Zeszyty Kolneńskie nr 2

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Fpdh|m fhize{in gmrcki |`dņpl gmvt{ `|kdèi{oeò zmf{tgp dmth|mem o`yt em =;21*=1 @rkyt`j`# t 6=? _k`jkm ghce`ńygm em rvz`ņhjk` ^^ k ^^K |k`gp# Hcìgh 6226# y <9=< \ hgv`yk` Gykěyt|m \mvyzm|ygk`lh jk`yzgmņ | Ghcek` t{cgh o`dè jpvmvz Keahvjmiom tm zm|mvtm o`yt| ek`rpfckgh|meò rvmi{ jmlkyt`vygkò mpthvm# Dzkò` jkmytm Ghcem | ^K^ |% | ŗ|k`tc` j`tv{g rmvmmc *e{in# y 01# dhytěreò | mvink|pj Pek|`vy{t`tp Omlk`cchńygk`lh | Gvmgh|k`=> Mvink|pj Rmńyt|h|` | ōhjų{# Emiz`cekg Rh|kmtp ōhjų{ńygk`lh# Gykělm =2 * Ghŗikhņ{# y 6<;=; Mvink|pj Rmńyt|h|` | ōhjų{# Emiz`cekg Rh|kmtp ōhjų{ńygk`lh# Gykělm =2 * Ghŗikhņ{# y >2462 Mvink|pj Rmńyt|h|` | ōhjų{# Emiz`cekg Rh|kmtp ōhjų{ńygk`lh# Gykělm =2 * Ghŗikhņ{# y >=2

6= Mvink|pj Rmńyt|h|` | ōhjų{# Emiz`cekg Rh|kmtp ōhjų{ńygk`lh# Gykělm =2 * Ghŗikhņ{# y =2>4*=2>0 Rhjkekět{ avmljèt hrkypo` jkòyim gpctp ų{dh|ygk`lh66 I Fvhdzkigk# Ghŗikùņ Vz{jygh*Gmthckigk | Ghcek` em Jmzh|yzp# \mvyzm|m =;;;# y =<




=;2< v Ik`gm|`# omg th jhųck|`# yghvh mvt{gpņ | @inmin rņhigkin k ņhjų{ńygkin ev <; z =;22v lņhykņ? Ytmvmek`j rvhfhyzizm ghce`ńygk`lh gy% dzk`gmem \keièt`lh Gpd`vgk`|kizm k rmvmme| =;22 v% rhyz`vzheh rv`zfkt`vkpj | ghŗik`c` rmvmmce{j# rhytm|kheh zmgv{ytk` k ygmvfkì hvmzdhfpdh|meh d|k` eh|` hfyz`ve` gmrcki`%69 Iz{ųf{ fpdh|meh o` emytěre` yz`ŗČ cmt8

O`d{ek` hytmtek` d|k` rvz`fpdh|{ ek` rhzhytm|kmoĀ |Ātrck|hŗik \ cmtmin =;04*=;01 gy OGmiz{ńygk dhfpdh|mņ rkětvh emd zmgv{ytkmjk#64 zmŗ hfìe{ rvhfhyziz# gy Ytmekyņm| Pvmdzkńygk hd

pfk`lņ`lh vhgp dhfpdh|po` eh|` |òŗik` fhize` hvmz rhjk`yzizèkm ymektmve` InhČ hdf{|mņhykě th rhd rhzhv`j rvz{|vùièkm ŗ|kĀt{ek rk`v|hte`lh inmvmgt`vp# dhyzņh dh ghetvh|`vy{oe{inzjkme | y{c|`ti` Ghŗikùņ ytvmikņ rcme v`lpcmve`lh gvz{ųm ņmikńygk`lh# zmŗ emd amymdĀ em ygpt`g rhd|{ųyzèkm ņmlhde{in zĀfgù| rh|ytmņh em ymj{j yziz{ik` ihŗ# ih rvz{rhjkem ghjke k ekomg ykě jm dh rvho`gtp Mkle`vm

69 I Fvhdzkigk# Ghceh em Jmzh|yzp# ōhjųm 622=# y =;264 I Fvhdzkigk# Ghŗikùņ Vz{jygh*Gmthckigk | Ghcek` em Jmzh|yzp# \mvyzm|m =;;;# y =># rhdmo` j{cek`=;40*01# jhųem o`demg rvz{oĀČ# ų` f{ņ th z|{gņ{ fņĀd dvpgp

69

_emc`zkhem em nmņdzk` cpdzgm ųpin|m

Ghŗik zemc`zkhe` | ikĀlp gkcgpemytp jkept em nmņdzk` lvpzp |{|k`zkhe`lh z fhizeògmrcki{




64

_mghńizèk`Rvz`dytm|khe` rh|{ųò rvhfc`j{ ytmeh|kĀ o`d{ek` avmljèt rhvpyzheò t`jmt{gk Jmj o`demg

emdzkòě# ų` pdmņh ykě pgmzmČ# omg ek`|k`c` tmg emrvm|dě |k`j{ Ld{f{ | izmyk` rvmi fpdh|cme{in f{ņhfìe{ mvin`hchl# jhų` pdmņhf{ ykě |{omŗekČ zemizek` |kěiò M rvzìk`ų# omg jù|kck emhizek ŗ|kmdgh|k`#

opų rhdizmy vhfkèkm hd|k`vtù| rvz{ ghŗik`c` ghŗik mų fv{zlmņ{ Om ymj zemcmzņ`j em nmņdzk` lvpzp|{|hųhe`lh z fhizeò gmrcki{ | gvùtgkj izmyk` rhgmſeĀ kchŗČ ghŗik# | t{j ųpin|ě ’ ek`rhd|mųmce{

dh|ùd em th# ų` ek` jhlņ{ th f{Č ghŗik z|k`vzěi` Ek`yt`t{# rh zmcmekp f`the`j rhdņhlk# emytěrem yzmeym emzfmdmek` t`lh jkòyim jhų` ykě rhom|kČ zm emytěre` yth cmt

