$. dm`. ~r. H$m° À`m ~±H$ ì`dgm` Am{U {dÎmnwadR>m `m {df ... · Promissory note, Bill of...

i

nwUo {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m OyZ 2013 nmgyZ gwé Pmboë`m E\$. dm`. ~r. H$m°_À`m ~±H$

ì`dgm Am{U {dÎmnwadR>m m {df mÀ m Aä mgH«$_mda AmYm[aV Cn wŠV nwñVH$.

Prin. Dr. Babasaheb Sangale

B. J. S. College, Wagholi, Pune0

Prin. Dr. T. N. Salve

Shankarrao Bhelke College, Nasarapur, Dist. Pune.

Dr. M. U. Mulani

Shardabai Pawar Mahila Mahavidhyalaya, Shardanagar,

Tal. Baramati, Dist. Pune

i i

Syllabus

F.Y.B.Com.

Banking And Finance (Fundamentals of Banking)

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First Term

1. Evolution of banking :

1.1 Origin, Meaning and Definition of ‘Bank’

1.2 Evolution of banking- Europe, USA & Asia

1.3 Evolution of banking in India.

1.4 Structure of Indian Banking System

2. Functions of Bank

2.1 Primary functions:

A) Accepting deposits: Demand deposits:

Current and Savings; No Frills Account,

Time deposits-Recurring and Fixed depos-

its, Flexi Deposits (Auto Sweep)

B) Granting Loans and Advances- Term Loan,

Short term credit, Overdraft, Cash Credit,

Purchasing, Discounting of bills,

2.2 Secondary functions:

A) Agency Functions- Payment and Collection

of Cheques, Bills and Promissory notes,

Execution of standing instructions, Acting

as a Trustee, Executor.

iii




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B) General Utility Functions: Safe Custody,

Safe deposit vaults, Remittances of funds,

Pension Payments, Acting as a dealer in

foreign exchange.

3. Procedure for opening and operating of deposit

account

3.1 Procedure for Opening of Deposit Account:

Know Your Customer- Needs and Norms (KYC

Norms), Application form, Introduction, Proof of

residence, Specimen signature and Nomina-

tion: Their Importance

3.2 Procedure for Operating Deposit Account: Pay-

in-slips, Withdrawal slips, Issue of pass book,

(Current Savings or Recurring deposits), Issue

of Cheque book, Issue of fixed deposit receipt,

Premature encashment of fixed deposits and

loan against fixed deposit. Recurring deposits:

Premature encashment and loan against

recurring deposit.

3.3 a) Closure of accounts

b) Transfer of accounts to other branches/

Banks

iv





3.4 Types of account holders

a) Individual account holders- Single or joint,

Illiterate, Minor, Married woman,

Pardahnashin woman, Non resident

accounts

b) Institutional account holders- Sole propri-

etorship, Partnership firm, Joint stock

company, Hindu undivided family, Clubs,

Associations and Societies and Trusts.

4. Methods of Remittances

4.1 Demand drafts, bankers’ Cheques and Trun-

cated Cheques

4.2 Mail transfer, Telegraphic transfer,

4.3 Electronic Funds Transfer- RTGS, NEFT and

SWIFT

Second Term

5. Lending principles, Credit Creation and Balance

Sheet of a bank

5.1 Safety, Liquidity, Profitability, Diversification of

risks Conflict between liquidity and profitability

5.2 Multiple Credit Creation: Process and Limita-

tions

5.3 Balance sheet of a commercial bank.

v

6. Negotiable Instruments

6.1 Definition, meaning and characteristics of

Promissory note, Bill of Exchange and Cheque

6.2 Types of Cheques- Bearer, Order and Crossed

6.3 Types of Crossing- General and Special.

7. Endorsement

7.1 Definition and meaning of endorsement

7.2 Types of endorsement- Blank, Full or Special,

Restrictive, Partial, Conditional, Sans Re-

course, Facultative.

8 Technology in Banking

8.1 Need and importance of technology in banking

8.2 E-Banking: ATM, Credit card, Debit card, Tele

Banking, Mobile Banking, Net Banking, SWIFT

(Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial

Telecommunication)

8.3 Concept and benefits of Core Banking Solution.





vi

U UAZwH«$_{UH$m 1) ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr 1.1 Vo 1.44

2) ~±Ho$Mr H$m } 2.1 Vo 2.20

3) ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr Am{U ImË`mdarb ì`dhma

H$aÊ`mMr H$m ©nÕVr 3.1 Vo 3.32

4) n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr 4.1 Vo 4.28

5) ~±H$m§Mr H$O©dmQ>nmMr VÎdo, nV{Z{_©Vr Am{U

Vmio~§X nÌH$ 5.1 Vo 5.32

6) MbZj_ XñVEodO 6.1 Vo 6.36

7) n¥îR>m§H$Z 7.1 Vo 7.14

8) ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV V§ÌkmZmMm dmna 8.1 Vo 8.44

1.1

1.1 ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm CX`.

1.2 ~±H$ g§H$ënZm.

1.3. BVa Xoem§Vrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr.

1.4. ^maVmVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr.

1.5. ^maVmVrb ~±H$ àUmbrMr g§aMZm.

1.6. ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMo àH$ma.

7~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr 1

àmñVm{dH$ :

(Introduction)

~±H$ ì`dgm` hm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AW©ì`dñWoMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ _mZbmOmVmo. Ë`m_wio OJmVrb àË oH$ XoemV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm Amho.AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mg g§K{Q>V ñdê$n àmá Pmbo Agbo, Var ~±H$ì`dgm` nwamVZ H$mimnmgyZ Ag§K{Q>V ñdê$nmV ApñVËdmV Agbobm {XgVmo.B.g. nyd© 2000 _Ü o ~°~rbmoZ Am{U B{OßV_Ü o ~±H$ ì`dgm` ApñVÎdmV Agë`mMonwamdo {_iVmV. Ë`mH$mimV Ym{_©H$ ñWim§Mm dmna ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMo {R>H$mU åhUyZHo$bm OmV Ago Am{U Y_©Jwé ~±H$a åhUyZ H$m_H$mO nmhmV Ago. BQ>br, amo_, J«rg

~±H$ ì`dgm` Am{U {dÎmnwadR>m (~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr _ycVÎdo)

1.2

`m XoemV `mM ñdê$nmV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm CX` KSy>Z Ambm. Bgdr gZ Z§VaÀ`mH$mimV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm AmH$ma àmßV hmody bmJbm. gd©gmYmaUnUo MbZ {Z{_©VrMrà{H«$`m gwé Pmë`mZ§Va ~±H$ ì`dgm`mg {dH${gV ñdê$n àmßV Pmbo. OJmVrb{d{dY XoemV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm CX` d {dH$mg {Za{Zamù`m H$mbI§S>mV Pmbobm{XgyZ oVmo. wamon, A_o[aH$m, B§½b§S> `m{R>H$mUr ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr bdH$aKSy>Z Ambr. VwbZoZo Am{e`m I§S>mV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr C{eam KSy>Z Ambobr{XgVo. ^maVmVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm {dMma H$aVm, Ë`mg àmMrZ g§X © Agbobo{XgyZ oVmV. Jm¡V_, ~¥hñnVr, ~wÜ``d, H$m¡{Q>ë` B. À`m boIZmV n¡gmR>odr,H$m ©ì`dhma, ì`mO `m~m~V MMm© AmT>iVo. _wñbr_ gÎmm d _amR>r gÎmm `mH$mbI§S>mV XoIrb ~±H$ ì`dgm` àM{bV hmoVm. _mÌ, ^maVmV Iè`m AWm©Zo ~±H$ì`dgm`mMm {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm Vmo {~«{Q>e H$mbI§S>mV. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV^maVmV ~±H$ àUmbr nÕVera g§aMZm AmH$mamg Ambobr {XgVo. `m gd© KQ>H$m§À`mAmYmao ~±H$ ì`dgm`mÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMr _r_m§gm H$aVm oB©b.

1.1 ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm CX` : (Origin of Banking)

\$ma nydunmgyZ OJm_Ü o ~±qH$JMo ì`dhma hmoV Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. ~°~rcmoZg§ñH¥$Vr_Ü ohr ~±H$ ì`dñWm ApñVËdmV Agë`mMm nwamdm gmnS>Vmo. J«rg$à_mUoMnydu amo__Ü ohr ~±H$m ApñVËdmV hmoË`m. 1971 _Ü o ìho{Zg amÁ`mVrc A{YH$mè`m§ZrwÕmMm IM© mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r OZVoH$Sy>Z H$O© KoVco d Ë`mÀ`m naV\o$S>rMr ì`dñWmhr

Ho$cr hmoVr. Aem H$Om©cm BQ>mcr`Z mfoV "_m°Q'> åhUOoM g§ wŠV {ZYr Ago åhUVAgV. "_m°Q' `m eãXmcm O_©ZrV "~±H$' hm g_mZAWu eãX Amho. nydu BQ>crÀ`m~hþVm§e mJmV O_©ZrMr gÎmm Agë`mZo ~±H$ hm eãX ê$T> Pmcm. Ë`mM eãXmMo nwT>oBQ>m{c`Z ‘~±H$mo’ `m eãXmV ê$nm§Va Pmco. \«$mÝg d B§½c§S>_Ü ohr Ë`m-Ë`m ^mfoVWmoS>çm\$ma \$aH$mZo hmM eãX dmnacm OmD$ cmJcm. B.g. 1646 nmgyZ "~±H$' meãXmMm AZoH$ coIm§_Ü o Cn`moJ Ho$cocm AmT>iyZ oVmo. Ë`mZ§Va "~±H$' hm eãX

~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr

1.3

Amnë`m ZmdmV dmnaUmè`m AZoH$ ~±H$m ApñVËdmV Amë`m. CXm. ~±H$ Am°\$ {_cmZ.

_mÌ H$mhr {dMmad§VmÀ`m _Vo "~±H$' `m eãXmMr CËnÎmr doJir Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo

‘~±H$mo’ m BQ>m{c`Z eãXm§Mm AW© "~mH$' AWdm "Q>o~c' Agm hmoVmo. nydu gmdH$ma

Amnco n¡go ~mH$mda AWdm Q>o~cmda R>odyZ ì`dhma H$aV AgV åhUyZ "~±H$' qH$dm

"~±H$s¨J' hm eãX ê$T> Pmcm Agmdm.

1.2 ~±H$ g§H$ënZm :

(Bank)

$~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr OmUyZ KoV AgVmZm "~±H$' hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUo

Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$Mm AW© Am{U ì`m»`m m AmYmao ~±H$ g§H$ënZm ñnï>

H$aVm oB©b.

1.2.1 ~±Ho$Mm AW© (Meaning) :

~±H$ m eãXmÀ`m ì wËnÎmr g§~§Yr _V oX AmhoV. b°{Q>Z eãX 'Lancus' m nmgyZ

~±H$ `m eãXmMr ì wËnÎmr Pmbr Ago _mZbo OmVo. Va H$mhtÀ`m _Vo, 'Banco' `m

BQ>m{b`Z eãXmnmgyZ ~±H$ eãXmMr ì wËnÎmr Pmbr. m eãXmMm AW© "~gÊ`mMm ~mH$'

Agm hmoVmo. nyduÀ`m H$mimV ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m {R>H$mUr Ago ~mH$ Q>mH$bobo AgV d VoWo

Am{W©H$ ì`dhma MmbV AgV. BVam§À`m _Vo, 'Montel' åhUOo "n¡emMr amg' `m

eãXmnmgyZ "~±H$' hm eãX {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho. ~±H$ m eãXm~m~V _V oX Agbo Var,

_Ü` wJrZ H$mimnmgyZ R>odr ñdrH$maUmè`m d H$O© XoUmè`m ì`ŠVrg AWdm g§ñWog

"~±H$a' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.

~±{H$JMr H$m }-H$aUmar {dÎmr` g§ñWm åhUOo ~±H$ hmo . Aer ~±Ho$Mr gd©gmYmaU

ì`m»`m Ho$br OmVo. ~±Ho$À`m H$m`m©~m~V VÁkm§_Ü`o EH$_V Zgë`mZo ~±Ho$Mm

gd©g_mdoeH$ Agm AW© ñnï> H$aVm oV Zmhr. ~±H$ hr {dÎmr` g§ñWm AgyZ Vr n¡gm d


1.4

H$O© mg§~§YrÀ`m ì`dhmamV gh^mJr Pmbobr AgVo. Vr bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$méZ

Ë`m gwa{jV R>odÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVo. VgoM H$Om©Mo ì`dhma XoIrb H$aVo. WmoS>Š`mV ~±H$åhUOo J«mhH$m§À`m n¡emMo ajU H$aUmar d Ë`m§À`m _mJUr à_mUo Ë`m§Zm Vo XoUmarAW©ì`dhma g§ñWm hmo .

1.2.2. ~±Ho$Mr ì`m»`m :

~±Ho$Mr ì`m»`m nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oVrb.1 ) S>m°. ha~Q>© Aoc. hmQ>© :

""{JèhmB©H$m§À`m Mmcy ImË`mda gmoS>coco YZmXoe Omo dQ>{dVmo Am{U Omo Amnë`mamoOÀ`m ì`dhmamV cmoH$m§H$S>yZ Mmcy R>odrê$nmZo n¡gm O_m H$aVmo d Ë`m§Zm ho n¡goYZmXoemÛmam H$mT>Ê`mMr nadmZJr XoVmo Vmo ~±H$a hmo .''

2 ) dm°ëQ>a {c\$ :

“_mJUr hmoVmM {d{Z_` nÌmÛmao H$mT>Vm oUmè`m OZVoÀ`m R>odr ñdrH$maUmarì`ŠVr AWdm g§ñWm åhUOo ~±H$a hmo .”

3 ) Q>m°qgJ :

“~±H$ {d{Z`moJ Am{U ~MVrÀ`m g§J«hmÀ`m XcmcmMo H$m_ H$aVo Am{U Vr {d{Z_`_mÜ`_mMm EH$ mJ {Z_m©U H$aVo.”

4 ) ~±qH$J ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ> 1949 :

“Or g§ñWm H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r AWdm Jw§VdUwH$sgmR>r cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Vm~S>Vmo~ dm_wXVrà_mUo naV H$aÊ`mgmR>r R>odr ñdrH$maVo d m R>odr H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r MoH$, S>mâQ>dm AÝ` àH$mao gmo H$aVo Vr g§ñWm åhUOo ~±H$ hmo .”

1.2.3.~±Ho$Mr d¡{eîQ>ço …

~±Ho$Mr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oVrb …

1 ) n¡em§er g§~§{YV :

~±H$ hr EH$ {dÎmr` g§ñWm AgyZ Vr BVa bmoH$m§À`m n¡em§er g§~§{YV AgVo. åhUOon¡emMo ì`dhma H$aUmar g§ñWm ho ~±Ho$Mo EH$ _hÎdnyU© d¡{eîQ>ç gm§JVm oB©b.


1.5

2 ) ì`ŠVr AJa g§ñWm :

~±H$ hr ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWm Aem XmoÝhr ñdê$nmV Agy eH$Vo. ~±H$sJ H§$nZr åhUOo~±H$ ì`dgm`mer {ZJ{S>V AgUmar H§$nZr hmo . EImÚm ì`ŠVr _m\©$V XoIrb~±Ho$Mo ì`dhma Ho$bo OmVmV.

3 ) R>odtMm ñdrH$ma :

~±H$ R>odtÀ`m ñdê$nmV bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z n¡go ñdrH$maV AgVo d bmoH$m§Zr _mJUrHo$ë`mZ§Va qH$dm R>odrMr _wXV g§në`mZ§Va Vo Ë`m§Zm naV Ho$bo OmVmV. ~±H$ Amnë`mJ«mhH$m§À`m R>odtZm g§ajU nwa{dVo. VgoM Vr J«mhH$m§À`m n¡emMr "H$ñQ>{S> Z' åhUyZXoIrb H$m © H$aVo.

4 ) A{J«_m§Mr Xo`Vm :

~±H$ JaOy bmoH$m§Zm n¡gm H$O© qH$dm A{J«_m§À`m ñdê$nmV nwa{dVo. H$O©nwadR>m H$aUo,ho ~±Ho$Mo EH$ H$m © _mZbo OmVo. ~±H$ {d{dY H$maUm§gmR>r bmoH$m§Zm H$O© C^méZ XoVAgVo.

5 ) naVmì`mMr gw{dYm :

~±H$ Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Zm MoH$ Am{U S´>mâQ> m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ naVmì`mÀ`m gwb^gw{dYm nwa{dVo. n¡go ~±Ho$VyZ H$mT>Uo, J«mhH$m§Zm gmono ~ZVo. ~±H$ Amnë`mH$S>rbn¡em§Mm mgmR>r dmna H$aVo.

6 ) `§ÌUm Am{U Cn`wŠVVm godm :

~±H$ Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Zm {d{dY ~±H$sJ gw{dYm nwa{dVo. Ë`mV §ÌUm godm d Cn wŠVVmgodm m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. mgodm J«mhH$m§Zm VËH$mi nwa{dë`m OmVmV.

7 ) Z\$m Am{U godm A{^_wIVm :

~±H$ hr g§ñWm Z\$m àmßV H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo H$m ©aV AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r godm A{^_wIÑ{ï>H$moZmMm ~±Ho$Ûmao ñdrH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo {d{dY godm nwadyZ ~±H$ Z\$m nwa{dVo.


1.6

8 ) H$m`m©Ë_H$ dmT> :

~±H$ ì`dgm` hr EH$ CËH«$m§V g§H$ënZm Amho, Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$À`m H$m`m©_Ü o, godm§_Ü od {H«$`m§_Ü o gmVË`mZo dmT> KSy>Z oV AgVo. Ë`m_wioM nydunojm AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§MoH$m ©joÌ ì`mnH$ Agbobo {XgVo.

9 ) g§nH©$ ì`dñWm :

~±H$ n¡go XoUmè`m Am{U n¡go KoUmè`m KQ>H$m§_Ü o EH$ àH$maMr g§nH©$ ì`dñWm{Z_m©U H$aVo. Á`m§À`mH$S>o A{YH$ n¡go AmhoV Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z ~±H$ n¡go Jmoim H$aVo dÁ`m§Zm n¡emMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho, Ë`m§Zm n¡go nwa{dVo. åhUOoM mVyZ EH$ g§nH©$ì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoVo.

10) ~±H$ ì`dgm` :

~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr àñWmnZm H$aUo ho ~±H$m§Mo à_wI H$m © AgVo. Ë`m_wio ~±H$ ì`dgm`hm BVa Hw$R>ë`mhr ì`dgm`mMm Xwæ`_ ì`dgm` ZgVmo, Va Vmo ñdm`Îm ì`dgm`AgVmo.

11) ZmdmMr AmoiI :

~±H$m, `m Zoh_r Amnë`m Zmdmg_moa "~±H$" hm eãX OmoS>VmV. CXm. ~±H$ Am°\$_hmamï´,> ~±H$ Am°\$ JwOamV B. m_wio bmoH$m§À`m bjmV oVo H$s, g§~§{YV g§ñWmhr n¡emMo ì`dhma H$aÊ`mer g§~§{YV Amho.

Aem àH$mao ~±H$ hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aVm oB©b. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~±H$Mr H$m }H$moUVr Agmdr. m~m~V EH$_V AmT>iyZ oVo. Ë`m_wio ~±H$ m g§H$ënZoMr XoIrbñnï>nUo _m§S>Ur H$aVm oVo.

1.3 BVa XoemVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr :

(Evolution of Banking in Other Countries)

OJmVrb {d{dY Xoem§_Ü o ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr H$er KSy>Z Ambr, `mMmAmT>mdm nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao KoVm oB©b.


1.7

1.3.1 `wamonmVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr … (Evolution of Banking

in Europe)

~±H$ ì`dgm` hm {OVH$m OwZm {VVH$mM EH$ A{Yà_m{UV ì`dgm` Amho. nUAmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ àUmbr d OwÝ`m ~±H$ ì`dñWm `m_Ü o A{O~mV gmå` Zmhr. àmMrZOJmÀ`m B{VhmgmV AZoH$ g§ñH¥$Vr _Ü o ~±H$ ì`dñWm àM{bV hmoVr `m~m~V ~aoMnwamdo AmhoV. B. g. nyd© 2000 À`m Xaå`mZ ~°~rbm°Z g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o ~±H$ ì`dñWmnZhmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$ ~Xb hmoV hmoV CËH«$m§Vr hmoD$Z {dÚ_mZ ~±H$ àUmbr ApñVËdmVAmbr. wamonmVrb Imbrb Xoem§V ~±H$ CËH«$m§Vrbm EH$ B{Vhmg Amho.

1 ) J«rg d amo_ oWrb ~±H$ ì`dgm` :

`m Xoem§_Ü o nVnwadR>m H$aUo ho H$m © gmd©{ÌH$ d àM{bV hmoVo. Agm nwadR>mH$aUmè`m§Zm Ë`m Xoem§V "AO©Var', "_oZgmar' qH$dm "H$m°{b~oñQ>mo' Aer Zmdo {XbrJobr hmoVr. H$mhr ~±H$m§Mr Zmdo "Vm~oamZo AO©ZVmar' Aer hmoVr. H$mhr ~±H$mñdV:À`m nm`mda {Z_m©U hmodyZ ñdV§Ì ì`dgm` H$aV hmoË`m d AÝ` ~±H$m emgZmZoH$a dgwbrgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. AmYww{ZH$ àUmbr à_mUo Ë`m§À`m ì`dhmamVhr "MoH$' nÕVr hmoVr. Oa ImVoXmamMo ImVo Ë`m ~±Ho$V Agob Va, n¡gm ñWmZm§Vrb(_Zr Q´>mÝñ\$a) H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm hmoVr. S´>m°âQ>Mo ì`dhma ho "{à`ñH«$m`~ar' d"[añH«$m`~ar' m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo d S>mâQ> "A°{Q>ã yeZ' åhUyZ AmoiIbmOmB©. `m ~±H$m gwÕm R>odr pñdH$marV d Vmo n¡gm H$O© åhUyZ dmQ>V. amo_ _Ü o hrì`dñWm {dZm ì`mO hmoVr. O_rZ JhmU R>odyZ OmñVrV OmñV 3/4 dfm©H$[aVmH$O© {_iV Ago.

Ë`m H$mimVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mVrb R>odr, Amnë`m d¡ pŠVH$ Jmoï>rgmR>r gwÕm dmnaV.VÎdm§Zwgma Aer Ym{_©H$ àWm hmoVr H$s, ì`mO AmH$mam`Mo Zmhr _J Agoì`dgm{`H$ Cera Pmë`m~Ôb "X§S>' åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m AmS> ì`mO KoV AgV. H$mhrR>amdrH$ aŠH$_ AmH$méZ Aer ~±H$ ì`dñWm MmbdÊ`mbm nadmZJr {Xbr OmVAgo. H$Yr H$Yr ~±H$ ì`dgm` Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm An`er gwÕm AgV. Aem doiremgH$s` _XV KoVbr OmV hmoVr. n[apñWVr ~Xbbr Var ~±H$ ì`dñWmnZ H$O©dmQ>VmZm VmaU Agbo Var hr h_r AZm_V aŠH$_ pñdH$maVmVM.


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2 ) BQ>br :

`m XoemV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ~±H$ ì`dgm` hm ImgJr CnH«$_ hmoVm, nU H$mhrXoemV gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m m ì`mnma d¥Õr d emgZmÀ`m H$a dgybr d Aën Am{W©H$~m~tgmR>r gwé Ho$ë`m Om`À`m. BQ>br _Ü o "~±H$ Am°\$ ìho{Zg' ZmdmMr ~±H$ hmoVrOr 1157 bm ApñVËdmV Ambr hmoVr. gJù`mV àmMrZ gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$ Ago{Vbm åhUVm oB©b. AmOÀ`m ì`dñWoà_mUo {Vbm ~±H$ åhUVm oUma Zmhr H$maU{VMm ì`dgm` âbm°aoÝg_Ü o hmoVm Vmo gmd©O{ZH$ H$Om©Mo ñWmZm§VaU H$aUo hmMhmoVm. Á`m {R>H$mUr Mm¡Xmì`m eVH$mn ªV ImgJr ~±H$mMm ì`dgm` IynM _moR>mPmbm hmoVm. Ë`m H$mimV gwÕm ~±H$ ì`dgm`rH$ R>odtMm ImOJr dmna, H¥${Ì_VoOr, _§Xr, Aem Jmoï>rgmR>r H$aV AgV. mMm dmB©Q> n[aUm_ Ho$di EH$m XoemdaMPmbm Zmhr Va B§½b§S> gma»`m XoemV gwÕm Pmbm. VgoM âbmoaoÝg Mo emgH$s`~m°ÝS> nyU©nUo H$mogibo. B.g. 1341 Am{U 1346 À`m Xaå`mZ Am{W©H$Am{U~mUr wamon_Ü o ngé bmJbr. gŠVrZo dgybr Ho$ë`m{edm` H$O© dgybrhmoVM ZìhVr. Ë`m H$mimVrb "_o{S>gr' hr eŠVrembr ~±H$ XoIrb R>odr pñdH$maVZìhVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm amIrd {ZYr d J§JmOir m§Mr AdñWm A{Ve` {~H$Q>Pmbr. 10% À`m Imbr J§JmOir Ambr. 14 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg hreŠVrembr ~±H$ b`mg Jobr d {VMr _mb_Îmm nVYmaH$m§Zr ~iH$mdbr.

3 ) ñnoZ :

1349 À`m Xaå`mZ H$mnS> ì`dgm{`H$ ~mg}bmoZr`mV ~±H$ ì`dgm` H$aV hmoVo,VoWo A{YH¥$V {Z`_m§VJ©V ì`dgm` MmbV hmoVm. Aem ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm gwajm R>odåhUyZ H$mhr R>amdrH$ aŠH$_ aë`m{edm` ~±H$ ì`dgm` H$aVm oV Zgo. 1401bm ~m{g©bmo{Z`mV EH$ gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$ åhUyZ CX`mg Ambr. Vr dQ>Umdi,{d{Z_` mgmR>r hmoVr. Vr ñWm{ZH$ ZmJ[aH$ d naH$s` XmoKm§gmR>r H$m ©aV hmoVr.1407 bm ~±H$ Am°\$ OoZmoAm CX`mg Ambr. 1609 _Ü o A°_ñQ>aS>°_ ~±Ho$MrñWmnZm Pmbr. {VMm CÔoe Ë`mnjm§À`m Am{W©H$ JaOm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ hm hmoVm. Vrgd© àH$maMr ZmUr R>odr åhUyZ pñdH$maV hmoVr. mR>odr naV gwÕm ¿`m`Mr gw{dYm


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hmoVr VgoM ñWmZ§VaU gw{dYm XoIrb hmoVr. 6 _{hÝ`m§Zr R>od naV {Xbr OmB©b,

Vgo à_mUnÌ hr {Xbo Om`Mo. ho à_mUnÌ MoH$ åhUyZ gwÕm dmnam§V Agm`Mo.

AmOÀ`m gd© wamo{n`Z ~±H$ ì`dñWmnZmMo _yi hr A°_ñQ>aS>°_ ~±H$ Amho.

4 ) O_©Zr Am{U nmob§S> :

1485 Vo 1560 Xaå`mZ ~±H$ ì`dñWmnZmV H¡$Xr/AnamYr ho gwÕm Am{W©H$

^m§S>db nyadV AgV. VoM _hÎdmMo ~±H$ X{jU O_©ZrVrb, ì`dgm{`H$ AgV.

CÎma O_©Z _Ü o S>M ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr _ŠVoXmar hmoVr. ~oQ>oZ~J© ~±H$ hr gdm©V OwZr

O_©ZMr ImgJr ~±H$ hmoVr. Vr 1590 gmbr h°Ýg d nm°b m S>M ~§YwZr gwé Ho$br

hmoVr. AOyZhr m ~±Ho$da ~oQ>oZ~J© KamÊ`mMr _mbH$s Amho.

5 ) hm°b§S> :

17 ì`m eVH$mV {H$_Vr YmVy§Mr Am`mV nyd}H$Sy>Z (OnmZ d AÝ`)

npíM_oH$S>o( wamon_Ü o) hmody bmJbr, nwT>o mddmT>rg MmbZm {_iy bmJbr. Aem

doir A°_ñQ>aS>°_ ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m ZmUr pñdH$maÊ`mÀ`m YmoaUmMm

\$m`Xm nyU© wamonr`, OJVmVrb ì`mnmamg Pmbm. ì`mnma Am{U CÚmoJ mV n«M§S>

^a^amQ>> Pmbr. mV ~oXab±S>Zo gmoÝ`m-Mm§XrMm {d{Z_` AmH${f©V Ho$bm. OnmZ

d AÝ` Xoem§H$Sy>Z wamo{n` ì`mnmè`m§Zr gmoZo R>od åhUyZ R>odbo Ë`mMm \$m`Xm wamon

Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm à~i hmoÊ`mgmR>r Pmbm.

1.3.2 A_o[aHo$Vrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr … (Evolution of Bank-

ing in USA)

1) 1791-1811 _Ü`dVu ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm AmÚ à`ËZ :

Q´>oPar goH«o$Q>ar "AboŠPm§S>a h°{_ëQ>Z' m§À`m gm§JÊ`mdéZ 1791 _Ü o A_o[aH$Z

H$m±J«og Zo {\$bmoS>ob\$s`m oWo n{hbr ~±H$ ñWm{nV Ho$br. gd© ~S>çm AY©H$maUr

d CÚmoJnVrZr {_iyZ m ~±Ho$da Amnbm Am{W©H$ H$ãOm R>odbm hmoVm; na§Vw eoVr


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ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zr m Jmoï>rbm H$S>mSy>Z {damoY Ho$bm d 1811 À`m Xaå`mZ KQ>>Zoà_mUo

20 df} nyU© Pmë`mda A_o[aH$Z H$m±J«og Zo EH$m _VmZo {VMo ZwVZrH$aU H$aUo

ZmH$mabo d ~±H$ ~§X Pmbr.

2 ) 1816: 1836 Xwgam à`ËZ gwÕm Ag\$b :

1816 À`m Xaå`mZ A_o[aHo$Vrb amOH$s` dmVmdaUmZo naV _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mr

H$ënZm CMbyZ Yabr. A_o[aH$Z H$m±J«ogZo Xwgè`m A_o[aH$Z ~±Ho$Mr gZX _mÝ`

Ho$br nU Ooìhm 1828 _Ü o AÝS´> y O°H$gZ Omo IwÔ Aem ~±H$ ì`dñWmnZoMm

{damoYH$ hmoVm, Vmo A_o[aH$oMm AÜ`j åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z Ambm Ë`mZo hr ~±H$ ~§X

H$aÊ`mMm KmQ> KmVbm. 1836 _Ü o hr ~±H$ nwZ: gZX ZmH$maë`mZo g§nwï>mV Ambr.

3 ) 1836 Vo 1865 _wŠV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMo wJ :

`m Xaå`mZ gZXrH¥$V ~±H$m d _wŠV ~±H$m Aem XmoZ ~±H$m nwT>o Amë`m Ë`m§Zr Amnbr

YmoaUo ñdV: R>adbr d A_bmV AmUbr d ñdV:Mo MbZ gmoZo d _yë`dmZ YmVy

ZmUr m§À`mV {d{Z_` mo½` Ho$bo. ì`dgm` dmT>rgmR>r R>odrMm àgma H$éZ Ë`m

dmT>dë`m. MoH$ nÕVrMm dmna A_bmV AmUbm. 1853 Xaå`mZ Ý y m°H©$

g_memoYZ J¥h (ŠbrAatJ hmD$g) gwé Pmbo d Vo dQ>Umdi H$aV Jobo. A_o[aHo$V

~±H$ ì`dgm` Cƒ H$moQ>rZo aâmQ>rg Ambm.

4 ) 1863 amï´>r` ~±H$ ì`dgm` H$m`Xm :

A_o[aHo$V mXZr wÕ gwê$ AgVmZmM hm H$m`Xm A_bmV AmUbm Jobm, m_wio

amï´>r` ~±H$m {Z_m©U Pmë`m. Ë`m Ë`m§Mo ñdV:Mo MbZ dmné bmJë`m Zo A_o[aH$Z

emgH$s` à{V yVrZo pñdH$maÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br d amÁ`ñVar` ~±H$mZm H$a

AmH$maUr hmoVr d `m ~±H$m§Zm ZìhVr Ë`mMm n[aUm_ `m ~±H$mÀ`m MbZmÀ`m

ââmQ>rg hmodyZ Xoem§VJ©V EH$ g_mZ Mmby am{hbm H$maU _wŠV nÕVrMr R>odrMm

dmna m_wio Ë`m à{gÕrV am{hë`m. Ë`m_wio XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ ì`dñWoda XmoKm§Mmhr

nJS>m am{hbm.


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5 ) 1873 Vo 1907 (Am{W©H$ A[aîQ>m§Mm daMî_m) …

Oar 1863 Mm ~±H$ ì`dgm` H$m`Xm A_bmV AmUbm Varhr Am{W©H$ Jm|YimÀ`m

n[apñWrVZo K~amQ> CSy>Z Am{W©H$ pñWVrda {dnarV n[aUm_ hmody bmJbo. 1893

_Ü o A{VaoH$ hmodyZ A_o[aHo$V gJù`mV dmB©Q> AdñWm hmoD$Z AW©ì`dñWm d

~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr KS>r nyU©nUo {dñH$Q>br. gaVo eodQ>r Oo nr _m°aJZ m AW©VÁkmZo

nwT>mH$ma KodyZ Am{W©H$ KgaU Wm§~dbr. mMm AW© ñnï> hmoVm H$s, emgZmZo ~±H$

ì`dñWmnZ d Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZ m§Mr J§ ra XIb KoD$Z Ë`mH$S>o bj {Xbo nm{hOo.

6 ) 1907 Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm dmB©Q> df© :

1907 _Ü o naV A[aï>m§Mo dmVmdaU CX² dbo d dm°b ñQ´>rQ> _Yrb gÅ>o~mOrÀ`m

CÐoH$mZo ~±H$ ì`dñWmnZ S>~KmB©g Ambo, ì`mnmar ZwH$gmZ namH$moQ>rMo Pmbo. mgmR>r

Oo.nr. _m°J©Z `m§Zm naV ~mobmdÊ`mV Ambo d hr dmVmhmV amoH$Ê`mg gm§{JVbo

Jobo. Vmon ªV gdmªMr Anojm hmoVr H$s, ~±H$ ì`dñWmnZ gwYmamdo _mÌ Am{W©H$

OJV, ZmJ[aH$m§_Ü o \y$Q nSy> bmJbr. nwamU_VdmXr AmBU gÎmmnXñWm§Mr "Am{W©H$

_HVoXmar' nyd}H$S>rb _moR>çm XoemV dmT>V hmoVr, {Vbm "{dH$mgdmXr' nm{ü_mË`mZr

H$S>mSy>Z {damoY H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br. A_o[aHo$bm _mÌ ì`mnmar _§S>i, _Ü`dVu

~±Ho$Mr {Z{_©Vr hmodyZ bdMrH$-MbZ ì`dñWoMr Anojm H$aV hmoVr. Aem mdZm

{Vd«VoZo nwT>o ody bmJë`m hmoË`m.

7 ) 1908 Vo 1912 {dH|${ÐV _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm :

1908 À`m AmëS´>rM ìhrb±S> H$m`ÚmZo 1907 À`m Am{W©H$ S>~KmB© da

AmnÎmH$m{bZ MbZmMm Cnm` `moObm. VgoM `m H$m`ÚmÝd o amï´>r` Am{W©H$

Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm hmodyZ amï´>r` ~±H$ ì`dgm` d Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm `m§À`mda

H$m`_Mm VmoS>Jm H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r g§emoYZ Pmbo d goZ ZoëgZ A°S´>rb `m§À`m

ZoV¥ËdmImbr "~±H$ ì`dgm`-{Z §ÌU moOZm' AmIbr Jobr. mda {dë`_ Oo{Z½O


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~«m`Z Am{U {dH$mgdmXtZr hëbm MT>dbm. Ë`m§Mo åhUUo Ago hmoVo H$s _Ü`dVu

~±H$ gmd©O{ZH$ A{YnË`mImbr Agmdr Am{U ~±H$ ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mo Am{YnË`

ZH$mo. 1912 À`m {ZdS>UwH$sV {ZdSy>Z Amboë`m S>o_moH«o${Q>H$ njmÀ`m dyS>mo {dëgZ

`m§Zr ""AmëS´>rZ moOZm'' nyU©nUo Zmhrer Ho$br. {dH|${ÐV _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mr JaO

dmT>bobr hmoVr.

8 ) 1914 Iybm ì`dgm` :

_Ü`dVu ~±H$ ApñVËdmV oÊ`mAmYr [aPìh© ~±H$ g§KQ>Z g{_Vr gXñ` {dë`_

_°H$S>mo (H$mofmJma g{Md), S>opìhS> hñQ>Z (H¥$fr g{Md), Om°Z {dë``_ ñHo$bQ>Z

({ZXoeH$ {dZr_`) m§Zr A{Ve` _ohZV KoD$Z Hw$R>ë`mhr _yi Jmoï>tMo Am{W©H$

H$m`Úm§Mo A{gÎd ZgVmZm H$m ©H$mar g§ñWm C^m H$aÊ`mMm IQ>mQ>mon gwé Ho$bm;

na§Vw 16 Zmoìh|~a 1914 bm àmXo{eH$ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo _wŠV ì`dgm`mMr H$ënZm nwT>o

AmUbr. 12 eham§_Ü`o [aPìh© ~±H$ gwé§ H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm V`ma Pmbr.

`mMH$mimV g§nyU© wamon n{hë`m _hm wÕmV IoMbm Jobm.

9 ) 1935 ~Xbmg gwédmV :

~±H$ ì`dgm` 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmÝd o ""A_o[aHo$Vrb ZmUo ~mOma'' (\o$S>) Mr

aMZm d H$mhr ~Xb H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM g§Kr` _wŠV ~mOmanÕVr g{_Vr Aem

EH$ ñdV§Ì d¡Ym{ZH$ H${_Q>rMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r d g§Kr` nÕVrVyZ H$mofmJma

g{Md d {d{Z_` g{Md hQ>{dÊ`mgmR>r nwÝhm EH$Xm OmoaXma à`ËZ Pmbm d hr

_mJUr Ho$br H$s gXñ`mMr _wXV 14 dfm©Mr Agmdr Xaå`mZ Xwgè`m _hm wÕmZ§Va

amoOJma H$m`Xm Ambm Ë`mZwgma \o$S>aoeZMo H$m © amoOJma H$m`Xm Ambm. Ë`mZwgma

\o$S>aoeZMo H$m © amoOJma XoUo ho _mZbo Jobo d mMr O~m~Xmar \o$S>aoeZda Q>mH$br

Jobr. 1956 _Ü o ~±H$ {Z §ÌU H§$nZr A{Y{Z`_mÛmao "\o$S>' bm ~±Ho$Mo {Z`m_H$

Ho$bo Jobo Am{U 1978 håào hm°{H$ÝgZr "\o$S>'M AÜ`nX J«hU Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr

dfm©V XmoZ doim A_o[aH$Z H$m±J«ogbm oXyZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§Mo bú` {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mV

d YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mg _XV Ho$br.


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10) 1982 AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ ì`dgm` gwYmaUm :

{Z §ÌU H$m`ÚmZo "\o$S>' bm AmXoe {Xbo H$s, Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$ godm§À`mXOm©V dmT> H$éZ ImgJr joÌm§Mo àm~ë` H$_r H$amdo d gd© Am{W©H$ g§ñWmZmAmdí`H$ Jmoï>tMr nyV©Vm H$amdr, hm H$m`Xm AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ ì`dgm` àUmbrMmÚmoVH$ hmoVm. Ë`mZwgma "\o$S>' Zo XbmbmnmgyZ Am{W©H$ g§ñWm dmMmì`mV mgmR>r{dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Vgm hm H$R>rU àH$ën hmoVm, Vmo 1999n ªV A{Ve` g§W JVrZo Mmbbm. 1999 _Ü o J«°_ brM ~obr A°ŠQ> (H$m`Xm)nmg H$aÊ`mV Ambm Á`mZo 1933 À`m ½bmg -ñQ>oJmb H$m`Úmbm _mJo gméZ~±H$mZm _wŠV ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm Ho$bo, OoUoH$éZ Jw§VdUyH$ d {d_m m XmoÝhrì`dgm`mV Ano{jV dmT> ìhmdr.

11) 1980 Vo 1990 A{Z~ªYrH$aU :

1980 À`m Xaå`mZ g§KemgZmZo "R>odrYmar g§ñWm d {dÎmr` {Z §ÌU' H$m`Xm1980 VgoM JmZ© g|Q> O_©Z {S>nm°PrQ>ar BpÝñQ>Q>çyeZ A°ŠQ> 1982 Am{UA_o[aHo$Vrb ~±H$ ì`dñWmnZ d ImgJr joÌmVrb AÝ` Am{W©H$ g§ñWm m§_Yrb_yb yV \$aH$ Zï> H$éZ Q>mH$bm. gaH$mar d J¡agaH$mar Am{W©H$ g§ñWm Ago doJioZ amhVm EH$ Ho$ë`m Joë`m, Ë`m_wio hm {Z`_ A{Z~ªYrH$aU åhUyZM AmoiIbmOmdy bmJbm. Am{U 1980 Vo 1988 m Xaå`mZ 500 ~MV g§ñWm Am{U H$O©g§ñWmÀ`m Zmemg H$maUr yV Pmë`m~Ôb Xmofmg nmÌ R>abm. Ë`mÀ`m nmR>monmR>"\o$S>ab' ~MV H$O} , {d_m g{_Vr hr ~§X Pmbr.

1.3.3 Am{e`mVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr (Evolution of Banking

in Asia) …

ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV _Ü` Am{e`mVrb emgZm§Zr ~mOma AW©ì`dñWoH$S>o hmoUmè`mpñWË §Vamg AZwgê$Z Amnë`m ~±H$s§J d {dÎmr` ì`dñWoV gwYmaUm KS>dyZAmUÊ`mH$S>o bj nwa{dbo. ~±qH$J joÌmMr H$m ©j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çmà_mUmda à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 1990 À`m XeH$mV am~{dÊ`mV Amboë`m gwYmaUmH$m ©H«$_m§Mm n[aUm_ åhUOo {dÎmr` ì`dñWoV KSy>Z Amboë`m gwYmaUm hmo . gwYmaUm


1.14

H$m ©H«$_m§Ûmao {dÎmr` ì`dñWoVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo emídV Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrgmR>rAmYw{ZH$sH$aU d nyd©C^maUr H$aÊ`mda ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm.

gd©gm_mÝ`nUo ~±H$sJ gwYmaUm H$m ©H«$_ XmoZ Q>ßß`m§V am~{dÊ`mV Ambm. 1993Vo 1997 `m Xaå`mZÀ`m n{hë`m Q>ßß`mV VO{H$ñVmZ dJiVm MbZ{df`H$ pñWaVm`m KQ>H$mg àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo. `m Q>ßß`mV emgZm§Zr N>moQ>çm joÌm§_Ü oImgJrH$aUmMo YmoaU am~{dbo d Ë`mÛmao ~mOma AW©ì`dñWog nmqR>~m XoÊ`mgmR>rH$m`Xoera Mm¡H$Q> {Z_m©U Ho$br. gwYmaUm§À`m Xwgè`m Q>ßß`m_Ü o ~±qH$J ì`dñWoMogj_rH$aU, {dÎmr` d H$m`Xoera nm`m yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg Am{U {dÎmr` pñWaVm`m KQ>H$m§da emgZm§Zr ^a {Xbm.

A) n{hbm Q>ßnm …

gwYmaUm§À`m n{hë`m Q>ßß`mV gmd© m¡_ MbZm§Mr AmoiI {Z~ªYmË_H$ MbZ{df`H$YmoaUm§Ûmao H$aÊ`mV Ambr, `mVyZ MbZ{df`H$ MT>-CVma g_moa Ambo. `mgmR>r,Cƒ ì`mOXa YmoaU Am{U MbZm§À`m ê$nm§VaUmdarb Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH${Z~ªY `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr d A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Cƒ ì`mOXa, amIrd{ZYtMr H$_r nmVir, naV \o$S>rMm A^md, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` ApñWaVmAm{U Ad_yë`Z `mgma»`m à{H«$`m 1995-96 À`m H$mimV KS>V am{hë`m.`mM~amo~a {dÎmr` ì`dñWoVrb S>m°baMo _hÎd {Q>Hy$Z am{hë`mZo {ZYrMm ~mhçàdmh KSy>Z Ambm.

~) Xwgam Q>ßnm …

aMZmË_H$ d g§ñWmË_H$ gwYmaUm§Ûmao MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZAmUUo, Am{W©H$ pñWaVogmR>r amOH$mofr` gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo, `m à{H«$`m1990 À`m _Ü`mV _Ü` Am{e`mB© àXoemV KSy>Z Amë`m. 1993 _Ü oAgboë`m CVma-MT>mdm§Mr nmVir 1997-98 _Ü o 15 Vo 20 Q>ŠŠ`m§n ªVKgabr. ñWm{ZH$ MbZmÀ`m Ad_yë`ZmMr g_ñ`m hr 1998 À`m a{e`ZMbZmÀ`m Ad_yë`ZmMr g_ñ`m hr 1998 À`m a{e`Z {dÎmr` A[aîQ>m§n ªV


1.15

{Q>Hy$Z hmoVr. `m gdmªMm n[aUm_ åhUOo 1997 AIoa ñWyb amîQ´>r` CËnÞmV(GDP) _Ü` Am{e`mB© àXoemV dmT> KSy>Z Ambr.

1.3.4 B§½b§S>_Yrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr (Evolution of Banking

in England) …

H«$mD$WaZo AJXr WmoS>Š`mV nU ñnï>nUo ~±H$ ì`dgm`mÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMo dU©Z Ho$co

Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$s¨JMm CX` B§½c§S>_Ü o Pmcm. gmdH$ma, ì`mnmar dB§p½ce gmoZma ho AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$aMo VrZ nyd©O AmhoV. mMm AW© Agm H$s m {VKm§MrH$m © d¡{eîQ>ço ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV EH$dQ>cocr AmhoV. mMo {dícofU nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVmoB©c :

1 ) gmdH$ma :

àË oH$ g_mOmV gmdH$ma AgVmoM. Vmo Oar {VañH¥$V Agcm Var g_mOmV VmoEH$ _hÎdmMo H$m © H$arV AgVmo. JaOy cmoH$m§Zm H$O© XoÊ`mMo H$m_ Vmo H$aVmo.g_mOmV H$mhr cmoH$ Ago AgVmV H$s H$mhrdoim Ë`m§Mm IM© CËnÞmnojm OmñVAgVmo. gmdH$ma Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$ AS>MUrV _XV H$aVmo. AZw dmZo àË oH$H$O©XmamMr nV H$er OmoImdr d H$O©dgwcr H$er H$amdr ho gmdH$ma {eH$VmV.

2 ) ì`mnmar :

_Ü` wJmV àdmg YmoŠ`mMm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m doiMo N>moQ>o ì`mnmar EImÚm _moR>çmà{V{ð>V ì`mnmè`mH$S>o n¡go R>odyZ Ë`m~Ôc nmdË`m KoV Am{U `m nmdË`m§À`mgmhmæ`mZo Vo _mcmMr IaoXr H$arV AgV. AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m nVnÌo XoVmV Ë`m_wioË`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo AZmoiIr cmoH$m§erhr ì`dhma H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. nydu ~±H$aZmì`mnmar ~±H$a AgoM åhQ>co OmV Ago Am{U ì`mnmamgmR>r Vo McZm§Mr AXcm~XcH$ê$Z XoV AgV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV CËnmXH$ d Cn^moŠVo m§À`mV _Ü`ñW åhUyZì`mnmar H$m_ H$aVmV. CXm. YmÝ` ì`mnmar, eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z YmÝ` {dH$V KoVmo dJ«mhH$m§Zm {dH$Vmo. Ë`mMà_mUo ~±H$mhr n¡emV ì`dhma H$aVmV. gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z~±H$m n¡go Jmoim H$aVmV d H$mhtZm H$O} XoVmV. ~MVXma d H$O©Xma `m§À`m_Ü o_Ü`ñW åhUyZ Ë`m H$m_ H$aVmV.


1.16

3 ) B§p½ce gmoZma :

AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m Ho$di n¡emV ì`mnma H$arV ZmhrV Va EH$m {d{eï> AWm©Zo Ë`mn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. hm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© dmagm Ë`m§Zr B§p½ce gmoZmam§H$Sy>Z KoVcm._Ü` wJrZ c§S>Z ehamV Mmoè`m, XamoS>o `m {ZË`mÀ`m Jmoï>r hmoË`m d Ë`mnmgyZg§ajUmMr gm_wXm{`H$ ì`dñWm ZìhVr. gmoÝ`m-Mm§XrMm ì`mnma H$aUmè`mgmoZmam§H$S>o _moR>çm ~iH$Q> {VOmoè`m AgV Am{U H$mhr g§ajH$hr AgV. gm_mÝ`cmoH$ Amnco WmoS>o\$ma OS>Odmhra, gwdU©-ZmUr gwa{jVVogmR>r `m gmoZmam§H$S>oR>odrV AgV d gmoZma Ë`m~Ôc ^mS>o AmH$marV AgV. Aer R>od R>odë`m~ÔcgmoZma Ë`mMr nmdVr XoV AgV. Vr nmdVr XmIdyZ R>odrXma Amncr dñVy naVKoV AgV.

H$mcm§VamZo cmoH$m§Mm gmoZmam§daMm {dídmg dmT>V Jocm. nmdVr XmI{dcr H$sAmncr dñVy {deofV: gmoÝ`mÀ`m ZmÊ`mVrc n¡gm Amnë`mcm Ho$ìhmhr {_iUmaAer Ë`m§Mr ImÌr Pmcr Am{U _J àË oH$ doir ñdV: gmoZmamH$S>o OmdyZ nmdVrXmIdyZ ZmUr H$mT>Ê`mEodOr R>odrXmam§Zr ‘hr {MÇ>r KoD$Z oUmè`mg EdT>r a¸$_Úmdr’ Aer coIr gyMZm XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. AmYw{ZH$ MoH$Mr gwédmV mVyZMPmcr.

MVwa gmoZmam§À`m ho cjmV Amco H$s, `m Ë`m§À`mdarc {dídmgm_wio Ë`m§À`mnmdË`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo cmoH$ AmnmngmVrc ì`dhma nyU© H$aVmV. åhUOoM Ë`m§À`mnmdË`m§Mm dmna n¡gm åhUyZ Ho$cm Omdy cmJcm. _J Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ì`dhmamgAmUIr EH$ doJio diU {Xco. H$O} XoD$Z Vo OmñV nmdË`m àgmamV AmUy cmJco.H$Om©À`m ~Xcr {Xcoë`m nmdË`mhr n¡gm åhUyZ dmnaë`m Omdy cmJë`m d gmoZmam§Zmì`mOhr {_iy cmJco. gmoZmam§À`m {dídmgm_wio Am{U R>odrMr nmdVr d H$Om©MrnmdVr, mV \$aH$ Zgë`mZo gmoZmam§H$S>rc àË`j R>odr§nojm OmñV nmdË`m H$mT>UoË`m§Zm eŠ` Pmco. nmdVr {Xcr H$s n¡go {_iUma hm cmoH$m§Mm gmoZmam§darc {dídmg`mMm à_wI AmYma hmoVm. R>odrXmamZo n¡go _m{JVco H$s Vo VËH$mi XoÊ`mMr I~aXmargmoZma KoV. Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Mm Ë`m§À`mdarc {dídmg dmT>VM Jocm.


1.17

4 ) {d{dY ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm :

wamon_Ü o {d{dY XoemVhr 16 ì`m eVH$mV gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m ApñVËdmV Amë`m.CXm. B. g. 1515 Mr "~±H$ Am°\$ ìho{Zg', B. g.1556 Mr "~±H$ Am°\$ ñdrS>Z'.B§½c§S>_Ü o gmoZmam§Zr 1676 _Ü o amOKamÊ`mg H$O} XodyZ ~±H$sJ H$m } gwê$ Ho$cr.nU Mmc©g² {Vgam `m B§p½ce g_«mQ>mZo H$O} XoÊ`mMo ZmH$maë`mda cmoH$m§MmgmoZmam§darc {dídmg T>icm d Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m R>odr naV H$aÊ`mMr _mJUr Ho$cr.VgoM H§$nÝ`m§À`m hmVr ~±H$ ì`dgm` XoÊ`mMrhr _mJUr Ho$cr. gmd©O{ZH$ n¡emÀ`mgwa{jVVogmR>r d ì`mOXa {Z §{ÌV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm hr Jmoï> Amdí`H$ hmoVr. mVyZMB. g. 1694 _Ü o ~±H$ Am°\$ B§½c§S> ApñVËdmV Amcr. {Vcm B. g. 1700_Ü o H$mJXr McZ H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma àmá Pmcm. hr ~±H$ cmoH$m§À`m R>odr KodyZMmcy ImVr H$m ©aV H$ê$ cmJcr. B. g. 1823 _Ü o g§ wŠV ^m§S>dcr ~±H$m§ZmnadmZJr XoÊ`mV Amcr. B. g. 1827 nmgyZ m ~±H$m§Zm c§S>Z ~mhoahr ì`dgm`H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr {_imcr. B. g. 1858 Z§Va _`m©{XV O~m~XmarÀ`m VÎdmda`m ~±H$m ñWmnZ Pmë`m. 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©V B§½c§S>gh OJmÀ`m BVaXoemVhr ~±qH$J ì`dgm` àM§S>nUo dmT>V Jocm.

H$mcm§VamZo ~±H$m§Zm H$mJXr McZ àgm[aV H$aÊ`mgmR>r nadmZJr XoÊ`mV AmcrnU Ë`mV Iyn Jm|Yi hmoD$ cmJë`mZo Vmo A{YH$ma \$ŠV _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$bmM XoÊ`mVAmcm. Aem arVrZo AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ ì`dgm` XrK©H$mimV CËH«$m§V hmoV Jocm.

1.4 ^maVmVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr :

(Evolution of Banking in India)

B§½c§S>_Ü o ApñVËdmV Amcocm AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ ì`dgm` ^maVm_Ü o {~«{Q>eamOdQ>rÀ`m H$mimV gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. Ë`m_wio gmh{OH$M maVmVrc ~±H$ ì`dgm`{~«{Q>e ~±H$ ì`dgm`mà_mUoM Amho. AWm©V, `mMm AW© Agm Zmhr H$s ^maVm_Ü o~±H$ ì`dgm` AkmV hmoVm. àË`jmV maV ho Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrc EH$ _hÎdmMo


1.18

A§J hmoVo. VgoM cmoI§S,> H$mnS> Am{U M¡ZrÀ`m dñVyÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo EH$ _hÎdmMo H|$ÐhmoVo. _Zwñ_¥Vr_Ü o ì`mOmMo Xa, H$Om©gmR>r VmaU BË`mXt~m~VMo g§X © AmT>iyZ oVmV.VgoM H$m¡{Q>ë`mÀ`m AW©emóm_Ü o ì`mOXam§Mo {Z`_Z, R>odr Am{U {~cm§Mo {S>ñH$mD§$qQ>JBË`mXt~m~VMo g§X © AmT>iyZ oVmV Ë`m§ZmM "hþ§S>r' Ago g§~moYV AgV. _wKc Am{U_amR>m Xa~mam§_Ü o _moR>_moR>o ì`mnmar, ì`mdgm{`H$ d gmdH$ma m§Zm ‘loð>r’ qH$dm ‘ZJagoR>’`m ZmdmZo g§~moYco OmV hmoVo d Ë`m§Mo ñWmZ AË §V _hÎdmMo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m gd© maV^aemIm hmoË`m. VgoM Hw$[aAa godm àUmcrhr hmoVr. Vo doiàg§Jr amOmcmhr H$O© XoVAgV.

_mÌ Ago Agco Var AbrH$S>rc Ûr-Zm|X {hemo~ nÕVr Agcocm AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ì`dgm` {~«{Q>em§Zr maVm_Ü o gwê$ Ho$cm. maVm_Ü o OgOer {~«{Q>e gÎmm ngacrVgVgm ~±H$ ì`dgm`hr ngacm.

^maVmVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`m§À`m CËH«$m§VrMo Q>ßno :

maVm_Ü o AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ ì`dgm`mÀ`m CËH«$m§VrVrc _hÎdmMo Q>ßno nwT>rcà_mUogm§JVm oVrc …

1 ) EOÝgr hmD$gog :

Á`mdoir {~«{Q>e/B§p½ce ì`mnmar ^maVmV Amco Ë`mdoir ^mfoÀ`m àíZm_wio^m§S>dc C^maUrgmR>r Ë`m§Zm AS>MU mgy cmJcr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr ì`mnma Am{U~±H$ ì`dgm` `m§Mm {_cm\$ Agcoë`m EOÝgr hmD$gogMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr. EH$mEOÝgr hmD$gZo maVm_Ü o B. g. 1770 gmcr "~±H$ Am°\$ qhXwñWmZ' m n{hë`m~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$ ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm Pmcr; na§Vw Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZmPmë`mZ§Va cJoMM Ë`m ~§X Pmë`m. Ë`mdoir H$moUrhr ~±H$ gwê$ H$ê$ eH$V hmoVo.Ë`m_wio ho joÌ gdmªZm Iwco Pmco.

2 ) ào{gS>oÝgr ~±H$m :

Ë`mdoir maVmda amÁ` H$aUmè`m B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo ào{gS>oÝgr ~±H$m§À`m mJ^m§S>dcm_Ü`o 20% gh^mJ KodyZ Ë`m§Mr ñ‹WmnZm Ho$cr. `m_mJo Ë`m§À`m^m§S>dcmÀ`m JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mMm CÔoe hmoVm. Ë`mZwgma B. g. 1806, 1840


1.19

Am{U 1943 _Ü o AZwH«$_o ~±H$ Am°\$ ~§Jmc, ~±H$ Am°\$ ~m°å~o Am{U ~±H$ Am°\$_Ðmg BË`mXr ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

3 ) g§`wŠV ^m§S>dbr :

B.g. 1884 _Ü o _`m©{XV O~m~XmarÀ`m VÎdmda ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mgnadmZJr XoÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§À`m ñWmnZog MmcZm {_imcr. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`meVH$m_Ü o maVr`m§À`m à`ËZmZo n§Om~ Z°eZc ~±H$, Acmhm~mX ~±H$, ~±H$ Am°\$~S>moXm `mgma»`m ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. AZoH$ naH$s` ì`ŠVrgwÕm^maVr` ~±qH$J joÌm_Ü o gh^mJr Pmë`m.

4 ) Bånrar`c ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m :

naH$s` ~±H$m§À`m ñnY}cm Vm|S> XoÊ`mgmR>r VrZ ào{gS>|gr ~±H$m§Mo {dcrZrH$aU H$aÊ`mVoD$Z B.g. 1921 _Ü o Bånrar`c ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m EH$mM epŠVemcr

~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m ~±Ho$À`m g§nyU© Xoe^amV emIm§Mo OmioApñVËdmV Amco. Ë`mZ§Va mM ~±Ho$Mo B. g. 1955 _Ü o amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mVodyZ AmOMr ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m ApñVËdmV Amcr.

5 ) ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm :

Oar hm H$mi ~±H$m§À`m C{O©VmdñWoMm Agcm Var H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m

{Z`_mA^mdr VgoM doioda gmhmæ` Z {_imë`mZo AZoH$ ~±H$m A`eñdr R>aë`m.Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§À`m _ZmV ~±H$m§~Ôc e§H$m {Z_m©U hmody cmJë`m. cmoH$ ~±H$m§nmgyZXya Om`cm cmJco. {hëQ>Z §J Am`moJmZo ñdV§Ì H|$Ðr` ~±Ho$À`m ñWmnZoMr JaOñnï> Ho$cr. Ë`mZwgma B. g. 1935 _Ü o H|$Ðr` ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m © H$aÊ`mgmR>r^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. ~±H$ Am°\$ B§½c§S>À`m YVuda m~±Ho$Mr aMZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr; na§Vw {Vcm {Z`_ZmMo {deof A{YH$ma ZìhVo.

Ë`mZ§VaMm H$mi hm _§XrMm d Xwgè`m _hm wÕmMm hmoVm. `m H$mim_Ü o ~±H$ì`dgm`m~m~V [aPìh© ~±H$ \$mago H$m © H$ê$ eH$cr Zmhr.


1.20

6 ) [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo amï´>r`rH$aU Am{U ~±H$ ì`dgm` {Z`_Z H$m`Xm :

B. g. 1949 _Ü o hr XmoZ _hÎdmMr nmdco CMccr Jocr. ^maVmcm ñdmV§Í`

{_imë`m~amo~a [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm {Z`_Z Am{U {Z §ÌUmMo {dñV¥V A{YH$ma XoÊ`mVAmco. ho A{YH$ma dmnê$Z [aPìh© ~±H$ hr ^maVr` ~±H$ ì`dgm` ImÌrcm`H$~Z{dÊ`mV eñdr R>acr. cdH$aM ~±Ho$Mo An`e yVH$mimV O_m Pmco Am{U^maVr` ~±H$ ì`dgm` [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImcr {dH${gV/àJV hmoV Jocm.[aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo AZoH$ Xwîàd¥Îmr, AS>Wio Am{U ÌwQ>r Xya H$aÊ`mV e {_i{dco.

7 ) 1969 Am{U 1980 _Yrc ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU :

B. g. 1969 _Ü o 14 _moR>çm ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$ê$Z EH$ _hÎdmMo nmD$cCMcco Joco. Ë`mZ§Va B. g. 1980 _Ü o AmUIr ghm ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aUH$aÊ`mV Amco. m amï´>r`rH$aUm_wio ~±H$m§Mr H$m }, H$m ©nÕVr, YmoaUo, A{^d¥Îmr

BË`mXt_Ü o _hÎdnyU© ~Xc Pmco. AmVm maVr` ~±H$m Am§Vaamï>r` gh^mJr åhUyZH$m © H$aÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Pmcoë`m AmhoV.

1.5 ^maVmVrb ~±H$ àUmbrMr g§aMZm :(Structure of Indian Banking System)

^maVr` ~±H$ ì`dñWmnZ àUmbr Mma àH$mao dJuH¥$V hmoVo.

[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S> m

ì mnmar ~±H$m àmXo{eH$ ~±H$m ghH$mar ~±H$m

gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$m

amï>r rH¥$V ~±H$m(~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S> m,~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamï>BË mXr)

ImgJr joÌmVrb ~±H$m

maVr ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am{U

{VÀm gh moJr ~§H$m

naXoer ~±H$mmaVr ~±H$m

J«m_rU ghH$mar gmogm Q>çmZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$m

àmXo{eH$ ghH$mar ~±H$mZmJar ghH$mar nVnoT>çm

_Ü dVu ghH$mar ~±H$m

J«m_rU nVnoT>çm


1.21

[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m :

[aPìh© ~±H$ hr n¡em{df`r (MbZm {df`r) d ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mMr gdm}ƒA{YH$mar Amho. gd© ~±qH$J H$m ©àUmbr (^maVmV OodT>çm maVr` ~±H$m/ nVnoT>çmAmhoV Ë`m gdm©) da {Z §ÌU R>odUo, H$m`m©Mo {d{Z_` H$aUo ho [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo _w»` H$m ©Amho Vr gd© ì`mnmar ~±H$mMm {ZYr amIyZ R>oodVo åhUyZM {Vbm ""[aPìh© ~±H$'' åhUVmV._Ü`dVu ~±H åhUyZ amï>r`, Am§Vaamï>r` ñVamdarb gd© H$m_o MbZ ì`dñWoV Am{W©H$V§Ì {d{Z_{`V H$aUo hmo . m ~m~VrV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§nojm [aPìh© ~±Ho$bm OmñV _hÎdAmho. gd© Am{W©H$ Jmoï>tMm AmT>mdm KodyZ (åhUOoM ì`mnma, eoVr Am¡ÚmoJ B.) ~±H$m§MraMZm H$am`À`m, ~±H$ emIm dmT>dÊ`mg àmoËgm{hV H$am`Mo, ~±H$ ì`dñWmAmdí`H$Voà_mUo dmT>dV Ý`m`Mr, hr H$m o© [aPìh© ~±H$ nma nmS>Vo.

A) ì`mnmar ~±H$m :

ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr {Z{_©Vr hr OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m H$_mdUo d R>odrXmam§Zm CÎm_moÎm_godm XoUo mH$[aVmM Pmbr Amho. AmYw{ZH$ Am{W©H$ g_mO ì`dñWoMr OrdZaoImåhUOoM ì`mnmar ~±H$m Aer AmOMr ì`m»`m Amho. {H$Ë oH$ eVH$m§Mm B{Vhmg`m ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Amho. ZmJar ì`dñWoV R>odtZm A{YH$m{YH$ àmYmÝ` XoD$Z Vo{dÎm CÚmoJm_Ü o XoÊ`mgmR>r H$O© åhUyZ {dV[aV H$am`Mo ho AmÚ H$m © Amho. gd©_moR>çm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo 1969 _Ü o amï>r`H$aU Om{ha Pmë`mZ§Va, ì`mnmar ~±H$m§ModJuH$aU Imbrbà_mUo {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo …

1 ) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌm§Vrb ~±H$m :

1999 À`m Xaå`mZ EH§$Xa 27 gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVë`m ~±H$m H$m ©aV hmoË`m.ObX Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$m © {deof H$éZ emIm {dñVma, ImÌr dmT>dUo,R>odr dmT>dUo d¥qÕJV H$aU| ho Ë`m§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. Aem ~±H$m AmOH$mbgm_m{OH$ {hVmÀ`m O~m~Xmè`mhr A§{JH$maV AmhoV.

H$) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m Am{U Ë`m§À`m gh`moJr ~±H$m :

ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ g_wh ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m hr g§ñWmnH$ Amho {VÀ`m ghH$mar~±H$m åhUOo


1.22

1 ) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ {~H$mZoa A±S> O`nya

2 ) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ h¡Ðm~mX

3 ) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$m Am°\$ B§Xmoa

4 ) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ åh¡gya

5 ) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ n{Q>`mbm

6 ) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ gm¡amï>

7 ) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ ÌmdUH$moa

EH§$Xa ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mÀ`m 34% ì`dgm` ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am{U `m gmV~±H$m§Zr ì`mnbm Amho.

1) amï´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m :

~±qH$J H§$nZr H$m`Xm (g§nmXZ Am{U CnH«$_) 1970 AÝd o 14 {demb~±H$mMo 1969 bm amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

1 ) g|Q´>b ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m

2 ) ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m

3 ) n§Om~ Z°eZb ~±H$

4 ) ~±H$ Am°\$ ~S>moXm

5 ) wZm`Q>oS> H$_{e© b ~±H

6 ) H°$Zam ~±H

7 ) wZm`Q>oS> ~±H Am°\$ B§{S>`m

8 ) XoZm ~±H

9 ) qgS>rHo$Q> ~±H

10) w{Z`Z ~±H Am°\$ B§{S>`m

11) Abmhm~mX ~±H

12) B§{S>`Z ~±H


1.23

13) ~±H Am°\$ _hmamï´>

14) B§{S>`Z AmoìhagrO ~±H

2 ) ImgJr joÌmVë`m ~±H$m :

^maVmÀ`m {_l AW©ì`dñWm nÕVr_Ü o ImgJr joÌmVë`m ~±H$mMr Am{W©H$

{dH$mgm_Ü o {deof y{_H$m Amho. J«mhH$m§À`m ng§VrZwgmaM ImgJr joÌm§Vë`m

`m ~±H$m§Mo ApñVËd {Q>Hy$Z Amho. m ~±H$m§À`m "EQ>rE_, 24 Vmg ~±H$ Mmby,

Ka ~gë`m ~±qH$J' Aem {d{dY moOZm_wioM m AmOVmJm`V {Q>Hy$Z amhÿZ

gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$mer ñnYm© H$aV AmhoV. ImgJr ~±H$mMr XmoZ mJm§V {d^mJUr

Ho$br OmVo.

i) ^maVr` ~±H$m :

`m§Mo _w»`mb` maVmVM AgVo. m§À`mda [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo {Z §ÌU AgVo.

Aem ImgJr ~±H$m maVmV H$m ©aV AmhoV.

ii) naH$s` ~±H$m :

Á`m ~±H$m§Mo _w»`mb` maVm~mhoaMo Amho, Ë`m§À`mda Ë`m§À`m g§~§{YV

Xoem§Mo {Z §ÌU AgVo Aem§Zm naH$s` ~±H$ åhUVmV.

naXoer ~±H$m§Mo _yi H$m © {dXoer MbZ, hþ§S>Umdi hoM hmo .

~) àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m :

1970 nmgyZ àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m CX`mg ody bmJë`m. m§Mr {Z{_©Vr {d{eï>

C{Ôï>o S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZM H$aÊ`mV Ambobr hmoVr. `m§Mo C{Ôï> åhUOo J«m_rU

CÚmoJ, eoVr, eoVmV H$m_ H$aUmao Am{U eoVrda OJUmao l{_H$ d Hw$eb H$mamJra

N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o J«m_rU CÚmoJ m§Zm nVnwadR>m H$aUo d J«m_rU Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ

AmUUo. {Oëøm§À`m joÌm_Ü oM Ë`m§Mo H$m ©joÌ {Oëømda {ZpíMV Ho$bo Jobo

Amho Am{U J«m_rU {dH$mg hoM Ü o Ë`m§À`mg_moa R>odÊ`mV Ambobo Amho.


1.24

H$) ghH$mar nV g§ñWm / nVnoT>çm :

ghH$mar ~±H$m§Mr g§aMZm nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oB©b …

1 ) ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$m (Urban Co-operative Banks) :

ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$m§Mr aMZm EH$ñVar` ñdê$nmMr Amho, mcmM àmW{_H$ ghH$mar

~±H$m (Primary Co-operative Banks) Agohr g§~moYco OmVo. ZmJar ghH$mar~±H$m {~Ja eoVr joÌmV H$m ©aV AgVmV. ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$m m ehamVrc H$_r

CËnÞ JQ>mVrc ZmJ[aH$, chmZ ì`mnmar Am{U cKwCÚmoJY§Xo `m§Zm ~±qH$JÀ`mgmo r d godm CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. _mM© 2008 AIoa ZmJar ghH$mar g§ñWm§Mr

g§ñWm 1,770 d Ë`m§À`m emIm§Mr g§»`m 7,424 BVH$s hmoVr.

2 ) J«m_rU ghH$mar nVg§ñWm (Rural Co-operative Credit Institutions):

J«m_rU ghH$mar nVg§ñWm eoVr joÌmV H$m ©aV AgVmV. `m J«m_rU ghH$mar

nVg§ñWm§Mo dJuH$aU A) AënH$mcrZ g§aMZm (Short-term structure)

Am{U ~) XrK©H$mcrZ g§aMZm (Long-term structure) Aem XmoZ ^mJm§V

Ho$co OmVo.

A) AënH$mcrZ g§aMZm (Short-Term Structure) :

AënH$mcrZ ghH$mar nVg§ñWm§Mr aMZm {ÌñVar` (Three-tier) ñdê$nmMr Amho.1) amÁ` nmVirda amÁ` ghH$mar ~±H$m, 2) {Oëhm nmVirda _Ü`dVu ghH$mar

~±H$m$ Am{U 3) Jmd nmVirda àmW{_H$ H¥$fr nVg§ñWm åhUyZ H$m © H$aVmV.àmW{_H$ eoVr nVg§ñWm hr ~±H$ ZgyZ Vr Ho$di g§ñWm Amho.

i ) amÁ` ghH$mar ~±H$m (State Co-operative Banks) :

àË oH$ amÁ`m_Ü o gmYmaUnUo EH$ amÁ` ghH$mar ~±H$ AgVo. amÁ`mVrc _Ü`dVu

ghH$mar ~±H$m§À`m H$m_H$mOmda XoIaoI R>odUo, gëcm XoUo d _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo,{dÎmnwadR>m H$aUo hr m ~±Ho$Mr à_wI H$m_o AgVmV. amÁ` ghH$mar ~±H$m Ë`m-

Ë`m amÁ`mV {eIa ~±H$m åhUyZ H$m © H$aVmV. `m ~±H$m ^maV gaH$ma, ^maVr`


1.25

[aPìh© ~±H$, ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m BË`mXr H$Sy>Z H$O© {_i{dVmV d Vo _Ü`dVu

~±H$m§_m\©$V àmW{_H$ H¥$fr nVg§ñWm§Zm {Xco OmVo. _mM© 2008 AIoa amÁ` ghH$mar

~±H$m§Mr g§»`m 31 BVH$s hmoVr.

ii) _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$m (Central Co-operative Banks) :

_Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$m {Oëhm nmVirda H$m © H$aVmV. {OëømVrc gd© àmW{_H$

H¥$fr nVg§ñWm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±Ho$À`m g^mgX AgVmV. H$mhr _Ü`dVu ~±H$m

BVa ì`ŠVtZmhr g^mgX hmoÊ`mg nadmZJr XoVmV. m ~±H$m àmW{_H$ H¥$fr nVg§ñWm§Zm

{dÎmnwadR>m H$aUo, Ë`m§À`mda XoIaoI R>odUo, Ë`m§Mo {Z §ÌU H$aUo BË`mXr H$m } H$aVmV.

_mM© 2008 AIoa _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m 371 BVH$s hmoVr.

iii) àmW{_H$ H¥$fr nVg§ñWm (Primary Agriculture Credit Societies) :

àmW{_H$ H¥$fr nVg§ñWm ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda H$m © H$aVmV. gmYmaUnUo àË oH$

IoS>oJmdmV EH$ àmW{_H$ H¥$fr nVg§ñWm AgVo. eoVr, Hw$Q>r>amoÚmoJ dJ¡a|Zm m g§ñWm

{dÎmnwadR>m H$aVmV. Á`m JmdmV Aer nVg§ñWm gwê$ Pmcocr AgVo VoWrc cmoH$m§Zm

`m g§ñWoMo g^mgX hmoVm oVo. hr g§ñWm Ë`m JmdmnwaVrM Amnco H$m © H$arV AgVo.

^mJ^m§S>dc, R>odr Am{U _Ü`dVu ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z H$O© KoUo BË`mXr _mJmªZr {_imcocm

n¡gm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Cn`moJmV AmUVmV. 31 _mM© 2008 AIoa

àmW{_H$ H¥$fr nVg§ñWm§Mr g§»`m 97,224 BVH$s hmoVr Va g^mgXm§Mr g§»`m

120 Xecj hmoVr.

~) XrK©H$mcrZ g§aMZm (Long-Term Structure) :

XrK©H$mcrZ ghH$mar nVg§ñWm§Mr aMZm gm_mÝ`V: {ÛñVar` (Two-tier) ñdê$nmMr

AgVo. 1) amÁ`nmVirda amÁ` ghH$mar H¥$fr d J«m_rU {dH$mg ~±H$m (State

Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks -

SCARDBs) H$m © H$aVmV, Ë`m§Mr g§»`m 31 _mM© 2008 n ªV 20 BVH$s

hmoVr. 2) {Oëhm nmVirda àmW{_H$ ghH$mar H¥$fr d J«m_rU {dH$mg ~±H$m


1.26

(Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development

Banks - PCARDBs) H$m © H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mr g§»`m 31 _mM© 2008 n ªV

697 BVH$s hmoVr. XrK©H$mcrZ ghH$mar nVg§ñWm§Mr aMZm H$mhr amÁ`m§V EH$mË_H$

ñdê$nmMr (Unitary) Amho, Va H$mhr amÁ`m§V {ÛñVar` (Two-Tier) ñdê$nmMr

Amho. Á`m amÁ`mV XrK©H$mcrZ ghH$mar nVg§ñWm H$m ©aV ZmhrV VoWo àmXo{eH$

J«m_rU ~±H$m (Regional Rural Banks) À`m emIm§_m\©$V Am{U ì`mnmar

~±H$m§À`m J«m_rU d AY©ehar emIm§_m\©$V amÁ` ghH$mar ~±H$m (State Co-

operative Banks) ~±H$s¨J godm XoV AgVmV. VWm{n, Am§Y« àXoe m amÁ`mV

ghH$mar g§aMZm EH$mpË_H$ ñdê$nmMr Amho d Ë`mV AënH$mcrZ Am{U XrK©H$mcrZ

g§aMZm EH${ÌV AmhoV. Aem VèhoZo ghH$mar ~±H$m§Mo Omio gd© maV^a ngacoco

AgyZ, eoVrcm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mV Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m _hÎdmMr R>aVo.

`m ghH$mar ~±H$m§da amÁ` gaH$ma, ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±H$ Am{U amï´>r` H¥$fr d

J«m_rU {dH$mg ~±H$ (NABARD) m§Mo {Z §ÌU AgVo.

1.6 ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMo àH$ma :(Types of Banking)

~±H$ ì`dgm` àH$ma nwT>rbà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrb.

1.6.1 _MªQ> ~±H$s¨J … (Merchant Banking)

A) AW© …

_MªQ> ~±qH$J hm eãX “_M©ÝQ”> `m eãXmnmgyZ ApñVËdmV Amcocm Amho. 16ì`m eVH$mV nmíMmÎ` XoemV ì`mnmar cmoH$ ~±qH$J CnH«$_ am~drV AgV Am{UåhUyZ _MªQ> ~±qH$J hr g§km àË`jmV H$m`m©pÝdV Pmcr. AmVm _M©ÝQ> ~±qH$J ho AgojoÌ Pmco Amho H$s Oo \$ma _moR>çm à_mUm_Ü o dmT>coco Amho. _MªQ> ~±qH$JMo Omio{Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Mmcco Amho Am{U AmO {dÎmr` A{^`m§{ÌH$s (Financial

Engineering) åhUyZ `mg cmoH${à`Vm àmá Pmcr Amho.


1.27

~) ì`m»`m …

""_MªQ> ~±H$ Aer g§ñWm Amho H$s Or H§$nZrH$Sy>Z ñWm{nV Ho$br OmVo. hr g§ñWm

^m§S>db g§aMZm, nwZ©aMZm Am{U gmYZm§Mo g§H«$_U m~m~V g„m XoÊ`mMo Am{U gmhmæ`

H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVo.''

H$) _MªQ> ~±H$ nwa{dV Agboë`m godm …

gmd©O{ZH$ Am{U ImgJr joÌmVrb àH$ënm§Zm bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z ^m§S>db àmá hmoVo.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ àH$ënm§Zm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xadfu _moR>çm à_mUmda m§S>db C^maUr

Ho$br OmVo. àH$ënm§Mm àdV©H$m§Zm _MªQ> ~±Ho$H$S>o Ymd ¿`mdr bmJVo. m ~±H$m {d{dY

àH$maÀ`m godm nwa{dVmV. m godm nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb …

1 ) ^mJm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ …

H§$nÝ`m§À`m à{V yVtMo gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì`dñWmnZ ho ^m§S>db ~mOmamVrb

^m§S>db ñÌmoVm§Mo mJ qH$dm {dnÌo m§À`m_m\©$V dmQ>n H$aÊ`mMr EH$ H¥$Vr AgVo.

`m g§X^m©V _MªQ> ~±H$m `m ^mJdmQ>nmMo ì`dñWmnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ nmhVmV. `m

g§X^m©V Ë`m§Mo H$m © EH$ {deofrH¥$V _Ü`ñW g§ñWm åhUyZ AgVo. Ë`m§Mm _w»`

ì`dgm` hm ^m§S>dbr ^mJm§H$S>o gmd©O{ZH$ n¡gm AmH¥$îQ> H$aUo hm AgVmo. `m

g§X^m©V m ~±H$m Imbrb godm nwa{dVmV …

1 ) CÔoe nÌHo$ V`ma H$ê$Z ñQ>m°H$ EŠgM|OogH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm _§Owar KoUo.

2 ) go~rH$Sy>Z _§Owar KoUo.

3 ) {d_oH$ar, ~±H$m, Xbmb, Om{hamVXma, N>nmB©Xma BË`mXtMr {Z wŠVr H$aUo.

4 ) gmd©O{ZH$ ^mJdmQ>nmV g_m{dîQ> AgUmè`m gd© àH$maÀ`m g§ñWm§Mr g§_Vr

{_i{dUo.

5 ) Xbmb / Jw§VdUyH$Xma `m§Mr g^m KoUo.

6 ) Om{hamVrMo ñdê$n R>a{dUo.


1.28

7 ) AmdoXZ aŠH$_ aÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m ~±Ho$Mr {ZdS> H$aUo.

8 ) ^mJ{dH«$sÀ`m àma§ mMr d eodQ>Mr VmarI R>a{dUo.

9 ) {d{dY emIm§_YyZ O_m Pmboë`m AmdoXZ aH$_og§X^m©V X¡Z§{XZ Ahdmb {_i{dUo.

10)^mJm§Mr dJ©Ur Jmoim H$aUo.

2 ) ^mJm§À`m g§X^m©V H§$nÝ`m§Zm gëbm …

^mJ{dH«$s ì`dñWmnZmV _M©ÝQ> ~±Ho$Mm gëbm AË §V _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdVmo.àdV©H$mbm ZdrZ ^mJ, A{V[aŠV ^mJ, ~moZg ^mJ qH$dm hŠH$ ^mJ {dH«$sMo{ZU© ¿`mdo bmJVmV. `m g§X^m©V _MªQ> ~±H$m àdV©H$mbm Aem ^mJm§Mo ñdê$nH$moUVo Agmdo m~m~V gëbm XoÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a m ~±H$m àdV©H$m§ZmH$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m àVr yVr {dV[aV H$amì`mV `m~m~Vhr gëbm godm nwa{dVo.H$moUË`mhr dmQ>nmMo e mo½` àH$maÀ`m à{V yVtÀ`m {ZdS>rda Adb§~yZ AgVo,Ë`m_wio _M©ÝQ> ~±Ho$Mm gëbm m g§X^m©V AË §V _hÎdmMm R>aVmo.

3 ) h_r godm …

_MªQ> ~±H$m H§$nÝ`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m mJ^m§S>dbmÀ`m {dH«$sMr h_r XoÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVmV.Aem h_tMo ñdê$n {då`mÀ`m ñdénmV AgVo. m ~±H$m H§$nÝ`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m mJ{dH«$s~m~V h_r XoVmV. Aem àH$mao OmoIr_ KoÊ`mgmR>r m ~±H$m§Zm H$_reZ {XboOmVo. h_r hm Agm EH$ àH$ma Amho Á`m_m\©$V ~mOmamV ^m§S>db C^maUrgmR>rZdrZ ^mJm§À`m {dH«$sMr ImÌr {Xbr OmVo. ZdrZ CÚmoOH$m§Zm ~mOmamVyZ ^mJ{dH«$s H$ê$Z ^m§S>db C o H$aÊ`mV AZoH$ AS>MUr oVmV, H$maU J§wVdUyH$XmaOmoIr_ KoÊ`mg V`ma ZgVmV. Aem doir ZdrZ H§$nÝ`m Aem h_rXmam§H$S>o YmdKoD$Z Ë`m ~mOmamV CVaÊ`mnydu Ë`m§À`m mJm§À`m {dH«$sMr h_r KoÊ`mgmR>r CÚwŠVH$aVmV. _MªQ> ~±H$m hr godm nwa{dVo. Aem àH$mao CÚmoOH$m§Zm ^m§S>dbC^maUrgmR>r _MªQ> ~±H$m à`ËZ H$aVmV.

4 ) amoIo g§J«h ì`dñWmnZ …

amoIo g§J«h ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {dÎmr` gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ hmo .Aem {dÎmr` gmYZm§_Ü o amo»`m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. Jw§VdUyH$ ì`dñWmnZm_Ü o


1.29

Jw§VdUyH$ ì yhaMZm V`ma H$aUo VgoM Ano{jV Jww§VdUyH$ naVmdm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>rdoioda IaoXr dm {dH«$s H$ê$Z mo½` Ë`m J§wVdUyH$ {_lMr {ZdS> H$aUo mMm g_mdoehmoVmo. _M©ÝQ> ~±H$m J§wVdUyH$Xmam§Zm amoIo g§J«h ì`dñWmnZmMr godm nwa{dVmV.

