ;4br$r

1K. T<e Cort, t<e% :ompo5e& o@ te% member5, Tee<$%ee, C.'. $%& Co%:ep:4o% 'r., Ab$& S$%to5,

e;e%:4oerrer$, (;$%$, E5:o;4%, Gt4erre>, 'r., Ce$5, A;$mp$ $%& ($t$Ho, ''., ote&

%$%4mo5;.

1K$. -o;. III, Re:or&, p. 70.

16. 6 p$=e5 5o %mbere& 4t< $% $&&4t4o%$; p$=e 19A.

17. '5t4:e Co%r$&o . -$5Fe> $5 $&m4tte& to t<e B$r 4% 197. e o::p4e& 5::e554e; t<e

po54t4o%5 o@ C<4e@, Le=$; Re5e$r:< "4454o%, $%& C<4e@, L$ "4454o%, o@ t<e "ep$rtme%t o@

'5t4:e, be@ore <45 $ppo4%tme%t $5 '&=e o@ t<e Cort o@ +4r5t I%5t$%:e 19KJ197?. e $5

A55o:4$te '5t4:e o@ t<e Cort o@ Appe$;5 @or K e$r5 1971978? %t4; <45 :omp;5or ret4reme%t

$t $=e 6K o% September , 197. e $5 :$;;e& b$: @rom ret4reme%t $%& $ppo4%te& A55o:4$te

'5t4:e o@ t<e Spreme Cort o% $ 1J, 1982 %t4; <45 :omp;5or ret4reme%t $t $=e 70 o%

September , 198.

'5t4:e 4;$=ro5 Germ$% $5 $&m4tte& to t<e B$r 4% 19J0. S<e o::p4e& t<e po54t4o%5 o@ A5545t$%t

+45:$; o@ $%4;$ 19J819K9? '&=e, C4t Cort o@ $%4;$ 19K91962? '&=e o@ t<e Cort o@

A=r$r4$% Re;$t4o%5 196K1978? $%& A55o:4$te '5t4:e o@ t<e Cort o@ Appe$;5 +ebr$r 1K, 1978

%t4; <er :omp;5or ret4reme%t o% #:tober , 198K?.

'5t4:e E&$r&o C$=4o$ $5 $&m4tte& to t<e B$r 4% 19J0. e $5 $% $:t4e ;$ pr$:t4t4o%er $%&;$ pro@e55or. e $5 $ppo4%te& '&=e o@ t<e Cort o@ +4r5t I%5t$%:e o% $ 12, 1971 %t4;

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


'$%$r 16, 198 <e% <e $5 promote& to t<e Cort o@ Appe$;5, %t4; <45 :omp;5or ret4reme%t

o% $r:< 1J, 1986.

18. Comm4554o%’5 Report, pp. 29KD It$;4:5 5pp;4e&.

19. Comm4554o%’5 Report, p. 27.

20. I&em, p. 8.

21. I&em, pp. J0J.

22. T<e t<4%= 5pe$5 @or 4t5e;@..

2. A::or&4%= to Ge%. #;4$5’ :o%5e;, Att. N. *45mb4%=’5 5t$teme%t $t ;$5t A=5t 26t<

<e$r4%=, <$t :o;& <$e :o%:er%e& (re54&e%t $r:o5 to me <$t :o%:er%e& <4m 4% t<e

5e:r4t o@ t<e St$te. "4& <e ;4e t<e &emo%5tr$tor5 to =o b$: to t<e 5treet5.O

2J. Se:. 22 o@ t<e B4;; o@ R4=<t5 pro4&e5D No per5o% 5<$;; be t4:e pt 4% Heop$r& o@

p%45<me%t @or t<e 5$me o@@e%5e. I@ $% $:t 45 p%45<e& b $ ;$ $%& $% or&4%$%:e, :o%4:t4o% or

$:F4tt$; %&er e4t<er 5<$;; :o%5t4tte $ b$r to $%ot<er pro5e:t4o% @or t<e 5$me $:t.:r$;$

4rt$1$ ;4br$r

2K. Spr$, @%. 1 o% p$=e <ereo@.