Rvz{|vùièk` ghŗikhņh|k ŗ| Mee{ rk`v|hte`lh gyztmņtp o`yt zpr`ņek` ek`v`mce` Rhzhytmek` he opųjk`yzmekeĀ gcmy{i{zjp# e`hlht{gp k e`hfmvhgp O`demg jhųem ykě zmytmeh|kČ# iz{ hthizèk` ghŗikhņm ek`

rh|keeh | omgkŗ yrhyùf jhiekò em|kĀz{|mČ dh dhjkepoĀi`lh | amymdzk` yt{cp Rhlņěfkmek` inmhyp |yzmg ek` o`yt | ekiz{kj ket`v`yk` Rk`v|yz{ gvhg | t{j gk`vpegp |{ghemņ opų r O Ghzmg# z |{izpik`j yjmgphdem|kmoĀi emc`ųĀi{ dh ek`lh fpd{e`g rk`v|yzò | Ghcek` v`jkz{ ytvmųmigkò Hfm|kmj ykě# ų` dhfvz`ghjrhepoĀi` ykě z ghŗikhņ`j hthizèk` rmvt`vh|{in cpf | izěŗik rkětvh|{in dhjù|# zeme` o`yziz` yrvz`dek`yr`ņem rùņ |k`gp zmytĀrk rpytgm k rpytmgk Hf{ ek`-

Fkfckhlvmam= I Fvhdzkigk# Ghceh em Jmzh|yzp# \mvyzm|m =;>66 I Fvhdzkigk# Ghceh em Jmzh|yzp# ōhjųm 622=9 I Fvhdzkigk# Ghŗikùņ Vz{jygh*Gmthckigk | Ghcek` em Jmzh|yzp# \mvyzm|m =;;>4 \ O`jk`ckt{# Rmvm` O`d|mfe`lh# Ghcem k hghcki{# ōhjųm =;;20% Gmtmchl _mf{tgù| Yztpgk | Rhcyi`# y`vkm eh|m# t K^# z`yz 9? Ghceh# Lvmo`|h k hghcki`#

\mvyzm|m =;>>1% @rkyt`j`# t 6=? _k`jkm ghce`ńygm em rvz`ņhjk` ^^ k ^^K |k`gp# Hcìgh 6226




60

Fmzm chgmch|m k hvlmekzmiom yzghņ{ rh |{z|hcèkp

Vhg =;40 zmrhizĀtgh|mņ ghcòe{ `tmr nkythvkk ghcè`ńygkò yzghņ{ ŗv`dekòDcm eh|ò rcmiù|gk hfvmeh chgpj | rv{|mte{j dhjp Omem Rņhńygk`lh kemdmeh oò emz|ě? Rv{|mte` Lkjemzopj Gh`dpgmi{oe` kj _m|kyz{ Izmv*e`lh Pt|hvzheh rkěČ ymc c`gi{oe{in== |vz`ŗekm =;41 vhgp zjkèkheh emz|ě yzghņ{ em Lkjemzopj Gh`dpgmi{o*e` _|kĀzgp Empiz{ik`cyt|m Rhcygk`lh6

\ dekp 6> rmſdzk`vekgm =;4< vhgp lkjemzopj rvzèk`ykheh dh eh|`lh fpd{egp rvz{ pc

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_ dek`j = |vz`ŗekm =;4> vhgp yzghņě prmńyt|h|kheh# emdmoĀi oò o`dehiz`ŗek` emz|ě?Rmńyt|h|m Yzghņm HlùcehgyztmņiĀim Ythrekm Cki`mce`lh0

= Iz`yņm| Fvhdzkigk Ghceh em Jmzh|yzp# \mvyzm|m =;>6# y 6906 Gykělm rvhthghņù| rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd 292;=;40 v dh =;21 =;0= vhgp

9 Tmjų`4 Gykělm rvhthghņù| rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd 292;=;40 v dh =;21=;0= v0 Tmjų`

dv Jmvkme Gv{ykmg .Tpvhŗc+

şv`dekm yzghņm hlùcehgyztmņiĀim | Ghcek` rh KK |hoek` ŗ|kmth|ò

V

Yk`dzkfm yzghņ{ |

cmtmin =;40* =;4< rvz{pc% \hoygm Rhcygk`lh



61 Jmvkme Gv{ykmg

VhyeĀim ckizfm lmveĀiò ykě dh empgk jņhdzk`ų{ # zdhrkelh|mņm ù|iz`ye` |ņmdz` dh fpdh*|{ eh|`lh ljminp yzghņ{ \{dmvzèk`j |mųe{j dcm oò vhz|hop f{ņh vhzrhizěik` tò ke|`yt{iok rvz{ pc \hoygm Rhcygk`lh# em lvpeik` emc`ųĀi{j prvz`dekh dh Omem Rņhńygk`lh Rvmi` fpdh|cme`vhzrhizěth | jmvip =;0< vhgp# m kin zmghńizèk` rvz`|kd{|meh em o`yk`ń =;0> vhgp \{ghem|*iĀ vhfùt f{ņh Rvz`dykěfkhvyt|h Fpdh|cme` z Ghcem Fpdh|m jkmņm zhytmČ vhzrhizětm opų | =;4>vhgp7 zhytmņ{ em|`t rvz{zeme` apedpyz` em tè i`c | g|hik` 06 jkckheù| zņht{in# cìz rvz`z dzk`*

ykěČ cmt Jkòygm Vmdm Emvhdh|m ek` rhtvmņm zemc`ſČ chgmckzmiok dcm ljminp Dh ghegv`t{zmiok rcmeù| | zmgv`yk` |{fpdh|mekm eh|ò yk`dzkf{ yzghņ{ | zemizeò jk`vz` rvz{iz{ekņ ykě JmvkmeMvt`v# f{ņ{ d{v`gthv rcmiù|gk Th dzkěgk o`lh ytmvmekhj ke|`yt{iom pz{ygmņm apedpyz` k pjk`yz*izheh oĀ | rcmek` emvhdh|{j O`demg fpdh|{ ek` pghńizheh | zmjk`vzhe{j t`vjkek` Hddmeh oĀ dh pų{tgp dhrk`vh | ghńip |vz`ŗekm =;0; vhgp1 Omg em |mvpegk ghce`ńygk`# f{ņ th hfk`gt ek`*z|{gc` hgmzmņ{# rhykmdmņ yz`v`l eh|mthvygkin vhz|kĀzmń# |{rvz`dzmoĀi{in izmy o`lh rh|ytmekmRh ek`|k`cgkò vhzfpdh|k` hvmz rvz`vùfgmin |eětvzm | rùſekòyz{j# tvz{dzk`ythc`tekj hgv`yk`yzghņm | h|{j fpd{egp apegiohepo` dh in|kck hfìeò