5 ) ^mJdmQ>nmV ì`dñWmnH$ qH$dm gëbmJma …

^mJdmQ>n g§X^m©V H§$nÝ`m EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ g§ñWm§Mr Zo_UyH$ ì`dñWmnH$ åhUyZH$ê$ eH$VmV. go~rZo {Xboë`m _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdmZwgma gd© àH$maÀ`m ^mJm§À`mì`dñWmnZmgmR>r H$_rVH$_r EH$m A{YH¥$V _M©ÝQ> ~±Ho$Mr {Z wŠVr H$am`bm hdr,hr ~±H$ ì`dñWmnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ nmhVo.

n«mW{_H$ ^m§S>db ~mOmamV _M©ÝQ> ~±H$ H§$nZrbm ^m§S>db ì`dhmamV _XVH$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ _hÎdmMr g§ñWm åhUyZ H$m © H$aVmV. `m ~±H$m Ë`m H§$nÝ`m§ZmË`m§À`m H$m_H$mOmV _XV H$aÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVmV.

S >) ^maVmVrc _MªQ> ~±qH$J godm :

1 ) 1967 _Ü o J«r§S>coO ~±H$ (Grindlays Bank) hrZo _MªQ> ~±qH$J {d^mJ gwê$Ho$cm.

2 ) 1970 _Ü o {gQ>r ~±Ho$Zo (City Bank) _MªQ> ~±qH$J {d^mJ gwê$ Ho$cm.

3 ) 1972 _Ü o ^maVr` ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$Mm _MªQ> ~±qH$J {d^mJ dmT>cm Am{U amï´>r`~±H$m CXm. ~±H$ Am°\$ ~S>moXm, H°$Zam ~±H$, g|Q>c ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m§Zr XoIrc_MªQ> ~±qH$J CnH«$_ gwê$ Ho$co.

4 ) ^maVm_Yë`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm§_Ü o Am¡Úmo{JH$ nVnwadR>m Am{U Jw§VdUyH$ _hm_§S>i(ICICI) hr n{hcr g§ñWm hmoVr H$s, {OZo 1980 À`m XeH$mV _MªQ> ~±qH$J{d^mJ gwê$ Ho$cm.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmnwadR>m _hm_§S>i Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±H$ (IDBI) `m§MmXoIrc _MªQ> ~±qH$J hm ñdV§Ì {d^mJ Amho.

5 ) ImgJr g„mJma CÚmoJ g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z XoIrc _MªQ> ~±qH$J godm {Xë`m OmVmV.CXm. {S>.E.gr \$m`ZmÝg H§$ÝgëQ>§Q>, Ho«$S>rQ> H°${nQ>c \$m`ZmÝg H$mnm}aoeZ {c.,


1.30

Oo. E_. \$m`ZmÝgr`c A°ÊS> BÝìhoñQ>_|Q> gpìh©gog {c, BË`mXr. `m g§ñWm {dÎmr`g„m nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV. VgoM ì`dñWmnH$s` g„m XoÊ`mÀ`m godmXoIrc`m g§ñWm nwa{dVmV.

6 ) AZoH$ amÁ`m§Zr XoIrc Vm§{ÌH$ g„mJma g§KQ>Zm (Technical Consultancy

Organisation) ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m AmhoV.

go~rZo _MªQ> ~±qH$JMo CnH«$_ {Z`{_V Ho$coco AmhoV. \$ŠV 10 _M©ÝQ> ~±H$m `m~S>çm CÚmoJ J¥hm§H$Sy>Z CKS>ë`m Jocoë`m AmhoV. _MªQ> ~±qH$JÀ`m H$m`m©V nmaXe©H$Vm`mdr `mgmR>r go~rÀ`m {Z`_ZmImcr H$m`XoeraÑîQ>çm _M©ÝQ> ~±qH$J ì`dgm`AmUÊ`mV Amcocm Amho. _MªQ> ~±qH$J gwê$ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm go~rH$Sy>Z Zm|XUrMoà_mUnÌ {_idmdo cmJVo. _MªQ> ~±H$g©Mo Zm|XUrÀ`m Ñï>rZo Mma JQ>mV dJuH$aUHo$co OmVo Am{U ho dJuH$aU Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©À`m ñdénmà_mUo Ho$co OmVo. go~rZo_M©ÝQ> ~±qH$JH$[aVm ^m§S>dcmÀ`m n[anyV©Vo~m~V H$mhr {ZH$f KmcyZ {Xcoco AmhoV.go~rÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma _MªQ> ~±H$a åhUOo H$moUrhr Aer ì`ŠVr H$s Or ^mJ{dH«$sÀ`mì`dñWmnZmV Jw§Vcocr Amho qH$dm H$O©amo»`m§À`m {dH«$s~m~V, IaoXr~m~V qH$dmË`mV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`m~m~V Amdí`H$ Vmo à~§Y H$aUmar Aer hr ì`ŠVr AmhoqH$dm _hm_§S>i ñdénmVrc g§ñWm§Zm g„mJma godm XoUmar Aer ì`ŠVr Amho Am{UVr g„mJma godm ^mJ{dH«$sÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m g§X^m©V {Xcr OmVo. Aem ì`ŠVrcmgo~rH$Sy>Z _MªQ> ~±qH$J CnH«$_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Amdí`H$ Vo à_mUnÌ {_idmdocmJVo.

1.6.2 {dH$mg ~±H$s¨J … (Development Banking)

A) AW© :

{dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr Zo_H$s Aer ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mV Amcr Zgcr Var AZoH$m§Zr `mg§koMm AW© ñnï> Ho$cm Amho. Á`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm _wXVr H$O© nwa{dVmV, CÚmoOH$VogàmoËgmhZ XoVmV d g§KQ>ZmË_H$ n[aUm_H$maH$Vm dmT>{dVmV, Ë`m§Zm {dH$mg ~±H$m åhQ>coOmVo. {dH$mg ~±H$m H$O© qH$dm gm_mÝ` mJ^m§S>dc (equity capital) qH$dm XmoÝhrhrnwa{dVmV. {dH$mg ~±H$ hr {dH$mgmMm ì`mnH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Agcocr ~hþÔoer` {dÎmr`g§ñWm Amho. Vr _wXVr H$O© XoUmar g§ñWm Amho.


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~) ì`m»`m …

""{dH$mg ~±H$ hr H$O© `mo½` Am{W©H$ {dH$mg àH$ënm§Zm _Ü`_ d XrK©H$mbrZ{ZYrMm nwadR>m H$aUmar Am{U g§~§{YV godm nwa{dUmar {dÎmr` _Ü`ñW Amho.''

H$) {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr d¡{eîQ>ço :

{dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.

1 ) {deofrH¥$V {dÎmr` g§ñWm :

{dH$mg ~±H$m `m {deofrH¥$V {dÎmr` g§ñWm AmhoV. {d{eï> CÔoe nwT>o R>oD$Z `mg§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. cKw CÚmoJ, _Ü`_ d _moR>o CÚmoJ dJ¡a|À`m{dH$mgmgmR>r doJdoJù`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm maVmV ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.

2 ) _Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m :

eoVr, CÚmoJ `m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r _Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrÀ`m {dÎmnwadR>çmMrAmdí`H$Vm AgVo. m joÌm§Mr hr JaO mJ{dÊ`mMo H$m © {dH$mg ~±H$m H$aVmV.{dH$mg ~±H$m Am¡Úmo{JH$, eoVr joÌ dJ¡a|À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mVAmcoë`m AmhoV.

3 ) cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$maV ZmhrV :

ì`mnmar ~±H$m Á`mà_mUo cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z R>odr Jmoim H$aVmV, Ë`mà_mUo {dH$mg ~±H$mcmoH$m§H$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$maV ZmhrV.

4 ) amï´>r` {hVmg àmYmÝ` :

{dH$mg ~±H$m amï´>r` {hVmg àmYmÝ` XoVmV. doJdoJù`m joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>rñWmnZ Pmcoë`m `m ~±H$m Aem joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVyZ XoemMm {dH$mg KSdy>ZAmUÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV. {dÎmnwadR>çmMr CncãYVm H$aVmZm Xoe{hVmMm {dMmaHo$cm OmVmo.

5 ) {dH$mgm{^_wI ~±H$ :

{dH$mg ~±H$m `m {dH$mgm{^_wI ~±H$m AmhoV. {d{eï> joÌmMm d Ë`mVyZ XoemMm{dH$mg gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr OmVo. maVmV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmÀ`m


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{dH$mgmgmR>r ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎm _hm_§S>i, ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg

~±H$ Am{U H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r amï>r` H¥$fr d J«m_rU {dH$mg ~±H$ (Zm~mS>©)

`mgma»`m g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.

6 ) ImgJr d gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmg {dÎmnwadR>m :

{dH$mg ~±H$m Ho$di gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmg {dÎmnwadR>m H$arV ZmhrV, Va ImgJr

joÌmghr {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVmV. maVmV {dH$mg ~±H$m gmd©O{ZH$ d ImgJr joÌmVrc

CÚmoJm§Zm {dÎmnwadR>m H$arV AmhoV.

S >) {dH$mg ~±H$m§Mr H$m`} :

{dH$mg ~±H$m {dH$mgmË_H$ ñdê$nmMr AZoH$ H$m } H$aVmV. hr H$m } nwT>rcà_mUo

AmhoV …

1 ) OmoIr_ ^m§S>dcmMm nwadR>m :

CÚmoJ ì`dgm`mgmR>r {d{dY àH$maÀ`m m§S>dcmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. OmoIr_

^m§S>dcmMm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMo H$m © {dH$mg ~±H$m H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio CÚmoJ ì`dgm`mMr

C^maUr d {dH$mg mg hmV^ma cmJVmo.

2 ) _Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m :

CÚmoJ d ì`dgm`mg Aën, _Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrÀ`m H$Om©Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.

_Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m {dH$mg ~±H$m H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio CÚmoJ

ì`dgm`mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agcocm {dÎmnwadR>m CncãY hmoVmo.

3 ) A{^XmZ XooUo :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWm§Mo amoIo, eoAg©, ~m±S> d H$O©amoIo `m§Zm A{^XmZ XoÊ`mMo H$m ©

{dH$mg ~±H$m H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWm§Zm Amnë`m {dÎmr` JaOm nyU©

H$aÊ`mg {dH$mg ~±H$m§Mr _XV hmoVo.


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4 ) IaoXrMr h_r KoUo qH$dm h_rXma :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWm amoIo, mJ (eoAa), ~m±S> d H$O©amoIo m§Mr {dH«$s H$ê$Z {dÎmr`gmYZgm_J«r C^r H$aVmV. amoIo, eoAa, ~m±S> d H$O©amoIo `m§À`m {dH«$sMr h_rKoÊ`mMo H$m © {dH$mg ~±H$m H$aVmV.

5 ) H$Om©Mr h_r :

CÚmoJm§Zr XoemV d Xoem~mhoa C^macoë`m H$Om©Mr h_r KoÊ`mMo H$m © {dH$mg ~±H$mH$aVmV. Ë`m_wio CÚmoJm§Zm H$O© C^maUo gmono OmVo.

6 ) {dc§{~V XoUr XoÊ`mMr h_r :

XoemV qH$dm Xoem~mhoa ^m§S>dcr dñVy AWdm §Ìgm_J«r IaoXrÀ`m ~m~VrVrcH$Om©À`m {dc§{~V XoÊ`mMr (Deferred Payments) h_r {dH$mg ~±H$m KoVmV.

7 ) ^m§S>dc~mOmamMm {dH$mg :

ñdm{_ËdmMm (Ownership) {dñVma H$ê$Z d BVa doJdoJù`m _mJmªZr {dH$mg~±H$m m§S>dc~mOmamMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.

8 ) ZdrZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ àH$ënmg _XV :

ApñVËdmVrc CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm {dÎmr` gmhmæ` CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`m~amo~aM ZdrZAm¡Úmo{JH$ àH$ën C^maÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV {dH$mg ~±H$m gmhmæ` H$aVmV.

9 ) CÚmoJY§Úm§À`m {dñVmamg _XV :

CÚmoJY§Úm§Mm {dñVma H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm n«_mUmV {ZYrMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.{dñVmamgmR>r Amdí`H$ {dÎmr` gmhmæ` {dH$mg ~±H$m H$aVmV.

10)g§`§Ì d `§Ìgm_J«rÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmgmR>r gmhmæ` :

CÚmoJmVrc g§ §Ì d §Ìgm_J«rÀ`m gwYmaUogmR>r d AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmgmR>r Amdí`H$Agcoco {dÎmr` gmhmæ` {dH$mg ~±H$m CncãY H$aVmV.

11)Am¡Úmo{JH$ gd}jU :

{dH$mg ~±H$m gd©gmYmaU Am¡Úmo{JH$ gd}jU H$aVmV. VgoM {d{eï> àH$ën gwê$H$aUo mo½` Amho H$s Zmhr mMmhr Aä`mg H$aVmV.


1.34

12)ZdrZ CÚmoOH$m§Zm V§ÌkmZ d ~mOma _m{hVr :

{dH$mg ~±H$m ZdrZ CÚmoOH$m§Zm V§ÌkmZ{df`H$ kmZ Am{U ~mOma{df`H$ _m{hVrCncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVmV. Ë`mVyZ ZdrZ CÚmoOH$m§Zm CÚmoJm§Mr C^maUrd {dH$mg H$aÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

13)_mJ©Xe©Z, à{ejU d BVa gw{dYm :

ZdrZ CÚmoOH$m§Zm àH$ën {ZpíMV H$aUo, àH$ën C^maUo, àH$ënmMrA§_c~OmdUr H$aUo mgma»`m _mJ©Xe©Z, n«{ejU d BVa gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$ZXoÊ`mMo H$m © {dH$mg ~±H$m H$aVmV.

14)ì`dñWmnZ{df`H$ H$m`©H«$_mMo àm`moOH$ :

{dH$mg ~±H$m ì`dñWmnH$s` H$m¡eë`mV gwYmaUm H$aUo, ì`dñWmnZmMoì`dgm`rH$sH$aU mgmR>rMo H$m ©H«$_ àm`mo{OV H$aVmV. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ CÚmoJm§ZmAmnë`m ì`dñWmnZmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mg hmoVmo.

15)_mJmgcoë`m joÌmMm {dH$mg :

{dH$mg ~±H$m Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH|$ÐrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUyZ _mJmgcoë`m mJmV CÚmoJm§Mm{dH$mg hmoÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV. Ë`mÛmao _mJmgcoë`m joÌmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZAmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.

1.6.3 w{ZQ> ~±H$s¨J … (Unit Banking)

A) AW© :

w{ZQ> ~±qH$J åhUOo ~±qH$JMr Aer àUmbr Á`m_Ü o EH$mM ~±qH$J g§KQ>ZoÛmaogodm nwa{dë`m OmVmV. hr Aer EH$ ~±qH$J àUmbr AgVo Á`m_Ü o gaH$ma Ë`m ~±Ho$bmAmnë`m emIm CKS>Ê`mg nadmZJr XoV Zmhr qH$dm Ë`mda _`m©Xm AmUVo. ~±H$m§À`memIm§Mo Omio {Z_m©U Z H$aVm gd© ~±qH$J ì`dñWm EH$mM ~±qH$J H$m`m©b`mVyZMmb{dbr OmVo. Aem ~±Ho$Mo EH$_od Ago H$m`m©b` AgVo qH$dm H$m_mMo {R>H$mUAgVo. àË oH$ ~±Ho$Mo gd© ñdV§Ì ApñVËd AgVo. {VMo ñdV:Mo m§S>db Am{U YmoaUoAgVmV. WmoS>Š`mV w{ZQ> ~±qH$J_Ü o ~±Ho$Mo _w»` H$m`m©b` Xya ZgVo.


1.35

~) ì`m»`m :

"" w{ZQ> ~±qH$J åhUOo Aer ~±qH$J àUmbr Á`m_Ü o ~±H$ ñdV§ÌnUo H$m © H$aVoAm{U Amnbm ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mgmR>r emIm CKS>V Zmhr.''

H$) w{ZQ> ~±qH$JMo \$m`Xo / JwU :

w{ZQ> ~±qH$JMo \$m`Xo Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb :

1 ) chmZ à_mUmdarc ì`dhmamMo cm^ :

ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdaM ì`dgm` Agë`mZo XoIaoI Mm§Jë`m àH$mao R>odVm oVo.A\$amV\$ar d J¡aàH$ma cJoM bjmV oVmV. J«mhH$m§H$S>o d¡ {ŠVH$ cj XoD$ZË`m§Zm g_mYmZr R>odVm oVo. YmoaU d H$m ©nÕVr ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVrer{_iVrOwiVr AgVo d Ë`mV ~Xchr AënmdYrV H$aVm oVmV.

2 ) ImVoXma d H$O©Xmam§er OdirH$ :

ì`dñWmnH$ OdiOdi àË oH$ ImVoXma d H$O©Xmamcm AmoiIV AgVmo.Ë`m_wio H$O©Xmam§Mr nV AMyH$ AmoiIyZ Ë`mZwgma mo½` H$O} {Xcr OmVmV.VgoM H$O©_§Owarg {dc§~ cmJV Zmhr.

3 ) ñWm{ZH$ {dH$mgmH$S>o cj :

~±Ho$Mo ñdê$n ñWm{ZH$ Agë`mZo VoWo O_m Ho$coë`m R>odr VoWrc {dH$mgmgmR>rMdmnaë`m OmVmV. BVaÌ Ë`m dmnaë`m OmV ZmhrV.

4 ) ì`dñWmnZ IM© H$_r :

`m nÕVrV ~±Ho$Mo _w»` H$m`m©c` ~±Ho$À`m OmJrM Agë`m_wio BVa emIm~±H$mà_mUo H§o$Ðr` H$m`m©c` mH$Sy>Z XoIaoI d {Z §ÌU H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$VmZgVo. Ëd[aV {ZU© KoVco OmVmV d ì`dñWmnZ IM© H$_r AgVmo.

5 ) O~m~XmarZo ì`dhma :

~±Ho$Mr {dÎmr` gmYZo _`m©{XV AgVmV d ~mhoê$Z _XV {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`VmZgVo. Ë`m_wio m nÕVrV ì`dhma A{YH$ H$miOrnyd©H$ d gmdYnUo Ho$coOmVmV. Ë`mV ~oO~m~XmanUm qH$dm ~o mZnUm ZgVmo.


1.36

6 ) gmd©{ÌH$ ~±H$~wS>rMr eŠ`Vm H$_r :

~±H$m ñWm{ZH$ ñdénmÀ`m Agë`mZo EImXr ~±H$ ~wSm>cr Var Ë`mMo n[aUm_ AÝ`ÌngaV ZmhrV. BVa cmoH$m§Zm ~±H$ ~wSm>ë`mMr _m{hVrhr ZgVo. Ë`m_wio EImÚm~±H$~wS>rMo ê$nm§Va amï—>r` g§H$Q>mV hmoV Zmhr.

7 ) _ŠVoXmar d Am{W©H$ gÎmoÀ`m H|$ÐrH$aUmMr {^Vr ZgVo :

~±H$m chmZ d ñWm{ZH$ ñdénmÀ`m Agë`mZo _ŠVoXmar d Am{W©H$ gÎmoÀ`mH|$ÐrH$aUmMr {^Vr ZgVo.

8 ) H$m`©j_ ì`dñWmnZ :

H$m ©j_VoÀ`m Ñï>rZo ñdV§Ì ~±H$m§Zm ì`dñWmnH$s` cm^ OmñV hmoVmo. _`m©{XVH$_©Mmar dJ© Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©da ì`dñWmnH$ ì`{ŠVJVnUo n ©dojU d{Z §ÌU R>oD$ eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio X¡Z§{XZ H$m_mV {eñV~ÕVm oVo d Anì`` Q>iVmo.

VgoM ì`dñWmnH$ VmËH$mi OmJodaM {ZU© KoD$ eH$Vmo. m_wio àemgH$s` {Xa§JmB©

Q>miÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. gd© J«mhH$ ~±Ho$À`m Cƒ A{YH$mè`m§er WoQ> g§nH©$ gmYy

eH$VmV. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ g_ñ`m MM}Zo gwQ>VmV, {ZU© OcXnUo hmoVmV d Ë`m§Mr

H$m ©dmhr hr VËnaVoZo hmoVo.

9 ) joÌ {dH$mgmg Cn`wŠV :

w{ZQ> ~±H$m§Zm ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$ R>odtÀ`m ê$nmZo n¡gm nwa{dVmV. ho {ZYr Ë`mM ñWmZmÀ`m

{dH$mgmH$[aVm dmnaco OmVmV. "ñWm{ZH$ {ZYr ñWm{ZH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r' m VÎdmMr

A§_c~OmdUr hmoD$ eH$Vo. XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV àmXo{eH$ g_Vmoc

AmUÊ`mg w{ZQ> ~±H$ hm àH$ma Cn`moJr R>aVmo.

10)gwg§dmXr cmoH$ g§nH©$ :

w{ZQ> ~±H$m§Mo H$_©Mmar d J«mhH$ m§Mo nañna g§~§Y gwg§dmXr amhVmV. ì`dgm`mMo

ì`dhma hmoVmZm Ë`mV Am¡nMm[aH$Vm Z oVm ì`{ŠVJV {Oìhmim amhVmo. Ago

dmVmdaU ì`mnma, CÚmoJ d ~±qH$J m§À`m {dH$mgmcm nyaH$ AgVo.


1.37

11)Am{W©H$ gÎmoÀ`m H|$ÐrH$aUmg à{V~§Y :

w{ZQ> ~±H$m BVŠ`m chmZ d {dIwacoë`m AgVmV H$s, Ë`m_wio ~S>çm emIm

nÕVrÀ`m ~±H$m§~m~V hmoUmar _ŠVoXmar d Am{W©H$ gÎmoMo H|$ÐrH$aU m ~±H$ àH$mamV

nmhmd`mg {_iV Zmhr.

12)~±H$m ~wS>Ê`mÀ`m KQ>Zm Xw_r©i :

w{ZQ> ~±H$m§H$S>o _`m©{XV R>odr AgVmV d Ë`m§Mr H$O}hr _`m©{XV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio

_§XrÀ`m H$mimV m ~±H$m ~wS>Ê`mMo à_mU H$_r amhVo d Oar EImXr ~±H$ ~wS>mcr

Var EHy$U AW©ì`dñWoda Ë`mMo Xwîn[aUm_ hmoV ZmhrV.

S >) `w{ZQ> ~±qH$JMo VmoQ>o/ Xmof :

w{ZQ> ~±qH$JMo VmoQ>o / Xmof Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb :

1 ) _`m©{XV Hw$dV d Zâ`mMo H$_r à_mU :

w{ZQ> ~±H$m§Mr R>odr Jmoim H$aÊ`mMr Hw$dV Ë`m mJmnwaVr _`m©{XV AgVo. Ë`m_wio_moR>çm H$O©Xmam§Mr JaO Ë`m ^mJdy eH$V ZmhrV. VgoM Iyn g§»`m Agcoë`mH$O©Xmam§Zm N>moQ>r H$O} XoUo ÌmgXm`H$ d IMr©H$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio Zâ`mMo à_mUH$_r hmoVo.

2 ) ñWm{ZH$ XS>nUmMm YmoH$m :

ñWm{ZH$ XS>nUm_wio A`mo½` H$O} Úmdr cmJÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm `m àH$mamV OmñVAgVo. XyaÀ`m _Ü`dVu H$Moarda Vo O~m~Xmar T>H$cy eH$V ZmhrV.

3 ) chmZ à_mUmVrc ì`dhmamVrc VmoQ>o :

chmZ ~±H$m VÁk, {deofk m§À`m godm§Mm cm^ KoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zm ZdrZà`moJ H$aVm oV ZmhrV, Zdo CnH«$_ gwê$ H$aVm oV ZmhrV.

4 ) YmoŠ`mÀ`m {d^mJUrMr H$_r g§Yr :

gmYmaUnUo EImXm CÚmoJ EImÚm {d{eï> àXoemV EH$dQ>cocm AgVmo. ñWm{ZH$~±Ho$cm VoWrc CÚmoJm§ZmM H$O© Úmdo cmJVo. YmoŠ`mMr àmXo{eH$ {d^mJUr {Vcm


1.38

H$aVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m CÚmoJmcm dmB©Q> {Xdg Amco qH$dm Ë`m àXoemdaH$mhr Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr H$mogicr Va VoWrc ~±H$m YmoŠ`mV oVmV.

5 ) J«mhH$m§Zm _`m©{XV godmnwadR>m :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ì`mnma d Am{W©H$ ì`dhma H$jm doJmZo é§XmdV AmhoV; na§VwñWm{ZH$ ~±H$m MoH$ dgycr, n¡go nmR>dUo, B. godm J«mhH$m§Zm ì`mnH$ à_mUmda XoD$eH$V ZmhrV H$maU BVaÌ Ë`m§À`m emImM ZgVmV. Ë`mgmR>r BVa ~±H$m§er H$amaH$amdo cmJVmV. Ë`m_wio m godm IMr©H$ d J§wVmJw§VrÀ`m ~ZVmV.

6 ) OmñV amoH$S>rMr JaO :

~mhoê$Z _XV {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Zgë`mZo m ~±H$m§Zm OmñV amoH$S> Odi ~miJmdrcmJVo. Ë`m_wio Zâ`mMo à_mU H$_r hmoVo.

7 ) ~±H$ ì`dgm`m{df`H$ YmoaU R>adUo AdKS> :

~±qH$J YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$cm hOmamo ~±H$ AÜ`jm§er {dMma{d{Z_`H$amdm cmJVmo. ho Ho$di AeŠ` AgVo d Ë`mV _V oX CX² dy eH$VmV. OodT>çmì`ŠVr OmñV VodT>r _Vo OmñV, Ë`m_wio w{ZQ> ~±H$ nÕVrV ~±qH$J YmoaU EH$V\$s©AgVo d Vo A§_cmV AmUUohr AdKS> AgVo.

1.6.4 emIm ~±H$s¨J … (Branch Banking)

A) AW© :

emIm ~±qH$J åhUOo ~±qH$JMr Aer aMZm Á`m_Ü o EH$M ~±H$ H§$nZr qH$dmg§ñWm AZoH$ emIm§_YyZ H$m ©aV AgVo. B§p½be ~±qH$J ho emIm ~±qH$JMo CËH¥$îQ>CXmhaU Amho. emIm ~±qH$J_Ü o EH$ ~±H$ Amnë`m {d{dY emIm§_m\©$V ~±qH$J ì`dgm`Mmb{dV AgVo. Aem ~±H$m§Mr YmoaUo Am{U H$m ©nÕVr _w»` H$m`m©b`mV V`ma hmoVoAm{U emIm Aem _w»` H$m`m©b`mÀ`m _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U XoIaoIrImbr H$m © H$aVAgVmV. gÜ`m maVmV OdiOdi 100 ~±H$m§À`m 60,000 emIm H$m ©aV AmhoV.

~) emIm ~±qH$JMo \$m`Xo/ JwU :

emIm ~±qH$JMo \$m`Xo/JwU Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb …


1.39

1 ) _moR>çm à_mUmdarc ì`dhmamMo cm^ :

emIm ~±H$ nÕVrg _moR>çm à_mUmdarc ì`dhmamMo cm^ {_iVmV. m ~±H$m VÁk

ì`ŠVr, CÎm_ ì`dñWmnH$, {deofk `m§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$ê$ eH$VmV H$maU Ë`m§Zm

Oar nJma Iyn Úmdm cmJcm Var Ë`m§Mm nyU© dmna H$ê$Z KoVm oB©c EdT>o H$m_

AgVo. Ë`m_wio gamgar IM© H$_r hmoVmo. Am{W©H$ ~Xcm§À`m àd¥ÎmrMm AJmD$

A§XmO KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m gd}jU H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Zm mo½` YmoaU AmIVmoVo. Zì`m H$ënZm àm`mo{JH$ VÎdmda am~dVm oVmV. g§JUH$ dmna, E.Q>r.E_.

gma»`m AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì §ÌmMm dmna Ë`m H$ê$ eH$VmV. _moR>çm à_mUmda Om{hamVrH$aUohr Ë`m§Zm eŠ` hmoVo. m gd© Jmoï>r chmZ ~±H$m H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV.

2 ) H$_r amoH$S>rMr JaO :

_mJUrà_mUo amoI n¡gm CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo hm ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm nm`m Amho. nUIyn amoH$S> Odi R>odcr Va CËnÞ ~wS>Vo. VgoM AJXr H$_r amoH$S> ~miJUohrYmoŠ`mMo AgVo. emIm ~±H$ nÕVrV OmñV amoH$S> R>odmdr cmJV Zmhr H$maU AMmZH$amoH$S>rMr _mJUr dmT>ë`mg Xwgè`m emIoVyZ cJoM n¡go _mJ{dVm oVmV. Ë`m_wioA{YH$ {ZYr dmnê$Z CËnÞ dmT>dVm oVo.

3 ) n¡go nmR>dÊ`mMr ñdñV gmo` :

emIm§_m\©$V H$_r IMm©V n¡go nmR>dÊ`mMr gdcV J«mhH$m§Zm XoVm oVo. gÜ`m ì`mnmad Am{W©H$ ì`dhma amï—>r` d Am§Vaamï—>r` nmVirda hmoV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio `mgodoMo _hÎd dmT>V Amho.

4 ) ^m§S>dcmMr JVrercVm dmT>Vo :

{Za{Zamù`m emIm§VyZ Oar R>odr Jmoim Ho$ë`m OmV Agë`m Var OoWo H$_mc àmár{_ioc Aem {R>H$mUr Ë`m dmnaë`m OmVmV. OoWo H$O©_mJUr OmñV VoWo OmñVì`mOXamZo H$O© {Xco OmVo. emIm nÕVrV EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr^m§S>dcmMo ñWmZm§Va ghOnUo hmoVo. ^m§S>dcmMm CËnmXH$ Cn`moJ H$aUo eŠ`hmoVo.


1.40

5 ) YmoŠ`mMr àmXo{eH$ {d^mJUr :

`m nÕVrV ~±Ho$À`m emIm Xoe^a ngacoë`m AgVmV. gmYmaUnUo ^m¡Jmo{cH$pñWVrZwgma CÚmoJm§Mo ñWm{Z{`H$aU R>acoco AgVo. R>amdrH$ Y§Xo R>amdrH$ mJmVEH$dQ>coco {XgVmV. {d{dY àXoemVrc {d{dY CÚmoJm§Zm H$O} {Xë`mZo YmoŠ`mMràmXo{eH$ d Am¡Úmo{JH$ {d^mJUr AmnmoAmn hmoVo. EImÚm àXoemV Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrAmoT>dcr qH$dm gm_m{OH$ VUmd {Z_m©U Pmcm Va Ë`m mJmVrc ZwH$gmZ AÝ`Ì{_iUmè`m Zâ`mVyZ ê$Z H$mT>Vm oVo.

6 ) ì`mOXamV g_mZVm :

emIm nÕVrV m§S>dc JVrerc hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ì`mOXamV gd© àXoemV g_mZVmàñWm{nV hmoÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr dmT>Vo. EImÚm mJmV ì`mOXa OmñV Agoc Va ~±H$mVoWo OmñV H$O©nwadR>m H$aVrc Ë`m_wio ì`mOXa BVa mJm§EdT>o H$_r hmoVrc.

7 ) `mo½` H$O©_§Oyar :

emIm ~±H$ nÕVrV A{YH$mè`m§À`m R>amdrH$ H$mimZo ~Xë`m Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Ë`m_wioñWm{ZH$ XS>nUmcm ~ir nSy>Z MwH$sMr H$O} XoUo Q>mico OmVo. EImXm A`mo½`H$O©àñVmd Amcm Va XyaÀ`m _Ü`dVu H$m`m©c`mcm Xmof XoD$Z Vmo ZmH$maVm oVmo.Ë`m_wio mo½` àñVmdm§ZmM H$O} {Xcr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio H$O©~wS>rMm YmoH$m H$_r hmoVmo.

8 ) _§XrV VJ YaÊ`mMr Hw$dV OmñV :

emIm ~±H$ nÕVrV _moR>çm ~±H$m AgVmV, Ë`m§Mo amIrd {ZYr ^anya AgVmV.Ë`m_wio _§XrÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m {Q>H$md Yê$ eH$VmV.

9 ) H$_©Mmè`m§Zm ~T>VrMr g§Yr :

emIm ~±H$ nÕVrV _moR>çm ~±H$m Agë`mZo H$_©Mmè`m§Zm ~T>VrMr g§Yr OmñVAgVo. Ë`m_wio Vo H$m ©j_VoZo H$m_ H$aVmV d H$m_mV OmñV ñdmañ` XmIdVmV.`mMm EHy$U n[aUm_ åhUOo ~±Ho$Mr H$m ©j_Vm dmT>Vo.

10)n[aUm_H$maH$ ~±{H$J YmoaU AmIUr eŠ` :

emIm ~±H$ nÕVrZo _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mo H$m_ gmono hmoVo. ~±{H$J YmoaU AmIVmZm _moOŠ`mì`ŠVter MMm© H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm {dídmgmV KoVco, Ë`m§À`m AS>MUr g_OmdyZ KoVë`m


1.41

d mo½` YmoaU AmIco Va Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV ~±H$m ghH$m © XoVmV dYmoaU eñdr hmoVo.

11)AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m pñWVrMr _m{hVr :

Xoe^a ngacoë`m emIm§_m\©$V ~±Ho$cm XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrMr dmñVd H$ënZmoD$ eH$Vo. AW©ì`dñWoMr ZmS>rM Ë`m§À`m hmVmV AgVo. Ë`m_wio {dî`H$mimgmR>r

`mo½` {ZU© Ë`m KoD$ eH$VmV. Á`mcm nyd©gyMZm {_iVo Vmo A{YH$ ~cdmZ R>aVmo.

12){deofrH$aU d l_{d^mJUr :

emIm nÕVrÀ`m ~±H$m§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmdarc ì`dhmam§Mo cm^ hmoVmV. àM§S> {dÎmr`{ZYr Agë`m_wio `m ~±H$m JcocÇ> nJmamda Cƒ{e{jV VÁk Zo_y eH$VmV. hoVÁk ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m doJdoJù`m joÌmVrc {deofk AgVmV. CXm. _mc_ÎmoMo{dVaU, VmaUm~m~VMo {Z`_, ZmoH$a aVr, BË`mXr. H$mhr VÁk ~mOmanoR> Aä`mgd _mJUrMm nyd© A§XmO mda cj H|${ÐV H$aVmV. H$mhrOU eoVr nVnwadR>m VaH$mhr ì`mnma, Am¡Úmo{JH$ nVnwadR>m `mV VÁk AgVmV. `mo½` ì`ŠVrcm `mo½`ñWmZr Zo_Ê`mMm \$m`Xm l_{d^mJUrZo hmoVmo. n[aUm_r, H$m © à{H«$`m§Mm IM©H$_r hmoD$Z ~±Ho$Mr H$m ©j_Vm dmT>Vo.

13)n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m gw{dYm :

emIm§À`m Xyada ngacoë`m Omù`mVyZ emIm ~±qH$J J«mhH$m§Zm n¡go ñWmZm§V[aVH$aÊ`mÀ`m gmo r nwa{dVmV. S´>mâQ>, YZmXoe d hþ§S>çm ~hþg§»` emImVyZ H$mT>ë`mOmVmV d Jmoim Ho$ë`m OmVmV. m_wio ì`mnmamÀ`m {dñVmamcm ghmæ` hmoVo.

14)Am§Va~±H$m§Mo ghH$m`© :

WmoS>çm ~±H$m§Zm EH$Ì oUo gmo rñH$a hmoVo. Ë`m EH$_oH$m§V MMm© H$ê$Z _Vm§MrXodKod H$aVmV. CÚmoJrH$aU, J«m_rU ~±qH$J mgma»`m _moR>çm AmìhmZm§Zm Vm|S>XoÊ`mH$[aVm ~±H$m EH$_oH$m§Zm gmW XoVmV. Ago ghH$m © ñdV§Ì ~±H$m§V ZgVo. ~±H$m~±H$m§Vrc KmVH$ ñnYm© Q>miÊ`mH$[aVm Ago ghH$m © \$ma _mocmMo AgVo.

15)J«mhH$m§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmda godm :

_moR>çm à_mUmda emIm Agë`mZo d àM§S> à_mUmV n¡emMo {ZYr Agë`mZo `m~±H$m Ë`m§À`m J«mhH$m§Zm {d{dY godm nwady eH$VmV. CXm. àdmgr MoŠg, gwa{jV


1.42

H$nmQ>mÀ`m gmo r, {då`mÀ`m hßË`mMo n¡go aUo, {Zd¥Îmr doVZ, nJma O_m H$aUo,

{dídñV åhUyZ H$m © H$aUo, BË`mXr. m_wio J«mhH$ AmH${f©co OmVmV d ~±H$m§Mr

cm^àXVm dmT>Vo.

H$) emIm ~±qH$JMo VmoQ>o / Xmof :

emIm ~±qH$JMo VmoQ>o / Xmof Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb :

1 ) XoIaoI IM© OmñV :

emIm§À`m OmñV g§»`o_wio d Ë`mhr Xoe^a ngacoë`m Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m

H$m_H$mOmda cj R>odUo AdKS> OmVo. mgmR>r àmXo{eH$ H$m`m©c o, {d^mJr` d

_§S>i H$m`m©c o ñWmnZ H$amdr cmJVmV. mVyZ CËnÞ H$mhrM {_iV Zmhr. nU

ì`dñWmnH$s` d XoIaoI IM© dmT>Vmo. VnmgUr nWHo$, coImn[ajU, B. Jmoï>r

H$amì`m cmJVmV. KmoQ>mio, A\$amV\$ar Ceram COoS>mV oVmV. Ë`mV ~±H$m§Mo

ZwH$gmZ hmoVo d à{Vð>og Pi nmohmoMVo.

2 ) H$m_H$mOmVrc VmR>aVm :

YmoaU d H$m ©nÕVrV EH$gyÌVm R>odÊ`mgmR>r {Z`_ Ho$co OmVmV d Ë`m§À`m H$mQ>oH$moa

nmcZmMr Anojm AgVo. Ë`m_wio ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVrer g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mV emIm§Zm

AS>MU oVo, J«mhH$ ZmamO hmoVmV.

3 ) {ZU©`mg {dc§~ :

~è`mM àH$aUmV emIm§Zm d[að> H$m`m©c`mMr g§_Vr, nadmZJr ¿`mdr cmJVo.

Ë`m§Zm H$mJXnÌo gmXa H$amdr cmJVmV. {Z`_m§À`m AWm©{df`r _V oX hmoVmV. m

gJù`mV H$O©{ZU© mg {dc§~ cmJVmo.

4 ) H$_©Mmè`m§Mm A{cánUm :

H$_©Mmè`m§À`m dma§dma ~Xë`m hmoV Agë`mZo OoWo Vo H$m_ H$arV AgVmV VoWrc

cmoH$m§er Vo g_ag hmoV ZmhrV. Ë`m ^mJmMm {dH$mg ìhmdm Aer AmoT> Ë`m§Zm


1.43

ZgVo. J«mhH$m§er Ë`m§Mo \$ŠV$Am¡nMm[aH$ g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `mV d¡ {ŠVH$

AmnwcH$s ZgVo. Ë`m_wio H$m_H$mO §ÌdV MmcVo.

5 ) g§gJ©OÝ` ~±H$~wS>r :

EImÚm emIoÀ`m amoIVo{df`r g§e` {Z_m©U Pmcm H$s BVa emIm d Vr ~±H$

YmoŠ`mV oVo Am{U _J gJù`mM ~±H$m YmoŠ`mV oVmV. Ë`m§À`mdarc cmoH$m§Mm

{dídmg S>i_iVmo.

6 ) EH$m àXoemVrc {ZYtMm AÝ`Ì dmna :

R>odr Oar gd© emIm§_YyZ Jmoim hmoV Agë`m Var OoWo ì`mOXa OmñV Ë`m mJmVM

H$O} {Xcr OmVmV. Oa cmoH$m§_Ü o àmXo{eH$ mdZm à~i Agoc Va ho cmoH$m§Zm

AmdS>V Zmhr. OoWo R>odr Jmoim Ho$ë`m OmVmV Ë`m mJm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>rM Ë`m

dmnamì`mV Agm AmJ«h Yacm OmVmo.

7 ) Am{W©H$ gÎmoÀ`m H|$ÐrH$aUmg ghmæ`^yV :

emIm ~±H$ nÕVrV ~±H$m WmoS>çm AgVmV. Ë`m§À`mda H$mhr ì`ŠVtMoM {Z §ÌU

AgVo. VoM H$O©YmoaU R>adVmV. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ gÎmoMo H|$ÐrH$aU hmoD$Z {df_Vm

dmT>Vo.

gamdmgmR>r àíZ

20 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. ~±H$ åhUOo H$m`?

à. 2. ~±Ho$Mr H$moUVrhr Mma d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

à. 3. wamonmVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMo Q>ßno H$moUVo?


1.44

à. 4. "ì`mnmar ~±H$m' åhUOo H$m`?

à. 5. naH$s` ~±H$m§Mm AW© gm§Jm.

50 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1."~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr' mda {Q>n {bhm,

à. 2. ~±Ho$Mr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnï> H$am.

à. 3. Am{e`m I§S>mVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 4. maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 5. "àmXo{eH$ ~±H$m mda {Q>n {bhm.

150 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. B½b§S>_Yrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 2. ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo àH$ma ñnï> H$am.

à. 3. wamonmVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 4. A_o[aHo$Vrb ~±H$ ì`dgm`mÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMm AmT>mdm ¿`m..

500 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. ^maVmVmbr ~±H$ ì`dgm`mÀ`m CËH«$m§VrMo Q>ßno ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 2. ^maVmVrb ~±H$ ì`dgm` àUmbrMr g§aMZm ñnï> H$am.

à. 3. ~±H$ åhUOo H$m`? ~±Ho$Mr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnï> H$am.

à. 4. OJmVrb {d{dY XoemV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr CËH«$m§Vr H$er KSy>Z Ambr? mdaàH$me Q>mH$m.

2.1

2.1 ~±Ho$Mr àmW{_H$ H$m }

2.2 ~±Ho$Mr Xwæ`_ H$m }

2.3 ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr AW©ì`dñWoVrc y{_H$m

7~±Ho$Mr H$m } 2

àmñVm{dH$ :(Introduction)

EH$ _hÎdnyU© {dÎmr` g§ñWm åhUyZ ~±Ho$g {d{dY àH$maMr H$m } nma nmS>mdr

bmJVmV. nydu Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§Mo ñdê$n _`m©{XV hmoVo, Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§Mr H$m }

XoIrb _`m©{XV hmoVr. _mÌ, AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§À`m J{VerbVoV

Pmbobr dmT> {dMmamV KoVm ~±H$m§À`m H$m ©joÌmMm {dñVma KSy>Z Ambobm {XgVmo.

~±Ho$Ûmao nma nmS>ë`m OmUmè`m H$m`mªMo gd©gmYmaUnUo àmW{_H$ H$m o© Am{U Xwæ`_

H$m } Aem XmoZ àH$mamV dJr©H$aU Ho$bo OmVo. J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$maUo Am{U

JaOd§Vm§Zm H$O© XoUo hr ~±Ho$Mr àmW{_H$ qH$dm _yb yV H$m } _mZbr OmVmV. OJmV

2.2


gd©M ~±H$m hr H$m } nma nmS>VmV. ~±Ho$Ûmao Amnë`m J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z R>odrÀ`m ñdê$nmV

n¡go ñdrH$mabo OmVmV. R>odtMm H$mbI§S> d ñdê$n {dMmamV KoVm Ë`m§Mo doJdoJù`m

àH$mamV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. VgoM ~±Ho$Ûmao {Xbr OmUmar H$m } d A{J«_oXoIrb

doJdoJù`m àH$maMr AgVmV. H$O© XoVmZm ~±H$ H$O©XmamMr g§nyU© _m{hVr R>odVo,

VgoM {d{eï> {Z`_m§Zwgma H$O© {Xbo OmVo. ~±Ho$À`m Xwæ`_ H$m`m©V ~±Ho$Ûmao _Ü`ñW

åhUyZ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m H$m`mªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~±H$ Amnë`m ImVoXmam§À`m g§X^m©V

{d{dY àg§Jr _Ü`ñW åhUyZ H$m } nma nmS>V AgVo. `mIoarO ~±Ho$Ûmao gwajm J¥ho,

gwajm R>od H$nmQ>, h_rnÌ XoUo, gëbm XoUo, ^mJ{dH«$s¨Mr h_r XoUo, nVnÌ XoUo,

naH$s` MbZ ì`dhma `mgmaIr gd©gm_mÝ` Cn wŠV H$m o© XoIrb nma nmS>Vo. hr gd©

H$m } OmUyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

2.1 ~±Ho$Mr àmW{_H$ H$m } :

(Primary Functions of Bank)

XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMm {dÎmr` H$Um Agcoë`m ~±Ho$Mr àmW{_H$ H$m } AË §V

_hÎdnyU© R>aVmV. R>odr ñdrH$maUo Am{U H$O© XoUo hr ~±Ho$Mr àmW{_H$ H$m } AmhoV.

àmW{_H$ H$m`m©Ûmao ~±H$ AË §V _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdVo. ~±Ho$Mr àmW{_H$ H$m }

nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm oVrc …

2.1.1 R>odr ñdrH$maUo (Accepting Deposits) :

R>odr ñdrH$maÊ`mÀ`m ì`dhmamVyZM AmYw{ZH$ ~±Ho$Mm OÝ_ Pmcm Agë`mZo R>odr

ñdrH$maUo ho ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mo n«_wI H$m © _mZco OmVo. cmoH$m§Zr R>odcoë`m R>odr ho ~±Ho$Mo

_w»` m§S>dc AgVo. cmoH$m§Mm {ecH$s n¡gm R>od ê$nmZo ñdrH$maUo, Vmo gwa{jV R>odUo,

R>odtda AmH$f©H$ ì`mO XoUo Am{U cmoH$m§À`m JaOoZwgma R>odtMo n¡go cmoH$m§Zm naV XoUo

hr O~m~Xmar ~±H$m ñdrH$maVmV.

2.3

~±Ho$Mr H$m }

1 ) Mmcy R>odr :

R>odrXmamZo _mJVmjUr naV H$aÊ`mÀ`m AQ>tda m R>odr ñdrH$macoë`m AgVmV.

R>odrXmamcm ~±Ho$À`m H$m_H$mOmÀ`m doioV {H$Vrhr doim aŠH$_ R>odVm oVo AWdm

H$mT>Vm oVo. m ImË`mda Zoh_rM ì`dhma Mmcy AgVmV, åhUyZM mcm Mmcy

R>od ImVo Ago åhUVmV. Mmcy R>od ImË`mdarc n¡gm ~±H$m§Zm Jw§VdUwH$sgmR>r \$magm

dmnaVm oV Zmhr åhUyZ m R>odtda ì`mO {Xco OmV Zmhr. maVmgma»`m m§S>dc

Q>§MmB© Agcoë`m XoemV _mÌ cmoH$m§Mr ~MV EH$Ì Jmoim ìhmdr åhUyZ H$mhr ~±H$m

`m R>odrXmam§Zmhr AYm© Q>ŠH$m Zm__mÌ ì`mO XoVmV. ì`mnmar, ì`mdgm{`H$ AWdm

Á`m§Mo X¡Z§{XZ Am{W©H$ ì`dhma (CcmT>mc) _moR>çm à_mUmV AgVmV Aem

cmoH$m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo Mmcy R>od ImË`mV n¡go R>odUo gmo rñH$a AgVo. H$maU ho n¡go

R>odrXmamcm hdo Voìhm CncãY hmoV Agë`mZo Ë`mV amoIVm AgVo. ~±Ho$H$S>o ho n¡go

gwa{jV amhV Agë`mZo R>odrXmamcm gwa{jVVm cm^Vo. X¡Z§{XZ XodKodrMo ì`dhma

{_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r AmXoenÌm§Mm dmna H$aVm oVmo, Ë`m_wio `m XoÊ`mKoÊ`mMr ~±Ho$V

(nmg~wH$mV) Zm|X hmoV Agë`mZo ñdV§Ì nmdË`m KoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgV

Zmhr, VgoM R>odrXmamcm WmoS>o\$ma ì`mO mñdê$nmV CËnÞ {_iV AgVo.

2 ) ~MV R>odr :

_Ü`_dJu` cmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m Aën CËnÞmVyZ ~MV H$aÊ`mMr gd` cmJmdr

Am{U Ë`m§Mr {e„H$ ~MV R>odê$nmZo Jmoim H$aVm mdr m CÔoemZo ~±H$m§Zr ~MV

R>odrMo ImVo gwê$ Ho$coco Amho. cmoH$m§Zr {Z`{_VnUo H$mQ>H$ga H$ê$Z ~MV H$aÊ`mg

àd¥Îm ìhmdo mgmR>r ho ImVo Cn`moJr nS>Vo. m R>odr R>odrXmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m _mJUrn«_mUo

naV {Xë`m OmVrc Ago ~±H$m§Zr AmœmgZ {Xcoco AgVo.

~MV R>odtda ~±H$m H$mhr {Z~ªY KmcVmV. m ImË`mda {H$Vrhr doim aŠH$_ O_m

H$aVm oV Agcr Var n¡go H$mT>Ê`mda ~§YZ AgVo. gmYmaUnUo AmR>dS>çmVyZ

XmoZ doim qH$dm 6 _{hÝ`mVyZ 50 doim `m ImË`mVrc n¡go H$mT>Vm oVmV. `m

2.4


ImË`mV \$ma _moR>r aŠH$_ O_m H$aVm oV Zmhr. R>amdrH$ _`m©Xonojm R>od A{YH$

Pmë`mg Ë`mda ì`mO {Xco OmV Zmhr. ImË`mVyZ _moR>r aŠH$_ H$mT>md`mMr Pmë`mg

~±Ho$cm nyd©gyMZm Úmdr cmJVo. ~MV R>od ImË`mVrc aŠH$_ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ~±Ho$V

CncãY Agcoë`m {d{eï> \$m°_©Mm AWdm YZmXoemMm dmna H$amdm cmJVmo.

ImVoXmamcm YZmXoemMr gmo hdr Agoc Va {H$_mZ 500 é. ImË`mda {eëcH$

R>odmdo cmJVmV. m ImVoXmamcm nmg~wH$ {Xco OmVo. Ë`mV Ë`mÀ`m ì`dhmam§À`m

Zm|Xr AgVmV. _Ü`_dJu` AWdm Aën CËnÞ JQ>mVrc cmoH$m§Mr Am{W©H$

CcmT>mc _`m©{XV Agë`mZo Vo dma§dma R>odrVrc n¡gm H$mT>V ZmhrV. cmImo

R>odrXmam§Mr hr Aëner AgUmar ~MV ~±Ho$V XrK©H$mi amhVo. hm n¡gm ~±H$m

\$m`Xoera ì`dhmamV Jw§VdyZ ^anya Z\$m {_idVmV. åhUyZ ~±H$m ~MV R>odr

R>odUmè`m§Zm Mmcy R>odrnojm Am{YH$ ì`mOXa XoVmV. Vmo gmYmaUV: 4 Q>ŠHo$ Vo 5

Q>ŠHo$ AgVmo.

3 ) _wXV R>odr :

_wXV R>od ImË`mV EH$m {d{eï> _wXVrgmR>r n¡go R>od åhUyZ R>odco OmVmV. CXm. 3

_{hZo Vo 5 df} _wXVrgmR>r `m R>odr R>odë`m OmVmV. _wXV nyU© Pmë`m{edm` Aem

R>odtdarc n¡go H$mT>Vm oV ZmhrV. EImÚm doir _wXV g§nÊ`mnyduM ImË`mdarc n¡go

H$mT>Ê`mg ~±Ho$Zo nadmZJr {Xcr, Va Ë`m R>odrda nydu R>acoë`m ì`mO Xamnojm H$_r

XamZo ì`mO {Xco OmVo. OmñV _wXVrÀ`m R>odr§da A{YH$ XamZo ì`mO AmH$maco OmVo.

~±Ho$V _wXV R>od ImVoXmamcm nmg~wH$ Z XoVm R>od nmdVr {Xcr OmVo. Ë`m_wio EH$Xm

{d{eï> aŠH$_ {d{eï> _wXVrgmR>r R>odë`mZ§Va nwÝhm OmXmMr aŠH$_ Ë`mM ImË`mV

O_m H$aVm oV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m aH$_oMr Xwgar R>od nmdVr V`ma H$amdr cmJVo.

_wXV R>odrMr aŠH$_ ImVoXmamcm daModa H$mT>Vm oV Zgë`mZo `m ImVoXmamcm

MoH$Mr gw{dYm CncãY hmoV Zmhr.

2.5

~±Ho$Mr H$m }

4 ) AmdVu R>odr :

`m R>odrcm nwZamdVu R>odr AWdm [aH$[aJ R>odr Agohr åhUVmV. R>amdrH$ H$mimgmR>r,

_wXVrgmR>r ~±Ho$V ImVo gwê$ H$ê$Z Ë`mV Xa_hm H$mhr {d{eï> aŠH$_ aV Joë`mg

Ë`mcm AmdVu R>od ImVo Ago åhUVmV. Aën CËnÞ Agcoë`m cmoH$m§_Ü o

{Z`{_VnUo ~MV H$aÊ`mMr gd` {Z_m©U ìhmdr m CÔoemZo m R>odr gwê$ H$aÊ`mV

Amë`m AmhoV. AmdVu R>od ImVo ho {d{eï> _wXVrH$[aVm Mmcy H$aVm oVo. gmYmaUV:

1 df} Vo 5, 7 df} Aem _wXVrMr hr ImVr AgVmV. `m ImË`mV ImVoXmamcm

Xa_hm 5 én o, 10 én o AWdm Ë`mM nQ>rV aŠH$_ amdr cmJVo. _wXV g§në`mZ§Va

`m ImË`mdarc n¡go ì`mOmgh naV {_iVmV. ghgm `m ImË`mdarc n¡go _wXV

g§në`m{edm` ImVoXmamcm naV {_iV ZmhrV. AmdVu R>odrda ~MV R>odrnojm

OmñV nU _wXV R>odrnojm H$_r ì`mO {Xco OmVo. `m R>odrMr _wXV OodT>r OmñV

VodT>o ì`mO Xa A{YH$ AgVmV. Aën CËnÞ JQ>mVrc m R>odrXmam§Zm _wXVrZ§Va

EH$m hßË`mV _moR>r aŠH$_ {_iy eH$Vo. _wXV g§nÊ`mnydu R>odrXmamcm n¡go hdo AgVrc

Va ~MV ImË`mda {Xë`m OmUmè`m ì`mOXamZo ì`mOmMr aŠH$_ R>adyZ O_m aH$_oda

H$O©hr {Xco OmVo.

5 ) Pmba {dahrV ImVo (No Frills Account) :

Pmba {dahrV ImVo ho ~±Ho$Mo EH$ _yb yV ImVo Amho. m ImË`mgmR>r eyÝ` {e„H$

a¸$_ qH$dm A{Ve` _`m©{XV {e„H$ aH$_oMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. m ImË`mgmR>r

AmH$maë`m OmUmè`m ewëH$mMr a¸$_ XoIrb H$_r AgVo. Aem ImË`mda

{_iUmè`m godm XoIrb _`m©{XV ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV. dm°Q>aerQ> A°Ý wAb nm°{bgr

ñQ>oQ>_|Q>Zwgma Ama.~r.Am`. Zo 2005-06 _Ü o maVr` ~±H$m§Zm Pmba {dahrV

ImVo gwê$ H$aÊ`mMo AmXoe {Xbo. Hw$R>ë`mhr nyd©AQ>r{dZm, A{Ve` _`m©{XV {e„H$

AgUmao ImVo J«mhH$ AmoiI (KYC) VÎdm§Zwgma gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. gd©gm_mÝ`

bmoH$m§À`m JaOm bjmV KoD$Z VgoM Ë`m§Mr {_iH$V j_Vm {dMmamV KodyZ

2.6


Ë`m§À`mgmR>r H$_r {e„H$ AgUmao ImVo gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. CËnÞ nmVir Aën

AgUmè`m KQ>H$m§gmR>r ~±H$m§_Ü o ImVo gwê$ H$aUo nadS>Umao ZgVo. Ë`m_wio Aem

KQ>H$m§gmR>r ~±H$s¨J gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmì`mV d Ë`m§À`mV ~MVrMr àd¥Îmr

dmT>rg bmJmdr mgmR>r Pmba {dahrV ImVo hr ì`dñWm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. m

ImVonÕVr_wio Jar~ bmoH$m§Zm ~±Ho$V n¡emMo ì`dhma H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho.

^maVmVrb {d{dY ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr Pmba {dahrV ImVonÕVrMr gwê$dmV Ho$br

AgyZ maVmVrb J«m_rU eoVràYmZ AW©ì`dñWoV ~MVrÀ`m gd`r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg

àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Amho.

A) nmÌVm …

{Zd¥ÎmrYmaH$, eoV_Oya, Ag§KQ>rV joÌmVrb H$m_Jma, ñd §ghmæ`Vm JQ>mMo gXñ`,

ñd §amoOJmarV ì`ŠVr, {dÚmWu, J«m_rU bmoH$ BË`mXr KQ>H$ Pmba {dahrV ImVo

~±Ho$V gwê$ H$ê$ eH$VmV mD$bQ> g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm, A{Zdmgr maVr`, ~±Ho$Vrb

H$_©Mmar `m KQ>H$m§Zm Pmba {dahrV ImVo ~±Ho$V gwê$ H$aVm oV Zmhr. ho ImVo

~±Ho$V gwê$ R>odÊ`mgmR>r eyÝ` a¸$_ ImË`mda Agbr Var MmbVo. åhUOoM AJXr

{H$aH$moi aŠH$_odaXoIrb ImVo ì`dhma H$aVm oVmV.

~) d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U \$m`Xo …

Pmba {dahrV ImË`mÛmao nwT>rb \$m`Xo àmßV hmoVmV …

i) B§Q>aZoQ> ~±H$s¨J d XyaÜdZr ~±H$s¨JMr gw{dYm CnbãY.

ii) _mo\$V Ì¡_m{gH$ ñQ>oQ>_|Q>Ûmao ImVo ì`dhma H$aVm oVmo qH$dm B©-ñQ>oQ>_|Q> àmá

H$aÊ`mMm n`m© XoIrb CnbãY AgVmo.

iii) emIm§À`m {dñVm[aV Omù`m§Mr CnbãYVm Am{U ~±H$s§J {df`H$ JaOm nyU©

H$aÊ`mgmR>r XoemV hOmamo E.Q>r.E_. _{eZMr gw{dYm.

iv) Pmba {dahrV ImË`mda E.Q>r.E_. Mr _mo\$V gw{dYm àmá hmoVo.

2.7

~±Ho$Mr H$m }

6 ) BVa R>odr :

AcrH$S>o cmoH$m§H$S>rc ~MV AmH${f©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m§Zr R>odtÀ`m doJdoJù`m

`moOZm V`ma Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`mda AmH$f©H$ Ago ì`mO Xa Omhra Ho$co OmVmV.

CXm. Xm_XwßnQ> R>od moOZm, ew _§Jc R>od moOZm, ~MV Hw§$^ R>odr B.

7 ) ì`wËnÞ R>odr :

da dU©Z Ho$coë`m àH$mam§Zr ~±Ho$H$S>o Á`m R>odr O_m hmoVmV Ë`m§Zm n«mW{_H$ R>odr

Ago åhUVmV; na§Vw Xwgè`m ~±H$m§À`m H$O© AWdm Jw§VdUwH$sÀ`m ì`dhmamV ~±H$m§Zr

ñdV: {Z_m©U Ho$coë`m R>odtZm ì wËnÞ R>odr Ago åhUVmV. MoH$À`m gmhmæ`mZo

VËH$mc Xo R>odtMo ñWmZm§Va d hñVm§Va Ho$co OmVo. ~±H$m§Zr ñdV:À`m n{Vda {Z_m©U

Ho$coë`m Xwæ`_ R>odr åhUOo ì wËnÞ R>odr hmoV.

2.1.2 H$O© d A{J«_o XoUo (Granting Loans and Advances) :

gm_mÝ`nUo ì`mnmar ~±H$m Aën_wXVrÀ`m ñdê$nmMm H$O©nwadR>m H$arV AgVmV.åhUOo Amnë`m ImVoXmam§Mr IoiË`m m§S>dbmMr JaO mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Aën_wXVrMrH$O} qH$dm A{J«_o XoÊ`mMr ~±H$m§Mr àWm Amho. ~±H$Ûmao {Xë`m OmUmè`m gd© àH$maÀ`mH$Om©Mm g_mdoe A{J«_m§_Ü o Ho$bm OmVmo. ~±Ho$Ûmao {Xë`m OmUmè`m A{J«_m§Mo ñdê$nnwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao {deX H$aVm oB©b …

A) amoI H$O© (Cash Credit) :

EH$m {d{eîQ> _`m©Xon ªV d¡ pŠVH$ n{Vda, EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ Om{_Z KodyZ H$O©XoÊ`mÀ`m àH$mamg amoI H$O© åhUVmV. H°$e H«o${S>Q>gmR>r dMZ{MÇ>çm, gaH$marH$O©amoIo, YmÝ`, H§$nZrMo mJ BË`mXr JmoîQ>tMm VmaU åhUyZ ñdrH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo.gmYmaUnUo F$UH$moMr nV d ~±Ho$er AgUmè`m Ë`mÀ`m ì`dhmamMo ñdê$n bjmVKodyZ H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ {ZpíMV Ho$br OmVo. àm_w»`mZo ì`mnmar, ì`mdgm{`H$ dCÚmoJg§ñWm m§À`m IoiË`m m§S>dbmMr JaO mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r "H°$e H«o${S>Q>' _§OyaHo$bo OmVo. amoI H$Om©Mr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb …

2.8


1 ) ~±H$ J«mhH$mbm VmaUmda {H$Vr amoI H$O© H$mT>Vm oB©b `mMr _`m©Xm R>adyZ

XoV AgVo.

2 ) H$O©Xma Amdí`H$VoZwgma aŠH$_ H$mTy> eH$Vmo, VgoM aŠH$_ {_iob Ë`mZwgma

Vr ImË`mda ê$ eH$Vmo.

3 ) amoI H$Om©gmR>r J«mhH$mZo mo½` Ago VmaU Xçmdo bmJVo.

4 ) _mJUr Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vm~S>Vmo~ naV {_iy eHo$b Aer ì`dñWm H$ê$ZM ~±H$

amoI H$O© XoV AgVo.

5 ) amoI H$O© hr maVmVrb bmoH${à` ñdê$nmMr nÕV Amho.

~) A{YH$f© gdbV (Over Draft) :

A{YH$f© gdbV Á`m J«mhH$m§Mr ~±Ho$H$S>o Mmby ImVr AgVmV AemM ì`ŠVtZm,

g§ñWm§Zm {_iVo. A{YH$f© gdbV qH$dm AmoìhaS´>mâQ> hm H°$e H«o${S>Q>MmM EH$

àH$ma _mZVm oB©b. ì`mnmè`mÀ`m Mmby ImË`mda Ë`mÀ`m ñdV…À`m {ebH$snojm

OmñV aŠH$_ R>amdrH$ _`m©Xon ªV H$mTy> {Xbr OmV Agë`mZo Ë`mg A{YH$f© gdbV

åhUVmV. `m nÕVrMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rb à_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1 ) A{YH$f© gdbV hr ~±Ho$V Á`m§Mo Mmby ImVo Amho, Ë`m§ZmM {_iy eH$Vo.

2 ) A{YH$f© gdbV hr eoAg©, H$O©amoIo, {d_m nm°{bgr, gmoZo, Mm§Xr qH$dm

ì`ŠVrÀ`m d¡ pŠVH$ VmaUmÀ`m AmYmao {Xbr OmVo.

3 ) R>odrXmambm A{YH$f© gdbVr EdT>r aŠH$_ Amdí`H$VoZwgma EH$X_ qH$dm

H$mhr à_mUmV CMbVm oVo.

4 ) ImVoXmamZo A{YH$f© gdbVrn¡H$s {H$Vr aŠH$_ {H$Vr H$mi dmnabr, Ë`mZwgma

ì`mO AmH$mabo OmVo.

5 ) A{YH$f© gdbV hr AënH$mimgmR>r {Xbr OmVo.

2.9

~±Ho$Mr H$m }

6 ) ì`mnmar, CÚmoJnVr d ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo A{YH$f© gdbV Cn wŠV

R>aVo.

H$) H$O© (Loan) :

gd©gmYmaUnUo J«mhH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m àñVmdmMm gdmªJrU {dMma H$ê$Z ~±H$m H$O©

XoV AgVmV. H$O© _§Oya Ho$ë`mZ§Va H$O©Xma qH$dm F$UH$moÀ`m Zmdo ~±Ho$V ZdrZ

ImVo CKSy>Z Ë`mV n¡go O_m Ho$bo OmVmV Am{U J«mhH$ ImË`mdê$Z n¡go H$mTy>

eH$Vmo. VgoM H$Om©BVH$s aŠH$_ amoI ñdê$nmV J«mhH$mbm XoÊ`mMrhr nÕV H$mhr

~±H$m§_YyZ AZwgabr OmVo. H$Om©Mr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rb n«_mUo gm§JVm oVrb …

1 ) H$O} hr R>amdrH$ _wXVrgmR>r {Xbr OmVmV. VgoM H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ hr {ZpíMV

AgVo.

2 ) H$O©XmamZo H$Om©D$ {Xboë`m aH$_on¡H$s {H$Vrhr aH$_oMm dmna Ho$bobm Agmo,

~±H$ H$Om©À`m nyU© aH$_oda ì`mO AmH$maVo.

3 ) H$O} hr VmaUmda {Xbr OmVmV.

4 ) H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ H$O©Xma hßË`m-hßË`mZo qH$dm EH$X_ naV H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

5 ) A{YH$f© gdbV qH$dm amoI H$O© mda AmH$maV Agboë`m ì`mOmnojm H$Om©da

WmoS>çm H$_r aH$_oMo ì`mO ~±H$ AmH$maVo.

2.2 ~±Ho$Mr Xwæ`_ H$m } :(Secondary Functions of Banks)

$àmW{_H$ H$m`m©~amo~aM ImVoXmam§Mr {dœñV n«{V{ZYr m ZmË`mZo ~±H$m H$mhr Xwæ`_ñdê$nmMr H$m } nma nm{S>V AgVmV. ~±Ho$Mr Xwæ`_ H$m } hr ~±Ho$À`m ì`dhmamVrcAË §V _hÎdnyU© H$m } R>aVmV. ~±Ho$À`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamV X¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mOmV _hÎdmMrR>acocr ~±Ho$Mr Xwæ`_ H$m } nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm oVrc …

2.10


2.2.1 _Ü`ñW / à{V{ZYr H$m } (Agency Functions) :

àmW{_H$ H$m`mªIoarO ~±H$m Amnë`m ImVoXmam§Zm H$mhr AmH$ma KoD$Z H$mhr godmnwa{dVo. Ë`mgmR>r ~±H$ ImVoXmam§Mr hñVH$ qH$dm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVo. `mnmgyZ~±Ho$cm CËnÞ {_iVo d J«mhH$m§Mr gmo hmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a ~±Ho$Mo J«mhH$m§er K{Zð>g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV Am{U J«mhH$mÀ`m nVj_VoMm Mm§Jcm A§XmO ~±Ho$cm H$aVmoVmo. hr H$m } nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm oVrc :

1 ) n¡go XoUo d dgyc H$aUo :

J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo ~±H$ cm^m§e, ì`mO, noÝeZ dgyc H$ê$Z Vr a¸$_ Ë`m§À`m ImË`mVO_m H$aVo, VgoM mS>o, háo, {d_m háo, g§ñW§mMr dJ©Ur BË`mXr J«mhH$m§À`m coIrgyMZoZwgma ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z {Xcr OmVmV. R>odrXmam§Zr ~±Ho$cm m g§~§YmV n¡go XoÊ`m~m~VcoIr gyMZm H$amdr cmJVo. _J ~±H$ g§~§{YV njmcm n¡go XoVo d R>odrXmam§À`m R>odrVIMu KmcVo. mà_mUo ~±H$m R>odrXmam§Zm Xcmc åhUyZ godm nwa{dVmV.

2 ) n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m gmo`r :

YZmXoe, _oc Q—>mÝg\$a, S—>mâQ> BË`mXtÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ~±H$ ImVoXmamMo n¡go Amdí`H$Ë`m {R>H$mUr nmR>{dVo. ho aH$_oMo hñVm§VaU ñdñV d OcX hmoVoM {edm` Ë`mMrZm|Xhr R>odcr OmVo. ~±H$m J«mhH$mÀ`m dVrZo n¡go dgyc H$aÊ`mMohr H$m © H$aVmV.Oa ~±Ho$H$S>o hþ§S>r {Xcr, Va {VMr _wXV g§në`mda hþ§S>rMo n¡go ~±H$ dgyc H$aVo. Oa~±Ho$H$S>o hþ§S>r dQ>{dÊ`mH$[aVm gmon{dcr Va ~±H$ _wXV g§në`mda hþ§S>rMo n¡go dgycH$aVo. VgoM ~±Ho$Mm R>odrXma YZmXoemÛmao n¡go KoVmo Voìhm R>odrXma ~±Ho$H$S>o YZmXoegmon{dVmo d ~±H$a YZmXoemMo n¡go dgyc H$ê$Z R>odrXmamÀ`m ImË`mV Vo O_m H$aVmo.~±Ho$H$S>o YZmXoe XoVmM ~±H$ Á`m ~±Ho$da YZmXoe H$mT>cm Agoc Ë`m ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z n¡goKoVo.

3 ) Jw§VdUyH$ :

~±H$m Jw§VdUyH$ d H$a{df`H$ g„mhr ImVoXmam§Zm XoVmV. Ë`m§À`m gyMZoZwgma mJm§MrIaoXr-{dH«$shr H$aVmV. à{V^yVtMr (Securities) IaoXr d {dH«$s VgoM

2.11

~±Ho$Mr H$m }

R>odrXmam§À`m dVrZo eoAg©, H$O©amoIo AJa AÝ` H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m à{V yVr

IaoXr H$aÊ`mMo d Ë`m§Mr {dH«$s H$aÊ`mMo H$m © ~±H$m H$aVmV. à{V yVr H$moUË`m

{H$_Vrcm IaoXr H$am`À`m AJa {dH$m`À`m mMr gyMZm R>odrXma ~±Ho$cm XoVmo.

4 ) hþ§S>çm Am{U dMZ{MR²>R>çm :

ImVoXmam§Zm oUo Agbobo n¡go hþ§S>r qH$dm dMZ{MÇ>rÛmao {_imë`mg Ë`mdarb n¡go

~±H$m J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo dgyb H$aVmV Am{U Ë`m J«mhH$m§À`m ImË`mV O_m H$aÊ`mMo

H$m_ H$aVmV. ImVoXmam§Zr BVam§Zm `m _mJmªZr {Xbobr XoUr ^mJ{dÊ`mMo H$m_hr

~±H$m H$aVmV.

5 ) à{V^yVtMr IaoXr-{dH«$s :

~±H$m ZmUo~mOmamVM Amncm ì`dgm` H$arV Agë`mZo ZmUo~mOmamVrc

n[apñWVr{df`r Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jcr _m{hVr AgVo. Voìhm Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamÀ`m ~m~VrV

Amnë`m ImVoXmam§Zm mo½` Vmo g„m XoÊ`mMohr H$m © ~±H$m H$aVmV. ~±H$m R>odrXmam§À`m

dVrZo ^mJ, H$O©amoIo qH$dm H§$nÝ`m§Mo H$O©amoIo, gmoZo, Mm§Xr dJ¡ao `mg§~§YrÀ`m

IaoXr-{dH«$sMr H$m_o H$aVmV AJa H$moUË`m doir IaoXr-{dH«$s H$amdr m~m~V

`mo½` Vmo g„m XoVmV.

6 ) {dídñV åhUyZ H$m © H$aUo :

~±H$mH$S>o AZw dr, VÁk d àm_m{UH$ ZmoH$adJ© AgVmo. Ë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo AkmZ

ì`ŠVrMo nmcH$Ëd ~±H$m ñdrH$maVmV VgoM _¥Ë ynÌmZwgma g§nÎmrMr {dëhodmQ>

H$m`Xoera _mJm©Zo cmdVmV. Amnë`m nmR>r_mJo Amnë`m _mc_ÎmoMr J¡aì`dñ‹Wm

hmoD$ Z o AJa Amncr _mc_Îmm {VèhmB©VmÀ`m hmVr OmD$ Z o `mgmR>r ~±Ho$cm

{dídñV åhUyZ Zo_Vm oVo. Amnë`m AZw dr d àm_m{UH$ H$_©Mmè`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo

~±H$m AkmZ ì`ŠVrMo nmcH$Ëd ñdrH$maVmV, VgoM _¥Ë ynÌmZwgma H$m`XoeranUo

g§nÎmrMr {dëhodmQ> cmdVmV. {dídñV åhUyZ Zo_ë`mZ§Va ~±H$m Amnë`m _mc_ÎmoMm

H$miOrnyd©H$ gm§ mi H$aVmV.

2.12


7 ) _¥Ë`ynÌ ì`dñWmnH$ qH$dm _wIË`ma :

_¥Ë ynÌmà_mUo ì`dñWm H$aUo qH$dm Ë`mà_mUo g§nÎmrMr {dëhodmQ> cmdUo mgmR>r

{deof kmZmMr JaO AgVo. ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$mÀ`m dVrZo ho AË §V Jw§VmJw§VrMo

H$m © nma nmS>VmV. Ë`mgmR>r ~±H$m AË`ën ewëH$ AmH$maVmV. ~±H$m m {Z:njnmVr

Agë`mZo VgoM Ë`m§Mm H$moUË`mhr ì`dhmam_Ü o d¡ {ŠVH$ g§~§Y Zgë`mZo ì`ŠVr

~±H$m§H$Sy>Z hr godm ñdrH$maVmV.

2.2.2 gd©gm_mÝ` Cn`wŠVVm H$m`} (General Utility Functions) :1 ) gwajmJ¥ho :

AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m J«mhH$m§À`m _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy, XñVEodO m§Mm gm§ mi gwajmJ¥hmVH$aVmV. m dñVy AJa XñVEodO EH$m noQ>rV AJa AmÀN>mXZmV grc~§X H$ê$Z

J«mhH$ ~±Ho$À`m Vmã`mV XoVmo. `m noQ>rV AJa AmÀN>mXZmV H$m` Amho ho ~±Ho$gAkmV AgVo. a{OñQ>a_Ü o gd© Vnerc Zm|Xcm OmVmo. nU n{hë`m àH$mamV grc~§X

nmg©cMm Vnerc Zm|Xcm OmV Zmhr. ~±H$ dñVy AJa XñVEodO Vmã`mV {Xë`mMrnmoMnmdVr XoVo. m dñVy Vmã`mV KoÊ`mÀ`m doir nmdVr XmIdyZ J«mhH$ m dñVy

Vmã`mV Kody eH$Vmo. Oa nmdVr hadcr Va J«mhH$mg h_rnÌ Úmdo cmJVo d

nmdVrÀ`m ZH$coda J«mhH$ ghr H$ê$Z dñVy Vmã`mV Kody eH$Vmo. grc~§Xnmg©cH$[aVm AJa noQ>çm§H$[aVm ~±H$ gwajmJ¥hmÀ`m Zm|XnÌH$mV Vnerc, dU©Z

{c{hVo. Z§Va ~±H$ gwajmJ¥hmH$[aVm {Xcoë`m dñVy§Mm nyU© Vm~m KoVo. gwajm J¥hm~m~V~±H$a H$m`XoeranUo Bailee (Á`mÀ`m Vmã`mV dñVy {Xcr Amho Aer ì`ŠVr)

hmoVmo d H$amamZwgma dñVyÀ`m _mcH$mn«_mUoM dñVyMr gwa{jVVm amIÊ`mMr

O~m~Xmar ~±Ho$cm ¿`mdr cmJVo. Oa H$m`ÚmZo {d{hV Ho$ë`mZwgma ~±Ho$Zo O~m~Xmarnma nmS>cr Agoc Va ~±H$ ZwH$gmZrg O~m~Xma amhUma Zmhr VgoM R>odrXmamer

~±Ho$Zo H$ama Ho$cm Zgoc Va Bailee åhUyZ ~±Ho$Mr nyU© O~m~Xmar amhUma Zmhr._mÌ ~±Ho$À`m hbJOunUm_wio Oa dñVyMr Mmoar Pmcr, dñVy cm°H$ Z am{hcoë`m

AdñWoV am{hë`m, H$moUmghr ñQ>m±J ê$__Ü o àdoe {Xcm Jocm Va ~±H$ Ë`m dñVy~m~V

2.13

~±Ho$Mr H$m }

Bailee åhUyZ O~m~Xma am{hc. VgoM R>odrXma gmoSy>Z AÝ` ì`ŠVrcm ~±Ho$Zo dñVy{Xcr AJa ~±Ho$À`m H$_©Mmè`mZo \$gdm\$gdr Ho$cr Va ~±H$ Bailee åhUyZO~m~Xma amhrc. åhUyZ ~±Ho$Zo gwajmJ¥hm~m~V J«mhH$mH$Sy>Z Vnercm~m~VMmOmhraZm_m (Declaration) KoVcm nm{hOo.

2 ) gwajm R>od H$nmQ> :

gwajmJ¥hmà_mUoM ~±H$m “gwajm R>od H$nmQ>” hr godm J«mhH$m§Zm XoVmV. `mgmR>rR>odrXmamg cm°H$a {Xcm OmVmo d ho cm°H$g© ñQ´>m±J ê$__Ü o AgVmV. ho cm°H$g©doJdoJù`m AmH$mamZwgma doJdoJù`m mS>çmZo {Xco OmVmV. m~m~VMr à{H«$`mAer :

i) R>od ImVo AgUmè`m ~±H$ J«mhH$mg cm°H$a CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcm OmVmo. Ë`mgmR>rH$mhr ^mS>o AmH$maco OmVo d J«mhH$mÀ`m ImË`mdê$Z ho ^mS>o diVo Ho$coOmVo. _m{gH$ AJa dm{f©H$ ñdénmMo ho mS>o AgVo.

ii) cm°H$a mS>çmZo XoVmZm J«mhH$ d ~±H$a m§À`mV mS>o H$ama hmoVmo. m H$amamV^mS>çmÀ`m à_mUmV J«mhH$mÀ`m ImË`mVyZ ^mS>çmMo n¡go diVo H$aÊ`mMmA{YH$ma ~±Ho$g AgVmo.

iii) XmoZ AJa A{YH$ ì`ŠVtÀ`m ZmdmZo cm°H$a ^mS>çmZo KoVm oVmo. cm°H$aMoì`dhma H$aÊ`m~m~V ñnï> gyMZm AgVmV.

iv) cm°H$a XoVmZm ~±H$a gd© g§ wŠV ImVoYmaH$m§À`m gøm§Mo Z_wZo KoVmo d Ë`m§ZmH$mhr {d{eï> eãX {ZdS>Ê`mg gm§{JVco OmVo. Vo eãX H$amamV Zm|X Ho$coOmVmV.

v) gwajm R>od H$nmQ>mÀ`m Zm|XnÌH$mV J«mhH$m§Mr ghr, VmarI d doi Zm|X{dcrOmVo. Á`m - Á`m doiog J«mhH$ cm°H$acm oQ> XoB©c Ë`m Ë`m doiog m Zm|XrHo$ë`m OmVmV.

vi) cm°H$acm Xwhoar {H$„r AgVo. EH$ {H$„r J«mhH$mH$S>o amhVo d Xwgar ~±H$aH$S>oamhVo. cm°H$a CKS>md`mg XmoÝhr {H$ëë`m Amdí`H$ AgVmV.

2.14


vii) ~±H$acm cm°H$a_Ü o H$m` Amho `mMo AkmZ AgVo. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o cm°H$aYmaH$mMr cm°H$acm hmoUmar oQ> d Ë`mMr ghr mMr \$ŠV Zm|X AgVo.

viii) YmaH$mÀ`m _¥Ë yÀ`m àg§Jr d YmaH$ Oa g§ wŠV YmaH$ ZgVrc Va ~±H$acmÝ`m`mc`mH$Sy>Z cm°H$aH$[aVm H$m`Xoera à{V{ZYr {_idmdm cmJVmo.

ix) ~±H$acm nwT>rc n[apñWVrVM cm°H$aMm Vnerc nmhVm `oVmo :

A ) EImÚm YmaH$mÀ`m _¥Ë yàg§Jr Oa ì`ŠVrZo cm°H$aMm Vnerc nmhÊ`mMr~±Ho$cm {dZ§Vr Ho$cr Va ~±H$ Vnerc nmhÿ eH$Vo. m_wio Aer ì`ŠVrH$m`Xoera à{V{Z{YËdmH$[aVm AO© H$ê$ eH$Vo.

~) ^mS>çmMo n¡go Z aë`m~Ôc ~±Ho$cm cm°H$a VmoS>Uo mJM nS>co Va.

H$) gaH$maMm gj_ A{YH$mar cm°H$a CKS>Ê`mMm hþHy$_ KoD$Z Amcm Va.

x) cm°H$aMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mH$[aVm ~±Ho$Zo mo½` Vr I~aXmar KoUo Ano{jV AgVo.

3 ) h_rnÌ XoUo :

Ooìhm EImÚm ì`mnmè`mcm CYmarda _mc IaoXr H$amd`mMm AgVmo Am{U {dH«o$Vm~±Ho$À`m h_r{edm` CYmarda _mc XoÊ`mg V`ma hmoV Zmhr Voìhm ~±H$ Amnë`mImVoXma ì`mnmè`mH$[aVm h_rnÌ XoVo. Aem doir ñdV: ~±H$ {dH«o$Ë`mH$S>o ì`mnmarImVoXmamÀ`m dVrZo Om_rZ åhUyZ amhVo. AWm©V m~Ôc ~±H$ Amnë`m IaoXrXmaì`mnmar R>odrXmam§H$Sy>Z H${_eZ {_i{dVo. ~±Ho$Mo h_rnÌ {_imë`mZ§Va H$moUVmhrì`mnmar CYmarda _mc {dH$Ê`mg V`ma hmoVmo.

4 ) g„m XoUo :

~±H$m§Zm ZmUo~mOmamVrc ì`dhmam§Mr d n[apñWVrMr Mm§Jcr OmUrd Agë`mZoË`mg§~§YmV Amnë`m ImVoXmam§Zm Jw§VdUwH$s~m~V g„m XoÊ`mMo H$m © ~±H$m H$aVmV.

5 ) nVnÌo XoUo :

~±H$m Amnë`m ImVoXma ì`mnmè`m§Zm nVnÌo XoVmV OoUoH$ê$Z ZdrZ qH$dm AZmoiIrì`mdgm{`H$ Ë`m§À`mer ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$VmV. Aer nVnÌo d¡ {ŠVH$ AWdmì`mdgm{`H$ Agy eH$VmV. R>odrXmamÀ`m {dZ§Vrdê$Z ~±H$m R>odrXmamda H$mT>coë`m

2.15

~±Ho$Mr H$m }

hþ§S>çm ñdV: ñdrH$maVmV. H$mhr ì`mnmar hþ§S>rda ~±Ho$Mr ñdrH¥$Vr {_imë`m{edm`_mc CYmarda {dH$Ê`mg V`ma ZgVmV H$maU J«mhH$m§Mr nV AJa Am{W©H$n[apñWVr m{df`r Ë`m§Zm _m{hVr ZgVo. {deofV: Am`mV-{Z`m©V ì`mnmamV ~±H$ñdrH¥$VrMm \$maM Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

6 ) gaH$mar ì`dhmamV gh^mJ :

ì`mnmar ~±H$m gaH$maÀ`m {Za{Zamù`m ImË`m§À`m dVrZo ewëH$, {~co m§Mr aŠH$_ñdrH$maVmV VgoM CËnÞ H$a, {d_m H$a BË`mXtgmaIo H$a ñdrH$maVmV.

