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Page 1: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

i

tzpfKk;

fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

juk; 11(2016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;)

tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw

tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

k`ufk

Page 2: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

i i

tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;

juk; 11

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.

ISBN:

tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw

tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

Page 3: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

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tpla cs;slf;fk;

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gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp v

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Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; vii

fiyj;jpl;lf; FO viii

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ghlj;jpl;lk; xii - xxiv

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs; 1-92

Page 4: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

iv

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwNkw;nfhs;sg;ngWk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;ngw;wJ.Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk;rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

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Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk;fw;gpf;fTk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fTk; mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTKfkhf Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; Gjpa tbtikg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.,t; topfhl;ly;fs; Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; nkd;NkYk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk;tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhd tifapw; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.

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Page 5: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

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Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gjpa ghljpl;lk; jpl;lkplg;gl;L ghlrhiy

Kiwikapd; Kftu;fshfr; Nritahw;Wk; Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fsplk; ,t;thrpupau;

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,t;thwhd Gjpa topfhl;ly; MNyhrid topfhl;bia cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd;

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ahFk;.

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KOikahd Rje;jpuKz;L.

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Page 6: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

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mwpKfk;

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Page 7: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

vii

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

2016 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju rhjhuz juj;jpy; eilKiwg;

gLj;jg;glTs;s tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

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fiyj;jpl;lf; FO

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Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;Fs; Njrpa gpizg;G>

Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;

%yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy;

%yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij

Vw;gLj;jYk;.

2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;F jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa

ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjprpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.

3. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T>

xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;g

tw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk;> [dehaf tho;f;if Kiw epakq;fSk;

cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.

4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.

5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;frpe;jid> jw;WzpT> Ma;e;J

rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy;> cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

6. jdpeguJk;> Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Ngh\pf;ff;$baJk;> ,yq;ifapd;

nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tp

a+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;>

jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk; vjpu;ghuhjJkhd epiyik

fisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;tNjr

r%fj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;F

fisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

Njrpa fy;tpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if (2003)

Page 10: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

x

mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j

Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

(i) njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopy; El;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT:

ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;

nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.

vz;zwpT:

nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;

msj;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhf xOq;FKiwahf ,yf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

rpj;jpu mwpT:

NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;>

vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk;

gjpTnra;jYk;.

jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik:

fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;

njhopy; El;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.

(ii) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;>

EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;>

jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd

jpwikfs;.

Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.

kdvOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT

(iii) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk; Nghd;w #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd.

r%fr; #oy;:

Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs;

vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; gfpu;e; jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp>

r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lg+u;tkhdJkhd

rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;

mf;fiwAk;.

capupay; #oy;:

thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp> kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;>

tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T.

Page 11: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

xi

ngsjpfr; #oy;:

,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if>

czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;>

Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G

gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;.

fw;wYf;Fk;> Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopy;

El;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;sf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

(iv) Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;

Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.

nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.

mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.

mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.

gadspf;ff;$baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

(v) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j

tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw

Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;.

(vi) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;TNeug;

nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fg+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;

,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;.

(vii) “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy ;” njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpd;w rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu;

RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf

khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk;>

ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.

Page 12: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

xii

ghlj;jpl;lk;

Page 13: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tz

pfKk; f

zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;

juk; 11

xii

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl

Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if

fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp

6.0 Jizr;

Nritfspd;

cjtp

apidg;

ngw;W

tzpf

eltbf;if

fisr;

nraw;

gLj;Jk;

Kiw

njhlu;ghd

mbg;gil

mwptpidf;

fl;b

naOg;Gthu;.

6.1 tzpf

eltbf;if

fis tpidj;

jpwdhf;F

tjw;F tq;fpr;

Nritfspd;

gq;fspg;gpidf;

Nfl;lwpthu;.

tq;fp eltbf;iffspd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tq;fpf; fzf;F

tiffs;

Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F

eilKiwf;

fzf;F

epiyahd itg;Gf;

fzf;F

,yj;jpudpay; gzk;

njhlu;ghd Nritfs;

fldl;ilfs; toq;fy;

tutl;ilfs; toq;fy;

nlyu; ml;ilfs; toq;fy;.

,yj;jpudpay; gzk;

njhlu;ghd Nritfspd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

JupjkhdJ

tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;lJ.

midj;Jj; jfty;

fSk; ,yj;jpudpay;

kag;gLj;jp itf;fg;

gly;.

tq;fp Nritfspd; Njitg;ghl;bidr;

Rl;bf; fhl;b tq;fpf; fzf;F tif

fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;

Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw

Muk;gpf;Fk; Kiwfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;

fhl;Lthu;.

,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd

NritfisAk; mitfsJ Kf;fpaj;

Jtj;ijAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd Nrit

fspy; fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfisf;

Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

20

03

tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; - juk; 11 - ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;

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tz

pfKk; f

zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;

juk; 11

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl

Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if

fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp

,yj;jpudpay; gzk;

njhlu;ghd Nritfspy;

fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfs;

njhopDl;gj; jilfs;

etPd Kiwapyhd

Nkhrbfs; ,lk;ngwy;.

Nkhrbfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;

fhd etPd Kiwap

yhd ,yj;jpudpay;

fUtpfspd; Njitg;ghL.

eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;

wpd; mD$yq;fs;.

fhNrhiyfs; %yk;nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;nra;jy;.

tq;fp Nkyjpfg;gw;W trjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

Neub itg;G trjpfisg;ngwf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

epiyapaw; fl;lisfiseilKiwg;gLj;j Kbjy;.

ghJfhg;G tq;fpf; $w;wpidg; ngwf;

$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

6.2 eilKiwf;

fzf;nfhd;

iwg; NgZtjd;

%yk; fpilf;Fk;

mD$yq;fis

Ak; fhNrhiy

njhlu;ghfTk;

Nfl;lwpthu;.

eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; mD$yq;

fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu;

fisg; ngaupLthu;.

eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;g

jw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

khjpupf; fhNrhiynahd;iwg; g+uzg;

gLj;Jthu;.

fhNrhiynahd;iw tq;fpapy; itg;Gr;

nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiw

fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

04

Page 15: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tz

pfKk; f

zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;

juk; 11

xiv

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl

Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if

fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp

fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;

Gila gpujhd gpuptpdu;fs;

tiuNthd;

ngWgtu;

tq;fp (tiuAdp)

fhNrhiynahd;iw

vOJjy;

fhNrhiyfspy;

FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;

fhNrhiyapy; Gwf; Fwpg;gply;.

fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fU

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;

re;ju;g;gq;fs;.

MAs; fhg;GWjp

nrhj;J / Mjdf; fhg;GWjp

fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;

fhg;GWj;Jk; cupik /fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik.

cr;r ed;ek;gpf;if /mjpcau; ed;ek;gpf;if

,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtk;

(f.ngh.j.(rh.j)j;jpy;

fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;

kpf vspikahf

tpsf;FtJ NghJkhdJ).

6.3 fhg;GWjpapd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;

jpidf; Nfl;

lwpe;J ,lu;

Kfhikj;Jtj;

jpw;fhd mbg;

gilfis

xOq;fikj;

Jf; nfhs;thu;.

fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.

MAs; fhg;GWjpf;Fk; nrhj;J (Mjd)f;

fhg;GWjpf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghL

fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fis vspikahd

tifapy; tpsf;Fthu;.

03

Page 16: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tz

pfKk; f

zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;

juk; 11

xv

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl

Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if

fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp

6.4 njhlu;ghlypd;mbg;gilg;gjq;fspd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Nfl;lwpe;Jgad;ghl;bw;Fj;NjitahdKd;dhaj;jj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fU epWtdnkhd;wpy; njhlu;

ghl ,lk;ngWk; Kiwfs; mf / cs;sf Gw / ntspaf

njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs; tha;nkhop vOj;J ,yj;jpudpay; Kiw rkpf;iQfs;> mil

ahsq;fs; (Fwpfs;) njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs;

fSf;fhd Kiwfs; njhlu;ghly; nray;Kiw

fSk;> mjd; mbg;gilfSk;. nra;jp mDg;Ggtu; nra;jp Clfk; nra;jpfisg; ngWgtu; Jyq;fis ntspg;

gLj;Jjy;. kPstypAWj;jjy;

tzpfnkhd;W nghUj;jkhd njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fs;.

03 njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUittpsf;Fthu;.

epWtdnkhd;wpy; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisAk; KiwfisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

njhlu;ghly; mbg;gilfisf;Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

njhlu;ghlypd; Kiwfisg;gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.

nghUj;jkhd njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;batplaq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.

Page 17: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

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6.5 Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;

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tzpf

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fis tpidj;

jpwdhf Nkw;

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jpwd;fisg;

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Nghf;Ftuj;J vz;zf;fUit

tpsf;Fthu;.

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfisg;

ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw

nahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzp

fis Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfspd;

mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisr; Rl;bf;

fhl;Lthu;.

03 Nghf;Ftuj;J vz;zf;fU

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top / tPjp tY / rf;jp jupg;gplk;

tzpfnkhd;W nghUj;j

khd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw

nahd;iwj; njupT nra;

Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;s Ntz;ba

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fpuak; / nryT nghUj;jg;ghL

ghJfhg;G

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tpidj;jpwdhf Nkw;nfhs;

tjw;F Nghf;Ftuj;J

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiw.

Page 18: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tz

pfKk; f

zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;

juk; 11

xvii

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl

Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if

fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp

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ntspehl;L

tpahghuq;fspy;

<LgLk;

gpuptpdu;fsh

tjw;Fj; Njit

ahd mbg;

gilj; jpwd;

fis ntspg;

gLj;jpf;

fhl;Lthu;.

gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J

KiwfSk;> mtw;wpy;

fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;

fSk;> gpujp$yq;fSk;.

ngUe;njU

Gifapuj top

thd; top

ePu; top

cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;

rpy;yiw tpahghuk;

gz;Gfs; / jd;ik

nkhj;j tpahghuk;

gz;Gfs; / jd;ik

rpy;yiw nkhj;j tpah

ghuq;fSf;fpilNa

fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfs;

ntspehl;L tpahghuk;

04 cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

rpy;yiw tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

rpy;yiw tpahghuq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;

Jtj;jpidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.

nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;

Jtj;jpidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpw;Fk; rpy;yiw

tpahghuj;jpw;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLk;

NtWghLfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.

ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;fhd cjhu

zq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

Page 19: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tz

pfKk; f

zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;

juk; 11

xviii

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl

Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if

fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp

7.1 Kfhikj;Jtj;

jpd; mbg;gilj;

jpwd;fisg;

ngw;Wf;

nfhs;thu;.

7.2 re;ijg;gLj;j

ypd; mbg;gil

fisj; Njb

awpthu;.

“Kfhikj;Jtk;” vDk;

vz;zf;fU

Kfhikj;Jtg; gzpfs; /fUkq;fs;.

jpl;lkply;

xOq;fikj;jy;

newpg;gLj;Jjy;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

“re;ijg;gLj;jy;” vDk;

vz;zf;fU.

re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit (4p) cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;

tpiyaply;

,lk;

Nkk;gLj;jy;

Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUtpid

vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.

Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; ehd;fpidg;

ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUtpid

vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.

re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitf;Fupa

cUg;gbfis ($Wfisg;) ngaupl;Lf;

fhl;Lthu;.

06

03

03

7.0 tzpf

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Page 20: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tz

pfKk; f

zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;

juk; 11

xix

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Ntisfspd;

vz;zpf;if

fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp

8.0 tzpf

nkhd;wpd;

epjpf;$w;Wf;

fisj;

jahupg;ghu;.

54

05

10

8.1 tzpfnkhd;

wpd; tpahghuf;

fzf;ifj;

jahupg;ghu;.

8.2 tzpfj;jpd;

,yhg el;lf;

fzf;ifj;

jahupg;ghu;.

epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;

tpahghuf;fzf;F

Muk;g kPjp

nfhs;tdTfs;

cl;Rikf;$ypfs;

,Wjp ,Ug;G

tpw;gidfs;

tpw;gidf; fpuak;.

nkhj;j ,yhgk; / el;lk;

,yhgel;lf; fzf;F

tpw;gid tpepNahfr;

nryTfs; / tpepNahfnryTfs;

epiya epUthfr;

nryTfs; / epUthfnryTfs;

epjp kw;Wk; Vida

nryTfs;

nkhj;j ,yhgk; /el;lj;ij mwpf;ifg;

gLj;Jjy;

Vida tUkhdq;fs;

Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk;

epjpf; $w;Wf;fisg; ngaupl;Lf;

fhl;Lthu;.

tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf;

fzpg;gpLthu;.

tpahghuf; fzf;ifj; jahupj;J

nkhj;j ,yhgk; my;yJ el;lj;ijf;

fzpg;gpLthu;.

,yhg el;lf; fzf;if tpsf;Fthu;.

tpw;gid tpepNahfr; nryTfis

mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

epiya epUthfr; nryTfis

mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

epjpAk; Vida nryTfis

mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

Vida tUkhdq;fis nkhj;j

,yhgj;Jld; Nru;g;ghu;.

Njwpa ,yhgk; my;yJ el;lj;ijf;

fzpg;gpLthu;.

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%yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;Wk;

Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;if /tUkhdf;$w;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.

Page 21: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tz

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xx

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vz;zpf;if

fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp

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Fupa nrYj;j

Ntz;ba nryT

fs;> ngwNtz;

ba tUkhdq;

fisr; nrk;ikg;

gLj;Jthu;.

8.4 epjpahz;Lf;

Fupa mwtpl

Kbahf;

flidr;

nrk;ikg;

gLj;Jthu;.

8.5 epjpahz;Lf;

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Kiway;yhr;

nrhj;Jf;

fSf;F

ngWkhdj;

Nja;tpLthu;.

ml;LWr; mbg;gil

nrYj;j Ntz;ba

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ml;LW mbg;gilfis vspikahf

tpsf;Fthu;.

nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfisr;

nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.

ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fisr;

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mwtplKbahf; flid mwpKfg;

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mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikg;

gLj;Jthu;.

mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ik

ahf;Ftjw;Fupa ,ul;ilg;gjptpid

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eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg;

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fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

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D}lhf Nja;tpw;F fzf;F itg;ghu;.

ngWkhdj; Nja;T nrynthd;whf ,Ug;g

jdhy; ,yhgj;jpYk; nrhj;Jf;fspYk;

Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;ijr; tpsf;Fthu;.

05

03

05

Page 22: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tz

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juk; 11

xxi

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ngWkhdj; Nja;tpw;fhdfzf;F itg;G ngWkhdj; Nja;Ntw;

ghl;Lf; fzf;F(f.ngh.j. (rh.j.)tFg;gpy; eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F ngWkhdj;Nja;tply; njhlu;ghfNeu;Nfhl;L Kiw>ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;>fzf;F itj;jy;vd;gd kl;Lk; NghJkhditahFk;).

epjpepiyikf;$w;W /Ie;njhif

cupik eilKiwg; nghWg;Gf;fs eilKiway;yhg;

nghWg;Gf;fs;; eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs; eilKiw my;yhr;

nrhj;Jf;fs; tpahghu ,yhgel;lf;

fzf;Fk; Ie;njhifAk; /tUkhdf;$w;Wk; epjpepiyikf;$w;Wk;

8.6 tzpfj;jpd;,yhgj;jd;ikiaAk;epjp epiyikiaAk; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Ie;njhifapy; / epjpepiyikf;$w;wpy; %yjdj;ijg; gjpT nra;thu;.

Ie;njhif / epjpepiyikf;$w;WcUg;gbfis eilKiw> eilKiwmy;yhjJ vd tifg;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lthu;.

Ie;njhifia / epjpepiyikf;$w;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.

nrk;ikahf;fYld; $ba epjpf;

$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

07

Page 23: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tz

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dq;fspd;

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fspd; epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;.

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(nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy;)

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fhl;Lthu;.

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05

04

Page 24: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tz

pfKk; f

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juk; 11

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fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp

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iaj;

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fhd fpuak;

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vy;iy.

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tpupjhis (Excel spreadsheet) gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jpf;

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10

Page 25: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tz

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9.1 KjyPl;bd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid Njbawpthu;.

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KjyPL njhlu;ghdmwpKfk;.

gy;NtW KjyPl;LtopKiwfs; Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;Fk;

epiyahd itg;Gf;fzf;Fk;.

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gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPLnra;jy; njhlu;ghdmwpKfk;.

gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPLnra;Ak; topKiwfs; rhjhuz gq;Ffisf;

nfhs;tdT nra;jy;. jpiwNrup cz;bay;

fisf; nfhs;tdTnra;jy;.

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nghUj;jkhd KjyPl;L topKiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJKf;fpakhff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bafhuzpfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

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1005

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Page 26: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11xxv

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd

MNyhridfs;

Page 27: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

1tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf

eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd

mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

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fhl;Lthu;.

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Ak; tpsf;Fthu;.

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fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

tq;fp eltbf;iffs;

tq;fpf; fzf;F tiffs; ,yj;jpudpay;gz tiffs;

Nrkpg;Gf;fzf;Ffs;

eilKiwf;fzf;Ffs;

gy;NtW fzf;Ftiffisxg;gpLjy;

epiyahditg;Gf;fs;

fldl;ilfs;

tutl;ilfs;

,yj;jpudpay;gzk; njhlu;ghd

NritfsJKf;fpaj;Jtk;

,yj;jpudpay; gzq;fspd; tiuaiwfs;

etPdKiwapyhdNkhrbfs;

juTfs;mopTWjy;

Nkhrbfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;FupaghJfhg;G Kiwfs; gw;wpa

mwpTf;FiwT

nlyu; ml;il

Page 28: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

2tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

nghJthf tzpf tq;fpfspy; gpd;tUk; fzf;F tiffs; Ngzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;Ffs;

eilKiwf; fzf;Ffs;

epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;Ffs;.

jw;fhyj;jpy; tq;fpfs; ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp

jkJ thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F cr;r Nritnahd;wpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;wd.

,jw;fhf tq;fpfs; gpd;tUk; Nritfisg; gutyhd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhz;L

tUfpd;wd.

fldl;il (Credit Card)tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpD}lhf fld; vd;w mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLk; ,t;tl;il

%yk; tzpf tq;fpapd; mDkjpapidg; ngw;Ws;s epWtdq;fspypUe;J thbf;if

ahsu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l njhiff;Fl;gl;ljhfg; nghUl;fs;> Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;s KbAk;. mNjNghd;W jd;dpaf;f nlyu; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; (A.T.M) %yk;

Fwpg;gpl;l njhif tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l Kiwapy; gzj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s

KbAk;. ,jw;fhf tq;fpf; fzf;nfhd;W Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJ mtrpakpy;iy.

c+k;: tPrh fldl;il> kh];lu; fldl;il

tutl;il (Debit Card)tq;fpf; fzf;fpy; fhzg;gLk; gzj;jpid mbg;gilapy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; tzpf tq;fpfs; jkJ thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F tutl;il

fis toq;Fk;. ,q;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fspypUe;J tq;fpf; fzf;fpy;

fhzg;gLk; gz kPjp tiuapy; nghUl;fs;> Nritfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;a

KbtJld; Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpd; (tpw;gidahsu;) fzf;fpw;F tuT ml;il

cupikahsupd; fzf;fpypUe;J gzk; khw;wg;gLk;. tuT ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jp

gzj;ij kPsg;ngwTk; KbAk;. c+k;: PET tPrh tutl;il> BOC tPrh tutl;il

jd;dpaf;f nlyu; ml;ilfs; (ATM Card)nghJthfr; Nrkpg;Gg; Gj;jfj;jpypUe;J thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;

$ba NritfSf;F xj;j Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bathW tzpf

tq;fpfspdhy; my;yJ Vida tq;fpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; ml;il tifnahd;Nw

,JthFk;. ,q;F midj;Jr; NritfSk; fzpdpapd; JizAld; jd;dpaf;f

nlyu; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; (A.T.M) %yk; ,lk;ngWk;.

,jd; %yk; tpidj;jpwdhfTk; Kiwikg;gLj;jf;$baJkhd Nritfis

toq;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mNjNtis> ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd Nrit

fspy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ midj;Jj;

juTfSk; fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; njhopDl;gj; jilfs;> ,ufrpa

,yf;fj;ij kwe;Jtply;> ATM ,ae;jpuj;jpdJ gpiofs; vd;gd ,lk; ngWtjw;Fupare;ju;g;gq;fs; vd;gd ,q;F $Ljyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> njhlu;ghly;

njhopDl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; Vw;gLk; rpukq;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhd

topKiwfisj; Njbawpa Ntz;ba Njitg;ghLk; NknyOe;Js;sJ.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;FupathW Kjyhtjhfg; ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ

tq;fpf; Nritnahd;wpd; Njitg;ghL njhlu;ghf khztu;fis mwpar; nra;J

tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpdhy; Ngzg;gLk; fzf;F tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;f

nkhd;iw RUf;fkhf toq;fTk;

,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd rpW tpsf;fnkhd;iw toq;fTk;.