60 |vz`ŗekm =;10 vhgp hdf{ņm ykě pvhiz{ythŗČ emdmekm cki`pj kjkèkm Mdmjm Jkigk`|k*izm hvmz |věizèkm yztmedmvp# papedh|me`lh rvz`z jk`yzgmńiù| rh|kmtp<

\ vhgp yzghce{j =;<<(<> | cki`pj pt|hvzheh d|k` gcmy{ zm|hdh|` h rvhcp vhcekiz{jhvmz o`deĀ# gyztmņiĀiĀ | zmgv`yk` vhcekit|m em rhzkhjk` ŗv`dekj \ t{j ymj{j vhgp dhghemehzjkme{ dht{inizmyh|ò emz|{ em _`yrùņ Yzgùņ HlùcehgyztmņiĀi{in k _m|hdh|{in Ytme tmgkptvz{j{|mņ ykě dh =;>1 vhgp# gk`d{ th z fvmgp zmket`v`yh|mekm z` ytvhe{ jņhdzk`ų{ zckg|kdh|m*eh rvhc vhcekiz{# rcmiù|gm zmŗ rvz{oěņm rheh|ek` emz|ě Cki`pj HlùcehgyztmņiĀi` kj MdmjmJkigk`|kizm# gtùvm th hfh|kĀzpo` dh in|kck hfìeò> = |vz`ŗekm =;>2 vhgp dhghemeh hdyņhekěikm rhjekgm Mdmjm Jkigk`|kizm ’ rmtvhem yzghņ{# rvz`rvh|mdzmoĀi |iz`ŗekò lvpeth|e{ v`jhetljminp hvmz rhvzĀdgpoĀi o`lh hthizèk`;

Inmvmgt`v{yt{gm jņhdzk`ų{ cki`pjGhceh k imņ{ rh|kmt jm inmvmgt`v t{rh|h vhcekiz{ \ ymj{j t{cgh jk`ŗik` pų{tgk vhce`

zmojpoĀ mų <0% rh|k`vzinek Jm th ŗikyņ{ z|kĀz`g z t{r`j ŗvhdh|kygm# z gtùv`lh |{|hdzkņm ykějņhdzk`ų

Tpų rh |{z|hcèkp v`mgt{|h|mek` yzghņ{ ŗv`dekò | Ghcek` yt|hvz{ņh hlvhjeĀ yzmeyěgyztmņièkm jņhdzk`ų{ |kòygkò F`zrņmtehŗČ empgk hvmz y{yt`j yt{rèdkù| dm|mņ{ jhųck|hŗČempgk em|`t emopfhųyz{j# m rvzìk`ų zk`jkm ghce`ńygm dh emoų{ſekòyz{in ek` emc`ųmņm k dhinhd{cpdzk ų{oĀi{in z oò prvm|{ f{ņ{ ek`|k`cgk`

RhizĀtgh|{ hgv`y apegioheh|mekm yzghņ{ |kĀzmņ ykě z rhghe{|mek`j rvhfc`jù| zvùųek*

ih|mekm rhzkhjp |k`dz{ rhyziz`lùce{in pizekù| Piz{ck ykě hek prvz`dekh | vùųe{in yzghņmin#em tmoe{in ghjrc`tmin# ek`gtùvz{ jk`ck rvz`v|{ | empi` Tvz`fm f{ņh hlvhje`lh |{ykņgp k zmme*lmųh|mekm empiz{ik`ck# mf{ pzpr`ņekČ fvmgk |k`dz{ p rhzhytmoĀi{in | t{c` Ptvpdekèk` ytmeh|kņhvù|ek`ų zemize` zvùųekih|mek` |k`gp pizekù|# rhdhfek` fědĀi` yrpŗikzeĀ rhhgprmi{oeĀ \rņ{*|mņh heh e`lmt{|ek` em rvmiě |{inh|m|izĀ Rvhfc`jmt{i` tò zmizěth rhŗ|kěimČ ihvmz |kěiòp|mlk# hvlmekzpoĀi vhdzkiù| k hvlmekzmio` jņhdzk`ųh|`# rh|hņme` | yzghc` dh dzkmņmń |{inh*|m|iz{in \ =;40 vhgp empgě vhzrhizěņh 66< hyùf# m | cmtmin rùſekòyz{in ckizfm pizekù||mnmņm ykě | lvmekimin hd =92 dh hghņh 402=21 Gvhekgm Cki`pj HlùcehgyztmņiĀi`lh | Ghcek`# y 0< Tmjų`# y 6

> Gykělm rvhthghņù| rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd 2121=;>4 v dh 612>=;>; vhgp; Gykělm rvhthghņù| z rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd =126=;>2 v dh 2<2;=;>6 v=2 Gykělm rvhthghņù| Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd 292;=;40 v dh =;21=;0= v Keahvjmiom pytem



6<Yzghņm ŗv`dekm hlùcehgyztmņiĀim

Vhz|ùo jkmytm |kĀzmņ ykě z o`lh prvz`j{yņh|kèk`j# ih z ghc`k rh|hdh|mņh zjkmeě rh*inhdzèkm yrhņìze`lh jņhdzk`ų{ z rvm|k` |{ņĀizek` inņhrygk`lh em# | ihvmz |kěgyz{j ythrekp#vhfhtekiz` k ket`cklèigk` Dh zjkme{ ytvpgtpv{ rhinhdzèkm pizekù| rv`zèth|meò rcmiù|gk

rvz{iz{ekņ ykě dhdmtgh|h amgt# kų | Ghcek` pytmeh|kheh d|m z`yrhņ{ yzgùņ zm|hdh|{in# dh gtù*

v{in emrņ{|mņm rvz`d` |yz{ytgkj jņhdzk`ų z` ŗvhdh|kygm |kòygk`lhInmvmgt`v{zpoĀi rņ`Č pizekù| cki`pj emc`ų{ yt|k`vdzkČ# kų hd rhizĀtgp o`lh kytekèkm dh*jkeh|mņ{ | ekj dzk`|izětm# gtùv` ytmeh|kņ{ z|{gc` hghņh <2% hlùņp==