7 ) ^mJ{dH«$s h_r H$m`© :

H§$nÝ`m§À`m Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrMm d ^{dî`H$mcrZ g§YrMm A§XmO KoD$Z ~±H$mH§$nÝ`m§Zm Ë`m§Mo H$mhr mJ {dH$co Z Joë`mg {dH$V KoÊ`mMr h_r XoVmV. m_wiogm_mÝ` cmoH$m§_Ü o {dídmg CËnÞ hmoD$Z Vo mJ IaoXr H$aVmV. m godo_wio m§S>dc~mOmamÀ`m {dH$mgmg _XV hmoVo. ~±H$m Ago H$m © ZdrZ H§$nÝ`m Ooìhm Ë`m§Mo mJ~mOmamV {dH«$sg H$mT>VmV Voìhm H$aVmV. ~mOmamV H§$nZrcm C^mar oÊ`mnydu~±Ho$gma»`m g§ñWocm {VMo ^mJ IaoXr H$aÊ`mH$[aVm nwT>o `mdo cmJVo d H§$nZr~mOmamV gwpñWa hmoB©n ªV Ago mJ ~±Ho$cm Odi R>odmdo cmJVmV.

8 ) nVnÌo XoUo :

~±H$ Amnë`m ImVoXmam§Zm nVnÌo XoVmV. Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao AZmoiIr ì`ŠVr qH$dmH§$nÝ`m§erhr ì`dhma H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. m nVnÌmV {H$Vr _`m©Xon ªVÀ`m ì`dhmamg~±H$ O~m~Xma Amho Ë`mMr Zm|X AgVo. m_wio ì`mnma d ì`dgm` dmT>rg gmhmæ`hmoVo. ho nVnÌ nVnÌYmaH$mÀ`m nVAh©Vo~Ôc (Credit Worthiness) h_rXoVo. J«mhH$m§Zm Oê$a nS>oc Voìhm ~±H$m Ë`m§Zm H$O©~mOmar Zgë`mMr à_mUnÌo(Solvency Certificates) XoD$ H$aVmV.

9 ) àdmgr MoH$ d nVn{ÌH$m :

nVn{ÌH$m§_wio àdmgmV amoI a¸$_ Odi ~miJmdr cmJV Zmhr VgoM àdmgmVhdr Vr IaoXr H$aVm oVo. Ë`m_wio àdmg gwa{jV d AmZ§XmMm hmoVmo.

2.16


10) {Zd¥Îmr doVZ :

~±H$m {Zd¥Îmr doVZmMo dmQ>n H$aVmV. d¥Õ cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m gmo rÀ`m ~±Ho$VyZ {Zd¥Îmr

doVZ H$mT>Uo gmo rMo OmVo. AZoH$ emgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm Ë`m§Mr nJmamMr {~co

Q´>oParV ~±H$m§_m\©$V gmXa H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho VgoM {Zd¥Îmr doVZYmaH$

(Pensioner) Ë`m§À`m ~±H$m§Zm {Zd¥Îmr doVZ dgyc H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoVmV. m

n[apñWVrV (Consolidated Cheques) Á`m ~±H$m§H$S>o {Zd¥Îmr doVZ d nJmamMr

ImVr AgVmV Aem àË oH$ ~±Ho$da H$mofmJma (Treasury) EH${ÌV YZmXoe

H$mT>VmV.

11) Am{W©H$ _m{hVr Jmoim H$aUo :

CËnmXZ, Jw§VdUyH$, ~MVr, _mcmMm md BË`mXt~Ôc ~±H$m _m{hVr Jmoim H$aVmV

VgoM CÚmoJm§Mo d ~mOmam§Mo gd}jU H$aVmV. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ CËnmXH$m§Zm

CËnmXZ{df`H$ {ZU© KoVmZm hmoVmo. Am{W©H$ ~Xcm§À`m àd¥ÎmrMr H$ënZm oVo d

Ë`mZwgma YmoaU R>a{dVm oVo. hr _m{hVr ~±H$m R>amdrH$ H$mcmdYrZo Xadoir à{gÕ

H$aVmV. ~mOma àd¥Î`m, nVpñWVr BË`mXr~m~Vhr _m{hVr XoVmV.

12) naH$s` McZ ì`dhma H$aUo :

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV Á`m XoemVyZ Am`mV hmoVo Ë`m Xoemcm Ë`mÀ`m McZmV

Am`mVrMo n¡go Úmdo cmJVmV. Oa ^maVr` ì`mnmar A_o[aHo$VyZ Am`mV H$aV

Agoc Va Ë`mg A_o[aHo$cm S>m°ca McZmV Am`mVrMo n¡go Úmdo cmJVrc. Aem

doir maVr` én`mMo S>m°ca_Ü o n[adV©Z H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m © ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$aVmV.

Aem àH$mao ~±H$ _Ü`ñW / à{V{ZYr Am{U gd©gm_mÝ` Cn wŠV H$m } H$arV

AgVo.

2.17

~±Ho$Mr H$m }

2.3 ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr AW©ì`dñWoVrc y{_H$m :

(Role of Banking in Economic)

~±H$ ì`dgm` àUmcrMr AW©ì`dñWoVrc y{_H$m nwT>rcà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oB©c.

1 ) ~MVrcm àmoËgmhZ :

~±H$m§À`m H$m`m©_wio cmoH$m§Zm ~MV H$aÊ`mMr gd` cmJVo. ~±Ho$V ~MV Ho$ë`m_wio

ì`mOê$nmZo CËnÞ {_iV amhVo. ~±H$m§À`m {d{dY AmH$f©H$ `moOZm§_wio IMm©V

H$mQ>H$ga H$ê$Z ~MV dmT>{dÊ`mMr n«d¥Îmr dmT>rg cmJVo. AW©ì`dñWoVrc ~MVrMo

à_mU dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m _hÎdnyU© y{_H$m {Z^mdVmV.

2 ) ~MVrMo g§H$cZ :

g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoV H$_r-OmñV à_mUmV ~MV {dIwacocr AgVo. ~±H$m

à{V{ZYtMr Zo_UyH$ H$ê$Z cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z ~MVrMr aŠH$_ g§H${cV H$aVmV Am{U

g§H${cV Ho$cocm ~MV{ZYr CËnmXH$ Jw§VdUwH$sH$S>o di{dcm OmVmo.

3 ) gwa{jVVm :

~±H$m§_Ü o R>odcocm n¡gm gwa{jV amhV Agë`m_wio cmoH$m§Zm amoI {eëcH$ ñdê$nmV

OmñV n¡gm Odi ~miJÊ`mMr BÀN>m hmoV Zmhr Am{U YZmXoemÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo n¡go

XoÊ`m-KoÊ`mMr gd` cmJVo. ~±H$m§H$S>rc n¡gm Ho$di gwa{jVM amhV Zmhr, Va

ì`mOê$nmZo ~±H$ J«mhH$m§Zm, R>odrXmam§Zm CËnÞhr {_iV amhVo.

4 ) _Ü`ñWmMr ^y{_H$m :

~±H$m ì`mnmar, J«mhH$, ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm, gaH$ma m§À`mV _Ü`ñW åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmV.

Á`m§Zm Jw§VdUwH$sgmR>r {dÎmr` gmYZm§Mr JaO Amho, Aem cmoH$m§gmR>r ~±H$m

_Ü`ñWmMr y{_H$m ~OmdVmV.

2.18


5 ) ^m§S>dc{Z{_©Vr :

~±H$m§H$S>o g§H${cV Pmcoë`m R>odtn¡H$s ~amM _moR>m ^mJ H$O} XoÊ`mgmR>r dmnabmOmV Agë`m_wio eoVr, ì`mnma Am{U CÚmoJY§Xo m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmao m§S>dc{_iy eH$Vo. {dH$gZerc XoemV m§S>dcmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMr _hÎdnyU© H$m_{Jar~±H$m H$aVmV.

6 ) Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg :

{dH$mgmgmR>r CÚmoJm§Mr ñWmnZm hmoUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. ~±H$m CÚmoJm§Zm Aën,_Ü`_ d XrK©_wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m H$arV AgVmV. m_wio CÚmoJm§Zm {dnwc à_mUmV^m§S>dc àmá hmoD$Z CËnmXH$ Jw§VdUwH$sVyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm {_iVo.

7 ) Am{W©H$ {dH$mg :

ì`mnmar Am{U H$maImZXmadJ© ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z H$O} {_idyZ ì`mnma dmT> Am{UAm¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr KS>dyZ AmUVmV. ì`mnma Am{U CÚmoJ `m§À`m {dñVma d{dH$mgm_wio Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZmÀ`m _mJUrV dmT> hmoVo. CËnmXZ dmT>rcm MmcZm{_iyZ eoVr, CÚmoJ d godm joÌmMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>ZoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

8 ) `moOZm~Õ {dH$mg :

~±H$m {Za{Zamù`m CÚmoJm§Mr Am{U ì`dgm`m§Mr dJ©dmar H$ê$Z _hÎdmÀ`m CÚmoJm§ZmAm{U ì`dgm`m§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV ^m§S>dcnwadR>m H$aVmV. Cn^mo½`Jw§VdUwH$sEodOr CËnmXH$ Jw§VdUwH$scm àmYmÝ` XoVmV. VgoM `moOZm~Õ arVrZo{dH$mg KS>{dVmV.

9 ) Am{W©H$ ñW¡ © :

VoOr - _§XrÀ`m n[apñWVr_wio Am{W©H$ AñW¡ © {Z_m©U hmoVo. ~±H$m H$O© ì`dhmam§À`m_mJm©Zo Am{U nV{Z{_©VrÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo cmoH$m§Mr IaoXrj_Vm H$_r-OmñV H$ê$eH$VmV. ~±H$m mo½` YmoaUmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Am{W©H$ ñW¡ © {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZercAgVmV.

2.19

~±Ho$Mr H$m }

10)g_Vmoc àmXo{eH$ {dH$mg :

~±H$m§_m\©$V _mJmgcoë`m ^mJmVrc eoVr, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma Am{U {d{dY

ì`dgm`m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r cmoH$m§Zm {deof gdcVr d gw{dYm nwa{dë`m OmVmV.

Ë`m_wio Jw§VdUwH$sMr ZdrZ joÌo Iwcr hmoVmV. _mJmgcoë`m mJm§Mm {dH$mg hmoD$Z

g_Vmoc àmXo{eH$ {dH$mg KSy>Z oÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

11)ZmUo~mOma d ^m§S>dc~mOmamMm {dH$mg :

~±H$m XoemVrc CÚmoJY§Xo, H$maImZo, H§$nÝ`m `m§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmda H$O©nwadR>m

H$aVmV. ì`mO XamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmda à^md Q>mH$VmV. doiàg§Jr

{d{dY CÚmoJm§Mo d H§$nÝ`m§Mo ^mJ ñdV: IaoXr H$ê$Z Am{W©H$ _XV H$aVmV.

`m_wio ZmUo~mOma d m§S>dc~mOmamÀ`m {dH$mgmcm JVr {_iVo.

12)àmYmÝ` joÌmg _XV :

Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV _moR>çm CÚmoJm§~amo~aM cKw CÚmoJ, Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ, H¥$frCÚmoJ,

J«m_rU CÚmoJ, AW©ì`dñWoVrc Xw~©b KQ>H$ BË`mXr joÌm§Mmhr {dH$mg _hÎdmMm

AgVmo. m àmYmÝ` joÌm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mV ~±H$m _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdVmV.

`mgmR>r ~±H$m {d{dY moOZm V`ma H$arV AgVmV.

gamdmgmR>r àíZ

20 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. Mmby R>od åhUOo H$m`?

à. 2. ~±Ho$Mr à_wI H$m } H$moUVr?

à. 3. AmdVu R>odr åhUOo H$m`?

à. 4. A{YH$f© gdbVrMm AW© gm§Jm.

à. 5. "gwajmJ¥ho' åhUOo H$m`?

2.20


50 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1."~MV R>odr' hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

à. 2. "Zmo {\«$ëg AH$mC§Q>' m g§H$ënZoMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 3. "gwajm R>od H$nmQ>' m~m~V _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 4. maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 5. ~±Ho$Mo {dídñV åhUyZ AgUmao H$m © ñnï> H$am.

100 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. ~±Ho$Ûmao ñdrH$maë`m OmUmè`m R>odtMo àH$ma ñnï> H$am.

à. 2. ~±Ho$Ûmao {Xë`m OmUmè`m H$OmªMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.

à. 3. ~±H$ ì`dgm` àUmcrMr AW©ì`dñWoVrc y{_H$m ñnï> H$am.

500 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. ~±Ho$Ûmao nma nmS>ë`m OmUmè`m àmW{_H$ H$m`mªMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 2. ~±Ho$À`m Xwæ`_ H$m`mªMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

3.1

3.1 ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr H$m`©nÕVr

3.2 ImË`mdarb ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr H$m`©nÕVr

3.3 ImVo ~§X H$aUo

3.4 ImË`mMo hñVm§VaU

3.5 ImVoXmam§Mo àH$ma

7ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr Am{U

ImË`mdarb ì`dhma

H$aÊ`mMr H$m ©nÕVr3

àmñVm{dH$ :

(Introduction)

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mg {ZpíMV ñdê$n àmßV Pmbo Amho. Ë`m_wiogd© àH$maÀ`m ~±H$m§_Ü o ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr Am{U ImË`m§da ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr`m~m~V {d{eï> à{H«$`m Adb§~br OmVo. ~±H$ EImÚm ì`ŠVrMo ImVo CKS>Ê`mnyduË`m ì`ŠVr~Ôb g§nyU© _m{hVr àmßV H$aV AgVo. Ë`mZ§Va g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrbm ~±Ho$H$S>o{d{eï> Z_wÝ`mV ImVo CKS>Ê`m~m~V AO© H$amdm bmJVmo. `m {d{eï>AO©Xmam{df`rMm n[aM` Am{U AmoiI {dMmamV KodyZ ~±H$ Ë`mg Amnbm ImVoXma~Z{dÊ`m~m~V {ZU© KoV AgVo. AO©Xmamg Vmo Á`m {R>H$mUMm a{hdmgr AmhoË`mg§~§YrMm a{hdmgr nwamdm Úmdm bmJVmo. VgoM AOm©da Z_wZm ghr H$amdr bmJVo.


3.2

ImVo CKS>VmZmM ImVoXmamg Zm_{ZX}eZm~m~VMr à{H«$`m nyU© H$amdr bmJVo. ImVoXmag§~§{YV ~±Ho$Mm J«mhH$ ~Zë`mda Ë`mg Amnë`m ImË`mda ì`dhma H$aVm oVmV.Mmby ImVo, ~MV ImVo, nwZamdVu ImVo d _wXV ImVo `m gd© ImË`m§da ì`dhmaH$aÊ`mMr H$m ©nÕVr doJdoJù`m ñdê$nmMr AgVo. ImVoXmamg Amnbo ImVo ~§XH$aVmZm VgoM BVa ~±Ho$V Amnbo ImVo hñVm§V[aV H$aVmZm XoIrb {d{eï> à{H«$`mnma nmS>mdr bmJVo. gd©gmYmaUnUo gd©M àH$maÀ`m ~±H$m§_Ü o `m à{H«$`m§À`m ~m~VrVg_mZVm AmT>iyZ oVo. ~±Ho$Mo ImVoXma ho d¡ pŠVH$ Am{U g§ñWmË_H$ Aem XmoÝhràH$maMo AgVmV. åhUOoM ~±Ho$V Á`mà_mUo ì`ŠVr ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV, Ë`mMà_mUog§ñWm XoIrb ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$Vrb ImVo CKS>Uo d ImË`mdarbì`dhma H$aUo, ImVo ~§X H$aUo d ImVo Mmb{dUo `m g§~§YrÀ`m H$m ©nÕVrMr_m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo `mo½` R>aob.

3.1 ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr H$m ©nÕVr :

(Procedure for Opening of Deposit Account)

$Á`m ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>md`mMo Amho Ë`m ~±Ho$V OmdyZ ì`ŠVrZo àW_ ~±Ho$V ImVo

CKS>Ê`mMr Amncr BÀN>m ~±H$ ì`dñWmnH$mH$S>o àH$Q> H$amdr cmJVo. Aer {dZ§Vr

H$arV AgVmZm Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo ~±H$ ì`dñWmnH$mH$Sy>Z Amdí`H$ Vr _m{hVr {_i{dcr

nm{hOo. CXm. Mmcy ImVo gwê$ H$aVmZm gwê$dmVrg {H$Vr aŠH$_ amdr cmJoc Ë`mda

ì`mO {_iVo H$m` ? Aem ImË`mMo \$m`Xo - VmoQ>o H$moUVo ? _wXV R>od ImVo gwê$

H$amd`mMo Agoc Va _wXVrZ§Va ì`mOmgh {H$Vr aŠH$_ {_ioc ? BË`mXr ImVoXmamZo

~±Ho$À`m doJdoJù`m R>od ImË`m§Mr _m{hVr KoVë`mZ§Va AmnUmg H$moUË`m àH$maMo

ImVo gwê$ H$amd`mMo Amho ho R>admdo cmJVo. Ë`mZ§Va ~±H$ ì`dñWmnH$ AWdm Ë`mMo

ghmæ`H$ `m g§ mì` ImVoXmamg ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>rMm AO© XoVmV. Ë`mgmo~V n¡go

^aÊ`mMr nmdVr Am{U Z_wZm ghr OmoS>coco AgVo.

ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr Am{U ImË`mdarb ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr H$m ©nÕVr

3.3

3.1.1 "Zmo `wda H$ñQ>_a' (Know your Customer-KYC) :

"Zmo wda H$ñQ>_a' ho ~±H$m§gmR>r EH$ àH$maMo ì`mgnrR> Amho. m _mÜ`_mVyZ ~±H$m§ZmAm{W©H$ A\$amV\$a, g§e`mñnX hmbMmbr BË`mXrda {Z §ÌU R>odVm oVo. Ë`mMà_mUo_moR>çm à_mUmda hmoUmè`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§Mr N>mZZr d Ë`mda bj R>odUo gmono OmVo.Ë`mgmR>r maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo H$mhr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo KmbyZ {Xbobr AmhoV. Ë`m_mJo[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo CÔoe Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.

1 ) ~±Ho$_Ü o Zì`mZo ImVo CKS>Umè`m ì`ŠVr dm H§$nÝ`m `m§Mr `mo½` AmoiIhmoÊ`mgmR>rMr H$m ©nÕVr A_bmV AmUUo.

2 ) ImË`m_Ü o _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoUmè`m CbmT>mbtda VgoM g§e`mñnX ñdénmÀ`mCbmT>mbtda bj R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$m ©nÕVr Am{U à{H«$`m Adb§{~Uo.

3 ) Aem àH$maÀ`m CbmT>mbtda bj R>odÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Ahdmb gmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>ràUmbr V`ma H$aUo.

A) H$m`©nÕVr :

KYC À`m _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdmZwgma H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm AJa H§$nZrbm ~±Ho$V ImVoCKS>m`Mo Agob Va ~±Ho$_Ü o AJmoXa ImVo AgUmè`m EImÚm ImVoXmamZo ImVoCKS>Ê`mÀ`m \$m°_©da AmoiI åhUyZ ghr H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ImVo CKS>VmZmImbrbn¡H$s EH$m VÎdmda ImVo CKS>Vm oB©b:

1 ) ~±Ho$_Ü o ImVo Mmby AgUmam ImVoXma, Á`mMm ñdV:À`m ImË`m_Yrb ì`dhmag_mYmZH$maH$ Amho Agm EImXm ImVoXma qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mar qH$dmAem ZdrZ/g§^mì` J«mhH$mbm AmoiIV AgUmè`m ~±Ho$Vrb EImÚmH$_©Mmè`mZo Zì`m J«mhH$mMr AmoiI {Xbr nm{hOo.

2 ) Á`mdoir nmgnmoQ>© d ImVo CKS>Ê`mÀ`m \$m°_©da EH$M/gmaImM nÎmm AgobAem doir nmgnmoQ>© qH$dm

3 ) Imbr {Xboë`m XmoZ mÚm§Vrb BVa H$moUË`mhr H$mJXnÌmÀ`m AmYmao ì`ŠVrbm~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Vm oB©b.


3.4

A) `mXr H«$. 1 (\$moQ>mo AmoiI)

1 ) nmgnmoQ>© - Á`mdoir nÎmm doJdoJim AgVmo.

2 ) _VXma AmoiInÌ.

3 ) n°Z H$mS>©.

4 ) gaH$maZo qH$dm à{V{ð>V H§$nZrZo/_mbH$mZo {Xbobr AmoiI.

5 ) S´>m`ìhtJ bm`goÝg.

~) `mXr H« . 2 (a{hdmer Agë`mMm nwamdm)

1 ) H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© ñQ>oQ>_|Q> 2) Am`H$a AmH$maUr AmXoe

3 ) drO {~b 4) Q>o{b\$moZ {~b

aoeZ H$mS>© AmoiI qH$dm a{hdmer Agë`mMm nwamdm åhUyZ KoD$ Z o.

EH$mM n[aM`XmË`mZo AZoH$ ImVr CKS>Ê`mgmR>r {Xbobr AmoiI nmhVm~±Ho$Zo Ë`m~m~V {deof H$miOr KoVbr nm{hOo.

~) ~±Ho$Zo R>odm`Mr J«mhH$m~ÔbMr _m{hVr :

~±Ho$Zo J«mhH$m§À`m ImË`mV hmoUmè`m CbmT>mbtMr `mo½` XjVm KoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZod¡ pŠVH$ ImVo CKS>VmZm àË oH$ ImVoXmamMr EH$ àmo\$mB©b V`ma H$aUo \$m`ÚmMoR>aVo. Ë`m_Ü o Imbrb _m{hVrMm g_mdoe Agmdm.

1 ) ì`dgm`, 2) CËnÞmMo gmYZ, 3) _m{gH$ CËnÝZ, 4) dm{f©H$ CbmT>mb,5)OÝ_VmarI, 6) e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm, 7) OmoS>rXmamMr e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm (EopÀN>H$),8) Hw$Q>w§~mVrb ì`ŠVr (EopÀN>H$), 9) naXoemV ñWm{`H$ Pmbobm ZmVodmB©H$,10) BVa ~±H$m§er Agbobo ì`dhma, 11) gÜ`m dmnamV Agbobr nVgmYZo/gw{dYm, 12) _mb_Îmm (gamgar _yë`).

Oa Xwgè`m emIoVyZ ImVo ~Xb hmoD$Z Ambo Agob Va ImVo CKS>Ê`mÀ`m\$m°_©gmo~V ImVoXmamMr Aer àmo\$mB©b _mJdyZ KoVbr nm{hOo. Oa dmnamV ZgboboImVo Zì`mZo dmnam`Mo Agob Va ImVoXmamH$Sy>Z Aem àH$maMm àmo\$mB©b \$m°_©^ê$Z KoVbm nm{hOo. VrZ dfm©VyZ EH$Xm Aem àmo\$mB©bMo nwZ:{d©bmoH$Z Ho$bo


3.5

nm{hOo. Ago H$aVmZm EH$ Jmoï> bjmV KoVbr nm{hOo H$s, KYC Mr hr _mJ©Xe©H$VÎdo A§JrH$maVmZm Ë`mMm n[aUm_ J«mhH$m§Zm ImVo CKS>Ê`mg ZH$ma XoÊ`m_Ü o

hmoD$ Z o.

H$) ~±Ho$Zo J«mhH$m~m~V ¿`md`mMr {deof XjVm :

1 ) _moR>çm CbmT>mbr/ì`dhma :

Á`m ImË`m§_Ü o 10 bmI é. qH$dm Ë`mnojm OmñV aH$_m aë`m qH$dm H$mT>ë`mOmV AgVrb Va Ë`mH$S>o ~±Ho$Zo A{YH$ bj {Xbo nm{hOo. emIm§Zr Aemì`dhmam§Mr Zm|X R>odyZ Vgm Ahdmb n§YadS>çmbm _w»` H$m`m©b`mV nmR>{dbmnm{hOo. 50,000 é. qH$dm Ë`mnojm OmñV aH$_oMo {S>_m§S> S>mâQ>, Q>o{bJ«m\$sH$Q´>mÝg\$a, Q´>°ìhbg© MoH$, ~±H$g© MoH$ ho ImVoXmamÀ`m ImË`mVyZM {Xbo Jobonm{hOoV åhUOo ho n¡go ImË`mV ê$Z Z§VaM Ago S>mâQ> {Xbo nm{hOoV. qH$dmË`m aH$_oMo MoH$ KoD$Z {Xbo nm{hOoV 50,000 én`m§nojm OmñV aH$_oÀ`mS´>mâQ>/MoH$ gmR>r {Xboë`m AOm©gmR>r n°Z H$mS>©Mr _mJUr H$am`bm hdr.

2 ) g§e`mñnX ñdénmMo ì`dhma :

g§e`mñnX ñdénmMo ì`dhma AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r Iyn Xj amhmdo bmJVo. g§e`mñnXñdénmMo ì`dhma Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb :

i ) H$moUVohr `mo½` H$maU Z XoVm, MoH$Zo ì`dhma Z H$aVmV Zoh_rM amoIñdê$nmV aŠH$_ H$mT>Umao H§$nZr ImVoXma.

ii) H§$nZr J«mhH$m§Zr Ë`m§À`m ì`dgm`mÀ`m ì`ŠVr dm g§ñWm `m§Zm XoÊ`mVAmbobo MoH$.

iii)~±Ho$À`m X¡Z§{XZ H$m ©nÕVrà_mUo ì`dhma Z H$aVm YZmXoemMo amoI n¡emV_mJUr H$aUmao ImVoXma.

iv)Ë`m ImVoXmamÀ`m {Xboë`m ì`dgm`mÀ`m ñdénmer g§~§{YV ZgUmao, Ë`mì`ŠVtZr ImVoXmambm {Xbobo YZmXoe/{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>, Q´>°ìhbg© MoH$BË`mXr.


3.6

v ) ZdrZ CKS>Ê`mV Amboë`m ImË`m§_Ü o _moR>_moR>çm aH$_ooMo S´>mâQ> ê$ZImË`mV Iyn H$_r {e„H$ R>odyZ hiyhiy Ë`m ImË`mVyZ Ë`m aH$_m amoIñdê$nmV H$mTy>Z KoUo.

vi)AZoH$ n¥ð>m§H$Z Pmbobo XñVEodO.

vii) Á`m ì`dgm`mMo ñdê$n Ago AgVo H$s Á`m_Ü o Aem ñdê$nmMo nV/H«o${S>Q>Mr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo Aem ImVoXmamZo {S>_m§S> S>mâQ>/MoH$/Q>°ìhëg©MoH$ m§À`m_m\©$V _moR>çm à_mUmda O_m Ho$boë`m aH$_m.

viii) ZmoQ>m§Mr AXbm~Xb åhUOo gwQ²>Q>çm ZmoQ>m XoD$Z _moR>_moR>çm aH$_oÀ`mZmoQ>m KoUo qH$dm _moR>çm aH$_oÀ`m ZmoQ>m XoD$Z gwQ²>Q>çm ZmoQ>m KoUo.

xi) ImVoXma qH$dm Ë`m§Mm à{V{ZYr m§À`m{edm` gmVË`mZo ImË`m_Ü o aUmH$aUmar ì`ŠVr.

x) _>moR>>çm aH$_oMo MoH$ O_m H$aUo; na§Vw X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamgmR>r Iyn WmoS>raŠH$_ H$mT>Uo.

3 ) XheVdmXr g§KQ>Zm/à{V~§YrV g§KQ>Zm§~m~V ¿`md`mMr XjVm :

^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo XheVdmXr qH$dm à{V~§YrV g§KQ>Zm§Mr EH$ mXr OmarHo$br Amho. Aer mXr doimodoir VnmgyZ nm{hbr nm{hOo. OoUoH$ê$Z AemEImÚm g§KQ>ZoMo ImVo ~±Ho$_Ü o Amho H$m` `mMr _m{hVr {_iy eHo$b dË`m§À`m{déÕ `mo½` Vr H$madmB© H$aVm oB©b. àË oH$ H$mD$§Q>ada Aer `mXrCnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr nm{hOo. Oa Ago EImXo ImVo bjmV Ambo Va gaH$mabmË`m~m~V _m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm nm{hOo. H$moUË`mhr ~±Ho$À`memIm§Zr Aem àH$mao XheVdmXr g§KQ>Zm qH$dm à{V~§YrV g§KQ>Zm m§Mo ImVoCKS>Vm H$m_m Z`o.

4 ) _m{hVrMo OVZ :

~±H$s¨J H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXrZwgma ImVo CKS>Ê`mMo \$m°_©, ìhmD$Ma, boOg©,a{OñQ>g© BË`mXtgma»`m H$mJXnÌm§Mo OVZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Vo {H$Vr


3.7

H$mimgmR>r OVZ H$am`Mo Vo H$m`ÚmV {Xbobo AgVo. Imbr Z_yX Ho$bobr_m{hVr/H$mJXnÌo {H$_mZ nmM dfmªgmR>r Var OVZ Ho$br nm{hOoV.

1 ) ImVoXmam§Mr _m{hVr/àmo\$mB©b.

2 ) EImÚm g§e`mñnX ì`dhmamg§~§Yr _m{hVr àH$Q> H$aUmè`m H$mJXnÌm§MrgaH$mabm nmR>{dboë`m AhdmbmMr àV d Aem ì`dhmam§g§~§YrV_hÎdmMr H$mJXnÌo.

3 ) A§°Q>r _Zr bm±S>atJ Q´>oqZJ g§§~§Yr _m{hVr/H$mJXnÌo.

3.1.2 R>amdrH$ Z_wÝ`mV AO© H$aUo (Application Form) :

ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrcm R>amdrH$ Z_wÝ`mV AO© H$ê$Z ~±Ho$H$S>o {dZ§Vr H$amdrcmJVo. {Za{Zamù`m ImË`m§gmR>r ~±H$m {Za{Zamio AO© AO©Xmamg {dZm_yë` CncãYH$ê$Z XoVmV. `m AOm©_Ü o AO©Xma ImVoXmamMo nyU© Zmd, nÎmm d Z_wZm ghr AgVo.AO©Xmamcm Vmo ~±Ho$Mo gd© {Z`_m§Mo nmcZ H$arb Aer h_r/ImÌr Úmdr cmJVo. m{Z`_m_Ü o ~±H$m doimodoir ~Xc H$ê$ eH$VmV d Ago ~Xccoco {Z`_ d AQ>rAO©Xmam§da ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmV.

_hÎd :

A) `m AOm©_Ü o ImVoXmamMr gd© àH$maMr _m{hVr AgVo.

~) hm AO© åhUOo ~±H$ d ImVoXma m§À`mVrb EH$ àH$maMm H$amaM AgVmo Am{U VmoImVoXmamda ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmo.

H$) ~±Ho$À`m gd© {Z`_m§Mo nmbZ Ho$bo OmB©b Aer ImVoXmamZo {Xbobr Vr h_r AgVo.

S >) ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>r AO© XoUo hm ~±H$ ImVo CKS>Ê`mÀ`m à{H«$ oVrb n{hbm d_hÎdmMm Q>ßnm AgVmo.

3.1.3 n[aM` (Identification) :

ImVo CKS>VmZm AO©XmamMm n[aM` AgUo AË §V Amdí`H$ ~m~ AgVo. AemAO©XmamÀ`m nVj_Vo{df`r$ ImÌr H$ê$Z KoUo ~±Ho$À`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMo AgVo. H$maU{H$Ë oH$ doim ~moJg ZmdmZo ImVo CKSy>Z AZoH$ {dÎmr` JwÝho Ho$co OmVmV. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m


3.8

ImVo CKS>VmZm Ë`mM emIoVrc EImÚm ImVoXmamMr AmoiI _mJVmV. Aem ì`ŠVrMog§nyU© Zmd, ImVo H«$_m§H$ Am{U ghr VnmgyZ nm{hcr OmVo. AO©XmamMm n[aM` ~±Ho$_Ü oImcrc VrZ àH$mamZo {Xcm OmVmo.

A) ~±Ho$À`m Ë`mM emIoMr ImVoXma Agcocr qH$dm ~±H$ H$_©Mmè`m§À`m AmoiIrÀ`mEImÚm O~m~Xma ì`ŠVrZo AO©XmamÀ`m AOm©da ghr H$ê$Z Zmd d nÎmm {chÿZn[aM` H$ê$Z XoUo.

~) AO©Xma EImÚm O~m~Xma ì`ŠVrMo Zmd qH$dm Xwgè`m EImÚm ~±Ho$Mo Zmd {ZX}eråhUyZ XoD$ eH$Vmo. ~±H$ Ë`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o AWdm ~±Ho$H$S>o Ë`mMr àm_m{UH$Vm Am{U

Am{W©H$ pñWVr VgoM Ë`m ì`ŠVr~m~VMm Ë`m ~±Ho$Mm AZw d m~m~VMr Mm¡H$er

H$aVo. Oa Aem {ZX}er (Referee) ì`ŠVr qH$dm ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z ~±Ho$cm H$mhr à{VgmX

{_imcm Zmhr Va ~±Ho$Zo Aem ì`ŠVrMo ImVo CKSy> Z`o.

H$) [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo gd© ~±H$m§Zm goZmXc, nmocrg VgoM gaH$mar ImË`mMo AmoiInÌ

VgoM nmgnmoQ>© dJ¡ao n[aM`mgmR>r J«mhH$ YamdoV Ago AmXoe {Xë`mZo hr H$mJXnÌo

AmoiI åhUyZ ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z ñdrH$macr OmVmV.

~±Ho$Zo EImÚm ì`ŠVrMo ImVo CKS>VmZm {VMr Iar AmoiI àñWm{nV H$ê$Z KoUo

Amdí`H$ Amho. Oa ~±Ho$Zo mo½` àH$mao Aem ì`ŠVrMr AmoiI àñWm{nV Ho$cr

Zmhr Va ~±Ho$Mm hm Xwc©{jVnUm {Vcm ñdV:cm qH$dm OZVocmhr YmoŠ`mV AmUy

eHo$c.

1 ) Oa J«mhH$mZo A\$amV\$arMo MoH$ AJa {d{Z_` nÌo (AJa MmoarMo MoH$, {d{Z_`

nÌo) Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mV O_m Ho$cr d ~±Ho$Zo m~m~V mo½` Vr H$miOr KoVcr Va

~±Ho$cm H$m`ÚmMo g§ajU {_iy eH$Vo.

2 ) Oa ~±Ho$Zo {ZîH$miOrnUo AJa MwH$sZo Amoìha S´>mâQ> _§Oya Ho$cm d Aem

J«mhH$mMm n[aM` mo½` àH$mao ~±Ho$Zo àñWm{nV Ho$cocm Zgoc Va ~±H$ CKS>nUo

YmoŠ`mV oD$ eH$Vo.


3.9

3 ) Or ì`ŠVr {XdmiImoa Amho Aem ì`ŠVrMr nyU© AmoiI H$ê$Z Z KoVm ~±Ho$Zo

{Vcm J«mhH$ Ho$co Va Aem J«mhH$mÀ`m R>odr ñdrH$mê$Z ~±Ho$bm YmoH$m {Z_m©U

hmoVmo.

4 ) `mo½` àH$mao n[aM` H$ê$Z Z KoVcoë`m AnmÌ J«mhH$mcm ~±Ho$Zo MoH$~wH$ {Xco

Va Agm J«mhH$ ~ZmdQ> MoH$ XoD$Z gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§Mr \$gdUyH$ H$ê$ eHo$c.

Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mda {e„H$ ZgVmZmhr Vmo cmoH$m§Zm MoH$ XoD$ cmJcm Va ~±H$

YmoŠ`mV oD$ eH$Vo.

3.1.4 AmoiI (Introduction) :

g§ mì` ImVoXmamMr AmoiI nS>VmiyZ nmhUo d Vmo nVj_ Amho mMr ImÌr H$ê$ZKoUo ~±Ho$À`m Ñï>rZo A{Ve` Amdí`H$ Jmoï> Amho. H$mhr doim ImoQ>çm ZmdmZo ImVr CKSy>ZMmoacoco MoH$ dQ>{dUo mgmaIo JwÝho Ho$co OmVmV. mgmR>r H$miOr KoUo _hÎdmMo AgVo.`mgmR>r Ë`mM emIoÀ`m Xwgè`m ImVoXmamMr ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>r {e\$mag ¿`mdr bmJVo.Ë`mMo nyU© Zmd, ImVo H«$_m§H$ d ghr Z_wZm ghrer nS>VmiyZ nhmdm. Mm§Jë`m ImVoXmam§_wio~±Ho$Mr à{Vð>m dmT>Vo. VgoM ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>ë`mZo Ë`m ì`ŠVrMrhr nV dmT>Vo.

EImÚm à{V{ð>V ì`ŠVrMo Zmd AmoiI åhUyZ {Xë`mg Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o AO©Xmam{df`rMm¡H$er H$amdr Am{U Ë`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z AO©XmamMo ImVo CKS>mdo Aer coIr {e\$mag¿`mdr. EImÚm g§ñWoMo Mmcy \$moQ>mo Agcoco AmoiInÌ qH$dm nmanÌmÀ`m (Pass-

port) AmYmaohr ImVo CKS>Vm oVo.

_hÎd :

A) EImÚm ì`ŠVrMo ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>VmZm Ë`mM ~±Ho$À`m Xwgè`m ImVoXmamZo AmoiIXoVmZm Aer boIr {e\$mag {Xbobr Amho.

~) Aer AmoiI KoVë`mZo ImoQ>çm ZmdmZo ImVo CKSy>Z hmoUmè`m ImoQ>çm ì`dhmam§MoJwÝho amoIÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

H$) g§ mì` ImVoXma nVj_ Agë`mMr Vr nmdVr AgVo.

S >) g§ mì` ImVoXmamZo AOm©V {Xboë`m _m{hVrÀ`m IaonUmMr ImÌr nQ>Vo.


3.10

3.1.5 a{hdmgr Agë`mMm nwamdm (Proof of Residence) :

AO©Xmamcm AOm©_Ü o Amncm nyU© nÎmm Úmdm cmJVmo. ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>r

AO©Xmamcm Amnë`m a{hdmgr Agë`mMm nwamdm gmXa H$amdm cmJVmo. Ë`m{edm`

~±H$m ImVo gwê$ H$aV ZmhrV. Agm nwamdm åhUyZ ~±H$m ì`ŠVtMo aoeZH$mS>©, drO ~rc

qH$dm \$moZ ~rc BË`mXtgmaIr H$mJXnÌo ñdrH$maVmV. hr H$mJXnÌo nÎ`mMm nwamdm

AgVmo. hr H$mJXnÌo AO©Xma Ë`m nÎ`mda amhVmo mMm nwamdm AgVmo.

_hÎd :

A) ImoQ>o nÎmo XodyZ ~±Ho$V ImVo CKSy>Z hmoD$ eH$Umè`m {Za{Zamù`m àH$maÀ`m JwÝøm§Zm

Amim ~gVmo.

~) Oa ~±Ho$Zo MwH$sZo H$mhr a¸$_ Aem ImVoXmamg AXm Ho$ë`mg Vr dgyb H$aUo eŠ`

hmoVo.

3.1.6 Z_wZm ghr (Specimen Signature) :

AO©Xmamcm ImVo CKS>VmZm ImVo CKS>Ê`mÀ`m AOm©da ghr H$amdr cmJVo. VgoM

ñcrn qH$dm H$mS>m©da Z_wZm ghr H$amdr cmJVo. Vo ImVo Mmc{dVmZm AO©Xmamcm m

Z_wZm ghrà_mUoM ghr H$amdr cmJVo. ImVo CKS>VmZmM O~m~Xma ~±H$ A{YH$mè`mg_moa

AO©Xmamcm hr Z_wZm ghr H$amdr cmJVo. ho Z_wZm ghr H$mS>©/ñcrn ~±H$m OVZ H$ê$Z

R>odVmV.

_hÎd :

A) Z_wZm H$mS>©da H$moUVr ghr Amho ho ~±H$ d ImVoXmambmM _mhrV AgVo. Ë`m_wio

MoH$ qH$dm H$mT>{MRR²>rda (withdrawal slip) {dS´>m°b nmdVrda ImVoXmamMrM

ghr Amho mMr ImÌr nQ>{dbr OmD$ eH$Vo.

~) `mo½` ì`ŠVrbmM n¡emMo àXmZ hmoVo.

H$) _r n¡go H$mT>boboM ZmhrV Agm n{dÌm ImVoXma KoD$ eH$V Zmhr.


3.11

3.1.7 Zm_{ZX}eZ (Nomination) :

EImÚm ImVoXmamMm _¥Ë y Pmë`mg ImË`mVrc n¡go H$moUmg Úm`Mo Agm àíZ

CX² dVmo. åhUyZ ~±H$m h„r gd©M ImË`m§gmR>r Zm_{ZX}eZ \$m°_© ê$Z KoVmV. Ë`mda

EH$m gmjrXmamMr ghr AgVo. ImVoXmamMm _¥Ë y Pmë`mda Vo ImVo ~§X H$ê$Z Ë`mVrc

a¸$_ Á`mMo Zm_{ZX}eZ AgVo Ë`mÀ`m doJù`m ImË`mV O_m Ho$cr OmVo. Zm_{ZX}eZ

Ho$cocr ì`ŠVr hr H$m`Xoera dmag Agcr nm{hOo Ago Zmhr. Ë`m_wio H$m`Xoera ZmoQ>rg

qH$dm H$moQ>m©Mm AmXoe Amë`mg H$moQ>m©Mm A§{V_ {ZU© hmoB©n ªV ~±Ho$g Vo ImVo JmoR>dyZ

R>odmdo cmJVo. 1983 À`m gwYm[aV ~±qH$J H$m`ÚmZwgma R>odrXmamg Zm_m§H$ZmMr gw{dYm

XoÊ`mV Amcr Amho.

3.2 ImË`mda ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr H$m ©nÕVr :

(Procedure for Opesrating Deposit Account)

ImË`mda ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr H$m ©nÕVr åhUOo ImVoXma ~±Ho$VyZ n¡go H$mT>Vmo qH$dm

~±Ho$V n¡go O_m H$aVmo. ImVoXmamMo ho gd© ì`dhma ~±Ho$V ñdV§ÌnUo Zm|X H$éZ R>odbo

OmVmV. Ë`mgmR>r doJdoJù`m nmdË`m ~±Ho$Ûmao dmnamV AmUë`m OmVmV. ImVoXmamg

n¡go ^aVmZm no-pñbn d n¡go H$mT>VmZm {dS´>mb-pñbn `m§Mm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo.

ImË`mda ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr H$m ©nÕVr nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oB©b.

3.2.1 no-pñbn / R>odrMr pñbn ~wH$ (Pay in Slips) :

Omo J«mhH$ ImË`mV n¡go O_m H$aVmo Ë`mg H$mD§$Q>a \$m°B©c AgUmè`m pñcßg amì`m

cmJVmV. m nmdVrda R>odrXma AJa Ë`mMm à{V{ZYr ghr H$ê$Z ~°§Ho$cm nmdVr gmXa

H$aVmo. m nmdVrZo Ë`mg amoI n¡go, MoH$, S´>mâQ>g d {~co aVm oVmV. Mmcy d ~MV

ImË`m§H$[aVm doJdoJù`m Pay Slips AgVmV. m nmdVr_Ü o J«mhH$mMo Zmd, VmarI

d ImVo H«$_m§H$ `m§Mr _m{hVr AgVo. VgoM MoH$_Ü o MoH$ H«$_m§H$, VmarI, AmXmVm

(payee) ~±Ho$Mo Zmd d R>odrXmam§Mr ghr `m§Mm Vnerc AgVmo. Vnerc ^acocr


3.12

nmdVr R>odrXma n¡go ñdrH$maco OmUmè`m {IS>H$sda gmXa H$aVmo. Z§Va H$mD§$Q>a

\$m°B©cda {eŠH$m d ghr XoD$Z Vr R>odrXmamg naV Ho$cr OmVo d nmdVrMm Omo ^mJ

~±Ho$H$S>o AgVmo Vmo ‘coOa’ _Ü o Zm|X{dÊ`mH$[aVm g§~§{YV coI{ZH$mcm gmXa Ho$cm

OmVmo.

3.2.2 n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMr pñbn$ (Withdrawal Slip) :

ImË`mVyZ n¡go H$mT>Ê`mH$[aVm Withdrawal Slips {dZm_yë` CncãY H$ê$Z{Xë`m OmVmV. m nmdVr_Ü o n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMr VmarI, ImË`mMm àH$ma, ImVo H«$_m§H$,n¡emMr aŠH$_ (AjamV d AmH$S>çmV) m§Mm Vnerc AgVmo d Ë`mda ImVoXmamMrghr AgVo. Á`mcm n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma Amho Ë`mM ì`ŠVrMr ghr m nmdVrdaAgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Or ì`ŠVr hr nmdVr ~±Ho$cm gmXa H$aVo {VMr ghr nmdVrÀ`m_mJrc ~mOyg Agmdr cmJVo. m nmdVr~amo~a nmg~wH$ ~±Ho$H$S>o gmXa H$amdo cmJVo.

3.2.3 nmg ~wH$ (Issue of Passbook) :

~±H$ ImVoXmamg N>moQ>ogo nmg~wH$ XoVo. mV VmarI, dma, n¡go O_m Ho$ë`mMr d n¡goH$mT>ë`mMr Zm|X AgVo. dñVwV: nmg~wH$ åhUOo {d{eï> VmaIocm ~±Ho$À`m coOa_Ü oAgUmè`m ImË`mMm CVmamM hmo . nmg~wH$_Ü o ~MV ImË`mMo {Z`_ d {Z`_mdcrAgVmV. Mmcy ImË`mdahr nmg~wH$ {Xco OmVo, nU ~hþVoH$ doim ImVoXmamg nmg~wH$EodOr Ë`m§À`m ImË`m§Mr _m{gH$/Ì¡_m{gH$ {ZdoXZo (Statements) {Xcr OmVmV.

nmg~wH$m_wio ImVoXmamg Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mMr AÚ`mdV pñWVr g_Oy eH$Vo. VgoM~±Ho$À`m coOa_Ü o Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mda {Xcoco ì`mO, AmH$macoco ì`mO d BVa AmH$ma(MmO©) `m§À`m Zm|Xr Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Ë`m g_OÊ`mH$[aVm nmg~wH$ Cn wŠV R>aVo.ì`dgm`mV ~±Ho$Mo nwZ_}i {ddaU nÌ (Reconciliation Statement) V`maH$aÊ`mH$[aVm VgoM H°$e~wH$_Ü o XmI{dcoë`m {ecH$sMr nS>VmiUr H$aÊ`mH$[aVmnmg~wH$ AJa ImË`mVrc Zm|XrMo {ZdoXZ nÌ _hÎdmMo AgVo.

3.2.4 MoH$~wH$ (Issue of Cheque Book) :

~±Ho$VyZ n¡go H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ~±H$ J«mhH$m§Zm MoH$~wH$ nwadV AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r ImVoXmamg~±Ho$H$So AO© H$amdm bmJVmo. ~MV ImË`m~m~V Oo J«mhH$ ~±Ho$Zo doimodoir {d{hV


3.13

Ho$bobr {H$_mZ {eëbH$ ~MV ImË`mV R>odÊ`mMo dMZ XoVmV Ë`m§ZmM MoH$~wH${Xbo OmVo. MoH$~wH$m_Ü o EH$ _mJUr pñbn (Requisition Slip) AgVo H$sÁ`mÛmao J«mhH$ ZdrZ MoH$~wH$ gwÕm Kody eH$Vmo. `m _mJUr pñbnda J«mhH$mg ghrH$amdr bmJVo. ~±Ho$Ûmao hr ghr nS>VmiyZ ~{KVbr OmVo. ImVoXma Ooìhm ñdV:_mJUr pñbn KodyZ oV Zmhr d Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o Vr nmR>dVmo Voìhm ~±Ho$Ûmao Ë`mMr~maH$mB©Zo nS>VmiUr Ho$br OmVo. J«mhH$ Ooìhm _mJUr pñbnMm dmna Z H$aVmEImÚm nÌmÛmao MoH$~wH$Mr _mJUr H$aVmo, Voìhm A\$amV\$arMr eŠ`Vm bjmVKodyZ ~±Ho$g {deof H$miOr ¿`mdr bmJVo. ~±Ho$H$S>o _mJUr pñbn KodyZ oUmè`mì`ŠVrg ~±H$, Vr ì`ŠVr n[aM`mMr Agë`m{edm` MoH$~wH$ XoV Zmhr.

3.2.5 _wXV R>odr ImË`m§Mm ì`dhma (Issue of Fixed Deposit Receipt):

~±H$ _wXV R>odtMm ñdrH$ma H$aV AgVo. Aem R>odr 15 {Xdgm§nmgyZ Vo 5dfm©n ªVÀ`m AgVmV. Aën _wXV qH$dm XrK© _wXV `mà_mUo Aem R>odtda ì`mO{_iV AgVo. ~±H$ _wXVrÀ`m R>odr pñdH$maVmZm EH$ nmdVr XoVo. Ë`m nmdVrdaAmnU R>odbobr aŠH$_, ì`mOmMm Xa d _wXV Z_yX Ho$bobr AgVo. _wXV R>odrdarbì`mO ImVoXma _{hÝ`mZo, dfm©Zo Aem ñdê$nmV Kody eH$Vmo qH$dm _wXV nyU©Pmë`mda Kody eH$Vmo. Aem R>odr d¡ pŠVH$ qH$dm g§ wŠV ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV.nmdVr YmaH$mMm _¥Ë y Pmë`mg Ë`mÀ`m dmagmg _wXV g§në`mZ§Va nmdVrdarbaŠH$_ {_iVo.

1) _wXV R>odr _wXV nyd© dQ>{dUo (Premature Encashment of FixedDeposit) :

R>odrXmamg _wXV nyU© hmoÊ`mnydu n¡emMr JaO Agob Va Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o XmoZ n`m©AgVmV. EH$Va Vmo ~±Ho$H$H$Sy>Z _wXV nmdVr naV H$éZ n¡go Kody eH$Vmo qH$dm Ë`m_wXV nmdVrda H$O© Kody eH$Vmo. _wXVnyd© n¡go XoVmZm ~±H$ R>aboë`m ì`mOXamnojmXmoZ Q>ŠHo$ H$_r ì`mOXa XoVmV. åhUOoM R>odrXma ì`mOmMm VmoQ>m nËH$méZ _wXVR>odr _wXVnyd© dQ>dy eH$Vmo.

2 ) _wXV R>odtda H$O© (Loan Against Fixed Deposit) :


3.14

Oa R>odrXmamg R>od nmdVrÀ`m VmaUmda H$O© hdo Agob Va ~±H$ R>od nmdVrda

Omo ì`mOXa {ZX}{eV Ho$bobm AgVmo Ë`mnojm XmoZ Q>ŠHo$ OmñV ì`mOXamZo

H$O© XodyZ 25% _m{O©Z ~±H$ ñdV:Mo R>odVo. R>od nmdVrda H$O© KoVmZmR>odrXmamZo R>od nmdË`m§da gøm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. _wXVnyd© n¡go XoÊ`m~m~V{dZ§Vr AOm©da gd© R>odrXmam§À`m gøm Amdí`H$ AgVmV. VgoM H$Om©~m~VVmaUnÌmda (Lefter of Pledge) XoIrb gd© R>odrXmam§À`m gøm Amdí`H$AgVmV. Oar g§ wŠV ImVo Agbo d ImVoXmam§n¡H$s Hw$Umbmhr EH$mbm AJadmagXmambm R>odrMo n¡go {_iUma AgVrb Var R>od nmdVrda H$O© XoVmZm~±Ho$Zo gd© R>odrXmam§À`m gøm VmaUnÌmda KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Oa R>odrXmamZoH$Om©Mr _wXVrV naV\o$S> Ho$br Zmhr, Va H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ Ë`mÀ`m R>odrVyZ dË`mdarb ì`mOmVyZ H$nmV Ho$br OmVo. R>od nmdVrÀ`m darb aH$_oÀ`m 85%BVH$s aŠH$_ ~±H$ R>od nmdVrÀ`m VmaUmda H$O© åhUyZ Xody eH$Vo.

3.2.6 nwZamdVu R>od (Recurring Deposit) :

nwZamdVu R>od åhUOo R>odrXmam§H$Sy>Z àË oH$ _{hÝ`mbm {d{eï> aŠH$_ {d{eï>

H$mbmdYrn ªV O_m H$aUo. Oo R>odrXma àË oH$ _{hÝ`mbm {d{eï> aŠH$_ ~±Ho$V R>od

åhUyZ R>odVmV d XrK©H$mimZ§Va gd© aŠH$_ EH${ÌVnUo dmné BpÀN>VmV Ë`m§À`mgmR>r

hr R>od AgVo. N>moQ>çm _m{gH$ ~MVrVyZ H$mhr H$mim§ZVa _moR>r aŠH$_ ~±Ho$V O_m

hmoVo. Aem R>odtda _wXV R>odtà_mUoM AmH$f©H$ ì`mO {_iVo. maVmV Á`m bmoH$m§Zm

àË oH$ _{hÝ`mbm ~±Ho$V {d{eï> aŠH$_ R>odrÀ`m ñdê$nmV O_m H$aUo eŠ` Amho

Ë`m§À`mgmR>r hr moOZm Cn wŠV R>aVo. mVyZ bmoH$m§Zm ~MVrMr gd` bmJVo. nwZamdVu

R>odrV àË oH$ _{hÝ`mbm R>od aÊ`mg Cera Pmë`mg Ë`mMm ì`mOXamda n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

ì`mOXamV H$nmV hmoV AgVo. nwZamdVu R>odtda R>odtÀ`m 80 Vo 90% n ªV H$O© {_iy

eH$Vo. H$Om©darb ì`mOXa hm R>odtdarb ì`mOXamà_mUoM AgVmo.

1 ) nwZamdVu R>od _wXV nyd© dQ>{dUo (Premature Encashment of Re-curring Deposit) :


3.15

Ooìhm nwZamdVu R>od ImVo CKS>bo OmVo Voìhm R>odtMo A§{V_ _yë` ho R>odrXmam§ZrdoiÀ`m-doir R>odrMr aŠH$_ O_m H$aÊ`mda Adb§~yZ AgVo Am{U _wXVrÀ`meodQ>r R>odtMr aŠH$_ ì`mOmgh naV {_iVo. _mÌ,_wXVnyd© XoIrb R>odtMraŠH$_ naV KoVm ody eH$Vo. _wXVnyd© aŠH$_ XoVmZm àË oH$ g§ñWm doJir nÕVrAdb§~Vo. nmoñQ> Am°{\$g_Ü o nwZamdVu R>odtMm H$mi hm VrZ dfmªMm AgVmoåhUOo Ë`mnydu aŠH$_ {_iy eH$V Zmhr. ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m _Ü o _wXVnyd©aŠH$_ XoVmZm ì`mOXamV 1% H$nmV Ho$br OmVo. EMS>rE\$gr dAm`grAm`grAm` gma»`m ~±H$m_Ü o AY©dQ> ñdê$nmV aŠH$_ naV Ho$brOmV Zmhr, Oa AY©dQ> aŠH$_ nm{hOo Agob, Va X§S> AmH$mabm OmVmo.

2) nwZamdVu R>odtda H$O© (Loan Against Recurring Deposit):

R>odrXmamZo ~±Ho$H$S>o {d{eï> _wXVrgmR>r R>odr R>odë`mZ§Va ~±H$ R>odrXmamg nmdVrXoVo. `m R>odrMr _wXV g§nÊ`mnydu R>odrXmamcm n¡emMr VmVS>rMr JaO ^mgë`mg `mnmdVrÀ`m VmaUmda Vmo ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$O© KoD$ eH$Vmo. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`mÀ`m AmdVuR>od ImË`mda OodT>r aŠH$_ Agoc Ë`mÀ`m VmaUmda H$O© KoD$ eH$Vmo. _wXVR>odrÀ`m qH$dm AmdVu R>odrÀ`m O_m aH$_oda 75% n ªV ~±H$ H$O© XoVo. AemH$Om©da ~±H$ XoV Agcoë`m R>odrdarc ì`mO Xamnojm 2% OmñV ì`mO Xa ~±H$AmH$maVo. AWm©V _wXV R>od nmdVr qH$dm AmdVu R>odtda H$O© XoVmZm ~±H$m§ZrH$miOr KoUo OéarMo AgVo.

Amd©Vr R>odtda H$O© XoVmZm ~±Ho$Zo ¿`md`mMr H$miOr :

A) ~±Ho$Vrb R>odrdaM H$O© :

~±H$ ñdV:H$S>o R>odcoë`m _wXV R>odrdaM H$O© XoD$ eH$Vo. Xwgè`m ~±Ho$Vrc _wXVR>odtda ~±H$m§Zr H$O© XoD$ Z o. H$maU Aem n[apñWVr_Ü o Á`m ~±Ho$_Ü o R>odrAgVmV Ë`m ~±H$m§MmM `m R>odtda AJ«hŠH$ AgVmo.

~) Zm haH$V XmIbm :

Oa _wXV R>od qH$dm AmdVu R>od hr g§ wŠV ZmdmZo Agoc Am{U Ë`mn¡H$s EH$mMR>odrXmamZo H$Om©Mr _mJUr Ho$cr Agoc Va ~±Ho$Zo Xwgè`m gh-R>odrXmamH$Sy>Z _wXVR>od nmdVrda H$O© XoÊ`mg haH$V Zgë`mMo ~±Ho$cm {chÿZ {Xco nm{hOo.


3.16

H$) nmdVr {VH$sQ> :

Aem àH$mao _wXV R>odrda H$O© XoVmZm ~±Ho$Zo Vr R>od dQ>{dÊ`mgmR>r V`maHo$coë`m nÌH$mda aoìhoÝ y ñQ>°ån cmdyZ ghr H$ê$Z KoVcr nm{hOo OoUoH$ê$Z hr_wXV R>od _wXV g§në`mZ§Va Ë`mVrc aŠH$_ H$O©\o$S>rgmR>r ~±Ho$cm nañna dgwcrH$ê$Z KoVm oB©c.

S>) AkmZ ì`ŠVrMr R>odr nmdVr :

Oa AkmZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zmdmda R>od nmdVr Agoc Va ~±Ho$Zo AkmZ ì`ŠVrcmAem R>od nmdVrÀ`m VmaUmda H$O© XoD$ Z o.

3.3 ImVo ~§X H$aUo :

(Closure of Accounts)

d¡Y ñdê$nmMr gyMZm XodyZ J«mhH$ qH$dm ~±H$ ImVo ~§X H$é eH$VmV. ImVoXmaboIr ñdê$nmV AO© H$éZ Hw$R>ë`mhr H$maUmMm g§X © Z XoVm ImVo ~§X H$é eH$Vmo.`mIoarO ImVoXmamÀ`m ImË`mda nwaoer aŠH$_ Zgë`mg ~±H$ ImVoXmamMo ImVoH$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXtà_mUo ~§X H$é eH$Vo. `m g§~§YrMo ~±Ho$Mo A{YH$ma d Xm{`ËdnwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

1 ) ImVoXmamMr BÀN>m :

ImVoXmambm ~±Ho$Vrb Amnbo ImVo ~§X H$amdo Ago dmQ>V Agob Am{U Ë`mZo Ë`mg§~§YrMr gyMZm ~±Ho$g Ho$br Agob, Va ImVoXmamMo ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©~±Ho$bm ¿`mdm bmJVmo. ~±H$ Ë`mg§~§YrMo H$maU ImVoXmamg {dMmaV Zmhr. Á`mYZmXoem§Mm dmna Ho$bm Zmhr Ago YZmXoe ~±Ho$bm naV H$éZ d Ë`mdarb aŠH$_O_m H$éZ ImVo ~§X Ho$bo OmVo.

2 ) ~±Ho$Mr {dZ§Vr :

ImVoXmamZo XrK©H$mimnmgyZ Amnë`m ImË`mda ì`dhma Ho$bm Zgob, Va ~±H$ Aem


3.17

doiog ImVoXmamg Amnbo ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr H$aVo. J«mhH$mZo ~±Ho$À`mgwMZog à{VgmX {Xbm Zmhr Va, ~±H$ Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mdarb n¡go Xmdm Z H$aVmoUmè`m R>od ImË`mda dJ© H$aVo Am{U Ë`mMo ImVo ~§X H$aVo.

3) ~±Ho$À`m H$m`Úm§Mm §J :

ImVoXmamMr ~±Ho$er AgUmar dmJUyH$ b~mS>rMr AWdm XmofnyU© Amho Ago~±Ho$bm AmT>iyZ Amë`mg ~±H$ gXa J«mhH$mMo ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMm {ZU© KoVo.ImVoXma ImoQ>r H$mJXnÌo ~±Ho$bm gmXa H$éZ ~±Ho$bm \$g{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVAgob, ImoQ>o MoH$ XoV Agob qH$dm ImË`mda aŠH$_ {eëbH$ ZgVmZm dma§dmaMoH$ XoV Agob Am{U ho ~±Ho$À`m {ZXe©Zmg Ambo Va ~±H$ g§~§{YV ImVo ~§XH$aVo.

4) J«mhH$mMm _¥Ë y :

EImÚm ~±H$ J«mhH$mMm _¥Ë y Pmbm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë wMr gyMZm XoUmao nÌ~±Ho$g {_imbo, Va ~±H$ g§~§{YV J«mhH$mMo ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMm {ZU© KoVoH$maU Ë`m J«mhH$mÀ`m _¥Ë y~amo~a Ë`mMm ImË`mdarb A{YH$ma g_mßV hmoVAgVmo. ImVoXmamMm _¥Ë y Pmë`mg Ë`mMo ImVo gwé R>odÊ`mV AZoH$ AS>MUroVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo ImVo ~§X H$aUo ~±Ho$À`m X¥ï>rZo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

5) J«mhH$mMr _mZ{gH$ pñWVr :

ImVoXma doS>m qH$dm _mZ{gH$ {dH¥$VrZo Xw~©b Pmë`mg d Ë`mÀ`m ZmVodmB©H$m§ZrË`mMo ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMm ~±Ho$g AO© Ho$ë`mg ~±H$ g§~§{YV ~m~rMr ImÌr H$éZKoVo d Ë`mV gË`Vm AmT>ië`mg gXa ImVoXmamMo ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMm {ZU© KoVo.

6 ) J«mhH$mMr {XdmiImoar :

J«mhH$mZo {XdmiImoar Ho$ë`mg ~±H$ Am{U J«mhH$ mVrb g§~§Ymda Ë`mMm n[aUm_KSy>Z oVmo. ~±H$ {XdmiImoar H$aUmè`m J«mhH$mÀ`m ImË`mdarb aŠH$_ dJ© H$aVod Ë`mMo ImVo ~§X H$aVo.

7 ) dMZnÌ ZmoQ>rg :

~±Ho$g Ooìhm J«mhH$mÀ`m ImË`mdarb aŠH$_ {Vgè`m njmÀ`m Zmdo hñVm§V[aVH$aÊ`mMr dMZnÌ ZmoQ>rg àmßV hmoVo Voìhm ~±H$ {Vgè`m njmÀ`m Zmdmda aŠH$_


3.18

hñVm§V[aV H$éZ g§~§{YV J«mhH$mMo ImVo ~§X H$aVo.

8) J«mhH$mg ZmoQ>rg :

~±Ho$g Ooìhm J«mhH$mMo ImVo ~§X H$am`Mo AgVo Voìhm ~±H$ J«mhH$mg ImVo ~§XH$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoem~m~V d¡Y ñdê$nmMr ZmoQ>rg XoVo. mÛmao ~±H$ J«mhH$mg ImVo ~§XH$aÊ`mMr gyMZm H$aVo. J«mhH$mg n`m© r ì`dñWogmR>r nwaogm H$mbmdYr {XbmOmVmo. Aer ZmoQ>rg {Xë`mIoarO ~±H$ ImVoXmamMo ImVo ~§X H$é eH$V Zmhr._mÌ, Ooìhm J«mhH$ ZmoQ>rerbm à{VgmX XoV Zmhr, Voìhm Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mdarbaŠH$_ S´>mâQ>Ûmao Ë`mÀ`m nÎ`mda nmR>{dbr OmVo d Ë`mMo ImVo ~§X Ho$bo OmVo.

3.4 ImË`mMo hñVm§Va :(Transfer of Accounts to Other Branches / Banks)

EImÚm ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>ë`mZ§Va Oa J«mhH$mg Amnbo ImVo g§~§{YV ~±Ho$À`mehamVrb qH$dm eham~mhoarb Xwgè`m emIoV hñVm§V[aV H$am`Mo Agë`mg Vmo EH$gmYm AO© H$éZ Amnbo ImVo hñVm§V[aV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. emgH$s` qH$dm {Z_-emgH$s`joÌmV H$m ©aV AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm ~Xbr_wio Aem ImVo hñVm§VamMr g_ñ`m {Z_m©UhmoVo. Agm doiog ZdrZ ImVo CKS>Ê`mnojm nyduMo ImVo hñVm§V[aV H$aUo A{YH$gmo rñH$a AgVo. J«mhH$ nwT>rb àg§Jr Amnbo ImVo hñVm§V[aV H$é eH$Vmo.

1 ) Ooìhm J«mhH$ Amnbo eham§VJ©V amhÊ`mMo {R>H$mU ~XbVmo qH$dm

2 ) J«mhH$ Ooìhm EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va H$aVmo.

ImVo Mmb{dÊ`mMr qH$dm hñVm§V[aV H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m :

J«mhH$mbm qH$dm ImVoXmamg ~±Ho$À`m EH$m emIoVyZ Xwgè`m emIoV ImË`mMohñVm§Va KS>dyZ AmUVmZm nwT>rb à{H«$`m nyU© H$amdr bmJVo.

1 ) ZdrZ emIoV ImË`mMo hñVm§Va H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr ImVoXmamg {d{hV Z_wÝ`mV Ë`mZdrZ emIoH$S>o AO© H$amdm bmJVmo. Vr ZdrZ emIm _yi ~±Ho$H$S>o Vmo AO©nmR>{dVo.

2 ) ImVoXmamg dmna Z Ho$bobo MoH$ ~wH$ Am{U nmg~wH$ nyduÀ`m ~±Ho$H$S>o O_mH$amdo bmJVo. H$mhr ~±H$m OwZoM ~wH$ ZdrZ emIoV dmnaÊ`mMr nadmZJr


3.19

XoVmV.

3) ì`mOmMo _moO_mn H$éZ aŠH$_ ImVoXmamÀ`m ImË`mda O_m Ho$br OmVo.~±H$ ImVoXmamg ZdrZ emIoV ImVo hñVm§V[aV H$aÊ`mMr _mÝ`Vm XoVo.

4) ~±H$ IM© {df`H$ `mXr V`ma H$aVo d IM© {df`H$ ImVo ZdrZ emIoH$S>onmR>dyZ OwZo ImVo ~§X H$aVo.

5 ) ZdrZ emIog àmßV Pmbobr aŠH$_ Vr emIm O_m ImË`mda dJ© H$aVo d O_mImË`m{df`H$ mXr V`ma H$aVo.

6 ) H$mhr ~±H$m ì`dhma H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr Zì`m H$mJXnÌm§Zm àmYmÝ` XoVmV. Va H$mhr~±H$m OwÝ`mM H$mJXnÌm§da ì`dhma H$aÊ`mg _mÝ`Vm XoVmV.

3.5 ImVoXmam§Mo àH$ma :(Types of Account Holders)

~±H$m§À`m g§X^m©V ImVoXma hm KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm _mZbm OmVmo. H$maU ImVoXma hmg§~§{YV ~±Ho$Mm J«mhH$ AgVmo. Vmo ~±Ho$À`m godm-gw{dYm `m§Mm Cn^moJ KoV AgVmo.Ë`m_wio ~±H$ Zoh_r ImVoXmam§À`m g§» oV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg à`ËZerb AgVo.ImVoXma {OVHo$ A{YH$ AgVrb VodT>çm A{YH$ à_mUmda ~±Ho$g n¡gm CnbãY hmoVmo.Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§Mo ImVoXma Ho$di ì`ŠVrMo AgV Zmhr, Va g§ñWm XoIrb ~±H$mMo ImVoXmaAgVmV. nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao Ë`m§Mr MMm© H$aVm oB©b.

3.5.1 d¡`pŠVH$ ImVoXma (Individual Account Holder) :

~±H$m Amnë`m ImVoXmam§H$Sy>Z R>odr Jmoim H$aVmV. mgmR>r ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z ~±Ho$_Ü oImVo CKS>co OmVo. H$m`ÚmZo nmÌ Agcoë`m ì`ŠVrcm ~±Ho$V ImVo CKSy>Z ~±Ho$~amo~ad¡Y H$ama H$aVm oVmo. Ë`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrcm {d{hV Z_wÝ`mV ~±Ho$H$S>o AO© H$amdm cmJVmo.AWm©V Ë`m ì`ŠVrcm ImVoXma H$ê$Z ¿`md`mMo qH$dm Zmhr ho ~±Ho$da Adc§~yZ AgVo.ImVo CKS>VmZm ~±Ho$Zo A{YH$ Xj amhUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWm ImVoXmaPmë`mZ§Va {Vcm MoH$ XoUo VgoM n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMm hŠH$ àmá hmoVmo. VgoM Ë`m§Zm A{YH$f©gdcVhr {Xcr OmVo. ImVoXma doJdoJù`m A{YH$mamVyZ ImVr MmcdrV AgVmV d`m ~m~VrV {Za{Zamù`m H$m`Úm§À`m VaVwXrZwgma ~±H$m§Zm `m ImË`mda cj R>odmdocmJVo. d¡ {ŠVH$ ImVoXmam§Mo àH$ma nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm oVrc.


3.20

1) ñdV§Ì qH$dm g§ wŠV ImVr (Single or Joint Accounts) :

~±Ho$_Ü o ñdV§Ì qH$dm g§ wŠV ImVo CKS>Vm oVo. ñdV§Ì ImVo åhUOo EH$mMì`ŠVrÀ`m ZmdmZo Agcoco d Mmc{dco OmUmao ImVo hmo . m_Ü o Á`m ì`ŠVrÀ`mZmdmZo ImVo AgVo Ë`mM ì`ŠVrcm `m ImË`mda ì`dhma H$aVm oVmV. `mImË`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrcm {d{hV Z_wÝ`mV AO© H$amdm cmJVmo. g§`wŠV ImVoZmdmà_mUoM ho ImVo EH$mnojm OmñV ì`ŠVtÀ`m Zmdo AgVo. Ë`m EH$mMKamVrc ì`ŠVr Agy eH$VmV AWdm EH$mM ì`dgm`mVrc Agy eH$VmV.CXm. ^mJrXmar g§ñWm, nVr-nËZr `m§À`m ZmdmZo ~±Ho$V g§ wŠV ImVo CKS>coOmD$ eH$Vo. `m ImË`mV ì`dhma H$aVmZm ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMr nmir AmcrVa, qH$dm EH$mÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Xwgè`mg Ë`mMo n¡go {_iVmV AWdm Or ì`ŠVrh`mV AgVo {VÀ`m ImË`mda n¡go O_m Ho$co OmVmV. AmOH$mc g§`wŠV^m§S>dcr H§$nÝ`mgwÕm g§MmcH$m§À`m Zmdo Aem àH$maMr ImVr gwê$ H$aVmV.~±H$ gwa{jVVm åhUyZ gdmªÀ`m Z_wZm ñdmjè`m Amnë`mH$S>o KoD$Z R>odVo. AemImË`mda gwÕm A{YH$f© gdcV {_iy eH$Vo nU H$O© \o$S>Ê`mMo AmídmgZImË`mer g§~§{YV gdmªZm Úmdo cmJVo. {deofËdo _moR>çm aH$_m§À`m ì`dhmamVgwa{jVVm Agmdr `mH$[aVm g§ wŠV ImVo CKS>Ê`mg àmYmÝ` {Xco OmVo. `mImË`mMo ì`dhma (Operations) H$em àH$mao Ho$co OmVrc `mMr nyd©gyMZm~±Ho$g XoÊ`mMr JaO AgVo.

2) A{e{jV ì`ŠVr (Illiterate) :

^maVmgma»`m Xoem_Ü o hOmamo A{e{jV ì`ŠVr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Aem ì`ŠVtMrImVr CKS>VmZm {deof H$miOr ¿`mdr cmJVo. A{e{jV ì`ŠVr ghr H$ê$ eH$VZgë`mZo Aem ì`ŠVrMo ImVo CKS>VmZm ghrÀ`m EodOr Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§JR>çmMmR>gm KoVcm OmVmo. A{e{jV ì`ŠVrMo ImVo CKS>VmZm nwT>rc H$miOr KoUoAmdí`H$ AgVo.

A) J«mhH$mMm n[aM` mo½`[aVrZo Pmcm nm{hOo.

~) O~m~Xma ì`ŠVrZo ghr Ho$cocm ImVoXmamMm AbrH$S>Mm \$moQ>mo ~±Ho$Zo Amnë`m


3.21

XâVar R>odmdm.

H$) {Zaja ImVoXmamg MoH$~wH$ XoD$ Z o.

S>) n¡go H$mT>Vo doir ImVoXmamZo ñdV: àË oH$ doir ~±Ho$V Amco nm{hOo d n¡goH$mT>VmZm ~±H$ A{YH$mè`mZo Ë`mÀ`m g_j A§JR>çmMr {ZemUr ¿`mdr.

3 ) AkmZ ì`ŠVr (Minor) :

Á`m ì`ŠVrMo d` 18 df} nyU© Zmhr {Vbm ‘AkmZ ì`ŠVr’ åhQ>co OmVo. H$moQ>m©H$Sy>ZnmcH$ Zo_cm Jocm Agë`mg Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m d`mMr 21 df} nyU© Pmë`mIoarO VrgkmZ R>aV Zmhr. maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmZwgma AkmZ ì`ŠVrZo Ho$coco H$ama {ZaW©H$d ì`W© R>aVmV. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z n¡go dgyc H$aÊ`mMm H$m`Xoera _mJ© CncãY ZgVmo.AkmZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zmdo Mmcy ImVo H$Yrhr CKSy> Z o. \$ŠV$~MV ImVo CKS>mdo.

AkmZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~MV ImË`mda ~mam dfm©darc ImVoXma qH$dm Ë`mMm nmcH$MoH$ H$mTy> eH$Vmo. ImVoXmamÀ`m OÝ_VmaIoMr Zm|X ~±Ho$Zo H$amdr d Vmo gkmZPmë`m~amo~a nmcH$m_m\©$V Mmcdco OmUmao ImVo ~§X H$ê$Z Ë`mVrc {e„H$ Zì`mImË`mV gkmZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zmdo O_m H$amdr.

AkmZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m nmcH$mMm _¥Ë y Pmë`mg AkmZ ImVoXmamg Vmo gkmZ Pmë`mdaImË`mVrc {e„H$ Úmdr qH$dm H$moQ>m©Zo Xwgam nmcH$ Zo_ë`mg Ë`mg {e„H$ Úmdr.AkmZ ImVoXmamMm _¥Ë y Pmë`mg Ë`mÀ`m nmcH$mg {e„H$ H$mT>Vm oVo.

ImË`mVrc {ebH$snojm OmñV aŠH$_ AkmZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m ImË`mVyZ H$mT>cr OmVZmhr `mH$S>o ~±Ho$Z>o cj R>odmdo d Ë`m ImË`mda H$moUVohr H$O© XoD$ Z o H$maUAkmZ ì`ŠVrcm {Xcoco H$O© Vmo ZmH$mê$ eH$Vmo d Vo H$O© dgyc H$aVm oV Zmhr.

4 ) {ddm{hV {ó`m (Married Women) :

{ddm{hV gkmZ ór H$m`ÚmZo H$ama H$aÊ`mg cm`H$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vr ~±Ho$VAmnco ImVo CKSy> eH$Vo. VgoM ñdV: Ë`m_m\©$V ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$Vo. {ddm{hVór Amnë`m Zmdmda Mmcy ImVo CKSy> eH$Vo. Vr {VMr ñdV§Ì g§nÎmr R>aVo. Vr{VÀ`m ñdV§Ì _mc_ÎmoÀ`mg§X^m©V {~co dJ¡ao H$mTy>Z Ë`m_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m gd©


3.22

O~m~Xmè`m§Mo nmcZ H$ê$ eH$Vo.

{ddm{hV gkmZ ór H$ama H$ê$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio Vr ~±Ho$V ImVo CKSy> eH$Vo.

nU Ë`m ImË`mda A{YH$f© gdcV ¿`m`Mr Agoc Va Vr ór ImVoXmaAm{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ñdV§Ì Amho, {Vcm CËnÞmMo ñdV§Ì gmYZ Amho qH$dm H$Om©nojm

OmñV {H$_VrMr g§nÎmr {VÀ`m Zmdmda Amho `mMr ~±Ho$Zo ImÌr H$ê$Z ¿`mdr.

H$maU nËZrZo Ho$cocm H$ama nVrZo nyU© Ho$cm nm{hOo Ago H$m`Xoera ~§YZ Zmhr.Oa Aem ór ImVoXmamg H$O© Úmd`mMo Agoc Var nVrMr g§_Vr d Om_rZ

¿`mdm.

5) A{Zdmgr ^maVr` (Non Resident Accounts) :

XoemnwT>rc dmT>Vm naH$s` ì`dhmaÌwQ>rMm àý gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r d naH$s` McZ{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r maVr` gaH$ma naH$s` McZmVrc R>odr {_i{dÊ`mMo à`ËZ Joë`m

H$mhr dfm©nmgyZ H$arV Amho. {deofV: _yi ^maVr` Agcoë`m d gÜ`m naXoeramhmV Agcoë`m d naH$s` ZmJ[aH$Ëd KoVcoë`m ì`ŠVr¨Zm ^maVmV R>odr

R>odÊ`m{df`r AmdmhZ Ho$co OmVo. naH$s` McZmV ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>r AmVm

[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr nadmZJr ¿`mdr cmJV Zmhr. VgoM Ë`mdarc ì`mO naH$s` McZmVXoem~mhoa nmR>dÊ`mg nadmZJr {Xcr OmVo. g§nÎmr d àmár H$amVyZ Ë`m§Zm gyQ>

XoÊ`mV Amcr Amho. naXoemV amhUmao ^maVr` d§eO qH$dm naXoemV ì`dgm`/ZmoH$ar H$aUmao maVr` ZmJ[aH$ H$moUË`mhr McZmV H$moUVohr ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV.

ImVo én`mV Oar CKS>co Agco Var ~mOmaXamZo S>m°ca qH$dm nm¢S>mV Ë`mMo n¡go{_iy eH$VmV. Aem ImË`mV maVmV Ho$coë`m Jw§VdUwH$sMr àmárhr O_m H$aVm

oVo. `m{edm` `m ImË`m§Zm AZoH$ gdcVr d godm XoÊ`mV oVmV. ^maVr`m§Mr

ImVr CKS>Ê`mÀ`m nÕVrà_mUoM hr ImVr CKS>m`Mr nÕV AgVo. m à`ËZm§ZmdmT>Vm à{VgmX {_iV Amho.

6 ) nXm©ZerZ ñÌr :


3.23

nXm©ZerZ ñÌr åhUOo Aer ñÌr Or gd©gm_mÝ` gm_m{OH$ ì`dhmamnmgyZ

EH$X_ A{bßV Amho. Aer ñÌr Or {VÀ`m KamVrb BVa ì`ŠVt{edm` BVa

H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrer H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm ì`dhma H$aV Zmhr.

^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXtZwgma Oa EImÚm nXm©ZerZ ñÌrer H$ama

Ho$bm Va Vmo AZw{MV à^mdmImbr Ho$bm Ago J¥hrV Yabo OmVo. Aem

n[apñWVrV g_moaÀ`m njmbm Aem H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m AZw{MV à^mdmImbr

Vmo H$ama Pmbobm Zmhr ho {gÕ H$amdo bmJVo. `mMmM AW© Ë`m H$amamVrb gd©

AQ>r d {Z`_ Ë`m ñÌrbm g_OmdyZ gm§JyZ {Vbm g_Oë`mZ§VaM {VZo Ë`m

H$amambm Amnbr _wŠV g§_Vr {Xbobr Amho ho {gÕ H$amdo bmJVo. Aem àH$mao

Oa {Vbm nyU© _m{hVr {Xbr d Vr H$ama H$aÊ`mg gj_ Agob Va Vr H$ama

H$ê$ eH$Vo. `m n[apñWVrV H$moUVrhr ~±H$ Aem nXm©ZerZ ñÌrer ~±H$s¨J

g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$ê$ eH$Vo. _mÌ Aem ñÌrMo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~±Ho$Zo {VÀ`m

CËnÝZmMo gmYZ Am{U {VMr n[apñWVr VgoM Hw$Qw>§~mVrb BVa ì`ŠVtMrMm¡H$er Ho$br nm{hOo.

3.5.2 g§ñWmË_H$ ImVoXma (Institutional Account Holder) :

~±Ho$À`m ImVoXmam§_Ü o d¡ pŠVH$ ImVoXmam§à_mUoM g§ñWmË_H$ ImVoXma qH$dm

J«mhH$m§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~±Ho$Vrc g§ñWmË_H$ ImVoXma J«mhH$m§_Ü o àm_w»`mZo qhXy

A{d^ŠV Hw$Q>§w~, EH$ ñdm{_Ëd g§ñWm, ^mJrXmar g§ñWm, g§ wŠV ^m§S>dcr g§ñWm,

gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aem Aì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWm, {dídñV Am{U {Zdm©hH$ BË`mXr

ImVoXmam§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~±Ho$À`m d¡ pŠVH$ ImVoXmam§à_mUoM ~§°H$ ì`dgm`mV ~±Ho$À`m

g§ñWmË_H$ ImVoXmam§Zm XoIrc {deof _hÎd Amho.

1 ) qhXy A{d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§~ :

qhXy A{d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§~mH$S>o Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m g§nÎmrMr dmagmhŠH$mZo _mcH$s oVo. Oa qhXy


3.24

A{d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m _mcH$sMm ì`dgm` Agoc Va Ë`m ì`dgm`mVrc _mc_ÎmoMm

hŠH$ dmagmhŠH$mZo Hw$Qw>§~mVrc gd© gXñ`m§Zm qhXy H$m`Úmà_mUo {_iVmo. qhXy

A{d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m _mc_ÎmonmgyZ {_iUmè`m CËnÞmVyZ ì`dgm` Ho$ë`mg Ë`mda

Hw$Qw>§~mVrc gd© ì`ŠVtMm {hñgm d hŠH$ AgVmo. qhXy A{d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m

_mc_ÎmoV {hñgm AgUmam àË oH$ gXñ` EH$Ì Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m ì`dgm`mVrc gh^mJrXma

AgVmo. Aem àH$mao qhXy EH$Ì Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m Zmdmda Agcoë`m g§ wŠV ImË`mda

H$O© XoVmZm ~±Ho$g_moa g_ñ`m Cä`m amhVmV. ~±Ho$cm Hw$Qw>§~mVrc gXñ`mMm hŠH$

{ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMo AdKS> H$m_ H$amdo cmJVo. Aem àH$mao Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m _mcH$sÀ`mImË`mda H$O© XoVmZm ~±Ho$Zo nwT>rc H$m`Xoera ~m~tMr H$miOr KoUo Amdí`H$Amho.

A) qhXy H$m`ÚmÀ`m VaVwXrà_mUo Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m _mcH$sÀ`m ì`dgm`mg§~§Yr Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`mH$Ë`m©cm àË oH$ hŠH$ d A{YH$ma Agcm Var H$Ë`m©cm H$O© XoVmZm ~±Ho$Zo{deof H$miOr KoVcr nm{hOo. eŠ`Vmo H$Om©À`m H$mJXnÌmda Hw$Qw>§~mVrcgd© gkmZ ì`ŠVtÀ`m gøm KoUo \$m`ÚmMo R>aVo.

~) H$O© ho Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m {hVmH$aVmM KoVco OmV Amho `mMr ~±Ho$Zo ImÌr H$aUoAmdí`H$ AgVo.