Page 29: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

3tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nrkpg;G> epiyahd itg;Gg; Nghd;w fzf;F tiffis Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj;

Njitahd khjpupg; gbtq;fslq;fpa njhFjpia xt;nthU khztUf;Fk;

ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

Mrpupau; tq;fpahfTk;> khztu;fs; fzf;if Muk;gpf;Fk; thbf;ifahsu;fshfTk;

nraw;gLk; tifapy; khjpupg; gbtq;fisg; g+uzg;gLj;jpf; fzf;if Muk;gpg;gjw;

fhd Kiwapidr; nraw;ghl;L uPjpahf mwpar; nra;aTk;.

g+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;l khjpupg; gbtj;jpD}lhfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW

fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.

- tq;fpapdhy; fzf;Fg; Gj;jfnkhd;W toq;fg;gLk; vdTk; (tq;fpg; Gj;jfkw;w

fzf;F tiffSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.)

- kpd;fhe;jg;Gy ml;iliag; g+uzg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

- khjpupf; ifnahg;g ml;ilnahd;W toq;fg;gLk; vdTk;>

- milahs ml;il NjitahdJ vdTk;>

,izg;G 6.1.1 ,idg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;. ,q;F juk; 11y; ghlE}ypy; cs;slf;fg;

gl;Ls;s ghl tplaq;fspy; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wjd; gpd;du; Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fSf;F

tpilaspg;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.

,izg;G 6.1.1:(1) gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; g+uzg;gLj;jTk;.

epajpfs; Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;Ffs; epiyahd

itg;Gf; fzf;Ffs;

1. tl;btPjk; ...................................... .........................................

2. fzf;Fj; njhlu;gpy;

tq;fpapdhy; toq; ...................................... .........................................

gLk; Mtzq;fs;

3. fhR itg;gpyply; ...................................... .........................................

4. fhR kPsg; ngwy;. ...................................... .........................................

5. Vida trjpfs; ...................................... .........................................

(2) gpd;tUk; ml;ilfspd; gz;GfisAk; NritfisAk; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.

ml;il tiffs; gz;Gfs; Nritfs;

tutl;il ...................................... .........................................

...................................... .........................................

...................................... .........................................

...................................... .........................................fldl;il ...................................... .........................................

...................................... .........................................

...................................... .........................................

...................................... .........................................jd;dpaf;f ...................................... .........................................nlyu; ml;il ...................................... .........................................

...................................... .........................................

...................................... .........................................

Page 30: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

4tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjd; gbKiwfisf; fhl;Lthu;.

epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjd; eilKiwfisf; fhl;Lthu;.

Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;fpw;Fk; epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;fpw;FkpilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghL

fisf; fhl;Lthu;.

,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghf tq;fpapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs; %d;iwf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd Nritfspy; fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfs;

,uz;bidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

Page 31: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

5tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf

eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd

mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; NgZtjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;

mD$yq;fisAk; fhNrhiyfs; njhlu ;ghfTk;

Nfl;lwpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; mD$yq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;GWk; gpuptpdu;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

khjpupf; fhNrhiynahd;iwg; g+uzg;gLj;Jthu;.

fhNrhiyfis tq;fpapy; itg;gpypLtjw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisr; Rl;bf;

fhl;Lthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

,jd; vz;zf;fUg;glk; mLj;j gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ

Page 32: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

6tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

eilKiwf;fzf;F

eilKiwf;fzf;nfhd;wpd;mD$yq;fs;

fhNrhiyg; Gj;jfk;fpilf;fg; ngwy;

Nkyjpfg; gw;Wtrjpfisg; ngwy;

fhNrhiy %yk;nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy;fisNkw;nfhs;sy;

Neub itg;Gtrjpfs;

epiyapaw;fl;lis trjp

gpuptpdu;fs; fhNrhiytiujy;

ngWgtu;nrYj;Jgtu;

(tq;fp)tiugtu;

FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;

nghJKiwf;FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;

rkhe;jpukhf ,UNfhLfs; nghJthf

mtrpakhdJ.

rpwg;G Kiwf;FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;

tzpf tq;fpxd;wpd; ngau;

Fwpg;gpl;bUj;jy;.

jpfjpaply;

gzj;njhifia,yf;fj;jpYk;vOj;jpYk;vOJjy;

gpwg;gpg;gtupd;ifnahg;gkply;

ngWgtupd; ngau;vOJjy; / fhR

eilKiwf;fzf;nfhd;iwMuk;gpj;jy;

,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fiscs;slf;fpa tq;fpf;$w;wpidg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

tzpf tq;fp

ghJfhg;G

Page 33: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

7tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; NgZtjdhy; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;:

fhNrhiyfs; %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjhdJ fhRf; nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy;fis tpl kpfg; ghJfhg;ghdjhfTk;> ,yFthdjhfTk;> Neuj;ijr;

Nrkpf;ff;$bajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

gy;NtW tifapyhd tUkhdq;fs;> Vida ngWtdTfs; Nghd;w fpilg;gdT

fis Neubahf eilKiwf; fzf;fpy; nryT itf;f KbAk;. ,it Neub

itg;Gf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

tzpfnkhd;wpdhy; nrYj;j Ntz;ba fld; jtizf; fl;lzk;> fhg;GWjpj;

jtizf; fl;lzk; Nghd;wdtw;iw tq;fpapd; eilKiwf; fzf;fpD}lhf

nrYj;Jk;gb eilKiwf; fzf;Fupikahsd; tq;fpf;F mwptpj;jy; toq;f

KbAk;. ,it epiyapaw; fl;lisfspd; %ykhd nfhLg;gdTfs; vd;wiof;

fg;gLk;.

eilKiwf; fzf;fpy; Nghjpastpyhd gzk; ,y;yhj re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; $l

tq;fpapd; mDkjp ngw;Wf; fhNrhiyfSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfisr; nra;a

KbAk;. ,t;trjpahdJ FWq;fhyf; flndhd;whFk;. mj;Jld; ,J tq;fp

Nkyjpfg; gw;W vdf; fUjg;gLk;.

Fwpj;j fhy ,Wjpapd;NghJ eilKiwf; fzf;fpD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspd; RUf;fnkhd;W eilKiwf; fzf;FupikahsUf;Ff;

fpilf;fg; ngWk;. mjid> tq;fpf;$w;W (tq;fpf; fzf;F tpguk;) vd miog;gu;.

tq;fpf; $w;W fpilj;jjd; gpd;du; fzf;FupikahsDf;F fhR Kfhikj;Jtk;

nra;tjw;fhd jpwd; fpilf;Fk;.

eilKiwf;fzf;F:

fhNrhiyfs; %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjw;fhf tzpf tq;fpfspy;

Muk;gpf;fg;gLk; fzf;F eilKiwf; fzf;F MFk;. ,jw;fhf> tzpf tq;fpfs;

eilKiwf; fzf;Fupikahsu;fSf;Ff; fhNrhiyg; Gj;jfj;jpid toq;Ffpd;wd.

tq;fpf;$w;W tpguk; (tq;fpf;fzf;F tpguk;):

Fwpj;j fhy ,Wjpapy; (khjj;jpw;nfhU Kiw) tq;fpapdhy; eilKiwf;

fzf;FupikahsUf;F> mtuJ fzf;Fj; njhlu;ghf vOj;J %yk; mDg;gg;gLk;

jfty;fspd; RUf;fNk ~tq;fpf;$w;W| vd miof;fg;gLk;.

fhNrhiy:

“eilKiwf; fzf;FupikahsnuhUtu; Fwpj;j gzj; njhifapid Fwpj;j

egnuhUtUf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;gb tzpf tq;fpf;F toq;Fk; vOj;J %ykhd

fl;lisNa” fhNrhiyahFk;.

fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;GWk; gpuptpdu;fs;:

tiugtu; / fl;lis ,Lgtu; : eilKiwf; fzf;Fupikahsd;

nrYj;Jgtu; / fl;lisiag; ngWgtu; : Fwpj;j tzpf tq;fp

gzk; ngWgtu; : fhNrhiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s

ngaiuAila egu; / fhtp

Page 34: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

8tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

fhNrhiyia tiujy;:

fhNrhiyia tiuAk;NghJ Fwpj;j epge;jidfs; gpd;gw;wg;glhjpUg;gpd; Fwpj;j

fhNrhiyahdJ nfhLg;gditr; nrYj;Jtjw;Fupa fhNrhiynahd;whff;

fUjg;glkhl;lhJ.

me;epge;jidfshtd:

tq;fpapy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l khjpupf; ifnahg;gj;Jld; nghUe;jf;$bathW

xg;gkpLjy;.

fzf;Fupikahsu; Fwpj;j njhifapid ,yf;fj;jpYk; vOj;jpYk; vOJjy;.

njspthd vOj;Jf;fspy; vOJjy; / jl;lr;R nra;jy;. rupahd Kiwapy; jpfjp ,ly;.

jpUj;jq;fSf;Ff; ifnahg;gkply;.

fhNrhiynahd;wpy; FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;:

fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; ,U rkhe;jukhd NfhLfis tiujy; “FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;” vdg;gLk;. rpy fhNrhiyfspy; FWf;Ff; NfhLfs; mr;rplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

FWf;Ff; Nfhblg;gl;l fhNrhiynahd;iwf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjw;F tq;fpf;

fzf;nfhd;W mtrpakhdJ vd;gjdhy; Nkhrbfis ,opTgLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

nfhLf;fy; thq;fypd; ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp fhNrhiyapy; Nfhblg;glyhk;. FWf;Ff;

Nfhbly; Kiwfs; ,U tifg;gLk;. mitahtd>

nghJKiwf; FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;:

fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; ,U rkhe;juf; NfhLfs; tiujy; nghJKiwf;

FWf;Ff;NfhblyhFk;. ,jidg; gpd;tUkhW fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy;

fhl;l KbAk;.

rpwg;G Kiwf; FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;:

fhNrhiynahd;wpd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; ,U rkhe;juf; NfhLfs; my;yJ NfhL

fspd;wp tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Ljy; rpwg;G

Kiwf; FWf;Ff; NfhblyhFk;. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; fhl;lyhk;.

my;yJ

ifkhwj;jfhjJ

.

ngWNthd;

f/F kl;Lk;

,yq;i

f tq

;fp

,yq;i

f tq

;fp

Page 35: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

9tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg;gply;:

fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ngaiu mt;thNw fhNrhiyapd;

gpd;gf;fj;jpw;Fupa gFjpapy; vOJtJ Gwf; Fwpg;gply; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.

fhNrhiyia ,d;ndhUtUf;Ff; ifkhw;wk; nra;Ak;NghJ my;yJ tq;fpapy;

itg;gpypLk;NghJ fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis

khztu;fSf;F toq;fpr; rpW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.

- jdpegnuhUtu; Muk;gpf;ff;$ba fzf;F tiffs; vit?

- tzpfu;fSf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd fzf;F tiffs; vit?

- mf;fzf;Ffs; %yk; tzpfu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs; vit?

- mf;fzf;fpD}lhf vt;thW nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;a KbAk; vd;gijf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

juk; 11 ,w;Fupa ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghlmyif ed;whf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy;

khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

,q;F gpd;tUk; ghl tplaq;fspy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;JkhW njupag;gLj;jTk;.

jpfjp

gzk; ngWgtu;

ngWkhdk; / njhif

fl;lisiag; ngWgtu;

fl;lisapLgtupd; ifnahg;gk;

fhNrhiyapd; ,yf;fk;

tq;fpapd; ,yf;fk;

tq;fpf;fpisapd; ,yf;fk;

eilKiwf; fzf;F ,yf;fk;

FWf;Ff; Nfhbly; (nghJ> rpwg;G)

fhe;j ikf; FwpaPl;L epuy;

mbapjo;

Gwf;Fwpg;gply;

ngupJgLj;jg;gl;l khjpupf; fhNrhiynahd;wpid (mb ,jOld;) jahupj;Jf;

fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;. ,izg;G 6.2.1 ,d; tpla Ma;tpidiaAk;

fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mt;tpla Ma;tpid midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk;

Gyg;gLkhW Kd;itf;fTk;.

,izg;G 6.2.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s khztu; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;

fSf;F toq;fp mjd; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Neuj;ijg;

ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

gpd;tUk; MNyhridfisg; gpd;gw;wp> nraw;ghl;by; khztu;fis <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; xUtUf;F

xU tpdh tPjk; Kd;itj;J mjw;Fupa tpilapid fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;

gl;bUf;Fk; fhNrhiyapy; vOJtjpy; (g+uzg;gLj;Jtjpy;) <LgLj;jTk;. khztu;

vz;zpf;ifiag; nghWj;Jg; nghUj;jkhdthW fhNrhiyiag; g+uzg;gLj;Jtjpy;

khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

Page 36: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

10tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

khztu;fs; midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

fhNrhiynahd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd gFjpfs;

fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu;fs;

fhNrhiyia tiujy; / vOJjy;

fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg;gply;

fhNrhiyapy; FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;

,izg;G 6.2.1:

fkyehjd; gpugy;akhd tpahghupnahUtuhthu;. mtu; 2014.05.30 Mk;

jpfjpapy; nfhs;tdT nra;j &gh 50 000 ngWkjpahd nghUl;fs;

njhlu;ghf tpkYf;F 200125 Mk; ,yf;fk; nfhz;l ,yq;if tq;fpf;

fhNrhiynahd;wpD}lhf mj;njhifapidr; nrYj;JkhW jdJ

,ypfpjuhd tpy;gl;bw;F fl;lisapl;lhu;. NkYk; tpky; nrYj;j

Ntz;ba nfhLg;gdnthd;wpw; fhf ,f;fhNrhiyia NtnwhUtUf;Fr;

rhl;Ljy; nra;tjw;fhd NjitAk; tpkYf;F ,Ue;jJ.

,yq;if tq;fp ,y. 7010 fpis ,y. 055

,izg;G 6.2.2:

khztu; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuk;

fUk;gyifapy; fhzg;gLk; tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.

mt;tpla Ma;tpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis ed;F

,dq;fz;L tpilaspf;fTk;.

ngWgtupd; ngaupid vOjTk;.

gzj;njhifia ,yf;fj;jpy; vOjTk;.

gzj;njhifia vOj;jpy; vOjTk;.

gpwg;gpg;gtupd; / fl;lis ,Lgtupd; ifnahg;gj;ij ,lTk;.

fhe;j ik epuiy milahsg;gLj;jTk;.

fhNrhiy toq;fpa jpfjpiaf; Fwpf;fTk;.

tq;fpapd; ,yf;fj;ij ,dq;fz;L mjid milahskplTk;.

tq;fpf; fpisapd; ,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fTk;.

fhNrhiyapd; ,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fTk;.

fhNrhiyapdJ mbapjiog; g+uzg;gLj;jTk;.

ngWgtu; ahu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fTk;.

,f;fhNrhiyapy; rhjhuz Kiwapyhd FWf;Ff; Nfhblnyhd;iw ,lTk;.

mjid tpNrl FWf;Ff; Nfhblyhf khw;wTk;.

,f;fhNrhiy gpwpnjhU egUf;Ff; rhl;Ljy; nra;a Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;

Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhd Gwf;Fwpg;gplnyhd;iwr; nra;aTk;.

cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w tpdhf;fSf;Fupa tpilapid fUk;gyifapy;

fhzg;gLk; fhNrhiyapy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

Vida khztu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilapidg; g+uzg;gLj;Jk;/vOJk; KiwahdJ rupahdjh vd;gjid Nkw;ghu;it nra;aTk;. tpilahdJ

gpioahapd; mjidj; jpUj;Jk; Kiwapid ePq;fs; Kd;itf;fTk;.

Page 37: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

11tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; NgZtjd; %yk; fzf;FupikahsUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;

mD$yq;fs; Ie;jpid vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.

fhNrhiynahd;iw tq;fpapy; itg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhd gbKiwfisf; fhl;Lthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l khjpupf; fhNrhiyf;fikag; gpd;tUk; Ie;J jfty;fis khjpup

fshff; nfhs;thu;.

nghUj;jkhd jpfjpnahd;iwf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

ngWgtupd; ngau; (fUJNfhshff; nfhs;sg;gl;ltupd; ngaiu) vOJthu;.

njhifia vOj;jpYk;> ,yf;fj;jpYk; vOJthu; (fUJNfhs; ngWkhdk;).

njspthf vOJjYk;> gpwg;gpg;gtupd; / fl;lis ,Lgtupd; ifnahg;gj;ij

,Lthu; (fUJNfhs; ifnahg;gk;).

fhe;j ikf; FwpaPl;L epuiy milahsg;gLj;Jthu;.

fhNrhiy ngWgtiu milahsg;gLj;Jthu;.

tq;fpapd; ,yf;fk; my;yJ toq;fg;gl;l ,yf;fj;ij vOJthu;.

mbapjiog; g+uzg;gLj;Jthu;.

nghJ my;yJ rpwg;G FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;

Gwf;Fwpg;gply;

Page 38: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

12tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf

eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd

mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.3 : fhg;GWjpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf; Nfl;lwpe;J ,lu;

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilfis xOq;fikj;Jf;

nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fUtpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

MAl; fhg;GWjpf;Fk; nrhj;J / Mjd fhg;GWjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;

NtWghLfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

fhg;GWjp

MAs; fhg;GWjp nrhj;J /Mjd fhg;GWjp

cau;ek;gpf;if

fhg;GWjpnra;Ak; cupik

,og;gPl;Lj;jj;Jtk;

fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;

fhg;GWjpapd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

fhg;GWjpiatpsf;Fjy;

fhg;GWj;JNthUf;Fk;fhg;GWjp nra;gtUf;Fk;,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;Kf;fpa jfty;fisntspg;gLj;Jjy;.

fhg;GWjpnra;tjw;Fs;s

rl;luPjpahd cupik

,lk;ngw;wNrjj;jpw;fhd

,og;gPl;bid khj;jpuk;nrYj;Jjy;

Page 39: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

13tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

fhg;GWjp:

,lu;fis xd;wpizj;J xU gpuptpdUf;F Vw;gLk; ,og;gpid / el;lj;jpid

xUikg;ghl;Lld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tNj fhg;GWjpahFk;.

MAs;:

capUf;F Vw;glf;$ba gy;NtW ,lu;fs; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; fhg;GWjp

tifNa MAs; fhg;GWjpahFk;.

nrhj;J (Mjd):

nrhj;Jf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,lu;fspd; ,og;Gf;fSf;fhd fhg;GWjp nrhj;Jf;

fhg;GWjpahFk;.

fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;

fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ gpd;tUk; jj;Jtq;fs;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik:

capUf;F my;yJ nrhj;njhd;wpw;Ff; fhg;GWjp nra;tjw;F fhzg;gLk; rl;luPjpahd

cupikiaNa ,q;F ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;. MAspd; my;yJ nrhj;jpd;

epiyg;Gj; jd;ikapdhy; nghUshjhu mD$ynkhd;Wk;> mit mopTWtjdhy;

nghUshjhug; gpujp$ynkhd;Wk; Vw;glf;$bajhf ,Ug;gNj ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;

gLfpd;wJ.

cr;r ek;gpf;if:

fhg;GWjp njhlu;ghf ,U gpuptpdu;fSk; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fupa Kf;fpakhdit

vdf; fUjf;$ba midj;J jfty;fisAk; xspTkiwtpd;wp ntspg;gLj;Jjy;

Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.

,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtk;:

nrhj;Jf;fSf;F ,og;gPL Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpd;NghJ> nrhj;jpid Kd;gpUe;j

epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fupa ,og;gPNl toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ,j;jj;J

tj;jpd; fUj;jhFk;. (,j;jj;JtkhdJ MAl; fhg;GWjpf;Fk; nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;.)

(ftdpf;fTk;: f.ngh.j. (rh.j) ,y; ,k;%d;W jj;Jtq;fs; kl;Lk; fye;Jiuahlg;

gLk;.)

nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjp (Mjd)

fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; ngWkhd

khdJ nrhj;Jf;fspd; ngWkhdj;

jpw;fika jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;ijf; ifkhw;wk;

nra;a KbAk;.