Yziz`lùcek` | cmtmin rkěČdzk`ykĀt{in k yz`ŗČdzk`ykĀt{in zemizem izěŗČ pizekù| jkmņm hf*ekųme` hiè{ z zminh|mekm Rvz{iz{emjk t`lh ytmep f{ņh jkědz{ kee{jk? yrhų{|mek` mcghnhcp |jkòyimin rpfckize{in k em ytmeiomin# rmcèk` rmrk`vhyù|# ekygm av`g|èiom k ek`|ņmŗik|` zminh*|mek` em c`giomin k rhdizmy rvz`v|# c`gi`|mųèk` rhcì`ń empiz{ik`ck# fùogk# rhfkikm k gvmdzk`ų`Rvz{ tmgkj ytmek` pizekh|ygk`lh jhvmc` ythyh|meh izmy`j gmv{ pypekěikm z` yzghņ{ cpf zm|k`*yzèkm em hgv`ŗche{ izmy | rvm|min pizekm Rh|hdù| rvz`dytm|khe{in tvpdehŗik |{inh|m|*iz{in empiz{ik`c` prmtv{|mck | v`cmt{|ek` ekygkj rhzkhjk` ket`c`gtpmce{j ŗvhdh|kyg rhinh*

dzèkm pizekù| O`demg | jkmvě prņ{|p cmt# vùųeki` rhzkhjp |k`dz{ k gpctpv{ ų{ikm jņhdzk`ų{jkòygkò k |kòygkò zmizěņ{ ykě ythrekh|h zmik`vmČ

Dh ghńim cmt hyk`jdzk`ykĀt{in |ŗvùd pizekù| cki`pj | Ghcek` rvhrhviom jņhdzk`ų{ jkò*ygkò dh |kòygkò |{ehyk hghņh 9 ? ==6

Gmdvm empiz{ik`cygm

\ rk`v|yz{in cmtmin rh zmghńizèkp KK |hoe{ ŗ|kmth|ò rvhfc`j`j zmymdekizò |mlkdcm hvlmekzmthvù| hŗ|kmt{ | Rhcyi` f{ņh yghjrc`th|mek` gmdv{ empiz{ik`cygkò Ek` hjkeĀņ hek Ghcem Hgprmeik z` yziz`lùceĀ zmik`gņhŗikĀ ytmvmck ykě |{ekyziz{Č ket`cklèioě rhcygĀ# ytmeh*

d{v`gthvm yzghņ{ Yņm|hjkvm V{dcm== Keahvjmiom pytem d{v`gthvm yzghņ{ Yņm|hjkvm V{dcm=6 Keahvjmiom pytem d{v gthvm yzghņ{ Yņm|hjkvm V{dcm

Yk`dzkfm yzghņ{ | cmtmin=;4< * =;0; rvz{ pc%\hoygm Rhcygk`lh 9



6> Jmvkme Gv{ykmg

|kĀiĀ hythoě empgk# gpctpv{ k ŗ|kmdhjhŗik emvhdh|ò \ lvprk` tò rhiz`ye` jkòyi` zmojh|mckempiz{ik`c` YtĀd t`ų hvlmekzmiom yzgùņ rh hgprmiok |kĀzmņm ykě z zmtvpdekèk`j gmdv{ ek`rhykmdm* oĀiò hdrh|k`dekin g|mckgmiok zm|hdh|{in k r`dmlhlkize{in# |kěi |ŗvùd empiz{ik`ck zemc`ſckykě k tmi{# gtùvz{ c`lkt{jh|mck ykě o`d{ek` tz| jmņĀ jmtpvĀ

Rk`v|yz{j d{v`gthv`j ghce`ńygkò yzghņ{ ŗv`dekò# hfòjpoĀi{j tě apegioě = |vz`ŗekm=;40 vhgp# f{ņ \ņmd{yņm| Vhogh|ygk He th rh|hņmņ rk`v|yzĀ Vmdě R`dmlhlkizeĀ# gtùvm y|ho`

kemplpvmi{oe` rhyk`dzèk` hdf{ņm 9 |vz`ŗekm =;40 vhgp Hrvùiz d{v`gthvm rvmiě | yzghc` vhzrh*izěck? Oùzà Omykńygk# Ytmekyņm| Ytěrk`ń# Ytàme şc`yz{ńygk# Kvèm Fhekg# Fhc`yņm|m Fvminm# _hmInětekg k gykĀdz Ytmekyņm| Gmjkńygk \{ųyz` ytpdkm jmlkyt`vygk` k rvz{lhth|mek` r`dmlhlkize` rhykmdmņ o`d{ek` \ņmd{yņm| Vhogh|ygk=9

\ rk`v|yz{in cmtmin prhymųèk` empiz{ik`ck ghce`ńygkò yzghņ{ ygņmdmņh ykě z emytěrpoĀ*i{in `c`jètù|? 02 zņ zm lhdzkeě rvmi{# < gl tņpyzizp jk`ykěizek` dcm ―ykņ ytmņ{in‚ k 9#0 gl dcm ―ykņ rvz{inhdzĀi{in‚# 02 gl ų{tm dcm gmųd`lh hvmz 62 omo dcm ―ykņ ytmņ{in‚ =4 Tmgk` |{emlvhdzèk` f{ņh o`demg pzeme` zm zf{t |{yhgk`# fh|k`j Hddzkmņ Rh|kmth|{ _|kĀzgp Empiz{ik`cyt|m Rhc*ygk`lh | ōhjų{ |{ytĀrkņ dh empiz{ik`ck z |ekhygk`j h dhfvh|hce` |{vmųèk` zlhd{ em hfekų`*ek` ytm|gk lhdzkeh|ò dh 42 zņ Rhdizmy rhyk`dzèkm Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò |ekhy`g tè hdiz{tmņ\ņmd{yņm| Vhogh|ygk# em ih empiz{ik`c` |{vmzkck y|` hfpvzèk` k ―rvhrhz{ioě‚ o`dehlņhŗek`hdvzpikck _ gmųd{j ek`jmc vhgk`j# | jkmvě z|kěgyzmekm ykě ckizf{ iněte{in dh empgk | cki`pj#t|hvzheh ihvmz |kěiò gcmy Ytmeh|kņh th o`dehiz`ŗek` rvz{iz{eě vhyeĀi`lh zmrhtvz`fh|mekm emempiz{ik`ck# gtùv{in emc`ųmņh rhz{ygmČ Yzpgmeh kin | |kěgyz{in hŗvhdgmin jkòygkin# tmgkin omg? Hytvhņěgm# @ņg# _mjfvù| iz{ em|`t \mvyzm|m \ņmdz` jkmytm ha`vh|mņ{ kj jk`yzgmekm kjhųck|hŗČ yz{fgk`lh m|meyp yrhņìze`lh