H$) `m àH$aUm_Ü o qhXy Hw$Qw>§~mVrc BVa gh^mJrXmam§Mr H$Om©Mr O~m~Xmar Ë`mÀ`mHw$Qw>§~mÀ`m _mcH$sÀ`m _mc_Îmo_Ü o AgUmè`m {hññ`mnwaVrM _`m©{XV AgVo;na§Vw Oa gkmZ gXñ`m§Zr H$Ë`m©~amo~a Ë`m aH$_ogmR>r _§Owar Xe©{dcr Va Aemì`ŠVr H$Om©gmR>r O~m~Xma R>aVmV.

S >) Oa qhXy Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o EImXm gXñ` AkmZ Agoc Va Ë`mÀ`m nmcH$mZo Ë`mÀ`mdVrZo H$Om©À`m H$mJXnÌmda gøm H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. Á`mdoir hr AkmZì`ŠVr gkmZ hmoVo Ë`mdoir Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo ñdV: ghr H$ê$Z Ë`m ì`dhmamcm_mÝ`Vm {Xcr nm{hOo.

2 ) EH$ ñdm{_Ëd g§ñWm :


3.25

nyU© ñdm{_ËdmMm CÚmoJ hm ì`ŠVr ñdV:M d ñdV:H$aVm Mmc{dVmo. Aemì`ŠVrH$S>o _`m©{XV {ZYr-^m§S>dc AgVo. Aem àH$maMo ImVo gm_mÝ`nUoì`{ŠVJV ~±H$s¨J ImË`mnojm doJio ZgVo. nU \$aH$ BVH$mM H$s Aem àH$maMo

ImVo gwê$ H$aVmZm ImVoXma Omhra H$aVmo H$s Ë`mÀ`m ì`dgm`mV H$moUrhr AÝ`

ì`ŠVr mJrXma åhUyZ dmQ>oH$ar Zmhr d gd© ì`dhma Aer EH$M ì`ŠVr ImË`mda

H$aVo d gd© ì`dhmam§Zm d Xo Vm§Zm (Obligations) ì`dgm`mÀ`m ZmdmZo Agm

ImVoXma ì`{ŠVe: O~m~Xma amhrc.

H$mhtZm ì`mnmamÀ`m h§Jm_r ñdê$nm_wio {d{eï> doiocm Á`mXm n¡emMr JaO AgVo

Va H$mhtZm ì`mnmam_wio df© a n¡emMr Oê$ar AgVo. EH$ ñdm{_ËdmÀ`m CÚmoOH$mg

Ë`mÀ`m {dÎmr` dfm©À`m AIoarg XñVEodOm§Mm g§M ~±Ho$cm XoÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo.

nU {hemo~mVyZ Omo H$mhr Z\$m AJa VmoQ>m XmIdcocm Agoc Vmo H$adgwcr

A{YH$mè`m§Zm H$a cmXÊ`m~m~V Cn wŠV R>aVmo. Oa ~±H$ H$O© XoV Agoc Va

ì`dñWmnH$mg df© AIoaMo {hemo~ d Vmio~§X nÌ (Balance Sheet) nmhUo

Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio ì`dgm` {H$VnV Zâ`mV Amho ho Vmo nmhÿ eH$Vmo d

~±Ho$À`m H$Om©À`m YmoŠ`mMo _yë`_mnZ Vmo H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

3 ) ^mJrXmar g§ñWm :

^mJrXmar g§ñWm hr 1932 À`m maVr` mJrXmar H$m`ÚmZwgma MmcV AgVo. ho

ImVohr WmoS>o H$Q>H$Q>rMo d AdKS> AgVo H$maU àË oH$ mJrXma BVa mJrXmam§À`m

dVrZo ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$Vmo d àË`oH$mMr O~m~Xmar A_`m©{XV AgVo.

^mJrXmam§{edm` mJrXmar g§ñWocm ApñVËd ZgVo. EImXm mJrXma Oar _¥V Pmcm

Var mJrXmar g§ñWm {dg{O©V hmoVo.

^mJrXmar g§ñWoMo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~±Ho$Zo ¿`md`mMr H$miOr :

A) ^mJrXmar nÌH$mMr à_m{UV àV :

^mJrXmar nÌH$mMr à_m{UV àV KoD$Z Ë`mMm H$miOrnyd©H$ Aä`mg H$amdm.


3.26

H$m`ÚmZo R>adyZ {Xcoë`m H$_mc _`m©Xonojm ^mJrXmam§Mr g§»`m OmñVAgVm H$m_m Z o. EImXm ^mJrXma AkmZr Agoc Va Ë`mMr OÝ_VmarIZm|XdyZ R>odmdr Am{U Vmo gkmZ Pmë`mda mJrXmar nÌH$mV BVa mJrXmam§ghË`mMr ghr ¿`mdr.

~) ^mJrXmam§Mr _m{hVr :

ImVo mJrXmar g§ñWoÀ`m Zmdo CKS>mdo, d¡ {ŠVH$ mJrXmam§À`m Zmhr. ImVoCKS>Ê`mÀ`m AOm©da gd© mJrXmam§Mr g§nyU© Zmdo, nÎmo, d`, Y§ÚmMo ñdê$n`mMr Zm|X H$amdr VgoM ImVo H$moU MmcdUma? MoH$da ghr H$moU H$aUma,MoH$ aH$_oMr _`m©Xm, mJrXmar g§ñWoMr _mc_Îmm VmaU R>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma,BË`mXr. {df`r Vnercdma gyMZm Úmì`mV. Á`m§Zm A{YH$ma {Xcm Aem§À`mgøm§Mo qH$dm gd© mJrXmam§Zr gøm Ho$coco MoH$M dQ>dmdoV.

H$) ^mJrXmam§Mo A{YH$ma :

H$moUVmhr mJrXma BVam§Zm {Xcoco A{YH$ma aÔ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Aer coIr gyMZm{_imë`mg ~±Ho$Zo Ë`m ImË`mda H$mT>coë`m MoH$Mo n¡go XoUo Wm§~dmdo d AemgyMZoMr _m{hVr BVa mJrXmam§Zm Úmdr VgoM g§ñWoÀ`m Zmdo Amcocm MoH$ EImÚm^mJrXmamZo Ë`mÀ`m d¡ {ŠVH$ ImË`mV ^acm Va Ë`mMr _m{hVr ~±Ho$Zo BVa^mJrXmam§Zm XoD$Z Ë`m§Mr g§_Vr ¿`mdr. H$O© AOm©da gd© mJrXmam§À`m gøm¿`mì`mV. {dnÌmMr ñdrH¥$Vr H$aUmè`m mJrXmamZo “^mJrXmar g§ñWoÀ`m dVrZo”Ago {chÿZ ghr H$amdr.

WmoS>Š`mV, mJrXma Oo ì`dhma H$aVmV Vo mJrXmar g§ñWoÀ`m dVrZo H$aVmVd mJrXmar g§ñWoMo n¡go mJrXmam§À`m d¡ {ŠVH$ ImË`mV O_m hmoV ZmhrV ho~±Ho$Zo cjnyd©H$ nm{hco nm{hOo.

4 ) g§`wŠV ^m§S>dbr g§ñWm :

H§$nZrÀ`m ZmdmZo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~±Ho$cm nwT>rc XjVm ¿`mdr cmJVo :

A) Zm|XUr XmIë`mMr VnmgUr :

H§$nZrMo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~±Ho$Zo H§$nZrÀ`m Zm|XUr XmIë`mMr àV KoD$Z Vr


3.27

\$mB©c_Ü o R>odmdr. m XmIë`m_wio ~±Ho$cm H§$nZrMo Zmd, Zm|XUrMm {XZm§H$,H§$nZrg àmá Pmcocm H$m`Xoera XOm©, H§$nZrMm ì`dgm` d _mc_Îmm YmaUH$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma mMr _m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo. ~±Ho$Zo H§$nZrMm Añgc Zm|XUr

XmIcm VnmgyZ H§$nZrÀ`m H$m`XoeranUmMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVcr nm{hOo.

~) KQ>ZmnÌH$ d {Z`_mdcr VnmgUo :

{d{eï> H§$nZrÀ`m ZmdmZo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~±Ho$Zo H§$nZrMo KQ>ZmnÌH$ d{Z`_mdcr VnmgyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. m_wio ~±Ho$cm H§$nZrMo Zmd, {VMmì`dgm` `m§Mr _m{hVr hmoVo. KQ>ZmnÌH$mVrc ì`dgm`M H§$nZrcm H$amdmcmJVmo. KQ>ZmnÌH$m_wio g^mgXm§Mr O~m~Xmar _`m©{XV Amho H$s A_`m©{XV

Amho ho ~±Ho$cm g_Oy eH$Vo. VgoM H§$nZrMo m§S>dc, H§$nZrMo AW©ì`dhma

H$aÊ`m~m~V g§MmcH$ d g{Md `m§Mo A{YH$ma `m~m~VMr _m{hVr ~±Ho$cm

KQ>ZmnÌH$m_wio hmoVo.

H$) g§MmcH$m§Mm R>amd :

~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mnydu g§MmcH$ Ë`m§À`m g oV Ë`m~m~VMm R>amd _§Oya

H$aVmV. åhUyZ ~±Ho$Zo hm R>amd _mJ{dcm nm{hOo. m R>amdmMr àV, m àVrda

g§MmcH$ d O~m~Xma A{YH$mè`m§À`m gøm, ~±Ho$VyZ n¡go H$mT>Ê`m~m~V

A{YH$ma AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtMr Zmdo d gøm§Mo Z_wZo, A{YH$mè`m§À`m

A{YH$mamÀ`m _`m©Xm, {Z`_mdcrV, KQ>ZmnÌH$mV, g§MmcH$mV,

ì`dñWmnH$mV AJa g{MdmV hmoUmam ~Xc BË`mXr _m{hVr ~±Ho$Zo H§$nZrH$Sy>Z

AOm©gmo~V {_idcr nm{hOo.

S >) _mJrc Vmio~§X nÌH$ d Z\$m-VmoQ>m VnmgUo :

H§$nZrMo ImVo CKS>Ê`mnydu ~±Ho$Zo H§$nZrMo nyduMo Vmio~§X nÌH$, Z\$m-VmoQ>m

nÌH$, g§MmcH$m§Mm Ahdmc, {hemo~ VnmgUrgmMm Ahdmc m§Mr _mJUr

H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ZdrZ H§$nZr Agoc Va àË oH$ dfm©À`m eodQ>r


3.28

H§$nZrH$Sy>Z Vmio~§X nÌH$ d Z\$m-VmoQ>m nÌH$ {_iV OmVrc Ago coIr

AmídmgZ ~±Ho$Zo H§$nZrH$Sy>Z KoVco nm{hOo. m H$mJXnÌm§Mr VnmgUr Ho$ë`mZo

~±Ho$cm nwT>rc _m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo.

A) H§$nZrMr Am{W©H$ pñWVr, H§$nZrMo dgyc ^m§S>dc, XoUr, _mc_Îmm

BË`mXr.

~) H§$nZrMo BVa ~±H$m§er AgUmao ì`dhma.

H$) H§$nZrZo C^macoco H$Om©Mo BVa _mJ©.

S >) H§$nZrÀ`m Zâ`mMo à_mU.

B) ì`dgm` nadmZm/XmIë`mMr VnmgUr :

Zm|XUr A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z ì`dgm` nadmZm/XmIcm {_imë`mZ§VaM H§$nZrcmì`dgm` gwê$ H$aVm oVmo d H$O© H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma {_iVmo `mMo _hÎdOmUyZ ~±Ho$Zo ì`dgm` nadmZm/XmIcm mMr VnmgUr Ho$ë`m{edm` H§$nZrgImË`mda ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr XoD$ Z o.

Aem àH$mao H§$nZrMo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~±Ho$Zo darc H$mJXnÌm§Mr nyV©Vm H§$nZrZoHo$cr Amho H$s Zmhr ho nmhUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

5 ) gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aem Aì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWm :

Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZ Z Pmcoë`m, H$mhr gm_m{OH$ hoVygmR>r ñWmnZmPmcoë`m {ejUg§ñWm, H«$sS>mg§ñWm, d¡ÚH$s` Y_m©Xm` g§ñWm mgma»`m g§ñWmhr~±Ho$V ImVr CKS>VmV. m g§ñWm§Mr Zm|XUr Imcrcn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr H$m`ÚmImcrPmcr Agcr nm{hOo. Y_m©Xm` {dídñV g§ñWm H$m`Xm, g§ñWm Zm|XUr H$m`Xm,H§$nZr H$m`Xm qH$dm ghH$mar g§ñWm{df`H$ H$m`Xm. H$moUË`m H$m`ÚmImcr Zm|XPmcr nm{hOo ho nmhÊ`mMr ~±Ho$cm Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. H$moUË`m Var H$m`ÚmImcrZm|XUr hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho H$maU Zm|XUrH¥$V g§ñWocmM H$m`_Mo H$m`Xoeraì`{ŠV_Îd d ApñVËd AgVo. Zm|XUrH¥$V g§ñWmM H$ama H$ê$ eH$VmV, H$moQ>m©V


3.29

IQ>cm ^ê$ eH$VmV. Aem g§ñWm§Mo ImVo CKS>Ê`mnydu Zm|XUr XmIcm,{Z`_mdcr, KQ>ZmnÌH$ `m§À`m à_m{UV àVr KoD$Z Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg H$amdmVgoM nXm{YH$mè`m§Mo A{YH$ma, Ë`m§Mr H$V©ì`o d Ë`mdarc _`m©Xm `m§Mr

_m{hVr H$ê$Z ¿`mdr. H$moUË`m ~±Ho$V d emIoV g§ñWoZo ImVo CKS>mdo `m{df`r

Ho$coë`m R>amdmMr àV ImVo CKS>Ê`mnydu ¿`mdr. R>amdmà_mUoM ImVo CKS>Vm

oVo. Á`m nXm{YH$mè`m§Zm ImVo Mmc{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcm Amho Ë`m§Mr

g§nyU© Zmdo, ì`dgm`, nÎmo, Z_wZm gøm ~±Ho$Zo ¿`mì`mV. ImVo Mmc{dUmè`m§n¡H$s

H$moUr _¥V Pmcm qH$dm H$moUr amOrZm_m {Xcm Va n`m© r ì`dñWm hmoB©n ªV

ImVo ñW{JV H$amdo. g§ñWocm H$O© hdo Agoc Va Ë`mgmR>rhr ñdV§Ì R>amd g§_V

ìhmdm cmJVmo. Ë`mV H$O© a¸$_, H$O© AOm©da gøm H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma, VmaU

R>odÊ`mMo A{YH$ma H$moUmbm {Xco AmhoV BË`mXr Mm C„oI Agcm nm{hOo.

g§ñWoÀ`m C{Ôï>m§er H$O© dmna gwg§JV Agcm nm{hOo `mMr ImÌr ~±Ho$Zo H$ê$Z

¿`mdr VgoM g§ñWoÀ`m ZmdmZo Amcoco MoH$ nXm{YH$mè`m§À`m d¡ {ŠVH$ ImË`mV

O_m Ho$co OmV ZmhrV `mH$S>o ~±Ho$Zo cj R>odmdo.

6) {dídñV :

H$mhr doim EImXr ì`ŠVr AkmZ ì`ŠVr, _{V_§X qH$dm An§J ì`ŠVr qH$dm

EImÚm {d{eï> H$m_mgmR>r H$mhr _mc_Îmm amIyZ R>odVo. Ë`m _mc_ÎmoMm Ë`m

hoVygmR>r dmna Ho$cm Omdm åhUyZ EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ {dídñV Zo_Vo. Vr _mc_Îmm

qH$dm ~±Ho$Vrc ImVo {dídñVm§À`m _mcH$sMo ZgVo Va {dídñV nÌH$mVrc

VaVwXtà_mUo {d{eï> hoVygmR>r Vo ImVo Mmcdm`Mo AgVo. {dídñV ImË`m~m~V

~±Ho$g \$ma gmdY{Jar ~miJmdr cmJVo. ~±Ho$Zo {dídñV nÌH$mMr à_m{UV àV

KoD$Z Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$amdm. EH$mnojm OmñV {dídñV AgVrc Va Ë`m§Mr

gm_wXm{`H$ O~m~Xmar AgVo. Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s ImVo H$moU MmcdUma? MoH$da


3.30

ghr H$moU H$aUma? MoH$ aH$_oMr H$_mc _`m©Xm `m{df`r coIr gyMZm KoD$Z

Ë`mda gd© {dídñVm§À`m gøm ¿`mì`mV. Ago Ho$co Zmhr Va àË oH$ MoH$da gd©

{dídñVm§Zr gøm Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV.

{dídñV ImË`mVrc n¡go qH$dm Ë`m ImË`mda Amcoco MoH$ {dídñVm§À`m

d¡ {ŠVH$ ImË`mV O_m hmoV ZmhrV ho ~±Ho$Zo nm{hco nm{hOo. VgoM {dídñV

ImË`m§VyZ H$mT>coco n¡go {dídñV nÌH$mÀ`m hoVygmR>rM IM© hmoVmV ho nmhÊ`mMr

O~m~Xmar ~±Ho$Mr AgVo.

7) {Zdm©hH$ :

_¥Ë`ynÌmZwgma `oUr dgyc H$aUo, XoUr XoUo, _mc_ÎmoMr {dëhodmQ> cmdUo,

H$ma^ma Jw§S>miUo `mgmR>r _¥Ë ynÌ H$aUmam {Zdm©hH$ Zo_Vmo qH$dm H$mhr doim

H$moQ>m©H$Sy>Z {Zdm©hH$ Zo_cm OmVmo. _¥Ë ynÌmVrc VaVwXrZwgma Ë`m§Zr _mc_ÎmoMr

{dëhodmQ> bmdmdr Aer Ë`m§À`mda O~m~Xmar AgVo.

H$moQ>m©Zo _¥Ë ynÌmg {Xcoë`m g§_VrMm AmXoe åhUOo àmo~oQ> _¥Ë ynÌ. {Zdm©hH$mMoA{YH$ma d H$V©ì o m{df`r H$mJXnÌm§À`m gË`àVr KoD$Z Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg H$amdm.àmo~oQ> {_imë`mda _¥V ImVoXmamÀ`m ImË`mVrc aŠH$_ {Zdm©hH$m§À`m ImË`mVO_m H$ê$Z AmYrMo ImVo ~§X H$amdo. {Zdm©hH$mMo ImVo MmcdVmZm Zoh_r ‘_`V‘j’ À`m _mc_ÎmogmR>r’ Ago {chÿZ Ë`mImcr {Zdm©hH$mZo ghr Ho$cr nm{hOo.AZoH$ {Zdm©hH$ AgVrc Va Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s Á`mcm ImVo MmcdÊ`mMm, MoH$H$mT>Ê`mMm, {dnÌmg ñdrH¥$Vr XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcm Agoc Ë`mMo Zmd A{YH$manÌmV Z_yX H$ê$Z Ë`mda gd© {Zdm©hH$m§À`m gøm ¿`mì`mV. hm A{YH$ma {Zdm©hH$Zgcoë`m ì`ŠVrg XoVm oV Zmhr. VgoM EImÚm {Zdm©hH$mg Oar A{YH$ma {XcmAgcm Var Vr {Zdm©hH$m§Mr g§ wŠV O~m~Xmar AgVo. gmYmaUnUo {Zdm©hH$m§ZmH$O© H$mT>Vm oV Zmhr. nU g§nÎmr H$a, _mc_Îmm H$a aÊ`mgmR>r _¥Ë ynÌmV VaVyXAgoc Va H$O© H$mT>Vm oVo . Ë`mgmR>r gd© {Zdm©hH$m§Zr coIr H$O©\o$S>rMr O~m~Xmar


3.31

KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

_`VmÀ`m g§nÎmrMm J¡aì`dhma hmoV Zmhr Am{U {Zdm©hH$m§À`m Zmdo AmcocoMoH$ Ë`m§À`m d¡ {ŠVH$ ImË`mV O_m hmoV ZmhrV `mH$S>o ~±Ho$cm cj ÚmdocmJVo.

8) ñWm{ZH$ gÎmm (Local Authorities) :

BSNL, MTNL, DDA, MSEB _hmZJanm{bH$m `mgma»`m g§ñWm emgZmZodoimodoir Ho$boë`m H$m`Úm§Ûmao ApñVËdmV Amë`m d Ë`m H$m`ÚmZo R>adyZ {Xboë`mH$m ©joÌm§VJ©V H$m ©aV AgVmV. `m ñWm{ZH$ gÎmm§Mo gj_rH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>rH$m`ÚmÛmaoM Ë`m§Zm ~±H$m§Mo ImVoXma ~Z{dbo OmVo. m g§ñWm§Zm Amnbo Am{W©H$ì`dhma nma nmS>Vm `mdoV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm ~±H$m_Ü o ImVo CKS>mdo bmJVo. AemImVoXmam§À`m ~m~VrV ~±H$m§Zm ghr H$aUmar ì`ŠVrMo A{YH$ma joÌ m~m~V XjVm¿`mdr bmJVo Vr nwT>rb à_mUo …1) ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWoH$S>o AgUmar H$m`Xoera gÎmm2) Ë`m§À`m gÎmm§da AgUmè`m _`m©Xm

3) ì`dgm`m§gmR>r dmnabm OmUmam àH$ma d Ë`m~m~VMr gwa{jVVm.4) gÎmogmR>r bmJUmar emgZmMr _mÝ`Vm.

EHy$UM ñWm{ZH$ gÎmm `m ~±Ho$À`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ImVoXma AgVmV. Ë`m_wioË`m§À`mÛmao Ho$bo OmUmao ì`dhma XoIrb doJù`m àH$maMo AgVmV.

gamdmgmR>r àíZ

20 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. ImVo ~§X H$aUo åhUOo H$m`?

à. 2. "Z_wZm ghr' åhUOo H$m`?

à. 3. nmg~wH$ åhUOo H$m`?

à. 4. "~±Ho$Mm J«mhH$' åhUOo H$m`?

à. 5. ~±Ho$Mm AkmZ ImVoXma åhUOo H$m`?

50 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. "Zm_{ZX}eZ' m ~m~V WmoS>Š`mV {Q>n {bhm.

à. 2. "g§ wŠV ImVo' hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

à. 3. "A{Zdmgr maVr` ImVoXma' m g§H$ënZoMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 4. "MoH$~wH$' m g§H$ënZoMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

150 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. "Zmo wda H$ñQ>_a' (KYC) m ~m~V _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 2. _wXV R>odr ImË`m§darb ì`dhmamMr H$m ©nÕVr ñnï> H$am.


3.32

à. 3. nwZamdVu R>odtÀ`m ì`dhmam§Mr H$m ©nÕVr ñnï> H$am.

à. 4. ImË`m§À`m hñVm§VaUmMr à{H«$`m ñnï> H$am.

à. 5. ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m ñnï> H$am.

500 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr H$m ©nÕVr ñnï> H$am.

à. 2. ~±Ho$Vrb ImË`mda$ ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr H$m ©nÕVr {deX H$am.

à. 3. ~±Ho$À`m d¡ pŠVH$ ImVoXmam§Mo àH$ma ñnï> H$am.

à. 4. ~±Ho$À`m g§ñWmË_H$ ImVoXmam§Mr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

4.1

4.1 {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>

4.2 ~±H$ YZmXoe

4.3 Q´>§Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoe

4.4 _ob Q´>mÝg\$a

4.5 Vma Q´>mÝg\$a

4.6 BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a

4.7 [a`b Q>mB©_ J«m°g goQ>b_|ÝQ> (RTGS)

4.8 Z°eZb BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a {gñQ>r_ (NEFT)

4.9 ñdrâQ> (SWIFT)

7n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr 4

àmñVm{dH$ :

(Introduction)

~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mÀ`m d ImVoì`dhma H$aÊ`mÀ`m Á`mà_mUo H$mhr {d{eï>H$m ©nÕVr àM{bV AmhoV, Ë`mMà_mUo n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m XoIrb {d{eï> H$m ©nÕVràM{bV AmhoV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~±H$ n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY gmYZm§Mm dmnaH$aVmV. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ gmYZm§Mm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mnydu {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> d YZmXoe `m§À`m


4.2

gmhmæ`mZoM n¡em§Mo EH$m ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z Xwgè`m ~±Ho$H$S>o hñVm§Va KSy>Z oV hmoVo. ~±Ho$Mm

ImVoXma ZgUmar ì`ŠVrgwÕm {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> gw{dYoMm dmna H$ê$ eH$Vo. YZmXoem§Mm

dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mÌ ~±Ho$V g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrMo ImVo Agmdo bmJVo. AmYw{ZH$

H$mimV Q´>§Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoe XoIrb dmnamV AmUbo OmVmV. _ob Q´>mÝg\$a Am{U Vma

Q´>mÝg\$a `m nÕVtMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z ~±H$m gm§Ho${VH$ ^mfoV n¡em§À`m hñVm§VaUmMo

ì`dhma nma nmS>VmV. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a hr n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mMr AmYw{ZH$ d

Vm§{ÌH$ nÕVr Amho. `m nÕVrV g§JUH$mMm _moR>çm à_mUmda dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

AmaQ>rOrEg, EZB©E\$Q>r, ñdrâQ> hr BboQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$aMr _hËdnyU© CXmhaUo

AmhoV. B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am°ZbmBZ ñdénmV n¡emMo hñVm§VaU KSy>Z oÊ`mÀ`m

ÑîQ>r>Zo `m àUmbtZm _hËd Amho. OJmV gd©M {R>H$mUr ~±H$m§Mo g§JUH$sH$aU KSy>Z

Ambo Amho. Ë`m_wio BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a àUmbtMm dmna H$ê$Z ~±H$m ObX

ñdénmV AmnmngmV n¡em§Mo ì`dhma KS>dyZ AmUVmV. åhUyZ ~±Ho$À`m n¡go

nmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVtMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo `mo½` R>aob.

4.1 {S>_m§S> S>mâQ> :

(Demand Drafts)

{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> hr ~±H$m§Ûmao n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r dmnamV AmUbr OmUmar EH$ OwZr

nÕVr Amho. EH$ ~±H$ Xwgè`m ~±Ho$bm g§~§{YV ì`º$sg {d{eï> a¸$_ XoÊ`mMm AmXoe

{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> Ûmam XoV AgVo. {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>Mr _m{hVr nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ

KoVm oB©b …

4.1.1 AW© :

ImVoXma Zgcocr ì`ŠVrgwÕm S—>mâQ> KoD$ eH$Vo. EH$m ~±Ho$Zo Xwgè`m ~±Ho$da

qH$dm ~±Ho$À`m EH$m emIoZo Xwgè`m emIoda H$mT>cocm YZmXoe åhUOo S—>mâQ>. Úmd`mMr

a¸$_ d H${_eZ XoD$Z ~±Ho$VyZ S—>mâQ> {dH$V KoVcm OmVmo. Ë`mda AmXmË`mMo Zmd

n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr

4.3

{c{hcoco AgVo. hm S—>mâQ> AmXmË`mg nmoñQ>mZo nmR>{dcm OmVmo. ~hþVoH$ doiog S>mâQ>aoIm§{H$V AgVmV.

4.1.2 nj :

{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>_Ü`o VrZ nj AgVmV.

1 ) {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>YmaH$. 2) {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> XoUmar ~±H$.

3) {S>_m§S> S>mâQ> Á`m emIoda H$mT>bobm Amho Vr a¸$_ àXmZ H$aUmar ~±Ho$Mr emIm.

4.1.3 {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>Mo H$m`Xoera ñdén :

{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> hr EH$ àH$maMr hþ§S>rM AgVo, H$maU hþ§S>rÀ`m gd© Amdí`H$KQ>H$m§Mr nyV©Vm {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>_Ü o Pmbobr AgVo.

CXm.

1 ) hm EH$ boIr XñVEodO AgVmo. 2) Ë`m_Ü o {dZmAQ> AmXoe {Xbobm AgVmo.

3 ) XoUmè`m ì`ŠVrZo Ë`mda ghr Ho$bobr AgVo.

MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 13 _Ü o {S>_m§S> S>mâQ>Mm C„oI MbZj_XñVEodOmV Ho$bobm Zmhr; na§Vw {d{Z_` nÌ / hþ§S>r Am{U {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> m§À`mVrbgmaIonUm_wio {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>bm MbZj_ XñVEodO g_OÊ`mV oVo.

4.1.4 ~±H$ S´>mâQ>darb Xo`Vm Wm§~{dUo :

H$mhr ~m~VrV S´>mâQ> hm MoH$ gmaIm AgVmo, _mÌ ~°§Ho$Ûmao J«mø H$aÊ`mMrpñWVr {dMmamV KoVbr AgVm. S´>mâQ> hm MoH$nojm doJim Agbobm {XgVmo. MoH$hm YmaH$mÀ`m ~±Ho$da H$mT>bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio Vmo H$mT>Umè`m ì`º$sbm MoH$Mr a¸$_MoH$ YmaH$mg àXmZ H$aÊ`mnydu Vr a¸$_ àXmZ H$ê$ Z o, Agm AmXoe Ë`m ~±Ho$bmH$mT>Vm oVmo. _mÌ {S>_m§S> S>mâQ> H$mT>Umar ì`º$s Am{U ~±H$ `m§À`mV Aem àH$maMog§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoV Zmht. àË`jmV {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> IaoXr H$aUmè`m ì`º$sbm {S>_m§S>S´>mâQ>_Yrb nj ZgVmo. Va ~±H$ {Vgè`m ì`º$sÀ`m Zmdo {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> V`ma H$aVAgVo. Ë`m_wio {S>_m§S> S>mâQ> AXm Ho$ë`mZ§Va {S>_m§S> S>mâQ> H$mT>Umar ì`º$s Ë`mdarba¸$_ {Vgè`m njmg XoUo Wm§~dy eH$V Zmhr. åhUOoM MoH$à_mUo Xo Vm Wm§~{dÊ`mMoA{YH$ma {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> H$mT>Umè`m ì`º$sg àmá hmoV Zmhr.


4.4

4.1.5 {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> aÔ H$aUo :

1 ) Á`mÀ`m Zmdo S´>mâQ> H$mT>bm Amho Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Z nmR>{dVm :

H$Yr-H$Yr Ago KS>Vo H$s {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> H$mT>ë`mZ§Va Vmo Á`mÀ`mgmR>r H$mT>bobmAmho, Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o H$mhr H$maUmZo S´>mâQ> IaoXrXma nmR>{dV Zmhr. Aemn[apñWVr_Ü o Aem {S>_m§S> S>mâQ>Mr a¸$_ naV _mJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {S>_m§S> S>mâQ>IaoXrXmambm AgVmo. Vmo ~±Ho$bm {dZ§Vr H$éZ {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> aÔ H$éZ Ë`mMr a¸$__mJy eH$Vmo.

2 ) ~±Ho$Mo H$V©ì` :

{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> IaoXrXmamZo Oa Aer {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>Mr a¸$_ naV XoÊ`m{df`r {dZ§VrHo$br, Va ~±Ho$bm Aer S´>mâQ>Mr a¸$_ naV H$amdr bmJVo; na§Vw Aer a¸$_ naVXoVmZm ~±Ho$bm `mMr ImÌr H$éZ ¿`mdr bmJVo H$s, {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> YmaH$mÀ`mVmã`mV XoÊ`mV Ambobm Zmhr. `mMo H$maU åhUOo ~±H$ Am{U {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>YmaH$ m§À`mVrb H$ama AnyU© AgVmo. Omon ªV Agm S´>mâQ> YmaH$mÀ`m Vmã`mVOmV Zmhr Vmon ªV hm H$ama AnyU© AgVmo Am{U Ë`mnydu {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> IaoXrXmaVmo aÔ H$é eH$Vmo.

3 ) H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXr :

MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 46 AÝd o, ""YZmXoe, {d{Z_` nÌ qH$dmdMZ{MÇ>r `m§Mo V`ma H$aUo, ñdrH$maUo qH$dm n¥ð>m§H$Z H$aUo Omon ªV Ë`mMoYmaH$mbm àXmZ hmoV Zmhr Vmon ªV nyU© hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.'' MbZj_ XñVEodOmÀ`m~m~VrV Ë`m XñVEodOmÀ`m YmaH$mbm àË`jmV àXmZ H$aÊ`mnydu Ho$di n¥ð>m§H$ZH$éZ Ë`mMm A{YH$ma n¥ð>m§{H$Vrbm àmßV hmoV Zmhr. EH$m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Xwgè`mì`ŠVrH$S>o Ago àXmZ Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio Omon ªV Agm {S>_m§S S´>mâQ>Á`mMo Zmdo H$mT>bm Amho, Ë`mÀ`m Vmã`mV {Xbm OmV Zmhr Vmon ªV YmaH$mbmË`mMo A{YH$ma àmßV hmoV Zmhr. Aem n[apñWVrV {S>_m§S> S>mâQ> IaoXrXma ~±Ho$bm{dZ§Vr H$éZ Agm S´>mâQ> aÔ H$éZ Ë`mMo n¡go naV _mJy eH$Vmo.

4 ) ~±Ho$Mm S´>mâQ> aÔ H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma :

Oa ~±Ho$bm Aer e§H$m Agob H$s {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> YmaH$mÀ`m Vmã`mV {XbobmAmho, Va Aem n[apñWVrV ~±H$ {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> aÔ H$aÊ`mMr S´>mâQ> IaoXrXmamMr


4.5

{dZ§Vr A_mÝ` H$éZ {S>_m§S> S>mâQ> aÔ H$aÊ`mg Am{U Ë`mVrb a¸$_ naV H$aÊ`mgZH$ma XoD$ eH$Vo. `mMo H$maU åhUOo {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> YmaH$mÀ`m Vmã`mV{_imë`mZ§Va ~±H$ Am{U YmaH$ `m§À`mVrb H$ama nyU© hmoVmo Am{U ~±Ho$bm Ë`mS´>mâQ>Mr a¸$_ YmaH$mbm MwH$dmdr bmJVo. YmaH$mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` ~±Ho$bm{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> aÔ H$aVm oV Zmhr.

4.1.6 {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>Mr ZŠH$b àV XoUo :

Oa {S>_m§S> S>mâQ> hadbm qH$dm Jhmi Pmbm Agob, Va S>mâQ> IaoXrXmamZo ~±Ho$bmVgo H$i{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`mbm Ë`m S´>mâQ>Mr Z¸$b/ àV hdr Agob Va Ë`mZo~±Ho$bm Vgm {dZ§Vr AO© Ho$bm nm{hOo. Agm Z¸$b> S>mâQ> XoÊ`mnydu ~±Ho$Zo Iyn H$miOrKoVbr nm{hOo. {S>_m§S> S>mâQ>Mr Z¸$b XoÊ`mnydu nwT>rb ~m~r {dMmamV KoVë`m nm{hOoV…1 ) ~±Ho$bm S´>mâQ> IaoXrXmamZo {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>Mr Z¸$b {_iÊ`m~m~V AO© Ho$ë`mZ§Va

Ë`mÀ`m {dZ§VrMm IaonUm nS>VmiyZ nmhmdm, Ë`m~m~V Mm¡H$er H$éZM S´>mâQ>MrZ¸$b Úmdr.

2 ) Aer Z¸$b XoÊ`mnydu Ë`m§À`m emIoZo Ë`m {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>Mo n¡go AXm Ho$bo AmhoVqH$dm Zmhr mMr ImÌr H$éZ KoVbr nm{hOo, Ë`mMà_mUo Aem emIoH$Sy>Z a¸$_AXm Ho$bobr Zmhr Aer ImÌr H$éZ KoVbr nm{hOo.

3 ) Ë`mgmR>r ~±Ho$Zo IaoXrXmamH$Sy>Z O~m~Xma Agë`m~m~VMm ~m±S> H$éZ KoVbm nm{hOo.Oa S´>mâQ> YmaH$mH$S>o nmohmoMbm Agob Va Ë`mMrhr ghr Aem ~m±S>da KoVbrnm{hOo.

4.1.7 {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>Mm Z_wZm :


4.6

4.2 ~±H$ YZmXoe :

(Banker's Cheques)

S>mâQ>à_mUoM YZmXoemMm XoIrb n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m _moR>`m à_mUmda dmna

H$aVmV. YZmXoe ho EH$ MbZj_ XñVEodO Amho Ë`mMr _m{hVr nwT>rb _wÔm§À`m AmYmao

OmUyZ KoVm oB©b …

4.2.1 AW© :

YZmXoe åhUOo Aem àH$maMm XñVEodO Omo EImÚm {d{eï> ~±Ho$da H$mT>bobm

AgVmo. Ë`m_wio {ZXo©{eV Ho$bobr a¸$_ Ë`m {d{eï> ì`º$sbm R>am{dH$ VmaIoZ§Va

Úmdr Ago Z_yX Ho$bobo AgVo. amoI n¡embm MoH$ hm gdm©V OdiMm n`m© Amho,

Vo EH$ MbZj_ nVgmYZ Amho. YZmXoe åhUOo ~±Ho$À`m ImVoXmamZo ~±Ho$g R>am{dH$

Z_wÝ`mV {d{eï> ì`º$sg qH$dm dmhH$mg qH$dm Vmo gm§Job Ë`mg {d{eï> a¸$_

_mJVmjUr XoÊ`m{df`r Ho$bobr {dZmAQ> boIr Agm hmo . WmoS>Š`mV {d{eï> ~±Ho$da

H$mT>bobo Am{U _mJUr H$aVmjUr Xo AgUmao {dnÌ åhUOo YZmXoe hmo .

4.2.2 ~±Ho$Mm gd©gm_mÝ` YZmXoe :

Ooìhm EImXr ì`º$s qH$dm H§$nZr Mmby ImVo CKS>Vo, Voìhm a¸$_ Amnë`m

ImË`mdê$Z Xwgè`mg XoÊ`mgmR>r YZmXoemMm dmna$H$aVo. YZmXoe YmaU H$aUmam Vmo

YZmXoe Ë`mMo Á`m ~±Ho$V ImVo Agob VoWo O_m H$aVmo Am{U g§~§YrV ~±H$ Ë`m

MoH$darb a¸$_ Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mV {ZagZ J¥hmMm dmna H$ê$Z O_m H$aVo, åhUOoM

~±Ho$Mm gd©gm_mÝ` MoH$ hm dQ>{dUo gwb^ AgVo.

4.2.3 YmoH$m KQ>{dUmam ~±Ho$Mm YZmXoe :

n¡emà_mUo YZmXoe hm gwa{jV ZgVmo. H$maU ImË`mda Anwar a¸$_ Agë`mg

MoH$ Cn wº$ R>aV Zmhr. Oa ImË`mda a¸$_ ZgVmZm MoH$ H$mT>bm, Va ~±H$m Agm


4.7

MoH$ ñdrH$maV Zmhr. Vmo g§~§{YVmg naV Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mg n¡go {_iV Zmhr.

Ë`m_Ü o Xo Z hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m àË oH$ YZmXoem~m~V {Z_m©U hmody eH$Vmo. YmoH$m Xya

H$aÊ`mgmR>r MoH$ XoÊ`mnydu Amnë`m ImË`mda AgUmè`m aH$_oMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoUo

Amdí`H$ AgVo. ~±Ho$ZoXoIrb MoH$ dQ>{dVmZm Á`mÀ`m Zmdo a¸$_ O_m H$am`Mr

Amho, Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mdarb aH$_oMr nS>VmiUr H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `mVwZ

YZmXoem~m~VMm YmoH$m H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

4.2.4 YZmXoemMo \$m`Xo :

YZmXoemMo \$m`Xo nwT>rb _wÔ`m§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oVrb …

1 ) naH$s` ^m{JXmam§gmo~V dñVy d godm `m§Mm ì`dhma H$aV§mZm YZmXoem§Mm dmna

\$m`Xoera R>aVmo.

2 ) n¡go hñVm§V[aV H$aÊ`mMr KmB© Zgë`mg, YZmXoemMm dmna H$aUo \$m`Xoera

R>aVo.

3 ) YZmXoemMm dmna H$aUo ñdñV AgVo. Ë`m_wio Am§Vaamï>r` n¡go hñVm§VaUmMm hm

gdm©V ñdñV _mJ© Amho.

4 ) n¡go KoUmè`m~m~V \$maer _m{hVr Zgbr Var YZmXoemMm dmna H$aVm oVmo.

`mgmR>r Á`mg n¡go nmR>dm`Mo Ë`m~m~V Iyngmar _m{hVr Agmdr bmJV Zmhr.

5 ) YZmXoemÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo XoÊ`mKoÊ`mMo ì`dhma Ho$ë`mg ~±H$ nmg~wH$mV AmnmoAmn

Zm|Xr hmoVmV. Ë`mgmR>r doJim {hemo~ R>odÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo.

6 ) YZmXoemMm dmna _moR>`m à_mUmV Pmë`mg amoI n¡gm H$_r bmJVmo. Ë`m_wio

ZmoQ>m {Z{_©Vrg bmJUmam IM© H$_r hmoVmo.


4.8

4.2.5 ~±H$ YZmXoemMm Z_wZm :

4.3 Q>§Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoe :

(Truncated Cheques)

YZmXoe {ZagZmMr gÜ` nÕVr hr H$mJXm§À`m dmnamda AmYm[aV Amho, Ë`m_wioMoH$ EH$m ~±Ho$VwZ Xwgè`m ~°§Ho$H$S>o KodyZ OmÊ`mgmR>r _m¡{bH$ l_mMr Amdí`H$VmAgVo. m gd© à{H«$ oV 3 Vo 7 {Xdgm§Mm H$mbmdYr OmVmo. Odinmg 90% YZmXoeho 3 {Xdgm§Mm doi ImVmV. åhUOoM MoH$Mr H$m ©nÕVr hr doiImD$ Amho. J«mhH$mgn¡go {_iÊ`mg doi bmJVmo. _mÌ MoH$Mr hr H$m ©nÕVr ObX ~Z{dUo eŠ` AmhoË`mg Q´>§Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoe åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo. Ë`mMr _m{hVr nwT>rb _wÔ`m§À`m AmYmaoOmUyZ KoVm oB©b …

4.3.1 AW© :

Q´>§Ho$eZ åhUOo MoH$YmaH$mg ~±Ho$V MoH$ KodyZ OmÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Wm§~{dUo.ì`ŠVrÛmao ~±Ho$V KodyZ OmÊ`mEodOr MoH$Mr BboŠQ>m°{ZH$ àV g§~§{YV ~±Ho$H$S>o nmR>{dbrOmVo. ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo dmnamV AmUbobo "_°p½Z{Q>H$ B§H$ H°$aoŠQ>a [aH$J{ZeZ(MICR)' ho V§ÌkmZ `mMo CÎm_ CXmhaU Amho. Q>§Ho$Q>oS> MoH$ à{H«$ oV MoH$ XoUmè`mMr~±H$ {d{eîQ> gm§Ho${VH$ ^mfoV Á`mÀ`m Zmdmda MoH$ nmR>dm`Mm Amho, Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m~±Ho$H$S>o g§Xoe nmR>{dVmo. `m_wio MoH$ YmaH$mg ñdV… ~±Ho$V MoH$ KodyZ OmÊ`mMrAmdí`H$Vm ZgVo. `mVyZ MoH$ g_memoYZmMr à{H«$`m ObX ~ZVo.


4.9

4.3.2 \$m`Xo :

~±H$ Am{U J«mhH$ `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Zm Q´>§Ho$Q>oS> MoH$Mo \$m`Xo hmoVmV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo …

1 ) ~±Ho$g hmoUmao \$m`Xo :

Q´>§Ho$Q>oS> MoH$ àUmbrMo ~±Ho$g ~hþ{dY \$m`Xo hmoVmV. MoH$ emoYÊ`mMr à{H«$`mObX ~Z{dVm oVo. åhUOoM EH$mM {XdgmV MoH$darb a¸$_ nmR>{dVm oUoVgoM ñdrH$maVm oVo. hr àUmbr `mo½` nS>VmiUr à{H«$`m, `mo½` J«mhH$ godm`m§Mr nyV©Vm H$aVo. à{H«$`mMH«$ H$m ©j_VoV dmT> KSy>Z oVo. H$maU H$_r IMm©VMm§Jë`m àH$maMr godm nwa{dUo ~±Ho$g `m Ûmao eŠ` hmoVo. VgoM `m àUmbr ÛmaoMoH$À`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ nÕVrV oUmao YmoHo$ Xya hmoVmV. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`mAmYmao H$m ©nÕVrVrb YmoHo$ Xya hmoV Agë`mZo _mZdr l_mMr ~MV hmoVo.doioda J«mhH$mg MoH$Mr a¸$_ àmá Pmë`mg J«mhH$m§Mo g_mYmZ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m~±Ho$À`m H$m ©nÕVrdarb {dídmg dmT>Vmo. A\$amV\$arMr eŠ`Vm XoIrb `màUmbrVwZ H$_r hmoVo. `mVwZ ~±Ho$Mr à{V_m gwYmaVo.

2 ) J«mhH$m§Zm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :

Q´>§H$Q>oS> MoH$ àUmbr_wio J«mhH$m§Mm ~±Ho$V MoH$ KodyZ OmÊ`mMm, VoWo am§JoV C oamhÊ`mMm Ìmg H$_r hmoVmo. VgoM MoH$ darb n¡go ËdarV Amnë`m ImË`mV O_mhmoÊ`mMr h_r àmá hmoVo. gdmªV _hËdmMo åhUOo `mVyZ A\$amV\$arda {Z §ÌUàñWm{nV hmoV Agë`mZo J«mhH$m§g nmaXe©H$ godm àmá hmoVo. MoH$À`m g_memoYZà{H«$ oMm doi H$_r hmoV Agë`mZo J«mhH$mg VmËH$mi godm àmá hmoVmV. Ë`mnwT>rb à_mUo.

1 ) gd© àH$maMo 1 qH$dm 2 {Xdgm§_Ü o g_memoYZmMr à{H«$`m nyU© H$aVmV.

2 ) doioda a¸$_ àmá hmUo, ho J«mhH$m§gmR>r \$m`Xoera R>aVo.

3 ) `mVyZ nS>VmiUrMm `mo½` à{H«$`m {Z_m©U hmoVo.

4 ) CÚmÀ`m ì`mdgm{`H$ {XdgmZwgma MoH$Mm XOm© bjmV oVmo.

5 ) `m à{H«$ ogmR>r J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z Hw$R>bohr A{V[aº$ ewëH$ AmH$mabo OmV Zmhr.


4.10

4.4 _ob Q>mÝg\$a :

(Mail Transfer)

~±H$ n¡go hñVm§VarV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _obMm XoIrb dmna H$aVmV. Ë`mMr _m{hVrnwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oB©b.

4.4.1 ñdê$n :

EImÚm emIoVrc J«mhH$ Ë`mM ~±Ho$À`m Xwgè`m emIoVrc ImVoXmamÀ`m ImË`mda{d{eï> a¸$_ O_m H$aÊ`m{df`r ~±Ho$g gyMZm XoVmo. `mgmR>r n¡go XoUmam Úmd`mMra¸$_ d H${_eZ emIoV ^aVmo d Á`mcm n¡go nmR>dm`Mo AmhoV Ë`mMo Zmd, ImVoH«$_m§H$ d emIm `mMr _m{hVr XoVmo. hr _m{hVr g§~§{YV emIog nmoñQ>mZo nmR>{dcrOmVo d g§~§{YV ImVoXmamÀ`m ImË`mV a¸$_ O_m Ho$cr OmVo.

4.4.2 _ob Q´>mÝg\$aMo \$m`Xo :

A) EH$mM nÌmda AZoH$ ñWmZm§VaUo (Transfers) nmR>{dVm oVmV åhUyZ ~±H$acmoUmam IM© jw„H$ AgVmo.

~) ~±H$a J«mhH$mg \$ma ñdñV Aer nÕVr “_oc Q´>mÝg\$a” Ûmam nwady eH$Vmo.H$) `m nÕVrV YZmXoe, S´>mâQ> `mgmaIr nVgmYZo nmR>dmdr cmJV ZmhrV åhUyZ

J¡aì`dhma, \$gdUyH$ BË`mXr m nÕVrV hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV.S >) _oc Q´>mÝg\$aÀ`m ~m~VrV EH$mM ~±Ho$À`m XmoZ {R>H$mUÀ`m XmoZ emIm§da EH$m

ì`ŠVrÀ`m ImË`mV aŠH$_ O_m hmoVo d AÝ` ì`ŠVtÀ`m ImË`mV aŠH$_ IMunS>Vo åhUyZ n¡go XoUmam d n¡go KoUmam `m XmoKm§Zm hr nÕVr gmo rMr R>aVo. BVanÕVrVrc Am¡nMm[aH$Vm m nÕVrV ZgVo.

4.5 Vma Q>mÝg\$a :

(Telegraphic T ransfer)

_ob Q´>mÝg\$a à_mUoM Vma Q´>mÝg\$a m nÕVrMm XoIrb ~±H$m n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>rdmna H$aV AgVmV. nwT>rb _wÔ`m§À`m AmYmao Ë`mMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoVm oB©b.


4.11

4.5.1 AW© :

_oc Q—>mÝg\$aà_mUo Vma Q´>mÝg\$a hr n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mMr EH$ nÕVr Amho. \$ŠV~±Ho$H$Sy>Z {Xcr OmUmar _m{hVr gm§Ho${VH$ ^mfoV VmaoZo nmR>{dcr OmVo. `mMm IM©n¡go nmR>{dUmè`m ImVoXmamH$Sy>Z KoVcm OmVmo. `m_wio a¸$_ cdH$a {_iVo. _mÌR>amdrH$ emIm§_Ü oM hr gmo CncãY AgVo.A) n¡gm nmR>{dÊ`mMr OcX nÕVr åhUyZ gÅ>o~mO, eoAaMo Xcmc BË`mXtZm hr nÕVr

\$ma Cn`moJr Amho. gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§Zmhr AmUr~mUrÀ`m àg§Jr VmaoZo n¡go nmR>{dUogmo rMo R>aVo.

~) ~±H$acm m nÕVrV {deof H$miOr H$amdr cmJVo H$maU n¡go XoUmè`m emIoH$Sy>ZVmaoMm A{YH¥$VnUm OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r ghr d ñQ>°åßg² m§Mr VnmgUr hmoD$ eH$VZmhr.

H$) AmO \°$ŠggmaIr AË`mYw{ZH$ gw{dYm m AS>MUtda _mV H$aUmar R>acr Amho.

4.5.2 Vma Q´>mÝg\$aMm Z_wZm :


4.12

4.6 BboŠQ>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q>mÝg\$a :

(Electronic Fund T ransfer)

4.6.1 AW© :

BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a hr {d{dY àH$maMo Am{W©H$ ì`dhma BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠggmYZm§Ûmao H$aÊ`mMr g§JUH$mda AmYm[aV Aer àUmbr Amho. m g§H$ënZoV AZoH$g§H$ënZm§Mm A§V^m©d hmoVmo. Ë`m Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1 ) H$mS>©YmaH$m§Mo ì`dhma-Á`m_Ü o ì`ŠVr n¡go XoÊ`mgmR>r H$mS>©Mm dmna H$aVmo.

2 ) ì`dgm`mH$[aVm Agbobo BboŠQ>m°{ZH$ no_o§Q>-`m_Ü o nJma dmQ>nmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

3 ) BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ MoH$ pŠbAatJ.

BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a `m àUmbr_Ü o XoÊ`m-KoÊ`mMo ì`dhma BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$gmhmæ`mZo Ho$bo OmVmV. H$mJXmonÌr Ho$boë`m XoÊ`m-KoÊ`mÀ`m ì`dhmamnojmBboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a hr A{YH$ gwa{jV Am{U H$m ©j_ VgoM H$_r I{M©H$nÕVr Amho.


4.13

4.6.2 ì`dhmam§Mo àH$ma :

BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$aÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo AZoH$ àH$mao ì`dhma/CbmT>mbr Ho$ë`mOmVmV Ë`m_Yrb Imbrb ì`dhmam§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo :

1 ) {dH«$s :

OoWo H$mS>©YmaH$ Ë`mZo IaoXr Ho$boë`m dñVy d godm§Mo ~rb XoVmo.2 ) naV\o$S> :

OoWo ì`mnmar H$mS>©YmaH$mZo AJmoXa Ho$boë`m no_|Q>Mr naV\o$S> H$aVmo.3 ) n¡go H$mT>Uo :

H$mS>©YmaH$mZo Ë`mÀ`m ~±Ho$À`m ImË`mVyZ H$mT>bobo n¡go/aH$_m CXm. E.Q>r.E_._YyZ H$mT>bobo n¡go. Ë`mMà_mUo EImÚm ImVoXmamg XoÊ`mV Ambobm H°$eA°S>ìhmÝg.

4 ) R>odr :OoWo H$mS>©YmaH$ ñdV:À`m AH$mD§$Q>_Ü o (EQ>rE_ _Ü o) n¡go/R>odr aUo.

5 ) H°$e ~±H$ :OoWo H$mS>©YmaH$ EH$mMdoir Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mVyZ n¡go H$mT>Vmo VgoM IaoXr H$aVmo.

6) ImVo A§VJ©V Q´>mÝg\$a :EH$mM ImVoXmamÀ`m XmoZ AH$mD§$Q>_Ü o aŠH$_m§Mr Q´>mÝg\$a.

7) no_|Q> :{VèhmB©V ì`ŠVrÀ`m ImË`mV n¡go hñVm§V[aV H$aUo.

8) Mm¡H$er :Á`m_Ü o H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm Am{W©H$ ì`dhma hmoV Zmhr. CXm. ImË`mV {eëbH$aŠH$_oMr Mm¡H$er, VgoM {Za{Zamù`m ImË`mV Pmboë`m ì`dhmam§Mr Mm¡H$er,ñQ>oQ>_|Q> _mJUo BË`mXr.

9 ) àemgH$s` :`m_Ü o AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m Am{W©Ho$Va ì`dhmam§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.g§nyU© OJm_Ü o n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m gÜ`mÀ`m gw{dYm§_Ü o Imbrb ~m~tMm g_mdoehmoVmo.


4.14

1 ) YZmXoe, 2) {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>, 3) _ob Q´>mÝg\$a, 4) Q>o{bJ«m{\$H$ Q´>mÝg\$a

`m n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVtZm H$mhr _`m©Xm AmhoV. CXm. YZmXoe Am{U S´>mâQ> hodoi ImUmao àH$ma AmhoV. VgoM _ob Q´>mÝg\$a Am{U Q>o{bJ«m{\$H$ Q´>mÝg\$a hoàH$ma ~±H$m§À`m Á`m emIm§_Ü o Ver {d{eï>> gmo Agob AemM emIm§À`m _m\©$VhmoD$ eH$Vo.

4.6.3 ì`dhmam§Mo ñdê$n :

BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a_Ü o nwT>rb ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1 ) BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_mVyZ n¡em§Mo hñVm§VaU hmoVo.

2 ) Aem àH$mao n¡em§Mo hñVm§VaU EImÚm ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr emIoVyZ Ë`mM ~±Ho$À`mqH$dm BVa H$moUË`mhr ~±Ho$À`m emIm§_Ü o H$aVm oVo.

3 ) EH$ qH$dm XmoZ {XdgmV n¡go Á`mÀ`m Zmdo hñVm§Va Ho$bo AgVrb Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mVhñVm§VaU hmoD$Z O_m Ho$bo OmVmV.

4.6.4 H$m`©nÕVr :

1 ) n¡go nmR>{dUmar ~±H$ :

n¡go nmR>{dUmar ~±H$ Ë`mÀ`m ImVoXmamÀ`m ImË`mda Aer a¸$_ I{M© XmIdyZ[aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo nwa{dboë`m gm°âQ>doAaÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Amdí`H$ Vr _m{hVr V`maH$aob. m_Ü o àË oH$ g§Xoe EH$_od Agm g§Xoe Am`.S>r. Z§~aZo nmR>{dbm OmVmo.hm g§Xoe g§JUH$ qH$dm àË`j àXmZmZo godm nwa{dUmè`m ~±Ho$À`m emIoH$S>o nmR>{dbmOmVmo.

2 ) godm XoUmar ~±H$ :

godm XoUmar emIm m g§Xoemda à{H«$`m H$aVo Am{U Ë`mbm Xwgam EH$ H$moS> Z§~aXoD$Z Vmo g§Xoe BboŠQ>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_mVyZ [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m ñWm{ZH$ amï>r` pŠbAatJH|$ÐmH$S>o nmR>{dVo.

3 ) amï´>r` pŠbAatJ H|$Ð :

ho amï´>r` pŠbAatJ H|$Ð hr a¸$_ {Za{Zamù`m n¡go nmR>{dUmè`m Aem ~±H$m§MoË`m§À`mH$S>o Agboë`m Mmby ImË`mda Aer a¸$_ I{M© Q>mH$Vo Am{U Ama. ~r.


4.15

Am`. ZoQ>À`m gmhmæ`mZo Á`m {R>H$mUr àXmZ H$amd`mMo Amho Aem {R>H$mUÀ`mpŠbAatJ H|$ÐmH$S>o nmR>{dVo.

4 ) H|$ÐmMr à{H«$`m :

Ë`mZ§Va Ago pŠbAatJ H|$Ð g§Xoe à{H«$`m nyU© H$éZ Ë`m g§~§{YV ~±Ho$À`mAma.~r.Am`.H$S>o Agboë`m Mmby ImË`mV hr a¸$_ O_m H$aVo Am{U Vgmg§Xoe Ama.~r.Am`. ZoQ> qH$dm g§JUH$mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo n¡go àXmZ H$aUmè`m ~±Ho$À`memIoH$S>o nmR>{dVo.

5 ) aH$_oMo àXmZ :

Aem emIm hm g§Xoe {_imë`mZ§Va ì`dhma Pmë`mÀ`m Xwgè`m {XderM Ë`m{d{eï>> emIobm Ë`m aH$_oMr O_m XoÊ`m~m~VMr VaVyX H$aVmV.

4.7 [a`b Q>mB©_ J«m°g goQ>b_|Q> :

(Real Time Gross Settlement)

[aAb Q>mB©_ J«m°g goQ>b_|Q> hr maVr` àXmZ àUmbr B{VhmgmVrb EH$ _¡bmMmXJS> R>abr Amho. hr gw{dYm åhUOo XoemVrb EH$mpË_H$ àXmZ Am{U VS>OmoS> àUmbr`mVrb Xwdm Amho. AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV RTGS hr g§nyU© OJm_Ü`o _moR>çmà_mUmdarb Am§Va~±H$s` àXmZm_Ü o VSOmoS> /ì`dhmamMr EH$ _mÝ`Vmàmá AernÜXVr Amho.

4.7.1 H$m`©nÕVr :

EH$ ì`dhma nÜXVr/à{H«$`m åhUyZ _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$V R>odÊ`mV oUmè`m {hímmo~mÀ`mnwñVH$mV Ë`mMdoir d¡ pŠVH$ àXmZmÀ`m Zmo§Xr H$ê$Z RTGS à{H«$`m VS>OmoS>/ì`dhmamVrb OmoIr_ H$_r H$aÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVo. RTGS _Ü o EH$m ì`mdhm[aH$nmVirdarb àË`jmV VS>OmoS>/ì`dhmam§Mo Ëd[aV, gwa{jVVm, \$m`Zb Am{U naV_mJo Z KoÊ`mOmoJo àXmZ Aem ì`dhmam§Mr nyV©Vm Ho$br OmVo.


4.16

RTGS àUmbr Aem àH$mao V`ma Ho$bobr Amho H$s Á`m_wio _moR>çm à_mUmdarb

{ZYtMo Am°ZbmB©Z ~o{ggda ~±{H§$J CXçmoJmÀ`m dmVmdaUmV bJoMM hñVm§VaU Am{U

ì`dhma nyU© Ho$bo OmVmV. `m_wio àUmbrVrb ñnYm©Ë_H$Vm dmT>rg _XV hmoVo. `m

gw{dYo_wio ~±H$m§Zm ~mhç dmVmdaUm_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m ^{dî`mVrb AmdmhZm§Zm

à^mdrnUo Vm|S> XoUo eŠ` hmoVo. Oa hr àUmbr maVm_Ü o mo½` H$miOr KoD$Z d mo½`

Aem [aVrZo {Z`moOZ H$ê$Z A§_bmV AmUbr Jobr Va ^maVr` ~±qH$J CXçmoJmbm

OmJ{VH$ _mÝ`Vm {_idyZ XoÊ`mg {ZpíMVM _XV hmoB©b.

RTGS hr H$moUË`mhr XoemVrb àW_V: Am°Z-bm°B©Zdarb Ë`mMdoir _moR>çm

à_mUmdarb {ZYtMr ì`dhma nyU© H$aÊ`mMr Am{U Am§Va~±H$s` àXmZmgmR>r àXmZ

Am{U ì`dhma nyV©Vm `mMr EH$_od Aer nÜXVr Amho. RTGS àXmZ nÜXVr hr

EH$_od Aer nÜXVr Amho H$s Á`m_Ü o ~±H$m§_Yrb àXmZ gyMZm {dMmamV KoD$Z g§nyU©

{Xdg^a d¡ pŠVH$arË`m Am{U gmVË`mZo ì`dhma nyU© Ho$bo OmVmV.

4.7.2 RTGS àUmbrMo H$m_H$mO :

RTGS _Yrb àË oH$ gh^mJr gXñ`mbm RTGS m ì`dhmam§_YyZ ì`dhma

H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ImVo CKS>mdo bmJVo ho ImVo EH$ àH$maMo BÝQ´>m-S>o AH$mD§$Q> Agob

åhUOo ho ImVo RTGS À`m H$m_H$mOmÀ`m {XdímrM Mmby Agob {XdgmÀ`m gwédmVrbm

`m ImË`m_Ü o {ZYr R>odbm OmB©b. Vmo {ZYr [aPìh© ~±H$ _w§~B©À`m gÜ`mÀ`m àUmbrVrb

{S>nm°PrQ> AH$mD§$Q> {S>nmQ>©_|Q>bm AgUmè`m Ë`m ~±Ho$À`m Mmby ImË`m_YyZ RTGS

ImË`mV hñVm§V[aV Ho$bm OmVmo, RTGS ImË`m_Ü o {XdgmÀ`m eodQ>r AgUmar

aŠH$_ naV ImVoXmamÀ`m Mmby ImË`m_Ü o nmR>{dbr OmVo. m àUmbr_Ü o gh^mJr

gXñ`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m _w§~B©Vrb {S>nm°PrQ> AH$mD$§Q>g², {S>nm©Q>_|Q> Agboë`m ImË`mVyZ

Ë`m§À`m RTGS À`m ImË`mV {XdgmÀ`m gwédmVrbm àË oH$ {Xder gH$mir {H$Vr

aŠH$_ nmR>dm`Mr mÀ`m gyMZm XoVm oVmV. hr àUmbr RTGS ImË`m_Ü o {Xdgm_Ü o

ImVoXmamÀ`m Mmby ImË`mVyZ {ZYr hñVm§V[aV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gw{dYm nwa{dVo. ImVoXmamÀ`m


4.17

ImË`mV Pmbobo gd© ì`dhma Ë`mMdoir Vm~S>Vmo~ nyU© Pmbo nm{hOo hoM m àUmbrMo

d¡{eïç> Amho. m àUmbr_Ü o ImVoXmam§À`m ì`dhmam§À`m Zm|Xr/nyV©VogmR>r am§J bmdbobr

AgVo. Ë`m_Ü o Á`mà_mUo ì`dhma hmoVmV Ë`mà_mUo ho ì`dhma Ë`m H«$_m§H$mZo nyÊm© Ho$bo

OmVmV. AWm©V, ImVoXmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m AOªQ> Am{U AmUr~mÊmrÀ`m àXmZm~m~V gyMZm

XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m àXmZmÀ`m {Zamonm§Zm AJ«H«$_ XoÊ`mMr gw{dYm m àUmbrV {Xbobr AgVo.

`m gw{dYo_wio ~±H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m {ZYtMo ì`dñWmnZ A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$arË`m H$aUo

eŠ` hmoVo. m gw{dYm§_wio ImVoXmam§Mo Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ dmQ>Umè`m ì`dhmam§Mo Ë`m§À`m

gyMZm§n«_mUo Ë`m-Ë`m H«$_mZo VS>OmoS>/nyV©Vm H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.

4.7.3 RTGS nwadV Agboë`m gw{dYm :

1 ) ì`dhmam§Mo AdbmoH$Z :

`m gw{dYo_wio ImVoXmam§Zm Ë`m§Mo g§~§{YV ì`dhma Oo am§JoV AmhoV Ë`m§Mo AdbmoH$Z

H$aVm oVo, Ago ì`dhma aÔ H$aVm oVmV qH$dm Ë`m§À`m AJ«H«$_mV ~Xb H$aVm

`oVmo.

2 ) {ZYtMr `mo½` Jw§VdUyH$ :

{ZYtÀ`m doJdoJiçm ImË`mVrb hmbMmb nmhÿZ {ZYtMr Jw§VdUyH$ A{YH$m{YH$

Mm§Jë`m àH$mao H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo VgoM Ë`m {XdgmMr VabVoMr JaO H$_r

H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmbMmbr H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.

3 ) ì`dhmamMr H$jm é§XmdUo :

{Za{Zamiçm JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {ZYtMr Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r bdMrH$

Aer nÜXVr hmVmiyZ Ë`m§À`m ì`dhmam§À`m H$jm é§X{dVm oVmV.

4 ) {dÎmr` O~m~XmarMr nyV©Vm :

Am§Va~±H$s` ì`dhmam§Mo AZoH${dY àH$ma CnbãY H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m ImË`mÀ`m _m\©$V

Ë`m§À`m {dÎmr` O~m~Xmè`m nyU© H$aVm oVmV.


4.18

4.7.4 RTGS àUmbrMr ì`már :

RTGS _mÜ`_mVyZ Imbrb àH$maMo ì`dhma H$aÊ`mg dmd {_iVmo :

1 ) ZmUo~mOmamVrb ì`dhma.

2 ) naH$s` MbZ ì`dhma.

3 ) ^m§S>db ~mOma Am{U H$O© gmYZm§Mo ì`dhma.

4 ) à{V yVtÀ`m {bbmdmZ§VaÀ`m {ZYtMo ì`dhma.

5 ) {d{dY Am§Va~±qH$J ì`dhmamZ§VaMo {ZYr ì`dhma.

6 ) EH$mM ~±Ho$À`m d¡ pŠVH$ ImË`m§_Yrb {ZYtMo hñVm§VaU.

7 ) {Za{Zamiçm ~±H$mÀ`m d¡ pŠVH$ ImË`m§_Yrb {ZYtMo hñVm§VaU.

4.7.5 RTGS àUmbrMo \$m`Xo :

RTGS àUmbrMo ~±H$, J«mhH$ Am{U g_mO m§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmda \$m`Xo hmoVmV.

g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY mJm§Zm hmoUmao \$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb :

1 ) ~±H$m§Zm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :

A) Ëd[aV/Vm~S>Vmo~ Am{U naV Z hmoÊ`mOmoJr ì`dhmanyV©Vm H$aUo gmono OmVo.

~) _moR>çm à_mUmda ~±H$mV§J©V Am{U Am§Va~±qH$J {ZYr hñVm§VaU H$aUo eŠ`

hmoVo.

H$) ZdZdrZ CËnmXZm§À`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r ZdrZ g§Yr CnbãY hmoVmV.

2 ) J«mhH$m§Zm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :

A) J«mhH$m§Zm EH$ AmYw{ZH$ Am°ZbmB©Z ~±qH$J godm CnbãY hmoVo.

~) _moR>çm à_mUmdarb {ZYr hñVm§VaUm_Ü o {dídgZr`Vm àXmZ H$aVo.

H$) d¡ pŠVH$ à{V_m C§Mm{dÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.


4.19

3>) AW©ì`dñWm§Zm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :

A) gÜ`m ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m ì`dhma àUmbrVrb OmoIr_ nÜXVeranUoH$_r H$aÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. `m àUmbr_wio EH$ ~±H$ Amnbr O~m~XmarnyU© H$aÊ`mg An`er R>aë`mg nwT>rb ì`dhmamV hmoUmam {db§~ Q>miÊ`mg_XV hmoVo.

~) OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$gma»`m ~mhoarb g§ñWm§À`m ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWo~m~V{dídmg {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg _XV hmoUo.

H$) H$m ©j_ Aem ì`dhmam§Mr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z ì`dhmanyV©Vo_Ü ohmoUmam {db§~ Q>miVm oVmo.

4.8 Z°eZb BboŠQ>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q>mÝg\$a :

(National Electronic Fund T ransfer)

AmO g§JUH$ Am{U g§XoedhZ gw{dYm m§À`m EH$mpË_H$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m CncãYVo_wioCËH¥$ï> J«mhH$ godm Am{U {ZYr hñVm§VaU §ÌUm J{V_mZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xya A§Va hmAmO AS>Wim R>aV Zmhr. BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a_wio BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_m§À`mgmhmæ`mZo {ZYtMo Ëd[aV hñVm§VaU hmody eH$Vo. amï´>r` nmVirda Am§Va~±H$ {ZYrVS>OmoS> hr AcrH$S>rc gwYmaUm Amho. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo 1994 gmcrñWmnZ Ho$coë`m gam\$ g{_VrZo AmXmZ-àXmZ àUmcrVrc V§ÌkmZ{df`H$ ~m~rda{Xcoë`m {e\$maer AÝd o hr nÕVr gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. _mÌ AmO ~±H$m§À`m emIm§_Ü oCncãY AgUmè`m _yi nm`m yV g§aMZm `m àUmcrcm gmhmæ` H$aUmè`m ZmhrV.Ë`mgmR>r g§JUH$mda AmYm[aV EH$mpË_H$ Aer ñdV§Ì AË`mYw{ZH$ àUmcrMrAmdí`H$Vm Amho. Ë`m_wio [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo àM{cV Ho$cocr hr nÕVr gÜ`m MoH$pŠcA[a¨JgmR>r ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m g§aMZo modVr {Z_m©U Ho$cr Jocr Amho. gam\$

g{_VrZo g§XoedhZmgmR>r H$mJXr Am{U BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_o Agm XmoÝhtMm dmna


4.20

H$aÊ`mÀ`m gyMZm {Xë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m§Zr Aer {e\$mag Ho$cr hmoVr H$s, _moR>çm

à_mUmdarc g§ñWmË_H$ {ZYtMo hñVm§VaU Xa Vmgmcm EH${ÌV Ho$co Joco nm{hOo. hr

àUmcr 1996 gmcr gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m g§X © [aPìh© ~±H$ godm nwadR>mXma

Am{U àUmcrMo {Z §ÌH$ åhUyZ H$m © H$aVo. B§{S> Z Z°eZc BcoŠQ>m°{ZH$ \$ÝS>g² Q>mÝg\$a

{gñQ>r_ mcmM ZoâQ> (NEFT) {gñQ>r_ Ago g§~moYco OmVo. m_Ü o gh^mJr AgUmè`m

~±H$m Am{U g§ñWm m§À`m H$m_H$mOmgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm Imcr {Xcoë`m AmhoV. m

~±H$m Am{U g§ñWm m§À`mH$S>o Aem {ZYr hñVm§VaUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar g§JUH$

àUmcr Am{U g§XoedhZ Omio Amdí`H$ AgVo.

4.8.1 ì`már :

ZoâQ> g§Xoem§Mo Ëd[aV hñVm§VaU hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ho$di Á`m ~±H$m§À`m emIm

g§JUH$s` Omù`mZo OmoS>coë`m AmhoV AemM ~±H$m§Zm àUmcrMm mJ ~Z{dco nm{hOo.

~±Ho$À`m ñdV:À`m Omù`m§Mm Cn`moJ Ë`m§Zm emIm A§VJ©V g§XoedhZmgmR>r hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

4.8.2 d¡{eîQ>ço :

Á`m ì`dhmam§_Ü o n¡gm m KQ>H$mMm A§V^m©d AgUmè`m aH$_m§gmR>r ZoâQ>Mm Cn`moJ

Ho$cm OmD$ eH$Vmo. m_Ü o d¡ {ŠVH$ ZoâQ> ì`dhma {H$Vr aH$_on ªV H$aVm oB©c mda

_`m©Xm KmVcocr Zmhr.

4.8.3 ZoâQ> à{H«$`m àdmh :

ZoâQ> àUmcrV H$m ©aV AgUmao nj, nmR>{dUmar ~±H$, nmR>{dUmao ZoâQ> godm H|$Ð,

ZoâQ> {ZagZ J¥h, àmá H$aUmao godm H|$Ð Am{U Ë`mMm \$m`Xm KoUmar emIm ho AmhoV.

4.8.4 J«mhH$mMr ^y{_H$m :

nmR>{dUmar ~±H$ XoV Agcoë`m g§àofU gw{dYoMm dmna H$é BpÀN>Umè`m ~±H$

J«mhH$mcm EH$ ZoâQ> AO© gmXa H$amdm cmJVmo. m_Ü o hm J«mhH$ nmR>{dUmè`m ~±Ho$cm


4.21

n¡gm nmR>{dUmè`mÀ`m ImË`m_YyZ Vr a¸$_ H$mTy>Z Ë`m ZoâQ> AOm©V Z_yX Ho$coë`m

Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m ImË`mV {ZYr O_m H$aÊ`m~m~V A{YH$ma XoV AgVmo.

4.8.5 g§Xoe nmR>{dUmè`m ~±Ho$Mr ^y{_H$m :

nmR>{dUmar ~±H$ Ë`m§À`m n[agamV R>iH$ {R>H$mUr/àW_ Xe©Zr {R>H$mUr Vr ~±H$

J«mhH$m§Mo ZoâQ>Mo AO© {H$Vr H$mcmdYr_Ü o ñdrH$maUma Amho ho Xe©dmdo cmJVo. hr

~±H$ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Ago {ZYr hñVm§VaUmMm AO© Amë`mda EH$ g§a{MV Aer {dÎmr`

godm XodmU-KodmU àUmcr V`ma H$aVo Am{U Ë`m_m\©$V g§Xoe nmR>{dUmè`m H|$ÐmH$S>o

Vmo g§Xoe à{H$ ogmR>r nmR>{dVo. g§Xoe nmR>{dUmao g§Xoe H|$Ð hm g§Xoe ZoâQ>À`m {ZagZ

J¥hmH$S>o nmR>{dVo. mgmR>r Vo [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo V`ma Ho$boë`m g§Xoe XiU-diU Omù`mMm

Cn`moJ H$aVo. Agm g§Xoe amîQ´>r` {ZagZ J¥hmH$S>o nmR>{dbm OmVmo.

4.8.6 {ZagZ J¥hmMr ^y{_H$m :

^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo \«$s àog hmD$g, Z[a_Z nm°B©ÝQ> _w§~B© oWrb amîQ´>r` {ZagZ

H|$Ð (National Clearing Cell) ho S>mQ>m à{H«$ oMo ZoâQ> {ZagZ J¥h/H|$Ð Amho. `m

H|$ÐmZo KoVbobm g§Xoe Vmo ñdrH$maUmè`m àË oH$ ~±Ho$À`m godm H|$ÐmH$S>o nmR>{dbm OmVmo.

4.8.7 g§Xoe àmá H$aUmè`m ~±Ho$Mr ^y{_H$m :

amîQ>r` {ZagZ H|$ÐmZo g§Xoe ñdrH$maë`mZ§Va ZoâQ> godm H|$ÐmVyZ m \$mB©ëgda à{H«$`m

hmodyZ Ë`m eodQ>À`m emIm§Zm nmR>{dbm OmVmo. H$YrH$Yr g§Xoe ñdrH$maUmao ZoâQ> godm

H|$Ð ñQ´>oQ> W«mo àmogog B§Q>a\o$g (STPI) À`m gmhmæ`mZo ho g§Xoe Ë`m§À`m A§VJ©V ~±qH$J

gmoë weZH$S>o WoQ> nmR>{dVo d Ë`mdê$Z H|$Ðr` nÕVrZo Ë`m g§XoemVrb aŠH$_ Á`mÀ`m

Zmdo hñVm§VaU Agob Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mV O_m Ho$br OmVo. ~±H$m§À`m emIm Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm

Ë`mM {Xder no_|Q> H$ê$ eH$VmV.


4.22

4.8.8 ZoâQ>gmR>r nmoM :

Oa `m `moOZo_m\©$V nmR>{dbobm n¡gm H$mhr H$maUmZo g§ào{fV Pmbm Zmhr, Va

nmR>{dUmè`m ~±Ho$Zo Ëd[aV Ë`m g§X^m©Vrb gyMZm nmR>{dUmè`mbm XoUo JaOoMo AgVo.Ë`mMà_mUo nmR>{dUmè`m ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z Oa Ago àXmZ Pmbo Zmhr Va Vr aŠH$_nmR>{dUmè`mÀ`m ImË`mda O_m H$amdr qH$dm nmR>{dUmè`mÀ`m gyMZoà_mUo Ë`m aH$_oMr{dëhodmQ> bmdmdr.

4.8.9 g§Xoe naV Amë`mg Ë`mMr _m{hVr nmR>{dUmè`mg XoUo :

Oa `m `moOZo_m\©$V nmR>{dbobm n¡gm H$mhr H$maUmZo g§ào{fV Pmbm Zmhr VanmR>{dUmè`m ~±Ho$Zo Ëd[aV Ë`m g§X^m©Vrb gyMZm nmR>{dUmè`mbm XoUo JaOoMo AgVo.Ë`mMà_mUo nmR>{dUmè`m ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z Oa Ago àXmZ Pmbo Zmhr Va Vr aŠH$_nmR>{dUmè`mÀ`m ImË`mda O_m H$amdr qH$dm nmR>{dUmè`mÀ`m gyMZoà_mUo Ë`m aH$_oMr{dëhodmQ> bmdmdr.

4.8.10 àmá H$aUmè`m ~±Ho$Mr gyMZm :

nmR>{dUmè`m ~±Ho$Zo nmR>{dbobm n¡gm àmá H$aUmè`m ~±Ho$bm {_imë`mZ§Va Vmobm^mWr©À`m ImË`mV O_m H$ê$Z bm^mWu ~±Ho$Zo Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm Ago n¡go O_mhmoÊ`m~m~V gyMZm {Xbr nm{hOo. ImË`mMm CVmam qH$dm nmg~wH$mVrb EÝQ´>r qH$dmAm°ZbmB©Z g§XoedhZ §ÌUm hr Agm {ZYr Amë`mMm ñÌmoV Xe©dy eH$Vo. Ë`m {XderOa ~±Ho$bm gwÅ>r Agob Va Ë`mM {Xder qH$dm C{eamV C{eam ~±Ho$Mo H$m_H$mO gwê$hmoUmè`m {Xder Aer aŠH$_ bm^mWuÀ`m ImË`mV O_m hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo.

4.8.11 ZoâQ>ì`dhmam§Mr {hemo~nyVu :

`m ì`dhmamV mJ KoUmè`m àË oH$ ~±Ho$bm _w§~B© pñWV ZoâQ> H|$Ðm§_Ü o EH$ ImVoCKS>mdo bmJVo Ë`mbm {hemo~nyVu ImVo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Aem ZoâQ> àUmbrImbrhmoUmè`m {ZYr§À`m hñVm§VaUmVrb àXmZmMr O~m~Xmar nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r m ImË`mMmCn`moJ hmoVmo.


4.23

4.8.12 ZoâQ>Mo H$m`Xo :

1 ) ZoâQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g§nyU© maVmVrb ~±qH$J joÌm_Ü o {ZYr hñVm§VaU hmoVo Am{U{ZagZmMr H$m ©j_, gwa{jV, {_Vì``r, {dídmgy Am{U J{V_mZ Aer àUmbràmá hmoVo.

2 ) ZoâQ>_wio Mmby nonada AmYm[aV {ZYr hñVm§VaU Am{U {ZagZ àUmbrdarb VmU

_moH$im hmoVmo.

4.9 ñdrâQ> :

(SWIFT)

SWIFT åhUOo The Society for the Worldwide Inter-bank Finan-

cial Telecommunication m g§ñWo_m\©$V EH$ ZoQ>dH©$ Mmc{dco OmVo. m _mÜ`_mVyZ

~±H$m {dÎmr` ì`dhmam§er g§~§{YV _m{hVrMr nañnam§_Ü o XodmU-KodmU H$aVmV. hr

OmJ{VH$ ñVamdarc {dÎmr` g§ñWm Amho Or OJ^amVrc ~±H$m§Zm ImÌrera[aË`m Am{U

H$_r OmoIr_ ñdrH$mê$Z {Zamon XodmU-KodmUrMr godm nwa{dVo.

~opëO`_ _Yrc ~«wgoëg oWo hr gmogm`Q>r gwê$ Pmcr. hr EH$ ghH$mar gmogm`Q>r

Amho. {VMo _w»` H$m`m©c` cm hþën (La Hulpe) oWo Amho. `m gmogm`Q>rZo gd©

{dÎmr` ì`dhma, VÏ` à{H«$`m àUmcr Am{U OJ^amVrc g§XoedhZ Omio mgmR>r EH$

(Common) gd©_mÝ` mfm {ZpíMV Ho$cr Amho. hr gmogm`Q>r 194 XoemVrc 7,000

{dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm EH$_oH$m§er OmoS>Vo.

hr gmogm`Q>r {VÀ`m gXñ`m§~amo~a H$m_ H$aVo. hr g§ñWm H$_r IMm©V, ñnYm©Ë_H$

{dÎmr` à{H«$`m Am{U g§XoedhZ gw{dYm/godm m A{YH$ gwa{jVnUo d ImÌrcm`H$[aË`m

nwa{dVo. Ë`mgmR>r `m g§ñWoH$S>o àJV Aer à{H«$`m gw{dYm CncãY Amho. hr g§ñWm

Amnë`m gXñ`m§Zm Vm§{ÌH$ kmZhr nwa{dVo.


4.24

4.9.1 gwê$dmV :

SWIFT hr g§ñWm Am§Vaamï>r` {dÎmr` ì`dhmam§gmR>r EH$ gh^mJr Ago OmJ{VH$_m{hVr à{H«$`m Am{U g§XoedhZ Xwdm Am{U EH$ gd©_mÝ` Aer mfm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`mXyaÑï>rZo gwédmV Pmcocr g§ñWm Amho. {dÎmr` ì`dhmamV à^mdrnUm AmUÊ`mgmR>rË`mV g_m{dï> AgUmè`m gd© {dÎmr` g§ñWm m g§Xoe XiU-diU à{H«$ oV mJ KoVAmhoV mMr ImÌr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m ©aV Amho.

4.9.2 ñdrâQ> nwa{dV Agboë`m gw{dYm :

ñdrâQ> hr g§ñWm ~±H$m§Zm, Xbmbm§Zm Jw§VdUyH$ ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm g§Xoe XodmU-KodmUrMr godm nwa{dVo. Ë`mMà_mUo hr g§ñWm àXmZ, H$mof, à{V yVr Am{U ì`mnma mg§X^m©V ~mOmanoR> nm`m yV godm nwa{dVo. m godm§_wio J«mhH$m§À`m IMm©V H$nmV hmoVo,ñd §MbrH$aUmV gwYmaUm hmoVo Am{U OmoI_tMo ì`dñWmnZ hmoVo.

4.9.3 ñdrâQ>Mr g§aMZm :

ñdrâQ> hr ~opëO`_ H$m`ÚmImbr ñWmnZ Pmbobr EH$ ghH$mar gmogm`Q>r AmhoË`m gmogm`Q>rMo gXñ` `m g§ñWoMo _mbH$ AgyZ Ë`m g§ñWoMo {Z §ÌU H$aVmV. `mgmogm`Q>rMo 25 g§MmbH$m§Mo EH$ _§S>i AgVo. H§$nZrMo H$m_H$mO `m _§S>im_m\©$VMmb{dbo OmVo. `m _§S>imMo H$m ©H$mar A{YH$mar _§S>i AgVo. Á`m_Ü o nyU©doiH$m_ H$aUmao H$_©Mmar AgVmV. m _§S>imMm à_wI _w»` H$m ©H$mar A{YH$mar AgVmo.hm A{YH$mar m g§ñWoMo {dÎmr` {ddaU nÌ V`ma H$aVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo dm{f©H$ AhdmcmVBVa _m{hVr àX{e©V H$aVmo.

4.9.4 ñdrâQ>Mr C{ÔîQ>o :

ñdrâQ> m g§ñWoMr C{Ôï>o Imcrcà_mUo AgVmV.