,og;G Vw;gl;lhy; kl;LNk Vw;gl;l

,og;gPl;bw;fika ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif

toq;fg;gLk;.

,og;g Pl ;Lj ; jj;Jtk; ,q;F

nry;thf;Fg; ngWk;.

Vida mD$yq;fSf;F cupik

fpilahJ.

FWfpa fhyk; nfhz;lJ.

MAs; fhg;GWjp

fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; ngWkhd

khdJ jdpegupd; tpUg;gk;> ,aYik

apdbg;gilapy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;ijf; ifkhw;w

,ayhJ.

,og;G Vw;gl;lhYk;> Vw;glhtpbDk;

,og;gPlhdJ toq;fg;gLk;.

,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;glh

jpUf;Fk;

Vida mD$yq;fisAk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;s KbAk; (cgfhug;gzk;).

ePz;l fhyj;jpw;FupaJ.

Page 40: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

14tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ NrjKw;w

thfdq;fisf; nfhz;l glf; fhl;rpfisAk;> tzpfnkhd;W jPapdhy;

mopTWk; fhl;rpnahd;wpidAk; tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;fTk;.

,q;F tzpfq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,t;thwhd ,lu;fSf;F Kfq; nfhLg;gjw;fhf

vLf;ff;$ba topKiwfis khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.

gpd;du;> gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; RUf;fkhd tpsf;fnkhd;iw toq;fTk;.

fhg;GWjp

fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;

nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjp

MAs; fhg;GWjp

,izg;G 6.3.1y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;ij khztu; FOf;fSf;Fg;

ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s $w;Wf;fSf;F mika ed;whf

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;SkhW khztu;fis thrpg;gpy; <LgLj;jTk;.

gpd;du; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s $w;Wf;fs;

MAs; ,lnuhd;wh my;yJ nrhj;J ,lnuhd;wh vd;gjid Fwpg;gpl;Lf;

fhl;lTk;.

juk; 11 ,d; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghlmyfpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fsp

D}lhf NkNy ePq;fs; tifg;gLj;jpa MAs;> nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjpfSf;Fupa

fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

MAs;> nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfisg; gpd;tUk; Kiwapy;

xg;gpLtjpy; <LgLj;jTk;.

MAs; fhg;GWjp nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjp

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

Page 41: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

15tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 6.3.1:

mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuk;

jpBnud Vw;gl;l jPapdhy; efuj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l

ngUk;ghyhd tzpf epiyaq;fSf;Fg; ghupa Nrjk;.

mjpf kio fhuzkhf tpisepyq;fSf;Fk;

tPLfSf;Fk; ghupa Nrjk;.

,b> kpd;dy; fhuzkhf

,U egu;fs; capupoe;Js;sdu;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

; gy;NtW fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfs; %yk; toq;fg;gl;l jftw; gbtq;fs;.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fUtpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

fhg;GWjpapd; tiffisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

fhg;GWjpf; jj;Jtq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

Page 42: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

16tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf

eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd

mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.4 : njhlu;ghlypd; mbg;gilg; gjq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;

Nfl;lwpe;J gad;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd Kd;Maj;jj;ij

cUthf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.

njhlu;ghly; ,lk;ngWk; Kiwapidg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

njhlu;ghlw; nrad;Kiwfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl

Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

,jd; vz;zf;fUg;glk; mLj;j gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.

Page 43: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

17tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

njhlu;ghly;

tifg;gLj;Jk; Kiw mbg;gilfs;

nra;jp

Jyq;fy;

mDg;Ggtu;

ngWgtu;

Clfk;

mf / cs;sf

Gw / ntspaf

Clfk;

rkpf;iQfSk;FwpaPLfSk;

tha;nkhop%yk;

vOj;J%yk;

,yj;jpudpay;

Kiwfs; Kiwfs; Kiwfs; Kiwfs;

- $l;lq;fs;- fye;Jiuahly;- nrayku;T- fUj;juq;F

- xypngUf;fp- fl;Gy nrtpg;Gyr; rhjdq;fs;- njhiyNgrp- vz;khdg; gjhif- kpd;dQ;ry; (Email)- ,d;lnfhk; (Inter Com)

- fbjk;- mwptpj;jy;- mwptpj;jy; gyif- mwpf;iffs;- Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;

- tPjpr; rkpf;iQfs;- gy;NtW milahsq;fSk; FwpaPLfSk;

Clfk;

rkpf;iQfSk;FwpaPLfSk;

tha;nkhop%yk;

vOj;J%yk;

,yj;jpudpay;

Kiwfs; Kiwfs; Kiwfs;Kiwfs;

- njhiyefy; (Fax)- vz;khdg; gjhif- ,izak;- kpd;mQ;ry; (Email)- thndhyp- njhiyf;fhl;rp- KfE}y; (Face book)- xypngUf;fp- njhiyNgrp

- $l;lq;fs;- fye;Jiuahly;- nrayku;T- fUj;juq;F

- fbjk;- Rw;wwpf;iffs;- Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;- Rtnuhl;b

- gjhif- tPjpr; rkpf;iQfs;- nghjpaply; Fwpfs;

kPstypAWj;jy;

Page 44: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

18tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

njhlu;ghly;:

nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gd ,U gpuptpdu;fSf;fpilapy; ahNjDk;

Clfnkhd;wpd; %yk; gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLjNy njhlu;ghlyhFk;.

Kiwfs;:cs;sfj; njhlu;ghly;:

epWtdj;jpYs;s gy;NtW Clfq;fspD}lhf ,lk;ngWk; nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs;>

fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gd ,U gpuptpdu;fSf;fpilNa gupkhw;wg;gLjy; cs;sfj;

njhlu;ghlyhFk;.

ntspafj; njhlu;ghly;:

egnuhUtu; my;yJ epWtdnkhd;W NtNwhu; egUld; my;yJ epWtdnkhd;Wld;

nra;jp> jfty;. fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gdtw;iwg; gupkhw;wk; nra;jy; ntspafj;

njhlu;ghliyf; Fwpf;Fk;.

njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs; Kiwfs;

tha;nkhop %yk; $l;lq;fs;> fye;Jiuahly;

vOj;J %yk; fbjk;. mwptpj;jy;> Rw;wwpf;if

,yj;jpudpay; njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> xypngUf;fp>

fzpdp> tiyaikg;G> njhiyNgrp

rkpf;iQfSk; FwpaPLfSk; tPjpr; rkpf;iQfs;> nghjpaply; Fwpfs;

njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gilfs; (%yq;fs;):

nra;jp mDg;Ggtu;

nra;jp

Clfk;

nra;jpiag; ngWgtu;

Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jjy;

kPstypAWj;jy;

njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fs;:

rupahdJ / nghUj;jkhdJ tpiuT

nryT

njspthd jd;ik

gad;gLj;Jtjd; ,yFj;jd;ik

tpsf;fpf; nfhs;sf;$baJ / Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ik

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ ghlrhiyapy;

nra;jpfs;> fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

Kiwfis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpe;J mtw;iw cs;sf> ntspaf vd tifg;

gLj;j KbAnkdTk;> mj;Jld; vOj;J> tha;nkhop %yk; vd;wthWk; tifg;gLj;j

KbAk; vdTk; tpsf;fTk;.

gpd;du; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ njhlu;ghfr; RUf;fkhd tpsf;fj;ij

toq;fTk;.

njhlu;ghlyhdJ xU nrad;KiwahFk; vd;gjidj; njspTgLj;jTk;

Page 45: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

19tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 6.4.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjpup ml;ltizia khztu;fs; /FOf;fSf;F toq;fp> juk; 11w;fhd ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghlmyfpd; tpsf;fj;ijg;

ngwr; nra;aTk;.

tpilaspf;f Ntz;ba ml;ltizapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil

aspf;fr; nra;tjpy; <LgLj;jTk;.

khztu;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpilfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk;

ghl tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij toq;fTk;.

njhlu;ghliy mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

njhlu;ghly; KiwfisAk; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisAk; ngaupl;Lf; $Wjy;.

njhlu;ghlypd; mbg;gilfis njhlu;ghly; nrad;KiwapD}lhf ntspg;gLj;

jpf; fhl;Ljy;.

njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s

Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

,izg;G 6.4.1:

tpilaspf;f Ntz;ba ml;ltiz

(1) ePq;fs; mwpe;j njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis ,aYkhdstpy; vOjpf; fhl;lTk;.

(2) mj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis tzpfnkhd;wpid ikakhff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk;

,U Kiwfshf NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l KbAk;.

(3) KjyhtJ ml;ltizapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l njhlu;ghly; Kiwapid njhlu;

ghly; Clf mbg;gilapy; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.

cs;sf ntspaf

vOj;J tha;nkhop ,yj;jpudpay; rkpf;iQ / FwpaPL

Page 46: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

20tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

(4) tzpfnkhd;W njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.

(5) gpd;tUk; tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.

2015.03.14 Me; jpfjp K.gfy; 10.30 kzpf;F fpis Kfhikahsu;fspd; $l;l

nkhd;W gpujhd kz;lgj;jpy; eilngWk; vdTk;> mjw;Ff; fl;lhakhf rKf

kspf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> kpd;dQ;ry; (E-mail) %yk; fpis Kfhikahsu;fSf;F

fk;gdpapd; Kfhikahsuhy; mwpTWj;jy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nkw;fhl;ba tpla Ma;tpd; %yk; njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapy; cs;slq;Fk;

mbg;gilfSf;Fupa cjhuzq;fisr; rl;lfj;jpy; vOjpf; fhl;lTk;.

(1) (2) (3)

mDg;Ggtu; nra;jp Clfk;

(6) (5) (4)

kPstypAWj;jy; Jyq;fy; ngWgtu;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

---------------- ---------------- ----------------

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21tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: fPNo fhl;lg;gl;l njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;l ml;ltizapd;

tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;W njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs;> njhlu;ghly; Jiwfis ,dq;

fz;L () milahsj;ij ,Lq;fs;.

Clfk; Jiwfs;

njh. njhlu;ghly;

,y. Kiwfs;

01. fbjk;

02. fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dy;

03. $l;lq;fs;

04. njhiyf;fhl;rp

05. gjhif

06. thndhyp

07. kpd;dQ;ry;

08. fye;Jiuahly;

09. njhiyefy;

10. xypngUf;fp

11. Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;

12. njhiyNgrp

13. mwptpj;jy; gyif

14. Rw;wwpf;iffs;

15. Rtu;g; gj;jpupif

16. KfE}y; (Face book)

17. nrayku;T

18. vz;khdg; gjhif

19. fUj;juq;F

20. kzp

21. C.C.T.V (Gifg;glf;fUtp)

22. ,yj;jpudpay; kzp

njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwfis cjhuzq;fSld; Kd;itg;ghu;.

njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba

tplaq;fs; Ie;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

vOj;J

tha;nkhop

,yj;jpud

pay;

rkpf;i

QfS

k;

FwpaPLfS

k;

mf

Gw

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22tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf

eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd

mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.5 : Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfisg; gad;gLj;jp tzpf eltbf;if

fis tpidj;jpwdhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mbg;gilj;

jpwd;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

Nghf;Ftuj;J vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwfsJ mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisf; fye;Jiu

ahLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

Nghf;Ftuj;J:

ahNjDk; Xu; ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhu; ,lj;jpw;Fg; nghUl;fs; my;yJ gpuahzp

fis vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; nray;KiwNa Nghf;Ftuj;jhFk;.

Nghf;Ftuj;J

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;mbg;gilfs;

Clfk; top tY jupg;gplk;

- Nkhl;lhu;- Giftz;b- fg;gy; ts;sk;- Mfha tpkhdk;

nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;JKiwnahd;iwj; njupT

nra;jy;

fpuak; ,aysT

fpilg;gdT

- ngUe;njU- ePu; top- thd; top- Gifapujg; ghij

- krF vz;nza;- kpd;rhuk;- epyf;fup- thA

- tpkhd epiyak;- Gifapuj epiyak;- JiwKfk;- Ng&e;Jj; jupg;gplk;

ghJfhg;G

tpiuT

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23tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfs;:

Nghf;;Ftuj;J Kiwikia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; fhuzpfNs

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfshFk;.

top / khu;f;fk;: Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpuahzg; ghijiaf;

Fwpf;Fk;.

Clfk;: gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; ghijfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdj;

ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

rf;jp / tY: Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rf;jpNa

tYthFk;.

jupg;gplk;: Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdq;fs; jupj;J epw;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;

gLk; ,lNk jupg;gplq;fshFk;.

nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfs;:

nghUj;jg;ghL

nryT / fpuak; nfhs;ssT / ,aysT nghUj;jg;ghLk; ghJfhg;Gk;

Ntfk; / tpiuT

fpilg;gdTj;jd;ik

gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J topKiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;fSk;

gpujp$yq;fSk;:

gpujp$yq;fs;

tPjpj; jilfs; Vw;glyhk;.

tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gl ,l

Kz;L.

#oy; khriltjpy;

jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.

rpyNtisfspy; gpuahzk;

KbAk; tiuapy; gad;gLj;j

KbahJ ,Uf;Fk;.

Fwpj;j fhy ml;ltizf;

fika nraw;gLjy; fhuzkhf

gpuahzpfSf;F Njitahd

Neuj;jpy; gad;gLj;j Kbah

jpUj;jy;.

mD$yq;fs;

gpuahz KbT tiuapy; gad;

gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; gad;

gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

xNu jlitapy; mjpfstpyhd

nghUl;fisAk;> $bastp

yhd gpuahzpfisAk; nfhz;L

nry;y Kbjy;.

gpuahzpfSf;Fg; gy;NtW

trjpfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

ePz;l J}ug; gpuahzpfSf;fhd

tpNrl trjpfs; fhzg;gly;.

nrytpdk; / fpuak; FiwT.

Nghf;Ftuj;JKiwfs;

(1) njU / tPjp

(2) Gifapuj tPjp

Page 50: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

24tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; r%fkspf;Fk; Kiwapidf; Nfl;lwptjd; %yk;

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfis ntspg;gLj;jTk;.

toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ,izg;G 6.5.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ehd;F glq;fisAk;

ehd;F FOf;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J> mit njhlu;gpy; rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ijg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sr; nra;aTk;.

,izg;G 6.5.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s glq;fspy; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j

glj;jpw;F 1> 2> 3> 4 vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gil

fis vOjp> mjw;Ff; fPo; cs;s ntw;wplj;jpw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;

fis gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapypUe;J njupT nra;J Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.

Mfha tpkhdk;> ts;sk;> cyq;F thD}u;jp> kUjhid Gifapuj epiyak;>Bry;> nfhOk;G - gJis Gifapuj tPjp> kpd;rf;jp> fg;gy;> fl;Lehaf;f - by;ypMfha tpkhdg; ghij> epyf;fup> nfhOk;G kj;jpa Ng&e;Jj; jupg;gplk;>`k;ghe;Njhl;ilj; JiwKfk;> fLtiy - khj;jiw mjpNtfg; ghij> ngw;Nwhy;>fl;Lehaf;f tpkhd epiyak;> nfhOk;G - jpUNfhzkiy flw; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg;ghij> kpd;rhuj; njhl&e;JJ.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: Nghf;Ftuj;J vDk; vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.

Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfisg; ngaupLthu;.

nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfspd; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisf; fye;Jiu

ahLthu;.

gpujp$yq;fs;

nghUl;fisf; nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F $ba fhyk;vLf;Fk;.

midj;Jr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ,k;Kiwapidg;gad;gLj;j KbahJ.cjhuzk;: fly;fsw;wehLfspYk;> gpuNjrq;fspYk; ,k;Kiwiag;gad;gLj;j KbahJ.

$ba nryT nfhz;lJ. tpgj ;Jf ;fs ; Vw ;gLk ;

nghOJ Nrjq;fs; ghupastpy; Vw;gLk;.

$ba epiw nfhz;lnghUl;fisf; nfhz;Lnry;y Kbahik.

mD$yq;fs;

xNu jlitapy; mjpfnghUl;fisAk; $basTgpuahzpfisAk; nfhz;Lnry;y KbAk;.

fl;lzk; FiwT. ru;tNjr tpahghuj;jpw;Fj;

Jizahf mikjy;. $ba vil nfhz;l nghUl;

fisAk; nfhz;L nry;yKbAk;.

tpiuthdJ. gpuahzpfSf;F trjpfs;

mjpfkhff; fhzg;gly;. ru;tNjr tpahghuj;jpw;Fj;

Jizahf mikAk;.

Nghf;Ftuj;JKiwfs;

(3) fly; / ePu; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J

(4) Mfha tpkhdg; ghij

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25tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 6.5.1:

glk; A

glj;jpw;FnghUj;jkhdNghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;

%yq;fs;

1 -------------

2 --------------

3 --------------

4 --------------

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26tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

glk; B

glj;jpw;FnghUj;jkhdNghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;

%yq;fs;

1 -------------

2 --------------

3 --------------

4 --------------

Page 53: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

27tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

glj;jpw;FnghUj;jkhdNghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;

%yq;fs;

1 -------------

2 --------------

3 --------------

4 --------------

glk; C

Page 54: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

28tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

glj;jpw;FnghUj;jkhdNghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;

%yq;fs;

1 -------------

2 --------------

3 --------------

4 --------------

glk; D

Page 55: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

29tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf

eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd

mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.6 : cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L tpahghuq;fspy; <LgLk; gpuptpdu;

fshtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilj; jpwd;fis ntspg;

gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

rpy;yiw tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njspTgLj;Jthu;.

nkhj;j tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpw;Fk;> rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd NtWghLfisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

ntspehl;L tpahghuj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;:

xU ehl;L vy;iyf;Fs; eilngWk; tpahghu eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk; ,t;tif

apDs; cs;slq;Fk;.

rpy;yiw tpahghuk;:

gz;Gfs;: ,Wjp Efu;Tf;fhf tpw;gid nra;jy; tpahghuk;.

nghUl;fs; rpwpastpy; Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Efu;Nthdpd; Njitfs; epiwT nra;ag;gLk;.

Efu;NthDf;F ,yFthfg; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

tpahghuk;

cs;ehl;Lntspehl;L

nkhj;j rpy;yiw ,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjp

NtWghLfs;gz;Gfs; cjhuzq;fs; cjhuzq;fs;gz;Gfs;

Page 56: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

30tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

re;ijahdJ Efu;NthDf;F kpf mz;kpj;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;. gy;NtW tifg; nghUl;fs; fhzg;gly;.

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;: Efu;NthDf;Fj; Njitahd ehshe;j Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp

nra;jy;.nkhj;j tpahghuk;:

kPs tpw;gid nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpahghukhFk;.

nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpd; gz;Gfs;:

kPs tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLk;.

ghupastpy; nfhs;tdT nra;jYk; tpw;gid nra;jYk;.

xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; myFf;fhd tpiy Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.

njupT nra;ag;gl;l nghUspd; msTfSld; khj;jpuk; njhlu;GilaJ.

nkhj;j rpy;yiw tpahghuq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs;:

ntspehl;L tpahghuk;:

xU ehL Vida ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpahghukhFk;. ,jid ,wf;Fkjp>

Vw;Wkjp vd ,Utifg;gLj;j KbAk;.

,yq;ifapd; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUl;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;:

,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjp

czTg;nghUl;fs; ijf;fg;gl;l Mil

Mil tif (%yg;nghUs;) Njapiy

Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; ,wg;gu;

,ae;jpuk; Njq;fha;j; JUty;

kpd;rhu cgfuzq;fs; thridj; jputpaq;fs;

NfhJik kh ,uj;jpdf; fw;fs;

kUe;J tiffs; fhuPak;

ghy; kh lau; (Lotus)vz;nza;

eWkzg;nghUl;fs;

lau;

jq;fk;

gyif

rPnke;J

,Uk;G

rpy;yiw tpahguk;

,Wjp Efu;Tf;fhf tpw;gid ,lk;

ngWk;.

gy;NtW tiffisf; nfhz;l

nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

nghJthf tpiy mjpfkhf

,Uf;Fk;.

nghJthff; fopTfs; toq;fg;

gLtjpy;iy.

nkhj;j tpahghuk;

kPs; tpw;gid Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf

tpw;gid ,lk;ngWk;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhf nghUl;fspd;

tiffs; fhzg;gLk;.

nghJthf tpiy Fiwthff;

fhzg;gLk;.

nghJthf fopTfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

Page 57: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

31tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ ghlrhiyf; $l;LwTr; rq;f tpw;gid

afj;jpypUe;J khztnuhUtUf;F mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;>

mr;rq;fj;jpdhy; mt;tg;gpahrg; Gj;jfq;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf cw;gj;jp

epWtdnkhd;wpypUe;J nfhs;tdT nra;jy; njhlu;ghd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;

njhlu;gpy; khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.

