Gandhi Ataturk Khomeini

Hussein Ben-Gurion

Mandela

Kenyatta Arafat

The Road to Independence

By 1945, what parts of the world were not free from

foreign rule?

Presentation Dates:

1. Tues., 5/13 – Gandhi2. Friday, 5/16 – Ataturk,

Khomeini, Ben-Gurion, Arafat, Hussein (potential spill-over Monday, 5/19)

3. Tuesday, 5/20 – Kenyatta, Nkrumah, Mandela

Fall of Ottoman Empire (Post

WWI)

European Imperialism (1800’s)

1.

2.

3.

India: From Past to Present

What do you remember about the history of India?

Task:

Identify the significance of the

following events/ideas

relevant to the history of the Middle East.

Answers:1. Indus/Ganges2. Dharma: duties; Karma: actions3. Fixed social structure; untouchables4. Nirvana5. Prince Siddhartha Gautama6. Leads to moksha7. Mauryan Empire/Gupta Dynasty8. Buddhists reject caste system9. Akbar the Great10. Mughal11. Rebellion against British laws12. Indian National Congress/Muslim League13. British East India Company14. Raj15. Taj Mahal; tomb for Emperor’s wife

Timeline of India: Key Events

AB

3,000 BC

500-500

C

1500’s

1800’s

D

A)Indus & Ganges Rivers

FERTILE SOIL!

A)Indus River Valley (3,000 BCE)

Social Hierarchy: Caste System

SudrasSudras

VaisyasVaisyas

Kshatriyas Kshatriyas

BrahminsBrahmins

(Warriors)

(Farmers, artisans, merchants)

(The conquered, servants, laborers)

Pariahs [Harijan] Untouchables

(Priests)

CAST

ES

A)Hinduism vs. B)Buddhism• Hinduism

– Time: ca. 2,000 BCE– Goal: ______________

•Role of dharma and ______________

– Founder: ? (Aryanism)– Beliefs:

•Polytheistic•Reincarnation•Supports Caste

System

• Buddhism– Time: ca.500 BCE– Goal: ______________

• 4 Noble Truths• ______________ Path

– Founder: Prince Siddhartha Gautama

– Beliefs: •Polytheistic•Reincarnation•Equality• ______________ caste system

B) ______________ Dynasty: Golden Age of India (ca. 200 BCE)

Reign of Asoka & the spread of Buddhism

Trade, Prosperity, Tolerance, Public Works, EDUCATION (math & science)

C) ______________ Rule in India (15th c/Muslim Dynasty):

Sha Jahan

___________ The GreatSame dynasty that gets

taken over by the Europeans (19th c)!

Religious

Toleration

D) The British in India –“__________”

“The Jewel in the Crown”

Multiple Choice Review1. 42. 13. 44. 15. C6. C7. C8. B9. A10.D11.A12.1 (horrible question)

13. C14. A15. B16. 417. 118. 319. 120. 221. B

What METHODS work best to achieve something you want (or believe in)?

Task:1.Explain an instance when you felt strongly

about an issue/or wanted something (that you believed in).

2. How did you attempt to pursue this issue/goal?

3.What were the results? Was your method effective? Why or Why not?

Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi

NEHRU •Members of the INC;

Demanding independenc

e from GB pre-WWI

Muslim League:

To partition India and

create a free Islamic state

(1906)

GANDHITake notes on the following events & be

ready to discuss!

1. South Africa (begins with train scene)2. Conditions in India3. Gandhi’s Actions/Plan4. Amritsar Massacre5. Discussion w/British6. Salt March/Saltworks7. Funeral

Salt MarchMarch 1930

Nonviolent protest against British imposed salt tax making it illegal to sell or produce

salt

-What took place?-Why is this an act of civil

disobedience?

Independence:1. India: Independence in

1947; a ___________ statea.World’s largest

_____________________b.US ally

2. Creation of _______________; a Muslim state

3. Tensions:a. Disputed area: Kashmirb. Sikhism: Hindu & Islam

4. Both countries possess __________ weaponsa. Threats

5. Gandhi’s dream unfulfilled

1. Nehru (1947-1964)

2. Indira Gandhi (Nehru’s daughter) (1964-1984)

Assassinated

3. Indira’s son, Rajiv (1984-1989)

Assassinated

India Today1. Practice of _____________________

still exists (rural areas)– Despite ban in Constitution

2. Less education for _____________3. Poverty (1/3); overcrowded

cities4. Sikhs demanding self-rule in

Punjab5. ____________ Revolution:

method to increase food production– New methods of irrigation,

seeds– Dependency on monsoons

PM Singh

Pakistan Today

1. Political Instability

2. As of 9/2008, elected President, Zardari

3. said to have aided US to find Bin Laden

- Bin Laden found in Pakistan (2011)

The Middle East: From Past to Present What do you remember about this part of the world?

Task:

Identify the following historical

events/ideas relevant to the history of the Middle East.

1.River Valley: The City States of Mesopotamia

World Map? (600 BC) - CuneiformBabylon = rectangle

Euphrates – diagonal

Kingdoms = small circles

Ocean = large circles (around world?)