1 ) à{H«$`m Am{U g§XoedhZ godm :

`m g§ñWoÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm H$_r {H$_VrV VwcZmË_H$ Aem {dÎmr` à{H«$`m Am{U

C{MV gwa{jV Am{U {dídgZr` Aem g§XoedhZ godm nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r EH$Ì oD$Z

H$m_ H$aUo.


4.25

2 ) ì`dhma à{H«$`oMo ñd`§McrH$aU :

`m g§ñWo_m\©$V _moR>çm à_mUmda g§Xoem§Mr XodmU-KodmU hmoVo. `m g§ñWoÀ`m

gXñ`m§Zm {dÎmr` ì`dhma à{H«$ oV A{YH$m{YH$ ñd §McrH$aU hmoD$Z Ë`m_m\©$V

ì`mdgm{`H$ e {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdmMo H$m © H$aVo.

3 ) ^m§S>dcrH$aU :

hr g§ñWm åhUOo EH$ Am§Vaamï´>r` _wŠV ì`mgnrR> Amho OoWo OJmVrc {d{dY

{dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm CÚmoJ-nmVirdarc YmoHo$, g§Yr Am{U BVa ~m~r `m g§X^m©V

_m{hVr XoVo Á`mdê$Z m g§ñWm Amncr pñWVr _O~yV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.

4 ) cmoH$m§gmR>r amoOJma nwa{dUo :

hr g§ñWm CËH¥$ï> cmoH$m§Mr {ZdS> H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr {Z wŠVr H$aVo. A{YH$ \$m`Xoera

g§gmYZm§_Ü o Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ XyaÑï>r, à^mdrnUm Am{U

ì`dñWmnZ mgmR>r OJmVrc EH$ AJ«JÊ` g§ñWm ~ZUo.

4.9.5 gwa{jVVm Am{U {dídgZr`Voda ^a :

`m g§ñWoMo O~m~Xmar Am{U Xm{`Ëd {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMo {Z`_ {c{IV ñdê$nmMo

AmhoV Am{U Vo àË`jmV dmnaco OmVmV. ñdrâQ>_mJrc _yc yV VÎdo ho m g§ñWoÀ`m

gwédmVrÀ`m Q>ßß`mVM {ZpíMV Ho$coco AmhoV, H$maU hr g§ñWm Am§Vaamï>r` nmVirda

H$m_ H$aVo. AZoH$ XoemVrc CËH¥$ï> H$m ©nÕVrZo `m g§ñWoMo emgZ à^m{dV Pmcoco

{XgyZ oVo. `m g§ñWoÀ`m g§MmcH$ _§S>imÀ`m 7 g{_Ë`m AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ma

àXmZmMo A{YH$ma AgVmV. `m gmV g{_Ë`m åhUOo A§Ho$jU Am{U {dÎm, ~±qH$J

Am{U àXmZ, ZwH$gmZ anmB©, E-{gŠ w[aQ>rO, à_mUHo$, V§ÌkmZ Am{U CËnmXZ m

hmoV.


4.26

4.9.6 ^maVmVrb ñdrâQ>Mo H$m_H$mO :

^maVm_Ü o EH$ ñdrâQ> dmnaUmam g_yh V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. B§{S>`Z ~±qH$J

Agmo{gEeZMo MoAa_Z `m g_yhmMo MoAa_Z AgVmV, Va [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m _m{hVr

V§ÌkmZ {d^mJmMo _w»` gaì`dñWmnH$ ho n`m© r AÜ`j AgVmV. gÜ`m maVmVrc

92 g§ñWm m J«wnÀ`m gXñ` AmhoV. m_Ü o ~±H$m, Xcmc, {dVaH$, g|Q>c {S>nm°{PQ>arO

Am{U pŠcAatJ Am°J©Zm`PoeZ m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m§Mr {d^mJUr Imcrcà_mUo:

gXñ` 48

CngXñ` 36

Xcmc Am{U {dVaH$ 1

g|Q´>c {S>nm°{PQ>ar A°ÊS> pŠcAatJ 1

^mJYmaH$ Zgcoë`m ~±H$m 5

à{V{ZYr H$m`m©c o 1

EHy$U 92


4.27

gamdmgmR>r àíZ

20 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. "{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ'>Mm AW© gm§Jm.

à. 2. "Vma Q´>mÝg\$a' åhUOo H$m`?

à. 3. ~±Ho$Mm YZmXoe åhUOo H$m`?

à. 4. Q´>§Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoe m g§H$ënZoMm AW© gm§Jm.

à. 5. "_ob Q´>mÝg\$a' åhUOo H$m`?

50 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. Q´>§Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoemMo ~±Ho$g hmoUmao \$m`Xo gm§Jm.

à. 2. "\§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a' hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 3. _ob Q´>mÝg\$aMo \$m`Xo ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 4. ~±H$ YZmXoemnmgyZ {_iUmao \$m`Xo gm§Jm.

à. 5. "{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>Mr ZŠH$b àV' `m~m~V _m{hVr gm§Jm.

150 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. ~±H$ YZmXoemMr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 2. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 3. Q´>§Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoe åhUOo H$m`? Ë`mMo \$m`Xo ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 4. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$aMr "ñdrâQ>'(SWIFT) àUmbr {deX H$am.

500 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. "{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>' hr g§H$ënZm g{dñVanUo ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 2. "[a`b Q>mB©_ J«m°g goQ>b_|Q>'(RTGS) àUmbrMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.


4.28

à. 3. Z°eZb BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ \§$S> Q´>mÝg\$a (NEFT) m àUmbrMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

à. 4. ~±Ho$Ûmao n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r dmnamV AmUë`m OmUmè`m nÕVtMr _m{hVr

gm§Jm.

5.1

5.1 H$O©dmQ>nmMr VÎdo

5.2 amoIVm d cm^Vm `m VÎdm§Vrb nañna {damoY

5.3 VmaU

5.4 nV{Z{_©Vr

5.5 nV{Z`§ÌU

5.6 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm Vmio~§X

7~±H$m§Mr H$O©dmQ>nmMr VÎdo,

nV{Z{_©Vr Am{U Vmio~§X nÌH$ 5

àmñVm{dH$ :

(Introduction)

H$O© dmQ>n, nV{Z{_©Vr Am{U Vmio~§X `m KQ>H$m§Zm ~±H$ ì`dhmamV AZÝ`gmYmaU

_hÎd Amho. ~±H$ Á`mà_mUo BVam§H$Sy>Z n¡go ñdrH$maVo, Ë`mMà_mUo BVam§Zm H$O©dmQ>nXoIrb H$aVo. Amnë`mH$S>o O_m hmoUmè`m n¡emMm {d{Z`moJ ~±H$ BVam§Zm H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>rH$aV AgVo. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$bm H$O©dmQ>n H$aV AgVmZm H$mhr {d{eîQ> VÎdm§Mo nmbZH$amdo bmJVo. amoIVm, bm^Vm Am{U gwa{jVVm hr H$O©dmQ>nmMr _yb^yV VÎdo

AgyZ gd©M àH$maÀ`m ~±H$m `m VËdm§Mo nmbZ H$aVmV. `mIoarO BVaH$mhr gd©gm_mÝ`

5.2


VÎdo XoIrb H$O©dmQ>nm~m~V àM{bV Agbobr {XgVmV. nV{Z{_©Vr ho ~±H$m§Mo EH$_hÎdnyU© H$m © _mZbo OmVo. ~±H$m§Zm nV{Z{_©VrMm A{YH$ma àmá Agë`m_wio ~±H$mBVa g§ñWm§nojm doJiçm AgVmV. nV{Z{_©VrgmR>r ~±H$m§Ûmao {d{dY gmYZm§Mm dmnaHo$bm OmVmo. àmW{_H$ R>odr Am{U Ý wËnÞ R>odr `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ~±H$m nV{Z{_©VrH$aV AgVmV. `mIoarO ~hþJw{UV nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m XoIrb ~±H$m§_m\©$V am~{dbrOmVo. VgoM ~±H$m§À`m nV{Z{_©Vr j_Voda H$mhr _`m©Xm XoIrb Agboë`m {XgVmV.ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§Mm Vmio~§X {Z_m©U H$aV AgVmV. Ë`m§ZmH$m`ÚmZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m Z_wÝ`mVM hm Vmio~§X V`ma H$amdm bmJVmo. Vmio~§Xmdê$Z~±Ho$À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrMr _m{hVr àmá hmoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`mVmio~§XmMr à{H«$`m OmUyZ KoUo `mo½` R>aob.

5.1 H$O©dmQ>nmMr VÎdo : (Principles of Lending)

~±H$ ì`dgm`mV R>odr ñdrH$maUo Am{U Ë`mVyZ CÚmoJ-ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm H$O} XoUohr H$m } MmbVmV. R>odrXmam§Zm R>odrda ì`mO XoUo, ì`mdgm{`H$ IM© H$aUo Am{U eodQ>r^mJYmaH$m§gmR>r Z\$m H$_{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r ImVoXmam§H$Sy>Z Jmoim Ho$boë`mR>odtMm {d{Z`moJ H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U ì`mOñdê$nmV CËnÞ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bmOmVmo. _mÌ, H$O© Hw$R>ë`mhr ñdê$nmV XoVm oV Zmhr, Va ~±H$m§Zr H$O© XoÊ`mg§X^m©VH$mhr VÎdo _m§S>br AmhoV. H$O© XoVmZm gd©àW_ ~±H$m H$O©XmamMo Mm[aÍ` {dMmamVKoVmV. ~±Ho$À`m ÑîQ>rZo H$O©XmamMo Mm[aÍ` åhUOo àm_m{UH$nUmZo, gMmoQ>rZo,{Z`{_VnUmZo Am{U VËnaVoZo AmnU ñdV…hÿZ {Xbobm eãX nmiÊ`mMr ì`ŠVrMràd¥Îmr hmo`. `mIoarO H$O©XmamMr nmÌVm, H$O©XmamH$S>rb ^m§S>dbr gmYZo, H$Om©MmhoVy, H$Om©Mm H$mbmdYr, H$Om©Mr aŠH$_, H$Om©À`m naV\o$S>rMr gmYZo, CnbãYà{V^yVr `m {d{dY JmoîQ>tMm g§X^©XoIrb ~±H$m {dMmamV KoVmV. ~±H$m ì`mnmar dAm¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWm§Zm XoIrb H$O© XoV AgVmV. H$O© dmQ>nm~m~V AZoH$ YmoHo$ AgVmV.Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§Zm H$O©dmQ>n H$aVmZm H$mhr VÎdm§Mo nmbZ H$amdo bmJVo Vr nwT>rbà_mUo…

5.1.1 H$O©dmQ>nmMr _yb^yV VÎdo … (Basic Principles of Lending)

~±H$m§Mr eñdrVm hr H$O©dmQ>nmÀ`m _yb yV VÎdm§da Adb§~yZ AgVo. m _yb yVVÎdm§V nwT>rb ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

~±H$m§Mr H$O©dmQ>nmMr VÎdo, nV{Z{_©Vr Am{U Vmio~§X nÌH$

5.3

1 ) gwa{jVVm …

H$O} XoVmZm Vr ì`mOmgh doioda \o$S>cr OmVrc d Jw§VdUyH$ gwa{jV amhrc mMrH$miOr ~±H$m§Zm ¿`mdr cmJVo. {ZîH$miOrnUo H$O} {Xcr, Va Vr ~wS>VmV VgoMH$miOrnyd©H$ d g§ _mZo Jw§VdUyH$ Ho$cr Zmhr Va Vmo n¡gmhr dm`m OmÊ`mMr eŠ`VmAgVo. m_wio ~±H$m§Zr {Xcoë`m H$Om©Mr d Jw§VdUwH$sMr gwa{jVVm mH$S>ohr ~±H$m§Zmcj Úmdo cmJVo.

2 ) amoIVm …

_mJVmjUr amoI n¡gm CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr Hw$dV åhUOo amoIVm. cmoH$m§Mm~±H$m§darc {dídmg `m Hw$dVrda Adc§~yZ AgVmo. AWm©V Jmoim Ho$coë`m gd©R>odr ~±H$m§Zr Amnë`m Odi VemM R>odë`m Va Ë`mV 100% amoIVm Agoc nU_J ~±H$m§Zm Ë`mnmgyZ H$mhrhr CËnÞ d Z\$m {_iUma Zmhr åhUyZ ~±H$m§Zm AemarVrZo H$O} Úmdr cmJVmV d Jw§VdUyH$ H$amdr cmJVo H$s doi nS>ë`mg Amncr_mc_Îmm MQ>H$Z d ZwH$gmZ Z hmoVm {dHy$Z Ë`m amoI n¡gm C^m H$ê$ eH$Vrc.~±H$m§À`m m amoIVodarc {dídmgmÀ`m AmYmamda B_maV, _mc, O_rZ, gmoZo, mJ,dMZ{MÇ>r B. g§nÎmrn¡H$s H$mhr àH$maMo VmaU KoD$Z ~±H$m H$O} XoVmV, åhUOoMH$O©Xmam§Zm amoI n¡emdaMm h¸$ XoVmV. m AWm©Zo ~±H$m AamoI g§nÎmrÀ`m ~XcramoI n¡emdaMm h¸$ XoVmV. åhUOoM ~±H$m AamoI _mc_ÎmoMo n¡emV ê$nm§Va H$aVmVAgo H«$mD$Wa (Crowther) åhUVmV.

3 ) bm^Vm …

~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZmM Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Pmcocr AgVo. Z\$m hm ~±Ho$À`m emMmd H$m ©j_VoMm {ZH$f AgVmo. àemgH$s` IM©, R>odrXmam§Zm Úmd`mMo ì`mO,~wS>rV H$Om©Mr VaVyX H$aÊ`mgmR>r C^mamd`mMo {ZYr mgmR>r nwaogo CËnÞ ~±H$m§Zm{_idmdo cmJVoM, nU m{edm` mJYmaH$m§Zm mo½` Z\$mhr Úmdm cmJVmo mg‘cm^VoMo VÎd’ åhUVmV. OodT>m H$Om©Mm qH$dm Jw§VdUwH$sMm H$mcmdYr OmñVVodT>m ì`mOXa OmñV qH$dm àmár OmñV AgVo. Ë`m_wio Jmoim Ho$coë`m R>odtMmdmna Aem H$Om©V d Jw§VdUwH$sV H$amdm cmJVmo H$s Á`mnmgyZ H$_mc CËnÞ{_ioc.

5.4


5.1.2 H$O©dmQ>nmMr gd©gm_mÝ` VÎdo …

(General Principles of Lending)

H$O©dmQ>nmÀ`m à{H«$ oV gwa{jVVm {Z_m©U ìhmdr `mgmR>r ~±H$m nwT>rb H$mhrgd©gm_mÝ` VÎdm§Mo XoIrb nmbZ H$aVmV.

1 ) YmoŠ`mMr {d^mJUr …

~±H$m§Zr AZoH$ CÚmoJm§Zm H$O} ÚmdrV Ë`m_wio EImÚm Y§ÚmV _§Xr Amcr qH$dmAÝ` H$mhr H$maUm§Zr Ë`m Y§ÚmH$Sy>Z H$O©\o$S> Z Pmë`mZo ~±H$m§Mo Oo ZwH$gmZ hmoB©cVo Ë`m Y§ÚmnwaVoM _`m©{XV amhrc d BVa Y§Úm§_YyZ Ë`mMr anmB© H$aVm oB©c.VgoM H$O} {d{dY àXoemVrc CÚmoJm§Zm ÚmdrV. Ë`m_wio EImÚm àXoemV X§Jcr,Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr BË`mXr_wio hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ Ë`m àXoemnwaVoM _`m©{XV amhrc.EH$mM àXoemV qH$dm CÚmoJm§Zm H$O} {Xcr Va ~±Ho$Mo {dVì` Ë`mÀ`merM OIS>coOmVo d YmoHo$ Iyn _moR>o AgVmV åhUyZ ~±H$m§Zr YmoŠ`mMr àmXo{eH$ d Am¡Úmo{JH${d^mJUr H$amdr.

2 ) CÔoe …

H$O© KoÊ`mMm hoVy Oa CËnmXH$ ñdê$nmMm Agob Va H$O©À`m naV\o$S>rMr h_ràmá hmoVo. VgoM H$Om©Mm CÔoe hm AënH$mbrZ Agbm, Va H$Om©À`m naV\o$S>rMreŠ`Vm dmT>Vo. `mCbQ> AZwËnmXH$ hoVygmR>r H$O© H$mT>ë`mg Vo naV \o$S>Ê`mVYmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. EImÚmZo Amnbo OwZo H$O© \o$S>Ê`mgmR>r~±Ho$H$S>o H$Om©Mr _mJUr Ho$ë`mg Ë`mÀ`m CËnÞmV dmT> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Zgë`mZoH$Om©Mr naV\o$S> AdKS> hmoVo. _mÌ, EImÚmbm H$ƒm _mb IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>rH$O© {Xë`mg Ë`mÀ`m CËnmXZmV d CËnÞmV dmT> hmoVo Am{U H$Om©Mr naV\o$S>eŠ` hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$g H$O© XoV AgVmZm H$moUË`m CÔoemZo H$O©Xma H$Om©Mr_mJUr H$aVmo Amho, mMm g§X^© {dMmamV ¿`mdm bmJVmo.

3 ) gwajm …

~±Ho$g H$O© XoVmZm gwajm m VÎdmMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. åhUOo AmUr~mUrÀ`mH$mimV A[aîQ>mMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmë`mg, {d_m àmá hmoÊ`mMr h_r ~±Ho$g


5.5

{_idmdr bmJVo. Ë`mgmR>r H$O© XoVmZmM ~±H$m§Zm gwajoMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo.Ë`m_wio ~±H$m H$O©XmamMr nmÌVm H$O©XmamH$S>rb ^m§S>dbr gmYZo H$Om©À`mnaV\o$S>rMr gmYZo, `m§Mm {dMma H$aV AgVmV. H$Om©Mm àË oH$ àñVmd eŠ`{VVH$m A{YH$ gwa{jV H$aÊ`mMm ~±Ho$Mm à`ËZ AgVmo. gmh{OH$M H$O©XmamH$Sy>Z`mo½` à{V yVr§Mr _mJUr ~±H$ H$aVo. H$O©Xmamg gwajoMr h_r ~±Ho$g Úmdr bmJVo.

4 ) amîQ´>r` {hV Am{U AZwê$nVm …

H$O© XoVmZm CnamoŠV gd© VÎdo AZwHy$b Agbr, Var H$O© AZwgê$Z ~ZV Zmhr,H$maU H$O© XoVmZm amîQ´>r` {hVmMm XoIrb {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. H|$Ðr` qH$dmg§Kr` ~±H$m amîQ>r` {hVmMm {dMma H$ê$Z H$O©dmQ>nmMm {ZU©` KoV AgVmV. H$O©KoUmè`mMm hoVy hm amîQ´>r` {hVg§~§Ymer {dg§JV Agë`mg H$O© {Xbo OmV Zmhr.VgoM emgZmÀ`m H$m`Úm§VyZ XoIrb ~±H$m§À`m H$O©dmQ>nmMr {Xem {ZYm©[aV hmoVAgVo. H$Om©À`m hoVyMr amîQ´>r` {hVmer AgUmar AZwê$nVm {dMmamV KodyZ ~±H$H$Om©g _mÝ`Vm XoV AgVo.

AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr g§H$ënZm {dMmamV KoVm, gwa{jVVoÀ`m VËdmnojmH$Om©Mm hoVy, H$O© àH$ënmMr _wXV, amîQ´>r` {hV ho KQ>H$ H$O©dmQ>nmÀ`m ~m~VrVA{YH$ _hÎdmMo ~Zbo Amho. eoVrgmR>rMo H$O©, bhmZ CÚmoJm§gmR>rMo H$O©, N>moQ>oH$O©Xma d {Z`m©Vrer g§~§{YV CÚmoJ `m§À`m ~m~VrV hr n[apñWVr ~Kmd`mg{_iVo.

5.2 amoIVm d cm^Vm m VÎdm§_Yrc nañna {damoY:

(Confilict between Liquidity and Profitability)

~±H$m ñdV:À`m d BVam§À`m H$Om©Mo ì`dhma H$aVmV. ~±H$ EH$mM doir YZH$moAgVo VerM R>odrXmamMr F$UH$mo (H$O©Xma) AgVo. Ooìhm Vr H$O© XoVo Voìhm Vr gmdH$maAgVo. åhUyZ H$O} XoÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m H$O} H$mT>VmV Ago åhQ>co OmVo. _mJVmjUr R>odrnaV H$aUo ho ~±H$m§Mo H$V©ì` AgVo. mgmR>r Ë`m amoIVm VÎdmg _hÎd XoVmV. _mJVmjUramoI n¡gm XoÊ`mMr Hw$dV åhUOo amoIVm; na§Vw Ë`mMdoir Amncm gd© IM© ^mJdyZ

5.6


amIrd {ZYtMr VaVyX H$ê$Z ~±H$m§Zr Z\$mhr {_idmdm Aer Anojm AgVo. Z\$m{_i{dÊ`mÀ`m Hw$dVrg cm^VoMo VÎd Ago åhUVmV.

amoIVm d cm^Vm hr VÎdo ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV _hËdmMr åhUOoM Or nmbZ Ho$brMnm{hOoV Aer _mZcr OmVmV. R>odrê$nmZo Jmoim Ho$cocm n¡gm m XmoÝhr VÎdm§Mo nmcZhmoB©c Aem arVrZo dmnacm qH$dm Jw§V{dcm OmVmo; na§Vw hr VÎdo nañna{damoYr AmhoV.Á`m _mc_ÎmoV amoIVm OmñV AgVo Ë`mV cm^Vm H$_r AgVo d Á`mV cm^Vm OmñVË`mV amoIVm H$_r AgVo. àË oH$ _mc_ÎmoV g_à_mUmV amoIVm-cm^Vm ZgVo. amoIn¡emMo CXmhaU ¿`m. amoI n¡emV 100% amoIVm AgVo nU Ë`mnmgyZ àmár H$mhrMhmoV Zmhr åhUyZ cm^Vm eyÝ` AgVo. Xwgè`m Q>moH$mcm EImÚm H$O©XmamMr dMZ{MÇ>r,Ë`mcm Iyn ì`mOXamZo H$O© {Xco Agco Var Ë`mV amoIVm ZgVo. åhUOoM Ë`mV cm^VmIyn Amho nU amoIVm eyÝ` Amho.

~±H$aMo H$m¡eë` _mc_Îmm O_m H$aÊ`m_Ü o AgVo. _mc_ÎmoMr `mXr åhUOonmoQ>©\$mo{cAmo. amoIVm d cm^Vm m nañna{damoYr VÎdm§Mm g_Vmoc gmYUo ho Iao H$m¡eë`Amho. ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmÀ`m _mc_Îmm m ~mOyMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg m {dYmZmMm AW©cjmV oB©c. ~±H$ ì`dgm` g_OmdyZ ¿ md`mMm åhUOo m nañna{damoYr VÎdm§Mm g_VmocH$gm gmYcm OmVmo ho nmhUo hmo . åhUyZ ~±Ho$À`m _mc_ÎmoMr Vnercdma {M{H$Ëgm Ho$crOmVo. m ~mOyÀ`m _mc_ÎmoMr _m§S>Ur amoIVoÀ`m KQ>Ë`m H«$_mZwgma qH$dm cm^VoÀ`m dmT>Ë`mH«$_mZwgma Ho$cr OmVo.

amoIVm d bm^Vm `m§Mm g_Ýd` …

1 ) amoI n¡gm d _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$S>rc R>od :

H$moUË`mhr ~±Ho$Mr _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$S>rc R>od hr n¡emgmaIrM AgVo H$maU Ë`mdaYZmXoe H$mT>Vm oVmV. amoI n¡gm nyU©nUo Vac AgVmo nU ~±H$ Amnë`m gd© R>odramoH$S>rV R>ody$ eH$V ZmhrV, H$maU Ë`mnmgyZ H$mhr CËnÞ {_iV Zmhr. AZw^dmZoamoO {H$Vr amoI aH$_oMr _mJUr Ho$cr OmVo mMr ~±Ho$cm OmU AgVo Am{U mnojmWmoS>r OmñV a¸$_ gwa{jVVm åhUyZ Vr Amnë`m Odi ~miJVo. R>odrXmam§Mm {dídmg{Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r hr H$miOr KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. EHy$U R>odr§n¢H$s {H$Vr ^mJamoI n¡emV R>odm`Mm ho àWoZo qH$dm H$m`ÚmZo R>a{dco OmVo.


5.7

2 ) AëngyMZm H$O} :

hr H$O} dQ>md J¥ho, BVa ~±H$m, ^mJ ~mOmamVrc Xcmc `m§Zm _mJVmjUr naVH$aÊ`mÀ`m AQ>rda {Xcr OmVmV. m H$Om©Mr _wXV gmYmaUnUo Mmodrg Vmg VoEH$ AmR>dS>m Aer AgVo. H$O} Agë`mZo Ë`mda WmoS>o \$ma ì`mO {_iVo Am{UË`mMo ê$nm§Va _mJVmjUr n¡emV H$aVm oVo. åhUOoM Ë`m§À`mV amoIVm WmoS>rerH$_r Agcr Var H$mhr à_mUmV cm^Vm AgVo.

3 ) {dnÌo d gaH$mar hþ§S>çm :

~±H$m§Zr {dH$V KoVcocr {dnÌo, gaH$mar hþ§S>çmVrc Jw§VdUyH$ {dnÌo d gaH$marhþ§S>çm åhUOo EH$ àH$mao ì`mnmar d gaH$macm {Xcocr AënH$mcrZ H$O}M AgVmV.AmO Oar hr H$O} amoH$S> Zgcr Var Ë`mda OmñV ì`mOXamZo CËnÞ {_iVo Am{UVrZ _{hÝ`mV Ë`mMo n¡go {_iVmV Am{U ~±Ho$cm amoI n¡emMr JaO mgcrM Va_Ü`dVu ~±H$ {dnÌm§Mo nwZd©Q>Z H$aÊ`mg qH$dm gaH$mar hþ§S>çmÀ`m VmaUmda H$O}XoÊ`mg Zoh_rM V`ma AgVo. AëngyMZm H$OmªÀ`m VwcZoZo {dnÌ d hþ§S>çmV cm^VmOmñV nU amoIVm H$_r AgVo. `m {VZ _mc_ÎmoV ~±H$m amoIVog A{YH$ _hÎdXoVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm Vac _mc_Îmm Ago åhUVmV.

4 ) Jw§VdUyH$ :

~±H$m§Zm CËnÞhr {_idm`Mo AgVo. mgmR>r R>odtMm H$mhr mJ Vo gaH$mar H$O©amoIoAm{U Mm§Jë`m H§$nÝ`m§Mo mJ d F$UnÌo mV Jw§V{dVmV. mnmgyZ Ë`m§Zm OmñVXamZo ì`mO, CËnÞ d cm^m§e {_iVmo. Ë`mVhr ~±H$m gaH$mar H$O©amoIo A{YH$ng§V H$aVmV, H$maU Ë`mnmgyZ R>amdrH$ CËnÞmMr ImÌr AgVo Am{U Ë`m§À`mVmaUmda _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z AS>rAS>MUrV H$O© {_iy eH$Vo. maVmV H$m`ÚmZoM~±H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m R>odrMm H$mhr ^mJ gaH$mar d gaH$ma_mÝ` H$O©amo»`mV Jw§VdyZ{dYrdV amoIVoMo à_mU gm§^mimdo cmJVo.

5 ) H$O© :

H$O©amoI H$O© qH$dm A{YH$f© gdcV m àH$mam§Zr ~±H$m H$O} XoVmV. Ë`m§Mm ì`mOXaOmñV AgVmo. hr H$O} VmaU KoD$Z qH$dm Aga§{jV Aer Agy eH$VmV. H$O} hr

5.8


~±H$m§Mr Aer _mÝ`Vm AgVo H$s Á`m_Ü o cm^Vm Iyn AgVo nU amoIVm ZgVo.~hþYm ~±H$m AënH$mcrZ H$O©o XoVmV nU XrK©H$mimnmgyZ n[a{MV, à{V{ð>V H$O©XmaAgVrc, mo½` VmaU Agoc Va H$O© dmnamda cj R>odyZ H$mhr XrK©_wXVrMr H$O}hr~±H$m XoVmV.

6 ) B_maVr :

`m{edm` ~±Ho$À`m _mcH$sÀ`m B_maVr, \${Z©Ma, ì`dgm`mon`moJr gm{hË o AgVmV.X¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mOmV `m Jmoï>r Amdí`H$ AgVmV. Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ {_iUmar àmár{H$aH$moi AgVo nU Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§Mr à{Vð>m dmT>Vo.

5.3 VmaU :

(Pledge)

H$Om©D$ aH$_oMr dgwbr Am{U gwa{jVVm CÔoemZo ~±H$m H$O©XmamH$Sy>Z {H$_mZ H$O©{ZYr EdT>çm {H$_VrMr _mb_Îmm d _mb_Îmodarb H$m`Xoera h¸$ ñdV:H$S>o KoVo Ë`mbmVmaU AWdm à{V yVr Ago åhUVmV. H$O© {ZYrÀ`m ~Xë`mV Mm§Jbr VmaU _mb_ÎmmCXm. gmoZo, O_rZ, B_maV, eoAg©, _wXV R>od nmdË`m B. pñdH$maë`m Va H$O© ì`dhmamVrbOmoIr_ H$_r hmooVo. ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mV _wV© - à{V^yVr/VmaUmMo _hÎd Am{U VmaU_mb_Îmm åhUyZ _mÝ` AgUmar àmê$no bjmV KoVë`mZ§Va VmaUmdarb ~±Ho$À`m n[anyU©Am{U H$m`Xoera h¸$ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrMm Aä`mg H$aUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

1 ) VmaU (Pledge) :

H$Om©D$ aH$_oÀ`m naV\o$S>rÀ`m dMZmMr n[anyVugmR>r F$UH$mo Ooìhm ñdV:À`m_mbH$sMr _mb_Îmm ~±Ho$À`m Vmã`mV XoVmo Ë`mbm VmaU åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo.VmaU (Pledge) nÕVrV _m¡ë`dmZ _mb_ÎmoMm Vm~m F$UH$moH$Sy>Z YZH$moH$S>ogmon{dbm OmVmo; na§Vw _mbH$sh¸$mMo ñWmZm§Va hmoV Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV, dñVydarb_mbH$s F$UH$moMr; na§Vw dMZnyVun ªV Ë`m dñVydarb Vm~m YZH$moMm AgVmo.


5.9

A) AW© :

^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmVrb (1881) H$b_ 172 Zwgma "VmaU' `m à^manÕVrMr ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. Ë`mZwgma -

""H$O© \o$S>Ê`mgmR>r qH$dm dMZnyVugmR>r à{V yVr åhUyZ dñVyMm {Zjon (Bail-ment) H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrV VmaU (Pledge) Ago åhUVmV.''`m_Ü o "{Zjon' (Bailment) m g§H$ënZoMo ñnï>r>H$aU {Xbobo Amho. Ë`mZwgmaEImÚm {d{eï> hoVygmR>r EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m Vã`mV AmnbrdñVy XoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ og "{Zjon' Ago åhUVmV.

VmaU ñdrH$maVmZm ~±H$m nwT>rb H$miOr KoVmV.

1 ) H$O©XmamMr ñWmda _mb_Îmodarb _mbH$s {ZXm}f Amho `mMr ImÌr H$ê$UKoUo.

2 ) VmaUmgmR>r pñdH$mabobr _mb_Îmm ghO {d{H«$`mo½` Amho.

3 ) VmaU _mb_Îmm {Q>H$mD$ Am{U {XK©H$mi _yë` YmaU H$aUmar hdr.

4 ) H$O© a¸$_ Am{U VmaU _mb_ÎmoMr qH$_V m~m~V mo½` Vo _wë`m§H$Z (Valu-ation) Ho$bo nm{hOo d Ë`m_Ü o gwa{jV Jmim R>>odbm nm{hOo.

5 ) VmaU dñVyMm {d_m CVa{dbm nm{hOo.

~) VmaUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço :

1 ) H$O© ì`dhmambm gwajm H$dM :

~±H$mH$Sy>Z H$O©ì`dhmambm gwajm H$dM åhUyZ ñWmda - O§J_ _mb_ÎmmVmaU åhUyZ KoVbr OmVo.

2 ) ~±Ho$H$S>o Vm~m :

F$UH$mo VmaU dñVyMm Vm~m ~±Ho$bm XoVmo. Agm Vm~m _yi H$mJXnÌm§À`mhñVm§VaUmVyZ hmoVmo.

3 ) _mb_Îmm h¸$mV ~Xb Zmhr :

VmaU åhUOo Ho$di dñVy/_mb_ÎmoMm Vm~m XoUo hmo . dñVy/_mb_ÎmoÀ`mh¸$mV ~Xb hmoV Zmhr.

5.10


4 ) VmaUmÀ`m IaoXr {dH«$sda ~§YZo :

VmaU _mb_ÎmoMm Vm~m ~±Ho$H$S>o Agë`m_wio g§~§{YV _mb_ÎmoÀ`m IaoXr-{dH«$sMo ì`dhma hmoV ZmhrV Am{U Ago ì`dhma Pmë`mg Vo ~oH$m`XoeraR>aVmV.

5 ) ~±Ho$Mm àW_ h¸$ :

H$O© aH$_oMr naV\o$S> Z Pmë`mg _mb_ÎmoÀ`m {dH«$sVyZ oUmè`m aH$_odaYZH$moMm /~±Ho$Mm àW_ h¸$ AgVmo.

2 ) VmaUmMo {d{dY àH$ma :

VmaU _mb_Îmoda ~±Ho$Mm h¸$ àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m nwT>rb {d{dY nÕVr AmhoV.Ë`mdê$Z VmaUmMo nwT>rb àH$ma {Z_m©U Pmbobo AmT>iVmV.

A) YmaUm{YH$ma (Lien) :^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1881 _Yrb H$b_ 171 Zwgma-~±H$mZr CnbãYH$ê$Z${Xboë`m H$O© aH$_oMr dgwbr hmoB©n ªV F$UH$moMr/H$O©YmaH$mMr VmaU_mb_Îmm ~±Ho$À`m Vmã`mV R>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma åhUOo YmaUm{YH$ma ~±H$mZm àmáhmoVmo.

1 ) ì`m»`m :

^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1881 _Yrb H$b_ 171 _Ü o YmaUm{YH$mamMrì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$bobr Amho.

""F$UH$moH$Sy>Z oUo Agboë`m aH$_oMr dgwbr hmoB©n ªV Ë`mMr dñVy AWdm_mb_Îmm Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odÊ`mÀ`m YZH$moÀ`m A{YH$mamg YmaUm{YH$maAgo åhUVmV.''

2 ) d¡{eîQ>ço :

A ) _mb_ÎmoMm ~±Ho$H$S>o Vm~m :

H$O© aH$_oMr dgwbr hmoB©n ªV VmaU _mb_Îmm Vmã`mV KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma~±Ho$g AgVmo.


5.11

~) VmaU dñVyÀ`m dmnamg à{V~§Y :

YmaUm{YH$ma åhUyZ Vmã`mV AgUmè`m dñVyMm dmna H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma~±Ho$g ZgVmo CXm. gmoÝ`mMo Xm{JZo ~±H$abm dmnamV AmUVm oV ZmhrV.YmaUm{YH$ma (Lien) ho Ho$di H$O© aH$_obm gwajoMo AmÀN>mXZ(Cover) AgVo. VmaU dñVy§Mm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm dmna-Cn`moJ~±H$abm H$aVm oV Zmhr.

H$) VmaU dñVyMr {dH«$s :

H$O© d ì`mO aH$_oMr naV\o$S> H$obr Zgë`mg F$UH$mobm mo½` Vr gyMZmXoD$Z YmaUm{YH$mamVrb VmaU dñVy {dH$Ê`mMm h¸$ ~±Ho$g AgVmo. nañnaVmaUdñVyMr {dH«$s H$aVm oV Zmhr.

S>) VmaU dñVy naV H$aUo :

H$O©aH$_oMr naV\o$S> nyU© hmoVmM YmaUm{YH$mamVrb dñVy F$UH$mobm naVH$amdr bmJVo. ~Xbr dñVy AWdm Ë`m {H$_VrMr Xwgar dñVy B. MmbVZmhrV.

~) JhmU (Mortgage) :

~ ± qH$J H$O©ì`dhmamVrb à{V^yVrMm _hÎdmMm àH$ma åhUyZ"JhmU'(Mortgage) m g§H$ënZobm _hÎd Amho. m nÕVrV à{V yVr åhUyZñdrH$mabobr dñVy/_mb_Îmm H$m`Xoera nÕVrZo _mbH$s h¸$mgh hñVm§VarVHo$br OmVo. _mb_ÎmoÀ`m hñVm§VaUmgmR>r emgH$s` {Z`_mZwgma Amdí`H$ñQ>°ån OmoSy>Z F$UH$mo {d{eîQ> eVvda åhUOoM H$O© a¸$_ \o$S>Ê`mg An`eAmë`mg _mb_Îmodarb H$m`Xoera h¸$mÀ`m ~Xbmg g§_Vr àXmZ H$arV AgVmo._mb_Îmm hñVm§VaU H$m`ÚmVrb (1882) 58 A) m H$b_mV "JhmU' mg§H$ënZoMr nwT>rb ì`m»`m {Xbobr Amho.

1 ) ì`m»`m :

""CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xboë`m H$Om©D$ aH$_oMr naV\o$S> H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dmH$amamVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao Xm{`Ëd \o$S>Ê`mgmR>r {d{eï> ñWmda _mb_Îmodarbh¸$mÀ`m hñVm§VaUmg JhmU Ago åhUVmV.''

5.12


"JhmU' g§H$ënZoÀ`m darb ì`m» odê$Z F$UH$mo Amnbo Xm{`Ëd\o$S>Ê`mgmR>r YZH$mog _mb_Îmodarb h¸$mMo hñVm§VaU H$arV AgVmo.JhmUmMr (Mortgage) - d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm oVmV.

2 ) d¡{eîQ>ço :

A) _mbH$s h¸$mMo hñVm§VaU :

H$O© naV\o$S>rMo Xm{`Ëd åhUyZ F$UH$mo hm YZH$mog _mb_Îmodarb h¸$mMohñVm§VaU H$arV AgVmo.

~) ~±Ho$H$S>o _mbH$s h¸$ :

gm_mÝ`nUo JhmU _mb_ÎmoMm Vm~m JhmU R>odUmè`mH$S>oM AgVmo; na§Vw_mbH$s h¸$ ~±Ho$H$S>o gmon{dbo OmVmV. åhUOoM H$mJXnÌo ~±Ho$À`mVmã`mV AgVmV.

H$) _mb_ÎmoÀ`m IaoXr-{dH«$sda ~§YZo :

JhmU R>odboë`m _mb_ÎmoÀ`m IaoXr-{dH«$sMo A{YH$ma F$UH$mobm ZgVmVAm{U JhmU _mb_ÎmoMr IaoXr-{dH«$s ì`dhma Pmbo Var Vo H$m`ÚmZo d¡YR>aV ZmhrV.

S>) {dH«$sg Ý`m`mb`mMr g§_Vr Amdí`H$ :

H$O©aH$_oÀ`m naV\o$S>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m gyMZm XoD$Z d Ý`m`mb`mMrg§_Vr KoD$ZM JhmU _mb_ÎmoMr {dH«$s H$aVm oVo.

B ) H$O© a¸$_oMr dgwbr :

JhmU _mb_ÎmoÀ`m {dH«$sVyZ àmá hmoUmè`m n¡emVyZ H$O© a¸$_ d ì`mOa¸$_ `m§Mr dgwbr àW_ Ho$br OmVoo d A{V[aŠV a¸$_ Agob Va VrF$UH$mog àmá hmoVo.

3 ) JhmU _mb_Îmm ì`dhmamV ~±Ho$Zo ¿`md`mMr H$miOr :

JhmU _mb_Îmm g§nmXZ H$aVmZm ~±Ho$Zo nwT>rb H$miOr KoUo Amdí`H$AgVo.


5.13

1 ) JhmU åhUyZ Or _mb_Îmm Vmã`mV ¿`md`mMr Amho. Ë`mMr F$UH$moMr_mbH$s {ZXm}f Agbr nm{hOo.

2 ) ~±Ho$Zo _mb_ÎmoMo _wi XñVEodO Vmã`mV ¿`mdoV.

3 ) _mb_Îmoda H$m`Xoera h¸$ àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgH$s` {Z`_mZwgmaAmdí`H$ Ë`m _yë`mMo ñQ>±ån OmoS>mdoV.

4 ) JhmUH$ama Ho$ë`mnmgyZ 15 {Xdgm§À`m AmV a{OñQ´>maH$S>o Ë`mMr Zm|XH$amdr.

H$O© ì`dhmamMo gwajm H$dM åhUyZ ì`mnmar ~±H$m "JhmU' (Mortgage)nÕVrMm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmna H$arV AgVmZm AmT>iVmV.

H$) ZOa JhmU (Hypothecation) :

^maVr` H$ama H$m`X`mV "ZOa JhmU' m à{V yVr nÕVr~m~V H$moUVohr ñnï>rH$aUXoÊ`mV Ambobo Zmhr; na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV "Mb _mb_Îmo'~m~V (Movable

Property) à{V^yVr pñdH$maÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrVyZ "ZOa JhmU' `m VmaU àH$manÕVrMm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmna hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iVmo.

^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmV "ZOa JhmU' `m à{V yVr'Mr ì`m»`m XoÊ`mV AmbobrZgbr Var Wm°ångZ m§À`m eãXH$mofmV ZOa JhmUmMr ì`m»`m Ho$bobr AmT>iVo.Ë`mZwgma

1 ) ì`m»`m :

"ZOaJhmU åhUOo gå`H$ à^ma {Z_m©U H$aUo hmo`.''

dñVyMm Vm~m Am{U _mbH$s F$UH$moH$S>o Agbr Var {d{eï> n[apñWVrV_mJVmjUr Vr dñVy YZH$moÀ`m Vmã`mV XoÊ`mMm H$ama AgVmo. VgoM VmaUJhmUmMo (Pledge) ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ~±Ho$g AgVmo.''

ZOa JhmU nÕVr ì`mdgm{`H$mgmR>r _moR> m à_mUmV dmnamV oVo. ~±Ho$H$S>yZH$O} KoD$Z §Ìo KoUo, Zì`mZo ì`dgm` gwê$ H$aUo, [ajm, Orn, H$ma, Qy> pìhbg©B. IaoXr H$ê$Z ZOa JhmU _mb_ÎmoMr _mbH$s, Vm~m ñdV:H$S>o R>odyZ CËnÞ{_i{dVm oVo d Ë`mVyZ H$O©\o$S> Ho$br OmVo.

5.14


2 ) d¡{eîQ>ço :

1 ) VmaH$mMm Vm~m d _mbH$s :

ZOa JhmU àH$mamV VmaU _mb_ÎmoMm Vm~m d _mbH$s F$UH$moH$S>oMAgVo.

2 ) ~±Ho$_m\©$V n`©dojH$ :

~±H$ VmaU _mb_Îmoda bj R>odyZ AgVo åhUOoM ~±Ho$Mo A{YH$marn ©dojU/^oQ>r XoD$Z ImÌr H$aVmV.

3 ) ~±Ho$Mm A{YH$ma :

H$O©\o$S> H$aÊ`mV g_ñ`m CX² dë`mg ~±Ho$g ZOa JhmU _mb_Îmm Vmã`mVKoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo. H$O© aH$_oMr \o$S> H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZOa JhmU_mb_Îmm {dH«$s H$ê$Z H$O©\o$S> H$ê$Z KoVbr OmVo.

4 ) _mb_ÎmoMm dmna :

F$UH$moH$S>o _mb_ÎmoMm Vm~m d _mbH$s Agë`m_wio Ë`mnmgyZ CËnÞ{_i{dUo, amoOJma {_i{dUo eŠ` AgVo.

3 ) ~±Ho$Zo ¿`md`mMr H$miOr :

1 ) àm_m{UH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{V_Îmm AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm ZOa JhmUnÕVrZo ~±H$m§Zr H$O} ÚmdrV.

2 ) ~±Ho$Zo {Z`{_VnUo ZOa JhmU _mb_ÎmoMr nmhUr/n ©dojU H$amdo.

3 ) VmaU _mb_ÎmoMm gd©g_mdoeH$ {d_m CVadmdm.

4 ) H$O© XoUmè`m ~±Ho$Mm \$bH$ ZOaJhmU _mb_Îmoda bmdÊ`mMm AmJ«hYamdm.

S>) h_r (Guarantee) :

ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$O© ì`dhmamV ""h_r""(Guarantee) hm EH$ à{V yVr /VmaUmMm àH$ma AmT>iVmo. H$O©{df`H$ ì`dhmamgmR>r ~±H$m _yV© ñdê$nmVrbVmaUmMm AmJ«h H$Om©bm gwajm H$dM åhUyZ YarV Agë`m Var àË oH$ doir


5.15

F$UH$mobm _yV© ñdê$nmVrb VmaU XoUo eŠ` hmoVoM Ago Zmhr Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§H$Sy>ZH$O} {_i{dÊ`mV AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`mVyZ _mJ© H$mT>VmZm ~±H$m H$O©ì`dhmamV_yV© à{V^yVrbm n`m© åhUyZ qH$dm AZoH$ doim _yV© à{V^yVr/VmaUm~amo~aF$UH$moH$Sy>Z H$Om©À`m "h_r'Mm AmJ«h YaVmV.

1 ) AW© :

^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmVrb H$b_ 126 _Ü o "h_r' (Guarantee) `mg§H$ënZoMr ì`m»`m {Xbobr Amho Ë`mZwgma :

""EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo {Xbobo dMZ nyU© H$aÊ`mV qH$dm Xm{`Ëd \o$S>Ê`mV H$gyaHo$ë`mg Ë`mÀ`m dVrZo dMZ nyU© H$aÊ`mMm qH$dm Xm{`Ëd \o$S>Ê`mMm H$amaåhUOo h_r hmo`.''

"h_r' g§H$ënZoÀ`m darb ì`m» odê$Z ~±Ho$À`m F$UH$moZo H$Om©Mr naV\o$S>H$aÊ`mV H$gya Ho$br AWdm H$O©\o$S>r~m~V Ag_W©Vm XmI{dbr Va Vo H$O©\o$S>Ê`mMr O~m~Xmar AÝ` Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrZo KoUo h_rbm A{^àoV AgVo. h_rñdrH$maUmar ì`ŠVr H$m`ÚmZo H$amambm ~m§Yrb AgVo Am{U F$UH$moH$Sy>ZH$O© naV\o$S> hmoÊ`mV Ag_W©Vm Agob Va h_r XoUmè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m ImgJr_mb_Îmoda h¸$ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm Am{U H$O©\o$S> H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma~±Ho$g àmá hmoVmo.

2 ) d¡{eîQ>ço :

A) H$Om©Mm gwajm H$dM :

_yV© VmaU _mb_Îmobm n`m© åhUyZ "h_r'À`m gmhmæ`mZo H$Om©bm gwajmH$dM {_i{dbo OmVo.

~) naV\o$S>rMr O~m~Xmar :

h_r XoUmar ì`ŠVr H$m`ÚmZo H$Om©À`m naV\o$S>rgmR>r O~m~Xma R>aVo.

H$) h_rXmamMr O~m~Xmar :

F$UH$mo H$O©\o$S> H$aÊ`mg Ag_W© R>abm VaM h_r XoUmè`m ì`ŠVrbmO~m~Xma Yabo OmVo. H$O©\o$S>rgmR>r "h_r' XoUmè`m Om_rZXmamÀ`m ImOJr

5.16


_mb_Îmoda H$m`ÚmZo ~±Ho$Mm h¸$ àñWm{nV hmoVmo (Oa F$UH$mo H$O©\o$S>rgAg_W© R>abm Va).

S>) Xwhoar gwajm H$dM :

"h_r' _wio H$O©aH$_obm Xwhoar gwajm H$dM {_iVo m_Ü o F$UH$mdoa h_rXoUmè`mMm Z¡{VH$ X~md amhÿZ H$O©\o$S> _wXVrV hmoVo {edm` F$UH$moH$O©\o$S>rg Ag_W© R>abm Va h_rXma H$O© \o$S>rg O~m~Xma R>aVmo.

5.4 nV{Z{_©Vr :

(Credit Creation)

nV{Z{_©Vr ho AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mo _hÎdmMo H$m © Amho. àm. go`g© m§Zr Ago ñnîQ>Ho$bo Amho H$s, ~±H$m Ho$di n¡gm EH$mH$Sy>Z KodyZ Xwgè`mbm XoÊ`mMo H$m © H$arV Zmhr,Va Ë`m n¡emMo CËnmXZ H$aV AgVmV. BVa H§$nÝ`m qH$dm _hm_§S>im§à_mUoM Z\$m{_i{dUo hm ~±H$m§Mm hoVy AgVmo. Ë`mgmR>r ~±H$m R>odrÀ`m ñdê$nmV amoH$S> ñdrH$maVmVAm{U Ë`mVyZ J«mhH$m§Zm H$O} XoVmV. Ooìhm ~±H$ H$O© XoVo Voìhm Vo amoI ñdê$nmV {XboOmV Zmhr. Va ~±H$ J«mhH$m§À`m Zmdo ~±Ho$V ImVo CKSy>Z Ë`mbm Amdí`H$ AgbobraŠH$_ YZmXoemÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo H$mT>Ê`mg _w m XoVo. Aem àH$mao ~±H$ nV qH$dm R>odtMr{Z{_©Vr H$aVo. ~±H$m§Mr nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oB©b.

5.4.1 AW© … (Meaning)

~±H$m BVa {dÎmr` g§ñWm§nojm doJiçm AgVmV, H$maU Ë`m nV{Z{_©Vr KS>dyZAmUVmV. Amnë`m _mJUr R>odtMm amoI {ZYtÀ`m ñdê$nmV ~hþJw{UV {dñVma KS>dyZAmUÊ`mMr ~±H$m§H$S>o j_Vm AgVo. ~±H$m§À`m _mJUr R>odr m {d{Z_`mMo gmYZ åhUyZH$m © H$aVmV, Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§Zm ho eŠ` hmoVo. m à{H«$ oÛmao ~±H$ Xo Vm ì`dñWog H$m`m©pÝdVH$aV AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV, nV{Z{_©Vr åhUOo ~±H$m§Zr Amnë`m R>odtMm KS>dyZ AmUbobm~hþJw{UV {dñVma hmo` Am{U ~±H$m§Mr R>odtMm {dñVma KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr hr j_VmË`m§Zm BVa {dÎmr` g§ñWm§nmgyZ doJio H$aVo. ~±H$m§À`m _mJUr R>odr m n¡gm nwadR>çmÀ`m


5.17

_hÎdmÀ`m §ÌUm AgyZ _mJUr R>odtMm {dñVma åhUOo n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMm {dñVmahmo . ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr g§nyU© g§aMZm hr nVmda AmYmabobr AgVo. nV åhUOo {dH«$sgÎmoMr àmßVr hmo`. nV hr {dídmg (Confidence), Mm[aÍ`(Character),j_Vm(Capacity) d m§S>db (Capital) m Mma KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo. ~±Ho$MrnV åhUOo ~±Ho$Mo H$O© Am{U A{J«_o hmoV. WmoS>Š`mV, ~±H$m Ooìhm Amnë`mH$O©ì`dhmamÛmao AW©ì`dñWoVrb EHy$U n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV a Q>mH$VmV, Voìhm n¡emMr{Z{_©Vr Pmbr Ago åhUVmV. åhUOoM ~±H$m§Zr H$O© {Xë`m_wio ì wËnÞ R>odrÀ`m ê$nmVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. Aem n¡emg nVn¡gm åhUVmV. hm nVn¡gm Á`m à{H«$ oVyZ {Z_m©UhmoVmo Ë`mg nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m åhUVmV.

5.4.2 ì`m»`m… (Definition)

nV{Z{_©VrÀ`m ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

1 ) Zod{bZ (Newlyn) :

""ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>o Amnë`m Xwæ`_ R>odtMm H$O© nwadR>çmÛmao qH$dm à{V yVtÀ`mJw§VdUwH$sÛmao {dñVma KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr Or gÎmm AgVo, Ë`mg nV{Z{_©VråhUVmV.''

2 ) hmb_ (Halm) :

""ì wËnÞ R>odtMr {Z{_©Vr hr gd©gm_mÝ`nUo nV{Z{_©Vr åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo.''

5.4.3 nV{Z{_©VrMo AmYma (Basis of Credit Creation) …

~±Ho$À`m R>odr m nVn¡emMo AmYma AgVmV, ~±Ho$À`m R>odtMo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV, VonwT>rbà_mUo …

1 ) àmW{_H$ R>odr :

J«mhH$ Amnë`mH$S>o n¡gm qH$dm YZmXoe ~±Ho$V R>od åhUyZ R>odVmV, Voìhm Ë`mg"àmW{_H$ R>odr' åhUVmV. AmnU Ooìhm ~±Ho$V n¡go qH$dm YZmXoe ^aVmo, Voìhm~±H$ Vo n¡go Amnë`m ImË`mda O_m H$aVo. J«mhH$mg Ooìhm JaO Agob, VoìhmVmo ImË`mVyZ Amnbo n¡go H$mTy> eH$Vmo. àmW{_H$ R>odr `m MbZ n¡emMo R>odn¡emV ê$nm§Va KS>dyZ AmUVmV. `mVyZ n¡emMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV Zmhr, H$maU `mVyZ

5.18


~±Ho$À`m n¡emV ^a nS>V Zmhr. Xwgè`m eãXm§V Ago gm§JVm oB©b H$s, àmW{_H$R>odr n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUV ZmhrV.

2 ) ì`wËnÞ R>odr (Derivative Deposits) :

~±H$m Ooìhm H$O© XoVmV, hþ§S>çm dQ>{dVmV, A{YH$f© gdbV, ~m°ÝS>, H$O©amoIo`mV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aVmV Voìhm Á`m R>odr {Z_m©U hmoVmV, Ë`m§Zm "ì wËnÞ R>odr'åhQ>bo OmVo. ~±H$ Amnë`mH$S>o J«mhH$m§Zr R>odboë`m R>odtÀ`m AmYmamda ì wËnÞR>odr {Z_m©U H$aVmV. Aem R>odr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV ~±H$m§Mm {H«$`merb gh^mJAgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mg "{H«$`merb R>odr' Ago XoIrb åhQ>bo OmVo. ~±H$ OoìhmH$O© _§Oya H$aVo, Voìhm H$O©XmamMo ~±Ho$V Mmby ImVo CKS>yZ H$Om©Mr aŠH$_Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mda O_m H$aVo. J«mhH$mg Amdí`H$ Agbobr aŠH$_ YZmXoemÀ`mgmhmæ`mZo H$mT>Ê`mg _w m AgVo. R>odnV `m ñdê$nmV ~±H$ H$Om©Mo n¡go {dV[aVH$aVo. ì wËnÞ R>odtÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_wio AW©ì`dñWoVrb n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT>KSy>Z oVo. hmQ>©br {dWag² `m§À`m _VmZwgma, àË oH$ H$O© ho R>odtMr {Z{_©VrH$aVo. _mÌ, Ho$di H$O© XoÊ`mVyZ ì wËnÞ R>odr {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr, Va ~±H$m OoìhmgaH$mar à{V^yVt_Ü o Jw§VdUyH$ H$aVmV qH$dm Ë`m§Mr {dH«$s H$aVmV, VoìhmXoIrb ì wËnÞ R>odr {Z_m©U homVmV. åhUOoM ì wËnÞ R>odr `m Iè`m AWm©ZonV{Z{_©Vr KS>dyZ AmUVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, nV{Z{_©Vr åhUOo H$O© d A{J«_oAm{U Jw§VdUyH$ `mÛmao ~±H$m§À`m R>odtMm KSy>Z Ambobm ~hþJw{UV {dñVma hmo`.

5.4.4 ~hþJw{UV nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m (Process of Multiple Credit

Creation) …

~±H$m gwa{jVVoÀ`m AmYmamda H$O© _§Oya H$aVmV. H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrMo~±Ho$V ImVo CKSy>Z Ë`mÀ`m Zmdmda O_m Ho$br OmVo Am{U J«mhH$ Amdí`H$VoZwgmaMoH$À`m ñdê$nmV Vr aŠH$_ H$mTy> eH$Vmo. åhUOoM àË oH$ H$O© R>od {Z_m©U H$aVoAm{U ~±H$ _mJUr à_mUo Ë`m R>odrVyZ aŠH$_ J«mhH$mg nwa{dVo. VgoM ~±H$m ^mJ,\${Z©Ma, B_maV m§Mr IaoXr H$aVmV Am{U Ë`mMr aŠH$_ {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mda O_mH$aVmV. `m _mJm©Zo R>odtMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mVyZ ~±Ho$Mm n¡gm ~mhoa OmV Zmhr, _mÌ,~±Ho$À`m n¡emda Xmdm H$aVm oVmo. àË oH$ R>odrÀ`m ~m~VrV R>odrXmamZo _mJVmjUr n¡go


5.19

nwa{dÊ`mMo Xm{`Ëd ~±Ho$da {Z_m©U hmoVo. OmñV H$OmªZm _§Owar XoÊ`mVyZ ~±Ho$À`m Zâ`mVdmT> hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV, ~±H$ Amnë`mH$S>rb n¡emÀ`m AmYmao A{YH$ R>odr {Z_m©U H$aVo

Am{U bmoH$ Ë`m§À`m ImË`m§da Amnbo ì`dhma H$aVmV. ~±Ho$Zo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m R>odtVyZn¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> KSy>Z oVo. ~±H$ _mJVmjUr n¡gm nwa{dÊ`mMo Xm{`Ëd ~±Ho$da{Z_m©U hmoVo. OmñV H$OmªZm _§Owar XoÊ`mVyZ ~±Ho$À`m Zâ`mV dmT> hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV, ~±H$Amnë`mH$S>rb n¡emÀ`m AmYmao A{YH$ R>odr {Z_m©U H$aVo Am{U bmoH$ Ë`m§À`mImË`m§da Amnbo ì`dhma H$aVmV. ~±Ho$Zo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m R>odtVyZ n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmVdmT> KSy>Z oVo. ~±H$ _mJVmjUr n¡gm nwa{dÊ`mMo AmídmgZ XoVmV. ~aoM bmoH$ ~±Ho$H$S>o

n¡emMr _mJUr H$aV Zmhr. Oo bmoH$ _mJUr H$aVmV Ë`m§Zm n¡go nwadyZ ~±H$m Ë`m§Mm{dídmg g§nmXZ H$aVmV. gd©gm_mÝ` AZw^dmdê$Z Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, ~±Ho$H$S>rbR>odtÀ`m à_mUmnojm Ho$di WmoS>çmM n¡emMr _mJUr bmoH$ H$aV AgVmV. `mbmM"amoI amIrd JwUmoÎma' åhUVmV.

5.4.5 CXmhaU (Example) …

H$mën{ZH$ CXmhaUmÀ`m AmYmao ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m ñnï> H$aVmoB©b. nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnU nwT>rb H$mhr Jmoï>r J¥hrV Yê$.

1) ~±qH$J ì`dñWoV ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, ~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamï´>, ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mAem AZoH$ ~±H$m AmhoV.

2) ~°§H$m§Zm Amnë`m R>odrÀ`m 10 Q>ŠHo$ aŠH$_ amIrd {ZYrÀ`m ñdê$nmV R>odmdr bmJVo.

3) n{hë`m ~±Ho$H$S>o 10,000 én`m§À`m R>odr R>odë`m AmhoV.

4) J«mhH$ EH$m ~±Ho$VyZ H$mTy>Z KoVbobr H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ gd©À`m gd© Xwgè`m ~±Ho$V O_mH$aVmo. AemM àH$mao Xwgè`m ~±Ho$VyZ H$mTy>Z KoVbobr gd© aŠH$_ {Vgè`m ~±Ho$VO_m H$aVmo.

5) àË oH$ ~±H$ gwédmVrg Agboë`m R>odrÀ`m AmYmamda gwédmV H$aVo. Aem R>odrBVa ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$O© KoVboë`m H$O©XmamZo R>odboë`m AgVmV.

5.20


Aem àH$mao J¥hrVo {Xbobr AgVmZm g_Om, gwédmVrg ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m m~±Ho$g 10,000 én`m§À`m amoI R>odr {_iVmV. ~±Ho$H$S>o Ambobr amoI aŠH$_ hr ~±Ho$À`m

Ñï>rZo _mb_Îmm Amho Am{U Vo Xm{`ËdgwÕm Amho. hr amoI aŠH$_ _mb_Îmm Amho mMoH$maU hr aŠH$_ H$Om©D$ XoD$Z ~±Ho$bm CËnÞ {_i{dVm oVo, VgoM hr aŠH$_ XoUoqH$dm Xm{`Ëd Amho H$maU ~±Ho$bm `m R>odr ^{dî`H$mimV R>odrXmam§Zm naV H$amì`mbmJVmV.

ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m Amnë`mH$S>o O_m Pmboë`m R>odtn¡H$s 10 Q>ŠHo$ aŠH$_åhUOoM 1,000 én o amIrd {ZYr à_mU åhUyZ ~mOybm H$mTy>Z R>odob. Cd©[aVaH$_oMmhr ~±H$ H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r dmna H$aob. Aem pñWVrV ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMm

Vmio~§X nwT>rbà_mUo Agob.

ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m

XoUo (Liabilities) é. n¡. _mb_Îmm (Assets) é. n¡.

_mJUr R>odr (àmW{_H$) 10,000=00 amoI aŠH$_ 10,000=00

{H$_mZ amoI amIrd

{ZYr 1,000=00

A{V[aŠV amIrd

{ZYr 9,000=00

{H$_mZ amIrd {ZYr Xhm Q>ŠHo$ Agë`mZo ~±H$ 10,000 én`m§n¡H$s 10 Q>ŠHo$

aŠH$_ åhUOoM 1,000 én o amoI aŠH$_ åhUyZ R>odrb Am{U 9,000 én`m§Mrì wËnÞ R>od {Z_m©U H$aob. H$maU oWo 9,000 én o A{V[aŠV amIrd {ZYr Amho.J«mhH$m§Zm H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r hm amIrd {ZYr ~±Ho$bm dmnaVm oB©b. g_Om, ñQ>oQ> ~±H$Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo lr. g§Vmof nmQ>rb `m§Zm 9,000 én`m§Mo H$O© {Xbo. AmVm ñQ>oQ> ~±H$Am°\$ B§{S>`mMm Vmio~§X nwT>rbà_mUo Agob.


5.21

ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m


àmW{_H$ R>odr 10,000 = 00 amoI aŠH$_ 10,000 = 00

ì wËnÞ Rodr 9,000 = 00 H$O© 9,000 = 00

g_Om lr. g§Vmof nmQ>rb m§Zr lr. A{_V Xoe_wI m ì`mnmè`mH$Sy>Z KoVboë`m_mbmgmR>r Ë`m§Zm 9,000 én`m§Mm YZmXoe {Xbm. g_Om, lr. Xoe_wI m§Mo R>od ImVo~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamï´> m ~±Ho$V Agob, Va Vo Amnbm YZmXoe Ë`m ~±Ho$V O_m H$aVrb.~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamï´>H$S>o 9,000 én o àmW{_H$ R>odrÀ`m ê$nmV {_iVrb. Ë`m_wio~±Ho$Mo Xm[`Ëd 9,000 én`m§Zr dmT>ob. ~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamï´>mMm Vmio~§X nwT>rbà_mUoAgob.

~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamï´>



{H$_mZ amoI

amIrd {ZYr 900 900 = 00

A{V[aŠV

amIrd {ZYr 8,100 8,100 = 00

AmVm ~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamï´> Amnë`m H$O© ì`dhmamV dmT> H$ê$ eH$Vo. Vr 8,100én`m§n ªV H$O© XoD$ eH$Vo. g_Om, ~±Ho$Zo Amnë`mH$S>rb H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r CnbãYAgboë`m 8,100 én`m§Mo H$O© lr. gwYra Xidr `m§Zm {Xbo. AmVm ~±H$ Am°\$_hmamï´>mMm Vmio~§X nwT>rbà_mUo Agob.

~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamï´>



ì wËnÞ R>odr 8,100 = 00 H$O© 8,100 = 00

5.22


g_Om, H$O© KoUmè`m lr. Xidr `m§Zr 8,100 én`m§Mm YZmXoe lr. àem§V

nmR>H$ m§Zm {Xbm. lr. àem§V nmR>H$ m§Mo ImVo ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mV Agob, Va Vo hm

YZmXoe Ë`m ~±Ho$V O_m H$aVrb. m ~±Ho$Mo Xm{`Ëd 8,100 én`m§Zr dmTob. AmVm m

~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X nwT>rbà_mUo Agob.

~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m



{H$_mZ amoI amIrd {ZYr 810 = 00

A{V[aŠV amIrd {ZYr 7,290 = 00

~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S> mMm Vmio~§X Ago Xe©{dVmo H$s, m ~±Ho$H$S>o AmVm 7,290 én`m§Mm

A{V[aŠV {ZYr Amho. m {ZYrMm dmna ~±H$ J«mhH$m§Zm H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r H$ê$ eH$Vo.

g_Om, ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo 7,290 én`m§Mo H$O© J«mhH$mg {Xbo, Va 7,290

én`m§Mr ì wËnÞ R>od {Z_m©U hmoB©b. AemM àH$mao hr à{H«$`m nwT>o Mmby amhrb. _yi

àmW{_H$ R>odrÀ`m Xhm nQ> EdT>o EHy$U Xm{`Ëd {Z_m©U Pmë`mda hr à{H«$`m g§nwï>mV

oB©b.

5.4.6 _`m©Xm (Limitations) …

~±H$m§À`m nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$ odarb _`m©Xm nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©b.

1 ) ~±H$m§Odirc amoI {e„H$ :

ì`mnmar ~±H$m ñdV:H$S>o _moR>çm à_mUmV amoIVm R>odV AgVrc Va H$O} XoÊ`mg

_`m©Xm oD$Z nV{Z{_©Vrcm _`m©Xm oVo.

2 ) amoI amIrd {ZYrMo à_mU :

amoI amIrd {ZYrMo à_mU OodT>o OmñV VodT>r nV{Z{_©Vr H$_r hmoVo. `mCcQ>

pñWVrV nV{Z{_©Vr dmT>Vo.


5.23

3 ) _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mo nV{Z`§ÌUmMo YmoaU :

_Ü`dVu ~±H$ nV{Z §ÌUmgmR>r H$moUË`m àH$maMo g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ YmoaUam~{dVo Ë`mZwgma nV{Z{_©VrMo à_mU R>aVo. _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mo YmoaU nV{Z{_©VramoIÊ`mMo Agoc Va nVn¡gm {Z{_©Vrcm _`m©Xm oVmV.

4 ) cmoH$m§À`m ~±H${df`H$ gd`r :

cmoH$ Amnco X¡Z§{XZ Am{W©H$ ì`dhma ~±Ho$À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$arV AgVrc Am{U~±H$ ì`dhmam~m~V OmJéH$Vm Agoc Va nVn¡gm dmT>Vmo. `mCcQ> cmoH$ ~±H$m§nmgyZXya amhV AgVrc Va nV{Z{_©Vrcm _`m©Xm oVo.

5 ) nVgmYZm§Mm dmna :

MoH$, S—>mâQ>, hþ§S>r, eoAg©, amoIo BË`mXr {d{Z_` d nVnÌmMm AW©ì`dñWoV_moR>çm à_mUmV dmna hmoV Agoc Va nVn¡gm dmT>Vmo. `mCcQ> nVgmYZm§À`mdmnamMm A^md nV{Z{_©VrV _`m©Xm AmUVmo.

6 ) `mo½` VmaUnÌmMr CncãYVm :

~±H$m `mo½` VmaUmÀ`m AmYmamda H$O} XoVmV. `mgmR>r AW©ì`dñWoV Mm§JcrVmaU _mc_Îmm CXm. ^mJ, H$O©amoIo, _m¡ë`dmZ YmVy BË`mXr CncãY Agoc VaH$O© ì`dhma dmTy>Z nVn¡gm dmT>Vmo. `mCcQ> `mo½` VmaUm§Mm A^md nV{Z{_©Vrcm_`m©Xm AmUVmo.

7 ) ì`mnma, CÚmoJm§Mr pñWVr :

Xoem§VJ©V ì`mnma d CÚmoJm§Mr pñWVr AmemXm`H$ Agoc Va Jw§VdUyH$ dmTy>ZnV{Z{_©Vr KSy>Z oVo. `mCcQ> ì`mnma, CÚmoJm§Mr {ZamemOZH$ pñWVr nV{Z{_©Vrcm_`m©Xm AmUVo.

8 ) {ZagZ H|$ÐmMr CncãYVm :

MoH$, S—>mâQ>, BË`mXr nVgmYZm§À`m ì`dhmamMr ghO nyV©Vm {ZagZ H|$ÐmÀ`mgmhmæ`mZo hmoVo. Aer H|$Ðo H$m ©j_VoZo ì`dhma nyV©Vm H$arV AgVrc Va nVn¡emMr

_moR>çm à_mUmV {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. `mCcQ> {ZagZ J¥hm§Mm A^md nV{Z{_©Vrcm

_`m©Xm AmUVmV.

5.24


9 ) amoI n¡emMo CËgO©Z :

R>odrXma AJa cmoH$ ~±Ho$H$S>o amoI ñdénmV H$O} _mJy eH$VmV. m_wio ~±H$m§H$S>rcamoH$S> H$_r hmoB©c d ~±Ho$Mr nV{Z{_©VrMr Hw$dV _`m©{XV hmoB©c åhUyZ amoI n¡emMoCËgO©Z ~±Ho$À`m nV{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm KmcVo.

10) {ZagZ J¥hmÀ`m gmo`r :

Oa ~±H$m§Zm n¡go XoÊ`mH$[aVm YZmXoemMm dmna H$amdm cmJV Agoc d cmoH$ _moR>çmà_mUmda YZmXoemMm dmna H$aV AgVrc Va YZmXoemMo Vm~S>Vmo~ ghOnUo{ZagZ (Clearing) Pmco nm{hOo. {ZagZ J¥hmV YZmXoemMo {ZagZ hmoVo. H|$Ðr`~±Ho$À`m n ©dojUmImcr ho H$m © gmYmaUnUo hmoV AgVo. gd© ~±H$m§Zm m gw{dYmghOnUo d VËnaVoZo CncãY hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Oa m gw{dYm Anwè`m AgVrcVa Ë`mMm à{VHy$c n[aUm_ nV{Z{_©Vrda hmoVmo.

11) ì`mnma, CÚmoJ `m§Mr dmT> :

Á`m XoemV ì`mnma, CÚmoJ àJV AgVmV VoWo ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m d YZmXoemMo ì`dhma_moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>VmV. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§Mr nV{Z{_©Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVo. mCcQ>_mJmgcoë`m XoemV nV{Z{_©VrMo à_mU \$ma H$_r amhVo.

5.5 nV{Z §ÌU :(Credit Control)

AW©ì`dñWoda J§ ra n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$VmV. ho Q>miÊ`mgmR>r _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$cmnV{Z{_©Vrda {Z §ÌU R>odmdo cmJVo.

""nV{Z §ÌU åhUOo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m nVn¡emMo n[a_mUAm{U Ë`mMr {Xem mda {Z §ÌU R>odUo hmo`''.

nVn¡emV Amdí`H$Vonojm dmT> qH$dm KQ> hmoUma Zmhr Am{U nVn¡emMm àdmh`mo½` Ë`m joÌmH$S>o di{dcm OmB©c, Agm à`ËZ nV{Z §ÌUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$cmOmVmo. nV{Z §ÌUmÛmao AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV à_mUmnojm OmñV dmT>qH$dm KQ> hmoUma Zmhr mMr H$miOr KoVcr OmVo.


5.25

nV{Z §ÌUmgmR>r _Ü`dVu ~±H$ doJdoJù`m nÕVrMm Adc§~ H$aVo. nV{Z §ÌUmgmR>r_Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z dmnaÊ`mV oUmè`m à_wI nÕVtMr (qH$dm gmYZm§Mr) {d^JmUr

A) g§»`mË_H$ qH$dm gd©gmYmaU nÕVr Am{U ~) JwUmË_H$ qH$dm {ZdS>H$ nÕVr`m àH$mamV Ho$cr OmVo.

A) g§»`mË_H$ qH$dm gd©gmYmaU nV{Z`§ÌU nÕVr :

g§»`mË_H$ nÕVrÛmao nVn¡emÀ`m EHy$U g§» oV ~Xc Ho$cm OmVmo. mMmM AW©g§»`mË_H$ nÕVrZo AW©ì`dñWoVrc nVn¡emMr EHy$U g§»`m {H$Vr Agmdr hoR>a{dco OmVo. `m nÕVrÀ`m AmYmao Amdí`H$VoZwgma nVn¡emMm {dñVma qH$dmg§H$moM KS>dyZ AmUcm OmVmo.

1 ) ~±H$ Xa YmoaU :

_Ü`dVu ~±H$ XoemVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Á`m XamZo H$O©nwadR>m H$aVo, Vmo {H$_mZXa åhUOo ~±H$ Xa hmo`. ~±H$ Xamg dQ>dUyH$ Xa Agohr åhUVmV.

McZdmT>rÀ`m n[apñWVrV {H$_Vr H$_r H$aÊ`mMr JaO AgVo. Aem doir~±H$ XamV _Ü`dVu ~±H$ dmT> H$aVo. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm H$O© A{YH$XamZo {_iyZ Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m H$Om©darc ì`mOmMm Xa dmT>dmdm cmJVmo. Ë`m_wioH$Om©Mo à_mU H$_r hmoD$Z nV{Z{_©Vr H$_r hmoVo. EHy$U n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmVKQ> hmoD$Z McZdmT>rMr pñWVr AmQ>moŠ`mV oVo. mCcQ> McZKQ>rÀ`m qH$dm_§XrÀ`m n[apñWVrV ~±H$ XamV KQ> Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm H$_rì`mO XamZo H$O© CncãY hmoD$Z Ë`m ~±H$m H$_r ì`mO XamZo J«mhH$m§Zm H$O©XoVmV. Ë`m_wio nVn¡emV dmT> hmoVo.

2 ) Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc ì`dhma :

Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc ì`dhma ho McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMo qH$dm nV{Z §ÌUmMoXwgao EH$ _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho. Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc ì`dhma åhUOo _Ü`dVu~±Ho$H$Sy>Z OmUrdnyd©H$ àË`j H$aÊ`mV oUmar H$O©amo»`mMr {dH«$s Am{UIaoXr hmo .

5.26


H$O©amo»`m§À`m Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV oUmè`mH$O©amo»`m§À`m {dH«$s_wio nVn¡gm H$_r hmoVmo Am{U ì`dhmamVrc n¡emMr g§»`mH$_r hmoVo. mCcQ> Ooìhm _Ü`dVu ~±H$ Iwë`m ~mOmamV H$O©amo»`mMr IaoXrH$aVo d IaoXrMr aŠH$_ ~±H$m qH$dm ~±H$m§Mo J«mhH$ m§Zm YZmXoemZo XoVo, Voìhmì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>rc R>odrV dmT> hmoD$Z ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nV{Z{_©VrÀ`m j_VoVdmT> hmoD$Z nVn¡emV dmT> hmoVo.

3 ) amoI amIrd {ZYr à_mUmV/JwUmoÎmamV ~Xc :

_Ü`dVu ~±H$ amoI amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV dmT> H$aVo, Voìhm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§ZmAmnë`m R>odrn¡H$s A{YH$ mJ amoI amIrd {ZYrÀ`m ê$nmV R>odmdm cmJVmo.Ë`m_wio H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r CncãY Agcoë`m {ZYrV KQ> hmoVo. nV{Z{_©VrÀ`mà_mUmV KQ> hmoD$Z nVg§H$moM hmoVmo. mCcQ> amoI amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmVKQ> Ho$cr OmVo, Voìhm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm A{YH$ {ZYr H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r CncãYhmoVmo. Ë`mVyZ nV{Z{_©VrV dmT hmoD$Z nV{dñVma hmoVmo.

~) JwUmË_H$ qH$dm {ZdS>H$ nV{Z`§ÌU nÕVr :

nV{Z §ÌUmÀ`m JwUmË_H$ nÕVrZo nVn¡emMm dmna d {Xem mda {Z §ÌU R>odcoOmVo. JwUmË_H$ qH$dm {ZdS>H$ nÕVtÀ`m AmYmao nVn¡emMm àdmh AW©ì`dñWoVrc`mo½` Ë`m joÌmH$S>o di{dcm OmVmo. m nÕVrZo nVn¡emÀ`m EHy$U g§» oda {Z §ÌUR>odco OmV Zmhr. {d{eï> CÚmoJ qH$dm ì`dgm`mVrc nVn¡emMm àdmh {Z §{ÌVH$aUo ho m nÕVrMo à_wI C{Ôï> Amho.

{ZdS>H$ nV{Z §ÌUmMr H$mhr à_wI C{Ôï>o nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.

1 ) AZmdí`H$ Am{U Am{W©H$ Ñï>rZo H$_r VmVS>rÀ`m dmnamH$Sy>Z A{YH$ Amdí`H$Am{U Am{W©H$ Ñï>rZo A{YH$ VmVS>rÀ`m dmnamH$S>o nVn¡gm di{dUo.

2 ) g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoda n[aUm_ Z H$aVm AW©ì`dñWoVrc {d{eï> joÌmMo {Z §ÌUH$aUo.

3 ) hám~§XrZo {_iUmè`m {Q>H$mD$ Cn^mo½` dñVydarc Cn^moŠË`m§H$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV oUmè`mA{V[aŠV IMm©g Amim KmcUo.


5.27

4 ) XoemMm à{VHy$c ì`dhmaVmoc XwéñV H$aUo hohr {ZdS>H$ nV{Z §ÌUmMo C{Ôï> Amho.XoemMr {Z`m©V dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r {Z`m©V CÚmoJm§Zm H$_r XamZo nVnwadR>m H$ê$Z _Ü`dVu~±H$ ho gmÜ` H$ê$ eH$Vo.

5 ) ImgJr ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$cocm nVn¡gm _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$À`m{Z §ÌUmImcr AmUUo.

doJdoJù`m XoemVrc _Ü`dVu ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z gd©gmYmaUnUo dmnaÊ`mV oUmao {ZdS>H$nV{Z §ÌUmMo àH$ma nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.

1 ) gr_m Amdí`H$Vm (Margin Requirements) :

ì`mnmar ~±H$m VmaUmÀ`m AmYmamda H$O© XoVmV. _mÌ, VmaUmÀ`m _yë`mnojmH$_r H$O© {Xco OmVo. VmaU d H$O© `mVrc \$aH$ åhUOoM gr_m {ZpíMVH$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$g AgVmV. VmaU d H$O© `mVrc \$aH$H$_r-OmñV H$ê$Z _Ü`dVu ~±H$ nV{Z §ÌU H$ê$ eH$Vo.

2 ) J«mhH$ H$O© {d{Z`_Z (Consumer Credit Regulation) :

J«mhH$ H$O© {d{Z`_ZmV {d{eï> {Q>H$mD$ Cn^mo½` dñVyMr hßË`mZo IaoXr H$aVmZm{Xcr OmUmar aŠH$_ d hßË`mMm H$mcmdYr mg§~§YrÀ`m {Z`_m§Mm g_mdoehmoVmo. aŠH$_ XoÊ`mMm H$_mc H$mcmdYr H$_r H$aUo Am{U hßË`mMr aŠH$_dmT>{dUo, m_wio Aem àH$maÀ`m H$Om©Mr _mJUr H$_r hmoD$Z J«mhH$ H$Om©gAmim ~gVmo.

3 ) AmXoemÛmam {Z`§ÌU (Control by Direction) :

_Ü`dVu ~±H$ AmXoemÛmamhr nV{Z §ÌU H$aVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr {H$Vr n«_mUmVH$moUH$moUË`m joÌm§Zm d H$moUH$moUË`m H$maUmgmR>r H$O© Úmdo, VgoM H$moUË`mVmaUmda H$O© Úmdo, mg§~§Yr AmXoe XoD$ eH$Vo.

4 ) H$Om©Mo {Z`§{ÌV dmQ>n (Rationing of Credit) :

H$Om©Mo {Z §{ÌV dmQ>n ho _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z dmnaÊ`mV oUmao {ZdS>H$nV{Z §ÌUmMo gmYZ AgyZ, Ë`mÛmao ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z H$O© H$moUË`mH$maUmgmR>r {Xco OmVo, `mda {Z §ÌU R>odco OmVo. `m gmYZmÛmao _Ü`dVu~±Ho$H$Sy>Z {dÎmr` gmYZgm_J«r Amdí`H$ Ë`m joÌmH$S>o di{dcr OmVo.

5.28


5 ) Z¡{VH$ _ZYaUr Am{U à{gÕr (Moral Suasion and Publicity):

ì`mnmar ~°§H$m§Zr gÅ>o~mOrÀ`m qH$dm AZmdí`H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m H$m`m©gmR>r H$O©XoD$ Z o, mg§~§Yr _Ü`dVu ~±H$ Ë`m§Zm {dZ§Vr H$ê$ eH$Vo. Z¡{VH$ _ZYaUr honV{Z §ÌUmMo _mZgemór` gmYZ Amho, VgoM AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _Ü`dVu~±H$ nV ì`dñWoV dmB©Q> d hmZrH$maH$ H$m` Amho Am{U ~±H$m§À`m Ñï>rZo Mm§JcoYmoaU H$moUVo Amho, mcm _moR>çm à_mUmV n«{gÕr XoD$Z ~±H$ ì`dgm` nÕVrdaZ¡{VH$ X~md AmUy eH$Vo.

6 ) àË`j H$madmB© (Direct Action) :_Ü`dVu ~±H$ Á`m ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo nV{df`H$ YmoaU gd©gmYmaU McZ{df`H$YmoaUmcm AZwgaV Zmhr Ë`m§Zm nwZd©Q>dUyH$ gw{dYm ZmH$mê$ eH$Vo. Aem~±H$m§Zm A{YH$ H$O© XoÊ`mg ZH$ma XoD$ eH$Vo, VgoM Aem ~±H$m§À`m H$Om©daX§S>mË_H$ ì`mO Xa AmH$mê$ eH$Vo.

5.6 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm Vmio~§X :

(Balance Sheet of Commercial Bank)

~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§Xmdê$Z ~±Ho$Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr cjmV oVo. ~±Ho$À`m {Za{Zamù`mì`dhmam§Mr gË`pñWVr Amnë`mcm H$iVo. H$m`Úm_Ü o Vmio~§XmMm Z_wZm {XcocmAgVmo. `m Z_wÝ`mVM ~±Ho$cm Amncm Vmio~§X V`ma H$amdm cmJVmo. ~±Ho$À`mVmio~§Xm_Ü o nwT>rc ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo :A) ^m§S>dc Am{U XoUr :

1 ) {dH$co Jococo ^mJ ^m§S>dc :H$moUË`mhr ~±H$m AWdm ghH$mar g§ñWm mJm§Mr {dH«$s H$ê$Z m§S>dc C^maUrH$aVmV. Aem àH$mao mJ m§S>dc Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r nadmZJr ¿`mdr cmJVo.~±Ho$cm {d{eï> aH$_on ªV ^mJ ^m§S>dc O_m H$aVm oVo Ë`mcm “A{YH¥$V^mJ ^m§S>dc” Ago åhUVmV. `mn¡H$s Á`m ^mJm§Mr aŠH$_ O_m PmcocrAgVo Ë`mcm “{dH$co Jococo mJ m§S>dc” Ago åhQ>co OmVo. Ago m§S>dc{dH$co Jococo mJ m§S>dc m H$c_mImcr Vmio~§XmV XmI{dco OmVo.