Hlùcek` ekygk rhzkhj rvz{lhth|mekm aminh|`lh gmdv{ empiz{ik`cygkò rvz{iz{ekņ ykě dh fvmgp ymt{yamgiohepoĀi{in à`gtù| empizmekm k rvmi{ |{inh|m|izò \ cmtmin rkěČdzk`ykĀt{in rvmim gmdv{ r`dmlhlkizeò rhddm|mem f{ņm izěytò gv{t{i` |kz{tmthvù| k zjkèkmoĀi{in ykě dhŗČ

izěyth d{v`gthvù| yzghņ{ \ =;02 vhgp ù|iz`ye{ d{v`gthv cki`pj @d|mvd Dhfgh|ygk em o`de{jz rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò# ygv{t{gh|mņ empiz{ik`ck zm ek`|ņmŗik|` tvmgth|mek` pizekù|#pin{cmek` ykě hd d{ųpvù|# ſc` rvh|mdzheĀ rvmiě |{inh|m|izĀ k jmcòĀi` zmmelmųh|mek` | rvm*i{ empgh|ò=0 \ vhgp emytěre{j ghcòe{ d{v`gthv# Mc`gymed`v Hcyzmg# omgh rh|ùd rhlmvyzmekmykě y{tpmiok | yzghc` rhdmņ ―rvz`ytmvzmņ{ ythype`g‚ empizmoĀi{in dh pizekù|# fvmg gv{t{gk k ymjh*gv{t{gk# prmd`g |yrùņzm|hdekit|m |ŗvùd empiz{ik`ck Rkěteh|mņ |{yhgk hdy`t`g |{ytm|kme{inpizekhj hiè ek`dhytmtìze{in tpdzk`ų yrùſekèkm empiz{ik`ck em zmoěikm yzghce`=1

60 iz`v|im =;09 vhgp d{v`gthv Jmvkme Mvt`v z|hņmņ emdz|{izmoe` rhyk`dzèk` Vmd{ R`*dmlhlkizeò# em gtùv{j hièkheh rhzkhj k rvz`fk`l ymjhgyztmņièkm kd`hchlkize`lh empiz{ik`ckzm cmtm =;02 ’ =;09 Rhzkhj tè pzemeh zm zvùųekih|me{# ih jkmņh |{ekgmČ z amgtp# kų |kěgyzhŗČ

gmdv{ dh cki`pj rvzèk`ykheh z` yzgùņ rhdytm|h|{in Empiz{ik`c` jk`ck hfh|kĀz`g zņhųèkm`lzmjkep rmńyt|h|`lh z |k`dz{ k ŗ|kmdhjhŗik kd`h|ò=<

_ prņ{|`j izmyp ytme g|mckgmiok lvhem r`dmlhlkize`lh pc`lmņ ihvmz |{vmſekòyzò rh* rvm|k` Rh|ytmoĀi` yz{fgh cki`m r`dmlhlkize` hvmz |{ųyz` piz`cek` * rvz{iz{ekmņ{ ykě zmvù|ehdh z|kěgyzmekm ckizf{ gmdv{ empiz{ik`cygkò# omg k rhdek`ykèkm omghŗik oò gyztmņièkm Em rhizĀt*gp cmt yz`ŗČdzk`ykĀt{in dh rvmi{ | ghce`ńygkj cki`pj zmizěck emrņ{|mČ mfyhc|èik tòų` yzghņ{#gtùvz{ zdĀų{ck pghńiz{Č opų ytpdkm |{ųyz` h vùųe{in yrìomcehŗikmin \ cmtmin yk`d`jdzk`ykĀt{in

=9 Gykělm rvhthghņù| rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd 292;=;40 v dh =;21=;0= v=4 Tmjų`

=0 Gykělm rvhthghņù| rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd 292;=;40 v dh =;21=;06 v=1 Tmjų`=< Gykělm rvhthghņù| rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd 6424=;09 v dh ==20=;00 v



6;Yzghņm ŗv`dekm hlùcehgyztmņiĀim

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|yz{yi{ empiz{ik`c` ghce`ńygk`lh cki`pj jhlck |{gmzmČ ykě d{rchjmjk jmlkyt`vygkjk k rvz{lh*th|mek`j r`dmlhlkize{j

DzkmņmcehŗČ hvlmekzmiok yrhņìze{in k rhckt{ize{in hvmz gùņ

zmket`v`yh|mń

Rk`v|yz{j ghņ`j zmket`v`yh|mń# kemplpvpoĀi{j dzkmņmcehŗČ jņhdzk`ų{ | cki`pj# f{ņ t`*mtv yzghce{# apegiohepoĀi{ rhd hrk`gĀ empiz{ik`cgk oěz{gm rhcygk`lh# Kvè{ Fhekg \hgùņ ek`lh

ygprkmņh ykě lvheh emofmvdzkò ptmcèth|me{in pizekù| Rk`v|yz{j rvz`dytm|kèk`j f{ņh ―F`tc`* o`j rhcygk`‚=; zmrv`zèth|me` 6< k 6> yt{izekm =;41 vhgp | ymck t`mtvp jkòygk`lh

\ zfckųhe{j izmyk` vhzrhizĀņ rvmiě inùv yzghce{ * rvh|mdzhe{ rvz`z Oùzàm Omykńygk`lh\ zmoěikmin piz`ytekiz{ņh >2 hyùf# m rvz{lhth|{|meh rk`ŗek v`cklkoe` k cpdh|` Inùv |{ytěrh*|mņ | ghŗik`c`# rhdizmy pvhiz{ythŗik yzghce{in m tmgų` |{o`ųdųmņ em rpfckize` |{ytěr{ dh Rkyzm#ōhjų{ k Fkmņ`lhythgp62

\khyeĀ =;4< vhgp | cki`pj zhvlmekzh|meh ghņh yrhvth|`# emd gtùv{j rkìzě yrvm|h|mņYtmekyņm| Ytěrk`ń _mgprkheh rkņgk k zmizěth vhzlv{|mČ rk`v|yz` jìz` T`mtv yzghce{ vhz|komņy|Ā dzkmņmcehŗČ# rvz{lhth|poĀi ghcòe` yr`gtmgc`# m |ŗvùd ekin ―_`jytě‚ Mc`gymedvm Av`dv{6=