,jw;fika rpy;yiw> nkhj;j tpahghuq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fq;fis vspik

ahd Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfq;fis

ntspehnlhd;wpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjhapd; ntspehl;L tpahghuj;Jld;

njhlu;Gwf;$ba KiwfisAk; tpgupf;fTk;.

,izg;G 6.6.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s khztu; MNyhridg; gbtj;ij

khztu;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by; mtu;fis <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

khztu;fsJ tpilfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; ghl tplaq;fs; ntspg;gL

khW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

,izg;G 6.6.1:

khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;

(1) cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tpahghu epiyaq;fspd; ngau;g;gl;ba

nyhd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.

(2) mt;tl;ltizapD}lhf nkhj;j> rpy;yiw tpw;gidafq;fshf mtw;iw

tifg;gLj;jp vOJq;fs;.

(3) mt;thW mtw;iw NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mbg;gilfs;

vit vdf; $Wf.

(4) rpy;yiw> nkhj;j tpahghuq;fSf;Fupa gz;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.

(5) Nkw;fhl;ba mtjhdpg;gpD}lhf rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

(6) Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;.

rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpw;fhd %d;W cjhuzq;fis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.

nkhj;j tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

nkhj;j> rpy;yiw tpahghuq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

ntspehl;L tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;fhd ehd;F cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

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32tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : tzpf Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd ; mbg;gilj;jpwd;fis

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUf;fis vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.

Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; ehd;fpidg; ngaupLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

Kfhikj;Jtk;:

mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis / ,yf;Ffis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L tsq;fis

tpidj;jpwdhfTk; tpisjpwd; nfhz;ljhfTk; gad;gLj;Jk; El;g KiwNa

“Kfhikj;Jtk;” vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. tsq;fspypUe;J cr;r mstpyhd

gad;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ tpidj;jpwd; vdTk;> Fwpj;j fhyj;jpDs; Fiwe;j

nryTld; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy; tpisjpwd; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl

KbAk;;.

Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs;:

jpl;lkply;

xOq;fikj;jy;

newpg;gLj;Jjy;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;

Kfhikj;Jtk;

fUkq;fs;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

xOq;fikj;jy;

newpg;gLj;Jjy;jpl;lkply;

mwpKfk;

Page 59: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

33tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

jpl;lkply;:

mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fisj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fk;> mt;thW jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l

me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fk; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd nrad;Kiwiaj;

jPu;khdpj;jy; ~jpl;lkply;| vdg;gLk;. nghUj;jkhd jpl;lkplyhdJ vjpu;fhyj;Jld;

tzpf eltbf;iffs; njhlu;GgLk; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

xOq;fikj;jy;:

mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L mjid mile;J nfhs;Sk;

tifapy; mjpfhuq;fisAk;> nghWg;Gf;fisAk; xg;gilf;Fk; nrad;KiwNa

~xOq;fikj;jy;| vdf; $wg;gLk;. tzpf mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fisf;

nfhz;L xt;nthU Nehf;fq;fisAk; ntw;wpfukhf mile;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy;

xJf;fPL nra;jy; xOq;fikj;jypy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

newpg;gLj;Jjy;:

mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ kdpj tsq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy; <LgLj;Jk; nghUl;L

mjpfhuq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; nrad;Kiw ~newpg;gLj;Jjy;| vdg;gLk;. mikg;gpd;

Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F kdpj tsq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy;

newpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;:

mikg;nghd;wpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpid mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njit

ahd eltbf;iffs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wjh vd;gijj; Njbawpe;J> mt;thW ,lk;

ngwhjpUg;gpd; mjw;Fj; Njitahd gupfhu eltbf;iffis xOq;fikj;Jf;

nfhs;Sk; nray;Kiwiaf; ~fl;Lg;gLj;jy;| vd vspikahff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghlmyfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ ,izg;G 7.1.1

,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kfhikj;Jtk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiwapidf; fhl;Lk;

ml;ltizapD}lhf fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;. mjD}lhf

Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jq;fs. ,jw;fhf

,izg;G 7.1.1 ,y; khztu;fSf;Fj; njspthf tpsq;FkhW ngupJgLj;jp

Kd;itf;fTk;.

ve;jnthU epWtdj;jpYk; my;yJ Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;wpYk; Kfhikj;JtkhdJ

nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vdTk;> ,jw;fhf Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;

gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; khztu;fSf;F vspikahd Kiwapy; njspTgLj;jTk;.

,q;F ghlrhiynahd;wpd; tFg;giwapy;> tpQ;Qhd Ma;T $lj;jpy;> E}yfj;jpy;>

rpw;Wz;br;rhiyapy;> fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; tpisahl;L tpoh Nghd;witfspy;

Kfhikj;Jtk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk;. mNjNghd;W tzpfq;

fshd rpy;yiw tpahghu epiyak;> itj;jparhiy Nghd;wtw;wpYk; Kfhikj;

Jtk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.

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34tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,jidg; gw;wp kpfTk; $ba tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,izg;G

7.1.2 ,d; nraw;ghl;by; khztu;fis <LgLj;jr; nra;aTk;. ,q;F ghlrhiyf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd tifapy; khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; jiyg;Gf;fisj; jPu;khdpf;fTk;.

khztu;fspd; nraw;ghl;bd; gpd;du; FOf;fspd; jfty;fisg; nghUj;jkhd

tifapy; tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

khztu;fspd; Njbawpjy;fis kjpg;gPl;bw;Fl;gLj;Jq;fs;.

,izg;G 7.1.1:

ghlrhiynahd;wpd; Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs;.

(1) jpl;lkply;

ghlrhiynahd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fisj;

jPu;khdpj;jy;.

rpwe;j ew;gpuirfis cUthf;Fjy;.

ew;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l

khztu;fis cUthf;Fjy;.

jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd; nfhz;l

khztu;fis cUthf;Fjy;.

#oiy Nerpf;Fk; khztu;fis

cUthf;Fjy;.

#oiy Nerpf;ff;$bajhd

mikg;gpy; ghlrhiyr; #oiy

cUthf;Fjy;.

Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jf;$ba kpfTk; nghUj;j

khd topKiwfisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

tpisahl;Lg;Nghl;b

fiy tpohf;fs;

rka epfo;r;rpfs;

rq;fq;fs;> fofq;fsJ Ntiyj;

jpl;lq;fs;

rpwe;j fw;wy; #oy;

r%fj;jpw;F rpwe;j MNyhrid

fis ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;

Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fs;.

(2) xOq;fikj;jy;

Nkw;fhl;ba Nehf;fq;fis epiw

Ntw;Wtjw;fhf ghlrhiynahd;

wpy; ,Uf;Fk; gpuptpdu;fspilNa

fUkq;fs; gfpu;jy;. (gjtpfisg;

gpupj;J toq;fy;.)

mjpgu;

gFjpj;jiytu;

ghlj;jiytu;

ghlg; nghWg;ghrpupau;

khztu; jiytu;

tFg;Gj; jiytu;

vOJtpidQu;

mYtyf cjtpahsu;

fhtyhsp

mjpgu ;

cg mjpgu; cg mjpgu;

(mgptpUj;jp) (epUthfk;)

ghlj; jiytu; ghlj; jiytu;

khztu; jiytu; khztu; jiytu;

tFg;Gj; jiytu; tFg;Gj; jiytu;

Page 61: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

35tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 7.1.2:

khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;

gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspypUe;J cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpid ,dq;fhzTk;.

rpy;yiw tpw;gid epiyak;

nerTj; njhopw;rhiy

jdpahu; itj;jparhiy

ghlrhiy tFg;giw

cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpw;Nfw;wthW gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd

jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jTk;.

cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpw;fhd ,lj;jpd; / epWtdj;jpdJ Nehf;fq;

fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd nrad;Kiwfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;

fhl;lTk;.

cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j epiyaj;jpd; / ,lj;jpd; fUkq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;

fhf mjpy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s gjtpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

cq;fsJ epiyaj;jpd; / epWtdj;jpd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; xOq;FKiwahf

vt;thW newpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; rupahd Kiwapy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wjh? vd;gjid vt;thwhd

Kiwapy; Njbawpag;gLfpd;wJ.

jiyg;Gf;Nfw;wthW cq;fshy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fSf;fika

Kfhikj;Jtk; vdf; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ? vd;gjid RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;

fhl;lTk;.

(3) newpg;gLj;jy; xt;nthU gjtpfspdbg;gilapy;

xg;gilf;fg;gl;l Ntiyfis

rupahd Kiwapy; epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;tjw;Fj; jiyikj;J

tj;ij Vw;W eltbf;if Nkw;

nfhs;sy;.

mjpgu; %yk; ghlrhiyia

newpg;gLj;Jjy;.

Mrpupau; %yk; khztu;fis

newpg;gLj;Jjy;.

tFg;G khztu;fis tFg;Gj;

jiytu; %yk; newpg;gLj;Jjy;.

(4) fl;Lg;gLj;jy; ghlrhiynahd;wpy; Nehf;fq;

fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l topKiwfs;

rupahd Kiwapy; ,lk; ngW

fpd;wjh vd;gjidj; Njbawpjy;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy; %ykhf ,lk;ngWk;.

md;whl Rj;jpfupg;G eltbf;if

fs; ,lk;ngWfpwjh vd;gjid

khztu; jiytu;fs; %yk; Njb

awpjy;.

ghlrhiyapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nrad;Kiwfs; cupathW ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sjh vd;gjidg; guPl;irg;

ngWNgWfs; %yk; Njbawpjy;.

ghlrhiyapy; ,y;y tpisahl;L

tpoh rupahd Kiwapy; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sjh vd;gjidj;

Njbawpjy;.

Page 62: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

36tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 7.1.3:

jpl;lkply;:

mikg;nghd;wpdJ Nehf;fq;fisj; jPu;khdk; nra;tjw;Fk;> mtw;iw epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;tjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd topKiwfisj; jPu;khdk; nra;Ak; topKiwNa

jpllkply; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. jpl;lkplyhdJ vjpu;fhyj;Jld; tzpf

eltbf;iffs; njhlu;GgLk; Kiwapid Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

xOq;fikj;jy;:

mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; mikg;gpd; njhopy;

mjpfhuq;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;iw toq;Fk; nrad;KiwNa xOq;fikg;G

vdf; $wg;gLk;. tzpf mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fis mjdJ Nehf;fj;ij

mile;J nfhs;sf;$bathW xJf;Fjy; xOq;fikj;jy; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.

newpg;gLj;Jjy;:

mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F khdpl tsq;fisr;

rupahd Kiwapy; <LgLj;Jk; nghUl;L mjpfhuq;fis cUthf;Fk; nrad;

KiwNa newpg;gLj;jy; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;:

jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l ,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd eltbf;iffs;

,lk;ngWfpd;wjh vd;gjidj; Njbawpe;J> mit cupa Kiwapy; ,lk; ngwh

jpUg;gpd; Njitahd fUkq;fis xOq;fikg;Gr; nra;Ak; nray; KiwNa

fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :

juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ njhlu;ghf RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fthu;.

Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

Page 63: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

37tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : tzpf Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd ; mbg;gilj;jpwd;fis

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.2 : re;ijg;gLj;jypd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghl;bidj; Njbawpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUtpid vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.

re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitf;Fupa cUg;gbfisg; ngaupLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

re;ijg;gLj;jy;

re;ijg;gLj;jy;:

kdpj Njitfs; tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ngWkjpfSld; $bajhd

nghUnshd;iw cUthf;fp toq;Fk; nrad;KiwNa ~re;ijg;gLj;jy;| vdf;

Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

kdpj Njitfs; tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfg; nghUl;fisAk;>

NritfisAk;>

cw;gj;jpia mwpKfg;gLj;jy;>

tpiy Fwpj;jy;>

tpepNahfpj;jy;>

Nkk;gLj;jy;>

Nghd;w fUkq;fspd;NghJ tpUg;gq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy;

g+u;j;jp nra;jy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; %ykhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

midj;J tzpfq;fSk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba kpf Kf;fpakhd vz;zf;fUthf

~re;ijg;gLj;jy;| mikfpd;wJ.

cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;

product

Nkk;gLj;jy;

Promotiontpiy

Price

,lk;

Place

re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit

Page 64: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

38tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit:

,yf;Fr; re;ijapd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;Lr; rhjfkhd Jyq;fiy

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epWtdnkhd;wpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba

khwpfsJ njhFjpnahd;wpd; fyitNa ~re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit| vdf; Fwpg;gplg;

gLk;.

tpUg;gq;fis g+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Efu;Nthu;fisf; nfhz;l

njhFjpNa ~,yf;Fr; re;ij| vdf; fUjg;gLk;. re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitahdJ

gpujhdkhf ehd;F gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ.

cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;: Efug;gLtjd; / ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; Njitfs;>

tpUg;gq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tifapy; re;ijapy; Kd;itf;

fg;gLk; ve;jnthd;Wk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; vd miof;fg;

gLk;. mjhtJ> mit nghUs; my;yJ Nrit vDk;

tifapy; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.

tpiy: ahNjDk; nghUs; my;yJ Nritnahd;iwf; nfhs;tdT

nra;tjw;F Efu;Nthd; nrYj;Jtjw;F tpUk;Gk; gzg;

ngWkhdNk ~tpiy| vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

,lk;: nghUs; my;yJ Nritapid Efu;NthUf;Fk; ngw;Wf;

nfhLf;Fk; Kiw ~,lk;| vd miof;fg;gLk;.

Nkk;ghL: tzpfj;jpdhy; tpw;gidia mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;

gLj;jg;gLk; cgha topKiwfs; ~Nkk;gLj;jy;| vd;W

miof;fg;gLk;.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ ,izg;G

7.2.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpapd; glj;jpid khztu;fSf;F

Kd;itj;Jf; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.

fyitf;Fupa gpupTfs; njhlu;gpy; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;. mjhtJ kdpj Njitfs;>

tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; nghOJ ,q;F re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitahdJ kpf

Kf;fpakhdJ vdTk;> mjd; gpujhd gpupTfshf>

cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;>

tpiy>

,lk;>

Nkk;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk; vd;gjid njspTgLj;jTk;.

mjd; gpd;du; ,izg;G 7.2.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapid

Ak;> ,izg;G 7.2.2y; khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuj;jpidAk; khztu;fSf;F

toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

khztu;fis ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J (MrpupauJ tpUg;gj;jpdbg;gilapy;)

xU FOtpd; rhu;gpy; (ghy;khg; nghjp xd;W> Ngidnahd;W> Gj;jfnkhd;W)

Nghd;w cw;gj;jpfspy; xt;nthU nghUl;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

Page 65: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

39tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 7.2.1:

,izg;G 7.2.2:

khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit njhlu;ghd glj;jpd; tpsf;fj;jpid njspthfg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sTk;.

re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapy; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghff;

fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.

cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;

tpiy

,lk;

Nkk;gLj;jy;

cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j nghUSf;Fupa re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapd; cq;fsJ

jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fupa tpilfisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jTk;.

cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpidr; RUf;fkhf mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.

cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba

tplaq;fis re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitg;glj;jpd; / ghlE}ypd; Jiznfhz;L

Kd;itf;fr; nra;aTk;.

cq;fshy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fis Mrpupau; topfhl;bapdbg;gilapy;

tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; nra;aTk;.

,tw;iwr; re;ijg;gLj;J

tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;

gLk; cgha topKiwfs;

vit?

,jid Efu;NthDf;F

tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

Kiwfs; vit?

,t;Tw;gj;jpg; nghUis

Efu;NthDf;F tpw;gid

nra;jy; njhlu;ghf

cw;gj;jpahsd; cw;gj;jp

nra;Ak;NghJ

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s

Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

vit?

,tw;wpw;F cw;gj;jp

ahsu; vt;thW tpiy

njhlu;ghd epge;jidfs;>

fopT> gzk; nrYj;j

Ntz;ba fhyk;>

Vida nfhLg;gdTfs;

vd;git ahit?

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9

0

Page 66: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

40tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjidr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fthu;.

re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapd; $Wfisg; ngaupLthu;.

,izg;G 7.2.3:

tpepNahfpj;jy;

miktplk;

,Ug;G

Nghf;Ftuj;J

cs;thq;fg;gLk; gFjp

tpsk;guk;

jdpahu; tpw;gidfs;

kf;fs; njhlu;G

tpw;gid Nkk;ghL

juk;

gz;Gfs;

tbtikg;G

nghjpaply;

tpahghuf;Fwp

msT

nghWg;G

Nritfs;

fopTfs;

nfhLg;gdTfs;

gl;bay; tpiy

fld; epge;jidfs;

nfhLg;gdTfs;

re;ijg;gLj;jy;fyit

Nkk;gLj;jy;

t piy

,lk;

cw;gj;j pg ;

nghUs;

Page 67: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

41tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.1 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

epjpf; $w;Wf;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

tpahghuf; fzf;ifj; jahupj;J nkhj;j ,yhgj;ij / el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

epjpf;$w;Wf;fs;:

fzf;fPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwapd; ,Wjp tpisthf epjpf; $w;Wf;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

,t;tifapy; tzpfnkhd;wpdhy; tUkhdf;$w;Wk; (tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F)

epjpepiyikf;$w;Wk; (Ie;njhif) jahupf;fg;gLk;.

tpahghuf; fzf;F:

tzpfnkhd;wpd; Fwpj;j fzf;fPl;Lf; fhy ,Wjpapy; nkhj;j ,yhgk; / el;lj;jpidf;

fzpg;gpLtjw;fhf tpahghuf; fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. ,jpy; tpw;gid tUkhdq;

fSk;> ,t;tpw;gid tUkhdq; fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Vw;gl;l tpw;gidf;

fpuaq;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.

epjpf;$w;Wf;fs;

tUkhdf;$w;W

Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk;

,yhg el;lf; fzf;F

epjp epiyikf;$w;W

>>

tpahghuf; fzf;F>

Page 68: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

42tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

tpahghuf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup

......................................................... tzpfk;

.............. jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tpahghuf; fzf;F

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;nghOJ ,izg;G 8.1.1 ,y;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tzpfj; jfty;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;fp ,U tzpfq;

fspd; ngWNgw;wpidf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhff; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw elj;jTk;.

tzpfnkhd;wpd; nkhj;j ,yhgj;ij my;yJ el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLjYf;fhf

tzpfj;jpd; nraw;ghl;L tUkhdkhfpa tpw;gid tUkhdq;fSk;> mt;tpw;gidg;

nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhf Vw;gl;l fpuaq;fs; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

vd;gij khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jTk;. ,q;F tpw;gidf; fpuaj;ijf;

fzpg;gpLk; Kiwapid khztu;fSf;F njspTgLj;jTk;;.

gpd;du; tzpfnkhd;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspD}lhf tpahghuf;

fzf;nfhd;iwj; jahupg;gjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;. ,jw;fhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

,izg;G 8.1.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fspYk; MNyhridfspYk;

ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.

khztu;fspdhy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fs; rupah vd;gjid mwpe;J

nfhs;Sq;fs;. gpioahapd; mtw;wpidj; jpUj;Jtjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.

,t;thwhd tifapy; gy gapw;rpfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

,izg;G 8.1.1:

Muk;g ,Ug;G

nfhs;tdTfs;

$l;Lf: cl;Rikf;$yp

fop: ,Wjp ,Ug;G

tpw;w ruf;fpd; fpuak;

nkhj;j ,yhgk; (,yhg

el;l fzf;fpw;F nfh/nr)

tpw;gidfs;xxx

xxxxx(xx)xxx

xxxxx

xxxx

xxx

xxx

rhe;jd; tzpfk;

uk;ah tzpfk;

tpw;gidfs; nfhs;tdTfs;t;

&gh 75 000 &gh 60 000

cl;Rikf;$yp &gh 25 000

tpw ;gidfs; nfhs;tdTfs;

&gh 100 000 &gh 60 000

cl;Rikf;$yp

&gh 25 000

Page 69: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

43tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 8.1.2:

epY}fh tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd jfty;fs

gpd;tUkhW:

&gh

tpw;gidfs; 150 000

2015.01.01y; ,Ug;Gf;fs; 45 000

2015.12.31y; ,Ug;Gf;fs; 15 000

nfhs;tdTfs; 88 000

cl;Rikf;$yp 2 000

khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs; ,t;tzpfj;jpd; tpw;gid tUkhdj;jpidf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

,t;tzpfj;jpd; tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gplTk;.