5.29

2 ) J§JmOir d BVa {ZYr :

~±H$m§Zm H$m`ÚmZo H$mhr {ZYr d J§JmOir C^mamì`m cmJVmV. AmUr~mUrÀ`mH$mimV `m {ZYrMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m Ë`m§À`m Zâ`mVrc H$mhr^mJ ~mOycm R>odVmV. Ë`m§Zm “{dH$mg {ZYr qH$dm BVa {ZYr” Ago åhQ>coOmVo. cm^m§e dmQ>Ê`mnydu Aer aŠH$_ ~mOycm R>odcr OmVo.

3 ) R>odr :

~±Ho$_Yrc {ZYr _moR>çm à_mUmda R>odtÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ O_m hmoVmo. Ë`m_wioR>odr hm Vmio~§XmVrc AË §V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo.

R>odtMo àH$ma :

i) H$m`_ R>odr :

`m R>odr R>amdrH$ H$mcmdYrgmR>r AgVmV. m R>odtMr _wXV OodT>r A{YH$VodT>m Ë`m§Mm ì`mOXa A{YH$ AgVmo. `m _wXVr_Ü o ~±Ho$cm `m R>odrdmnaVm oVmV.

ii) ~MV R>odr :

H$_r CËnÞ Agcoco cmoH$ _moR>çm à_mUmda R>odr R>ody eH$V ZmhrV.Ago cmoH$ ~MV R>odr_Ü o n¡go Jw§V{dVmV. m_Ü o H$mhr _`m©Xon ªV cmoH$n¡go H$mTy> eH$VmV. m R>odrdarc ì`mOXa H$_r AgVmo.

iii) Mmcy R>odr :

`m àH$mam_Ü o R>odrXma Ë`m§À`m R>odrMr aŠH$_ H$Yrhr H$mTy> eH$VmVqH$dm ê$ eH$VmV. ì`mnmar Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m Ñï>rZo R>odrMm hmàH$ma AË §V Cn wŠV Amho. `m R>odr n¡emgma»`m dmnaVm oVmV.gd©gm_mÝ`nUo m R>odtda ~±H$ ì`mO XoV ZmhrV.

4 ) H$O© :

BVa ì`dgm`m§à_mUoM ~±H$m g|Q´>c ~±H$ qH$dm BVa ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z H$O} KoVmV.

`mn¡H$s g|Q>c ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z KoVcoë`m H$Om©cm A{YH$ _hÎd AgVo.

5.30


5 ) BVa XoUr :àË oH$ ~±Ho$cm XoUr AgVmV. m_Ü o S´>mâQ> qH$dm MoH$ m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

~) qOXJr Am{U _mc_Îmm :1 ) hmVmVrc d ~±Ho$Vrc amoI aŠH$_ :

àË oH$ ~±Ho$cm X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamgmR>r H$mhr aŠH$_ {e„H$ R>odmdr cmJVo. VgoM~±Ho$À`m EHy$U R>odtn¡H$s H$mhr Q>ŠHo$ aŠH$_ g|Q>c ~±Ho$V O_m H$amdr cmJVo.

2 ) ~±Ho$Mr `oUr :àË oH$ ~±H$ H$Om©D$ aH$_m XoV AgVo. ~±Ho$Zo _mJUr H$aVmM m aH$_m O_mhmoUmè`m AgVmV. hr H$O} 24 Vmg Vo 7 {Xdg _wXVrgmR>r {Xcocr AgVmV.

3 ) Jw§VdUyH$ :~±H$m Ë`m§À`m A{V[aŠV aH$_m {Za{Zamio ^mJ, amoIo, gaH$mar à{V^yVrBË`mXr§_Ü o Jw§V{dVmV. `mMm _w»` CÔoe A{YH$m{YH$ Z\$m {_i{dUo hmAgVmo; na§Vw ~±H$m gaH$mar amoIo, mJ BË`mXr_Ü o n¡go Jw§V{dUo mo½` g_OVmVH$maU Aer amoIo ~mOmamV ghOmghOr dQy> (H°$e hmody) eH$VmV.

4 ) H$O© Am{U AmJmD$ aH$_m :~±H$m {Za{Zamù`m àH$maMr H$O} XoVmV. m_Ü o VmaU, {dZmVmaU, H°$e H«o${S>Q>,A{YH$f© gdcV, BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

5 ) pñWa _mc_Îmm :B_maV, \${Z©Ma BË`mXrgma»`m _mc_Îmo_Ü`o ~±Ho$Zo Ho$cocr Jw§VdUyH$Vmio~§XmÀ`m _mc_Îmm ~mOycm Xe©{dcr OmVo.

6 ) BVa qOXJr :`m{edm` ~±H$ BVa aH$_m CXm. hþ§S>r qH$dm dMZnÌ m§À`m aH$_m§Mr h_r KoVo.`m_Ü o Aem aH$_m XoUr m ~mOycm XmIdmì`m cmJVmV Va B_maV, \${Z©MadJ¡ao_Ü o Jw§V{dcoë`m aH$_m qOXJr ~mOycm XmI{dë`m OmVmV.

7 ) EoZdoioÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m :`m_Ü o H$coŠeZ {~c, ~±Ho$Mr H$O© Zgcocr XoUr, Jw§VdUwH$sMr aŠH$_ OanyU© {Xcocr Zgoc Va Cacocr aŠH$_, J«mhH$mÀ`m dVrZo {Xcocr h_r BË`mXrEoZdoir CX² dUmè`m ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Vmio~§XmÀ`m gdm©V eodQ>r mMr_m{hVr AgVo. m§Mm ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§Xmda n[aUm_ hmoV ZgVmo.


5.31

Z_wZm :

gr (C) {Vgao n[a{eï>(H$c_ 29 nhm)

\$m°_ © ‘E’Vmio~§XmMm Z_wZm

Vmio~§X -----------------------------(~±qH$J H§$nZrMo Zmd)

Vmio~§X : 31 _mM© (df©)^m§S>dc n[a{eï> 31.3...am oOr 31.3...am oOrAm{U Xo`Vm Mmcy df© Mmcy df©^m§S>dc 1J§JmOir d BVa {ZYr 2R>odr 3H$O© 4BVa XoUr 5

EHy$U -------- ---------------- --------

qOXJr/_mc_ÎmmhmVmVrc d ~±Ho$Vrc 6amoI aŠH$_~±Ho$Mr oUr 7Jw§VdUyH$ 8H$O© d AmJmdy aH$_m 9pñWa _mc_Îmm 10BVa _mc_Îmm 11

EHy$U -------- ---------------- --------

EoZdoirÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m{~ëg \$m°a H$coŠeZ 12

5.32


gamdmgmR>r àíZ

20 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. gwa{jVVm åhUOo H$m`?

à. 2. bm^Vm åhUOo H$m`?

à. 3. amoIVm åhUOo H$m`?

à. 4. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm Vmio~§X åhUOo H$m`?

à. 5. nV{Z{_©Vr åhUOo H$m`?

50 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. "àmW{_H$ R>odr' hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 2. "ì wËnÞ R>odr' m g§H$ënZoMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 3. amoIVm Am{U bm^Vm m VÎdm§Vrb nañna {damoY ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 4. ~hþJw{UV nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 5. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m Vmio~§XmVrb m§S>db d XoUr m§Mr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

100 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. ~±H$m§Mr H$O©dmQ>nmMr _yb^yV VÎdo H$moUVr?

à. 2. ~±H$m§Mr H$O©dmQ>nmg§~§YrMr gd©gm_mÝ` VÎdo ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 3. amoIVm Am{U bm^Vm m VÎdm§Vrb g_Ýd` ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 4. nV{Z{_©VrMo AmYma H$moUVo? Vo ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 5. nV{Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$ oMo CXmhaU gm§Jm.

500 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. H$O© XoVmZm ~±H$m§Ûmao H$moUË`m VÎdm§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo? Vo ñnîQ> H$am.

à. 2. nV{Z{_©Vr åhUOo H$m`? ì`mnmar ~°H$m§Mr nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m ñnîQ> H$ê$ZË`mdarb _`m©Xm gm§Jm.

à. 3. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m Vmio~§Xm~m~V _m{hVr gm§Jm.

6.1

6.1 McZj_ XñVEodO

6.2 dMZ nÌ

6.3 {d{Z_` nÌ

6.4 YZmXoe

6.5 dMZ{MÇ>r Am{U hþ§S>r `mVrc \$aH$

6.6 YZmXoe Am{U {dnÌ `mVrc \$aH$

7McZj_ XñVEodO 6

àmñVm{dH$ :(Introduction)

gÜ`mÀ`m ì`mnmar Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ OJmV XoÊ`mKoÊ`mÀ`m ì`dhmamMo gmYZåhUyZ McZj_ XñVEodOm§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmda dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. ~±H$m XoIrcAmnë`m ImVoXmam§À`m dVrZo XoÊ`mKoÊ`mMo ì`dhma H$aVmZm McZj_ XñVEodOm§MmCn`moJ H$aV AgVmV. Xm{`ËdmMm coIr nwamdm åhUyZ McZj_ XñVEodOm§Mm C„oIHo$cm OmVmo. hñVm§VaUr`Vm, McZj_Vm, YmaH$mMm IQ>cm ^aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hrMcZj_ XñVEodOm§Mr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço _mZcr OmVmV. YZmXoe, {dnÌ qH$dm hþ§S>r,d dMZ{MÇ>r ho _hÎdmMo McZj_ XñVEodO AmhoV. {d{eîQ> ~±Ho$da H$mT>coco

6.2


Am{U _mJUr H$aVmjUr Xo AgUmao {dnÌ åhUOo YZmXoe hmo`. YZmXoemMm dmna

H$aUo \$m`Xoera Agë`mZo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV YZmXoemMm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmda

Ho$cm OmVmo. dMZ{MÇ>rMm dmna XoIrc McZj_ XñVEodO åhUyZ Ho$cm OmVmo.

dMZ{MÇ>rV n¡go XoÊ`mg§~§YrMo dMZ ñnï> Am{U {~ZeV© AgVo. BVa Hw$R>ë`mhr

JmoîQ>rMm Ë`mV C„oI ZgVmo. dMZ{MÇ>r à_mUoM {dnÌ hohr McZj_ nVgmYZ

Amho. Ë`mV {d{eï> ì`ŠVrcm {VÀ`m AmXoemZwgma n¡go XoÊ`mMm AmXoe AgVmo.

{dnÌ ho XoIrc coIr ñdê$nmVrc XñVEodO AgVo. {dnÌ {c{hÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï>

n«nÌmMm Z_wZm ZgVmo åhUOoM YZmXoe, dMZ{MÇ>r d {dnÌ ho McZj_ XñVEodO

AgyZhr nañnam§nojm doJio AgVmV. Ë`m_wio `m McZj_ XñVEodOm§Mr _m{hVr

OmUyZ KoUo `mo½` R>aoc.

6.1 McZj_ XñVEodO :(Negotiable Instrument)

dñVw§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s H$aVmZm qH$dm n¡emMr XodmUKodmU H$aVmZm ~è`mM doiogEH$m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrg McZj_ nÌH$ {Xco OmVo. m McZj_ nÌH$m§_Ü odMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>r d MoH$ m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. McZj_ XñVEodOm§Mr _m{hVr nwT>rc_wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oB©c :

6.1.1 AW© :

McZj_ åhUOo hñVm§Va `mo½` Am{U nÌH$ åhUOo {c{IV XñVEodO hmo`.

Ë`m_wio Á`m XñVEodOmZo EH$ ì`ŠVr Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrcm n¡go XoÊ`mMo dMZ XoVo Ë`mg

"McZj_ XñVEodO' Ago åhUVmV. McZj_ XñVEodOm§_Ü o YZmXoe, dMZ{MÇ>r,

{dnÌ qH$dm hþ§S>r `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. hñVm§VaUr`Vm, McZj_Vm d YmaH$mMm

IQ>cm ^aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hr McZj_ XñVEodOm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço _mZcr OmVmV.

WmoS>Š`mV, Xm{`ËdmMm coIr nwamdm åhUOo McZj_ XñVEodO hmo`.

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.3

6.1.2 ì`m»`m :

McZj_ XñVEodOm§À`m ì`m»`m nwTrc à_mUo OmUyZ KoVm oB©c :

1 ) McZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm 1881, (H$c_-13) :

""Á`m nÌH$mÛmao dMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>r qH$dm YZmXoemÛmao EH$ ì`ŠVr Vo nÌH$ KodyZoUmè`mg qH$dm Vmo AmXoe XoB©c Ë`mcm {d{eï> aŠH$_ XoÊ`mMm AmXoe XoVo Ë`m

nÌH$mg "McZj_ XñVEodO' Ago åhUVmV.''

2 ) Ý`m. Ho$. gr. {d{cO² (K.C. Willis) :

""McZj_ XñVEodO åhUOo Ago gmYZ H$s, Á`m_Ü o Z_yX Ho$cocr _mc_Îmm{ZXm}f åhUyZ g§nm{XV Ho$cr OmVo Am{U Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§Mr nyV©Vm hmoVo.''

6.1.3 d¡{eîQ>ço :

MbZj_ XñVEodO hr amoH$S> n¡em{edm` dmnaVm oUmar {d{Z_`mMr gmYZoAgVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, _yë`mMo hñVm§VaU n¡em{edm` MbZj_ XñVEodOmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZoeŠ` hmoV AgVo. MbZj_ XñVEodO _m¡ë`dmZ gmYZ åhUyZ dmnaVm `mdm `mgmR>rË`m_Ü o nwT>rb d¡{eï>ço AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo …

1 ) ghO hñVm§VaUr` :

MbZj_ XñVEodOmMo AË §V _hÎdmMo Am{U _yb yV d¡{eï>ç åhUOo XñVEodOmMrghO d gwb^ hñVm§VaUr`Vm hmo`. `mMm AW© XñVEodOmMr _mbH$s EH$mì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o Ho$di gmondUwH$sVyZ AWdm n¥ð>m§H$ZmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZoKSy>Z oVo. MbZj_ XñVEodO dmhH$Xo` Agë`mg Ho$di Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$S>ogmondë`mg _mbH$sMo hñVm§VaU hmoVo Va AmXoemZwgma Xo Agë`mg n¥ð>m§H$ZmÀ`mgmhmæ`mZo {d{eï> ì`ŠVrg Z_yX Ho$bobr a¸$_ Xo hmoVo.

2 ) _yë` g§M` :

MbZj_ XñVEodO XrK©H$mi _yë` g§M` H$aUmam Am{U àmáH$Ë`m©g _yë`mMoàXmZ H$aUmam AgVmo. XñVEodOmda Z_yX Ho$bobr a¸$_ àmáH$Ë`m©g g§nyU©nUo {_iUoAmdí`H$ AgVo Am{U åhUyZM MbZj_ XñVEodO _yë` g§M` {Q>H$dyZ R>odUmamAgbm nm{hOo.

6.4


3 ) Mm§Jbm h¸$ :

MbZj_ XñVEodO àmáH$Ë`m©g {ZandmX Mm§Jbm h¸$ (Good Title) XoVmo.MbZj_ XñVEodO Xmofa{hV Am{U dmhH$ AWdm AmXoerV ì`ŠVrbm Z_yX Ho$boë`maH$_oMr g§nyU© _mbH$s àXmZ H$aUmam AgVmo.

4 ) H$m`ÚmMo nmR>~i :

dmhH$ AWdm n¥ð>m§H$ZmZo AmXoerV ì`ŠVr MbZj_ XñVEodOmMr H$m`Xoera _mbH$AgVo. XñVEodOmda Z_yX Ho$bobr a¸$_ {_iÊ`mg nmÌ AgVo. MbZj_ XñVEodOYmaH$mg n¡go XoÊ`mg O~m~Xma AgUmè`m njmH$Sy>Z XñVEodOmMo n¡go dgybH$aÊ`mMm H$m`Xoera A{YH$ma AgVmo. MbZj_ XñVEodOmbm H$m`Xoera nmR>~iAgVo.

5 ) MbZj_ XñVEodOm_Yrb Amdí`H$ ~m~r :MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmVrb H$b_ 118 d 119 _Ü o XñVEodO MbZj_hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ ~m~r Z_yX Ho$boë`m AmhoV. Ë`mZwgma

A) XñVEodO MoH$, hþ§S>r qH$dm dMZnÌ Amho mMm ~moY MbZj_ XñVEodOmdê$ZhmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

~) MbZj_ XñVEodOmda dMZXmVm (Maker), AmXoeH$ (Drawer), AmkmWu(Drawee), àmáH$Vm© (Payee), YmaH$ (Holder) BË`mXr g§~§YrMm ñnï>C„oI Amdí`H$ VoWo Agbm nm{hOo.

H$) MbZj_ XñVEodOmda {XZm§H$, A§H$s d Ajar a¸$_, dmhH$ AWdmàmáH$Ë`m©Mo Zmd, n¥ð>m§H$Z BË`mXr AgUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.

6 ) BVa d¡{eîQ>ço :

A ) H$moUVohr McZj_ nÌH$ coIr AgVo.

~) McZj_ nÌH$m_Ü o n¡go XoÊ`mMo dMZ qH$dm AmXoe {Xcocm AgVmo.

H$) n¡go XoÊ`mMm AmXoe qH$dm dMZ {dZmAQ> AgVo.

S>) McZj_ nÌH$mVrc a¸$_ {ZpíMV {ZX}{eV AgVoo.

B ) McZj_ nÌH$mda Vo XoUmè`mMr ghr AgVo.

B©) McZj_ nÌH$mMr a¸$_ \$ŠV amoI ñdénmVM {Xcr OmVo.

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.5

6.1.4 McZj_ XñVEodOm§Mr J¥hrVo :

J¥hrVo (Presumptions) åhUOo EImÚm XñVEodOmg§~§YmVrc Jmoï>r gË` AmhoVAgo g_OUo AWdm Ë`m_Ü o Z_yX Ho$coë`m Jmoï>r ApñVËdmV AmhoV Ago J¥hrVYaco OmVo. WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm`Mo åhUOo J¥hrVo åhUOo (Assumptions). àË`jmVhr J¥hrVo gË` qH$dm AgË` Agy eH$VmV. H$m`ÚmMo H$c_ 118 Am{U 119_Ü o McZj_ XñVEodOmcm cmJy AgUmar H$mhr J¥hrVo {Xcocr AmhoV. Omon ªVË`m§À`m {dê$Õ H$mhr {gÕ Pmco Zmhr Vmon ªV gd© McZj_ XñVEodOm§~Ôc nwT>rcJ¥hrVo _mZcr OmVmV :

1 ) _mo~Xcm (Consideration) :

àË oH$ McZj_ XñVEodO H$moUË`m Z H$moUË`m _mo~Xë`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$cocm AmhoAgo J¥hrV Yaco OmVo (`mMmM AW© H$mhr \$m`Xm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r). Ooìhm hmXñVEodO hñVm§V[aV Ho$cm OmVmo qH$dm ñdrH$macm OmVmo AWdm V`ma Ho$cocmAgVmo Voìhm Vmo \$ŠV _mo~Xcm {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZoM ~Z{dcm OmVmo.

2 ) VmarI (Date) :

àË oH$ XñVEodOmda Or VmarI Agoc Ë`m VmaIog Vmo H$mT>cm hmoVm Ago J¥hrVYaco OmVo.

3 ) {VH$sQ> (Stamp) :

Oa EImXm XñVEodO hadcm qH$dm Zï> Pmcm Va Aem Ho$g_Ü o Ago J¥hrV YacoOmVo H$s Ë`m XñVEodOmda mo½` Vo {VH$sQ> cmdcoco hmoVo.

4 ) ñdrH¥$Vr (Acceptance) :

ñdrH¥$V Ho$coco XñVEodO mo½` doioV Am{U Ë`mMr _wXV g§nÊ`mnydu ñdrH$macocoAmho Ago J¥hrV Yaco OmVo. VmaIonydu Aer ñdrH¥$Vr XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

5 ) _wXV (Time of Transfer) :

Aem àH$maMo XñVEodOmMo hñVm§Va Ë`m§Mr _wXV g§nÊ`mnyduM Ho$coco Amho AgoJ¥hrV Yaco OmVo.

6.6


6 ) {ZfoY Zm|XUrMm nwamdm (Proof of Protest) :

Oa EImÚm {d{Z_` nÌmMm AZmXa Pmcm Va {ZfoY Zm|X{dcm Amho ho {gÕPmë`mZ§Va XñVEodOmMm AZmXa Ho$cm Amho hr dñVwpñWVr J¥hrV Yacr OmVo.

7 ) `mo½` YmaH$ (Holder in Due Course) :

Oa EImÚm ì`ŠVrH$S>o H$moUË`mhr ~oH$m`Xoera _mJm©Zo, Oar EImXm XñVEodOJocm Var Ë`mMm YmaH$ hm `mo½` H$mimVrc `mo½` YmaH$ Amho Ago J¥hrV YacoOmVo.

da Z_yX Ho$cocr gd© J¥hrVHo$ [aã wQ>o~c AmhoV. m J¥hrVH$m§Zm nwamì`mMo {deof{Z`_ Agohr åhQ>co OmVo. Á`mì`ŠVrZo H$m`Xoera H$madmB© Ho$cr Agoc Ë`mÀ`mdaH$moUVrhr Jmoï> {gÕ H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar AgVo.

6.1.5 McZj_ XñVEodOm§Mm AZmXa :

MbZj_ nÌHo$ qH$dm XñVEodOm§Mm AZmXa hmoD$ eH$Vmo. hþ§S>rMm AZmXa Vr ZñdrH$maë`mZo qH$dm aH$_oMo àXmZ Z Ho$ë`mZo hmoVo. _mÌ, dMZ{MÇ>r Am{U YZmXoe`m§Mm AZmXa aH$_oMo àXmZ Z Ho$ë`mZoM \$ŠV hmoVmo. Oa MbZj_ XñVEodOmMmAZmXa Pmbm Va Ë`m XñVEodOmVrb gd© njm§Zm Ë`m XñVEodOmÀ`m AZmXamMrgyMZm {Xbr Jobr nm{hOo.A) AW© :

MbZj_ nÌH$mMm AZmXa åhUOo Xo` VmaIobm Ago MbZj_ nÌH$ Z dQ>Uohmo`. gmoß`m eãXmV gm§Jmd`mMo Pmë`mg MbZj_ nÌH$mMm AZmXa åhUOo Xo`VmaIog Ago nÌH$ gmXa Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo wJVmZ H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma XoUo hmo . AZmXaåhUOo n¡go Z XoUo.

~) AZmXamMo àH$ma :1 ) ñdrH¥$Vr Z H$ê$Z AZmXa H$aUo (H$b_ 91):

H$b_ 91 AÝd o Ooìhm EH$ AmkmWu (drawee) qH$dm AZoH$ AmkmWuAgVrb, Va Ë`mn¡H$s EH$OU Xo` VmaIobm dMZ{MÇ>r gmXa Ho$ë`mZ§Va VrñdrH$maV Zmhr Ë`mdoir Agm AZmXa hmoVmo. ñdrH¥$Vr Z H$aÊ`mMo doJdoJion«H$ma AgVmV.

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.7

1 ) ñdrH¥$VrgmR>r hþ§S>r gmXa Ho$ë`mZ§Va 48 Vmgm§À`m AmV AmkmWu VrñdrH$maV Zmhr.

2 ) AmkmWu hm H$ama H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ AgVmo.

3 ) emoYyZhr AmkmWu Z gmnS>Uo.

4 ) AQ>r KmbyZ ñdrH¥$Vr XoUo.

5 ) Á`mdoir AmkmWu hr H$mën{ZH$ ì`ŠVr AgVo, Ë`mdoir Aer MbZj_nÌH$ Z ñdrH$maÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Aem àH$mao AZmXamMr doJdoJirH$maUo Agy eH$VmV.

2 ) Z dQ>{dVm AZmXa (H$b_ 92) :

dMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>r qH$dm MoH$Mm AZmXa Pmbm Agob, Vooìhm Aem dMZ{MÇ>rMmH$Vm©, ñdrH¥$Vm qH$dm YZmXoemVrb AmkmWu (drawee)Ago MbZj_ nÌH$Ë`m§À`mg_moa gmXa Ho$bo AgVm dQ>{dÊ`mg ZH$ma XoVmV. Ë`mdoir VmarIg§në`mZ§Vahr EImXo nÌH$ AXo am{hbo Va Ë`mg Z dQ>{dVm MbZj_ nÌH$mMmAZmXa Pmbm Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

Z dQ>{dVm AZmXamMr CXmhaUo :

A ) `m_Ü o Zoh_rà_mUo MbZj_ nÌH$ dQ>{dÊ`mgmR>r gmXa Ho$bo OmVo;na§Vw n¡go XoÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xbm OmVmo qH$dm n¡go {_iV ZmhrV.

~) gmXarH$aUmgmR>r gyQ> {Xbobr AgVo; na§Vw Xo` VmaIoZ§Vahr Ago nÌH$dQ>{dbo OmV Zmhr.

H$) VmarI CbQy>Z Joë`mZ§Vahr nÌH$ Z dQ>Vm VgoM amhVo.

H$) AZmXamMo n[aUm_ :

darb H$moUË`mhr àH$mamZo AZmXa Pmë`mg nwT>rb n[aUm_ hmoVmV.

A) MbZnÌH$ YmaH$mZo nÌH$ XmIb Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm AZmXa Pmë`mg Ë`mnÌH$mVrb a¸$_ dgyb H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xmdm XmIb H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

~) Ë`m nÌH$mg§X^m©Vrb ì`ŠVr§Zm AZmXamMr ZmoQ>rg XoVm oVo.

6.8


H$) ZmoQ>ar npãbH$g_moa Aem AZmXamMr Zm|XUr qH$dm {ZfoY Zm|Xdbm OmVmo.

Aem àH$mao MbZj_ XñVEodOmMo AZmXa hmoÊ`mMo AZoH$ àg§J/H$maUo AgVmVÁ`mgmR>r MbZ XñVEodOmÀ`m H$m`ÚmV VaVwXr H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV. AZmXamMmgd©gmYmaU n[aUm_ åhUOo Aem àH$mao n¡go XoÊ`mg ZH$ma XoUmè`m ì`ŠVrMr~mOmamVrb nV, à{Vð>m Am{U Zmdbm¡{H$H$ `m§Zm ~mYm oVo d Ë`m§Zm H$m`XoeraH$madmB©bm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo.

6.1.6 McZj_ XñVEodOm§Mo hñVm§Va (~oMZ) :

H$b_ 14 Zwgma dMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>r qH$dm YZmXoe hm EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm hñVm§V[aVHo$bm OmVmo Voìhm Vmo Ë`mMm YmaH$ ~ZVmo Am{U Vo nÌH$ MZbj_ ~ZVo.MbZj_VoZwgma V¥Vr` nj Vo nÌH$ Vmã`mV KoVmo Am{U YmaH$mbm ñdV:À`m ZmdoXo` Agbobr a¸$_ XoÊ`mg gm§Jy eH$Vmo. MbZj_Vm åhUOo hñVm§VaU. `mÛmao^mdr H$mimV YmaH$mbm {d{eï> A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV. nwT>rb XmoZn¡H$s EH$m _mJm©ZoMbZj_ nÌH$ hñVm§V[aV hmoD$ eH$Vo.

1 ) MbZj_VoZwgma 2) R>adyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m _mJ}.

A) AW© :

"~oMZ' åhUOo EImÚm MbZj_ XñVEodOmMo EH$m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$S>ohñVm§VaU H$aUo hmo`. ho nÌH$ Aem àH$mao hñVm§V[aV Ho$bo OmVo Á`m_wio Ë`mnÌH$mMr _mbH$s Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o OmVo d Vmo Wm{dYrYmaH$ ~ZVmo.

~) nÌH$ MbZj_ Ho$ìhm hmoVo. :

Oa hñVm§Va H$aUmam ñdV: YmaH$ Agob, Va nÌH$ MbZj_ hmoVo. dmQ>n hoMbZj_VoMo _hÎdmMo A§J Amho. Vmo MbZj_ nÌH$mMm _hÎdnyU© JwUY_© Amho.dMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>r qH$dm YZmXoe m§Zm V`ma H$aUo, ñdrH$maUo d n¥ð>m§H$Z hmoUo mà{H«$`m dmQ>nmZ§Va nyU© hmoVmV. ho dmQ>n àË`j qH$dm An«Ë`j Agy eH$Vo. åhUyZEO§Q> qH$dm H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr m§Zm _mb_Îmm hñVm§V[aV H$aÊ`mgmR>r a¸$_ ñdrH$maUoqH$dm nwT>o nmR>{dUo mgmR>r ho nÌH$ nwaogo AgVo. m nÌH$mMm YmaH$ Vo ñdrH$mê$

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.9

eH$Vmo. dmQ>nmn ªV MbZj_ nÌH$mMm R>amd AnyU© d AñdrH¥$VM amhVmo. àË`jdmQ>n ho Vmã`mVrb àË`j ~Xb Xe©dVo. aMZmË_H$ dmQ>n ho àË`j dñVyÀ`mVmã`mV ~Xb KS>{dV Zmhr. EImÚm {d{eï> hoVyZo Oa dmQ>n Om_rZXma EO§Q>qH$dm YmaH$mH$S>o XoÊ`mMr AQ> Agob Am{U _mbH$mH$S>o XoD$ Z o Agm C„oIAgob, VaM Ë`mà_mUo Vo dmQ>n hmoVo. Oa ZOrH$À`m ZmŠ`mVrb njm§_Ü o dmQ>nHo$bo OmVo Or Ë`m njmZo ñdrH¥$VrMm d nÌH$mÀ`m n¥ð>m§H$ZmMm A{YH$ma XmI{dbmVa Ë`m njmbm qH$dm Ë`m njmZo A{YH$ma {Xboë`m ì`ŠVrbm Ë`m§À`mV\}$ dmQ>nHo$bo OmVo. ZOrH$À`m H$mimVrb YmaH$m{edm` BVa YmaH$ qH$dm Ago nj m§À`m_Ü o geV© Ë`m nÌH$mMo dmQ>n hmoVo qH$dm {d{eï> hoVygmR>r ho dmQ>n hmoD$ eH$Vo.Ho$di _mb_Îmm hñVm§VaU, m hoVyZo Vo hmoV Zmhr.

H$) MbZj_VoZwgma dmhH$ nÌH$mMo dmQ>n :

dMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>r qH$dm YZmXoe dmhH$mg dmQ>nmZ§Va a¸$_ {_iy eH$Vo åhUyZn¥ð>m§H$Zm{edm` dmhH$ nÌH$mMo hñVm§VaU hmoD$ eH$Vo. hñVm§Va H$aUmam Aemdoir YmaH$ AgVmo. m hñVm§VamMm n[aUm_ Agm hmoVmo H$s hñVm§Va H$aUmè`mZoOa nÌH$mda ñdmjar Ho$br Zgob, Va ZOrH$À`m njmg qH$dm AÝ` YmaH$mga¸$_ Xo hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr d Vo nÌH$ AZmXarV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio hñVm§Va ñdrH$maUmamhñVm§Va XoUmè`mH$Sy>Z H$moUVrhr a¸$_ {_idy eH$V Zmhr.

EH$m {d{eï> n[apñWVr{edm` dMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>r qH$dm YZmXoe Ver KQ>ZmKS>ë`m{edm` n[aUm_H$maH$ R>ê$ eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ EImXr {d{eîQ> KQ>ZmKS>ë`m{edm` n[aUm_H$maH$ R>ê$ Z o, Aer AQ> Agbobo nÌH$ Ë`mKQ>Zo{edm`MbZj_ ~Zdy eH$V Zmhr. Wm{dYr YmaH$mg Aem AQ>rMr nyd©gyMZm Z {_iVmnÌH$ KoVbo Agob, Va hm AndmX bmJy hmoV Zmhr.

S>) n¥ð>m§H$ZmZo MbZj_Vm Am{U AmkmnÌH$mMo dmQ>n :

dMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>r qH$dm YZmXoe n¥ð>m§H$ZmZ§Va dmQ>n Pmë`mda YmaH$ MbZj_H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Ago nÌH$ Ho$di dmQ>nmZo hñVm§V[aV hmoÊ`mMm AmXoe Agy eH$Vmo.Oo \$ŠV R>adyZ {Xbo OmVo _mÌ MbZj_ hmoV Zmhr. dmQ>nmZ§Va qH$dm n¥îR>m§H$ZmZ§VaXmoÝhr nÌHo$ n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmV. _mÌ Vo nÌH$ Ad¡Y _mJm©Zo hñVm§V[aV PmboAgVm H$m_m Z o.

6.10


B ) n¡go {_iUo qH$dm g_mYmZ hmoUo `mn`ªV nÌH$mMr MbZj_Vm :

MbZj_Vm nÌH$ H$aUmam, àmáH$Vm© _wXV g§në`mZ§Va MbZj_ nÌH$ MbZj_R>oD$ eH$Vmo. n¡go {_imë`mZ§Va _mÌ, Vo nÌH$ MbZj_ amhV Zmhr. Oa _wXVg§nÊ`mnydu ñdrH$ma H$aUmam qH$dm {Z_m©Vm m§Zm Oa a¸$_ {Xbr Jobr Agob, Va_wXV g§nÊ`mÀ`m VmaIonydu Vmo Vo nÌH$ naV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. nÌH$mMr _wXV g§nÊ`mÀ`mdoir qH$dm ZOrH$À`m H$mimV a¸$_ {Xbr JobrM nm{hOo. Oa _wXV g§nÊ`mnydunÌH$mMr a¸$_ {Xbr Jobr Agob, Va Vo nÌH$ aÔ Z hmoVm nwT>o MbZj_ amhVo.àmáH$Vm© qH$dm {Z_m©Vm _wXV g§nÊ`mnydu Vo nÌH$ naV H$ê$ eH$Vmo åhUyZM nÌH$mMrnwT>rb MbZj_Vm Wmon{dÊ`mgmR>r a¸$_ _wXV g§në`mdaM {Xbr Omdr.

\$) MbZj_VoMo n[aUm_ :

MbZj_VoMo nÌH$ Ooìhm hñVm§V[aV Ho$bo OmVo Voìhm Á`mZo Vo KoVbo Amho, Ë`mgA{YH$ma àmá hmoVmo. nÌH$ H$Yrhr \$gdUwH$sÛmao {Xbo OmVm H$m_m Z o, H$maU\$gdUyH$ hm JwÝhm AgyZ, Ë`mg H$moUVmhr h¸$ {_iV Zmhr.

Oa nyduÀ`m n¥îR>m§H$ZmV J¡adV©UyH$ qH$dm \$gdUyH$ Ago Xmof AmT>ibo,Aàm_m{UH$, à{V{Z{YËd AmT>iyZ Ambo Va A§{V_ YmaH$ Á`mZo nyduMo Xmof_mhrV ZgVmZm nyU© {dídmgmZo Vo nÌH$ KoVbo Agob, Va Ë`mbm Ë`m nÌH$m~Ôb`mo½` A{YH$ma {_iVmV. hñVm§VaH$Ë`m©Zo MbZj_ nÌH$mMo hñVm§Va`Wm{d{YYmaH$mg mo½` H$mimV {Xbo Va Ë`mbm A{YH$ma {_iVmV ho mMo EH$d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. åhUyZ MbZj_Vm hñVm§Va XoUmè`mnojm Wm{d{YYmaH$mg mo½`h¸$ {_idyZ XoVo.

6.2 dMZ nÌ :(Promissory Note)

EH$ McZj_ XñVEodO åhUyZ dMZnÌmMm C„oI Ho$cm OmVmo. nwT>rc _wÚm§À`mAmYmao Ë`mMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoVm oB©c :

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.11

6.2.1 AW© :

dMZnÌ ho EH$ coIr ñdê$nmVrc McZj_ XñVEodO Amho. dMZnÌmV {ZpíMVaŠH$_ XoÊ`mMo dMZ AgVo. dMZnÌ ho F$UH$moH$Sy>Z {c{IV ñdê$nmV {XcocoAgVo. Ë`m_Ü o H$moUVrhr AQ> qH$dm g§{X½YVm ZgVo. F$UH$mo YZH$mog {d{eï>aŠH$_ XoÊ`mMo coIr dMZ XoVmo Am{U Ago dMZnÌ McZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmZwgmaH$m`Xoera XñVEodO R>aVo. WmoS>Š`mV, EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrg n¡go XoÊ`mMocoIr ñdê$nmV {Xcoco dMZ åhUOo dMZnÌ hmo`.

6.2.2 ì`»`m :

1 ) McZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm-1981 (H$c_-4) :

""{ZpíMV ì`ŠVrg qH$dm {VÀ`m AmXoemZwgma Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrg qH$dm dmhH$mgXo` AgUmam, \$ŠV {ZpíMV aŠH$_ XoÊ`mMo {~ZeV© coIr dMZ AgUmamAm{U Ë`mda H$Ë`m©Mr ñdmjar AgUmam XñVEodO åhUOo dMZnÌ hmo`.''

6.2.3 d¡{eîQ>ço :

dMZnÌmÀ`m ì`m» oZwgma dMZnÌ åhUOo Ago boIr nÌH$ H$s Á`m_Ü o {d{eï>ì`ŠVrg qH$dm {VÀ`m AmXoemZwgma Xwgè`m {d{eï> ì`ŠVr qH$dm YmaH$mg {dZmAQ>n¡go XoÊ`mMo {Xbobo dMZ AgVo. dMZnÌmÀ`m ì`m» odê$Z dMZnÌmMr R>iH$ d¡{eï>çoñnï> hmoVmV.

1 ) {b{IV XñVEodO :

dMZnÌ ho boIr ñdê$nmMo AgVo. n¡go XoÊ`m~m~V Vm|S>r AmídmgZ AWdmgmjrXmamg_doV {Xbobm eãX, KoVbobr enW AWdm AÝ` àH$mao {Xbobr h_rdMZnÌ åhUyZ {dMmamV KoVbr OmV Zmhr. F$UH$mo d YZH$mo m XmoKm§Zm nañnam§darb{dídmg AWdm nV _mÝ` H$ê$Z V`ma Ho$bobo boIr nÌH$ ho dMZnÌ åhUyZ H$m`XoeraXñVEodO R>aVo.

2 ) {d{eï> Z_wZm ànÌ Zmhr :

dMZnÌ ho {d{eï> Z_wÝ`mV AWdm {d{eï> H$mJXmda d H$m`ÚmZo R>adyZ {Xboë`mZ_wÝ`mV ZgVo H$maU MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmV Agm H$moUVmhr Z_wZm XoÊ`mV

6.12


Ambobm Zmhr. YZH$mo Am{U F$UH$mo `m§À`mV {d{eï> a¸$_ XoÊ`mMo dMZ ñnï>eãXmV Z_yX hmoUo A{^àoV AgVo. ~è`mM doim gmdH$ma, ì`mnmar BË`mXr dma§dma{b{hÊ`mMo H$ï> dmMmdoV åhUyZ dMZnÌ N>mnyZ KoVmV qH$dm H$mhr doim hmVmZo{b{hVmV.

3 ) {dZmAQ> dMZ :dMZnÌ ho {dZmeV© qH$dm {dZmAQ> n¡go XoÊ`mMo dMZ AgVo. dMZnÌmV H$moUË`mhràH$maMr Oa Va Mr ^mfm qH$dm {d{eï> ~m~tMr nyV©Vm hmoÊ`mMo ~§YZ BË`mXtMmC„oI Agob Va Vo dMZnÌ R>aV Zmhr. CXm.

A) am_ `mg AJa Ë`mÀ`m AmXoemZwgma 5000 ê$. XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` H$aVmo qH$dm5000 ê$. XoB©Z.

~) {ddmhH$m © Pmë`mZ§Va EH$ _{hÝ`mZo í`m_ mg 10,000 ê$. XoB©Z.

H$) amhwb àmopìhOZ m§Zr nmR>{dboë`m dñVy nmohmoM{dë`mZ§Va Ë`mMr qH$_V ê$.10,000 XoÊ`mMo dMZ XoVmo.

darb gd© ànÌo hr dMZnÌo R>aUma ZmhrV H$maU "A' {dYmZmV a¸$_ XoÊ`mMo _mÝ`H$aVmo AWdm n¡go XoB©Z m_Ü o dMZmMm md ZgyZ Ho$di AmídmgZ Amho, (~){dYmZmV {ddmhH$m © Pmë`mZ§Va åhUOoM nyd©AQ> KmbyZ AWdm geV© dMZnÌH$m`ÚmZwgma A_mÝ` R>aVo Va "H$' {dYmZmV Oa dñVy nmohmoMë`m Va n¡go XoÊ`mModMZ ho dMZnÌ åhUyZ H$m`Xoera XñVEodO R>ê$ eH$V ZmhrV.

4 ) A§H$s d Ajar aH$_oMr Zm§oX :dMZnÌmÛmao {d{eï> a¸$_ XoÊ`mMo dMZ {Xbobo AgVo Ë`m_wio dMZnÌmVrb aH$_oMmA§H$mV d AjamV C„oI H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. A§H$ d Ajar ì`ŠV Ho$bobra¸$_ EH$M a¸$_ A{^ì`ŠV H$aUmar Agbr nm{hOo. aH$_o~m~V g§e`, g§{X½YVmBË`mXr AgVm H$m_m Z o.

5 ) ñdmjar :dMZnÌmMo gdm©V _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç åhUyZ dMZH$Ë`m©À`m ñdmjarbm _hÎd AgVo.dMZH$Ë`m©Zo dMZnÌmda ñdmjar H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo. AÝ`Wm ñdmjar {edm`boIr V`ma Ho$bobm XñVEodO hm MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmZwgma MbZj_XñVEodO R>ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.13

6 ) AmXmË`mMo Zmd :

dMZnÌmV {Z{X©ï> Ho$bobr a¸$_ Á`m ì`ŠVrbm Úmd`mMr Amho Ë`mbm AmXmVmAgo åhUVmV. dMZnÌmV AmXmË`mMo Zmd {b{hUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. dMZnÌmVdMZ XoUmam d Á`mbm dMZ Úmd`mMo Vmo AmXmVm mMm C„oI _hÎdmMm AgVmo.

7 ) à{V\$bmMr Zm|X ZgVo :

dMZnÌmV a¸$_ XoÊ`mÀ`m H$maUmMr Zm|X ZgVo åhUOoM YZH$mobm H$moUË`mH$maUmgmR>r a¸$_ Úmd`mMr Amho qH$dm dMZnÌmMo à{V\$b H$m` ? `mÀ`mC„oImMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo H$maU MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmVrb H$b_ 118(A) Zwgma Ho$di à{V\$bmgmR>rM dMZnÌ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV oVo Ago J¥hrV Amho`mMmM AW© F$UH$mobm dMZnÌmV {b{hboë`m aH$_oMo _yë` mnyduM YZH$moH$Sy>Z{_imbobo Amho Ago _mÝ` Ho$bobo AgVo.

8 ) n¡emVrb Xm{`Ëd :

dMZnÌmVyZ {Xbobo dMZ ho \$ŠV n¡emVrb a¸$_ XoÊ`mMo dMZ AgVo. dMZnÌmVyZn¡em{edm` dñVy AWdm BVa _mb_Îmm XoÊ`mMo dMZ XoVm oV Zmhr. MbZj_XñVEodO H$m`ÚmZwgma Ho$di n¡emVrb aH$_o~m~V dMZ A{^àoV AgVo.

9 ) _wÐm§H$mMr Amdí`H$Vm :

dMZnÌ V`ma H$aVmZm Ë`mda mo½` Ë`m {H$_VrMo _wÐm§H$ bmdUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.dMZnÌ {H$Vr aH$_oMo Amho d Ë`mdoir emgH$s` {Z`_mZwgma {H$Vr _yë`mMo {VH$sQ>AWdm _wÐm§H$ bmdUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ë`mZwgma _wÐm§H$ AgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.`mo½` VodT>çm _wÐm§H$mgh V`ma Ho$bobo dMZnÌ H$m`Xoera XñVEodO AgVmo.

10) àXmZmMm {XZm§H$ :

dMZnÌmV aH$_oÀ`m àXmZmMm {XZm§H$ {b{hÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVoM Ago Zmhr.dMZnÌmV _wXV {Xbobr Zgë`mg Vr _mJVmjUr Xo` AgVo. VgoM dMZnÌmV{XZm§H$ Z_yX Ho$bobm Agob Va Ë`m {XZm§H$mn ªV dMZXmË`mMo Xm{`Ëd d AmXmË`mMo

h¸$ àñWm{nV hmoV ZmhrV.

6.14


6.2.4 dMZnÌ njH$ma (Parties to Promissory Note) :

gd©gmYmaUnUo dMZnÌmV XmoZ njH$ma gh^mJr AgVmV. Vo nwT>rc à_mUo :

1 ) F$UH$mo (Maker) :

F$UH$mo åhUOo n¡go XoÊ`mMo dMZ XoUmar ì`ŠVr Imcrc dMZnÌmÀ`m Z_wÝ`mVAma.Eg.nmQ>rc ho F$UH$mo AmhoV.

2 ) YZH$mo (Payee) :

YZH$mo åhUOo Á`m ì`ŠVrg n¡go XoÊ`mMo dMZ F$UH$moZo {Xco Amho, Aerì`ŠVr hmo`. Imcrc dMZnÌmÀ`m Z_wÝ`mV {Jare JmoIco ho YZH$mo AmhoV.

dMZnÌmÀ`m hñVm§VaUmV BVa nj gh^mJr AgVmV Vo nwT>rcà_mUo :

A) nwï>r XoUmam (Endorser) :

Or ì`ŠVr BVa ì`ŠVrg BVa ì`ŠVrÀ`m g§X^m©V dMZnÌmMr nwï>r XoVo, Aerì`ŠVr hmo`.

~) nwï>r KoUmam (Endorsee) :

Á`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zmdo dMZnÌmMr nwï>r XoÊ`mV Amcr Amho Aer ì`ŠVr hmo`.

6.2.5 dMZnÌmMm Z_wZm (Specimen of Promissory Note) :

ê$n o 10,000= 00

_r Ago dMZ XoVmo H$s, lr. {Jarf JmoIbo `m§Zm qH$dm Ë`m§À`m AmXoemZwgmaH$moUmË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm ê$. 10,000 (Xhm hOma ê$n o \$ŠV) XoB©Z.

ñWi- nwUo,

{XZm§H$- 1 Owb¡ 2009.

Ama². Eg². nmQ>rb.

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.15

dMZnÌmÀ`m darb Z_wÝ`mZwgma lr. Ama². Eg². nmQ>rb ho {Jarf JmoIbo m§Zm AgodMZ {bhÿZ XoV AmhoV H$s 10,000 é. hr a¸$_ JmoIbo m§Zm AWdm Ë`m§À`m AmXoemZwgmaAÝ` ì`ŠVrg XoB©Z. dMZnÌm_Ü o _wXVrMr Zm|X H$aVm oVo Am{U Ë`m {d{eï> _wXVrn ªVdMZnÌmda dMZXmË`mMo Xm{`Ëd qH$dm AmXmË`mMo h¸$ àñWm{nV hmoV ZmhrV.dMZnÌmV _wXV Z_yX Ho$bobr Zgë`mg Vo dMZnÌ _mJVmjUr Xo` AgVo.

6.3 {d{Z_` nÌ :(Bill of Exchange)

{d{Z_` nÌ qH$dm {dnÌ ho XoIrc EH$ McZj_ XñVEodO åhUyZ AmoiIcoOmVo. Ë`mMr _m{hVr nwT>rc _wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oB©c.

6.3.1 AW© :

{d{Z_` nÌ `mg {dnÌ qH$dm hþ§S>r åhUyZ g§~moYÊ`mV oVo. ^maVmV àmMrZH$mbI§S>mnmgyZ hþ§S>rÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ì`mnma MmbV Ago `mVyZM MbZj_ XñVEodOåhUyZ ^maVr` MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm 1881 (Negotiable InstrumentAct, 1881) _Ü o hþ§S>rMm åhUOoM {d{Z_` nÌmMm g_mdoe Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo.

~mOmaì`dñWm Am{U ì`mnma joÌmV AZoH$ ì`dhma CYmarda MmbVmV d Ë`mVyZh§þS>r qH$dm {d{Z_` nÌm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. CXm. g_Om "A' hm nwÊ`mVrb ì`mnmarIaoXrgmR>r _w§~B©Vrb "~' ì`mnmè`mH$S>o Jobm d Ë`mZo 10,000 ê$. À`m dñVy IaoXrHo$ë`m. m ì`dhmamMr a¸$_ XmoZ _{hÝ`m§Zr XoÊ`mMo XmoÝhr ì`mnmè`m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo Am{UË`mMo Ho$bobo boIr nÌH$ åhUOo {d{Z_` nÌ qH$dm hþ§S>r hmo . ì`mnmar ~±H$m ì`mnmamVyZV`ma hmoUmè`m hþ§S>çm {d{eï> dQ>Umdi KoD$Z dR>dVmV Am{U EH$ àH$mao Aën_wXVrMoH$O©ì`dhma H$aVmV.

6.3.2 ì`m»`m :

^maVr` MbZj_ H$m`ÚmVrb (1881) H$b_ 5 H$ama :

"{d{Z_` nÌ åhUOo Ago boIr gmYZ H$s, Á`m_Ü o {d{Z_` nÌ H$aUmè`mÀ`mñdmjarZo Aer {dZmAQ> Amkm Ho$br OmVo H$s, {d{eï> ì`ŠVrZo n¡emMr {d{eï> a¸$_

6.16


\$ŠV {d{eï> ì`ŠVrbmM AJa {VÀ`m AmXoemZo {d{eï> ì`ŠVrbm qH$dm XñVEodOdmhH$mbm {Xbr Omdr.''

darb ì`m» oV Z_yX Ho$ë`mZwgma {d{Z_` nÌ åhUOo XñVEodO V`ma H$aUmè`mZoboIr ñdê$nmV {d{eï> a¸$_ {d{eï> ì`ŠVr AWdm Ë`mÀ`m {ZX}emZwgma {d{eï> ì`ŠVrg{dZmAQ> XoÊ`mMr Amkm AgVo.

6.3.3 d¡{eîQ>ço :

MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm 1881 d Ë`mV Z_yX Ho$boë`m ì`m» oVyZ {d{Z_`nÌmMr R>iH$ d¡{eï>ço ñnï> hmoVmV.

1 ) {b{IV XñVEodO :

{d{Z_` nÌ hm boIr XñVEodO AgVmo. YZH$mo d F$UH$mo m§Zr nañnam§Zm {XboboAmœmgZ, h_r qH$dm n¡go XoÊ`mMr {Xbobr _m¡{IH$ g§_Vr ZgVo. MbZj_ XñVEodOåhUyZ {d{Z_` nÌmbm H$m`Xoera nmR>~i {_iÊ`mgmR>r Agm XñVEodO boIrñdê$nmV _m§S>Uo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

2 ) {~ZeV© AmXoe :

{d{Z_` nÌ åhUOo n¡go XoÊ`m{df`r {Xbobm {dZmAQ> AmXoe AgVmo. {d{Z_`nÌmV {dZ§Vr, dMZ, Anojm BË`mXr eãXà`moJ ZgVmV Va F$UH$mog {Xbobr AmkmAgVo.

3 ) {d{eï> Z_wZm Zmhr :

{d{Z_` nÌ {b{hÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVmhr {deof Z_wZm MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm(1881) _Ü o {Xbobm Zmhr VgoM Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV {ZYm©[aV Ho$bobm Zmhr. ì`mnmar,CÚmoOH$ BË`mXr ñdV…Mo Ago {d{Z_` nÌ N>mnyZ KoVmV H$s Á`m_Ü o Amdí`H$Ë`m Zm|Xr CXm. {XZm§H$, Zmd, _OHy$a, ñdmjargmR>r OmJm BË`mXr AgVo.

4 ) {Z{üV aH$_oMr Zm|X :

{d{Z_` nÌmV {Z{üV a¸$_ AmXmË`mbm XoÊ`m~m~V ñnï> Zm|X Amdí`H$ AgVo.aH$_oMr Zm|X A§H$mV d AjamV {b{hUo Amdí`H$ AgVo H$s Á`m_wio Am{W©H$ì`dhmamV g§e`, e§H$m CX²^dUma Zmhr.

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.17

5 ) AmXoeH$mMr ñdmjar :{d{Z_` nÌmda AmXoeH$mMr ñdmjar AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. AmXoeH$ åhUOon¡go XoÊ`mMm AmXoe XoUmar ì`ŠVr hmo . AmXoeH$mÀ`m ñdmjarZo {d{Z_` nÌmbmMbZj_ XñVEodOmMm XOm© àmá hmoVmo.

6 ) AmXo{eVrMo Zmd :AmXo{eVr åhUOo Á`m ì`ŠVr AJa g§ñWobm a¸$_ XoÊ`m~m~V AmXoe {XbobmAgVmo Vr ì`ŠVr AJa g§ñWm hmo . a¸$_ H$moU XoUma Amho ? åhUOoM AmXo{eVrMoZmd {d{Z_` nÌmda AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV, H$moUr, H$moUmbm, {H$Vra¸$_ d Ho$ìhm Úmd`mMr m~m~VÀ`m Zm|Xr {d{Z_` nÌmV AgVmV.

7 ) _wXVrMr Zm|X :{d{Z_` nÌ ho XmoZ àH$maMo AgVo Ë`m_Ü o _mJVmjUr Xo` AgUmao {d{Z_` nÌqH$dm {d{eï> _wXVrZ§Va Xo AgUmao {d{Z_` nÌ. {d{Z_` nÌmV _wXVr~m~VÀ`mZm|Xr ñnï>nUo Z_yX Ho$boë`m AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

8 ) _wÐm§H$mMr Amdí`H$Vm :MbZj_ XñVEodO åhUyZ {d{Z_` nÌ ApñVËdmV oÊ`mgmR>r {d{Z_` nÌmV Z_yXHo$boë`m aH$_oZwgma maVr` H$m`ÚmZo doimodoir gwM{dbobo Amdí`H$ Ë`m aH$_oMo_wÐm§H$ bmdUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. mo½` Ë`m _wÐm§H$m{edm` {d{Z_` nÌmbm H$m`XoeraXOm© àmá hmoV Zmhr.

9 ) n¡go XoÊ`mMr Amkm :{d{Z_` nÌmV {d{eï> a¸$_ XoÊ`mMr Amkm Ho$bobr AgVo. n¡emVrb a¸$_ `mì`{V[aŠV AÝ` H$moUVrhr dñVy AWdm _mb_ÎmoÀ`m hñVm§VaUmMm AmXoe {d{Z_`nÌmbm A{^àoV ZgVmo. {d{Z_` nÌ Ho$di n¡go XoÊ`mMr Amkm H$aVo.

10) {XZm§H$ :{d{Z_` nÌmda {XZm§H$ {b{hUo Amdí`H$ AgVo H$maU H$moUVmhr MbZj_XñVEodO H$m`XoeranUmÀ`m H$gmoQ>rda Iam R>aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Ë`mMr d¡YVm {ZpíMVH$aÊ`mgmR>r {XZm§H$ Z_yX Ho$bm OmUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

6.3.4 {d{Z_` nÌmVrc njH$ma (Parties to Bill of Exchange) :

hþ§S>rÀ`m ì`dhmamV Imbrb njH$ma AgVmV.

6.18


1 ) AmXoeH$ :

Omo hþ§S>r ~ZdVmo Ë`mcm "AmXoeH$' åhUVmV.

2 ) AmXo{eVr :

AmXoeH$mZo Á`mbm hþ§S>rÛmao n¡go àXmZ H$aÊ`mMo AmXoe {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mg"AmXo{eVr' åhUVmV.

3 ) ñdrH$maH$/ñdrH$Vm© :AmXoeH$mÀ`m gm§JÊ`mZygma n¡go XoÊ`mgmR>r AmXo{eVr ñdrH¥$Vr åhUyZ hñVmjaH$aVmo d Ë`mZwgma Á`mg hþ§S>r dQ>dÊ`mg XoVmo (`mV EH$mnojm A{YH$ ZmdmMrhþ§S>r Agob Va Ë`mn¡H$s EH$mg Ver gyMZm XoVmo) Vmo "ñdrH$Vm©' AgVmo.

4 ) AXmVm :XñVEodOmda Á`mÀ`m ZmdmMm C„oI Amho d Omo Ë`mZygma Xo Ho$ àmá H$aUmamAgVmo Ë`mg "AmXmVm' åhUVmV. XñVEodOmMm Iam bm^mWu AXmVm AgVmo.Oa AXmVmZo ñdV…Mo Zmd {bhÿZ ghr H$ê$Z a¸$_ àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xwgè`mgnmR>dbo Va Á`mbm nmR>dbo Vmo AXmVm ZgVmo Va àmárH$Vm© AgVmo.

5 ) n¥ð>m§H$H$ :Omo YmaH$ XñVEdO n¥ð>m§{H$V H$ê$Z Xwgè`mg XoVmo Ë`mbm "n¥ð>H$m§H$' åhUVmV.

6 ) n¥ð>m§{H$Vr :Á`m ì`pŠVÀ`m Zmdo XñVEdO n¥ð>m§{H$V Ho$bobm AgVmo Ë`m ì`pŠVg "n¥ð>m§{H$Vr'åhUVmV.

7 ) YmaH$ :hþ§S>rMr Á`m ì`pŠVH$S>o H$m`Xoera _mbH$s AgVo Ë`mZwgma hþ§S>rdarb a¸$_Á`mbm {_iUma AgVo Vr ì`ŠVr YmaH$ AgVo Vmo _yi AXmVm d n¥ð>m§H$H$ hrAgVmo.

8 ) Amdí`H$VoZwgma AmXo{eVr :

hþ§S>r AWdm VËg_ AÝ` XñVEodOmda AmXo{eVr ~amo~a AOyZ EImÚm ì`pŠVMoZmd Agob, Va Ë`m ì`pŠVg (Amdí`H$VoZygma AmXo{eVr) åhQ>bo OmVo, Oa_yi AmXo{eVr Xo`H$ ñdrH$maV Zgob `mbm Oo Xo`H$ {Xbo OmVo. Oa _yi

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.19

AmXo{eVrZoM Xo`H$mZwgma a¸$_ pñdH$maUo AWdm âUo ZmH$mabo Va Aerhþ§S>r/Xo`H$ ho AñdrH$m © _mZbo OmVo.

9 ) AÐwV ñdrH$Vm© :

Ooìhm _yi AmXo{eVr Xo`H$ ñdrH$maÊ`mg ZH$ma XoVmo qH$dm boIm à_mUH$mZo(ZmoQ>ar) _mJUr Ho$ë`mZwgma à{V^y{V H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma XoVmo Aemdoir Ë`mÀ`mV\}$ Or ì`ŠVr, g§~§{YV Xo`H$mMm AmXa amIÊ`mgmR>r Xo`H$ ñdrH$maVo Ë`mbm"AÐþV ñdrH$Vm©' åhUVmV.

6.3.5 {d{Z_` nÌmMm Z_wZm (Specimen of Bill of Exchange) :

{d{Z_` nÌmMm gd©gmYmaU Z_wZm nwT>rbà_mUo AmT>iVmo.

15/107,{edVrW©ZJa ,

nwUo -38,

1 Owb¡ 2009.

AmO nmgyZ 60 {XdgmZ§Va _o. {dOèm§Vr EÝQ>aàmÒog² AWdmdmhH$mg ê$n o Xhm hOma \$ŠV ÚmdoV.

ê$. 10,000=00

Zrb EÝQ>aàmÒog H$[aVm

amOrd goR>

{VH$sQ>

6.20


6.4 YZmXoe :(Cheque)

YZmXoe ho _hÎdmMo McZj_ XñVEodO _mZco OmVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV YZmXoemMmdmna _moR>çm à_mUmda Ho$cm OmVmo. H$maU YZmXoemÀ`m dmnamMo AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV.Ë`m_wio YZmXoemMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo mo½` R>aoc.

6.4.1 AW© :

YZmXoe åhUOo Aem àH$maMm XñVEodO Omo EImÚm {d{eï> ~±Ho$da H$mT>cocmAgVmo. Ë`m_Ü o {ZX}{eV Ho$cocr aŠH$_ Ë`m {d{eï> ì`ŠVrcm R>amdrH$ VmaIoZ§VaÚmdr Ago Z_yX Ho$coco AgVo. amoI n¡emcm MoH$ hm gdm©V OdiMm n`m© Amho VoEH$ McZj_ nVgmYZ Amho. YZmXoe åhUOo ~±Ho$À`m ImVoXmamZo ~±Ho$g R>amdrH$Z_wÝ`mV {d{eï> ì`ŠVrg qH$dm dmhH$mg qH$dm Vmo gm§Joc Ë`mg {d{eï> aŠH$__mJVmjUr XoÊ`m{df`r Ho$cocr {dZmAQ> coIr Amkm hmo`. WmoS>Š`mV, {d{eï>~±Ho$da H$mT>coco Am{U _mJUr H$aVmjUr Xo` AgUmao {dnÌ åhUOo YZmXoe hmo`.

6.4.2 ì`m»`m :

""YZmXoe åhUOo {d{eï> ~±Ho$da H$mT>bobo {d{Z_` nÌ AgVo Am{U Ë`mMo n¡go_mJUr Ho$ë`m{edm` XoVm oV ZmhrV.''

MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm 1881 À`m H$b_ 6 Zwgma …

"{d{eï> ~±Ho$da H$mT>bobo Am{U _mJUr H$aVmjUr Xo AgUmao {d{Z_` nÌ åhUOoYZmXoe hmo .''

6.4.3 d¡{eîQ>ço :

1 ) boIr XñVEodO :

dMZnÌ Am{U {d{Z_` nÌ `m XñVEodOmà_mUo YZmXoegwÕm boIr XñVEodOAgVmo. {b{IV ñdê$nmV Zm|Xr Ho$ë`m{edm` YZmXoe MbZj_ R>ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.21

2 ) ~±Ho$bm AmXoe :

YZmXoe åhUOo n¡go XoÊ`m~m~V AmXo{eVrbm åhUOoM g§~§{YV ~±Ho$bm {XbobmAmXoe AgVmo. YZmXoemMm H$Vm© ~±Ho$bm n¡go XoÊ`m~m~V AmXoe XoVmo.

3 ) _mJVmjUr Xo` :MbZj_ H$m`ÚmZwgma YZmXoe hm _mJVmjUr Xo AgVmo. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$H$S>o YZmXoegmXa Ho$ë`m~amo~a n¡go XoÊ`mMo H$V©ì` ~±Ho$bm nma nmS>mdo bmJVo.

4 ) {Z{üV a¸$_ :

YZmXoemda A§H$ Am{U AjamV {ZpíMV a¸$_ {b{hUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.aH$_o~m~V g§{X½YVm Agob CXm. ImS>mImoS>, A§H$s-Ajar aH$_oV \$aH$ BË`mXrVa YZmXoemMm AZmXa H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ~±Ho$g àmá AgVmo.

5 ) {~ZeV© AmXoe :YZmXoe hm n¡go XoÊ`m{df`rMm AmXoe AgVmo Ë`m_wio YZmXoemda {dZ§Vr, H¥$n`m,ghH$m © H$amdo BË`mXr gmaIo eãX ZgVmV. AmXoe hm {~ZeV© qH$dm {dZmAQ>AgVmo.

6 ) AmXmË`mMo Zmd :YZmXoemMo n¡go {d{eï> ì`ŠVrg {H§$dm dmhH$mg XoÊ`mMm AmXoe XoV AgVmZmYZmXoemda Á`mbm n¡go Úmd`mMo AmhoV Ë`mMo Zmd {b{hUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

7 ) {XZm§H$ :

YZmXoemda {XZm§H$mMr Zm|X Amdí`H$ AgVo H$maU MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`XoeraR>aÊ`mgmR>r Vmo Ho$ìhm H$mT>br Am{U Ë`mMr d¡YVm {H$Vr? `mgmR>r {XZm§H$ Z_yXH$amdm bmJVmo.

8 ) ñdmjar :YZmXoemda AmXoeH$mZo åhUOoM H$Ë`m©Zo ñdV…Mr ñdmjar H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.AmXoeH$mÀ`m ñdmjarZo YZmXoe MbZj_ XñVEodO R>aVmo.

9 ) aoIm§H$Z :YZmXoemda aoIm§H$Z Ho$ë`mg ~±H$ YZmXoemMr a¸$_ AmXmË`mÀ`m ~±H$ ImË`mVO_m H$aVo. àË`j AmXmVm qH$dm dmhH$ `m§Zm amoH$S> ñdê$nmV a¸$_ àmá hmoV

6.22


Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamV gwa{jVVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. {~Ja aoIm§{H$V YZmXoedmhH$ Xo` AgVmV.

10) à{V\$bmMr Anojm ZgVo :

YZmXoe {b{hVmZm VgoM Vmo AmXmË`mg XoV AgVmZm H$moUË`mhr à{V\$bmMr AnojmHo$br OmV Zmhr åhUOoM YZmXoemÛmao XoÊ`mV oUmar a¸$_ H$emÀ`m ~Xë`mV{Xbr OmV Amho m~m~V åhUOoM à{V\$bmMr Anojm R>odyZ {Xbr OmV Zmhr.

6.4.4 YZmXoemVrc njH$ma :

1 ) AmXoeH$ :

~±Ho$V ImVo AgUmam d Ë`m ImË`mdarb {d{eð> a¸$_ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Omo Ë`maH$_oMm YZmXoe V`ma H$ê$Z hñVmj[aV H$aVmo Ë`mbm "AmXoeH$' åhUVmV.

2 ) AmXo{eVr :

YZmXoe Á`m ~±Ho$Mm Amho Ë`m ~±Ho$g AmXo{eVr åhUVmV. AmXoeH$ AmXo{eVrbmYZmXoemÛmao AmXo{eV H$aVmo H$s, YZmXoemda pñWV ì`ŠVrg C„o{IV a¸$_AXm H$aUo Amho AWdm ì`pŠVÀ`m ImË`mda O_m H$aUo Amho. AmXo{eVrZoAmXoe nmbZ Ho$bo Va Ë`mbm AÐþV YZmXoe åhUVmV d Vm§{ÌH$ H$maUmdê$ZAmXoe nmbZ Zmhr Pmbo Va Ë`m YZmXoemg "AZmÐþV YZmXoe' åhUVmV.

3 ) AXmVm (n¡go KoUmam) :

Or ì`ŠVr YZmXoe ~±Ho$V àñVwV H$ê$Z a¸$_ ñdrH$maVo Ë`mg "AXmVm' åhUVmVH$YrH$Yr AmXoeH$ ñdV…M AXmVm AgVmo Aemdoir Vmo YZmXoemda "ñdV…'Ago {b{hVmo (AWdm ñdV…MoM Zmd {b{hVmo).

6.4.5 YZmXoemMo àH$ma :

YZmXoemMo àH$ma nwT>rc à_mUo ñnï> H$aVm oVrc :

1 ) dmhH$ YZmXoe (Bearer Cheque) :

YZmXoemMo _yi ñdê$n dmhH$ YZmXoe AgVo Am{U YZmXoe H$mT>Umam H$Vm©

YZmXoemda Amdí`H$ Vo ~Xb Zm|XdyZ YZmXoembm dmhH$ YZmXoemEodOr AmXoe

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.23

YZmXoe Ago ñdê$n àXmZ H$aVmo. dmhH$ YZmXoe åhUOo ""MbZj_ XñVEodO

H$m`ÚmZwgma Or ì`ŠVr YZmXoe ~±Ho$V KoD$Z oVo Ë`mbm n¡go àmá hmoVmV. a¸$_

XoVmZm Vr ZoUmè`m ì`ŠVr~Ôb ehm{Zem H$aÊ`mMr ~±Ho$bm Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo.''

dmhH$ YZmXoe åhUOo AàË`jarË`m H$mJXr MbZr ZmoQ>/ZmoQ>m AgVmV. H$moUVrhr

ì`ŠVr Agm YZmXoe ñdV…H$S>o H$m`XoeranUo ~miJVo, VgoM ~±Ho$bm YZmXoe gmXa

H$ê$Z Ë`mMo n¡go KoD$ eH$Vo. ~±H$ n¡go {Xë`mMr nmoM (Acknowledgement)

g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z YZmXoemda ñdmjar H$ê$Z KoV AgVo. m àH$maÀ`m YZmXoemMr

a¸$_ {_i{dVmZm ì`ŠVrbm ñdV…Mr AmoiI Úmdr bmJV Zmhr. VgoM Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo

~±Ho$V ImVo AgÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo {edm` YZmXoemdarb ñdmjar ì`{V[aŠV Am{W©H$

ì`dhmamMr H$moUVrhr Zm|X g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zmdmda hmoV Zmhr.

aoIm§H$Z Z Ho$bobm Am{U YZmXoemdarb YmaH$ H$mo OR BEARER ho eãX Z

ImoS>Vm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbobm YZmXoe dmhH$ YZmXoe AgVmo.

2 ) AmXoe YZmXoe (Order Cheque) :

YZmXoemdarb BEARER hm eãX ImoS>bm AgVm qH$dm BEARER hm eãX

ImoSy>Z Ë`mOmJr ORDER Ago {b{hbo Agob Va Agm YZmXoe AmXoe

YZmXoe åhUyZ g_Obm OmVmo. ~oAaa hm eãX ImoSy>Z Am°S>©a hm eãX KmVë`m_wio

YZmXoemda ImS>mImoS> Pmbr Va YZmXoe H$mT>Umè`mZo ñdmjar H$aÊ`mMr

Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo.

AmXoe YZmXoe åhUOo YZmXoemMr a¸$_ {d{eï> ì`ŠVrbmM åhUOoM Á`mÀ`m

Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bm Ë`mbmM Úmdr Agm ~±Ho$bm AmXoe XoUo hmo .

AmXoe YZmXoemMo n¡go g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~±H$ ImË`mV O_m Ho$ë`mg AmXoemMr

V§VmoV§V H$m ©dmhr hmoVo. m{edm` Am°S>©a MoH$Mo n¡go ~±Ho$bm H$mD§$Q>ada Úmd`mMo

AgVrb Va g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrMr AmoiI KoUo JaOoMo R>aVo.

6.24


3 ) aoIm§{H$V YZmXoe (Crossed Cheque) :

YZmXoemMm _hÎdmMm Am{U gdm©V gwa{jV àH$ma åhUyZ aoIm§{H$V YZmXoembm

_hÎd AgVo. Am{W©H$ d ì`mnmar OJmV aoIm§{H$V YZmXoemMm dmna _moR>çm

à_mUmV hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iVmo. n¡emÀ`m XoÊ`mKoÊ`mVrb AWdm Am{W©H$

ì`dhmamVrb {dœmgmh©Vm dmT>mdr Am{U gwa{jV ì`dhma nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r YZmXoe

aoIm§{H$V Ho$bo OmVmV. aoIm§{H$V YZmXoe åhUOo, ""YZmXoemÀ`m Xe©Zr ^mJmdarb

S>mì`m H$monè`mV XmoZ g_m§Va aofm§Mr Zm|X H$aUo hmo`.''

YZmXoe Ooìhm aoIm§{H$V Ho$bm OmVmo Voìhm Ë`m YZmXoemMr a¸$_ Á`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m

Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bobm Amho Ë`mM ì`ŠVrbm YZmXoemMr a¸$_ Xo` hmoVo. AÝ`

H$moUrhr åhUOoM YZmXoemMm dmhH$ R>aV Zmhr. aoIm§{H$V YZmXoemMr a¸$_ hr

Á`mÀ`m Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bobm Amho Ë`mÀ`m ~±H$ ImË`mVM O_m Ho$br OmVo d

Vem Zm|Xr YZmXoe XoUmam d YZmXoe KoUmam m§À`m ImË`mV d nmg~wH$da Ho$ë`m

OmVmV.

4 ) AaoIm§{H$V YZmXoe (Uncrossed Cheque) :

Ooìhm AmXoeH$ YZmXoe aoIm§{H$V H$aV Zmhr Voìhm Ë`m YZmXoemcm "Iwcm

YZmXoe' åhQ>co OmVo. Aem YZmXoemMr aŠH$_ ~±Ho$À`m {IS>H$sda àñVwV

Ho$ë`mZ§Va {_iy eH$Vo Ago YZmXoe ho dmhH$Xo` AWdm ì`ŠVr Xo` YZmXoe

AgVmV.

5 ) nyd© {XZm§{H$V YZmXoe (Anti Date Cheque) :

YZmXoe Á`m VmaIobm ~±Ho$V àñVwV Pmbm Ë`m AmYrMr Vm[aI YZmXoemda

Agob, Va Ë`mbm "nyd©{XZm§{H$V YZmXoe' åhUVmV. YZmXoe ho Omar Ho$boë`m

VmaIonmgyZ ghm _{hZo n ªV MmbVmV åhUOo EImXm YZmXoe 10.1.2013

bm Omar Pmbm Amho Agm YZmXoe 09.6.2013 n ªV Ho$ìhm§hr àñVwV H$aVm

oVmo.

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.25

6 ) CÎma {XZm§{H$V YZmXoe (Post Dated Cheque) :

YZmXoemda nwT>rc VmarI Q>mHy$Z Omar Ho$cm Agoc Agm MoH$ CÎma {XZm§{H$V

YZmXoe åhUyZ JUcm OmVmo. Agm YZmXoe Ë`mdarc {XZm§H$mÀ`m AmYr AÑV

J«mø Yacm OmV Zmhr qH$dm {Xcoë`m VmaIoÀ`m AmYr Ë`mcm n¡go àmßV hmoV

ZmhrV. CXm. YZmXoemda {XZm§H$ 12/1222013 Amho. Agm YZmXoe 11/

12/2013 n ªV H$Yrhr ^yJVmZrV hmoV Zmhr (11/12/2013 n ªV Aem

YZmXoemda n¡go àmßV hmoV ZmhrV) ~±H$ 12/12/2013 amoOr qH$dm 11/

06/2013 n ªV ^yJVmZ, H$Yrhr H$ê$ eH$Vo.

7 ) _wXV ~mø YZmXoe (State Cheque) :

YZmXoemda C„o{IV VmaIonmgyZ ghm _{hZo hmoD$Z Joë`mda Oa YZmXoe ~±Ho$V

àñVwV Ho$bm Jobm Va Ë`mbm _wXV ~mø YZmXoe åhUVmV. åhUOoM

10.1.2013 bm Omar YZmXoe 10.6.2013 nmgyZ nwT>o _wXV ~mø AgVmo

d Agm YZmXoe AZmÑV AgVmo d Ë`mda AmXoeH$mbm gwÕm a¸$_ {_iV Zmhr.

8 ) ~hþ^mJr YZmXoe (Multi dated Cheque) :

Ooìhm YZmXoe \$mQ>cocm AgVmo d EH$mnojm A{YH$ VwH$S>çm§Zr O_m Ho$cm OmVmo

Voìhm Ë`mg ~hþ^mJr YZmXoe åhUVmV. ~±H$ AmXoeH$mH$Sy>Z ImÌr H$ê$Z

KoVë`m{edm` n¡go AXm H$aV Zmhr (åhUOoM AmXoeH$mZo ImÌr {Xcr VaM Vmo

AÑV YZmXoe JUcm OmVmo).

9 ) E_.Am`.gr.Ama YZmXoe (M.I.C.R Cheque) :

~±Ho$À`m {ZagZ J¥hmV YZmXoe dJuH$aUmMo H$m_ ËdarV ìhmdo åhUyZ (_°½Zo{Q>H$

B§H$ H$moS> Q>oH$J{ZeZ) E_.Am`.gr.Ama. YZmXoemMm dmna gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcm

Amho. `mMm H$mJX N>nmB© EH$X_ doJir AgVo. YZmXoemÀ`m ImcÀ`m ~mOyg

nm§T>è`m nQ²Q>rV gm§Ho${VH$ AmH$S>o AgVmV Ë`mVrc n{hco ghm emIm XmIdVmV.

YZmXoe H$miOrnyd©H$ dmnamdo cmJVmV Ë`m§Mr KS>r KmcyZ MmcV Zmhr, Q>mMUr

6.26


cmdm`Mr ZgVo, nm§T>è`m nQ²>Q>rV MwHy$Z H$mhr {c{hco Joco AWdm ghr WmoS>r

Imcr nm§T>è`m nQ²>Q>rda Amcr Va à{H«$`m §Ì Vmo YZmXoe ~mOycm H$mT>Vo. `m_wioYZmXoe hr gwa{jV amhVmV d ~ZmdQ> YZmXoe AmoiIy oVmV. Ë`m_wio AnhmamMreŠ`Vm ZgVo.

6.4.6 YZmXoemMo aoIm§H$Z (Crossing of Cheque) :

YZmXoemMo aoIm§H$Z Pmë`mda YZmXoemMr dgycr ~±Ho$_m\©$V hmoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio

YZmXoemÀ`m aoIm§H$ZmMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo `mo½` R>aoc.

1 ) AW© :

YZmXoemÀ`m aoIm§H$ZmMm AW© nwT>rc _wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oB©c :

A) YZmXoemÀ`m aoIm§H$ZmMm AW© (Meaning of Cross Cheque) :

McZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmVrc H$c_ 123 AÝd o, YZmXoemda XmoZ

g_m§Va {Vaß`m aofm H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m Am{U Ë`mV "A±S> H§$nZr' qH$dm BVa eãX

{c{hÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ og "aoIm§H$Z' åhUVmV. YZmXoe aoIm§{H$V Ho$ë`m_wio

Á`m ì`ŠVrcm MoH$Mo n¡go {Xco OmVmV, Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo Zmd ghO AmoiIVm

oVo. Ë`m_wio Agm YZmXoe hadcm, Var Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrg n¡go {_iÊ`mMr

eŠ`Vm ZgVo. WmoS>Š`mV, Ooìhm YZmXoemÀ`m Xe©Zr ^mJmda eŠ`Vmo COì`m

H$monè`mV XmoZ g_m§Va aofm H$mT>coë`m AgVmV, Voìhm Ë`mg YZmXoemMo

aoIm§H$Z åhUVmV.

~) aoIm§{H$V YZmXoe (Crossed Cheque) :

YZmXoemMm _hÎdmMm Am{U gdm©V gwa{jV àH$ma åhUyZ aoIm§{H$V

YZmXoembm _hÎd AgVo. Am{W©H$ d ì`mnmar OJmV aoIm§{H$V YZmXoemMm

dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iVmo. n¡emÀ`m XoÊ`mKoÊ`mVrb

AWdm Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamVrb {dœmgmh©Vm dmT>mdr Am{U gwa{jV ì`dhma

nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r YZmXoe aoIm§{H$V Ho$bo OmVmV. aoIm§{H$V YZmXoe åhUOo,

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.27

""YZmXoemÀ`m Xe©Zr ^mJmdarb S>mì`m H$monè`mV XmoZ g_m§Va aofm§Mr Zm|X

H$aUo hmo`.''

YZmXoe Ooìhm aoIm§{H$V Ho$bm OmVmo Voìhm Ë`m YZmXoemMr a¸$_ Á`m ì`ŠVrÀ`mZmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bobm Amho Ë`mM ì`ŠVrbm YZmXoemMr a¸$_ Xo hmoVo.åhUOoM AÝ` H$moUrhr YZmXoemMm dmhH$ R>aV Zmhr. aoIm§{H$V YZmXoemMra¸$_ hr Á`mÀ`m Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bobm Amho Ë`mÀ`m ~±H$ ImË`mVM O_mHo$br OmVo d Vem Zm|Xr YZmXoe XoUmam d YZmXoe KoUmam m§À`m ImË`mV dnmg~wH$da Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

2 ) aoIm§{H$V YZmXoemMr d¡{eîQ>ço :

A ) dmhH$Vm ZgUo :

YZmXoe hm Zoh_rM dmhH$ YZmXoe AgVmo Am{U Vmo _mJVmjUr Xo AgVmo; na§VwYZmXoemdarb S>mì`m H$monè`mV XmoZ g_m§Va {Vaß`m aofm H$mT>ë`mg Agm YZmXoedmhH$ YZmXoe R>aV Zmhr.

~) e¡br :

YZmXoemdarb XmoZ g_m§Va aofm§_Ü o "A°ÊS> H§$nZr', "AH$mD§$Q> no r AmoZbr' BË`mXrqH$dm BVa eãX {b{hÊ`mMr àWm Amho.

H$) YmaH$mÀ`m ~±H$ ImË`mVM O_m :

aoIm§H$Z Ho$bobm YZmXoe hm Á`mÀ`mZmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bobm Amho (Payee) Ë`mÀ`m~±H$ ImË`mVM O_m Ho$bm OmVmo d g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m ImË`mVyZ YZmXoemMoamoH$S> n¡go àmá hmoVmV.

S>) Zm|Xr :

aoIm§{H$V YZmXoemÀ`m Zm|Xr YZmXoe H$mT>Umè`mÀ`m ~±H$ ImË`mda d nmg~wH$mVhmoVmV Ë`m{edm` Á`mbm YZmXoe {Xbm Amho Ë`mÀ`m ~±H$ ImË`mV d nmg~wH$daHo$ë`m OmVmV Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ ì`dhmambm H$m`Xoera ñdê$n àmá hmoVo.

6.28


B ) \$gdUyH$ Zmhr :

aoIm§{H$V YZmXoemÀ`m ì`dhmamV H$moUVrhr \$gdUyH$ hmoV Zmhr. YZmXoe JhmiPmbm AWdm Mmoarg Jobm Var H$moUVohr ZwH$gmZ hmoV Zmhr.

B©) AhñVm§VaUr`Vm àmár :

aoIm§{H$V YZmXoe hm An[aH«$må` qH$dm AhñVm§VaUr` hmoVmo åhUOoM YZmXoemMra¸$_ AÝ` H$mooUmhr ì`ŠVrg nañna XoVm oV Zmhr.

\$) hñVm§VaU :

YZmXoemdarb aoIm§H$Zm_wio n¡emMo hñVm§VaU XoUmè`mH$Sy>Z (Sender) KoUmè`mH$S>o(Receiver) {Z{üVnUo hmoVo.

3 ) aoIm§H$ZmMo àH$ma (Types of Crossing) :

YZmXoemdarb aoIm§H$ZmMo _w»`V… nwT>rb àH$ma nS>VmV …

A) gd©gmYmaU aoIm§H$Z (General Crossing) :

MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm 1881 À`m H$b_ 23 _Ü o gd©gmYmaUaoIm§H$ZmMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. Ë`mZwgma ""YZmXoemÀ`m Xe©Zr^mJmda "A°ÊS> H§$nZr' qH$dm 'Not Negotiable' `m eãXmgh qH$dm `meãXm{edm` XmoZ g_m§Va aofm H$mT>ë`mg Ë`mbm gd©gmYmaU aoIm§H$Z åhUyZg§~moYbo OmVo.''

YZmXoemda darb àH$maMo aoIm§H$Z Zm|X{dë`mg Á`m ~±Ho$da YZmXoe H$mT>Ê`mVAmbobm Amho Ë`m àXm`r ~±Ho$bm AmXoeH$ gyMZm H$arV AgVmo H$s,1) g§~§{YV YZmXoemMo n¡go ~±Ho$À`m H$mD§$Q>ada VËH$mi AWdm amoI ñdê$nmVXody$ Z oV. 2) YZmXoemMr a¸$_ hr Z_yX Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVr / g§ñWoÀ`m ~±H$ImË`mda O_m H$amdr. 3) YZmXoe hm MbZj_ XñVEodO Z amhVm _`m©{XVà_mUmV AMbZj_ Amho. CXm. g§~§{YV ~±Ho$V àmáH$Ë`m©Mo ~±H$ ImVo ZgobVa AÝ` ~±Ho$Vrb ~±H$ ImË`mV a¸$_ O_m Ho$br OmB©b; na§Vw ~±H$ ImË`mVMa¸$_ O_m hmoB©b.

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.29

~±qH$J ì`dhmamV YZmXoemdarb gd©gmYmaU aoIm§H$Z nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$bo OmVAgVmZm AmT>iVo.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

& C

o.

& C

ompa

ny

Not

Neg

otia

ble

& C

o.

Not

Neg

otia

ble

darb {d{dY àH$maMo eãX XmoZ g_m§Va {Vaß`m aofm§_Ü o Zm|XdyZ aoIm§H$Z Ho$bo

OmVo. YZmXoemda darb qH$dm AÝ` eãXm§À`m Zm|Xr H$ê$Z Ho$boë`m aoIm§H$ZmMm

AW© hm Ho$di YZmXoe hm Á`mÀ`m Zmdo H$mT>bobm Amho Ë`m ì`ŠVr AWdm

g§ñWoÀ`m ñdV…À`m ~±H$ ImË`mVM O_m Ho$bm OmB©b. YZmXoemMo ~±Ho$À`m

H$mD§$Q>ada amoI n¡go àmá hmoUma ZmhrV.