P yin{ņgp =;4< vhgp rh|ytmņh yzghce` ghņh _|kĀzgp Jņhdzk`ų{ \kòygkò ―\kik‚# | gtù*v`lh rvmi{ jņhdzk`ų fvmņm mgt{|e{ pdzkmņ D`c`lmik ghņm piz`ytekiz{ck | zomzdmin |ho`|ùdzgkin#m Fhc`yņm| Lěfmvygk f{ņ d`c`lmt`j em Ghelv`y _o`dehizèkh|{ Jņhdzk`ų{ Rhcygkò | \mvyzm*|k`66 Rh ghelv`yk` rhytmeh|kheh hrvz`Č dzkmņmcehŗČ |yz{ytgkin hvlmekzmiok pizekh|ygkin emkd`hchlkk _|kĀzgp Jņhdzk`ų{ Rhcygkò# omgh |khdĀiò hvlmekzmiok jņhdzk`ųh|ò \{zemizheheh|{in hrk`gpeù| rhyziz`lùce{in yzghce{in hlek| hvlmekzmi{oe{in# zmvù|eh rhckt{ize{in# omg k yrhņìze{in Hrk`gpe`j _|kĀzgp Jņhdzk`ų{ Rhcygkò zhytmņ Mc`gymed`v Hcyzmg# _|kĀz*gp Nmvi`vyt|m Rhcygk`lh ’ Mc`gymed`v Yhfhikńygk# Ghņm Gvmohzem|iz`lh ’ \cmzcmg# Rhcygk`lh

=> Keahvjmiom pytem f{ņ`lh d{v`gthvm Omepyzm Rkgpckńygk`lh=; Gykělm rvhthghņù| rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y 292;=;40 v dh =;21=;0= v

62 Tmjų`6= Tmjų`66 Tmjų`

Yk`dzkfm yzghņ{ hd

=;0; dhdzkŗ rvz{

pc% \hoygm

Rhcygk`lh 94



92Jmvkme Gv{ykmg

Iz`v|he`lh Gvz{ųm ’ gykĀdz rvà`gt Gmiz{ńygk# emthjkmyt YmjhvzĀdp Yzghce`lh k Yrùņdzk`cekPizekh|ygkò ’ Ytmekyņm| Ytěrk`ń69

_ rhizĀtgk`j vhgp yzghce`lh =;02(0= pytmeh|khe` zhytmņ{ | yzghc` eh|` ghņm empgh*|` hvmz hvlmekzmio` yrhņìze` k rhckt{ize`# rvz{ o`dehiz`ye{j |zeh|kèkp dzkmņmcehŗik |iz`*ŗekò kytekòĀi{in K tmg rvmih|mņ{? ghņh z{ize` ’ hrk`gpe O`vz{ Fkmņhfvz`ygk# jmt`jmt{ize` ’ @d|mvd Inc`fpy# fkhchlkize` ’ N`cèm _mvěfm# jmvgykyth|ygk` ’ Mc`gymed`v Yhfhikńygk# rcm*

yt{ize` ’ Oùzà Yhfhikńygk# Yzghce` Ghņh Hdfpdh|{ \mvyzm|{ ’ Omd|klm Rvz{f{yz`|ygm# Rhc*ygk`lh Iz`v|he`lh Gvz{ųm ’ Nmckem Jmo`|ygm# Th|mvz{yt|h Rvz{omſek Rhcygh ’ Vmdzkìgkò ’ Jkckt{em Omvjpņh|kiz# Cklk Rvz{omikùņ ŷhņek`vz{ ’ Mc`gymed`v Yhfhikńygk64 \ =;1= vhgp vhcěghņm gvmohzem|iz`lh rvzòěņh rvěųek` dzkmņmoĀi` Yzghce` Ghņh Gvmohzem|izh ’ Tpv{yt{ize`#hrk`gě zmŗ emd ekj rh|k`vzheh Omd|kdz` AvĀigk`|kiz Pizekh|k` zvz`yzèk | t{j ghc` mgt{|ek`piz`ytekiz{ck | ckize{in kjrv`zmin rhzm yzghņĀ 60 \ t{j ymj{j izmyk` zhvlmekzh|meh | cki`pj rvmih|ekě vhfùt věize{in# jmoĀiĀ zm zmdmek` vhz|komek` zmket`v`yh|mń tìnekize{in p jņhdzk`ų{hvmz ņĀizèk` t`hvkk z rvmgt{gĀ Em|kĀzmem zhytmņm |yrùņrvmim yzghņ{ z zmgņmdmjk rvz`j{yņh|{*jk# dzkěgk iz`jp pizekh|k` jk`ck jhųck|hŗČ rhzemekm rvhi`yù| rvhdpgi{oe{in

Ghņh _|kĀzgp Jņhdzk`ų{ \kòygkò ’ | =;1= vhgp ’ |{yzņh z kekiomt{|Ā zhvlmekzh|mekmt`vèh|`lh npaim rvmi{ V`mckzmiom tò kekiomt{|{ rhc`lmņm em pt|hvzèkp d|ùin lvpr vhfhiz{in#ckizĀi{in rh 62 hyùf# z gtùv{in o`dem ygņmdmņm ykě z izņhegù| _|kĀzgp Jņhdzk`ų{ \kòygkò# mdvplm ’ _|kĀzgp Nmvi`vyt|m Rhcygk`lh Ghņh _J\ f{ņh t`ų kekiomthv`j pdzk`cèkm rvz`z jņh*dzk`ų rhjhi{ | zfkhvz` zk`jekmgù| k fpvmgù| ipgvh|{in em t`vèk` Rmńyt|h|{in Lhyrhdmvyt|Vhce{in | Lvmfh|k`# Cminh|k` k Tpvh|k`61

> jmvim =;14 vhgp# dcm pizizèkm d|pdzk`ythcìkm RVC# | cki`pj zmņhųheh Ghņh Cklk Gh* fk`t# dh gtùv`lh |ytĀrkņ{ |yz{ytgk` empiz{ik`cgk6<