2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j ,yhgj;jpidf;

fzpg;gplTk;.

ghlE}ypd; JizAld; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd

tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupf;fTk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;gjd; Nehf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.

Muk;g ,Ug;G> nfhs;tdTfs;> cl;Rikf;$yp> tpw;gidfs; vd;gdtw;iw

tpahghuf; fzf;fpy; gjpT nra;thu;.

tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupj;J nkhj;j

,yhgj;ij my;yJ nkhj;j el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

Page 70: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

44tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2 : tzpfj;jpd; ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

,yhg el;lf; fzf;F vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.

tpepNahfr; nryTfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

epu;thfr; nryTfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

epjp Vida nryTfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.

nkhj;j ,yhgj;Jld; Vida tUkhdq;fis ,izg;ghu;.

tUkhdf;$w;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.

Njwpa ,yhgk; / Njwpa el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk; %yjdj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

tUkhdf;$w;W

(tpahghu ,yhgel;lf; fzf;F)

tpahghuf;fzf;F

nkhj;j ,yhgk; / nkhj;j el;lk;

>

,yhgel;lf; fzf;F

>

- tpepNahfr; nryTfs;

- epu;thfr; nryTfs;

- epjp> Vida nryTfs;

$l;Lf:

Vida tUkhdq;fs;

>

%yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;Wjy;

Njwpa ,yhgk; / Njwpa el;lk;

>

Page 71: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

45tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,yhg el;lf; fzf;F,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpd; %yNk tzpfnkhd;wpd; cz;ikahd nraw;ghl;Lg; ngWNgWfzpg;gplg;gLk;. tzpfnkhd;W ,yhgk; cioj;Js;sjh? my;yJ el;lkile;Js;sjhvd;gjidj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf ,yhg el;lf; fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. tpahghuf;fzf;ifj; jahupj;jjd; gpd;du; vQ;rpAs;s tUkhdq;fs; nryTfs; fzf;Ffismbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yhg el;lf; fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. tpahghuf; fzf;fpd;%yk; ngwg;gl;l nkhj;j ,yhgk; my;yJ nkhj;j el;lj;Jld; epjpahz;Lf;fhdtUkhdq;fs; nryTfis xg;gpLtjd; %yk; Njwpa ,yhgk; my;yJ Njwpa

el;lk; fzpf;fg;gLk;.

tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup

Nfhriy tzpfk;.....12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd

tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F

&gh &gh &gh

xxx

xxx

xxxxx

xxx

20......01.01y; ,Ug;G

nfhs;tdTfs;

$l;Lf:- cl;Rikf;$yp

fop:- .........12.31y; ,Ug;G

tpw;gidf;fpuak;

nkh.,yhgk; (,yhgel;l fzf;fpw;F

nfh.nr.)

tpepNahfr; nryTfs;tpsk;gur; nryTfs;

nfhLj;j fopT

tpw;gidahsu; rk;gsk;

mwtplKbahf; fld;

Nkhl;lhu; thfdg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T

epu;thfr; nryTfs;

fl;ll thlifAk; ,iwAk;

fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzq;fs;

epu;thfr; nryTfs;

vOJfUtpfSk;mr;rbj;jYk;

fl;llg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T

epjp kw;Wk; Vida nryTfs;tq;fp Nkyjpfg; gw;W tl;b

tq;fpf; fl;lzk;

tq;fpf; fld; tl;b

Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk;%yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;wpaJ.

tpw;gidfs;

nkh.,yhgk; fP.nfh.t.

ngw;w fopTfs;

ngw;w juF

KjyPl;L tUkhdq;fs;

xxx

xxxxx(xx)xxx

xxxxx

xx

xx

xx xxx

xx

xxx

xxxx

xxxxx

xxxxxx

xxx

Page 72: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

46tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

tUkhdf;$w;W khjpup:......................................................... tzpfk;

.............. jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tUkhdf;$w;W

tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F

tpahghuf; fzf;ifAk; ,yhg el;lf; fzf;ifAk; jdpj;jdpahfj; jahupg;gJ

njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;whYk;> nghJthf tzpfq;fs; tpahghu> ,yhg

el;lf; fzf;Ffisj; njhlu;r;rpahfj; jahupf;Fk;.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;wthW Kjyhtjhfg; ghlmyfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;nghOJ

,izg;G 8.2.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Rtu;zh tzpfj;jpd; jfty;fs; kPJ

ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jp tpahghuf; fzf;ifj; jahupg;gjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

gpd;du; ,izg;G 8.2.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;nfhj;jpid khztu;fSf;Fg;

ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jr; nra;aTk;.

khztu;fspd; tpilfs; rupahditah vd;gjidf; fz;lwpe;J toq;fg;gl;l

jfty;fspD}lhf tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpidj; njhlu;r;rpahditahfj;

jahupg;gjpy; <LgLj;jTk;.

xxx

(xx)xxxxxx

(xx)

xx

xx

xxxx

(xx)xx

x

x

x

&gh

tpw;gidfs;

tpw;gidf;fpuak;:Muk;g ,Ug;G

nfhs;tdTfs;

$l;Lf: cl;Rik$ypfs;

,Wjp ,Ug;G

tpw;gidf; fpuak;

nkhj;j ,yhgk;

Vida tUkhdq;fs;

fop: - tpepNahfr; nryTfs;

tpsk;gur; nryTfs;

nfhLj;j fopT

tpw;gidahsu; rk;gsk;

mwtplKbahf; fld;

Nkhl;lhu; thfdg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T

epu;thfr; nryTfs;

fl;ll thlifAk; ,iwAk;

fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzq;fs;

epu;thfr; nryTfs;

vOJfUtpfSk;mr;rbj;jYk;

fl;llg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T

epjp kw;Wk; Vida nryTfs;

tq;fp Nkyjpfg; gw;W tl;b

tq;fpf; fld; tl;b

tq;fpf; fl;lzk;

Njwpa ,yhgk; %yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;wpaJ

&gh

xxxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxx

&gh

Page 73: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

47tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 8.2.1:Rtu;zh tzpk;

2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j

tUlj;jpw;fhd guPl;ir kPjp

ftdpf;fTk;:- nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l midj;Jg; nghUl;fSk; tpw;gid nra;ag;

gl;Ls;sd.

,izg;G 8.2.2:khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;:

(1) guPl;ir kPjpapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tUkhdq;fis nryTfs; ntt;Ntwhf tifg;

gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

(2) tpw;gidf;fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLf.

(3) nryTg;gl;baiyg; gpd;tUk; Jiwfspd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

tpepNahfr; nryTfs;

epu;thfr; nryTfs;

epjp kw;Wk; Vida nryTfs;

fzf;fpd; ngau;

fhR kPjp

tq;fp kPjp

rpy;yiwf; fhR kPjp

fl;llk;

,Ug;G 2015.01.01

nfhs;tdTfs;

tq;fpf;fld;

tpw;gidfs;

fld;gl;Nlhu;

fld;nfhLj;Njhu;

nfhLj;j fopT

ngw;w fopT

rk;gsKk; $ypAk;

jsghlk;

fhg;GWjp

Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk;

kpd;fl;lzk;

Vida tUkhdq;fs;

vOJfUtpfs;

tq;fpf; fl;lzk;

fl;llk; gOJghu;j;jy;

Nkhl;lhu;

%yjdk;

tpsk;gur; nryTfs;

tq;fpf; fld; tl;b

tuT&gh

6 0003 000

10020 0004 000

30 000--

12 000-

2 000-

5 50015 0001 200

8001 000

-500900

2 00025 000

-1 000

500130 500

nryT&gh

------

15 00055 000

-20 000

-4 000

-----

1 500----

35 000--

130 500

Page 74: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

48tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

(4) ghlE}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s fpilmikg;G khjpupiag; gad;gLj;jp 2015.12.31

Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpid

jahupf;fTk;.

(5) ,t;tzpfj;jpd; epjpahz;bd; Njwpa ,yhgj;jpid my;yJ Njwpa el;lj;jpid

%yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;Wtjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjptpid vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

(6) tFg;gpYs;s Vida khztu;fspdhy; fzpg;gplg;gl;l Njwpa ,yhgk; my;yJ

el;lj;Jld; ckJ tpilahdJ rupahf mike;Js;sjh vd;gjid xg;gpl;lwpAq;fs;.

(7) tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpd; jfty;fis tUkhdf;$w;wpd; %yk;

(epiyf;Fj;J tbtpy;) Kd;itf;fTk;.

tpilfs;:

epjp kw;Wk; &ghVida nryTfs;

tq;fpf;fl;lzk; 900

tq;fpf; fld;tl;b 500

1 400

(3) epu;thfr; nryTfs; &gh

rk;gsKk; $ypAk; 5 500

fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk; 1 200

kpd;fl;lzk; 1 000

vOJfUtpfs; 500

fl;llk; gOJghu;j;jy;

nryTfs; 2 000

10 200

tpepNahfr; nryTfs; &gh

nfhLj;j fopTfs; 2 000

Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk; 800

tpsk;guk; 1 000

3 800

nryTfs; &gh

nfhs;tdTfs; 30 000

2015.01.01 ,y; ,Ug;G 4 000

nfhLj;j fopTfs; 2 000

rk;gsKk; $ypAk; 5 500

fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk; 1200

Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk; 800

kpd;fl;lzk; 1 000

vOJfUtpfs; 500

tq;fpf;fl;lzk; 900

fl;llg; gOJghu;j;jy; nryTfs; 2 000

tpsk;gur; nryTfs; 1 000

tq;fpf; fld; tl;b 500

(1) tUkhdq;fs; &gh

ngw;w fopTfs; 4 000

Vida tUkhdq;fs; 1 500

nkhj;j ,yhgk; 21 000

26 500

(2) tpw;gidf;fpuak; &gh

2015.01.01 ,Ug;G 4 000

nfhs;tdTfs; 30 000

34 000

Page 75: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

49tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Rtu;zh tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;jtUlj;jpw;fhd tpahghu ,yhgel;lf; fzf;F

(5) ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F tuT 11 100

%yjdf;fzf;F nryT 11 100

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :

juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

tUkhdf;$w;wpidj; jahupg;gjd; Nehf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.

nkhj;j ,yhgj;ij my;yJ nkhj;j el;lj;ij ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpw;F khw;Wthu;.

Fwpj;j tUkhdk; nryTfis ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpy; gjpT nra;thu;.

toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tzpfnkhd;wpd; tUkhdf;$w;wpidj;

jahupg;ghu;.

2015.01.01y; ,Ug;G

$l;Lf: nfhs;tdTfs;

tpw;gidf;fpuak;

nkh.,yhgk; kP.fP.nfh.nr.

tpepNahfr; nryTfs;nfhLj;j fopTfs;

Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk;

tpsk;guk;

epu;thfr; nryTfs;rk;gsKk; $ypAk;

fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk;

kpd;fl;lzk;

vOJfUtpg; nghUl;fs;

gOJghu;j;jy; nryTfs;

epjp kw;Wk; Vida

nryTfs;tq;fpf; fl;lzk;

tq;fpf; fld; tl;b

Njwpa ,yhgk; %yjdf;

fzf;fpw;F khw;wpaJ

&gh

2 000800

1 000

5 5001 2001 000

5002 000

900500

&gh

4 00030 00034 00021 00055 000

3 800

10 200

1 40015 40011 100

26 500

&gh

4 0001 500

&gh

55 000

55 000

21 000

5 500

26 500

tpw;gidfs;

nkh.,yhgk; kP.fP.nfh.t.

ngw;w fopTfs;

Vida tUkhdq;fs;

(4)

Page 76: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

50tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.3 : epjpahz;Lf;Fupa nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfisAk; ngw

Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fisAk; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

ml;LW / epYit mbg;gilapid vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.

epjpahz;Lf;Fupa nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fisr; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.

epjpahz;Lf;Fupa ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fisr; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

ml;LW mbg;gil:

tzpfnkhd;wpd; Fwpj;j epjpahz;Lf;Fupa cz;ikahd tUkhdq;fSk; nryT

fSk; fhrhfg; ngwg;gl;lhYk;> ngwg;glhtpbDk;> fhrhf nrYj;jg;gl;lhYk;>

nrYj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk;> Fwpj;j epjpahz;Lf;Fupajhf ,Ug;gpd; Njwpa

,yhgj;ijf; fzpg;gpLk; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ml;LW

mbg;gilahFk;.

nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fs;:

epjpahz;bw;Fupajhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; me;epjpahz;bd; ,Wjp tiu nrYj;jg;

glhjpUf;Fk; nryTfs; nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

,jd; ,ul;ilg; gjpthdJ

Fwpj;j nrytpdf; fzf;F tuT

nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdf; fzf;F nryT

fhuzk;:- Fwpj;j nryTfs; mjpfupg;gjdhy; ~tuthf| ,Ug;gJld;> Fwpj;j

epYitr; nryTfs; nghWg;nghd;whf ,Ug;gjdhy; mJ ~nrythf|

mikAk;.

epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;

ml;LW mbg;gilapy;

nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fs; ngw Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fs;

c+k;: nrYj;jNtz;ba epWtd thlif c+k;: ngwNtz;ba epWtd thlif

nrYj;jNtz;ba kpd;fl;lzk; ngwNtz;ba juFf; fl;lzk;

^

Page 77: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

51tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

ngw Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fs;:

epjpahz;Lf;Fupajhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; me;epjpahz;L ,Wjp tiuapy; NjwhJs;s

tUkhdq;fs; ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.

,jd; ,ul;ilg; gjpT

ngwNtz;ba tUkhdf;fzf;F tuT

Fwpj;j tUkhdf; fzf;F nryT

fhuzk;:- ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs; nrhj;jhf ,Ug;gjdhy;. nrhj;J mjpfupg;G

tuthfTk;> tUkhdq;fs; mjpfupg;gjdhy;> mt;tUkhdq;fs; nrythf

Tk; mikAk;.

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ ,izg;G 8.3.1y;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tPnlhd;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; mlq;fpa

gl;banyhd;iw khztu;fSf;F toq;fp khjhe;j nkhj;j tUkhdq;fs;

nrytpdq;fis fzpg;gjw;fhf mtu;fisr; rpe;jidf; fpswnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;t

jpy; <Lglr; nra;aTk;. khztu;fspd; Jyq;fy;fis fUk;gyifapy; xOq;FgLj;jp

vOjTk;.

,jd; gpd;du; khztu; Jyq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L Nkw;fhl;ba tPl;bd;

[dtup khjj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j tUkhdq;fs;> nryTfisf; fzpg;gjw;F ,Jtiu

apy; ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs;> nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfs; vd;gtw;iwr;

nrk;ikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jTk;.

mt;tPl;bd; ,yhgj;ij kPz;Lk; fzpg;gplTk;.

,izg;G 8.3.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l fpU\;zh tzpfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy;fs; mlq;fpa gl;baiy khztu;fSf;F toq;fp> mjid thrpg;gjw;Fj;

Njitahd Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.

,r;nraw;ghL ehd;F gbKiwfspdbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,jw;fika

xU gbKiw Kbtile;jjd; gpd;du;> ,uz;lhtJ gbKiwia Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;

KiwfSf;fika khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

gpd;tUk; MNyhridfSf;fika khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

tpil vOJk;nghOJ ,izg;G 8.3.3y; fhl;lg;gl;l Kiwf;fika ml;ltiz

nahd;iwj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.

mt;thwpd;Nwy; ePq;fs; xU gpujp nra;j gbtnkhd;iw toq;fTk;.

Mrpupau;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;: KjyhtJ tpdhtpw;F tpil mspj;j gpd;du; mt;NtisapNyNa ,izg;G

8.3.4y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,jw;fhd tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjpy; khztu;fis

<Lglr; nra;aTk;.

khztu; tpilfsJ rup. gpiofis cWjp nra;jjd; gpd;du; mtw;wpy; gpiofs;

,Ug;gpd; rup nra;tjpy; <LglTk;.

,k;KiwfSf;Nfw;g gbKiw xOq;fpw;fika Fwpj;j xt;nthU tpdhf;fSf;Fk;

tpilia vOjp rupahd tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjpYk; rup nra;tjpYk;

khztu;fis <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

Page 78: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

52tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 8.3.1:

tPnlhd;wpy; ,lk; ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; mlq;fpa gl;bay;:

[dtup khjj;jpw;F nrYj;jpa kpd;rhuf; fl;lzj; njhif &gh 12 000 MFk;.

mk;khjj;jpw;fhf NkYk; 1 000 &gh nrYj;j Ntz;b cs;sJ.

khjk; &gh 5 000 tPjk; thliff;F tplg;gl;l tPl;bw;F &gh 4 000 kl;LNk

fhrhfg; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,izg;G 8.3.2:

fpU\;zhtpd; tzpfk;

2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;

gpd;tUkhW:

(A) khjk; &gh 2 500 fhg;GWjpj; jtizf; fl;lzj;jpy; tUlj;jpDs; nrYj;jg;gl;l

fhg;GWjp fl;lzj; njhif &gh 25 000 MFk;.

(B) tzpfj;ij elj;jpr; nry;Yk; fl;llj;jpd; khjhe;j thlif &gh 15 000

MFk;. tUlj;jpDs; &gh 150 000 thlif nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(C) tzpfj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fhzpnahd;W khjhe;jf; Fj;jif &gh 10 000

tPjk; ,d;ndhU tzpfnkhd;wpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tUlj;jpDs; ngw;w

nkhj;jj; njhif &gh 100 000 khFk;.

(D) NtW tzpfnkhd;wpw;F Nkhl;lhu; thfdnkhd;W &gh 60 000 khjhe;j

thlif apdbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; mjd; %yk; mt;tUlj;jpDs;

ngw;w Nkhl;lhu; thlif tUkhdk; &gh 500 000 khFk;.

,izg;G 8.3.3:tpilaspg;gjw;fhd ml;ltiz:

1k; gbKiw:

1k; tpdh:

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa rupahd tpilf;F “ ” vDk; milahsj;ij

,lTk;.

nfhLf;fy; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba ngwNtz;ba

thq;fy; nrytpdnkhd;whFk; tUkhdnkhd;whFk;

A

B

C

D

(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

Page 79: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

53tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

2k; gbKiw:

2k; tpdh:

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa ngWkhdq;fSld; nrk;ikahf;fg;glNtz;ba

ngWkhdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

nfhLf;fy; nrk;ikahf;fg;gl Ntz;ba

thq;fy;fs; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; (ngWkhdj;Jld;)

A

B

C

D

(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

3k; gbKiw:

rupahd ,ul;ilg; gjpT.

nfhLf;fy; tuT itf;fg;gl nryT itf;fg;gl

thq;fy;fs; Ntz;ba fzf;F (&gh) Ntz;ba fzf;F (&gh)

A

B

C

D

(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

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54tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

4k; gbKiw:

,t;tpul;ilg; gjptpid NgNul;Lf; fzf;FfSf;F khw;Wf.

nfhLf;fy; fzf;Ffs;

thq;fy;fs;

A

B

C

D

(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

Page 81: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

55tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 8.3.4:

khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpilfslq;fpa ml;ltiz:

1k; gbKiw:

1k; tpdh: nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa rupahd tpilf;F “ ” vDk; mil

ahsj;ij ,lTk;.

nfhLf;fy; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba ngwNtz;ba

thq;fy;fs; nrytpdnkhd;whFk; tUkhdnkhd;whFk;

A

B

C

D

(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

2k; gbKiw

2k; tpdh:

nfhLf;fy; nrk;ikahf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ngWkhdq;fs;

thq;fy;fs;

A nrYj;j Ntz;ba fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk; &gh 5 000

B nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;ll thlif &gh 30 000

C ngwNtz;ba Fj;jif tUkhdk; &gh 20 000

D ngwNtz;ba Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdk; &gh 220 000

(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

Page 82: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

56tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

3k; gbKiw:

3k; tpdh:

nfhLf;fy; tuT itf;fg;gl nryT itf;fg;gl

thq;fy; Ntz;ba fzf;F (&gh) Ntz;ba fzf;F (&gh)

A fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzf; nrYj;j Ntz;bafzf;F &gh 5 000 fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzf;

fzf;F &gh 5 000

B fl;ll thliff; fzf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;ll&gh 30 000 thliff; fzf;F

&gh 30 000

C ngwNtz;ba Fj;jif Fj;jif tUkhdf; fzf;FtUkhdf; fzf;F &gh 20 000&gh 20 000

D ngwNtz;ba Nkhl;lhu; Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdf;thfd tUkhdf; fzf;F fzf;F &gh 220 000&gh 220 000

(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)4k; gbKiw:

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa ,ul;ilg; gjpTfis NgNul;Lf; fzf;FfSf;F khw;Wjy;.