Babylon (city-state)

•King Hammurabi ~ 1792-1750 BCE

•CODE OF HAMMURABI

•1st written legal system

1. River Valley:

Mesopotamia

Ziggurat at Ur (2,100 BCE)

1. River Valley:

Mesopotamia

The Hebrews (approx 2,000 BC) 1st

monotheistic religion

1. River Valley: Mesopotamia

2. The Rise of Christianity 26 AD

+

3. Emergence of Islam (7th c)

Saudi ArabiaAbbasid Dynasty:

Golden Age Advances in Math/Science

Coin of the Abbasids, Baghdad, Iraq, 1244

Holy Book

4. The Islamic (Ottoman) Empire (approx 950)

Mughal (Muslim) Rule in India:

Sha Jahan

Akbar The Great

5. THE CRUSADES (1099) a series of wars fought between the Christian and Muslim

world for the “holy land”

“Deus lo volt!” – God wills it!

6. Mandates in the ME (post WW-I)

Ottoman (Muslim) Empire (1453 - 1918)

Situation of Middle East ~ Palestine

Balfour Declaration – in regard to Ottoman lands (1917)Dear Lord Rothschild,

His Majesty's government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this goal. Nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. -Arthur James BalfourQuestion: What is Balfour

saying? He supports Zionism (homeland for Jews in Palestine)

Roman Empire (44 BCE)

Byzantine Empire (476)

Ottoman (Muslim) Empire (1453 - 1918)

The Middle East – Post 1945

1. What was the political status of many Middle Eastern nations post-WWI (1920’s)?a. Why did this

happen?

2. What happened to Turkey? How?

What 3 events do you think are most significant? Why?

What does this mean for

us?

OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

• Created in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela TO CONTROL OIL INDUSTRY (production & prices)

• 12 members today• 50+% of world’s production & OVER

75% reservesWhat is the significance of this data?

DEPENDENCY

Explain how the following words are associated with each man? (p. 911-915)

1. Ataturk Secular Turkey Soviets democracy

2. Nasser SuezCanal

Israel Pan-Arab nationalize

3. Sadat Egypt America Israel assassinated

4. Pahlavi West Elite America ulama

5. Khomeini Sharia West Islamic women

Middle East Nationalist Figures: What are the legacies of these men?

ATATURK NASSER KHOMEINI

Creation of a free, secular

Turkey & Democracy

Arab Nationalist

/ends British control of

Suez Canal

Creation of an Islamic

Fundamentalist state in Iran;

over throws the Shah

3. Ayatollah KhomeiniIranian Revolution (1979)

Shah PahlaviKhomeini

Current Iranian Leadership

• Supreme LeaderAli Hoseini-Khamenei

• PresidentMahmud Ahmadinejad

Ayatollah

1. What two groups of people want independence in Jerusalem? Independence from who?

2. What are their claims to the land?

3. Who do you think has the strongest claims? Why?

Arab-Israeli Conflict:

Arab-Israeli Conflict: Palestine

1. Birthplace of Judaism (Hebrew Civilization); Exodus, Diaspora

2. Palestine was part of Islamic & Ottoman Empire (rule by Muslims)

3. Acquired by the British (post-WWI); Balfour Declaration (1917) – Jewish “right to homeland”

4. The Holocaust

Israel Becomes a Nation: May 14, 1948

Israel Becomes a Nation: May 14, 1948

MAY 15th = WAR(S)

David Ben-

Gurion:

1st Prime Minist

er

David Ben-

Gurion:

1st Prime Minist

er

The Six Day War

Egypt: Anwar Sadat

(Nasser’s successor, 1970)

Human Rights Abuses; dictatorship;

corruption, wide class gap;

overthrown in 2011

Makes peace w/__________

(1979); Camp ________ Accords

Assassinated by _______ extremists

Egypt: Mubarak(’81-’11)

Yasser Arafat (’94-’04)

Former Chairman of the _______________

Liberation Organization (PLO);

controversial figure; terrorist?

nationalist? Diplomat?

Arab Spring – Revolts against oppressive governments

December, 2010 - Present

Saddam Hussein (’79-’06) & Persian Gulf War (’90-91)

• Iraqi invasion of ____________– OIL

• ________ mission– “collective security”– Operation ___________

Storm• Liberation of Kuwait

– UN Success• Held in custody by US

forces; “crimes against ________________”

• Trial and ____________ (2006)

Kurds in Iraq/Iran• Minority group

seeking independence (Kurdistan?)

• Victims of Human rights

abuses

Does Iran Have Nuclear Weapons?

United Nations – Statement 1960

“The subjection of people to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation is contrary to the Charter of the United

Nations and is an impediment to the promotion of world peace and cooperation.”What is the main

idea?

A Brief Review …Who Am I?1. “I was overthrown as leader of Iran because I embraced

modernization.”2. “I secularized the nation of Turkey.”3. “I am an Islamic Fundamentalist.”4. “I freed Egypt from British control.”5. “I made peace with Israel, which led to my assassination.”6. “I invaded Kuwait for oil.”7. “I was the 1st Prime Minister of Israel.”8. “I fought against apartheid in South Africa.”9. “I am leader of the P.L.O”10.“I am the leader of a Zionist movement”

Do Now: What does the following data reveal?

- Nelson Mandela (1964)

“During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle

of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the

ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with

equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to

achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to

die.”

Task: What is his fight against/for?

Apartheid Ends – 1994DeKlerk & Mandela win _____________________

• (1990) President F.W. DeKlerk, releases __________

• (1994)Nelson Mandela ___________ president

•Democratic•Rivalries still exist; ethnic

differences•Sanctions lifted; trade

resumes

Africa – Post Independence• Civil Wars & Genocide

– Ethnic rivalries •Effects of

_______________ & _______________ rule

– Nigeria (1966), Rwanda (1994), Sudan/Darfur (1960’s – today)