26. Art4:;e 2J, Re45e& (e%$; Co&e.

26$. See t<e r4ter ’5 5ep$r$te op4%4o% 4% G.R. No5. 6902K $%& 690J6 Artro . &e C$5tro

. o%. E5te;4to e%&o>$, Et. A;.?, '%e J, 198KD (et4t4o%er5 :4te ;o%=5t$%&4%= ;$5 $%& pr$:t4:e

t<$t Arme& +or:e5 o@@4:er5 $%& me% $re e:;54e; tr4e& $%& p%45<e& b t<e ee:t4e pro:e55 o@

:ort m$rt4$; pr5$%t to t<e Art4:;e5 o@ $r. Bt re5po%&e%t m4%45ter &45:;o5e& $t t<e <e$r4%= o@

or$; $r=me%t5 o% Noember 8, 198J t<e 455$%:e o@ (.". No. 19K2 &$te& September K, 198J

:o%:e&e&; %ot pb;45<e& %or &45:;o5e& pr4or to 5$4& &$te <ereb ‘t<e (re54&e%t m$, 4% t<e

4%tere5t o@ H5t4:e, or&er or &4re:t, $t $% t4me be@ore $rr$4=%me%t, t<$t $ p$rt4:;$r :$5e be tr4e& b

t<e $ppropr4$te :44; :ort’ $%& t<ereb $4e t<e m$%&$tor :ort m$rt4$; Hr45&4:t4o%.:r$;$

4rt$1$ ;4br$r

26b. #5me$, 'r. . Se:ret$r o@ '5t4:e, J1 SCRA 199, 20K 1971?.

27. 18 SCRA 166 A=. 16, 198K? per $$54$r, C.'. ret4re&?. See $;5o Comb$te . S$% 'o5e,

'r., 1K SCRA 69 Apr4; 1K, 198K?, per e;e%:4oerrer$, '. $%& (eop;e . C$to;4:o, 8 SCRA

89 1971?, per Tee<$%ee, '., (eop;e . N$$rro, 6 SCRA 26J 197K?, per E.A. +er%$%&e>, '.

27$. U . Ge%$to, L799, K7 SCRA 12 [$ 29, 197J] Ser4%o . So5$, L116, J0SCRA J [A=. 1, 1971] (eop;e . Gome>, L22JK, 20 SCRA 29 [$ 29, 1967] (eop;e .

8/9/2019 2. galman v sb


B$;45$:$%, L2676, 17 SCRA 1119 [A=. 1, 1966].

28. "ept T$%o&b$$% errer$’5 Comme%t &$te& Apr4; 1J, 1986, 5ee A%%e ".

29. #;m5te$& . U.S., 277 U.S. J8, &455e%t4%= op4%4o% o@ Br$%&e45, '.

0. 101 SCRA JK0 1980?, per e;e%:4oerrer$, '., It$;4:5 5pp;4e&.

1. "ept T$%o&b$$%’5 Comme%t5 &$te& Apr4; 1J, 1986.

2. I&em.

. 29 SCRA 688 1969?, per Tee<$%ee, '.

J. C@. $teo . -4;;$;>, K0 SCRA 19 (4me%te; . S$;o%=$, 21 SCRA 160 LFe . $$%$%,

29 SCRA 16K.

K. 1 SCRA 1K0, 198J? per Ab$& S$%to5, '. ret4re&? %ote5 4% br$:et5 5pp;4e&.

6. 86 SCRA 0K 1978? per Tee<$%ee, '.

7. E:ept @or t<e r4ter <o $5 $ppo4%te& $%& too <45 o$t< o@ o@@4:e $5 C<4e@ '5t4:e o% Apr4;

2%&. See @oot%ote 1K, o% p. 1.

G.R. No. 72670 September 12, 1986 SATURNINA GALAN, ET AL. .SAN"IGANBA!AN, ET AL.

2. galman v sb

Documents

Transcript of 2. galman v sb