(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)

fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzf; fzf;F

fhR

nr.Nt.fh.f/F25 0005 000

nrYj;j Ntz;ba

fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzf; fzf;F

fhg;GWjp 5 000

fl;ll thliff; fzf;F

fhR

nr.Nt.th.f/F150 00030 000

nrYj;j Ntz;ba

fl;ll thliff; fzf;F

thliff;

fzf;F

30 000

Fj;jif tUkhdf; fzf;F

fhR

ng.Nt.F.f/F100 00020 000

ngwNtz;ba Fj;jif tUkhdf; fzf;F

Fj;jiff;

fzf;F

20 000

Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdf; fzf;F

fhR

ng.Nt.

Nkhl;lhu;.f/F

500 000220 000

ngwNtz;ba

Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdf; fzf;F

Nkhl;lhu;

tUkhdf;

fzf;F

220 000

&gh &gh

&gh &gh

&gh &gh

&gh &gh

&gh &gh &gh &gh

&gh &gh &gh &gh

Page 83: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

57tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: ml;LW epYit mbg;gilia tpgupg;ghu;.

nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfs; njhlu;ghd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; %d;wpid

nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.

ngw Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fSld; njhlu;Gila nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; %d;wpidr;

nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.

Page 84: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

58tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.4 : epjpahz;Lf;Fupa mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikg;

gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

mwtplKbahf; fld; vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.

mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikahf;Fk; Kiwiaj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikahf;Ftjw;Fupa ,ul;ilg; gjptpid

Kd;itg;ghu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

mwtplKbahf;fld;:

fld;gl;NlhuplkpUe;J flid mwtpLjy; ,ayhJ vd cWjpahf mwpag;gl;ljd;

gpd;du; mf;fld; ngWkhdkhdJ mwtplKbahf; fldhfg; gjptopf;fg;gLk;.

mwtplKbahf; fldhdJ tzpfj;jpd; nrytpdnkhd;whff; fUjg;gLk;.

fld;gl;Nlhu; kuzkiljy;> Kwptiljy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; gzk;

fpilf;fhjpUg;gpd; tzpfj;jpw;F mwtplKbahf; fld; vDk; nrytpdnkhd;W

Vw;gLk;. NtW tifapy; Fwpg;gpLtjhdhy; fld;gl;Nlhu; vDk; nrhj;Jf; Fiw

tilAk;. ,jw;fika Fwpg;Ngl;by; gpd;tUkhW ,ul;ilg; gjpT nra;ag;gLk;.

,ul;ilg;gjpT tpsf;fk;

mwtplKbahf; fld; fzf;F tuT mwtplKbahf;fld; nry

fld;gl;Nlhu; fzf;F nryT nthd;whFk;.

nryT mjpfupj;jy; tuthFk;.

fld;gl;Nlhu; nrhj;njhd;whFk;.

nrhj;Jf; Fiwjy; nrythFk;.

mwtplKbahf; fld;

fld;gl;Nlhu; vDk; nrytpdk; mjpfupf;Fk;.

nrhj;Jf; FiwtilAk;.

tpepNahfr;nryTfs; mjpfupf;Fk;.

Page 85: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

59tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;F Vw;wthW Kjyhtjhfg; ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ

gpd;tUk; $w;wpid khztu;fSf;F Kd;itj;J mtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahlypy;

<LglTk;.

“tzpfnkhd;W flDf;F tpw;gid nra;jjd; %yk; ngwNtz;ba gzkhdJcWjpahff; fpilf;fg; ngwhJ vdj; njupatupd; mjw;F vd;d nra;a KbAk;”.

,g; ngWkhdkhdJ mwtpl Kbahf; fldhff; fUjp> tzpfj;jpd; nrytpd

nkhd;whf gjpT nra;ag;gLk; vd tpsf;fTk;.

,e;epiyikapid NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,izg;G 8.4.1y; cs;slf;fg;

gl;l khztu; MNyhridg;gbtj;ij khztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;fp> gpd;tUk;

nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

,izg;G 8.4.1:

khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;

gpd;tUk; tpla Ma;tpypUe;J cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpla Ma;tpd;

kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jTk;.

tpla Ma;T I tpla Ma;T II tpla Ma;T III

cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l tpla Ma;tpypUe;J rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sTk;.

tpla Ma;tpypUe;J Nknyof;$ba gpur;rpidfspd; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba

fhuzq;fs; vit vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

mg;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F cq;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; jPu;Tfs; vit

vdf; $Wf.

,g;gpur;rpid fhuzkhf tzpfj;jpd; nraw;ghl;Lg; ngWNgw;wpYk; nrhj;Jf;fspYk;

Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

cq;fsJ gpur;rpidiaf; fzf;Ffspy; gjptjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjpTfisAk;

NgNul;Lf; fzf;FfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

,izg;G 8.4.2:tpla Ma;T - I

Mde;jd; Kjyhsp “Mde;jh ];Nlhu;];” vDk; ngaupy; tzpfnkhd;iw elj;jpr;

nry;fpwhu;. mtu; cld; fhRf;F kl;Lkd;wp jd;dhy; ed;fwpe;jtu;fSf;F flDf;Fk;

tpw;gid nra;tJz;L. flDf;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;l gupr;rakhd thbf;ifahsu;

fsplkpUe;J &gh 20 000 ngwNtz;b ,Ue;jJ.

ry;khd; vDk; jdJ thbf;ifahsnuhUtu; ,Uja Nehapd; fhuzkhf jpBnud

,we;J tpl;likapdhy; mtuplkpUe;J ngwNtz;ba 4 000 &ghtpid mwtpl;Lf;

nfhs;s KbahJs;sJ.

Page 86: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

60tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

tpla Ma;T - II

Fkhupd; tzpfkhdJ cld; fhRf;F kl;Lkd;wp flDf;Fk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;

Nkw;nfhs;tJld; flDf;fhd tpw;gidfspd; ngWkhdk; &gh 35 000 Mf ,Ue;jJ.

cld; fhR tpw;gidfs; &gh 80 000 Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

tzpfj;jpd; fld;gl;Nlhu; xUtuhd jPgdpd; Kiwaw;w gof;ftof;fq;fspd; fhuzkhf

mtu; jdJ nrhj;Jf;fis ,of;fNtz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy;

toq;fg;gl;l jPu;g;nghd;wpd; %yk; ,tu; Kwptile;jtu; vd;gJ cWjpahfptpl;lJ.

tzpfj;jpw;F mtuplkpUe;J &gh 1 000 fpilf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

tpla Ma;T - III

jduh[; Kjyhsp cld; fhRf;F kl;Lkd;wp flDf;Fk; nghUl;fs; tpw;gid

nra;Ak; tzpfuhthu;. fld; tpw;gid %yk; ngwNtz;ba fhR &gh 24 000

vdTk;> cld; fhR tpw;gidfs; %yk; &gh 60 000 ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJk;

fzf;F ,ypfpju; %yk; mwpaf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

fld;gl;Nlhu; xUtuhd fkhy; vd;gtu; ePz;l fhykhfj; jiykiwthfp cs;shu;.

mtuplkpUe;J &gh 4 000 ngwNtz;b ,Ug;gjhf fzf;F ypfpjuhd milf;fyehjd;

Kjyhspf;F mwptpj;J tpl;lhu;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.;

,izg;G 8.4.1 ,d; gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: mwtplKbahf; fld; vd;gjid mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

mwtplKbahf; fld; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %d;wpid Kd;itg;ghu;.

mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikg;gLj;jk; ehl;Fwpg;ig Kd;itg;ghu;.

mwtplKbahf; flidf; fzf;Ffspy; gjpthu;.

mwtplKbahf; fldhdJ ,yhgj;jpYk;> nrhj;Jf;fspYk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;

jpid Kd;itg;ghu;.

Page 87: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

61tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.5 : epjpahz;Lf;Fupa eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg;

ngWkhdj; Nja;tpLthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg; ngWkhdj; Nja;T Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;

fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapyhd ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

ngWkhdj; Nja;T Vw;ghl;Lf; fzf;fpD}lhfg; ngWkhdj; Nja;itf; fzf;Ffspy;

gjpT nra;thu;.

ngWkhdj; Nja;thdJ ,yhgj;jpYk; nrhj;jpYk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpidj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg; ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;:

kPs; tpw;gid Nehf;fpd;wp tzpfj;jpd; cw;gj;jp my;yJ epu;thf eltbf;if

fSf;fhf ePz;l fhyk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa nrhj;Jf;fs; eilKiway;yhr;

nrhj;Jf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. fl;llk;> ,ae;jpuhjpfs;> Nkhl;lhu;> jsghl

cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;witfs; tzpfj;jpd; ePz;l fhyj; Njit fUjpg; gad;gLj;jg;

gLk; nrhj;Jf;fshFk;. fhyq; flg;gjdhy; my;yJ gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; gad;jU

MAl;fhyg; gFjpfspy; nrhj;jpd; FiwtilAk; ngWkjpahdJ nkhj;jg; ngWkhdj;

Nja;T vdg;gLk;.

eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg;ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;

ngWkhdj; Nja;tpLtjw;fhdfhuzq;fs;

Neu;Nfhl;L KiwapyhdngWkhdj; Nja;tply;

fpuak; ,opTg;ngWkhdk;

gad;jUMAl;fhyk;

fhyk; fle;jitahjy;ngsjPf mopTfs;ghtidf; fopTgoikahjy;

>>>>

Page 88: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

62tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

ngWkhdj; Nja;tpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs; fhyf;fopT / fhyq; fle;jitahjy;.

ngsjPff; fhuzpfs; mopTWjy;> mupj;jy;> JUg;gpbj;jy;.

Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapy; Nja;tpidf; fzpj;jy;:

xU tUlj;jpw;fhd ngWkhdj; fpuak; - ,opTg; ngWkhdk;

Nja;Tg; ngWkhdk; nrhj;jpd; gad;jU MAl;fhyk;

ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzf;Ffspy; gjptjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjpTfs;:

ngWkhdj; Nja;Tf; fzf;F tuT

ngWkhdj; Nja;T Vw;ghl;Lf; fzf;F nryT

(ftdpf;fTk;: f.ngh.j rhjhuz ju kl;lj;jpy; eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;

fSf;Fg; ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;> Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapyhd ngWkhdj;

Nja;tpLjy;> ngWkhdj;Nja;Tf;Ff; fzf;F itj;jy; vDk; %d;W tplaq;fs;

kl;Lk; vspikahff; fye;Jiuahlg;gLjy; NghJkhdJ.)

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ gpd;tUk; $w;wpid khztu;fSf;F

toq;fTk;.

“,w;iwf;F Ie;J tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; 200 000 &ghtpw;Ff;nfhs;tdT nra;j Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpd;jw;Nghija epiy vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;”

khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; Kiwahf vOJq;fs;.

,jD}lhfg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis ntspf;nfhzu;tjw;F

Kaw;rpf;fTk;.

ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzf;Ffspy; gjpT nra;a Ntz;LnkdTk;> mjidg;

gjptjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjptpid Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; topfhl;lTk;.

ngWkhdj;Nja;T njhlu;ghf NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,izg;G 8.5.1 ,d;

tpla Ma;tpidAk;> ,izg;G 8.5.2 ,d; khztu; MNyhridg; gbtj;jpidAk;

mtu;fSf;F toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

khztu;fs; Jyq;fy;fis ntspg;gLj;jpajd; gpd;du; mit njhlu;ghff; fzf;F

itg;G Kiwapidf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

=

Page 89: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

63tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 8.5.1:tpla Ma;T

fhq;Nfrd;JiwapYs;s fjpu;fhku; rPnke;Jf; fy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; njhopw;rhiy

nahd;wpw;F cupikahsuhf ,Uf;fpd;whu;. mtu; jdJ cw;gj;jp eltbf;if

fSf;fhf ,ae;jpunkhd;W &gh 30 000 j;jpw;Ff; nfhs;tsT nra;jhu;. mt;tpae;

jpuj;jpid Ie;J tUlq;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;j KbAnkd me;epWtdj;jpdhy;

cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Ie;J tUl ,Wjpapd; gpd;du; mt;tpae;jpuj;jpid

&gh 5 000 j;jpw;F tpw;gid nra;a KbAnkd mtu; fUJfpd;whu;.

%yg;nghUl;fis njhopw;rhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf if coT ,ae;jpu

nkhd;W &gh 80 000j;jpw;Ff; nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;lJ. tzpfj;jpdJ fUj;Jg;gb

mjidg; gj;J tUlq;fs; tiuapy; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. gj;J tUl ,Wjpapy;

&gh 10 000j;jpw;F tpw;gid nra;tjw;F mtu; vz;Zfpwhu;. tzpfk; tpuptilAk;

nghOJ ,t;coT ,ae;jpuj;jpid tpw;gid nra;J Gjpa nyhwpnahd;iw

thq;Ftjw;F mtu; vz;zpAs;shu;.

,izg;G 8.5.2:

khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;

gpd;tUk; jiyg;GfspypUe;J cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;Gj; njhlu;gpy;

ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.

rPnke;Jf; fy; cw;gj;jp ,ae;jpuk;

if coT ,ae;jpuk;

tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.

cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpw;Fupa nrhj;Jf;fs; vj;Njit fUjpf; nfhs;tdT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

nrhj;njhd;iw ePz;lfhyg; gad;ghl;bd; gpd;du; mr;nrhj;jpd; ngWkhdj;jpy;

Vw;gLk; jhf;fk; njhlu;ghf cq;fshy; ahJ $wKbAk;.

cq;fsJ tpilf;Fupa fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.

Fwpj;j eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;jpd; ngWkhdk; Fiwtiltjw;fhd fhuzq;fis

Kd;itf;fTk;.

Fwpj;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; tUlhe;jg; ngWkhdj; Nja;tpd; mstpid fzpg;gplTk;.

ngWkhdj; Nja;tpd; mstpid fzf;Ffspy; gjptjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjpTfisf;

fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s fzf;Ffspy; gjpe;J fhl;Lq;fs;.

,ae;jpuf; fzf;F ,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;Tf; fzf;F

,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T Vw;ghl;Lf; fzf;F

Page 90: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

64tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :

juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

Fwpj;j ,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;njhd;W Nja;TWtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapy; nrhj;njhd;wpd; ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

tUlhe;jg; ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidg; NgNul;Lf; fzf;Ffspy; gjpthu;.

tUlhe;jg; ngWkhdj; Nja;thdJ ,yhgj;jpYk; Fwpj;j nrhj;jpYk; Vw;gLj;Jk;

jhf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.

Page 91: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

65tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.6 : tzpfj;jpd; ,yhgj;jd;ikiaAk; epjp epiyikiaAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

tpNrl fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

epjpepiyikf;$w;wpy; / Ie;njhifapy; %yjdj;ijg; gjpT nra;thu;.

epjpepiyikf;$w;wpd; / Ie;njhifapd; cUg;gbfis eilKiw my;yhjit>

eilKiwahdit vd tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

epjpepiyikf;$w;iw / Ie;njhifiaj; jahupg;ghu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif

Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy; tzpfnkhd;wpd; nrhj;Jf;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> %yjdk; vd;gtw;wpd;

ngWkjpfisf; fhl;Lk; $w;W epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif vdg;gLk;.

tUkhdf; $w;wpidj; jahupj;jjd; gpd;du; vQ;rpAs;s midj;Jf; fzf;F kPjpfSk;

mjhtJ nrhj;Jf;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> %yjdk; vDk; kPjpfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif jahupf;fg;gLk;.

epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif

cs;slf;fk;fUj;Jf; $wy;

Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy;nrhj;Jf;fs;

eilKiwr;nrhj;Jf;fs; eilKiw my;yhr;

nrhj;Jf;fs;

Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy;nghWg;Gf;fd;

Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy;cupik

ePz;lfhyKjyPLfs;

Mjdk; nghwpcgfuzq;fs;

eilKiwmy;yhg;

nghWg;Gf;fs;

cupikahsupd;cupik

%yjdk;

gw;Wf;fspdhy;%yjdk;

FiwtilAk;.

Njwpa ,yhgj;jpdhy;%yjdk; mjpfupf;Fk;.

cjhuzq;fs;: tq;fp kPjp fhR ruf;fpUg;Gf;fs; fld;gl;Nlhu; fpilf;fNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs;

eilKiwg;nghWg;Gf;fs;

cjhuzq;fs;: fhzp fl;llk; Nkhl;lhu;; ,ae;jpuk;

tq;fpf;fld;cjhuzq;fs;: fld;nfhLj;Njhu; nrYj;jNtz;ba nryTfs;

Njwpa el;lj;jpdhy;%yjdk;

FiwtilAk;.

Page 92: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

66tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

epjpepiyikf; $w;wpd; khjpupaikg;G fpilaikg;G> epiyf;Fj;J tbtq;fspy;

KiwNa gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLk;.......................................................... tzpfj;jpd;

.............. jpfjpapy; cs;sthwhd Ie;njhif / epjpepiyikf;$w;W

......................................................... tzpfj;jpd;.............. jpfjpapy; cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;W

xxx

xx

x

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxxxxx

xxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxx

cupikahz;ik

%yjdk;

$l;Lf:

Njwpa ,yhgk;

fopf;f:

gw;Wf;fs;

eilKiw

my;yhg;

nghWg;Gf;fs;tq;fpf;fld;

eilKiwg;

nghWg;Gf;fs;fld;nfhLj;Njhu;nrYj;j Ntz;ba

nryTfs;

eilKiw my;yhr;

nrhj;Jf;fs;fhzpAk; fl;llKk;

,ae;jpu cgfuzk;

KjyPLfs;

eilKiwr;

nrhj;Jf;fs;,Ug;Gf;fs;

fld;gl;Nlhu;

ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs;

tq;fp kPjp

fhR kPjp

xxx

xxxxx(xx)

xx

xx

xxxx

xxxxx

xxx

fpuak;(&gh)

j puz;lngWkhdj;

Nja ;T(&gh)

Njw pangWkj p(&gh)

njhif(&gh)

eilKiw my;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fs;fhzpAk; fl;llKk;,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fs;KjyPLfs;

eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs;,Ug;Gf;fs;fld;gl;Nlhu;

ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs;tq;fp kPjpfhR kPjp

nkhj;jr; nrhj;Jf;fs;

%yjdKk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;%yjdf; fzf;F

$l;Lf: Njwpa ,yhgk;

fopf;f: gw;Wf;fs;eilKiw my;yhg; nghWg;Gf;fs;

tq;fpf;fld;eilKiwg; nghWg;Gf;fs;

fld;nfhLj;Njhu;nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfs;

xxxxx

xxx

xxxx

xxxx

xxxxx

xxx

(x)

xxx

xxxxxxx

xxxxxx

xxx

xx

xxxxx

&gh &gh&gh

xxxxx

xxx

jpuz;l ng.Njfpuak; Njwpa nfWkjp

Page 93: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

67tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa nraw;ghl;by; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhf gpd;tUk; fzf;fPl;Lr;

rkd;ghl;bidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp mjidg; gl;banyhd;whf Kd;itf;Fk;Kiw njhlu;ghf khztu;fs; mwpar; nra;aTk;.

nrhj;Jf;fs; = %yjdk; + nghWg;Gf;fs;fl;llk; + fld;gl;Nlhu; + fhR91 000 + 37 000 + 21 000 = 140 000 + 9 000

,izg;G 8.6.1w;Fupa up\;thd; tzpfj;jpdJ jfty;fis khztu;fSf;Ftoq;fTk;.

mf;nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspy; ftdQ; nrYj;jp tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Neuj;ij toq;fp ,izg;G 8.6.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l ml;ltizia toq;fTk;.

mt;tl;ltizapd; KjyhtJ gbKiwf;fhf khztu;fSf;F tpilnaOJtjw;FMNyhrid toq;fp mjw;Fj; Njitahd Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.

gpd;du; ,izg;G 8.6.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l tpil ml;ltizapypUe;J KjyhtJgbKiwf;Fupa tpilapid kl;Lk; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J khztu;fspd; tpilAld;xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW MW gbKiwfSk; KbAk; tiuapy; gbKiw gbKiwahfkhztu;fisf; nfhz;L tpilapidg; ngw;W xt;nthU gbKiwfSf;Fk;Vw;wthW cq;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjpy; mtu;fis<LgLj;jTk;.