Ghņm zmket`v`yh|mń hvmz empgh|` dzkmņmņ{ rvz`z imņ{ izmy z dhŗČ |{yhgĀ mgt{|ehŗikĀ# rvz{ zjkèkmoĀi{in ykě hrk`gpemin k# hiz{|kŗik`# ihvmz th eh|{in piz`ytekgmin# gtùv{in ghcòe`

zmytěr{ ghńiz{ņ{ k vhzrhiz{emņ{ empgě | cki`pjApegioheh|mek` hvlmekzmiok jņhdzk`ųh|{in | cki`pj em rvz`ytvzèk cmt iình|mņm dpųmd{emjkgm ketèy{|ehŗik7 th |{gmz{|mņ{ he` dpų` hų{|kèk`# th zeù| |{ytěrh|mņ{ hgv`y{ ytm*lemiok Rh|hd{ t`lh zvùųekih|mekm f{ņ{ zņhųhe` Hvlmekzmio` rhckt{ize` ._J\# _JR# _JY#_YJ\+ mgt{|kzh|mņ{ ykě | zmc`ųehŗik hd y{tpmiok rhckt{izeò | gvmop# zmmelmųh|mekm y|{inghcòe{in hrk`gpeù|# d{v`giok yzghņ{# m tmgų` ymj{in izņhegù|# |ŗvùd gtùv{in ihvhizek` emytě* rh|mņm zemizem pgtpmiom Rhdhfek` rvz`dytm|kmņ{ ykě rvz`yņmegk mgt{|ehŗik yzghce{in hvlmek*zmiok yrhņìze{in# | gtùv{in fmvdzh |k`c` zmc`ųmņh hd hrk`gpeù| k izņhegù|

\ cmtmin =;40 ’ =;>; em t`vèk` yzghņ{ kytekmņm Rhdytm|h|m Hvlmekzmiom Rmvt{oem * rh*izĀtgh|h Rhcygkò Rmvtkk Vhfhtekizò# m hd =;4> v ’ Rhcygkò _o`dehizheò Rmvtkk Vhfhtekizò

Ygprkmņm hem | y|{in yz`v`lmin |kěgyzhŗČ gmdv{ empiz{ik`cygkò cki`pj\ =;>2 vhgp vhzrhizĀņ vù|ek`ų dzkmņmcehŗČ z|kĀz`g zm|hdh|{ EY__ ―YhckdmvehŗČ‚

O`lh rvmiě rvz`v|mņ |rvh|mdzhe{ =9 lvpdekm =;>= vhgp ytme |hoèe{ _|kĀz`g tè v`mgt{|h|mņykě | =;>; vhgp

Rhemdth rvz`z imņ{ izmy dzkmņm _|kĀz`g Empiz{ik`cyt|m Rhcygk`lh Dh =;>2 vhgp ygprkmņ| y|{in yz`v`lmin |yz{ytgkin empiz{ik`ck

69 Tmjų`64 Tmjų`

60 Gykělm rvhthghņù| rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd 2124=;12 v dh =;21=;16 v61 Tmjų`6< Tmjų`



9=Yzghņm ŗv`dekm hlùcehgyztmņiĀim

\yrùņrvmim yzghņ{ z hvlmekzmiomjk yrhņìze{jk k rhckt{ize{jk

hvmz Ghjkt`t`j Vhdzkik`cygkj

_ rh|ytmek`j yzghņ{ |kĀzmņh ykě vù|ek`ų rh|hņmek` Ghjkt`tp Vhdzkik`cygk`lh O`lh rvmièm rvz`ytvzèk cmt iình|mņh zvùųekih|me` emykcèk`# ytmeh|kĀi` rhinhdeĀ mgt{|ehŗik izņhegù|#m rvz`d` |yz{ytgkj rvz`|hdekizĀi`lh Jkjh hgv`yh|{in yrmdgù| mgt{|ehŗik ’ jhųem |ygm*zmČ em ih emojekò gkcgm |mųe{in k lhde{in hdehth|mekm rvz`dykě|zkěČ ghjkt`tp \ =;41 vhgp* gk`d{ th |{ņhekņm ykě jhųck|hŗČ prmńyt|h|kèkm lkjemzopj ’ Ghjkt`t Vhdzkik`cygk |yrùcek` zVmdĀ R`dmlhlkizeĀ hrvmih|mņ |{ytĀrkèk` dh jkekytvm hŗ|kmt{# ih | ek`dņplkj izmyk` zmh|hih*|mņh prmńyt|h|kèk`j yzghņ{6> Ptvz{j{|mņm hem ŗikyņ` ghetmgt{ z vhdzkimjk pizekù|# izěythhvlmekzh|meh z`fvmekm k yrhtgmekm Em o`de{j z ekin# | =;4< vhgp# rhdoěth dì{zoě h rņmièkp rvz`z pizekù| gmv zm htvz{j{|me` hiè{ ek`dhytmtìze` Gmtmchl t{inų` gmv rvz`|kd{|mņ em rvz{gņmd ghekìzehŗČ |rņmièkm zm d|k` d|ùo` ’ 622 zņ# zm |kěgyzĀ zmŗ kin ckizfě ’ 922 zņRkèkĀdz` pz{ygme` | tmgk yrhyùf |rņ{|mņ{ em gheth Ghjkt`tp Vhdzkik`cygk`lh# gtùv{ |{ghvz{*yt{|mņ o` em emeyh|mek` rhjhi{ dcm emopfhųyz{in pizekù|6;

D{v`giom# yziz`lùcek` | cmtmin rkěČdzk`ykĀt{in k yz`ŗČdzk`ykĀt{in# z p|mlk em ckize` tvpd*ehŗik |{inh|m|iz` | rvmi{ z jņhdzk`ųĀ ytmvmņm ykě zjhfkckzh|mČ vhdzkiù| dh |yrùņdzkmņmekmz` yzghņĀ Omgh rvz{gņmd pzmymdekèkm rhdhfe{in gvhgù| rhyņpų{Č jhų` hrkekm d{v`gthvm Mc`g*ymedvm Hcyzmgm# gtùv{ | =;02 vhgp zm o`d{eĀ dvhlě |khdĀiĀ dh rhrvm|{ jhvmc` pizekù| * p|mųmņemoŗikŗcòyzĀ |yrùņrvmiě r`dmlhlù| z vhdzkimjk# m tmgų` z kytekòĀi{jk | cki`pj hvlmekzmiomjk rhckt{ize{jk k yrhņìze{jk DhŗČ zemjkèe{j rvzòm|`j h|`lh |yrùņdzkmņmekm f{ņh hrvmih*|mek` |{ytĀrkèkm dh ytmvhyt|m z |ekhygk`j h |{dmek` gmt`lhv{ize`lh zmgmzp yrvz`dm|mekmmcghnhcp jņhdzk`ų{ yzghceò92 Ek` zm|yz` o`demg y{tpmioě iình|mņh |zmo`je` zvhzpjkèk` gm*dv{ empiz{ik`cygkò# hvlmekzmiok yzghce{in k vhdzkiù| Em rvz{gņmd 6 lvpdekm =;02 vhgp rhdizmy rhyk`dzèkm Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò# | gtùv{j piz`ytekiz{ck zmrvhyzèk rvz`dytm|kik`c` Ghjkt`tp