~) {deof aoIm§H$Z (Special Crossing) :

MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm 1881 À`m H$b_ 124 A Zwgma {deof

aoIm§H$Zm~m~V nwT>rb AW© ñnï> Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`mZwgma ""Oa YZmXoemÀ`m

Xe©Zr mJmda YZmXoe XmoZ g_m§Va aofm§_Ü o {d{eï> ~±Ho$Mo Zmd Z_yX H$arV

Agob qH$dm Ë`m{edm` Ë`m_Ü o "Zm°Q> {ZJmo{eE~b' (Not Negotiable)

eãX Ë`m ~±Ho$À`m ZmdmnwT>o Agob qH$dm Zgob Var Vmo YZmXoe {deof aoIm§{H$V

YZmXoe g_Obm OmB©b. {deof aoIm§H$Z Agbobm YZmXoe hm Ë`m {d{eï>

~±Ho$VM dQ>{dbm OmD$ eH$Vmo.''

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV eoAa ~mOma, H$O©amo»`m§Mo ~mOma, å w°À wAb \§$S> BË`mXr

Jw§VdUwH$sVyZ àmá hmoUmam bm^m§e, ì`mO Am{U AÝ` naVmdo BË`mXr ì`dhma

_moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>{dë`m_wio Am{U `m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§À`m A{YH$

gwa{jVVoMr Amdí`H$Vm bjmV KoD$Z AZoH$ H§$nÝ`m Jw§VdUwH$Xmam§Zm \$m°_©

6.30


^ê$Z KoV AgVmZm Ë`m§Mr ~±H$, ~±H$emIm d ImVo H«$_m§H$ XoUo Amdí`H$

R>a{dVmV. {deof aoIm§H$ZmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo {d{eï> ~±Ho$V, ~±H$emIoVM YZmXoemMoàXmZ hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iyZ oVo.

{deof aoIm§H$Z nwT>rb {d{dY àH$mao Ho$bo OmV AgVmZm AmT>iVo …

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Jant

a C

o-O

p.Ba

nk

Punj

ab B

ank

Paud

Rd.

Bra

nch

Sara

swat

Co-

op.B

ank

Not

Neg

otia

ble

Can

ara

Bank

Ltd

.

Bank

of I

ndia

H$) {Z~ªYmË_H$ aoIm§H$Z (Restrictive Crossing) :

aoIm§{H$V YZmXoemMm ~±qH$J ì`dhmamVyZ CX`mg Ambobm Am{U _moR>çmà_mUmV dmnamV AgUmam àH$ma åhUyZ {Z~ªYmË_H$ aoIm§H$Zmbm _hÎdAmT>iVo. ~±qH$J joÌmV A{YH$m{YH$ gwa{jVVm {_idÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo Am{UÁ`mÀ`m Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>Ê`mV Ambobm Amho Ë`mbmM YZmXoemMo àXmZìhmdo åhUyZ YZmXoemda XmoZ g_m§Va aofm H$mTy>Z Ë`m_Ü o 'Account Payee

Only' qH$dm 'Payees A/c Only' BË`mXr ñdê$nmÀ`m Zm|Xr Ho$ë`mg YZmXoe{Z~ªYmË_H$ hmoVmo. {Z~ªYmË_H$ YZmXoemMo n¡go Á`mÀ`m Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bobmAmho Ë`m ì`ŠVr AWdm g§ñWoÀ`m ~±H$ ImË`mVM O_m hmoVmo.

{Z~ªYmË_H$ YZmXoemÀ`m àXmZm~m~V ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z {ZîH$miOrnUm Pmbm AWdmAem YZmXoemMo àXmZ g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~±H$ ImË`mda Pmbo Zmhr Va

`m~m~VrV ~±Ho$g O~m~Xma Yabo OmD$Z ZwH$gmZ anmB© XoÊ`mMo ~§YZ ~±H$ada

oVo. {Z~ªYmË_H$ YZmXoe nwT>rb {d{dY nÕVrZo Ho$bo OmVmV.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Acco

unt P

ayee

Onl

y

Bank

of I

ndia

A/c

. B.G

hosh

Paye

es A

/c. O

nly

Acco

unt S

.Shw

eta

Onl

y

Acco

unt P

ayee

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.31

S>) An[aH«$må` / AMbZj_ (Not Negotiable) :

YZmXoemÀ`m Xe©Zr ^mJmda Ho$boë`m aoIm§H$ZmÀ`m A§V^m©JmV 'Not

Negotiable' qH$dm "An[aH«$må`' qH$dm "AMbZj_' Ago eãX {b{hë`mg

MbZj_ XñVEodOmÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§n¡H$s "MbZj_' ho d¡{eîQ>ç

Zmhrgo hmoVoo.

"AMbZj_' Aer Amkm AmXmVm Ooìhm ~±Ho$g XoVmo Voìhm Vmo YZmXoe _yë`mÀ`m

hñVm§VaUmda _`m©Xm AmUVmo åhUOoM Á`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bobm

Amho Ë`m ì`ŠVrì`{V[aŠV AÝ` H$moUmbmhr YZmXoemMo àXmZ hmoD$ eH$V

Zmhr.

YZmXoemdarb aoIm§H$ZmÀ`m darb àH$mam_Ü o YZmXoemda {d{dY nÕVrZo

aoIm§H$Z H$aVm oVo. CXm.

1 ) noZMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z S>mì`m ~mOyÀ`m H$monè`mV XmoZ g_m§Va {Vaß`m aofm

H$mT>Uo.

2 ) aoIm§H$Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r a~ar ñQ>°ånMm dmna H$aUo.

3 ) YZmXoemda aoIm§H$Z N>mnUo.

YZmXoemda aoIm§H$Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va YZmXoe "dmhH$' YZmXoe Z amhVm Vmo AmXoe

YZmXoe R>aVmo Ë`m_wio YZmXoemÀ`m darb àH$mamV aoIm§H$ZmMo {d{dY àH$ma

Am{U nÕVr dmnamV oV Agë`m Var YZmXoemda H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo aoIm§H$Z

Ho$ë`mg YZmXoe "An[aH«$må`' R>aÊ`m~amo~a Agm YZmXoe Á`mÀ`m Zmdmda

H$mT>bobm Amho Ë`mÀ`m ~±H$ ImË`mVM O_m hmoVmo.

6.32


6.5 dMZ{MÇ>r Am{U hþ§S>r `mVrc \$aH$ :(Difference Between Promissory Note and Bill of Exchange)

dMZ{MR²>R>r hþ §S>r_wÔo

1 ) ì`m»`m : {d{eï> ì`ŠVrg qH$dm {VÀ`m

AmXoemZwgma Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrg,

qH$dm dmhH$mg {ZpíMV a¸$_

{dZmAQ> XoÊ`m~Ôc dMZXmË`mZo

ghr H$ê$Z {Xcoco coIr dMZ

åhUOo ‘dMZ{MÇ>r’ hmo`.

EH$m {d{eï> ì`ŠVrg qH$dm {VÀ m

AmkoZwgma Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrg qH$dm

dmhH$mg {d{eï> a¸$_, {dZmAQ>

XoÊ`m~Ôc dMZXmË`mZo Amnë`m

ghrZo Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrcm Ho$cocr

coIr Amkm åhUOo ‘hþ§S>r’ hmo .

2 ) g_m{dïì`ŠVr :

dMZXmVm d àmáH$Vm© `m XmoZM

ì`ŠVr AgVmV.

AmXoeH$, AmkmWu d àmáH$Vm©

Aem VrZ ì`ŠVr AgVmV.

3 ) ñdê$n : n¡go XoÊ`mMo {dZmAQ> dMZ AgVo. n¡go XoÊ mMr {dZmAQ> Amkm AgVo.

4 ) ñdrH¥$Vr : dMZXmË`mZo dMZ{MÇ>rMr doJir

ñdrH¥$Vr H$amdr cmJV Zmhr.

hþ§S>r AmkmÏ`m©Zo ñdrH$mamdrcmJVo.

5) O~m~Xmar : n¡go XoÊ`mMr à_wI O~m~Xmar

dMZXmË`mMr AgVo.

àmáH$Ë`m©cm dMZXmVm O~m~Xma

AgVmo.

n¡go XoÊ`mMr à_wI O~m~Xmar

AmkmÏ`m©Mr AgVo.

àmáH$Ë`m©cm AmkmWu O~m~Xma

AgVmo.

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.33

7 ) g§~§Y : dMZXmVm hm H$O©Xma AgVmo. AmXoeH$ hm gmdH$ma AgVmo.

8) gmXarH$aU : gmXarH$aUmMr _wXV AmngmV

R>adyZ _mÝ` hmoVo.gmXarH$aUmMr _wXV nyd©{ZpíMV

d ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.

9 ) AZmXa : AZmXa Pmë`mMr ZmoQ>rg ÚmdrcmJV Zmhr.

YmaH$mZo AZmXamMr ZmoQ>rgAmXoeH$mcm Úmdr cmJVo.

dMZ{MR²>R>r hþ §S>r_wÔo

6 ) AQ : dMZ{MÇ>rVrc dMZ AQ>r {dahrV

AgVo.hþ§S>r_Ü o AmkmWu AQ> KmcyZ hþ§S>r

ñdrH$mê$ eH$Vmo.

6.6 YZmXoe Am{U {dnÌ `mVrc \$aH$ :(Difference Between Cheque and Bill of Exchange)

YZmXoe {dnÌ_wÔo

1 ) àmáH$Vm© : {dnÌ H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrda

H$mT>Vm `oVo. ì`ŠVr{edm`

~±Ho$dahr {dnÌ H$mT>Vm oVo.

YZmXoe \$ŠV ~±Ho$daM H$mT>Vm

oVmo.

2 ) ñdrH¥$Vr : {dnÌmMo n¡go Ë`mMr _wXV

g§në`mda {_iV Agë`m_wio,

n¡go {_i{dÊ`mnydu {dnÌmcm

Amk mW uH $S y > Z ñd rH ¥ $ V r

{_idmdr cmJVo.

YZmXoemMo n¡go {_iÊ`mnydu

Ë`mcm ñdrH¥$VrMr Amdí`H$Vm

Zmhr. YZmXoemMr ñdrH¥$Vr d n¡go

XoUo m XmoÝhrhr {H«$`m EH$mM doir

hmoVmV.

6.34


5 ) d¡YVm : {dnÌmMo n¡go {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r

{dnÌmMr _wXV g§në`mZ§VaÀ`m

{Vgè`m {Xder Vr AmkmWuH$S>o

nmR>dmdr cmJVo. Ë`mZ§Va {VMo n¡go

{_iVmV.

YZmXoe {c{hë`mnmgyZ ghm

_{hÝ`m§À`m AmV Ë mMo n¡go ~±Ho$VyZ

Ho$ìhmhr {_i{dVm oVmV.

6 ) aoIm§H$Z : {dnÌ aoIm§{H$V H$aVm `oVZmhrV.

YZmXoemMo aoIm§H$Z H$aVm oVo.

YZmXoe {dnÌ_wÔo

3 ) _wXV : `mCcQ > {dnÌmMr _ wXV

g§në`mZ§Va VrZ {Xdgm§Mr OmXm

_wXV (grace days) n¡go

XoÊ`mgmR>r AmkmWucm {Xcr

OmVo.

YZmXoemMo n¡go _mJVmjUrM

{_iVmV. Ë`mV VrZ {Xdgm§Mr

OmXm _wXV R>odÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr.

4) a¸$_

CnbãYVm :

{dnÌmMo n¡go _mJVmjUrM

{_iVmV Ago Zmhr. {dnÌmMo

n ¡g o {VMr {d{eï > _ wXV

g§në`mZ§Va {_iVmV. Var nU

_mJVmjUrM n¡go {_imdoV

Aer {dnÌ {chÿZ AmXoeH$mcm

{VMo n¡go Ëd[aV {_i{dVm

oVmV.

YZmXoemMo n¡go _mJVmjUrM{_iVmV.

McZj_ XñVEodO

6.35

YZmXoe {dnÌ_wÔo

9 ) AZmXa-

-gyMZm :

{dnÌmMm AZmXa Pmë`mg

{dnÌmÀ`m YmaH$mZo {dnÌ -

g§~§{YV gd© njm§Zm AZmXamMr

gyMZm {Xcr nm{hOo.

YZmXoemMm AZmXa Pmë`mg

g§~§{YV njm§Zm AZmXamMr gyMZm

Úmdr cmJV Zmhr.

10) àmár

à{V~§Y :

{dnÌmbm hm {Z`_ cmJy hmoV Zmhr.

åhUOoM AmXoeH$mcm AmkmÏ`m©Zo

{dnÌmMo n¡go XoD$ Z oV Aer Amkm

XoVm oV Zmhr.

YZmXoe {c{hUmè`m ì`ŠVrMm

_¥Ë y hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Agoc

qH$dm {Xdmio {ZKV Agoc

AWdm Vm o d oS >m Pmë`mg,YZmXoemMo n¡go XoD$ Z oV Aer

Vmo ~±Ho$cm Amkm XoD$ eH$Vmo.

8 ) ñWmZ : {dnÌ Xoer qH$dm {dXoer Agy

eH$Vo.

YZmXoe àm_w»`mZo Xoer AgVmV.

7 ) {VH$sQ> : ñQ> ±ån S>ç wQ >r H$m`ÚmVrc

VaVwXrZwgma {dnÌmda {VÀ`mVrc

aH$_oÀ m AmYmamda {VH$sQ> cmdmdo

cmJVo.

YZmXoemda {VH$sQ> cmdÊ`mMr

JaO Zmhr.

gamdmgmR>r àíZ

20 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. "{d{Z_` nÌ' åhUOo H$m` ?

à. 2. "dMZ nÌ' åhUOo H$m` ?

6.36


à. 3. YZmXoemMm AW© gm§Jm.

à. 4. dMZnÌmVrc njH$ma H$moUVo ?

à. 5. YZmXoemMo aoIm§H$Z åhUOo H$m` ?

à. 6. dmhH$ YZmXoemMm AW© gm§Jm.

50 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. dMZ nÌmVrc njH$mam§Mr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 2. "dmhH$ YZmXoe' hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

à. 3. "AmXoe YZmXoe' hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

à. 4. "aoIm§{H$V YZmXoe' hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

à. 5. E_.Am`.gr.Ama (M.I.C.R) YZmXoemMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

150 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. McZj_ XñVEodO åhUOo H$m` ? Ë`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

à. 2. YZmXoemMr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnï> H$am.

à. 3. dMZ{MÇ>r Am{U hþ§S>r mVrc \$aH$ ñnï> H$am.

à. 4. YZmXoe Am{U {dnÌ mVrc \$aH$ ñnï> H$am.

500 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. dMZ{MÇ>r åhUOo H$m` ? dMZ{MÇ>rMr d¡{eîQ>ço d Ë`mVrc njH$ma m§Mr_m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 2. dMZ nÌ åhUOo H$m` ? Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço d njH$ma m§Mr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 3. YZmXoemMo aoIm§H$Z åhUOo H$m` ? aoIm§H$ZmMo àH$ma ñnï> H$am.

7.1

7.1 n¥ð>m§H$Z

7.2 H$m`Xoera n¥ð>m§H$ZmgmR>rÀ`m AQ>r

7.3 n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo àH$ma

7.4 n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo n[aUm_

7n¥ð>m§H$Z 7

àmñVm{dH$ :

(Introduction)

XñVEodO naH«$m{_V H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm MbZj_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mda {d{eï>nÜXVrZo n¥ð>m§H$Z H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. EImÚm MbZñdén XñVEodO-YmaH$mg Ë`mÀ`m _mbH$sÀ`m MbZj_ XñVEodOmMo Xwgè`m ì`º$sÀ`m ZmdmdahñVm§VaU H$am`Mo Agë`mg Vmo Ë`m XñVEodOmda qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m nmR>r_mJrb ~mOydaË`mÀ`m ghrImbr `mo½` Z_wÝ`mV Amnbm hoVy Z_yX H$aVmo. Á`mdoir YmaH$hñVm§VaUmÀ`m CÔoemZo Amnbr ghr Ë`mda H$aVmo, Ë`mdoir Vmo MbZj_ XñVEodO~ZVmo Am{U YmaH$mZo Vmo n¥ð>m§H$sV Ho$bm Amho Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. ^maVr` MbZj_XñVEodO H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 15 _Ü o n¥ð>>m§H$Zmg§~YrÀ`m VaVwXr AmhoV. n¥ð>>m§H$H$Am{U n¥ð>m§{H$Vr ho n¥ð>m§H$Z à{H«$ oVrb XmoZ nj AgVmV. MbZj_ XñVEodO


7.2

H$m`ÚmV n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo H$m`Xoera _hËd {deX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`m_wio n¥ð>m§H$ZH$aVm§Zm AZoH$ Jmoï>tMr I~aXmar ¿`mdr bmJVo, VgoM H$mhr VÎdm§Mo nmbZ H$amdobmJVo. n¥ð>m§H$Z H$em nÕVrZo Ho$bo OmVo `mdê$Z n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo H$moao n¥ð>m§H$Z, g§nyU©n¥ð>m§H$Z, geV© n¥ð>m§H$Z, Am§{eH$ n¥ð>m§H$Z, {Z~ªYrV n¥ð>m§H$Z, h¸$ n¥ð>m§H$Z, Ë`m{OVO~m~Xmar, _wŠV$ n¥ð>m§H$Z Aem doJdoJù`m àH$mam§V dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. n¥ð>m§H$Zà{H«$ o_wio MbZj_ XñVEodOm§da AZoH$ n[aUm_ XoIrb KSy>Z oV AgVmV. Ë`m_wion¥ð>m§H$ZmMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo `mo½` R>aob.

7.1 n¥ð>m§H$Z :(Endorsement)

MbZj_ XñVEodOmbm hñVm§VaUr` H$aÊ`mgmR>r n¥ð>m§H$ZmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.n¥ð>m§H$ZmÛmao MbZj_ nÌH$m§Zm namH«$må`Vm AWdm MbZj_Vm àmá hmoV AgVo.MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmZwgma XñVmEodOm§Mo hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r n¥ð>m§H$Z H$aUoAmdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m_wio n¥ð>m§H$ZmMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo mo½` R>aob.

7.1.1 AW© :

MbZj_ XñVEodOm§da hñVm§VaUmgmR>r Ho$br OmUmar à{H«$`m åhUOo n¥ð>m§H$Zhmo`. XñVEodOmMr MbZj_Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVwZo XñVEodOmÀ`m nmR>r_mJoqH$dm gmo~V OmoS>boë`m H$mJXmda n¥ð>m§da Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mgmR>r n¥ð>m§H$H$mMr ñdmjarË`mda Agmdr bmJVo. MbZj_ XñVEodOmda nyU© n¥ð>m§H$Z Amdí`H$ AgVo. MbZj_XñVEodOmMr EH$mnojm OmñV AgVrb Va gd© AmXmË`m§Zr n¥ð>m§H$Z Ho$ë`m{edm`XñVEodO MbZj_ qH$dm namH«$må` R>ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

7.1.2 ì`m»`m :

MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm, 1881 À`m H$b_ 15 …

Zwgma ""XñVEodOmÀ`m Xe©Zr ^mJmda qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m _mJrb ~mOyda qH$dmOmoS>boë`m H$mJXmda XñVEodOmÀ`m H$Ë`m©Zo qH$dm YmaH$mZo Vmo XñVEodO "MbZj_'qH$dm "namH«$må`' H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdmjar H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ og n¥ð>m§H$Z åhUVmV.''

n¥ð>m§H$Z

7.3

7.1.3 njH$ma (Parties of Endorsement) :

n¥ð>m§H$ZmÀ`m n«{H«$ oV XmoZ njH$ma gh^mJr AgVmV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo :

1 ) n¥ð>m§H$H$ (Endorser) :

n¥îR>m§H$Zmda ghr H$aUmè`m åhUOoM n¥ð>m§H$Z H$aUmè`m ì`º$sg n¥ð>m§H$H$åhUVmV.

2 ) n¥ð>m§{H$Vr (Endorsee) :

Á`mÀ`m ZmdmZo n¥ð>m§H$Z Ho$bo OmVo Ë`m ì`ŠVrg n¥ð>m§H$sVr åhUVmV.

n¥ð>m§H$H$ Amnë`mH$S>rb XñVEodOmMo Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zmdmda hñVm§da H$aVmZmË`m XñVEodOmda qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m nmR>r_mJo Vgm hoVy Z_yX H$ê$Z Amnbr ghrH$aVmo. Ë`mZo Á`m ì`º$sÀ`m Zmdmda XñVEodO hñVm§V[aV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ghrHo$br Amho, Ë`m ì`º$sMm CëboI n¥ð>m§{H$Vr åhUyZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio hoXmoZM njH$ma n¥ð>m§H$Z à{H«$ oV gh^mJr AgVmV.

7.1.4 n¥ð>m§H$ZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of Endorsement) :

1 ) n¥ð>m§H$ZmMr OmJm :

XñVEodOmMr MbZj_Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo XñVEodOmÀ`m nmR>r_mJo qH$dmgmo~V OmoS>boë`m H$mJXmda n¥ð>m§H$Z Ho$bo OmVo.

2 ) ñdmjar :

XñVEodO MbZj_ Am{U H$m`Xoera hñVm§VaUr` nÌH$ R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$din¥ð>m§H$H$mMr ñdmjar nwaoer R>aVo.

3 ) nÕV :

n¥ð>m§H$Z ho Ho$di ~m°bnoZ / emB©Mo noZ `m§À`m gmhmæ`mZoM H$aVm oVo. noÝgrbAWdm a~ar {e¸$m m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo Ho$bobo n¥ð>m§H$Z ~oH$m`Xoera AgVo.

4 ) nyU© n¥ð>m§H$Z :

MbZj_ XñVEodOmda nyU© n¥ð>m§H$Z Amdí`H$ AgVo. Am§{eH$ n¥ð>m§H$Z / ñdmjarXñVEodOmg MbZj_Vm àmá H$ê$Z XoV Zmhr.


7.4

5 ) gd© AmXmË`m§H$Sy>Z n¥ð>m§H$Z :

MbZj_ XñVEodOmMo AmXmVo EH$mnojm OmñV AgVrb Va gd© AmXmË`m§Zr n¥ð>m§H$ZHo$ë`m{edm` XñVEodO MbZj_/ naH«$må` R>ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

n¥ð>m§H$ZmMr ì`m»`m Am{U Ë`mÀ`m d¡{eï>çmdê$Z MbZj_ nÌH$mbm hñVm§VaUr`H$aÊ`mgmR>r n¥ð>m§H$ZmMm H$gm Cn`moJ hmoVmo Am{U MbZnÌH$mbm namH«$må`Vm AWdmMbZj_Vm àmá H$ê$Z XoVmo `mMo ñnï>rH$aU {_iVo. MbZj_ XñVEodOmbmH$m`XoeraarË`m MbZj_ qH$dm hñVm§VaUr` ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r n¥ð>m§H$ZmZo Ho$bobo n¥ð>m§H$Zd Ë`m~m~VMr MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmVrb VaVyX A{Ve` _hÎdmMr R>abobrAmho.

7.2 H$m`Xoera n¥îR>m§H$ZmgmR>rÀ`m AQ>r :(Essentials of Valid Endorsement)

n¥ð>m§H$Z H$m`Xoera H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb AQ>r Amdí`H$ _mZë`m OmVmV …

1 ) XñVEodO naH«$m{_V qH$dm MbZj_ H$aÊ`mMm hoVy ñnï> hmoB©b Aem arVrZo

XñVEodOmda qH$dm XñVEodOmÀ`m nmR>r_mJrb ~mOyda qH$dm OmoS>boë`m H$mJXmda

n¥ð>m§H$Z H$aÊ`mV `mdo.

2 ) n¥ð>m§H$Z H$m`Xoera R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r n¥ð>m§H$H$mMr Ho$di ghr nwaoer R>aVo.

3 ) XñVEodOmda n¥ð>m§H$Z Ho$di emB©ZoM H$aÊ`mV `mdo. nopÝgbZo Ho$bobo n¥ð>m§H$Z

qH$dm a~ar {e¸$m dmnê$Z Ho$bobo n¥ð>m§H$Z ~oH$m`Xoera R>aVo.

4 ) MbZj_ XñVEodOmda A§{eH$ n¥ð>m§H$Z H$aVm oV Zmhr. Vgo Ho$ë`mg Vo

An[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo.

5 ) MbZj_ XñVEodO Á`m n«H$mao H$mT>Ê`mV Ambm Amho, Ë`mMàH$mao Ë`mda

n¥ð>m§H$Z H$aVm oVo. åhUOo AmXmË`mMo Zm_ MwH$sMo {b{hë`mg MwH$sÀ`m ZmdmZo

n¥ð>m§H$Z H$amdo bmJVo.

n¥ð>m§H$Z

7.5

6 ) MbZj_ XñVEodOmda AmXmË`mMr Zmdo Á`m H«$_mZo {b{hbr AgVrb, Ë`mMH«$_mZo Ë`mda n¥ð>m§H$Z H$amdo bmJVo.

7 ) MbZj_ XñVEodOmÀ`m gmondUwH$sZ§Va n¥ð>m§H$ZmMr à{H«$`m nyU© hmoV Agë`mZon¥ð>m§H$H$mZo ñdV: XñVEodOmMr gmondUyH$ n¥ð>m§{H$VrH$S>o H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$VmAgVo.

8 ) MbZj_ XñVEodOmMr gmondUyH$ geV© Agë`mg Vr eV© nyU© Pmë`m{edm`gmondUwH$sMr n«{H«$`m nyU© hmoV Zmhr.

9 ) MbZj_ XñVEodOmMo AX{V EH$mnojm OmñV AgVrb Va Ë`m gd© AmXmË`m§Zrn¥ð>m§H$Z H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.

10)MbZj_ XñVEodOmda n¥ð>m§H$Z H$aVmZm n¥ð>m§H$H$mZo Amnë`m ZmdmAJmoXañVw{VdmMH$ eãXm§Mm dmna H$ê$ Z o. CXm. "n§{S>V', "H°$ßQ>Z' B.

7.3 n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo àH$ma :

(Types of Endorsement)

n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo à_wI gmV àH$mam§_Ü o dJr©H$aU Ho$bo OmVo Vo nwT>rbà_mUo …

1 ) H$moao n¥ð>m§H$Z (Endorsement in Blank) :

MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmVrb H$b_ 16 _Ü o H$moè`m qH$dm gd©gmYmaU

n¥ð>m§H$Zm~m~V ñnï>rH$aU XoÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. Ë`mZwgma MbZj_ XñVEodOmMm

n¥ð>m§H$H$ qH$dm AmXmVm n¡go H$moUmbm ÚmdoV ho XñVEodOmda Z {b{hVm Ho$di

ñdmjar H$arV Agë`mg Ë`mbm H$moao n¥ð>m§H$Z Ago åhUVmV. mMmM AW© Ooìhm

n¥ð>m§H$H$ (ñdmjar H$aUmam) n¥ð>m§{H$VrMo Zmd (n¡go {_iUmè`mMo Zmd) {ZX}{eV

H$arV Zmhr, Ë`mdoir Vmo XñVEodO dmhH$Xo R>ê$Z MbZj_ hmoVmo Am{U Or ì`ŠVr

XñVEodOmMo gmXarH$aU H$aob Vr ì`ŠVr a¸$_ {_idÊ`mg nmÌ R>aVo. H$moè`m

n¥ð>m§H$ZmMr g§H$ënZm nwT>rb CXmhaUmZo A{YH$ ñnï> H$aVm oVo …


7.6

g_Om, 1000 ê$n o a¸$_ Zm|X{dbobm YZmXoe "A' ì`ŠVrg XoÊ`mV AmbobmAmho. mMm AW© YZmXoemMr a¸$_ é. 1000/- "A' m ì`ŠVrg qH$dm Ë`mÀ`mAmXoemZwgma àmá hmoUma Amho. "A' hr ì`ŠVr YZmXoemÀ`m nmR>r_mJo Ho$di ñdmjarH$aVo Voìhm ho H$moao n¥ð>m§H$Z hmoVo. m n¥ð>m§H$Zm_wio "A' qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m AmXoemZwgmaAgUmam 1000 én o YZmXoe YmaH$ qH$dm dmhH$ YZmXoe hmoVmo Am{U Or ì`ŠVrVmo YZmXoe KoD$Z ~±Ho$À`m H$mD§$Q>ada oB©b Vr ì`ŠVr 1000 ê$n o a¸$_ {_idÊ`mgnmÌ R>aVo.

WmoS>Š`mV, H$moè`m n¥ð>m§H$Zm_wio XñVEodO / nÌH$ naH«$må` qH$dm MbZj_ H$aÊ`mgg§_Vr {_iVo Am{U Agm XñVEodO dmhH$Xo R>aVmo.

2 ) g§nyU© qH$dm {deof n¥ð>m§H$Z (Full or Special Endorsement) :

MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmVrb H$b_ 49 _Ü o MbZj_ XñVEodOmMo n¡go {d{eï>ì`ŠVrbm qH$dm Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m AmXoemZwgma ÚmdoV, Agm eoam Zm|XdyZ Ë`mdan¥ð>m§H$Z Ho$ë`mg Ë`mg nyU© n¥ð>m§H$Z qH$dm {deof n¥ð>m§H$Z åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo.n¥ð>m§H$H$ {d{eï> ì`ŠVrMo Zmd KmbyZ Ë`mbm n¡go ÚmdoV Agm AmXoe qH$dm AmkmH$ê$Z ñdmjar H$aVmo, Voìhm Ë`m XñVEodOmbm nyU©Ëd àmá hmoVo.

g_Om, Ooìhm YZmXoemMo n¡go í`m_ mbm qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m AmXoemZwgma {_imd`mMoAmhoV Am{U Ë`m YZmXoemda í`m_ mg qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m AmXoemZwgma n¡go ÚmdoVAem eãXmMr ^a KmbyZ n¥îR>m§H$H$ ghr H$aVmo, Voìhm Ago n¥ð>m§H$Z nyU© qH$dm{deof n¥ð>m§H$Z hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV, H$moè`m MbZj_ XñVEodOmMm YmaH$ Ë`mXñVEodOmMo n¡go H$moUmbm {_imdoV Ë`mMo Zmd ghrÀ`m darb ~mOyg {b{hVmoVoìhm g§nyU© n¥ð>m§H$Z ApñVËdmV oVo.

3 ) geV© n¥ð>m§H$Z (Conditional Endorsement) :

MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmVrb 52 ì`m H$b_m_Ü o MbZj_ XñVEodOmMmn¥ð>m§H$ZH$Vm© {d{eï> AQ> KmbyZ ñdV…Mr MbZj_ XñVEodOm~m~VMr O~m~XmarZmhrer H$ê$ eH$Vmo. mbmM geV© n¥ð>m§H$Z qH$dm O~m~Xma Z YaVm Ho$bobo n¥ð>m§H$Z(Endorsement Sans Recourse) Ago åhQ>co OmVo.

n¥ð>m§H$Z

7.7

ì`mnmar ì`dhmamVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao g§boI qH$dm XñVEodO. CXm. dMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>rBË`mXr§gmR>r m nÕVrMm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmna hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iVmo. geV©n¥ð>m§H$Z nwT>rb XmoZ àH$mao AmT>iVo …

A) Xm{`Ëd_wŠV n¥ð>m§H$Z :

`m nÕVrV MbZj_ XñVEodOmda n¥ð>m§H$Z H$aVmZm n¥ð>m§H$H$ AmnU `mXñVEodOmg O~m~Xma Zmhr Am{U AmnU Xm{`Ëd_wŠV AmhmoV Aer AQ>KmbV AgVmo.

CXm. "aqdÐ JUmoaH$a qH$dm Ë`m§À`m AmXoemZwgma àXmZ H$amdo _r O~m~XmaZmhr.'

ghr - nr.EZ². JmoS>~mobo.

~) KQ>Zoda AmYm[aV n¥ð>m§H$Z :

`m nÕVrV {d{eï> KQ>Zm KS>ë`mg MbZj_ XñVEodOmMo àXmZ H$amdo Ago{bhÿZ n¥ð>m§H$H$ ñdV…Mr ñdmjar H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio Vr {d{eï> Jmoï> KS>ë`mgMn¥ð>m§H$H$mda Xm{`ËdmMr O~m~Xmar oVo.

CXm. "gmo~V OmoS>boë`m XñVEodOmda / ànÌmda / nmdVrda ñdmjar Ho$ë`mggwhmg OmYd m§Zm a¸$_ àXmZ H$amdr.'

ghr - gwhmg Xoenm§S>o.

4 ) Am§{eH$ n¥ð>m§H$Z (Partial Endorsement) :

MbZj_ XñVEodO _yë`mÀ`m hñVm§VaUmMo à^mdr gmYZ AgVo. MbZj_XñVEodO H$m`ÚmVrb H$b_ 56 Zwgma EImXm n¥ð>m§H$H$ MbZj_ H$m`ÚmVrbZ_yX Ho$boë`m aH$_oMo mJ nmSy>Z {d{eï> _wXVrV {d{eï> a¸$_ àXmZ H$amdr qH$dmaH$_oMo Am§{eH$ àXmZ H$amdo Agm hoVy ì`ŠV H$arV Agob Va Vmo g§boI {d{YJ«møR>aV Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV, MbZj_ XñVEodO hm g§nyU© aH$_oMo hñVm§VaU KS>dyZAmUUmam AgVmo. Ë`m aH$_oMo Am§{eH$ àXmZ A_mÝ` R>aVo. (H$m`ÚmVrb A§{eH$


7.8

n¥ð>m§H$Zm~m~VMr ñdV§Ì VaVyX åhUyZ oWo hm àH$ma {Xbobm Amho. Am§{eH$ n¥ð>m§H$Z{dYrJ«mø ZgVo).

5 ) _`m©{XV AWdm {Z~ªYmË_H$ n¥ð>m§H$Z (Restrictive Endorsement ) :

_`m©{XV AWdm {Z~ªYmË_H$ eãXmÀ`m AWm©Zwgma MbZj_ XñVEodO "naH«$m{_V'qH$dm "MbZj_' H$aÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mamda _`m©Xm KmbÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo _`m©{XV n¥ð>m§H$ZH$aÊ`mV oVo. m nÕVrV n¥ð>m§H$H$ XñVEodOmÀ`m MbZj_Voda _`m©Xm KmbVmo.

ì`mnmar ì`dhmamVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m g§boImVrb OmoIr_ H$_r H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo_`m©{XV n¥ð>m§H$Zmbm _hÎd àmá Pmbobo AmT>iVo. CXm.

1 ) \$ŠV {XZH$a _mir m§ZmM n¡go ÚmdoV.

2 ) _mÂ`mgmR>r Aê$U H$Mao m§Zm n¡go ÚmdoV.

3 ) í`m_ nmQ>rb qH$dm Ë`m§À`m AmXoemZwgma n¡go ÚmdoV.

darb gd© CXmhaUmV XñVEodO "naH«$m{_V' qH$dm "MbZj_' H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$maZmhr.

6) h¸$Ë`m{OV n¥ð>m§H$Z qH$dm AZwko n¥ð>m§H$Z (Facultative Endorsement) :

MbZj_ XñVEodOmÀ`m n¥ð>m§H$ZmMm hm àH$ma MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm, 1881_Ü o g_m{dï> Ho$bobm Zgbm, Var Am{W©H$ Am{U ì`mnmar ì`dhmamV hr nÕVrê$T> Agë`mZo, Am{U m nÕVrZwgma XñVEodO g§boI naH«$m{_V/MbZj_ hmoVAgë`m_wio n¥ð>m§H$ZmMm ñdV§Ì àH$ma åhUyZ h¸$Ë`m{OV n¥ð>m§H$Zmbm _hÎdAmT>iVo. h¸$Ë`m{OV n¥ð>m§H$Z åhUOo n¥ð>m§H$H$mZo Amnbo H$mhr h¸$ gmoS>Ê`mMm{ZU© KoD$Z Ho$bobo n¥ð>m§H$Z hmo . mMmM AW© Ooìhm n¥ð>m§H$ZH$Vm© Ë`mÀ`m ì`ŠVeãXm§Zr Ë`mg MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmImbr AgUmam A{YH$ma H$_r H$aVmoVoìhm Aem n¥ð>m§H$Zmg AZwko`/h¸$Ë`m{OV n¥ð>m§H$Z Ago åhUVmV.

CXm. n¥ð>m§H$ZH$Vm© ñnï>nUo Ago {b{hVmo H$s, {Xbrn Jm§Yr qH$dm Ë`m§À`mAmXoemZwgma àXmZ H$amdoV, AZmXaUmMr gyMZm {_iÊ`mMm h¸$ gmoS>bm Amho.'

ghr-{XnH$ Xmoer

n¥ð>m§H$Z

7.9

`m CXmhaUmV MbZj_ XñVEodOmMm AZmXa Pmë`mg n¥ð>m§H$H$mbm Ver gyMZm{_imbr Zmhr, Var Vmo Ë`m XñVEodOmg O~m~Xma amhVmo.

7 ) O~m~Xmar _wŠV n¥ð>m§H$Z (San Recourse Endorsement ) :

H$mhr doim n¥ð>m§H$H$ n¡go XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ñdV:H$S>o KoVM ZmhrV.

CXm : "A' cm qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m AmXoemà_mUo n¡go ÚmdoV, "A' da Adc§~yZ ZamhVm Aem doiog n¥ð>m§H$H$ nyU©nUo O~m~XmarVyZ _wŠV hmoVmo. BVa ì`ŠVr{Z`_mà_mUo n¡go XoÊ`mg ~m§Yrc AgVmV. g_Om "A' hm MoH$da Imcrc n¥ð>m§H$ZH$aVmo. "j' cm qH$dm "A' À`m AmXoemà_mUoo, Ë`mÀ`m O~m~Xmarda n¡go ÚmdoV,n¥ð>m§H$Zm_Ü o AmXoeH$ "j' cm qH$dm nwT>À`m Hw$R>ë`mhr n¥ð>m§{H$Vrg O~m~XmaamhUma ZmhrV, Vo "A' À`m nyduÀ`m gd© njH$mam§Zm O~m~Xma Yê$ eH$VmV. Oa"A' hm nwT>o McZj_ nÌH$mMm YmaH$ ~Zcm Va Ë`m§À`m nyduMo gd© n¥ð>m§H$H$ Ë`mgn¡go XoÊ`mgmR>r O~m~Xma amhVmV.

7.4 n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo n[aUm_ :

(Effects of Endorsement)

n¥îR>m§H$ZmMo n[aUm_ `m {df`rMr _m{hVr nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVmoB©b.

7.4.1 AW© :

MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmVrb H$b_-50 AÝd o "n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo n[aUm_' `m{df`r {Z`_ CX²Y¥V Ho$bobo AmhoV. MbZj_ XñVEodOmMo n¥ð>m§H$Z H$ê$Z Vo n¥ð>m§{H$Vrbm àXm{ZV Ho$ë`mZ§Va MbZj_VoMo gd©A{YH$ma n¥îR>m{H$VrH$S>o amhVmV, Agon¥îR>m§H$Z ñnï> eãXm§Ü o; na§Vw `m h¸$mda ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo qH$dm, n¥ð>m§{H$Vrbmg§ dV: EH$ A{^H$Vm© (à{V{ZYr) `m ZmË`mZo n¥ð>m§H$Z H$aÊ`mMo qH$dm Xwgè`mH$[aVm,{d{eîQ> ì`ŠVrH$[aVm àmá H$aÊ`mMo gr{_V h¸$ àXm{ZV H$ê$ eH$Vo.>


7.10

7.4.2 n¥ð>m§H$Zm_wio hmoUmè`m Jmoï>tMr ImÌr …

1) n¥ð>m§{H$VrH$S>o nV gmYZm§À`m YmaU h¸$mMo hñVm§VaU

2) nwT>rb naH«$må` H$moUmbm n«Xm{ZV H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma

3) n¥ð>m§{H$Vrbm, nVgmYZm§V C„o{IV gd© njm§{déÕ H$madmB© H$aÊ`mMo h¸$.

4) XñVEodO d Ë`mdarb nydu Ho$bobr n¥ð>m§H$Zo hr XmoÝhr Iar d Añgb AmhoV.MbZj_ XñVEodO A{Y{Z`_m§VJ©V Am{U _yb^yV VËdmZwgma Aem XñVEodOmdaÁ`mMo Zmd Zmhr Aer H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr `m nVgmYZmbm O~m~Xma Yabr OmUmaZmhr. H$maU `m_Ü o H$amamË_H$ g§~§Y/JwáVm ^§J H$aÊ`m{df`r n¥ð>m§{H$Vr Am{U~ZdUmam AWdm/pñdH$maUmam Agm Hw$R>bmhr g§~§Y oV Zmhr.

Ago n[aUm_, {OWo n¥ð>m§H$Z {~ZeV© Agob Aem {R>H$mUrM bmJy am{hb `mMrZmo§X KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

7.4.3 n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo n[aUm_ …

1) {~ZeV© n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo n[aUm_ …

MbZj_ XñVEodO {~ZeV© n¥ð>m§{H$V H$ê$Z {~ZeV© àXm{ZV ({dV[aV) Ho$bo

Va n¥ð>m§{H$Vrbm Ë`m XñVEodOmVrb _OHy$ahr gwnyX© Ho$ë`mgmaIo hmoB©b Aem

Jmoï>r_Ü o n¥ð>m§{H$Vrbm Ë`m XñVEodOmMo H$m`Xoera h¸$ àmá hmoVmV d Vr

Ë`mbm dmQ>ob Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm Vo XoD$ eH$Vmo. `m ì`{V[aº$ Ë`m n¥ð>m§H$Zm_Ü o,

(C„o{IV) Á`m§Mo Zm§do AmhoV, Aem {dê$Õ H$moQ>m©V IQ>bmhr XmIb H$ê$

eH$Vmo.

2 ) n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo n[aUm_ …

H$moè`m H$mJXmda Ho$boë`m n¥ð>m§H$ZmMm n[aUm_ åhUOo `m_wio AmXo{eV XñVEodO

ho dmhH$ XñVEodOm§_Ü o n[ad{V©V hmoVrb. Aem àH$mao Aem XñVEodOmMo h¸$

{dZm n¥ð>m§{H$V nwT>o {dV[aV H$aVm oVrb.

n¥ð>m§H$Z

7.11

3 ) ~§YZH$maH$ n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo n[aUm_ …

~§YZH$maH$ n¥ð>m§H$Z Agob Va Ë`mMo n[aUm_ Imbrb à_mUo {XgyZ oVrb…

H$) n¥ð>m§H$Z Am{U àXmZrH$aU ho XmoÝhr ~§YZH$maH$ qH$dm gŠVrMo Agob.

I) n¥ð>m§{H$Vrbm n¥ð>m§H$Z H$Ë`m©Mm à{V{ZYr _mZbo OmB©b Am{U Vmo n¥ð>m§H$Z

H$aV OmB©b.

J) n¥ð>m§{H$VrZo à{V{ZYr `m ZmË`mZo n¥ð>m§H$Z àñWm{nV Ho$bo H$s, Vmo Vo XñVmEodO

AÝ` C„o{IV ì`ŠVrbm XoÊ`mgmR>r KoD$ eH$Vmo.

Ooìhm XñVEodO gm_mB©H$ g§ wŠV arVrZo ^yJVm{ZV H$am`Mo AgVrb, Va

Ë`m gdmªZr Vo àW_ g§ wŠVnUo n¥ð>m§{H$V H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho, AÝ`Wm

H$m`ÚmÀ`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ Ago XñVEodO ho ~oH$m`Xoera _mZbo OmVrb.

Oar Xwgè`m ì`ŠVtH$[aVm n¥ð>m§H$Z Agob, Varhr Vo gwÕm _mÝ` hmoUma Zmhr.

4 ) ~ZmdQ> n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo n[aUm_ …

n¥ð>m§{H$V MbZj_ XñVEodO, Oa _ybV: Á`m ì`ŠVrbm aŠH$_ Xo Amho Ë`mZo

n¥ð>m§{H$V Ho$bo Agob AWdm Ë`mÀ`m AmXoemà_mUo Agob qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m H$[aVm

n¥ð>m§{H$V Ho$bo Agob VaM nwT>o n¥ð>m§H$Z qH$dm àXm{ZH$aU hmoV amhrb, AÝ`Wm

Zmhr. nU Oa H$m Ago n¥ð>m§H$Z n¥ð>m§{H$VrMr ~ZmdQ> ghr H$ê$Z ~Zdbo Jobo

AgVrb, Va Ë`mda H$moUmMmhr h¸$ amhUma Zmhr Oar Aem Ho$gog_Ü o n¥ð>m§{H$Vr

hm J«mhH$ ^mdZoZo nwT>o Ambm Agob Varhr Ë`mMm h¸$ amhmV Zmhr.

Aem Jmoï>t_Ü | ImoQ>çm XñVEodOmda n¥ð>m§H$Z Ho$bo Agob Va Vo {dZmnmoM

nmdVr n«Xm{ZV H$aVm oVo, H$maU Vo dmhH$ XñVEodO AgVo. Aem doir Agm

XñVEodO YmaH$ hm Ë`mMo H$m`Xoera h¸$ {_idy eH$Vmo. Ho$di Ë`mbm Vo àmá

Pmboo EdT>çm EH$m H$maUmdê$Z Vmo aH$_ogmR>r g§~§{YV Hw$R>ë`mhr njmH$S>o

_mJUr H$ê$ eH$Vmo Vohr Ë`mÀ`mda Ë`m§Mo n¥ð>m§H$Z Zgbo Varhr Ë`mMm _mJUr


7.12

H$aÊ`mMm h¸$ A~m{YV amhVmo. Aem àH$mao Ago ~ZmdQ> n¥ð>m§H$Z AmnmoAmnM

Xwb©{jV hmoVo d Ë`mMr H$moUr XIbhr KoV Zmhr. H$maU Vo gmYo dmhH$ n¥ð>m§H$Z

AgVo (ImoQ>çm n¥ð>m§H$Zm§à_mUo ) Oar Ë`mdarb ghr Iar Agob qH$dm ~ZmdQ>

ghrMo Agob Varhr Ë`mMr H$m`Xoera AnmÌVm H$Yrhr ~Xbbr OmD$ eH$V

Zmhr.

5 ) gd©gmYmaU n[aUm_ …

n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo gd©gmYmaU n[aUm_ nwT>rbà_mUo AmT>iVmV.

A) _yë` àmár :

n¥ð>m§H$Zmbm MbZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm, 1881 Zwgma {d{YJ«møVm àmá Pmbobr

Agë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr g§boImdarb n¥ð>m§H$ZH$Ë`m©Mo n¥ð>m§H$Z Ë`m g§boImg _yë`

àmá H$ê$Z XoVo.

~) MbZj_Vm àmár :

g§boI AWdm XñVEodOmda n¥ð>m§H$Z Pmë`mZ§Va H$m`Xoera Mm¡H$Q>rV Ë`m g§boImg/

XñVEodOmg naH«$må`Vm/MbZj_Vm àmá hmoVo. XñVEodO _yë`mMo ghO dhZ qH$dm

hñVm§VaU hmoVo.

H$) _mb_Îmm àmár :

g§boI/XñVEodO Á`mÀ`m ZmdmZo H$mT>bobm Amho Ë`mMo Zmd KmbyZ n¥ð>m§H$ZH$Ë`m©Zo

XñVEodOmda n¥ð>m§H$Z Ho$ë`mg g§~§{YV ì`ŠVr YmaH$ m ZmË`mZo _mb_Îmm AJa

_yë`mMr _mbH$s àmá H$aVo.

S>) _mJUr Xo`Vm :

n¥ð>m§H$ZH$Vm© n¥ð>m§H$ZmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo AmXoe qH$dm Amkm XoVmo. n¥ð>m§H$ZH$Ë`m©Mr

ñdmjar, g§~§{YV ~±Ho$bm àmá AmkoMo nmbZ H$aÊ`mg ~§YZH$maH$ R>a{dUmar AgVo.

n¥ð>m§H$Z Pmbobo YZmXoe, {d{Z_` nÌ ho ~±Ho$gmR>r _mJVmjUr _mJUr Xo` AgVo.

n¥ð>m§H$Z

7.13

B ) MbZmMm XOm© :

n¥ð>m§H$Z hr g§H$ënZm BVH$s n[aUm_H$maH$ AgVo H$s, gd©gmYmaU H$mJX AWdmnÌH$mbm MbZmMm XOm© XoUmar AgVo. {d{YJ«mø MbZmà_mUo n¥ð>m§H$sV XñVEodOì`dhmamV H$m © H$ê$ eH$Vo.

B©) _mbH$s d h¸$ :

n¡emMr _mbH$s d h¸$ Á`mà_mUo Xwgè`mH$S>o ~Q>dS>m Ho$ë`m_wio AWdm gmon{dë`m_wioàmá hmoVmo Ë`mMà_mUo MbZj_ XñVEodOmMr _mbH$s Am{U h¸$ {d{eï> eãXZm|XdyZ n¥ð>m§H$Z Ho$ë`m_wio dmhH$mbm qH$dm Á`mÀ`mH$S>o XñVEodO àmá hmoVmo Ë`mbmàmá hmoVmo.

C ) n¥ð>m§H$Z h¸$mMo hñVm§VaU :

n¥ð>m§H$ZmMm gdm©V _hÎdmMm n[aUm_ åhUOo XñVEodOmdarb n¥ð>m§H$Z hoH$m`Xoera[aË`m g§nÎmrÀ`m _mbH$s h¸$mMo hñVm§VaU H$aUmao AgVo.


7.14

gamdmgmR>r àíZ

20 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. n¥ð>m§H$H$ åhUOo H$m`?

à. 2. n¥ð>m§{H$Vr åhUOo H$m`?

à. 3. n¥ð>m§H$ZmMm AW© gm§Jm.

à. 4. n¥ð>m§H$ZmMm n[aUm_ åhUOo H$m`?

à. 5. H$moao n¥ð>m§H$Z åhUOo H$m` ?

50 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. g§nyU© qH$dm {deof n¥ð>m§H$Z hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

à. 2. geV© n¥ð>m§H$Z `mda {Q>n {bhm.

à. 3. H$moao n¥ð>m§H$Z `m n¥ð>m§H$Z àH$mamMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

à. 4. Am§{eH$ n¥ð>m§H$Z hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

à. 5. h¸$ Ë`m{OV n¥ð>m§H$ZmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

150 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. n¥ð>m§H$Z H$m`Xoera H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m AQ>r ñnï> H$am.

à. 2. n¥ð>m§H$Z åhUOo H$m`? n¥ð>m§H$ZmVrb njH$mam§Mr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

500 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. n¥ð>m§H$ZmÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mm g{dñVanUo AmT>mdm ¿`m.

à. 2. n¥ð>m§H$ZmMo n[aUm_ åhUOo H$m`? `m n[aUm_m§Mr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

8.1

8.1 ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV V§ÌkmZmMr JaO

8.2 ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV V§ÌkmZmMo _hÎd

8.3 B©-~±H$s¨J

8.4 H$moAa-~±H$s¨J

8.5 BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ pŠbA[a¨J {gñQ>r_

7~±H$ ì`dgm`mV V§ÌkmZmMm

dmna8

àmñVm{dH$ :

(Introduction)

AmYw{ZH$ wJ ho V§ÌkmZmMo wJ Amho. 1990 Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV åhUOoMOmJ{VH$sH$aUm Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna gd©M joÌm§g dmT>bmAmho. ~±H$sJMo joÌ XoIrb Ë`mg AndmX Zmhr. AW©ì`dñWm§À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo~±H$ ì`dgm`mg J{V_mZ ñdén àmá hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. hr J{V_mZVm V§ÌkmZmÀ`mdmnamVyZM ody eH$Vo. Aem n[apñWVrV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV g_Ýd` àñWm{nV ìhmdm`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Ë`m_wio gd©M {R>H$mUr ~±H$m§Mog§JUrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mda ^a {Xbm OmV Amho. g§JUH$ à_mUoM B§SQ>aZoQ>Mm

8.2


dmna XoIrb ~±H$m§_Ü o dmT>bm AgyZ B©-~±H$s¨J hr g§H$ënZm g_moa Ambr Amho.~±H$m§À`m H$m ©nÕVrV VËnaVm d H$m ©j_Vm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo B©-~±H$s¨Jbm_hËdmMo _mZbo OmVo. B©-~±H$sJ A§VJ©V E.Q>r.E_., H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©, S>o{~Q> H$mS>©, Q>obr~±H$s¨J, _mo~mB©b ~±H$s¨J, ZoQ> ~±H$s¨J, ñdrâQ> `mgma»`m {d{dY gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mgKSy>Z Ambm Amho. ~±H$s¨J _Yrb øm AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmda AmYm[aV gw{dYm ~±H$ì`dgm`mV H«$m§Vr KSy>Z oÊ`mg gmhmæ` yV R>aë`m Amho. H$moAa ~±H$sJÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZXoIrb V§ÌkmZmMm ~±H$ ì`dgm`mVrb dmna dmT>bm Amho. ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV AmYw{ZH$V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamMo AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV. H$maU, B©-~±H$sJÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ~±H$sJgw{dYm XoemÀ`m H$mZmH$monè`mV nmohMë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio ~±H$ ì`dgm`mVrb AmYw{ZH$V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamMr _m{hVr OmdyZ KoUo `mo½` R>aob.

8.1 ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV V§ÌkmZmMr JaO :

(Need of Technology in Banking)

AmOMo wJ ho ZdZdrZ àJV Aem V§ÌkmZmMo Amho. Amnë`m OrdZmVrc àË oH$joÌm_Ü o m V§ÌkmZmZo àdoe Ho$cocm Amho. m_Ü o ~±H$mhr _mJo ZmhrV. ~±H$ ì`dgm`mcmAmnë`m OrdZm_Ü o AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd àmá Pmcoco Amho. AZoH$ ì`dhma ~±Ho$_m\©$VHo$co OmVmV. ho gd© ì`dhma doJmZo d AMyH$nUo hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ V§Ìo dmnacrOmVmV.

1 ) CXmarH$aU :

^maVm_Ü o 1991 _Ü o ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaU ñdrH$maë`m_wio dñVy Am{U {dÎm`mdarc {Z~ªY g¡c H$aÊ`mV Amco. naH$s` ~±H$m Am{U WoQ> naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$BË`mXtZm nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Amcr.

2 ) R>odt_Ü`o dmT> :

Xoem§VJ©V R>odt_Ü o dmT> hmoV Amho VgoM A{Zdmgr maVr`m§H$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$maÊ`mVoD$ cmJë`m AmhoV. Ë`m~m~VMr H$m ©nÕVr gmonr H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

~±H$ ì`dgm`mV V§ÌkmZmMm dmna

8.3

3 ) emIm {dñVma :

^maVr` ~±H$m§À`m BVa Xoem§_Ü ohr AZoH$ emIm CKS>Ê`mV Amë`m. Aem àH$mao^maVmMo A_o[aH$m, wamon, X{jU Am{e`m`r Xoe, OnmZ, _Ü` - nyd}Vrc XoeBË`mXr AZoH$ Xoem§er ~mø {dÎmr` ì`dhma gwê$ Pmco.

4 ) ì`dhmam§_Ü`o dmT> :

~±H$ ì`dhmam§_Ü o dmT> hmodyZ ho gd© ì`dhma H$m ©j_nUo hmVmiÊ`mgmR>r maVr`~±H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m ©nÕVr/àUmcr g§JUrH¥$V Am{U AmYw{ZH$ H$amì`m cmJë`m.Ë`m§Zm B©-_oc, ZoQ>d{Hª$J, g°Q>ocmB©Q>da AmYm[aV YZmXoe dQ>{dÊ`mMr àUmcr BË`mXrgw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z Úmì`m cmJë`m. wamonmVrc ~±H$m§à_mUoM ^maVm_Ü oAmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna gwê$ Pmcm.

5 ) ñnY}V dmT> :

~±H$s¨J joÌmV AZoH$ naH$s` ~±H$m Amë`mZo ñnY}V dmT> Pmbr Amho. maVmVrc80% ~±H$ ì`dgm` Oa g§JUrH¥$V hmoD$Z EH$_oH$m§er OmoS>co Joco Va naH$s`~±H$m§À`m VwcZoV maVr` ~±H$m ñdñV XamV ~±H$godm CncãY H$ê$Z XoD$Z ñnY}V{Q>H$md Yê$ eH$Vrc.

`mgd© ~m~r cjmV KoD$Z ^maVm_Ü o ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì dmnamMrJaO {Z_m©U Pmcr.

8.2 ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV V§ÌkmZmMo _hÎd :

(Importance of Technology in Banking)

g§JUH$m{Yð>rV V§ÌkmZmZo AmO gd© joÌo H$a_UwH$snmgyZ Vo jonUmómn ªV H$m~rO

Ho$cr AmhoV. ~±H$ ì`dgm`hr mnmgyZ A{cá amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. Am{W©H$ ì`dhma OgOgo

{dídì`mnr hmoV AmhoV VgVer AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì dmnamMr JaO ~±H$m§Zm mgUma AmhoM.

`m V§ÌmMo ~±H$m§Zm Imcrcà_mUo cm^ hmoVrc :

8.4


1 ) H$m`©j_VoV dmT> :

AË`mYw{ZH$ _m{hVr d XoIaoI ì`dñWm {Z{_©Vr VgoM H$m ©j_ A§VJ©V {Z §ÌUoMr

C^maUr, g§ñWm§VJ©V g_Ýd` d _m{hVr g§H$cZ ì`dñWm m_wio H$m ©j_VoV dmT>

hmodyZ J«mhH$m§Zm VËna d H$m ©j_ godm nwa{dVm oVmV.

2 ) _m{hVrMo OVZ :

AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZm_wio _m{hVrMo OVZ H$aUo gmono hmoVo VgoM _m{hVrda à{H«$`m

H$aUohr gmono hmoVo, H$mJXnÌm§Mr OmñV Amdí`H$Vm amhV Zmhr.

3 ) IMm©V ~MV :

AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnam_wio IMm©V ~MV, OmJoV ~MV, _moR>_moR>r coOg©

R>odÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo.

4 ) AMyH$Vm :

YZmXoemMr _§Owar, ImVodøm§EodOr g§JUH$ dmna, nmg~wH$mV g§JUH$mÛmam Zm|Xr,

emIm§VJ©V d ~±H$m-~±H$m§_Yrc {hemo~ nyU© H$aUo `mgmaIr H$m_o AMyH$nUo,

doJmZo Ho$cr OmVrc.

5 ) J«mhH$ godm d g§nH©$ :

B§Q>aZoQ>À`m àgmam_wio J«mhH$m§Zm AmVm ~±Ho$V OmÊ`mMr JaOM mgUma Zmhr. KamV

~gyZ qH$dm àdmgmV AgVmZm XoIrc YZmXoe aUo, nmg~wH$ Zm|Xr AÚ`mdV H$aUo

hr H$m_o H$aVm oVrc. Xya A§Vamda AgyZ gwÕm MMm©, {dMma{d{Z_`, gyMZm, AmXoe,

g§Xoe d _m{hVrdhZ B. Jmoï>r EH$_oH$m§H$S>o nmohmoM H$aVm oVrc. åhUOo H$O© àH$aUmMr

MMm©hr ~±H$a d H$O©Xma m§À`mV eoH$S>mo _¡cmMo A§Va AgyZhr hmoD$ eHo$c.

6 ) godoMr CnbãYVm :

B§Q>aZoQ>_wio d g§JUH$m_wio ~±H$s¨J godm AmVm df© a, Mmodrg Vmg CncãY hmoD$

eHo$c. ~±Ho$V H$m_H$mOmÀ`m doioVM OmÊ`mMo ~§YZ Zmhrgo hmoB©c.


8.5

nmíMmÎ` XoemV ~±H$m§Mo J«mhH$m§er, _Ü`dVu H$Moarer, emIm§er d BVa ~±H$m§er

hmoUmao gd© ì`dhma g§JUH$mÛmaoM nma nmS>co OmVmV. maVr` ~±H$m§Zm Oa Am§VaamîQ—r`

ñnY}V {Q>Hy$Z amhm`Mo Agoc Va AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì ñdrH$maÊ`mIoarO n`m© Zmhr.

8.3 B©-~±H$sJ :

(E-Banking)

B©-~±H$s¨J_wio ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV A_ybmJ« ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo Amho. B©-~±H$s¨J_Ü o

~±H$m§À`m H$m ©nÕVrda AZoH$ gH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ KSy>Z Ambo Amho. B§Q>aZoQ> g§emoYH$

_m°J©Z ñQ>°ÝboÀ`m _Vo BVa H$moUË`mhr ì`dgm`mnojm {dÎmr` godm nwa{dUmè`m g§ñWm§À`m

Ñï>rZo B§Q>aZoQ> gw{dYm AË §V _hËdmMr Amho. B©-~±H$s¨JMr _m{hVr nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m

AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oB©b.

8.3.1 AW© :

g§JUrH¥$V AgUmar ~±H$ B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmam OJ^amVrc AÝ` g§JUH$m§er OmoS>crOmVo Am{U ~±H$ J«mhH$ àË`j ~±Ho$V Z OmVm ñdV…À`m g§JUH$mda Amnë`m ~±H$ImË`mdarc ì`dhma H$é eH$Vmo. Ë`mcmM "B©-~±H$sJ' qH$dm "B§Q>aZoQ> ~±H$sJ' åhUVmV.dëS>© dmB©S> do~ (WWW.) Ûmao gìh©a (_w»` g§JUH$) B§Q>aH$ZoŠQ> H$éZ EH$ g§nH©$Omio {Z_m©U Ho$co OmVo. Ë`m_wio ~±H$ hr J«mhH$mÀ`m KamV nmohmoMVo. ~±H$ì`dgm`m_Yrc JmonZr`Vm Am{U gwa{jVVm {Q>H$dyZ R>odyZ ~±Ho$Vrc ñdV…Mo ~§°H$ImVo Kar ~gyZ B§Q>aZoQ>da àË`j nmhUo ~±H$ J«mhH$mcm eŠ` hmoVo. gÚ…pñWVrV ZoQ>~±H$sJ godoMo cm^ ^maVmVrc 9 cmI J«mhH$ KoV AgyZ Ë`m_Ü o doJmZo dmT> KSy>ZoV Amho.

8.3.2 B©-~±H$s¨JMr CËH«$m§Vr :

~±H$ ì`dgm`mV V§ÌkmZ àmW{_H$ ñVamda n§qMJ _{eZÀ`m ñdénmV Ambo

AH$m§C§Q>rJ §Ìo, boOa à{dð>r §Ìo hr Ë`mMr CXmhaUo hmoV. ho Ho$di ~±Ho$Mm boIm

8.6


OmoIm A§VJ©V d _`m©{XV ñdénmV R>odÊ`m BVnV hmoVo 1970 Am{U 1980 À`m

XeH$m§V Am°Z bmB©Z ~±H$sJMm dmna ~±H$ ì`dhmamV H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr Ë`m_wio"gw{dYmnyU© ~±H$ ì`dhma' hm nadbrMm eãX ~Zbm `m_wio ~±H$ J«mhH$m§Zm KanmoMgodm XoD$ bmJbr 1940 À`m XeH$m§V g§JUH$s` ì`dñWmnZ g§~§{YV nÕVrMm~±H$ ì`dgm`mV OmoaXma àdoe Pmbm. ~±H$ CÚmoOH$m§Zr Ë`mMo ñdmJV Ho$bo. AemV§ÌkmZ àUmbr_yio J«mhH$ godm A{Ve` gwairV nma nS>V AgyZ, ~±H$ ì`dgm`Amnbo BVa Amdí`H$ ì`dhma {dZmÌmgmMo H$ê$ bmJbm Amho. `m V§ÌkmZm_yio{~ZMwH$Vm d J{V{ebVm EdT>r Amho H$s, OodT>o J«mhH$ nydu ~±Ho$À`m nyU© doioVì`dhma H$ê$ eH$V hmoVo VodT>o J«mhH$ ~±H$ n{hë`m 15 {_ZrQ>m§V nyU© H$aVo.

Vrd« ì`dgm{`H$ ñnY}_wio ~±H$mZm H$mhrVar {dbjU eŠVr Agbobo gmYZJaOoMo hmoVoM Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr `mVM nwÝhm gwYmaUm H$ê$Z {H$_VrÀ`m _mZmZo A{Ve`bm^Xm`r godm XoÊ`mMo V§Ì AmË_gmV Ho$bo. H$_rVH$_r {H$_VrV d doioVOmñVrVOmñV godm ho B©-~±H$sJ _wioM ~±H$ ì`dgm`mbm gmÜ` hmoD$ eH$bobo Amho.^{dî`mV g§JUH$mMo kmZ AgUmaoM gd© J«mhH$ AgVrb Ë`m_wio ~±H$ gdmª{JUgodm CnbãY H$ê$ eHo$b d J«mhH$ Ë`mMm OmñVrVOmñV dmna H$aob. AmVm {dÎmì`dñWm Am{U Am{W©H$ nÕVr `m§V gwÕm A_ybmJ« ~Xb hmoD$ bmJbm Amho.ZdZdr CËnmXZo, CnH$aUo BVH$s d BVŠ`m àH$ma dmnam§V Ambr Amho H$s, _mZdrOrdZmV Am{W©H$ CËH«$m§Vr Pmbr Amho H$s, Oa ~±H$m OmñVrVOmñV BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$CnH$aUmMm dmna H$aV ZgVrb Va Ë`m ApñVËdmVM amhUma Zmhr.

8.3.3 B©-~±H$s¨JMr d¡{eîQ>ço :

B©-~±Ho$Ûmao ì`dhmamË_H$ d {~Ja ì`dhmamË_H$ Aem XmoZ àH$maÀ`m godm nwa{dë`mOmVmV. Ë`m AmYmao B©-~±H$s¨JMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1 ) ì`dhmam§Mr CnbãYVm :

B©-~±H$sJ_wio ~±H$sJ ì`dhmam§Mr CnbãYVm Ka~gë`m eŠ` hmoVo. H$maU AmnUB§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Amnë`m ImË`mdarb a¸$_ OmUyZ Kody eH$Vmo. VgoM


8.7

AmnU ImË`mda H$moUVo ì`dhma Ho$bo `mMrhr _m{hVr àmá hmody eH$Vo. Ë`mgmR>r~±Ho$V OmdyZ dmQ> ~KÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo.

2 ) n¡emMo hñVm§VaU :

B©-~±H$sJÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ n¡emMo qH$dm aH$_oMo hñVm§VaU doJmZo KS>dyZ AmUUoeŠ` hmoVo. AmnU Ka~gë`m Amnë`m ImË`mdarb n¡go BVa ~±Ho$V qH$dmBVam§À`m ImË`mV hñVm§VarV H$é eH$Vmo. ho B©-~±qH$JMo EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç gm§JVmoB©b.

3 ) {~bm§Mm âUm :

B©-~±H$sJÛmao AmnU Ka~gë`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {~bm§Mm âUm AmnUmg doi{_iob Voìhm H$é eH$Vmo. B©-~±H$s¨JÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AmnUmg {~b âÊ`mMrgw{dYm àmá hmoVo. B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {~bmMo n¡go AmnU Amnë`m ~±H$ImË`mVyZ O_m H$é eH$Vmo.

4 ) ObX ì`dhma :

ì`dhmamVrb ObXnUm ho B©-~±H$s¨JMo _hÎdnyU© d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. H$maUgd©gm_mÝ` ~±H$àUmbrV AmnUmg n¡emMo ì`dhma H$aVmZm Iwn doi am§JoV C oahmdo bmJVo. ~±Ho$V àË`j Omdo bmJVo. _mÌ B©-~±H$sJ gw{dYo_wio hr gd© H$m }AmnU H$moR>ohr ~gyZ H$é eH$Vmo Am{U {Vhr ObXnUo.

5 ) J«mhH$ godm :

B©-~±H$s¨JÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {d{dY àH$maÀ`m J«mhH$ gw{dYm CnbãY hmoVmV.AmnU B©-_ob gw{dYoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ~±H$m§H$S>o doJdoJù`m ñdénmMr _m{hVr_mJdy eH$Vmo. ImË`mV ì`dhma Ho$ë`mMm Vnerb E. Q>r. E_. gw{dYm, H«o$S>rQ>H$mS>©, S>o{~Q> H$mS>©~ÔbMr _m{hVr Aem doJdoJù`m AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m gw{dYmAmnUmg B©-~±qH$J_m\©$V àmá hmoVmV.

6 ) ~hþAm`m_r ñdê$n :

B©-~±H$s¨J àUmbr hr ~hþAm`m_r ñdénmMr Amho H$maU Q>obr ~±H$s¨J, _mo~mB©b~±H$s¨J, ñdrâQ>, ZoâQ>, ZoQ> ~±H$s¨J, H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©, S>o{~Q> H$mS>©, E. Q>r. E_.

8.8


`mgma»`m {d{dY _mÜ`_mVyZ AmnUmg B-~±qH$J gw{dYm CnbãY hmoVo. åhUOoM

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {d{dY ñdénmV B©-~±H$s¨JMm {dñVma KSy>Z Ambm Amho.

8.3.4 B©-~±H$s¨JMo \$m`Xo :

OJ^amVrb bmImo-H$amoS>mo bmoH$m§gmR>r B©-~±qH$J hm B©-H$m°_g©Mm bmoH${à` àH$ma

Amho. ~hþVoH$ ~±H$m AmVm B§Q>aZoQ>da AZoH$ àH$maMr CËnmXZo Am{U godm nwa{dVmV.

gwa{jV ì`dhma V§ÌkmZ Am{U _moR>çm à_mUmdarb Am`Q>r H$m ©nÕVr_Ü o ~±H$m§Zr

Ho$boë`m Jw§VdUwH$s_wio BboŠQ>m°{ZH$ ~±qH$J A{YH$ {dídgZr` Am{U bmoH${à` ~Zbr

Amho. B§Q>aZoQ>déZ Am°ZbmB©Z ì`dgm` H$aUo J«mhH$m§gmR>r gmono Am{U J{V_mZ ~Zbr

Amho. J«mhH$m§gmR>r Ago ì`dhma åhUOo EH$ gw{dYmOZH$ Aer ì`dñWm ~Zbr Amho.

B©-~±qH$J_wio ~±H$m bmImo J«mhH$m§n ªV nmohmoMë`m AmhoV. B©-~±qH$JMo J«mhH$ Am{U

~±H$m m XmoKm§Zmhr \$m`Xo hmoVmV.

A) J«mhH$m§Zm hmoUmao \$m`Xo …

B©-~±qH$JMo J«mhH$m§Zm hmoUmao \$m`Xo Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oB©b …

1 ) 7 x 24 godm …

nma§n[aH$ ~±qH$J nÕVr_Ü o ~±H$m§Mo H$m_H$mO R>am{dH$ doioV MmbV Ago;

na§Vw B©-~±qH$J J«mhH$m§Zm {XdgmMo Mmodrg Vmg godm XoV AmR>dS>çmMo gmVhr

{Xdg gmVË`mZo gwé AgVo. Ho$di g§JUH$mda _mD$gÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ~Q>Zo

pŠbH$ H$éZ J«mhH$m§Zm Amnbo ì`dhma H$moUË`mhr doir H$aVm oVmV.

2 ) gmono Am{U gwb^ …

B§Q>aZoQ> ~±qH$J ImVo CKS>Ê`mg Am{U dmnaÊ`mg gmono Am{U gwb^ AgVo.

ì`ŠVrbm KamV qH$dm H$m`m©b`mV ~gë`m~gë`m H$mhr àíZm§Mr R>am{dH$

Z_wÝ`mV CÎmao XoD$Z Amnbo ì`dhma ghOnUo H$aVm oVmV. Ë`mgmR>r J«mhH$m§Zm

~±Ho$V OmD$Z Amnbo ì`dhma nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r dmQ> nmhÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo.


8.9

3 ) H$_r IMm©V godm …

~±H$m J«mhH$m§Zm B©-~±qH$J godm XoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo doJio ewëH$AmH$maV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio J«mhH$m§Zm ~±Ho$V Z OmVm ghO d gwb^nUo Amnboì`dhma H$_r IMm©V H$aVm oVmV.

4 ) gw{dYm …

B©-~±qH$J_wio J«mhH$m§Zm doimodoir ~±Ho$V Omdo bmJV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio doi, l_Am{U n¡gm m§Mr ~MV hmoVo. ~±Ho$Mm J«mhH$ Amnë`m ~±H$ ImË`mdarb ì`dhmañdV…À`m g§JUH$mda nmhÿ eH$Vmo. Ë`mbm g§JUH$mdéZM Amnë`m ImË`mVrb{e„H$ MoH$Mo ì`dhma VgoM BVa ì`dhmam§g§~§YrMr _m{hVr CnbãY hmoVo.

5 ) n¡em§Mo gwb^ hñVm§VaU …

~±H$ J«mhH$ B©-_obÛmam ~±Ho$bm gyMZm XoD$Z EH$m ~±H$ emIoVrb ImË`mVyZXwgè`m ~±H$ emIoVrb ImË`mV n¡go hñVm§VarV H$é eH$Vmo. Ë`mgmR>r ~±Ho$VOmÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. EH$m jUmV Ago n¡go hñVm§VarV hmoD$ eH$VmV.AemàH$mao hñVm§VaU ho {dZm_yë` Ho$bo OmVo Am{U Vo {dídgZr` AgVo.

6 ) {d{dY XoUr ^mJ{dUo …

B©-~±qH$J_wio J«mhH$m§Zm hmoUmam gdm©V _hÎdmMo \$m`Xo åhUOo Ë`m§À`m {d{dY{~bm§Mr XoUr mJ{dUo hm hmo . B©-~±qH$JMm Cn`moJ H$éZ ~±H$ J«mhH$ Amnbr{d_mImVo, H$O©ImVo, drO ~rb, Q>o{b\$moZ ~rb BË`mXrÀ`m aH$_m Ka~gë`m~±Ho$bm B©-_obÛmam gyMZm XoD$Z é eH$Vmo. {H$Ë oH$ ~±H$, Amnë`m J«mhH$m§ZmA°Q>mo_°{Q>H$ no_|Q> {gñQ>_Ûmao Aem godm nwa{dVmV Á`m_Ü o J«mhH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mr{~bo ^aÊ`mMr AmR>dU H$éZ XoÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. ~±H$m hr {~bo doioda^aVmV.

~) ~±H$m§Zm hmoUmao \$m`Xo …

B©-~±qH$JMo ~±H$m§Zm hmoUmao \$m`Xo Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb …

8.10


1 ) J«mhH$m§À`m g§»`oV dmT> …

B©-~±qH$J godo_wio ~±H$m J«mhH$m§Zm CËH¥$ï> Am{U ObX godm nwady eH$VmV.B©-~±qH$J gw{dYo_wio ~±H$m OmñVrVOmñV bmoH$m§n ªV nmohmoMë`m Agë`mZoJ«mhH$m§À`m g§» oV _moR>çm à_mUmda dmT> Pmbr Amho.

2 ) ì`dñWmnZ IMm©V ~MV …

B©-~±qH$J_wio ~±H$m§À`m ì`dñWmnZ IMm©V _moR>çm à_mUmda ~MV hmoVo H$maU~arMer H$m_o g§JUH$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nyU© Ho$br OmVmV. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`mdmnam_wio AZoH$ H$m_o H$_r doioV AmnmoAmn Ho$br OmVmV. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$bm_moR>çm à_mUmda H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr JaO ^mgV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$À`mì`dñWmnZ IMm©V AmnmoAmnM KQ> hmoVo d ñnYm©Ë_H$ H$mbI§S>mV ~±H$m§MrZ\$mj_Vm dmT>Vo.

3 ) AmH$f©H$ Xa Am{U g§àoaHo$ …

B©-~±qH$J_wio ~±H$m§Mm J«mhH$dJ© dmT>bm Amho. g§JUH$mÛmao ~è`mMem godmnwa{dë`m_wio ~±H$m§_Ü o _moR>çm à_mUmda H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr JaO mgV Zmhr.H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr g§»`m H$_r Agë`mZo ì`dñWmnZ IM©hr H$_r hmoVmon[aUm_ñdén ~±H$m§À`m Zâ`mV dmT> hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§ZmA{YH$ ì`mOXa Am{U g§àoaHo$ nwady eH$VmV Á`m_wio J«mhH$ `m ~±H$mH$S>oAmH${f©V hmoVmV.

4 ) nmaXe©H$Vm …

B©-~±qH$J_wio ì`dhmamV nmaXe©H$Vm oVo. Ë`m_wio J«mhH$m§er CÎm_ g§~§Y {Z_m©UhmoVmV. n[aUm_ñdén J«mhH$ g§»`m dmT>Vo d ~±Ho$À`m CbmT>mbr dmT>VmV.~±H$m§Mr bm^àXVm dmT>Vo.

5 ) OmoIr_ g_ñ`m Xya hmoVmV …

B©-~±qH$J_wio _moR>_moR>çm aH$_m§Mo ì`dhma hmVmiUo gmono ~ZVo. àË`j aH$_m§MrXodmUKodmU hmoV Zgë`mZo aH$_m hñVm§VaUmVrb AZoH$ OmoI_r AmnmoAmnM


8.11

H$_r hmoVmV d ~±qH$J ì`dhma gwa{jV ~ZVmV. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§Mr à{V_m C§MmdVo.bmoH$m§Mm ~±H$m§darb {dídmg dmT>Vmo.

6 ) ~±H$m§Mm {dH$mg …

B©-~±qH$JÛmao ~±H$m J«mhH$m§À`m AË §V Odi oVmV. n[aUm_ñdén ~±qH$Jì`dgm`mMm {dH$mg hmoV Amho. B©-~±qH$J AàË`j[aË`m ~±H$m§Zm J«mhH$m§À`mKamV nmohmoM{dVo Am{U `m godo_wio ~±qH$J ì`dhma AMyH$, gwa{jV d{dídmgmg àmá hmoVmV Am{U ~±H$m§À`m {dH$mgmg hmV^ma bmdVmV.

8.3.5 B©-~±H$s¨JMo VmoQ>o :

1 ) {d{eï> dJm©cm cm^ :

B©-~±H$sJ gw{dYm dmnaÊ`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmm Amdí`H$ AgVo; na§Vw maVmÀ`m{ZajaVoÀ`m AmH$S>odmarMm {dMma H$aVm maVr` {ZajaVm _moR>çm à_mUmda Amho.Ë`m_wio B§Q>aZoQ> ~±H$sJ gw{dYoMm cm^ hm \$ŠV gw{e{jVm§ZmM hmoVmZm {XgVmo.

2 ) gm`~a JwÝho :

AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì ho gwa{jVVm dmT>{dÊ`m~amo~a doJdmZ godm XoUmao Agco, Var Ë`mVrc"gm`~a JwÝho' gwÕm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>V AmhoV. Ë`m_wio B©-~±H$sJ~m~VAgwa{jVVm {Z_m©U Pmcocr AmT>iVo. ImË`mda AgUmè`m aH$_m nañna H$mTy>ZKoVë`mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo AmT>iyZ oVmV.

3 ) _hmJS>r `§ÌUm :

B©-~±H$sJgmR>r _moR>m IM© H$amdm cmJVmo. CXm. ATM Mo §Ì IMr©H$ AgyZ~hþVoH$ doim Vo Am`mV H$amdo cmJVo. VgoM gwa{jVVm, XoI^mc mgmR>rhr _moR>mIM© H$amdm cmJVmo.

4 ) ZoQ>dH©$ g_ñ`m :

B©-~±H$sJMm _hÎdmMm Xmof åhUOo ZoQ>dH©$ S>mD$Z AgUo. n[aUm_r B©-~±H$sJÛmaoH$aÊ`mV oUmè`m ~±Ho$À`m ì`dhmamV AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV d Ë`m_wio AZoH$g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJVo.

8.12


5 ) {d{eï> ì`ŠVtgmR>r {Zén`moJr :

A§Y, An§J, d¥Õ, A{e{jV BË`mXr ì`ŠVr§Zm B©-~±H$sJMm cm^ KoVm oV Zmhr.

åhUOoM g_mOmVrc _`m©{XV cmoH$M m moOZoMm cm^ KoVmV. Ë`m_wio {_iUmè`m

\$m`ÚmV VgoM {dH$mgmV Xar {Z_m©U hmoVo.

8.3.6 B©-~±H$s¨J A§VJ©V nwa{dë`m OmUmè`m godm :

B©-~±H$s¨J A§VJ©V {d{dY àH$maÀ`m gw{dYm nwa{dë`m OmVmV. Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr

nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm oB©b.

1 ) E.Q>r.E_. :

g§JUH$mÛmao J«mhH$m§Zm A{YH$m{YH$ gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Am{U

_mZdr l_eŠVrMm dmna H$_r H$ê$Z ñd §M{bV §ÌmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo J«mhH$m§Zm VËna

godm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr ñnYm© E.Q>r.E_.Ûmao ~±H$m-~±H$m§_Ü o bmJbobr {XgyZ oVo.

E.Q>r.E_ (ATM) ho Automated Teller Machine Mo bKwê$n Amho. Ë`mbmM

ñd §M{bV JUH$ §Ì åhUyZ g§~mo{Ybo OmVo.

A) ì`m»`m/AW© :

J«mhH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m _mJUrà_mUo Ë`m§À`m ~±H$ ImË`mVrb n¡go XoUo d J«mhH$m§Mr

a¸$_ Ë`m§À`m ~±H$ ImË`mV O_m H$ê$Z KoUo hr à{H«$`m Mmodrg Vmg, VrZeo nmgîR>

{Xdg H$aUmao §Ì åhUOo "E.Q>r.E_.' hmo . J«mhH$ godoÀ`m CÔoemZo J«mhH$m§Zm

Amnë`m ~±H$ ImË`mVrb n¡go Ho$ìhmhr {_imdoV åhUyZ _w»` añVo, ~mOmanoR>, Eg.Q>r

ñQ>±S> VgoM aoëdoñQ>oeZ BË`mXr {R>H$mUr ~±H$m ATM H|$Ð Mmb{dVmZm AmT>iVmV.

A{Ve` H$_r; na§Vw gwa{jV OmJoV, §ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ~±H$ ImË`mdarb ì`dhma

Aì`mhVnUo Ho$bo OmVmV. ATM gw{dYobm ~è`mMdoim H$m¡VwH$mZo (All Time

Money) qH$dm "AmYw{ZH$ Hw$~oa' åhUyZ g§~mo{Ybo OmVo.


8.13

~) E.Q>r.E_. gw{dYm :

i) EH$ CnH$aU :

E.Q>r.E_.ho ~±Ho$À`m g§JUH$mMo Xwgao Q>moH$ AgVo. ho EH$ àH$maMo _erZ AgVo.J«mhH$ ñdV: n¡go aUo, H$mT>Uo, {ebHo$Mr Mm¡H$er, {ZYtMo hñVm§VaU, {hemo~mMr{ddaU nÌo BË`mXr g§~§YmV ho §Ì dmnê$Z ñdV: _m{hVr KoD$ eH$Vmo.

ii) E.Q>r.E_.Mr aMZm :

`m CnH$aUmbm EH$ pìh{S>Amo nS>Xm AgVmo, Ë`mMà_mUo amoI aH$_ogmR>r EH$OmJm AgVo OoWyZ AmXoe {Xë`mà_mUo ZmoQ>m ~mhoa oVmV.

iii) E.Q>r.E_.H$mS>© :

J«mhH$mbm EH$ E.Q>r.E_. H$mS>© {Xbo OmVo. Ë`mbm EH$ H$moS> Z§~a AgVmo, Vmon«Ë oH$ J«mhH$mMm doJim AgyZ Vmo \$ŠV Ë`mbmM _mhrV AgVmo. Ë`m Z§~a_wioJ«mhH$mMr AmoiI nQ>Vo. ho H$mS>© E.Q>r.E_. _{eZ_Ü o Q>mHy$Z J«mhH$m§Zm Ë`m§MmAm`S>|{Q>{\$Ho$eZ Z§~a Q>mB©n H$amdm bmJVmo.

iv) {nZ Z§~a :

XoÊ`mV Ambobm {nZ Z§~a hm H$m°åß wQ>aÛmao XoÊ`mV oVmo, ImVo CKS>ë`mZ§Va hmZ§~a XoÊ`mV oVmo. ~±Ho$Vrb H$_©Mmè`m§bmhr hm Z§~a _mhrV ZgVmo.