,izg;G 8.6.1:

up];thd; tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; fhzg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;>cupik vd;gd gpd;tUkhW fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

&ghfhzp 400 000fl;llk; 200 000,ae;jpuk; 300 000Nkhl;lhu; 400 000jsghl cgfuzq;fs; 150 000KjyPL 100 0002015.12.31y; ng.Nja;T Vw;ghL: - fl;llk; 20 000 - ,ae;jpuk; 60 000 - Nkhl;lhu; 80 000 - jsghl cgfuzq;fs; 15 000

,Ug;Gf;fs; 220 000fld;gl;Nlhu; 80 000tq;fp kPjp 65 000fhR kPjp 34 000tq;fpf; fld; 400 000fld;nfhLj;Njhu; 51 000nfhLf;f Ntz;ba kpd;fl;lzk; 4 000ngwNtz;ba epWtd thlif 6 0002015.01.01y; %yjdk; 1 000 000Kbtile;j tUlj;jpd; Njwpa ,yhgk; 349 000gw;Wf;fs; 24 000

Nkw;fhl;ba jfty;fspD}lhf up];thd; tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy;

cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;wpidj; jahupf;fTk;.

Page 94: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

68tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;

,q;F cq;fSf;F fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;s tpilapid toq;Ftjw;fhd ml;ltiz

apy; gbKiw gbKiwahf tpdtg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;.

,q;F KjyhtJ gbKiwf;F tpilaspf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; Mrpupaupdhy; toq;fg;

gl;l tpilAld; rupahf mike;Js;sjh vd;gjid xg;gpl;Lg; ghUq;fs;.

,k;Kiwf;fika gbKiw gbKiwahf Mrpupaupd; MNyhridapd; fPo;

tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfSld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;j;J nraw;ghl;by; <LglTk;.

,izg;G 8.6.2:

tpilaspf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ml;ltiz:

1k; gbKiw:

eilKiw my;yhr; fpuak; jpuz;l ngWkhdj; Njwpa ngWkhdk;

nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh) Nja;T (&gh) (&gh)

fhzp 400 000 - 400 000fl;llk; 200 000 20 000 180 000,ae;jpuk; - 60 000 -Nkhl;lhu; 400 000 - -jsghl cgfuzq;fs; - - -

............. ............... .................ePz;lfhy KjyPL .................

2k; gbKiw:

eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh)

,Ug;Gf;fs; 220 000fld;gl;Nlhu; .............ngwNtz;ba fl;ll thlif .............tq;fp kPjp .............fhR kPjp .............

3k; gbKiw:

(&gh)

2015.01.01y; %yjdk; 1 000 000$l;Lf: Njwpa ,yhgk; ................

fopf;f: gw;Wf;fs; (24 000)2015.12.31y; %yjdk; .................

Page 95: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

69tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

4k; gbKiw:

eilKiw my;yhg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh)

tq;fpf;fld; ............

5k; gbKiw:

eilKiwhg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)

fld;nfhLj;Njhu; ............nfhLf;f Ntz;ba kpd;fl;lzk; ............ ............

(&gh)

...........

...........

..........

..........

..........

..........

............

............

............

............

............

............

............

............

............

............

2015.01.01y;

%yjdk;

(+) Njwpa ,yhgk;

(-) gw;Wf;fs;

2015.12.31y;

%yjdk;

eilKiw

my;yhg;

nghWg;Gf;fs;

tq;fpf;fld;

eilKiwg;

nghWg;Gf;fs;

fld;nfhLj;Njhu;

nfhLf;fNtz;ba

kpd;fl;lzk;

eilKiwmy;yhr ;nrhj ;Jf ;fs;

fhzp

fl;llk;

,ae;jpuk;

Nkhl;lhu;

jsghlk;

KjyPL

eilKiwr;

nrhj;Jf;fs;

,Ug;Gf;fs;

fld;gl;Nlhu;

ngwNtz;ba

fl;ll thlif

tq;fp kPjp

fhR kPjp

(&gh)

...........

..........

............

............

............

............

............

f puak ;(&gh)

ngWkhdj;Nja ;T(&gh)

Njw pangWkhdk;

(&gh)

............

............

............

............

............

............

6k; gbKiw:up];thd; tzpfj;jpd;

2015.12.31 ,y; cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;W

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70tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 8.6.2:tpil njhlu;ghd ml;ltiz:

1k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

eilKiw my;yhr; fpuak; ngWkhdj;Nja;T Njwpa ngWkhdk;

nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh) (&gh) (&gh)

fhzp 400 000 - 400 000fl;llk; 200 000 20 000 180 000,ae;jpuk; 300 000 60 000 240 000Nkhl;lhu; 400 000 80 000 320 000jsghlk; 150 000 15 000 135 000

1 450 000 175 000 1 275 000KjyPL 100 000

2k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh)

,Ug;Gf;fs; 220 000fld;gl;Nlhu; 80 000ngwNtz;ba fl;ll thlif 6 000tq;fp kPjp 65 000fhR kPjp 34 000

405 000

3k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)

2015.01.01y; %yjdk; 1 000 000$l;Lf: Njwpa ,yhgk; 349 000fopf;f: gw;Wf;fs; (24 000)2015.12.31y; %yjdk; 1 325 000

4k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

eilKiw my;yhg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)

tq;fpf;fld; 400 000

5k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

eilKiwg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)

fld;nfhLj;Njhu; 51 000nfhLf;f Ntz;ba kpd;fl;lzk; 4 000 55 000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Page 97: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

71tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.;

,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: epjpepiyikf;$w;wpy; %yjdj;ijg; gjpthu;.

epjpepiyikf;$w;wpd; cUg;gbfis eilKiw> ei;Kiway;yhj vDk; jiyg;G

fspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Ie;njhifiaj; jahupg;ghu;.

tUkhdf;$w;W> epjpepiyikf;$w;W vd;git mlq;fpa gapw;rpfs;

rpytw;iw khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

6k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:up];thd; tzpfj;jpd;

2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;W

Njw pangWkhdk;

(&gh)

400 000180 000240 000320 000135 000

1 275 000

100 000

405 000

1 780 000

20 00060 00080 00015 000

175 000

220 00080 000

6 00065 00034 000

(&gh)

1 000 000

349 000

(24 000)

51 0004 000

2013.01.01y;

%yjdk;

Njwpa ,yhgk;

gw;Wf;fs;

2013.12.31y;

eilKiw

my;yhg;

nghWg;Gf;fs;tq;fpf;fld;

eilKiwg;

nghWg;Gf;fs;fld;nfhLj;Njhu;

nfhLf;fNtz;ba

kpd;fl;lzk;

eilKiwmy;yhr ;nrhj ;Jf ;fs;

fhzp

fl;llk;

,ae;jpuk;

Nkhl;lhu;

jsghlk;

KjyPL

eilKiwr;

nrhj;Jf;fs;,Ug;Gf;fs;

fld;gl;Nlhu;

ngwNtz;ba

fl;ll thlif

tq;fp kPjp

fhR kPjp

400 000200 000300 000400 000150 000

1 450 000

f puak ;(&gh)

j puz;lngWkhdj;

Nja ;T(&gh)

(&gh)

1 325 000

400 000

55 000

1 780 000

Page 98: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

72tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.7 : ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisr; Rl;bf;

fhl;b ngWtdT nfhLg;gdTf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; epjpf; $w;Wf;fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;

fhl;Lthu;.

nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fs;

Nehf;fq;fs;

mq;fj;jtu;fspdJk;r%fj;jpdJk;

eyd;Gupr; Nritfs;

epjpf;$w;Wf;fs;

nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy;fzf;F

fhR ngWtdTfSk;fhRf; nfhLg;gdTfSk; epjpahz;Lf;Fupa

tUkhdq;fSk;nryTfSk;

tUkhdr; nryTf;fzf;F

tUkhd topfs;

cjhuzq;fs;: mq;fj;Jtf;

fl;lzq;fs; ed;nfhilfs;

rkar; rq;fq;fs; ,isQu; fofq;fs; tpisahl;Lf; fofq;fs; eyd;Gupr; rq;fq;fs; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fq;fs;

cjhuzq;fs;

Page 99: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

73tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,yhgNehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fs;:

,yhg Nehf;fpyy;yhJ r%f eyd;fis Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L elhj;jpr; nry;yg;

gLk; tpisahl;Lr; rq;fq;fs;> eyd;Gupr; rq;fq;fs;> fofq;fs;> jUk epWtdq;fs;

Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fs; ,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;:

nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;F:

,J tzpf epWtdq;fspdhy; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;w fhNrl;bd; RUf;fj;ij xj;jjhFk;.

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F:

epjpahz;Lf;Fupa midj;J tUkhdq;fs;> nryTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

,f;fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. ,f;fzf;fpidr; rkg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; kPjp Nkyjpfk; my;yJ FiwT vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J ml;LW

mbg;gilapy; jahupf;fg;gLk;. nghJthf ,J ,yhgNehf;f tzpfnkhd;wpd;

,yhgel;lf; fzf;fpid xj;jpUf;Fk;.

mq;fj;Jtf;fl;lzk;:

tUlhe;jk; mq;fj;jtu;fsplkpUe;J mwtplg;gLk; fl;lzj;ij ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

,r;re;jhthdJ ,t;tikg;Gf;fspd; gpujhd tUkhd topnahd;whff; fhzg;gLk;.

nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup mikg;G:

......................................... VL......................... jpfjpapy; KbtilAk; tUlj;jpw;fhd

nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;F

ngWtdT &gh nfhLg;gdT &gh

fhR kPjp x thlif x

mq;fj;Jtr; re;jh x cgfuzf; nfhs;tdT x

ed;nfhilfs; x cgruizr; nryT x

nyhj;ju; rPl;bOg;G x kPjp (fP.nfh.nr) x

xx xx

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,r;nraw;ghl;by; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ ghlrhiy khztu; rq;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngwf;

$ba nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;F xj;jjhf nghJthf tzpfnkhd;wpy; ,lk;ngwf;

$ba nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;FkpilNa fhzg;gLk; njhlu;gpidf; Nfl;lwpe;J

,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fSk;> mtw;wpd; Nehf;fq;fs; Ngzpr; nry;Yk;

fzf;FfSld; ngWtdTfs; nfhLg;gdTfs; vd;gtw;iw fzf;F itj;jy;

njhlu;ghf vspikahd tifapy; mwpKf nkhd;iwr; nra;Aq;fs;.

,izg;G 8.7.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty; gj;jpuj;jpid ed;whf tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;

,izg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fisg; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;wjd;

gpd;du; ,izg;G 8.7.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l fzf;fpid khztu;fSf;F toq;fp

,izg;G 8.7.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jfty;fspdbg;gilapy; tpilaspf;FkhW

Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

NkYk; khztu;fspd; Njly;fis njspTgLj;jp nghUj;jkhdthW ghltplaq;

fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jp itg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;.

Page 100: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

74tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 8.7.1:

fy;Kid tpisahl;Lf; fofj;jpd; 2015.12.31y; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd jfty;fs;

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

&gh

(1) nfhLg;gdTfs;

Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryTfs; 1 500ghJfhtyu; rk;gsk; 7 500jghw; fl;lzk; 500tpisahl;Lg; nghUl; nfhs;tdT 2 000nyhj;ju; rPl;L mr;rply; nryT 2 000fhg;GWjp 1 500

ngWtdTfs;

mq;fj;Jtu; re;jh 4 000ed;nfhil 9 000nyhj;ju; rPl;L tpw;gidfs; 5 000

(2) fhR kPjp 2015.01.01 ,y; &gh 2 000

(3) tpisahl;Lf; fofj;jpy; mq;fj;jtu;fsJ vz;zpf;if 100 Ngu;fshf ,Ug;g

Jld; xUtuplkpUe;J tUlhe;j mq;fj;Jtf; fl;lzkhf &gh 50 mwtplg;gLk;.

(4) 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; rk;gsk;> fhg;GWjp vd;gtw;wpw;F KiwNa &gh 500

tPjk; nrYj;j Ntz;b cs;sJ.

,izg;G 8.7.2:

fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fzf;fpy; Fwpj;j ,ilntspfspy; rupahd tpilapid

vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

ngWtdT nfhLg;gdTf; fzf;F

&gh &gh

kP.fP.nfh.t. 2 000 .........

......... .........

......... .........

kP.fP.nfh.nr. .........

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.

nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspdbg;gilapy; nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;ifj; jahupg;ghu;.

.

................ ...............

Page 101: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

75tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.8 : ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; tUkhdr; nryTf;

fzf;ifj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;if mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;iwj; jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;

fhl;Lthu;.

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.

Nkyjpfk; my;yJ Fiwtpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F / tUkhdf;$w;W

epjpahz;Lf;Fupa midj;J tUkhdq;fs; nryTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

,f;fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. epjpahz;bw;fhd Nkyjpfk; my;yJ Fiwtpidf;

fzpg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Nl ,f;fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F / tUkhdf;$w;W

Nehf;fk; nryTfs;tUkhdq;fs;

Nkyjpfk; / FiwT

- thlif- kpd;rhuk;- Vida nryTfs;

- mq;fj;jtu; re;jh- ed;nfhilfs;- Vida tUkhdq;fs;;

Page 102: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

76tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup mikg;G:

................... epWtdj;jpd;............. Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F

nryTfs; &gh &gh

tUkhdq;fs;:

mq;fj;jtu; fl;lzk; x

ngw;w ed;nfhil x

Vida tUkhdq;fs; x

gioa gj;jpupif tpw;gid x xx

nryTfs;:

thlif x

rk;gsk; x

kpd;rhuk; x

njhiyNgrp x (xx)

Nkyjpfk; / FiwT xxx

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

Kd;ida nraw;ghl;bw;FupathW ,izg;G 8.7.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy;-

fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bdbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLk; MNyhridfis ,q;F gpd;gw;wp

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifj; jahupg;gjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

,t;thwhd Kiwapy; gapw;rpfs; gytw;iw khztu;fSf;F toq;fp nfhs;sy;

nfhLj;jy; fzf;ifAk;> tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifAk; jahupg;gjpy; mtu;fis

<LgLj;jTk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :

juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;if mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifj; jahupg;gjd; Nehf;fj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; 06 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis

vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.

tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifj; jahupg;ghu;.

Page 103: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

77tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.9 : cw;gj;jpf; fpua ml;ltiziaj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpd; %yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Fthu;.

%yf; fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuaj;jpid fzpg;ghu;.

cw;gj;jp mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.

mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiyiaj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.

tpupjhisg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp mynfhd;

wpd; tpw;gid tpiyiaf; fzpf;Fk; Kiwapid vspikahf Kd;itg;ghu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

fpuaj;jpd; $Wfs;

cw;gj;jpf;fpua tiffs;

Neu;r; nryTfs;

Neu;$yp

%y / Kjd;ikf; fpuak;

Vida Neu; nryTfs;

cw;gj;jpNke;jiyf; fpuak; Neu;nghUs;

nkhj;jcw;gj;jpf;fpuak;

Neupy; nryTfs;

mynfhd;wpw;fhdcw;gj;jpf;fpuak;

mynfhd;wpw;fhdtpw;gid tpiy

Neupy;nghUs; Neupy; $yp Vida Neupy; nryTfs;

<

Page 104: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

78tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

tzpfnkhd;wpdhy; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Vw;gLk; fpuaq;fis

cs;slf;fpajhf cj;Njr cw;gj;jpf; fpua ml;ltiznahd;W jahupf;fg;gLk;.

Neu;r; nryTfs;: cw;gj;jp nghUnshd;Wld; Neubahf,dq;fhzf;$ba

nryTfs;. ,r;nryTfs; Neupy; nghUl;fs;> Neupy; $ypfs;>

Vida Neupy; nryTfis cs;slf;Fk;.

Neu;nghUs;: nghUnshd;wpd; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ xt;nthU myF njhlu;

gpYk; njspthf ,dq;fhzf;$bajhd ngsjPf tsq;fspd;

ngWkhdkhFk;.

Neu;$yp: nghUnshd;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; Neubahf gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;fpd;wtu;fSf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLk; $ypahFk;.Vida

Neu; nryTfs;: nghUs; mynfhd;Wld; Neubahf ,dq;fhzf;$ba nghUs;>

ciog;G my;yhj Vida nryTfs;.

%yf;fpuak;: nghUnshd;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Vw;gLk; midj;J

Neu;r;nryTfspdJk; $l;Lj;njhifahFk;.

Neupy; nryTfs;: nghUnshd;wpd; cw;gj;jpAld; Neubahf ,dq;fhz Kbahj

nryTfs;.

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuak;:

cw;gj;jp mynfhd;Wld; njspthf ,dq;fhzKbahj> vdpDk; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;

fpuaj;jpd; rhu;gpy; Vw;gLk; nryTfs; cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuak; vd miof;fg;

gLk;. ,J Neupy; nryTfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.

nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = %yf;fpuak; + cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;

Gj;jfnkhd;iw mr;rpLjYf;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;

Neu;nghUl; fpuak; - fljhrp> epwg;g+r;R / tu;zik

Neu;$ypf; fpuak; - ,ae;jpuj;ij ,af;FgtUf;fhd rk;gsk;

Vida Neu; nryTfs; - vOj;jhsUf;F toq;fg;gLk; gjpg;Gupik

mr;rply; ,ae;jpuj;jpw;fhd cuha;T vz;nza;

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; Nkw;ghu;itahsu; rk;gsk;

njhopw;rhiyapd; kpd;fl;lzk;

nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;cw;gj;jp mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuak; =

cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if

mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy:

mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuaj;Jld; ,yhg vy;iyiar; Nru;j;Nj

myfpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. mg;nghOJ>

mynfhd;wpw;fhd = mynfhd;wpw;fhd + myfpw;fhd ,yhg vy;iy

tpw;gid tpiy cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;

>

Page 105: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

79tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

cw;gj;jpf; fpua ml;ltiz:

&gh &gh

epjpahz;Lf;Fupa cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;

Neu;nghUs; x

Neu;$yp x

Neu; Vida nryTfs; x

%yf;fpuak; / Kjd;ikf; fpuak; xx xx

,iwf; fl;lzk; x

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; rk;gsk; x

,ae;jpu ngWkhdj;Nja;T x

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; xx xx

nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; xxx

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ Mrpupau; Nkir /

fjpiu / fUk;gyif / mYkhup / Gj;jfk; / Ngid Nghd;w nghUl;fspd;

xd;iwg; ngaupl;L my;yJ mjidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp ,jid cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;

fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tsq;fs; njhlu;ghff; Nfl;lwpe;J Neu;nghUs;> Neu;$yp>

Neu; Vida nryTfs;> nghJ Nke;jiyf;fpuakhfpa Neupy; fpuak; vDk;

cUg;gbfis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

,izg;G 8.9.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,izg;G njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;jpidg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd msT Neuj;ij khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

,izg;G 8.9.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;nfhj;jpidAk; ,izg;G 8.9.2w;Fupa

tpilapidj; jahupg;gjw;F MW gbKiwfisf; nfhz;l gj;jpuj;jpidAk;

khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

xt;nthU gbKiwapYk; tpilnaOJk; nghOJ fye;Jiuahly; ,lk;ngwy;

Ntz;Lk;.

Kjyhk; gbKiwapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l tpdhtpw;F khztu;fspdhy; tpilaspf;Fk;

nghOJ Mrpupaupdhy; toq;fg;gl;l ,izg;G 8.9.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ

gbKiwf;Fupa tpilapid khztu;fSf;F toq;fp mjid xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;g

jw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;. ,jw;fhf Mrpupau; jdJ KOikahd>

Mf;fuPjpahd gq;fspg;gpid toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW ,uz;lhk; gbKiwapypUe;J Mwhk; gbKiw tiuapy; khztu;fSf;F

tpilnaOJtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fp gpd;du; ,izg;G 8.9.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l

tpilapid khztu;fspd; tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fTk;. ,jw;fhf Mrpupaupd;

Mf;fuPjpahd gq;Fgw;wyhdJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

,jw;fhf tpupjhs;fs; %yk; fpua ml;ltiziaj; jahupg;gjw;fhd khjpup

mikg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

Page 106: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

80tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 8.9.1:

jr;Rj; njhopyhspahd tpkyd; gyiffisf; nfhz;L jsghlj;

njhopw;rhiynahd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf &gh 120 000 nrytpl;L

jr;Rr; njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;j

Jld;> mjid elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf khjk; &gh 20 000 thlifapy;

fl;llnkhd;iw ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. jr;Rj; njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy

nra;tjw;fhf jr;Rj; njhopyhsp xUtiuAk; fhtyhsp xUtiuAk;

khjk; 10 000 &gh rk;gsj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJld; rk;gskhdJ

cupathW nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

tpkyd; mYkhup cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf &gh 90 000 ngWkjpahd

Njf;Fg; gyiffis nfhs;tdT nra;jJld; 2015 [dtup khjj;jpy;

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l 10 mYkhupfSf;F jr;Rj; njhopyhspf;F rk;gs

khf &gh 50 000 nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. ,NjNghd;W mYkhup tbtikg;gpw;

fhf &gh 10 000 nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

mYkhupia nkU$l;Ltjw;fhf kzw;fljhrp> epwg; g+r;Rf;fisf;

nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F &gh 8 000 Kk; Mzpfs; nfhs;tdtpw;F

&gh 2 000 Kk; nrytplg;gl;lJ.

gbKiw nraw;ghL

(1) fzpdpapd; Excell work sheetxd;wpidj; jpwj;jy;.