H$) E.Q>r.E_.\$m`Xo :

i) gd©H$mi CnbãYVm :

Mmodrg Vmg, VrZeo nmgîR>> {Xdg ~±H$ ImË`mVrb n¡go H$mT>Uo H$mS>©YmaH$mg eŠ`hmoVo.

ii) doJdmZ d AMyH$ godm :

g§JUH$s` àUmbrZo ~±H$ ì`dhma hmoV Agë`m_wio doJdmZ d AMyH$ godm àmáhmoVo.

8.14


iii) amoH$S> ~miJUo AZmdí`H$ :

gd©H$mi n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMr gmo` Agë`m_wio ñdV…Odi amoH$S> a¸$_ ~miJÊ`mMrAmdí`H$Vm ZgVo.

iv)ImË`mg§~§Yr Ëd[aV _m{hVr :

~±H$ ImË`mdarb O_m-ZmdoÀ`m Zm§oXr _mhrV H$ê$Z KoUo H$mS>©YmaH$mg eŠ` hmoVo.ATM À`m nS>Úmda ~±H$ImVo d Ë`mVrb ì`dhma {XgVmV.

v ) ì`dhmam§Mr gwb^Vm :

~±H$ ImË`mV amoI a¸$_ Am{U MoH$ aUo gwb^ hmoVo Ë`mgmR>r ~±Ho$V {d{dY \$m°_©^aUo, VmQ>H$iV Amnë`m Z§~aMr dmQ> nmhUo BË`mXrMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo.

vi)gwa{jVVm :

ßb°pñQ>H$Mo N>moQ>o H$mS>© åhUOoM amoH$S> n¡gm Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo g§~§{YVì`ŠVr_Ü o gwa{jVVoMr OmUrd àJë^ hmoVo.

vii) H$_©Mmè`m§Mo gmhmæ` AZmdí`H$ :

AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$s¨J godoMm Am{dîH$ma åhUyZ ATM \$m`Xoera Amho. oWo ~±H$H$_©Mmè`m§Mr d Ë`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo.

viii) gd©Ì CnbãYVm :

g§~§{YV ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr ATM H|$ÐmVyZ H$mS>©YmaH$mg Amnë`m ImË`mdarbn¡go {_iVmV. {d{eï> ATM H|$ÐmVM OmÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo.

ix) CMb KoÊ`mMr gw{dYm :

AS>MUrÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV Amnë`m ImË`mVrb CnbãY aH$_onojm OmXm 5000/-ê$. A{V[aŠV CMb H$mT>Vm oVo. Ë`m OmXm aH$_oda ~±H$ {d{eï> XamZo ì`mOAmH$maVo.

x) _Ü`dVu {R>H$mUr CnbãYVm :

ATM gw{dYm àË oH$ ehar mJ, _w»` añVo, aoëdo {d^mJ,Eg.Q>r. ñQ>±S> BË`mXr_Ü`dVu {R>H$mUr Agë`m_wio J«mhH$m§Zm n¡go H$mT>Uo, ì`dhma H$aUo gmo rMo R>aVo.


8.15

S>) E.Q>r.E_.Mo VmoQ> o

i) {d{eï> dJm©bm bm^ :

ATM gw{dYm dmnaÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmoMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.^maVmVrb {ZajaVoMo _moR>o à_mU bjmV KoVm m gw{dYoMm bm^ ehar mJmVrbCƒ-{e{jVm§ZmM hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iVmo.

ii) AÝ` ì`ŠVrg ì`dhma H$aUo AeŠ` :

ATM H$mS>©YmaH$ ñdV…M n¡go H$mTy> eH$Vmo. AÝ` H$moUmghr n¡go H$mT>Vm oV ZmhrV.AmOmanU qH$dm AÝ` H$maUm_wio H$mS>©YmaH$ ATM n ªV nmohMy eH$V Zgob Va_mÌ àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

iii) {d{eï> _`m©XoMo ~§YZ :

ATM H|$ÐmVyZ EH$mdoir R>adyZ {Xboë`m {d{eï> _`m©XoBVH$sM a¸$_ H$mT>Vm oVo.åhUOoM ~±H$ ImË`mV n¡go AgyZgwÕm _`m©XoMo C„§KZ H$aVm oV Zmhr.

iv)gm`~a JwÝho :

AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì ho gwa{jVVm dmT>{dÊ`m~amo~a doJdmZ godm XoUmao Agbo Var Ë`mVrbÌwQ>r emoYyZ "gm`~a JwÝho'gwÕm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>V AmhoV. m_wio H$mS>©YmaH$mÀ`mImË`mdarb aŠH$_m nañna H$mTy>Z KoVë`mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo AmT>iyZ oVmV.

v ) _hmJS>r `§Ìgm_J«r :

ATM H|$Ð gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m§Zm _moR>m IM© H$amdm bmJVo, H$maU ATM Mo §ÌI{M©H$ AgyZ ~hþVoH$ doim Vo Am`mV H$amdo bmJVo, Ë`mM~amo~a Mmodrg Vmg H|$Ðgwê$ R>odUo, Ë`mMr gwa{jVVm d §ÌmMr XoI^mb BË`mXr§gmR>r _moR>m IM© oVmo.

vi) {d{eï> ì`ŠVtgmR>r {Zén`moJr :

A§Y, An§J, d¥Õ, A{e{jV BË`mXr ì`ŠVr VgoM gd© g§ñWm BË`mXtZm ATM

gw{dYoMm bm^ KoVm oV Zmhr.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>mV ATM gw{dYoZo `wdH$, ZmoH$aXma, Cƒ-_Ü`_dJ©,ì`mdgm{`H$ BË`mXr§Mo bj _moR>çm à_mUmV AmH${f©V Ho$bobo AmT>iyZ oVo.

8.16


2 ) H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mVrc AZoH$ ZdrZ àdmhm§n¡H$s Ho«o${S>Q> H$mS>© hmEH$ àdmh Amho. Ho«o${S>Q> H$mS>©Ûmao J«mhH$m§Zm ~mOmanoR>oV IaoXr Ho$coë`m dñVy dmgodm§Mr a¸$_ XoVm oVo. Ë`m_wio J«mhH$m§Zm amoI a¸$_ Odi ~miJÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm^mgV Zmhr. åhUOoM ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Zm {d{eï> ßcm°pñQ>H$ H$mS>© XoVmV Am{UË`mÛmao J«mhH$m§Zr IaoXr Ho$coë`m dñVy godm§Mr a¸$_ XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ~±H$mñdrH$maVmV. `m nÕVrV J«mhH$ d {dH«o$Vm, IaoXrMo {R>H$mU BË`mXr~m~V J«mhH$m§MmH$moUmerhr n[aM` ZgVmo; na§Vw {dH«o$Ë`m§Mm H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© CncãY H$éZ XoUmè`m~±Ho$da {dídmg AgVmo. Ë`m_wio J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z H$moUVrhr qH$_V Z AmH$maVm dñVyCncãY H$éZ {Xë`m OmVmV d Ë`m§Mr {~co g§§~§{YV ~±Ho$cm nmR>dcr OmVmV.

A) AW© :

H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© nÕVr åhUOoM J«mhH$ Am{U H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© XoUmar ~±H$ `m_YrcnVì`dñWm hmo . ~±H$m m àH$maÀ`m ì`dhmamV {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z {~cmÀ`m 2% XamZoH${_eZ {_i{dVo. `mMdoir Amnë`m J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z dfm©gmR>r EH$XmM {d{eï>Ho«${S>Q> H$mS>© \$s KoV AgVo. Ho«${S>Q> H$mS>© YmaH$mcm amoH$S> n¡emMr Amdí`H$Vm^mgë`mg g§~§{YV ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr ~±H$ emIoVyZ {d{eï> a¸$_ CMc KoÊ`mMrgmo` H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© YmaH$mg AgVo d Aem CMc aH$_oda ~±H$ {d{eï> XamZo ì`mOAmH$maVo.

~) ì`m»`m :

""~±Ho$Zo Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Zm {d{eï> aH$_on ªVMr IaoXr qH$dm H$O©aH$_oMr CMcH$aÊ`mgmR>r CncãY H$éZ {Xcocm {d{eï> gm§Ho${VH$ H«$_m§H$ Agcoco ßc°pñQ>H$H$mS>© åhUOo "H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© ' hmo`.''

H$) H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©Mr (nVnÌmMr) H$m`©nÕVr :

ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m ì`dgm`mMm H$m © {dñVma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m J«mhH$m§ZmH«o${S>Q> H$mS>© CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. mgmR>r J«mhH$m§Zm ~±Ho$H$S>o {d{eï> Z_wÝ`mVrbAO© H$amdm bmJVmo. ì`ŠVtMo CËnÞ, ì`dgm`, nVnmÌVm BË`mXr§~m~V g_mYmZ


8.17

Pmë`mg {d{eï> ewëH$ AmH$mê$Z ~±H$m J«mhH$m§Zm {d{eï> gm§Ho${VH$ H«$_m§H$ AgUmaoßb°pñQ>H$Mo H$mS© CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. `m nVnÌmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo J«mhH$ nwT>rbàH$maMo ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$Vmo …

1 ) Xoe-{dXoemVrb H$moUË`mhr {R>H$mUr Oo {dH«$oVo ~±Ho$Mo J«mhH$ AmhoV Ë`m XwH$mZo/hm°Q>ob/bm°O/ g§ñWm BË`mXrVyZ R>adyZ {Xboë`m {d{eï> _`m©Xon ªVÀ`m aH$_oMrIaoXr H«o${S>Q> H$mS>m©À`m gmhmæ`mZo H$ê$ eH$VmV.

2 ) ~±Ho$À`m Xoe-{dXoemVrb H$moUË`mhr ~±H$ emIm§_YyZ amoI> a¸$_ CMb åhUyZ KoVmoVo.

3 ) ~±H$ H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© YmaH$mg gw_mao 45 {Xdgm§Mo Ho«${S>Q> CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV dË`mZ§Va J«mhH$m§À`m ~±H$ ImË`mVyZ IaoXr /CMb a¸$_ dgyb H$aVmV.

S>) H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©Mo JwU :

i) amoI n¡emg n`m©` :

H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© ho ~±H$ J«mhH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo A{Ve` gmoB©ñH$a gmYZ Amho. àË oH$ doiramoH$S> n¡go Odi ~miJÊ`mEodOr Ho$di H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© ~miJë`mg gd© ì`dhma nyU©H$aVm oVmV.

ii) gwb^ IaoXr-{dH«$s :

Xoe -{dXoemVrb H$moUË`mhr {R>H$mUr dñVy/godm§Mr IaoXr H$aUo H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©YmaH$mbm eŠ` hmoVo. H$moUË`mhr amoI> aH$_o{edm` d AmoiI/nV ZgVmZm ~±H$H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©Ûmao gd©gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVrg "nV' àmá hmoVo.

iii) {dZmH$mJXnÌ H$Om©Mr CnbãYVm :

H$mS>©YmaH$m§Zm Ho$ìhmhr d H$moUVrhr H$mJXnÌo BË`mXr§{edm` H$O© CnbãY hmoVo.VgoM H$moUË`mhr ATM H|$ÐmVyZ Ho«${S>Q> H$mS>© YmaH$ amoI> a¸$_ àmá H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

iv)àdmgmV gwb^Vm :

àdmg H$mbI§S>mV amoI> a¸$_ Odi ~miJUo OmoI_rMo AgVo. H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©À`mgmhmæ`mZo amoI>> aH$_o{edm` àdmg, ghb BË`mXr eŠ` hmoVo.

8.18


v ) AmZwf§{JH$ godm :

H«o${S>Q> H$mS>m©À`m gmhmæ`mZo AZoH$ AmZwf§{JH$ godmMm bm^ àmá hmoVmo Ogo ~±H$mH«o${S>Q> H$mS>© YmaH$m§Zm {d_m gmo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV Ë`m{edm` aoëdo, {d_mZm§Mr{V{H$Q>o H$mT>Uo BË`mXr gmo r àmá hmoVmV.

vi)~±H$s¨J godm§Mm {dñVma :

H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© nÕVr_wio ~±H$s¨J godoMm {dñVma _moR>çm à_mUmV KSy>Z oVmo.

vii) ~±H$m§Mo CËnÞmMo gmYZ :

~±H$mZm Xwhoar CËnÞ gmYZo àmá hmoVmV m_Ü o H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©YmaH$mH$Sy>Z dm{f©H$ \$sVgoM {dH«o$Ë`mH$Sy>Z H${_eZ m_wio ~±H$m§Mr bm^Vm dmT>Vo.

viii) ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m ì`márV dmT> :

~mOmanoR>oMr ì`már dmT>Vo H$maU H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©_wio AZoH$ J«mhH$ {_iyZ EHy$U {dH«$sdmT>Vo.

ix) gwa{jVVm :

H«o${S>Q> H$mS© hm amoI MbZmbm Mm§Jbm n`m©` R>abobm Amho. amoI>> a¸$_ ha{dUo/Mmoar hmoUo BË`mXr ZwH$gmZ hmoVo; na§Vw H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© hadbo /Mmoarg Jobo Var ~±Ho$ggyMZm XoD$Z ZwH$gmZ Q>miVm oVo. ZdrZ H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© àmá H$aVm oVo.

x) amoI aH$_oMr CnbãYVm :

H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© ATM H|$ÐmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mg nadmZJr Agë`mZo H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© YmaH$m§ZmHo$ìhmhr, H$moR>ohr d H$moUË`mhr ATM H|$ÐmVyZ amoH$S> {_iy eH$Vo.

B ) H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©Mo Xmof :

i) IMuH$ godm :

H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©gmR>r AmH$maÊ`mV oUmao ewëH$, KoVbobr CMb d Ë`mdarb A{V[aŠVì`mOXa m_wio Ho«${S>Q> H$mS>© gw{dYm IMuH$ R>aVo.


8.19

ii) AZmdí`H$ IMm©V dmT> :

H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© ho J«mhH$m§Zm AZmdí`H$ IaoXrbm MmbZm XoUmao AgVo d Ë`m_wioAZmdí`H$ IM© dmT>Vmo.

iii) {d{eï> ì`ŠVtgmR>r {Zén`moJr :

H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© YmaH$mbm àË oH$ ì`dhmamV ñdmjar H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo Ë`m_wio{Zaja, A§Y ì`ŠVr H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© gw{dYonmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV.

iv)ZwH$gmZrMr eŠ`Vm :

H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© H$miOrnyd©H$ gm§ mimdo bmJVo. H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© hadë`mg AWdm MmoarPmë`mg nVnÌmMm J¡admna Wm§~{dÊ`m~m~V ~±Ho$bm {dZ§Vr H$aVm oVo; na§VwXaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV _moR>çm ZwH$gmZrbm gm_moao OmÊ`mMr doi J«mhH$mda oVo.

v ) {d{eï> {R>H$mUr IaoXrMo ~§YZ :

gy{MV g_m{dï> AgUmar XwH$mZo/hm°Q>oëg BË`mXrgmR>r H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© MmbVmV Ë`m_wio`m {d{eï> {R>H$mUr IaoXr H$aÊ`mMo ~§YZ J«mhH$mda oVo.

vi)J«m_rU ^mJmV {Zén`moJr godm :

ehar mJmV H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© gw{dYm bmoH${à` R>aV Agbr Var maV IoS>çm§Mm XoeAmho d 70% bmoH$g§»`m IoS>çmV amhVo. J«m_rU joÌmV Ho«${S>Q> H$mS>© {Zê$n`moJrR>aVo.

3 ) S>o{~Q> H$mS>© :

dñVy dm godm IaoXr H$aVmZm n¡go MwH$Vo H$aÊ`mgmR>r amoI n¡go XoÊ`mEodOr Xwgamgmonm n`m©` åhUOo S>o{~Q> H$mS>©Zo no_|Q> H$aUo. S>o{~Q> H$mS>© Am{U H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© `mVrc\$aH$ åhUOo S>o{~Q> H$mS>© dmnaë`mda {S>nm°{PQ> AH$mD§$Q>_YyZ n¡go dOm hmoVmV. VaH«o${S>Q> H$mS>©da n¡go H«o${S>Q> da dmnaVm oVmV. Ho«${S>Q> H$mS>©nojm S>o{~Q> H$mS>©Mm dmnaA{YH$ dmTy> cmJcm Amho Ago ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z CncãY Pmcoë`m `mAmH$S>odmardéZ ñnï> hmoVo. gÜ`m 19 H$moQ>r S>o{~Q> H$mS©g AmhoV. Va H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©

8.20


Ho$di 1 H$moQ>r 90 cmI EdT>r AmhoV. VgoM S>o{~Q> H$mS>©Ûmao IM© H$aÊ`mMo à_mU2008 À`m Am{W©H$ dfm©V 17% hmoVo Vo 2010 _Ü o 30% dmT>co Amho. Ë`m_wioH$mS>©Ûmao IM© H$aÊ`mÀ`m à_mUmV OyZ 2010 _Ü o S>o{~Q> H$mS>©Ûmao IMm©Mo à_mU32% Pmco Amho.

A) AW© …

S>o{~Q> H$mS>m©bm _amR>rV ""Zmdo nÌ' åhQ>bo OmVo; na§Vw ì`dhmamV "S>o{~Q> H$mS>©' hmeãX àM{bV Amho. Á`m ì`ŠVrMo ~±Ho$V ImVo Amho Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr nV Am{UZmoH$ar /ì`dgm` bjmV KoD$Z ~±H$m Amnë`m R>odrXmam§Zm S>o{~Q> H$mS>© CnbãYH$ê$Z XoVmV. m H$mS>m©À`m gmhmæ`mZo Amnë`m ~±H$ ImË`mdarb ì`dhma H$aVmoVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a S>o{~Q> H$mS>m©Mm dmna H$ê$Z dñVy d godm§Mr IaoXr H$aVm oVo.

H$mS>©YmaH$ Ooìhm IaoXr ì`dhma H$aVmo Voìhm Ë`mbm H$moUVohr H«o${S>Q> {_iV ZmhrVa IaoXrÀ`m doir ~±H$ ImË`mVyZ IaoXrMr qH$_V dOm hmoVo d Vr a¸$_ {dH«o$Ë`mÀ`m~±H$ ImË`mV O_m hmoVo. S>o{~Q> H$mS>© {_idÊ`mgmR>r H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© d ATM

{_idÊ`mgmR>rMrM à{H«$`m H$amdr bmJVo.

~) ì`m»`m :

""S>o{~Q> H$mS>© åhUOo ~±Ho$Zo Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ~±H$ ImË`mV AgUmè`maH$_oÀ`m dmnamgmR>r CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbobr gw{dYm hmo .''

H$) S>o{~Q> H$mS>©>Mo \$m`Xo :

i) ì`dhmamVrb gwb^Vm :

S>o{~Q> H$mS>©YmaH$ ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr emIoVyZ AWdm ATM H|$ÐmVyZ Amnë`mImË`mdarb n¡go Ho$ìhmhr H$mTy> eH$Vmo VgoM ê$ eH$Vmo.

ii) amoH$S> ~miJUo Amdí`H$ ZgVo :

S>o{~Q> H$mS©YmaH$mbm ñdV…Odi amoH$S> ~miJÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo. S>o{~Q>H$mS>© åhUOoM ñdV…Mo ~±H$ ImVo ñdV… ~amo~a Aer n[apñWVr AgVo.


8.21

iii) ~±H$ ì`dhmam§Mr ì`már dmT>Vo :

S>o{~Q> H$mS>©g§~§{YV ~±Ho$À`m Xoe-{dXoemVrb emImV MmbV Agë`m_wio ~±H$ì`dhmam§Mr ì`már dmT>Vo.

iv)dñVy d godm§Mr IaoXr :

S>o{~Q> H$mS©YmaH$ S>o{~Q> H$mS>©À`m gmhmæ`mZo ghOnUo dñVy d godm§Mr IaoXr H$ê$eH$Vmo.

v ) AmZwf§{JH$ godm§Mm bm^ :

S>o{~Q> H$mS>©À`m gmhmæ`mZo AZoH$ AmZwf§{JH$ godm§Mm bm^ hmoVmo. CXm. {d_mZo,aoëdoMr {V{H$Q>o ~wH$ H$aUo BË`mXr.

vi)OmXm CMb :

S>o{~Q> H$mS>©YmaH$ Amnë`m ~±Ho$VyZ Amdí`H$VoZwgma ImË`mVrb {e„H$ aH$_onojmOmXm CMb H$mTy> eH$Vmo. m OmXm CMb aH$_oda ~±H$ {d{eï> XamZo ì`mO AmH$maVo.

vii) ~±Ho$g Am{W©H$ bm^ :

~±Ho$bm CËnÞ gmYZo {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r S>o{~Q> H$mS>© Cn wŠV R>aVo. ~±H$ AemH$mS>©YmaH$mH$Sy>Z {d{eï> dm{f©H$ ewëH$ AmH$maVo.

S>) S>o{~Q> H$mS>m©Mo Xmof :

H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©Mo gd© Xmof S>o{~Q> H$mS>©gmR>r bmJy nS>VmV Ago {ZXe©Zmg oVo.

i) IMr©H$ gw{dYm :

S>o{~Q> H$mS>© gw{dYm IMuH$$AgVo. CXm. ewëH$ d BVa IM© ì`mO BË`mXr.

ii) AZmdí`H$ IaoXr :

S>o{~Q> H$mS>©YmaH$ AZmdí`H$ IaoXrg àd¥Îm hmoV AgVmV.

iii) {d{eï> ì`ŠVtgmR>r {Zén`moJr :

{Zaja d A§Y ì`ŠVr `m gw{dYonmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV. H$maU àË oH$ ì`dhmamVH$mS>©YmaH$mg ñdmjar H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.

8.22


iv)ZwH$gmZrMr g§^mdZm :

S>o{~Q> H$mS>© hadë`mg/Mmoarg Joë`mg ZwH$gmZrMr rVr g§^dVo.

v ) J«m_rU ^mJmgmR>r {Zén`moJr :

J«m_rU mJmV hr gw{dYm {Zén`moJr R>aVo Am{U ~hþg§»` bmoH$g§»`m J«m_rU mJmVamhUmar Amho.

4 ) Q>o{b~±H$s¨J :

AmOÀ`m J{V_mZ d YmdnirÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV X¡Z§{XZ ñdénmMo ~±H$sJ ì`dhmaH$aÊ`mgmR>r doi XoUo H$R>rU hmoV Amho. dmT>Vo eharH$aU, Xÿa A§Vamda AgUmaoì`dgm`mMo, {ZdmgmMo {R>H$mU, ~±Ho$Vrb ì`dhmam§Mr dmT>Vr _mJUr Am{U Ë`m_wio~±Ho$V hmoUmar JXu BË`mXr n[apñWVrV ~±H$sJ H$m_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>m doi XoUo H$R>rUhmoV Amho. `mVyZ J«mhH$mbm gmo r- gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m§Zr "Xya^mf~±H$ godm' CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabobo AmT>iVo.

A) AW© :

Xya^mf ~±H$ godm åhUOo ~±H$ J«mhH$ XyaÜdZrdê$Z ~±H$sJ {df`H$ H$m_o nyU© H$ê$eH$Vmo. Ë`mgmR>r àË`j ~±Ho$V oÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo.

~) H$m`©nÕVr :

~±Ho$_Ü o Z OmVm ì`ŠVr ~±H$sJ godm {_idy eH$VmV. mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV oUmè`mgw{dYocm Q>o{c~±H$s¨J Ago åhQ>co OmVo. Q>o{c\$moZMm dmna H$ê$Z VmVS>rZo Am{Ugw{dYmOZH$ godm CncãY H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm Vmo EH$ _mJ© Amho. `m _mÜ`_mVyZEImXr ì`ŠVr ImË`m~Ôc _m{hVr, H$mhr {ZdS>H$ ì`dhma, EQ>rE_ H$mS>©, S>o{~Q>H$mS>©, H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© qH$dm MoH$~wH$ BË`mXt~m~VÀ`m godm CncãY H$ê$Z KoD$eH$Vo. Aer godm-gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r ImVoXmamcm ~±Ho$H$S>o AO©H$amdm cmJVmo. AWm©V Aer godm nwa{dUo qH$dm Z nwa{dUo ho ~±H$ ì`dñWmnH$mdaAdc§~yZ AgVo. Á`m ì`ŠVtMo ~±Ho$_Ü o ~MV qH$dm Mmcy ñdV§Ì ImVo Amho Aemì`ŠVrcm hr gw{dYm àmá hmoD$ eH$Vo. hr _m{hVr EH$m nrgrdê$Z Omo ~±Ho$À`m


8.23

VÏ`/_m{hVr {d^mJmer OmoS>cocm AgVmo Ë`mdê$Z {_iVo. m_Ü o gd© AÚ`mdV_m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$cocr AgVo. J«mhH$m§À`m _mJUrà_mUo hr _m{hVr nwa{dcr OmVo.J«mhH$m§Zm/ImVoXmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m ImVo Z§~am~amo~aM doJim H$moS>/gm§Ho${VH$ Z§~a{Xcm OmVmo. Omo Ë`m§Mm "cm°J BZ Am` S>r' AgVmo. ImVoXmam§Zr Ë`m§À`m gm§Ho${VH$Z§~aÀ`m JwáVo~m~V gVH©$ amhUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. J«mhH$m§Zm hm Z§~a S>m`c H$ê$Zhr gw{dYm dmnaVm oVo. m _mÜ`_mVyZ ImVoXma MoH$~wH$Mrhr _mJUr H$ê$ eH$Vmo.Ago MoH$~wH$ Hw$[aAa godoZo J«mhH$mÀ`m ~±Ho$_Ü o Zm|X Agcoë`m nÎ`mda nmR>{dcoOmVo.

H$) godm gw{dYm :

Q>o{c-~±H$s¨J gw{dYoA§VJ©V J«mhH$mcm nwT>rc godm CncãY hmoVmV :

i) Am°Z cmB©Z {e„H$ Mm¡H$er.

ii) godm§gmR>r {dZ§Vr.

iii) eodQ>À`m nmM ì`dhmam§Mr _m{hVr.

iv)AbrH$S>À`m VmaIoMm ì`dhma.

v ) ì`dhmam§Mm Vnerc.

vi)MoH$~wH$gmR>r {dZ§Vr.

vii) {hemo~mÀ`m {ddaU nÌm§Mr _mJUr BË`mXr.

Aem àH$mao ImVoXmamcm àË`jmV ~±Ho$V Z OmVm ~mhoa JmdmhÿZhr Amnë`m ImË`mMr_m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo. hr godm J«mhH$m§Zm Mmodrg Vmg {_iVo ho m godoMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.

5 ) _mo~mBb ~±H$s¨J> :

AmOÀ`m `m H$mimV J«mhH$ A{YH$m{YH$ V§ÌkmZmer n[a{MV hmoV MmbboAmhoV. AmO Odi-Odi gd©M bmoH$ _mo~mB©b \$moZMm dmna H$arV AmhoV. AmOAm°ZbmB©Z ì`mnmamda _moR>çm à_mUmda ^a {Xbm OmVmo, Ë`m_wio ~±H$s¨J joÌhr`m~m~V _mJo Zmhr. Ë`m§Zrhr \$moZ d _mo~mB©bdê$Z godm nwa{dÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$brAmho. `m _mÜ`_mVyZ ~±H$m§_Ü o A{YH$m{YH$ n¡em§Mm ì`dhma hmoÊ`mMr ~±H$m§Mr

8.24


Anojm Amho. _mo~mB©b,XyaÜdZr g§XoedhZ gmYZm§Zr ~±H$sJ ì`dhmam§_Ü o EH$ H«$m§VrKS>dyZ AmUbr Amho. B§Q>aZoQ> Am{U dmàbog V§ÌkmZmZo `mbm _moR>çm à_mUmdahmV^ma bmdbm Amho. AmOÀ`m `m YmdË`m wJmV J«mhH$m§Mo bj doYyZ KoUo Am{UJ«mhH$ {Q>H${dUo `mgmR>r ~±H$m§Zmhr Ë`m§À`m godm§Mr ì`már dmT>{dÊ`mMr JaO {Z_m©UPmbr Amho. Ë`m§À`m Mmby g§aMZm VgoM Vo gÜ`m XoV Agboë`m {dVaU _mJmªdaH$moUË`mhr àH$maMm \$aH$ Z nS>Vm _mo~mB©b Am{U dmàbog _mÜ`_m§À`m dmnamVyZ~±H$m§Zr Ë`m§Mr godm ì`már dmT>{dë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. dmàbog ZoQ>dH©$, _mo~mB©b \$moZhr {d{dY _mÜ`_o _mo~mB©b ~±H$sJ ì yhaMZm ~mOmamV AmUÊ`mgmR>r EH$ _hÎdmMr^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV.

A) _mo~mB©b ~±H$s¨JMo \$m`Xo :

i) AmR>dS>çmMo 7 {Xdg 24 Vmg godm CnbãYr :

_mo~mB©b d \$moZ ~±H$sJ_wio ~±H$m Ë`m§À`m J«mhH$m§Zm AmR>dS>çmMo 7 {Xdg Am{U24 Vmg godm nwady eH$VmV. m gw{dYo_wio J«mhH$m§Zm ì`dhma H$aUo AË §V gmonoAm{U ghO hmoVo. Am°ZbmB©Z Ho$~bÛmao J«mhH$m§Zm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm Ìmg ZhmoVm ~±H$sJ ì`dhma H$aVm oVmV.

ii) _mo~mB©b ZoQ>dH©$Mo dmT>Vo joÌ :

AmO _mo~mB©b ZoQ>dH©$ g§nyU© maVâ ngabobo Amho. IoS>monmS>rhr \$moZ d _mo~mB©bgw{dYm CnbãY Agë`mZo gdmªZm gVV ~±H$sJ ì`dhmamgmR>r \$moZ d _mo~mB©bMmCn`moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.naXoem_Ü o ho Omio Xyada ngabo Agë`mZo Odi-Odi90% bmoH$g§» obm `m godm§Mm Cn^moJ KoVm oVmo. ^maVm_Ü o ho à_mU H$_rAgbo Var Ë`m_Ü o XaamoO dmT> hmoV Amho.

iii) ñdV:Mm R>gm :

{d{eï> {g_H$mS>©_wio _mo~mB©b YmaH$mbm ñdV:Mr Aer EH$ AmoiI AgVo. Ë`m_wioË`m§Zm ì`dhma H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ñdV§Ì Aer gw{dYm CnbãY hmoVo. _mo~mB©bÀ`m_mÜ`_mVyZ Vo àË`j Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m godm§Mm bm^ KoD$ eH$VmV.


8.25

{d{dY gwajm àmá hmoV Agë`mZo bmoH$ _mo~mB©b ~±H$sJH$S>o A{YH$m{YH$ AmH${f©VhmoVmZm {XgyZ oVmV.

iv)d°n WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) :

d°n gma»`m OmJ{VH$ àmoQ>moH$m°b_Ü o doJmZo Pmboë`m H«$m§Vr_wio g§JUH$ Am{U_mo~mB©bgma»`m gmYZm§_Ü o g§XoedhZ _mJmªMm dmna H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho.d°n_Yrb KQ>H$m§_wio dmàbog h°ÊS>goQ>da _m{hVr CnbãY hmoVo.

v ) ObX _m{hVrMr CnbãYVm :

àJV V§ÌkmZm_wio _mo~mB©b S>mQ>m gpìh©gog A{YH$m{YH$ H$m ©j_ Am{U doJdmZ~Zbr Amho.

vi)gwa{jVVm :

da Z_yX Ho$boë`m gd© gw{dYm§~amo~aM, {g_H$mS>©bm AgUmè`m ImgJr {nZÀ`mgmhmæ`mZo _mo~mB©b ~±{H$§Jdarb gd© ì`dhmam§Zm gwwa{jVVm àXmZ hmoVo. Ë`m_wioAmO _mo~mB©b \$moZ ho EH$ àH$maMo dmàbog Ago {IemVrb nmH$sQ> (dm°boQ>)Pmbo Amho. Á`m_wio »maoXr Am{U BVa {dÎmr` _m{hVr gwa{jV amhÿ eH$Vo.

vii) _mo~mB©bdê$Z àXmZ (Mobile Payment) :

_mo~mB©bdarb àXmZ åhUOo _mo~mB©bgma»`m dmàbog gmYZm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo{~bm§À`m aŠH$_m àXmZ H$aUo hmo . _mo~mB©b gw{dYm hr "BboŠQ>m°{ZH$ àXmZ _mÜ`_'åhUyZ H$m © H$aVo ho m gmYZmMo d¡{eï>ç d \$m`Xm Amho. H$moUË`mhr àH$mao doiAm{U {R>H$mU mMr ~mYm Z oVm aŠH$_m MwH${dUo m _mÜ`_m_wio eŠ` hmoVo.

Q>o{b\$moZ Am{U B§Q>aZoQ> ~±H$sJ_wio J«mhH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m {~bmÀ`m aŠH$_m MwH${dVmoVmV Am{U Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr doir IaoXr H$aÊ`mMr gw{dYm Ë`m§Zm àmßV hmoVo.

~) _mo~mB©b ~±H$s¨JMo VmoQ>o :

i) ì`dhmamMr _`m©Xm :

_mo~mB©b ~±H$s¨J godm§~m~V {H$Vrhr moOZm AmIë`m Joë`m Var àË`jm_Ü o mà`ËZm§Zm _`m©Xm nS>VmV. ~±H$s¨J ì`dhmamVrb {H$VrVar ì`dhma ho IaoXr qH$dm

8.26


ì`mnmamnojm ImË`mVrb {eëbH$ qH$dm H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© qH$dm ~±H$ ImË`mÀ`m_m{hVrg§~§YmV AgVmV. Aem doir _mo~mB©b ~±H$sJMm \$magm Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhr.

ii) Vm§{ÌH$ AS>MUr :

_mo~mB©b ~±H$s¨J_Ü o Vm§{ÌH$ _wÔo, gwa{jVVm Am{U IM© `mgmaIo AZoH$ _wÔo mgw{dYoÀ`m _`m©Xm AmhoV. d°n ho _mÜ`_ Iyn hiy Amho Am{U J«mhH$m§Zm g_mYmZXoÊ`mg Anwao Amho. ì`dhma H$aVmZm bmoH$ gwa{jVVoMm {dMma H$aVmV; na§Vw _mo~mB©b~±H$sJ_Ü o Ë`m§À`m m Anojm nyU© hmoV ZmhrV.

iii) IMuH$ `§ÌUm :

_mo~mB©b ~±H$s¨J_Yrb gdm©V _moR>r g_ñ`m åhUOo `m gw{dYonmgyZ {_iUmè`m\$m`XçmÀ`m à_mUmV IM© OmñV hmo`. {H$Ë oH$ Xoem§_Ü o _m{hVr nwa{dÊ`mgmR>rbmJUmam IM© hm Iyn Agë`mZo _mo~mB©b ~±H$s¨Jbm _`m©Xm nS>VmV.

iv)_mo~mB©b ~±H$s¨JMm ZH$mamË_H$ AZw^d :

wamo{nAZ Xoem§_Yrb _mo~mB©b ~±H$s¨JMm AZw^d hm \$magm Mm§Jbm Zmhr CXm.B§½b§S>_Ü o _mo~mB©b ~±H$s¨J Am°\$a H$mTy>>Z KoÊ`mMm ZoË`m§Zr {ZU©` KoVbm.J«mhH$m§_Ü o _mo~mB©b ~±H$sJ godm dmnaÊ`m~Ôb \$magm CËgmh {XgyZ oV Zmhr.

6 ) ZoQ> ~±H$s¨J :

A) AW© :

g§JUH$sH¥$V AgUmar ~±H$ B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmam OJ^amVrb AÝ` g§JUH$m§er OmoS>brOmVo Am{U ~±H$ J«mhH$ àË`j ~±Ho$V Z OmVm ñdV…À`m g§JUH$mda Amnë`m~±H$ ImË`mdarb ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$Vmo Ë`mbm "ZoQ> ~±H$s¨J' Ago åhUVmV.

~) H$m`©nÕVr :

dëS>© dmB©S> do~ (WWW.) Ûmao gìh©a (_w»` g§JUH$) B§Q>aH$ZoŠQ> H$ê$Z EH$g§nH©$ Omio {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio ~±H$ hr J«mhH$mÀ`m KamV nmoMVo. ~±H$ì`dgm`mVrb JmonZr`Vm Am{U gwa{jVVm {Q>H$dyZ R>odyZ ~±Ho$Vrb ñdV…Mo ~±H$


8.27

ImVo Kar ~gyZ B§Q>aZoQ>da àË`j nmhUo ~±H$ J«mhH$mbm eŠ` hmoVo. gÚ…pñWVrV ZoQ>

~±H$sJ godoMm bm^ maVmVrb 9 bmI J«mhH$ KoV AgyZ Ë`m_Ü o doJmZo dmT> KSy>Z

oV Amho.

H$) ZoQ> ~±H$sJMo \$m`Xo :

i) J«mhH$m§Zm gw{dYm :

ZoQ> ~±H$sJ_wio ~±Ho$V hobnmQ>o _maUo Am{U doi, H$ï> Am{U IM© BË`mXrMr _moR>r

~MV hmoVo. ~±H$ J«mhH$ Amnë`m ~±H$ ImË`mVrb ì`dhma ñdV…À`m g§JUH$mda

nmhÿ eH$Vmo. ImË`mVrb {e„H$, MoH$Mo ì`dhma BË`mXr~m~V _m{hVr {_iVo.

ii) ghO CnbãYVm :

~±H$sJ ì`dhma qH$dm ~±H$ hr ZoQ>Ûmam ~±H$ J«mhH$mÀ`m g§JUH$mda ghO CnbãY

hmoVo.

iii) n¡em§Mo gwb^ hñVm§VaU :

~±H$ J«mhH$ B-_obÛmam ~±Ho$bm gyMZm XoD$Z EH$m ~±H$ emIoVrb ImË`mVyZ Xwgè`m

~±H$ emIoVrb ImË`mV n¡go hñVm§VarV H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

iv) ì`dñWmnZ IMm©V ~MV :

ZoQ> ~±H$sJ_wio ~±Ho$À`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dñWmnZmMm IM© _moR>çm à_mUmV KQ>Vmo. ñnYm©Ë_H$

H$mbI§S>mV ~±Ho$Mr Z\$m- j_Vm dmT>Vo.

v ) JwáVm :

ZoQ> ~±H$s¨JMo ì`dhma AË`§V JmonZr` AgVmV åhUOoM g§~§{YV ~±H$

J«mhH$mì`{V[aŠV BVam§Zm ~±H$ ImVo CKS>Uo eŠ` ZgVo.

vi)dgwbr :

ì`mnmar g§ñWm, H§$nÝ`m d Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWm§Zm nVnÌo, {d{Z_` nÌo, YZmXoe

BË`mXr§À`m dgwbrgmR>r hr godm Cn wŠV R>aVo.

8.28


vii) {d{dY XoUr ^mJ{dUo :

~±H$ J«mhH$mMr {d{dY àH$maMr XoUr CXm. {d_mImVo, H$O©ImVo, drO{~b,Q>o{b\$moZ{~b BË`mXr âÊ`mgmR>r ~±Ho$bm Ka~gë`m B-_obÛmam gyMZm XoD$Z

Amnë`m ImË`mVyZ XoUr mJ{dÊ`mMo H$m_ ~±H$ J«mhH$mbm H$aVm oVo.

viii) {Z…ewëH$ godm :

ZoQ> ~±H$sJÀ`m godm {Z…ewëH$ Agë`m_wio ~±H$ J«mhH$mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Iyn \$m`Xoera

R>aVo.

ix) ~±H$s¨J godm§Mm {dH$mg :

ZoQ> ~±H$sJÛmam ~±H$m J«mhH$mÀ`m A{Ve` Odi oVmV Ë`mMm n[aUm_ ~±H$sJ

ì`dgm`mÀ`m {dH$mgmV hmoV Amho. ZoQ> ~±H$sJ AàË`jarË`m J«mhH$m§À`m KamVMnmohmoMbobr AgVo m godo_wio ~±H$sJ ì`dhma AMyH$, gwa{jV d {dídmgmg nmÌhmoVmV.

7 ) ñdrâQ> :

SWIFT åhUOo The Society for the Worldwide Inter-bank Finan-

cial Telecommunication m g§ñWo_m\©$V EH$ ZoQ>dH©$ Mmc{dco OmVo. m _mÜ`_mVyZ~±H$m {dÎmr` ì`dhmam§er g§~§{YV _m{hVrMr nañnam§_Ü o XodmU-KodmU H$aVmV. hrOmJ{VH$ ñVamdarc {dÎmr` g§ñWm Amho Or OJâmVrc ~±H$m§Zm ImÌrera[aË`m Am{UH$_r OmoIr_ ñdrH$mê$Z {Zamon XodmU-KodmUrMr godm nwa{dVo. ~opëO`_ _Yrc ~«wgoëg

oWo hr gmogm`Q>r gwê$ Pmcr. hr EH$ ghH$mar gmogm`Q>r Amho. {VMo _w»` H$m`m©c` cmhþën (La Hulpe) oWo Amho. m gmogm`Q>rZo gd© {dÎmr` ì`dhma, VÏ` à{H«$`m àUmcrAm{U OJâmVrc g§XoedhZ Omio mgmR>r EH$ (Common) gd©_mÝ` mfm {ZpíMVHo$cr Amho. hr gmogm`Q>r 194 XoemVrc 7,000 {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm EH$_oH$m§er OmoS>Vo.hr gmogm`Q>r {VÀ`m gXñ`m§~amo~a H$m_ H$aVo. hr g§ñWm H$_r IMm©V, ñnYm©Ë_H$ {dÎmr`à{H«$`m Am{U g§XoedhZ gw{dYm/godm `m A{YH$ gwa{jVnUo d ImÌrcm`H$[aË`m


8.29

nwa{dVo. Ë`mgmR>r `m g§ñWoH$S>o àJV Aer à{H«$`m gw{dYm CncãY Amho. hr g§ñWmAmnë`m gXñ`m§Zm Vm§{ÌH$ kmZhr nwa{dVo.

A >)gwédmV/àma§^ :

SWIFT hr g§ñWm Am§Vaamï>r` {dÎmr` ì`dhmam§gmR>r EH$ gh^mJr Ago OmJ{VH$_m{hVr à{H«$`m Am{U g§XoedhZ Xwdm Am{U EH$ gd©_mÝ` Aer ^mfm {Z_m©UH$aÊ`mÀ`m XyaÑï>rZo gwédmV Pmcocr g§ñWm Amho. {dÎmr` ì`dhmamV à^mdrnUmAmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mV g_m{dï> AgUmè`m gd© {dÎmr` g§ñWm `m g§Xoe XiU-diU à{H«$ oV mJ KoV AmhoV mMr ImÌr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m ©aV Amho.

~) ñdrâQ> nwa{dV Agboë`m godm :

ñdrâQ> hr g§ñWm ~±H$m§Zm, Xbmbm§Zm Jw§VdUyH$ ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm g§Xoe XodmU-KodmUrMr godm nwa{dVo. Ë`mMà_mUo hr g§ñWm àXmZ, H$mof, à{V yVr Am{U ì`mnma`m g§X^m©V ~mOmanoR> nm`m yV godm nwa{dVo. m godm§_wio J«mhH$m§À`m IMm©V H$nmVhmoVo, ñd §MbrH$aUmV gwYmaUm hmoVo Am{U OmoI_tMo ì`dñWmnZ hmoVo.

H$) ñdrâQ>Mr g§aMZm :

ñdrâQ> hr ~opëO`_ H$m`ÚmImbr ñWmnZ Pmbobr EH$ ghH$mar gmogm`Q>r AmhoË`m gmogm`Q>rMo gXñ` m g§ñWoMo _mbH$ AgyZ Ë`m g§ñWoMo {Z §ÌU H$aVmV. mgmogm`Q>rMo 25 g§MmbH$m§Mo EH$ _§S>i AgVo. H§$nZrMo H$m_H$mO m _§S>im_m\©$VMmb{dbo OmVo. m _§S>imMo H$m ©H$mar A{YH$mar _§S>i AgVo. Á`m_Ü o nyU©doiH$m_ H$aUmao H$_©Mmar AgVmV. `m _§S>imMm à_wI _w»` H$m ©H$mar A{YH$marAgVmo. hm A{YH$mar `m g§ñWoMo {dÎmr` {ddaU nÌ V`ma H$aVmo. Ë`mMà_mUodm{f©H$ AhdmcmV BVa _m{hVr àX{e©V H$aVmo.

S>) ñdrâQ>Mr C{Ôï>o :

ñdrâQ> m g§ñWoMr C{Ôï>o Imcrcà_mUo AgVmV.

i) à{H«$`m Am{U g§XoedhZ godm :

`m g§ñWoÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm H$_r {H$_VrV VwcZmË_H$ Aem {dÎmr` à{H«$`m Am{UC{MV gwa{jV Am{U {dídgZr` Aem g§XoedhZ godm nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r EH$Ì oD$ZH$m_ H$aUo.

8.30


ii) ì`dhma à{H«$`oMo ñd`§McrH$aU :

`m g§ñWo_m\©$V _moR>çm à_mUmda g§Xoem§Mr XodmU-KodmU hmoVo. `m g§ñWoÀ`mgXñ`m§Zm {dÎmr` ì`dhma à{H«$ oV A{YH$m{YH$ ñd §McrH$aU hmoD$Z Ë`m_m\©$Vì`mdgm{`H$ e {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdmMo H$m © H$aVo.

iii) ^m§S>dcrH$aU :

hr g§ñWm åhUOo EH$ Am§Vaamï´>r` _wŠV ì`mgnrR> Amho OoWo OJmVrc {d{dY{dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm CÚmoJ-nmVirdarc YmoHo$, g§Yr Am{U BVa ~m~r `m g§X^m©V_m{hVr XoVo Á`mdê$Z m g§ñWm Amncr pñWVr _O~yV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.

iv)cmoH$m§gmR>r amoOJma nwa{dUo :

hr g§ñWm CËH¥$ï> cmoH$m§Mr {ZdS> H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr {Z wŠVr H$aVo. A{YH$ \$m`Xoerag§gmYZm§_Ü o Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ XyaÑï>r, à^mdrnUm Am{Uì`dñWmnZ mgmR>r OJmVrc EH$ AJ«JÊ` g§ñWm ~ZUo.

B©) gwa{jVVm Am{U {dídgZr`Voda ^a :

`m g§ñWoMo O~m~Xmar Am{U Xm{`Ëd {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMo {Z`_ {c{IV ñdê$nmMoAmhoV Am{U Vo àË`jmV dmnaco OmVmV. ñdrâQ>_mJrc _yc^yV VÎdo ho m g§ñWoÀ`mgwédmVrÀ`m Q>ßß`mVM {ZpíMV Ho$coco AmhoV, H$maU hr g§ñWm Am§Vaamï>r` nmVirdaH$m_ H$aVo. AZoH$ XoemVrc CËH¥$ï> H$m ©nÕVrZo `m g§ñWoMo emgZ à^m{dV Pmcoco{XgyZ oVo. `m g§ñWoÀ`m g§MmcH$ _§S>imÀ`m 7 g{_Ë`m AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm A{YH$maàXmZmMo A{YH$ma AgVmV. `m gmV g{_Ë`m åhUOo A§Ho$jU Am{U {dÎm, ~±H$s¨JAm{U àXmZ, ZwH$gmZ anmB©, E-{gŠ w[aQ>rO, à_mUHo$, V§ÌkmZ Am{U CËnmXZ mhmoV.

\$) ^maVmVrc ñdrâQ>Mo H$m_H$mO :

^maVm_Ü o EH$ ñdrâQ> dmnaUmam g_yh V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. B§{S> Z ~±H$sJAgmo{gEeZMo MoAa_Z `m g_yhmMo MoAa_Z AgVmV. Va [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m _m{hVrV§ÌkmZ {d^mJmMo _w»` gaì`dñWmnH$ ho n`m©`r AÜ`j AgVmV. gÜ`m maVmVrc


8.31

92 g§ñWm m J«wnÀ`m gXñ` AmhoV. m_Ü o ~±H$m, Xcmc, {dVaH$, g|Q>c {S>nm°{PQ>arOAm{U pŠcAatJ Am°J©Zm`PoeZ m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m§Mr {d^mJUr Imcrcà_mUo :

gXñ` 48

CngXñ` 36

Xcmc Am{U {dVaH$ 1

g|Q´>c {S>nm°{PQ>ar A°ÊS> pŠcAatJ 1

^mJYmaH$ Zgcoë`m ~±H$m 5

à{V{ZYr H$m`m©c o 1

EHy$U 92

8 ) EZrìhoAa ~±H$sJ …

^maVr` ~±qH$J joÌm_Ü o g§JUH$mMm gwé Pmbobm dmna Am{U E.Q>r.E_.Mm emoY`m_wio ~±H$m§~mhoa ~±qH$J godm nwa{dÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr. AmVm gd© ~±qH$J ì`dhmaH$aÊ`mgmR>r J«mhH$m§Zm ~±Ho$V àË`j OmÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§gmR>r`m godm Q>o{b~±qH$J Am{U [a_moQ>-~±qH$J gw{dYo_m\©$V nwa{dVmV. m ~±qH$J àH$mambmBboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ~±qH$J Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.

Q>o{b~±qH$J Am{U E.Q>r.E_. m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ~±Ho$À`m ~mhoa amhÿZhr AJXr XyaÀ`m{R>H$mUr {dÎmr` Vnerb àmá hmoD$ eH$VmV VgoM _yb^yV ì`dhmahr hmoD$ eH$VmV.E.Q>r.E_.À`m gmhæ`mZo AmnU H$moUË`mhr {R>H$mUmhÿZ n¡go H$mTy> eH$Vmo. Zoh_r àdmgH$aUmè`m§gmR>r hr godm AË §V Cn wŠV R>aVo. E.Q>r.E_.da S>o{~Q> H$mS>© dmnamMrgw{dYmhr CnbãY AgVo. AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV ~±H$m§Zr AnmngmV Ver ì`dñWmH$ê$Z H$moUË`mhr ~±H$m§À`m E.Q>r.E_.da H$moUË`mhr ~±Ho$À`m ImË`mVyZ n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMrì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. a§JamOZ g{_VrÀ`m AhdmbmMr A§_b~OmdUrH$aVmZm gaH$maZo EAanmoQ>©, em°qnJ _m°ëg Am{U Am°{\$g H$m°åßboŠgog m ~±H$m§À`memIm Zgboë`m {R>H$mUrhr E.Q>r.E_. C^maÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoD$Z ~±qH$J joÌmV EH$àH$maMr H«$m§VrM KS>dyZ AmUbr Amho.

8.32


EZrìhoAa ~±qH$J hr ~±Ho$~mhoa emIm-A§VJ©V ì`dhmam§gmR>r A{Ve` gwa{jV Am{Ugmo`rMr Am°ZbmB©Z àUmbr Amho.

EZrìhoAa ~±qH$JÛmao nwa{dÊ`mV òUmè`m gw{dYm :

1 ) amoH$S> âUm / {dÎmàofU :

ì`dgm`g§ñWm qH$dm ^mJrXma EH$_oH$m§À`m ImË`m_Ü o H$moUË`mhr emIo_m\©$VËd[aV aH$_oMm aUm H$ê$ eH$VmV. hr gw{dYm ~MV, Mmby H$O© Am{U A{YH$marImË`m§gmR>r CnbãY Amho.

2 ) amoH$S> H$mT>Uo :

ì`ŠVr ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr emIoVyZ EZrìhoAa ~±qH$J MoH$À`m gmhmæ`mZo50,000/- én`m§nojm H$_r a¸$_ H$mTy> eH$Vo; na§Vw hr gw{dYm KoÊ`mgmR>rì`ŠVrbm Ë`m ~±Ho$À`m EImÚm emIoV Amnbo ImVo CKS>mdo bmJVo.

3 ) {ZYtMo hñVm§VaU :

`m gw{dYoImbr ì`ŠVr àË oH$ {Xder EH$m ImË`mVyZ Xwgè`m ImË`mV {ZYtMohñVm§VaU H$ê$ eH$Vo. 10 goH§$Xm_Ü o m gw{dYo_wio {ZYr§Mo hñVm§VaU hmoD$ eH$Vo.

4 ) {e„H$ / nmg~wH$ Mm¡H$er :

H$moUË`mhr emIoVyZ ì`ŠVr Amnë`m ImË`mVrb {e„H$ nmhÿ eH$Vo. EImXr ì`ŠVr{VÀ`m ImË`mdarb ì`dhmam§Mo Vnerb Vnmgy eH$Vo Am{U Amnë`m ImË`mMoEH$ bKw {ddaUnÌ àmá H$é eH$Vo.

8.4 H$moAa-~±H$sJ :

(Core Banking)

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio gd© OJM Odi Ambo Amho. nyduà_mUo ~±H$m Ho$di R>amdrH$joÌmVM H$m © H$aV ZgyZ Ë`m§Zr XoemÀ`m gr_m Amobm§S>ë`m AmhoV. AmVm ~±H$m§À`mHo$di XoeâM Zìho Va naXoemVhr emIm AmhoV. ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _moR>çm


8.33

à_mUmda hmoUmè`m dmnam_wio ~±H$m§Zm Amnbm Agm {dñVma H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho.nydu ~±Ho$À`m J«mhH$mbm Ë`mMo Á`m ~±Ho$V ImVo Agob Ë`mM ~±Ho$VyZ ì`dhma H$amdobmJV AgV _mÌ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnam_wio AmVm J«mhH$mbm Ë`mÀ`m ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhremIm§_YyZ ì`dhma H$aVm oVmV. H$moAa ~±H$sJ_wio ho eŠ` Pmbo Amho. OdiOdigd©M ~±H$m§Zr H$moAa ~±H$sJ m g§H$ënZoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

8.4.1 AW© :

H$moAa ~±H$s¨J åhUOo EImÚm ~±Ho$À`m g§JUH$ Omù`mZo OmoS>boë`m emIm§Mmg_yh XoV AgUmè`m ~±H$ godm hmo`. `m àH$maÀ`m ~±H$s¨J g§H$ënZo_wio J«mhH$m§ZmË`m§À`m ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr emIo_YyZ Ë`m§Mo n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMm qH$dm BVa ì`dhmaH$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. H$moAa åhUOo ~o{gH$ (_yb^yV). Aem àH$mao ~±H$m Ë`m§À`mOmioH¥$V emIm§_m\©$V XoV Agboë`m _yb^yV godm åhUOo H$moAa ~±H$s¨J hmo`.gmYmaUnUo H$moAa ~±H$s¨J åhUOo ~±H$s¨J g§ñWm Ë`m§À`m {H$aH$moi Am{U bhmZì`mdgm{`H$ J«mhH$m§Zm godm XoÊ`mMm ì`dgm` åhUOo H$moAa ~±H$s¨J hmo`. {H$Ë oH$~±H$m Ë`m§À`m {H$aH$moi J«mhH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mo H$moAa ~±H$sJ J«mhH$ _mZVmV Am{U Ë`mgmR>rñdV§Ì Aer godm nwa{dVmV. àW_Xe©Zr H$moAa ~±H$sJ åhUOo n¡go O_m H$aUo Am{UAXm H$aUo hmo`. AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV ~hþVoH$ ~±H$m Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©_Ü o H$moAa~±H$s¨JMm Cn`moJ H$aVmZm {XgVmV. gd©gmYmaUnUo H$moAa ~±H$s¨J H$m`mª_Ü o R>odImVo, H$O©, JhmU Am{U n¡emMo àXmZ Aem H$m`mªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~±H$m, E. Q>r.E_., B§Q>aZoQ> ~±H$s¨J Am{U emIm§_m\©$V Aem godm nwa{dVmV.

8.4.2 \$m`Xo :

H$moAa ~±H$s¨JMo \$m`Xo Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb :

1 ) H|$Ðr` {heo~boIZ :

~±Ho$À`m gd© ì`dhmam§Mm n[aUm_ WoQ> ~±Ho$À`m OZab boOa Am{U Z\$m-VmoQ>mnÌH$mda hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$À`m Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrMo {MÌ Ë`mdoirM ñnï> hmoVo.`mMm \$m`Xm Am{W©H$/{dÎmr` ì`dñWmnZmbm doiodaM à^mdr {ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>rhmoVmo Oo AmOÀ`m ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMo EH$ _hÎdmMo H$m © Amho.

8.34


2 ) H|$Ðr` {Z`§ÌU Am{U XoIaoI :

H|$ÐrH$aUm_wio CËnmXZ {díbofU Am{U XoIaoI H$aUo A{YH$ gwb^ ~ZVo. H$moAa~±H$sJ_wio ~±Ho$bm ì`mOXamVrb ~Xb, CËnmXZmVrb ~Xb VgoM ì`mOmMo Cn`moOZBË`mXr EH$mM {R>H$mUmhÿZ gd© emIm§gmR>r H$aVm oVo. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$À`m ì`dhmamVEH$gyÌVm oVo. ~±Ho$À`m YmoaUmVrb ~Xb EH$mM doir gd© emIm§_Ü o A_bmVAmUVm oVmV. H$moAa ~±H$s¨J_wio ~±H$m§Zm ~mOmanoR>oVrb {MÌ Am{U J«mhH$m§À`mJaOm m§Zm Ëd[aV à{VgmX XoUo eŠ` hmoVo. mMm ~±H$m§Zm ñnYm©Ë_H$ \$m`Xm {_iVmo.

3 ) V§ÌkmZmda AmYm[aV godm§Mm nwadR>m :

H$moAa ~±H$sJ_wio V§ÌkmZmda AmYm[aV godm nwa{dë`m OmVmV. E. Q>r. E_. gma»`mgodm nwa{dVm oVmV. YZmXoe O_m H$aÊ`mMo §Ì ~g{dVm oVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m§Ìm_wio H$moUË`mhr J«mhH$mbm H$moUË`mhr emIoV Amnbm YZmXoe dQ>{dÊ`mgmR>r

O_m H$aVm oUo eŠ` hmoVo. MoH$ ~wH$ N>nmB© §Ì ~g{dVm oVo.

4 ) H|$Ðr` J«mhH$ ImVo ì`dñWmnZ :

H$moUVmhr J«mhH$ H$moAa ~±H$sJ_wio Ho$di EImÚm emIoMm J«mhH$ Z amhVm ~±Ho$MmJ«mhH$ ~ZVmo. EH$M AmoiI H«$_m§H$ qH$dm ImVo H«$_m§H$m_wio ~±Ho$bm J«mhH$m§MrImVr EH$mM {R>H$mUmhÿZ nmhVm oVmV. Ë`m_wio J«mhH$m§Mr _m{hVr, CËnmXZmMoVnerb Am{U Vo J«mhH$ dmnaV AgUmè`m godm Am{U ~±Ho$À`m ì`dgm`mg§X^m©VJ«mhH$mMo dV©Z g_OUo eŠ` hmoVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m AmT>mì`m_wio ~±Ho$bm Amnbmì`dgm` {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>rMr {Xem Am{U {dnUZ ì yhaMZm {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMrg§Yr {_iVo.

5 ) H|$Ðr` àUmbr ì`dñWmnZ :

H|$Ðr` àUmbr_wio àUmbr gwa{jVVm Am{U ì`dñWmnZ gwairVnUo H$aVm oVo.Ho$di EH$mM {R>H$mUr _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ ì`dñWmnZ H$amdo bmJVo. Ë`m_wio_Zwî`~imMr JaO H$_r hmoVo Am{U IMm©Vhr H$nmV hmoVo. Ho$di EH$mM {R>H$mUr


8.35

hm ómoV CnbãY Agë`mZo _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ _Zwî`~imMm `mo½` àH$mao Cn`moJH$éZ KoVm oVmo.

6 ) _w»` H$m`m©b`mbm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :

A ) _m{hVr ì`dñWmnZ àUmbr EH$mM {R>H$mUr EH$dQ>bobr AgVo, Ahdmbhr EH$mM{R>H$mUr nmR>dmdm bmJVmo Ë`m_wio {d{dY emIm§_Ü o hmoUmar H$m_mMr nwZéŠVrQ>iVo.

~) MmbVm MmbVmM emIm§da XoIaoI hmoVo.

doioda A§Ho$jU Am{U {Z §ÌU V§ÌmMm dmna H$aVm oVmo.

H$) ImË`m§Mo {hemo~mMo Vmi_oi bJoM VnmgyZ nmhVm oVmV.

S>) AZwËnmXH$ ImË`m§da bj R>odVm oVo. Ë`m ImË`m§À`m g§X^m©V Am{U WH$sVImË`m~m~V nmR>nwamdm H$éZ g_Ýd` gmYVm oVmo.

B ) d¡Ym{ZH$ Ahdmb Am{U nyV©Vm mgmR>r emIm§H$Sy>Z nyV©Vm§Mr dmQ> nmhmdr bmJVZmhr.

B©) H$moAa ~±H$sJ_wio J«mhH$ {Zhm`, CËnmXZ {Zhm` J«mhH$ _m{hVrMo {díbofU H$éZ{ZU©` KoUo gmono OmVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m {díbofUm_wio ~±H$ ì`mdgm{`H$ÑîQ>çmgwÑT> ~ZVo.

C ) ~aoMgo ì`dhma §Ìm§Ûmao hmoV Agë`mZo _Zwî`~i \$mago bmJV Zmhr.

D$) gd© _m{hVr EH$mM {R>H$mUr CnbãY Agë`mZo ImË`m§À`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ ~m~tMoA§Ho$jU EH$mM {R>H$mUr H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.

7 ) J«mhH$mbm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :

A ) J«mhH$ H$moUË`mhr emIo_YyZ ImË`mMo ì`dhma H$é eH$Vmo.

~) J«mhH$m§Zm A{YH$m{YH$ godm _mJ© CnbãY H$éZ XoVm oVmV.

H$) Ë`m ~±Ho$À`mM emIm§_Ü o ì`dhma Agob Va bJoM Ë`m ImË`mda a¸$_ O_m hmoVo.

8.36


S>) EŠñQ>|eZ H$mD§$Q>ada J«mhH$m§Zm gd© godm CnbãY hmoVmV. ~±H$m§À`m emIm BVa

H$m`mª_YwZ _wŠV Pmë`mZo Vo J«mhH$m§H$S>o A{YH$ bj XoD$ eH$VmV Am{U J«mhH$m§Zm

g_mYmZr H$aVmV.

B ) Ë`mÀ`m ImË`m_Ü o Pmboë`m ì`dhmamMo _mo~mB©bda g§Xoe nmR>dyZ J«mhH$m§Zm gVH©$

Ho$bo OmVo. Aem godo_wio J«mhH$mbm gw{dYm Am{U gwajm àmá hmoVo.

8.4.3 H$moAa ~±H$s¨JMo VmoQ>o :

H$moAa ~±qH$JMo VmoQ>o Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb :

1 ) `§ÌUoV {~KmS> :

H$moAa ~±qH$J_Ü o H|$Ðr` §ÌUm ~g{dbobr AgVo Am{U VoWyZM gd© ì`dhmam§da

{Z §ÌU d XoIaoI Ho$br OmVo. gd© ì`dhma oWoM Zm|X{dbo OmVmV. Oa m §ÌUoV

{~KmS> Pmbm Va gd©M ì`dhma R>ßn hmoVmV Am{U gd© §ÌUmM H$mob_Sy>Z nS>Vo.

2 ) IMm©V dmT> :

H$moAa ~±qH$J_Ü o E. Q>r. E_., YZmXoe O_m H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo §Ì dJ¡ao gmaIr §Ìo

~gdmdr bmJVmV. Ë`mgmR>r {R>H${R>H$mUr OmJm ¿`mdm bmJVmV, dm°M_Z Zo_mdm

bmJVmo. `m gdmªgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmda IM© oVmo. VgoM hr §Ìo {~KS>ë`mg

Ë`m§À`m XwéñVrgmR>r _moR>m IM© H$amdm bmJVmo Am{U Ë`m_wio IMm©V dmT> hmoVo.

3 ) J¡aàH$ma / gwajoMm àíZ :

V§ÌkmZmda AmYm[aV m nÕVrMm AmUIr EH$ VmoQ>m åhUOo Zo_H$s H$moUVr ì`ŠVr

ImË`mda ì`dhma H$aVo ho H$iV Zmhr. H$Yr-H$Yr J«mhH$m§Mo nmgdS>© Mmoabo OmVmV

Am{U _moR>_moR>çm aH$_m H$mT>ë`m OmVmV. ~è`mM doim CeramZo ho àH$ma bjmV

oVmV. ~±Ho$_Ü o J«mhH$mMr AmoiI nQ>ë`m{edm`, ghr Owië`m{edm` aH$_m§Mo

AmXmZ - àXmZ hmoV Zmhr. _mÌ V§ÌkmZmda AmYm[aV ì`dhmam_Ü o ì`ŠVrMr

AmoiI Jwá amhVo d J¡aàH$mambm MmbZm {_iVo.


8.37

4 ) Jw§VmJw§VrMr àUmbr :

H$moAa ~±qH$J àUmbrMo H$m_H$mO Jw§VmJw§VrMo AgVo. `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Zm{edm` Vog_OUo AdKS> AgVo. Oa àUmbr~m~V AkmZ Agob Va Vr à^mdrà_mUoam~{dVm oV Zmhr. ~±Ho$Vrb g_Ýd` Am{U ghH$m`m©Mm A^md `m àUmbrÀ`mH$m_mV AS>Wim AmUy eH$VmV.

8.5 BboŠQ>m°{ZH$ pŠbA[aJ {gñQ>r_ :

(ECS)

Á`m ì`dhmam§Mo ñdê$n nwZ:nwÝhm KS>Umao Am{U AmdVu AgVo Aem BboŠQ>m°{ZH${ZYr hñVm§VaUmgmR>r B©grEg `m àH$mamMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. _moR>çm à_mUmdarbaH$_oMo àXmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§ñWm Aem pŠbAatJ àUmbrMm Cn`moJ H$aVmV. ~±H$m Ë`m§À`m^mJYmaH$m§Zm ì`mO, bm^m§e àXmZ H$aVmV. ^mJYmaH$m§Mr g§»`m _moR>r AgVo. Aemn[apñWVrV ~±H$m m nÕVrMm dmna H$aVmV. H§$nÝ`m Ë`m§À`m H$_©Mmè`m§Mo doVZ, noÝeZdJ¡aoÀ`m àXmZmgmR>rhr m àUmbrMm Cn`moJ H$aVmV qH$dm Q>o{b\$moZ/drO, nmÊ`mÀ`m{~bmÀ`m aH$_m, H$a Jmoim H$aUo, H$Om©Mo háo aUo, R>amdrH$ H$mbmdYrZ§Va å wÀ wAb\§$S>mV aH$_m ^aUo `mgmR>r m nÕVrMm _moR>çm à_mUmda Cn`moJ hmoVmo. _w»`V: EH$m~±Ho$À`m ImË`mVyZ ~è`mM ~±Ho$À`m ImË`mV n¡em§Mo/aH$_oMo hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r màUmbrMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.

B©grEgMo àH$ma :

àW_V: B©grEgMo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. Vo åhUOo B©grEg H«o${S>Q> (O_m) Am{UB©grEg S>o{~Q> (Zmdo / ImVr).

1 ) B©grEg H«o${S>Q> :

A ) AW© …

_moR>çm à_mUmdarb bm^mWu, Á`m§Mr ~±Ho$À`m {d{dY {R>H$mUr {d{dY emIm§_Ü oImVr AgVrb Am{U Á`m ~±H$ emIm BgrEg H|$ÐmÀ`m A{YH$ma H$joV Agob

8.38


Aem {R>H$mUr H«o${S>Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r (ImVr O_m H$aÊ`mgmR>r) B©grEg Ho«${S>Q>Mmdmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mgmR>r ~±Ho$À`m EH$m ImË`mV n¡go O_m H$ê$Z ì`ŠVr Vo n¡goBVa ~±Ho$À`m {d{dY ImË`m§_Ü o O_m H$é eH$Vo. m àH$mamMm Cn`moJ bm^m§e,ì`mO, doVZ, noÝeZ BË`mXrÀ`m {dVaUmgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. Xwgè`m ~±H$m§VrbImË`m§_Ü o Aem aH$_m WoQ> O_m Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m ~±Ho$À`m emIobmôQ> Úmdr bmJV Zmhr.

~) B©grEg H«o${S>Q> `moOZoMo \$m`Xo :

B©grEg H«o${S>Q> moOZoMo {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm \$m`Xo hmoVmV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo …1 ) bm^mWvZm \$m`Xo :

bm^mWvZm AZoH$ àH$maMo \$m`Xo hmoVmV. ho \$m`Xo Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVmòVrb …

A) ~±Ho$bm ôQ> Úmdr bmJV Zmhr :

bm^mWubm Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mV O_m hmoUmè`m aH$_og§X^m©V `mo½` VrH$mJXnÌo / XñVEodO KoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m ~±Ho$bm oQ> Úmdr bmJV Zmhr. OaË`mbm Ë`m B©grEg H«o${S>Q> moOZoMm bm^ {_imbm ZgVm Va Ë`mbm doiIM© H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m ~±Ho$_Ü o OmD$Z gd© nyV©Vm H$amdr bmJbr AgVr.

~) VmoQ>m qH$dm MmoarMr eŠ`Vm Q>iVo :

EImXo XñVEodO àË`jmV ~±Ho$V KoD$Z OmVmZm Vo Jhmi hmoÊ`mMr qH$dmMmoarbm OmÊ`mMr rVr AgVo. _mÌ B©grEg H«o${S>Q> moOZo_wio ImVoXmambmAgo H$moUVohr XñVEodO KoD$Z àË`jmV ~±Ho$V Omdo bmJV Zmhr. Ë`m_wioMmoar {H$§dm Jhmi hmoÊ`mMm àg§J oV Zmhr qH$dm Ë`m_Ü o H$mhr b~mS>rAWdm \$gdo{Jar hmoÊ`mMm g§^d amhmV Zmhr.

H$) IM© Q>iVmo :

~±Ho$V OmD$Z mo½` Vr H$mJXnÌo O_m H$aÊ`mgmR>r doi d n¡gm IM© hmoD$eH$Vmo. m moOZo_wio Agm IM© Q>iVmo.


8.39

2 ) `wOa g§ñWobm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :

wOa g§ñWobmhr AZoH$ àH$maMo \$m`Xo hmoVmV. ho \$m`Xo Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm`oVrb.

A) IMm©V H$nmV :

Oa wOa g§ñWobm B©grEg H«o${S>Q> moOZoMm bm^ {_imbm ZgVm Va mg§ñWobm bm^mWvZm àXmZ H$amd`mÀ`m aH$_m§g§~§Yr {Za{Zamù`m àH$maMrXñVEodOo V`ma H$amdr bmJbr AgVr. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm N>nmB©, VrXñVEodOo nmR>{dUo Am{U Ë`m§Mm Vmi_oi mgmR>r àemgH$s` §ÌUodaIM© H$amdm bmJbm AgVm. `m `moOZo_wio wOa g§ñWoÀ`m `m g§X^m©VhmoUmè`m IMm©bm Amim ~gVmo.

~) Mmoar qH$dm \$gdUwH$sMr eŠ`Vm Q>iVo :

wOa g§ñWoZo Ago XñVEodO H$ê$Z Vo bm^mWvZm nmR>{dbo AgVm Vo JhmiqH$dm Mmoar hmoÊ`mMr rVr AgVo. VgoM \$gdUyH$ H$ê$Z qH$dm b~mS>rZoVo dQ>{dbo OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. _mÌ, m moOZo_wio hm YmoH$m Q>iVmo.

H$) {dídgZr` godm :

R>amdrH$ VmaIobm bm^mWuÀ`m ImË`mV aH$_m O_m hmoÊ`mgmR>r àXmZmMmhm gdm©V {dídgZr` Agm _mJ© Amho.

3 ) ~±qH$J àUmbrbm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :

~±qH$J àUmbrbmhr m moOZo_wio AZoH$ \$m`Xo hmoVmV. ho \$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUogm§JVm oVrb :

A) nona hmVmiUr Q>iVo :

Oa hr `moOZm ZgVr Va ~±Ho$bm Ag§»` XñVEodO hmVmimdo bmJboAgVo. Ë`m§À`m Zm|Xr H$amì`m bmJë`m AgË`m. ho AË §V IMuH$ Am{UdoiImD$ H$m_ AgVo. m moOZo_wio ~±Ho$bm \$mago nong© hmVmimdo bmJVZmhrV Ë`m_wio àemgH$s` IMm©V H$nmV hmoVo.

8.40


~) gmonr à{H«$`m :

B©grEg H«o${S>Q> m moOZo_wio S>opñQ>ZoeZ ~±Ho$À`m emIm§_Ü o aH$_m nmR>{dUoAm{U Ë`m bm^mWuÀ`m ImË`mV O_m hmoUo hr à{H«$`m ghO Am{U gwb^~ZVo.

H$) ñnm°Ýga ~±Ho$bm \$m`Xm :

ñnm°Ýga ~±Ho$Mr nwZ_}i à{H«$`m gwairVnUo MmbVo.

S>) IMm©V H$nmV :

{d{dY H$mJXnÌ hmVmiUr mgmR>r bmJUmè`m àemgH$s` IMm©V ~MVhmoVo. m moOZo_wio ~±Ho$À`m IMm©V H$nmV hmoVo.

2 ) B©grEg S>o{~Q> :

A ) AW© :

EImÚm B©grEg H|$ÐmÀ`m A{YH$ma H$joVrb {Za{Zamù`m {R>H$mUr pñWVAgUmè`m ~±H$m§À`m emIm§_Ü o AZoH$ ImVr AgUmè`m§gmR>r B©grEg S>o{~Q>(ImVr Zmdo Q>mH$Uo) Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. B©grEg S>o{~Q> ho Q>o{b\$moZ /drO_§S>i / nmUr ~rb H$a/ gmam aUo, H$Om©Mm hám aUo, nañna {ZYrVR>amdrH$ H$mbmdYrZ§Va aH$_m O_m H$aUo `mgma»`m gmVË`mZo H$amì`mbmJUmè`m aÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVo.

~) B©grEg S>o{~Q> `moOZoMo \$m`Xo …

B©grEg S>o{~Q> moOZoMo {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm \$m`Xo hmoVmV. Vo \$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUo …

1 ) J«mhH$m§Zm hmoUmao \$m`Xo …

`m `moOZo_wio J«mhH$m§Zm AZoH$ \$m`Xo hmoVmV. ho \$m`Xo Imbrbà_mUogm§JVm oVrb.

i) emIobm ^oQ> Úmdr bmJV Zmhr …

J«mhH$mZo AJmoXa Xa_hm qH$dm R>amdrH$ VmaIobm {d{eîQ> aŠH$_{d{eîQ> ImË`mV hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§_VrnÌ {Xbobo AgVo.Ë`m R>amdrH$ VmaIobm Vr aŠH$_ Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mV Zmdo Q>mHy$Z wOag§ñWoÀ`m ImVr O_m Ho$br OmVo. Ë`mgmR>r J«mhH$mbm Ë`mMo ImVo


8.41

Agboë`m ~±Ho$V Omdo bmJV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMm doi Am{U l_`m§À`mV ~MV hmoVo.

ii) àXmZmÀ`m VmaIm bjmV R>odÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo …

`m moOZo_wio H$moUË`m {Xder {H$Vr aŠH$_ H$moUË`m ImË`mV amdr`mMr Zm|X R>odÊ`mMr J«mhH$mbm JaO mgV Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`mbmË`mgmR>r {deof bj Úmdo bmJV Zmhr, H$maU R>amdrH$ VmaIobmAmnmoAmnM hm ì`dhma nyU© hmoVmo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mbm ~±Ho$bm doJirgyMZm XoÊ`mMr JaO mgV Zmhr.

iii) B©grEg `wOaMr XoIaoI …

J«mhH$m§À`m ImVr Zmdo Q>mH$Ê`mg§X^m©Vrb H$m_H$mOmda B©grEgwOaM XoIaoI H$arV Agë`mZo J«mhH$mbm Ë`mV bj KmbÊ`mMr

JaO ZgVo.

iv)IMm©V H$nmV …

gd©M ì`dhma BboŠQ>m°{ZH$ nÕVrZo hmoV Agë`mZo H$mJX, àemgH$s`IM© d BVa IMm©V H$nmV hmoVo.

2 ) `wOa g§ñWobm hmoUmao \$m`Xo …

i) nona hmVmiUr dmMVo …

gd©M ì`dhma BboŠQ>m°{ZH$ nÕVrZo nyU© hmoV Agë`mZo J«mhH$m§H$Sy>ZMoH$ O_m H$aUo, Vo ~±Ho$V àXmZmgmR>r gmXa H$aUo, Vo dQ>Vrb Am{UnwZ_o©i hmoB©b `mÑîQ>rZo XoIaoI R>odUo BË`mXrgmR>r bmJUmaràemgH$s` §ÌUm `m `moOZoV Amdí`H$ ZgVo. _moR>çm à_mUmdanona hmVmiUr Q>iVo.

ii) CËH¥$îQ> amoH$S> ì`dñWmnZ …

oUo aŠH$_ m moOZo_wio A{YH$ H$m ©j_nUo Am{U doioda {_iVAgë`mZo amoH$S>o ì`dñWmnZ CËH¥$îQ> hmoVo. \$magm à`mg Z H$aVm

oUr dgyb H$aVm oVmV.

8.42


iii) Mmoar/Jhmi hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Q>iVo …

àË`j ì`dhmam_Ü o XñVEodO Jhmi hmoÊ`mMr, Mmoar hmoÊ`mMr rVrAgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo b~mS>rZo Am{U \$gdUwH$sZo XñVEodOdQ>{dÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. _mÌ, m B©grEg S>o{~Q> moOZo_wio hreŠ`Vm Q>iVo. H$maU m_Ü o XñVEodOmMo àË`jmV AmXmZ-àXmZhmoV Zmhr.

iv)EH$mM doir dgwbr …

`m nÕVr_wio oUo aH$_m EH$mMdoir O_m hmoVmV. àË`jmV dgwbrH$aVmZm Vr doJdoJù`m doir, VwH$S>çm VwH$S>çmZo {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`VmAgVo. B©grEg moOZo_wio EH$ aH$_r dgwbr H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoVo.

v ) IMm©V ~MV …

hmVmiUr, àemgH$s` IM© `mgmaIo IM© oV Zgë`mZo hr nÕVAË §V Cn`moJr R>aVo. g§ñWoMm mgmR>r hmoUmam IM© dmMVmo.

3 ) ~±qH$J àUmbrbm \$m`Xo …

B©grEg S>o{~Q> `moOZo_wio ~±qH$J àUmbrMohr AZoH$ \$m`Xo hmoVmV. VoImbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb …

i) nona hmVmiUr H$_r hmoVo …

Oa hr moOZm ZgVr Va ~±Ho$H$S>o AZoH$ {~bo, YZmXoe O_m PmboAgVo. Ë`m_Ü o ~amM doi OmVmo; na§Vw m moOZo_wio àË`j XñVEodOIynM H$_r AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$Mr XñVEodO hmVmiUr Q>iVo.doioV H$m_ hmoVo.

ii) S>opñQ>ZoeZ ~±Ho$gmR>r gmonr à{H«$`m …

`m moOZo_wio S>opñQ>ZoeZ ~±Ho$À`m emIm§Mo H$m_ IynM H$_r hmoVo.

Ë`m§À`mgmR>r m ì`dhmamMr nyVu H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwb^ ~ZVo. m

g§X^m©V S>opñQ>ZoeZ ~±H$ emIm§Zm \$ŠV J«mhH$m§Zr {Xbobo AmkmnÌ


8.43

VnmgyZ nmhmdo bmJVo. Ë`m§Zm H$amdo bmJUmao H$m_ åhUOo J«mhH$m§À`m

ImË`m§g§X^m©V Zmd, ImVo Z§~a, aŠH$_ BË`mXr _m{hVrÀ`m

Vn{ebmMr ImÌr H$ê$Z J«mhH$m§À`m ImVr aŠH$_ Zmdo Q>mH$Uo hmo .

Oa ho Vn{eb Owibo ZmhrV Va {Z`_mà_mUo Ë`m gyMZm naV

nmR>{dUo ho S>opñQ>ZoeZ ~±Ho$Mo H$m_ AgVo.

iii) ñnm°Ýga ~±Ho$gmR>r Cn`wŠV …

`m moOZo_wio ñnm°Ýga ~±Ho$bm nwZ_}i H$aÊ`mMr gwb^ Am{U ghO

à{H«$`m CnbãY hmoVo.

iv >)IMm©V H$nmV …

nona hmVmiUr, àemgH$s` IM©, doioV ~MV BË`mXt_wio ~±Ho$À`m

IMm©V _moR>çm à_mUmda H$nmV hmoVo.

darb {díbofUmdê$Z B©grEg H«o$S>rQ> d B©grEg S>o~rQ> m~Ôb g{dñVa _m{hVr

{_iVo B©grEg {gñQ>r__wio IMm©V H$nmV, \$gdUwH$snmgyZ g§ajU, gmonr à{H«$`m,

AemàH$maMo \$m`Xo {_iVmV.

gamdmgmR>r àíZ

20 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. "B©-~±H$sJ' åhUOo H$m` ?à. 2. "E.Q>r.E_' Mm AW© gm§Jm.à. 3. "H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©' åhUOo H$m` ?à. 4. "S>o{~Q> H$mS>©' Mm AW© gm§Jm.

8.44

~±H$ ì`dgm` Am{U {dÎmnwadR>m (~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr _ycVÎdo)à. 5. H$moAa ~±H$sJ åhUOo H$m` ?à. 6. _mo~mB©c ~±H$sJ åhUOo H$m` ?

50 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. B©-~±H$sJÀ`m CËH«$m§Vr ~m~V _m{hVr gm§Jm.à. 2. B©-~±H$sJMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.à. 3. "ñdrâQ>' hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.à. 4. H$moAa ~±H$sJ åhUOo H$m` ? Ë`mMo \$m`Xo gm§Jm.à. 5. ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV V§ÌkmZmMr AgUmar JaO ñnï> H$am.à. 6. B©grEg S>o{~Q> Am{U B©grEg H«o$S>rQ>Mm AW© gm§Jm.

150 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. Ho«${S>Q> H$mS>© åhUOo H$m` ? Ho«${S>Q> H$mS>©Mo \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o ñnï> H$am.à. 2. S>o{~Q> H$mS>© åhUOo H$m` ? S>o{~Q> H$mS>©À`m \$m`Úm-VmoQ>çm§Mr _m{hVr gm§Jm.à. 3. ~±H$ ì`dgm`mV V§ÌkmZmMo AgUmao _hÎd ñnï> H$am.à. 4. Q>o{c~±H$sJ åhUOo H$m` ? Q>o{c ~±H$sJÛmao nwa{dë`m OmUmè`m gw{dYm§Mr _m{hVr

gm§Jm.

500 eãXmV CÎmao

à. 1. B©-~±H$sJ åhUOo H$m` ? B©-~±H$sJMm AW© gm§JyZ \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o ñnï> H$am.à. 2. E.Q>r.E_. åhUOo H$m` ? E.Q>r.E_ Mo \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o {deX H$am.

à. 3. _mo~mB©c ~±H$s¨J åhUOo H$m` ? Ë`mMo \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o gm§Jm.

à. 4. B©-~±H$s¨J A§VJ©V nwa{dë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY gw{dYm§Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm¿`m.

à. 5. BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ pŠbA[aJ {gñQ>r_ åhUOo H$m` gm§JyZ Ë`mMo àH$ma {deX H$am.

$. dm`. ~r. H$m° À`m ~±H$ ì`dgm` Am{U {dÎmnwadR>m `m {df ... · Promissory note, Bill of...

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Transcript of $. dm`. ~r. H$m° À`m ~±H$ ì`dgm` Am{U {dÎmnwadR>m `m {df ... · Promissory note, Bill of...