(2) Excell work sheet xd;wpy; fpuaml;ltiznahd;iwj;

jahupj;jy;.

%yf;fpuak;> Nke;jiyf;fpuak;

vd;gtw;wpd; $l;Lj;njhif

iag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

()my;yJ (Sum) vDk; fl;lis

iag; gad;gLj;jTk;

(3) myfpw;fhd fpuaj;ijf;

fzpg;gply; = (nkhj;jf;fpuak;nkhj;j cw;gj;jp myFfspd;

vz;zpf;if) vd;gtw;iw

cs;slf;fpf; fl;lisapidg;

ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

epiyfhl;b (fl;lis)

Start Ms Excell, work sheet

Neu;nghUs; x

Neu;$yp x

Neu; Vida nryTfs; x

%yf;fpuak; xx

njhopw;rhiy ,iwf;fl;lzk; x

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; rk;gsk; x

,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj; Nja;T x

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; xx

nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; xx

nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;

cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if

Page 107: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

81tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

2015 [dtup khjj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l mYkhupfSf;fhd

kpd;rhuf; fl;lzkhf &gh 6 000 nrYj;j Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJld; jr;R

,ae;jpug; gOJghu;j;jYf;fhf &gh 4 000 Kk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

,t;thNw ,ae;jpuj; Nja;tpw;fhf jr;R cgfuzf; fpuaj;jpy; 10%j;ij

ngWkhdj; Nja;tpLtjw;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nkw;fhl;ba tpla Ma;T njhlu;ghd rupahd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wjd; gpd;du;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilapid ,izg;G 8.9.2d; ml;ltizf;fika

vOJq;fs;. xU gbKiwf;F tpilaspf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; Mrpupaupdhy; toq;fg;gLk;

tpilfSld; xg;gplTk;.

(1) ,t;tzpfj;jpdhy; nrytplg;gl;l fpuag; gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.

(2) NkNy ,dq;fhzg;gl;l fpuaq;fis fpua cUg;gbfSf;fika tifg;gLj;jpf;

fhl;Lq;fs;.

(3) NkNy ,dq;fhzg;gl;l fpua cUg;gbfSf;fika mYkhup cw;gj;jpf;fhf

Vw;gLk; %yf;fpuak;> cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuak; vd;gtw;iwf; fzpg;gpLf.

(4) 2015 [dtup khjj;jpw;fhd fpua ml;ltiziaj; jahupj;J> nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;

fpuaj;jpidf; fzpf;fTk;.

(5) xU mYkhup cw;gj;jpf;fhd fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gplTk;.

(6) mYkhup xd;wpd; cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpw;F 40% ,yhg vy;iy Nru;f;fg;gl;L

mjd; tpw;gid tpiyiaj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLkhapd; xU mYkhupf;fhd tpw;gid

tpiy ahJ?

,izg;G 8.9.2:tpilaspg;gjw;fhd ml;ltiz:

1tJ gbKiw:

fpuag;gl;bay;

nryTfs; ngWkhdk;

(&gh)

1.

2.

3.

Page 108: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

82tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

2k; gbKiw:

Neu;nghUs; - gyif ............

Neu;f;$yp - jr;Rf;$yp ............

Vida Neu;r; nryTfs; - tbtikg;ghsUf;fhdJ 10 000

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; - ................................. .............

cuha;T vz;nza; 2 000

................................. .............

................................. .............

................................. .............

................................. .............

................................. .............

................................. .............

................................. .............

,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000

nra;if:-

,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;tpd; ngWkjp= ,ae;jpuj;jpd; fpuak; x ngWkhdj;Nja;T tPjk;= ..........................................................................= ..........................................................................

3k; gbKiw:

%yf;fpuak;:

(................. + ............... + .................) = &gh ...................

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;

(................. + ............... + .................) = &gh ...................

4k; gbKiw:

2015 [dtup khjj;jpw;fhd fpua ml;ltiz

&gh &gh

Neu;nghUs; ...........

Neu;f;$yp 50 000

Vida Neu;nryTfs; ...........

%y / Kjd;ikf;fpuak; ...........

,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;

.................... ...........

.................... ...........

.................... ...........

nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak; ........... ..........

&gh%yf;fpuak;

Page 109: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

83tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

5k; gbKiw:

mynfhd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;

nkhj;j cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if

= .................................................

/ mYkhup xd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = &gh ................................................

6k; gbKiw:

mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy = mynfhd;wpw;fhd + mynfhd;wpw;fhd

fpuak; ,yhg vy;iy

= .............. + ................

/ mYkhup xd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy = &gh ................................................

,izg;G 8.9.3:

tpilfspd; ml;ltiz

1k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

&gh

,ae;jpuq;fs; 120 000

gyif 90 000

njhopw;rhiy fl;ll thlif 20 000

fhtyu; rk;gsk; 10 000

jr;ru; $yp 50 000

tbtikg;ghsu; 10 000

kzw; fljhrp> epwg;g+r;R 8 000

Mzpfs; 2 000

kpd;rhuk; 6 000

,ae;jpu ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000

,ae;jpuk; gOJghu;j;jy; 4 000

Page 110: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

84tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

2k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

&gh

Neu;nghUs; - gyif 90 000

Neu;$yp - jr;ru; $yp 50 000

Neu; Vida nryTfs; - tbtikg;G 10 000

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; - kzw; fljhrp

epwg;g+r;R 8 000

Mzpfs; 2 000

fhtyu; rk;gsk; 10 000

njhopw;rhiy thlif 20 000

njhopw;rhiy kpd;rhuk; 6 000

,ae;jpuk; gOJghu;j;jy; 4 000

,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000

nra;if:

,ae;jpuj;jpd; ngWkhdj;Nja;tpd; ngWkjp = ,ae;jpuf;fpuak; ngWkhdj;Nja;T tPjk;

=10 1

120 000100 12

= &gh 12 000 1

12

= &gh 1 000

3k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

%yf;fpuak; (90 000 + 50 000 + 10 000) = &gh 150 000

(10 000 + 10 000 + 31 000) = &gh 51 000

4k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

2015 rdtup khjj;jpw;fhd fpua ml;ltiz

&gh &gh

Neu;nghUs; - gyif 90 000Neu;f;$yp - jr;ru; $yp 50 000Neu; Vida nryTfs; - tbtikg;G 10 000%y / Kjd;ikf;fpuak; 150 000

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;: - kzw;fljhrp / epwg;g+r;R 8 000- Mzp 2 000- njhop. fhtyu; rk;gsk; 10 000- njhop. thlif 20 000- kpd;rhuk; 6 000- ,ae;jpuk; gOJghu;j;jy; 4 000- ,ae;jpu ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000 51 000

nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; 201 000

Page 111: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

85tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

5k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

mynfhd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;

cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if

= 201 000

= 20 10010

/ mYkhup xd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = &gh 20 100

6k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:

mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy = mynfhd;wpw;fhd + mynfhd;wpw;fhd

fpuak; ,yhg vy;iy

= 20 100 + (20 100 40%)

= &gh 20 100 + 8 040= &gh 28 140

/ mYkhup xd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy = &gh 28 140

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :

juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpid tpgupg;ghu;.

cw;gj;jpf; fpua cUg;gbfis ngaupl;L tpsf;Fthu;.

%yf;fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

cw;gj;jp myFf;fpuak;> myFf;fhd tpw;gid tpiy vd;gtw;iwf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

tpupjhisg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp

vspikahd tifapy; mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiyiaf; fzpg;gpLk;

Kiwia Kd;itg;ghu;.

Page 112: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

86tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 9.0 : KjyPLfs; njhlu;ghfj; Nfl;lwpe;J nghUj;jkhd

jPu;khdq;fSf;F tUthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.1 : KjyPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; Njbawpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

KjyPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

gy;NtW KjyPl;L topKiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

nghUj;jkhd KjyPl;L topKiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba mbg;gilf; fhuzpfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

KjyPL

nghUshjhu mD$ynkhd;iwg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;g;gpy;

gzj;ij Kjyply;

KjyPl;L topKiwfs;

rpw;wsTtzpfnkhd;iw

Muk;gpj;jy;

gq;Fr; re;ijapy;KjyPL nra;jy;

tq;fpnahd;wpy;gzj;ij

itg;gpyply;

nrhj;Jf;fs; /Mjdq;fisf;

nfhs;tdT nra;jy;

Nrkpg;Gf;fzf;F

epiyahditg;Gf;fzf;F

fhzpnahd;iwf;nfhs;tsTnra;jy;

thfdq;fisf;nfhs;tdT

nra;jy;

jq;f Mguzq;fisf;nfhs;tdT nra;jy;

jpiwNrupcz;bay;fisf;

nfhs;tdTnra;jy;

rhjhuzgq;Ffisf;nfhs;tdT

nra;jy;

Page 113: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

87tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

KjyPL

egnuhUtu; jhd; cioj;j tUkhdj;jpy; Nrkpj;j gzj; njhifapypUe;J mD$yq;

fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gld; mjid VjhtJ KjyPnlhd;wpy;

<LgLj;Jjy; KjyPL vd vspikahff; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.

gy;NtW KjyPl;L topKiwfs;

Nrkpg;G itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;wpy; itg;gpyply;.

tq;fpnahd;wpy; epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; Ngzy;.

fhzp> Mguzq;fs; Nghd;w nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;.

gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;jy;.

(,g;ghl tplaq;fs; nraw;ghL 9.1.2y; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.)

KjyPl;L topKiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba

Kf;fpa fhuzpfs;:-

Nehf;fk;

,lu;

mD$yq;fs;

xt;nthU KjyPl;L topKiwfspd; %yKk; nghJthf ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba

mD$yq;fs;:-

tl;b tUkhdk;

ghJfhg;G

%yjd ,yhgk;

gq;fpyhgk; fpilj;jy;

gpiz cWjpfshf Kd;itf;f Kbjy;.

gy;NtW KjyPl;L topKiwfspdJk; mD$yq;fs;:

Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F:

tl;b tUkhdk; fpilf;fg;ngwy;.

gzj;jpw;Fg; ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy;.

Vida mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.

cjhuzk;:- gupR fpilj;jy;> nyhj;ju; rPl;bOg;Gf;fspdhy; ntw;wp tha;g;Gf;

fpilj;jy;.

epiyahd itg;Gf;fs;:

nghJthf cau; tl;b tUkhdk; fpilj;jy;.

gzj;jpw;Fg; ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy;.

gpizahf itj;Jf; fld; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.

nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;:

eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;jpw;fhd cupik fpilj;jy;.

mr;nrhj;jpidg; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;.

ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; fhrhf khw;wf;$ba epiy fhzg;gly;

(%yjd ,yhgj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.)

gpizahf itj;Jf; fld; ngw Kbjy;.

thliff;F my;yJ Fj;jiff;F tplKbAk;.

Page 114: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

88tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ gpd;tUk; nrhw;

nwhliu vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fg; Gyg;glf;$bathW nghUj;jkhd tifapy;

Kd;itf;fTk;.

rPl;bOg;gpd; %yk; cq;fSf;F &gh 1 000 000 fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

,J njhlu;gpy; khztu;fspd; Jyq;fy;fis fUk;gyifapy; gl;bay;gLj;jp

,jw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.

,jw;fika KjyPL vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ njhlu;ghf RUf;fkhf tpsf;fTk;.

gpd;du; KjyPl;L topKiwfs; njhlu;ghf NkYk; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

,izg;G 9.1.1 ,d; tpla Ma;tpidAk; ,izg;G 9.1.2 ,d; khztu; MNyhridg;

gj;jpuj;jpidAk; khztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

,jw;fhf juk; 11 ,w;fhd ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghl myfpd; tpsf;fj;ijg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sr; nra;aTk;.

Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F khztu;fis

Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.

khztu;fspdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jfty;fSld; Nkyjpfg; ghl tplaq;fisAk;

Nrfupj;J khztu;fspd; mwptpid tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F KbAkhd

tifapy; nghUj;jkhd Fwpg;Gf;fis toq;fTk;.

,izg;G 9.1.1:tpla Ma;T

mur Copauhd rk;ge;jd; jdJ 35 tUlr; Nritapd; gpd;du; Xa;T ngw;whu;.

mtuJ kfshd rhtpj;jpup mur tq;fpnahd;wpy; Nrit Gupfpd;whu;. kfd; Kusp

tzpf Kfhikj;Jtg; gl;ljhupahthu;. mtu; gy;NtW tzpf eltbf;iffspy;

<LgLfpd;whu;.

rk;ge;jdpd; Xa;t+jpar; rk;gskhf xNu Kiwapy; fpilf;fg; ngw;w &gh 1 000 000

Tld;> mtupd; Nrkpg;gpypUe;j &gh 2 000 000 Tk; mtuplk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,tu; ,g;gzj;jpidf; $ba mD$yj;jpidj; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; KjyPL

nra;tJ njhlu;ghfr; rpe;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. MapDk; KjyPL njhlu;ghf

mtUf;Fr; rpwe;j tpsf;fkpUf;ftpy;iy. ,t;ntz;zj;jpidj; jdJ FLk;g

mq;fj;jtu;fSld; fye;JiuahLk;nghOJ gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; NknyOe;jd.

mjhtJ>

,e;ehl;fspy; tq;fp tl;bahdJ cau;e;J nry;fpd;wJ. epiyahd itg;ngd;iw

Muk;gpg;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ vd rhtpj;jpup $wpdhs;. vdpDk; ,e;ehl;fspy; fhzp>

jq;fk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpiyahdJ Fiwe;Js;sjhy; mJ njhlu;gpYk; rpwpJ rpe;jpj;Jg;

ghu;j;J epiyahd itg;nghd;iw Muk;gpg;gJ njhlu;ghf vz;zpdhy; vd;d vd

Kusp tpdTfpwhu;.

Page 115: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

89tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

,izg;G 9.1.2:

khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;

(1) cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w tpla Ma;tpid thrpj;J rpwe;j tpsf;fj;jpidg;

ngWq;fs;.

(2) Fwpj;j ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myfpd; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;W KjyPL vd;why;

vd;d vd;gjidr; RUf;fkhfj; njspTgLj;jTk;.

(3) ,t;tpla Ma;tpypUe;J ntspg;gLk; KjyPl;L topKiwfs; %d;wpd; ngau;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

(4) gpd;tUk; KjyPl;L topKiwfis ,dq;fz;L xt;nthU KjyPl;L topKiw

fspd; %yKk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba mD$yq;fs; ,uz;L tPjk; vOJf.

tq;fp itg;Gf;fs;

nrhj;Jf;fspy; KjypLjy;

(5) xUtu; jdJ gzj;jpid KjyPL nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba

tplaq;fs; ,uz;bidf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

(6) rk;ge;jd; jdJ gzj;jpid KjyPL nra;af;$ba NtW KjyPl;L topKiw

fisg; ngaupLq;fs;.

(7) cq;fshy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itg;gjw;F

Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: KjyPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.

KjyPL nra;af;$ba gy;NtW topKiwfisg; ngaupLthu;.

khw;W KjyPl;L topKiwfSs; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd KjyPl;L topKiwapidj;

njupT nra;Ak; Kiwapidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

KjyPl;L topKiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl

Ntz;ba fhuzpfis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.

Page 116: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

90tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

Nju;r;rp 9.0 : KjyPL njhlu ;ghfj ; Njbawpe ;J nghUj ;jkhd

jPu;khdq;fSf;F tUthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.2 : gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj;

Njbawpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.

gq;Fr; re;ij KjyPl;bid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

jpiwNrup cz;bay;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidr; Rl;bf;

fhl;Lthu;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:

vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)

gq;Fr; re;ijapy;KjyPL nra;jy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; KjyPl;L topKiwfs;

gq;Ffisf;nfhs;tdT nra;jy;(rhjhuz gq;Ffs;)

jpiwNrup cz;bay;fisf;nfhs;tdT nra;jy;

mD$yq;fs;

VidamD$yq;fs;

%yjd,yhgk;

gq;Fyhgk;fpilj;jy;

gpizfshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly;

mD$yq;fs;

epiyahd tl;b Fiwe;j ,lu;

fk;gdpapd;jPu;khdnkLg;gjpy;

njhlu;Ggly;

gzpg;ghsu; rigapy;mq;fj;Jtk; ngWtjw;fhd

jifik fpilj;jy;

Page 117: tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;€¦ · ii tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN: tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g

91tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11

gq;Fr; re;ijapy; Kjyply;:

,yq;ifapy; gq;Ffisg; gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fr; re;ij

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;re;ijapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fk;gdpfs; kl;LNk tpahghu

eltbf;iffis ,q;F Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fg; guptu;j;jid

epiyaj;jpd; %yk; nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fr; re;ijapd; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;ghu;it

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mNjNghd;W ,yq;ifg; gpizfs; nryhtzp Mizf;FOtpd;

%yk; ,jd; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;ghu;it nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;:

fk;gdpfspd; gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy; gzj;jpid KjyPL nra;af;$ba

kw;Nwhu; KjyPl;L topnahd;whFk;. gq;Fr; re;ijapD}lhf me;eltbf;iffs;

,lk;ngWfpd;wd. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnahd;W jdJ gq;Ffis toq;Fk;

re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpy; my;yJ nraw;gLfpd;w nghJf; fk;gdpnahd;wpd; gq;Ffisf;

nfhs;tdT nra;j xUtiu mg;gq;Ffis tpw;gid nra;Ak;NghJ my;yJ

gq;Ffis nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ ,g;gq;Fr; re;ijapy; gq;Fgw;wyhk;.

,jw;fhfg; gq;FyhgNk mD$ykhff; fpilf;fpd;wJ. fk;gdpapdhy; toq;fg;gLk;

gq;F tiffSs; rhjhuz gq;Ffs; kpf Kf;fpa ,lj;jpid tfpf;fpd;wJ.

rhjhuz gq;Ffs;:

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; %yjdj;ij jpul;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhf gq;fhsu;fSf;F

toq;Fk; gq;F tifNa ,JthFk;. ,g;gq;Ffspy; Kf;fpakhd gz;Gfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rhjhuz gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;

mD$yq;fs;:

thf;fspf;Fk; cupik

gq;fpyhgk; fpilj;jy;

%yjd ,yhgk; fpilj;jy;

gq;Ffis tpw;gid nra;tjd; %yk; mtw;iwg; gzkhf khw;wpf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.

gpizfshf Kd;itf;f Kbjy;.

Vida eyd;fs; fpilj;jy;.

,af;Fdu; rigapy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngWk; jifik fpilj;jy;.

fk;gdpAld; njhlu;Gila jPu;khdq;fs; vLg;gjw;fhd ,aYik fpilj;jy;.

gq;Fyhgk; toq;fy;:

fk;gdpapy; ciof;fg;gLk; ,yhgj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa gq;Fyhgk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

nghJthf ,yhgkw;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gq;F yhgk; gpufldg;gLj;jhJ ,Ug;gJld;>

$ba ,yhgk; fpilf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; $ba gq;Fyhgk; ngwf;$bajhf

,Uf;Fk;.

fk;gdpapy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; fpilj;jy;:

fk;gdpapd; KfhikahdJ ,af;Fdu; rig %yNk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

rhjhuz gq;fhsu;fspypUe;Nj mt; ,af;Fdu; rigahdJ njupT nra;ag;gLk;.

,it Neubahf rhjhuz gq;Fjhuu;fs; ,af;Fdu; rigf;Fj; njupT nra;t

jw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

jpiwNrup cz;bay;fs;:

murpd; FWq;fhy epjpj; Njitiag; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;L murpdhy;

toq;fg;gLk; Mtzk; jpiwNrup cz;bay;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,tw;wpidg;

gq;Fr; re;ijapD}lhfTk; nfhs;tdT nra;a KbAk;.

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