Vhdzkik`cygk`lh k ghņm _JR# d{v`gthv Jmvkme Mvt`v hytvh ygv{t{gh|mņ fvmg |yrùņrvmi{ z` ytvhe{vhdzkiù| k kin ekìněČ dh mgt{|eò rhjhi{ yzghc` Rhtěrkņ tmgų` dzkmņmcehŗČ ghņm _JR# gtùv`jpzmvzpikņ fk`vehŗČ hvlmekzmi{oeĀ# rvz{ o`dehiz`ye{j invhekèkp rvz`z ek` pizekù| hykĀlmoĀi{inemoyņmfyz` |{ekgk | empi` k |{|k`vmoĀi{in zņ{ |rņ{| em v`yztě jņhdzk`ų{9=

Ghjkt`t Vhdzkik`cygk rhdòjh|mņ ekò`dehgvhtek` kekiomt{|{ h zmymdekiz{j zemizèkpdcm apegioheh|mekm yzghņ{# kcpytvmioě iz`lh ytmeh|k zhfh|kĀzmek` ykě rvz`z vhdzkiù| | =;04vhgp dh yemeyh|mekm k f`zrhŗv`dek`lh pdzkmņp | |{v`jheth|mekp ljminp yzghņ{# |{ghemekpyzmtek hvmz emrvm|k` hlvhdzèkm96 Ghjkt`t Vhdzkik`cygk | gmųd{j vhgp yzghce{j pin|mcmņ |{*yhghŗČ ygņmd`g rkèkěųe{in# gtùv` vhdzki` pizekù| |rņmimck em o`lh gheth \rņmt{ | ek`gtùv{incmtmin ykělmņ{ em|`t =22% Apedpyz` zlvhjmdzhe` tĀ dvhlĀ |{ghvz{yt{|meh em zmgpr yrvzětpyrhvth|`lh# rhjhi{ empgh|{in# gykĀų`g# em rhgv{ik` ghyztù| v`jhetp rhjk`yziz`ń# zmgpr j`* fck yzghce{in# pvpinhjkèk` k ptvz{jmek` lmfke`tp ythjmthchlkize`lh# |v`yzik` em hvlmekzmioěkjrv`z gpctpvmceh ’ vhzv{|gh|{in dcm jņhdzk`ų{ _`fvme` g|ht{ ytmeh|kņ{ zemizĀi{ |gņmd |emeyh|mek` dzkmņmcehŗik yzghņ{

\yrùņdzkmņmek` empiz{ik`ck z hvlmekzmiomjk yrhņìze{jk kytekòĀi{jk em t`vèk` cki`pjhvmz z vhdzkimjk pizekù| |kdhize` f{ņh | tz| z`yrhņmin |{inh|m|iz{in# zmojpoĀi{in ykě |{* rvmih|mek`j ghjrc`gyh|`lh rhdòŗikm dh vhz|kĀzmekm rvhfc`jù| |{inh|m|iz{in \ ygņmd

6> Gykělm rvhthghņù| rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y 292;=;40 dh =;21=;0= v6; Tmjų`

92 Tmjų`9= Tmjų`96 Gykělm rvhthghņù| rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd 6424=;09 v dh ==20=;00 v



96 Jmvkme Gv{ykmg

t{in z`yrhņù| |inhdzkck r`dmlhdz{# vhdzki`# rvz`dytm|kik`c` jņhdzk`ų{ hvmz hvlmekzmiok yrhņìz*e{in k rhckt{ize{in

HykĀlekěikm yzghņ{

JmoĀi` tmg dņplĀ nkythvkě cki`pj rhykmdm tmgų` hgv`ŗche{ dhvhf`g | rhytmik

ypgi`yù| o`lh |{inh|megù| Ek` yrhyùf yziz`lùņh|h rv`zèth|mČ imņhŗik t`lh hfyzmvpzmlmdekèkh|`lh# cìz |mvth rvz`dytm|kČ inhČf{ izěŗČ hykĀlekěČ K tmg em rvz{gņmd dzkmņmcehŗČYrùņdzk`cek Pizekh|ygkò | =;16 vhgp pnhehvh|meh rk`v|yzĀ emlvhdĀ |` |yrùņzm|hdekit|k`| vmjmin |ho`|ùdzt|m fkmņhythigk`lh Pizekh|k` zvz`yzèk | Yzghce{j Ghc` Yrhvth|{j emzm|hdmin hgvělh|{in | dekp => ckythrmdm =;16 vhgp zmoěck rk`v|yz` jkòyi` | vhzlv{|gmin rkņgk ykmtgh|ò hvmz | ghegpvyk` ytvz`cìgkj99

6< cpt`lh =;11 vhgp# | `ckjkemiomin rh|kmth|{in ^KK ghegpvyp vì{tmthvygk`lh# z`yrùņT`mtvp Rh`zok z ghce`ńygk`lh cki`pj zdhf{ņ rk`v|yzĀ emlvhdě \ t{j ymj{j vhgp dvpų{emykmtgmvz{ rheh|ek` |{lvmņm | jkytvzhyt|min rh|kmth|{in k htvz{jmņm rpinmv rvzìnhdek=0 jmvim =;<2 vhgp z`yrùņ pizekù| cki`pj zmoĀņ rk`v|yz` jkòyi` | hgvělh|ò hckjrkmdzk`jmt`jmt{izeò Tmgų` | t{j ymj{j vhgp T`mtv Rh`zok z|{ikěų{ņ | rh|kmth|{j k \ho`|ùdzgkjRvz`lcĀdzk` Mjmthvygkin _`yrhņù| T`mtvmce{in94 \ ckythrmdzk` =;<2 vhgp | Rh|kmth|òYrmvtmgkmdzk` \k`dz{ k Yrvm|ehŗik Hfvheeò jņhdzk`ų v`rv`zètpoĀim yzghņě zmoěņm rk`v|yz`jkòyi`90 \ =;<4 vhgp T`mtv Rh`zok rheh|ek` z|{ikěų{ņ rhdizmy rh|kmth|`lh# m htvz{jmņ|{vùųekèk` rhdizmy |ho`|ùdzgk`lh rvz`lcĀdp t`mtvù| mjmthvygkin \ t{j ymj{j vhgppizekh|k` cki`pj hdek`ŗck vù|ek`ų kee` zemizĀi` ypgi`y{ \ hckjrkmdzk` fkhchlkizeò pz{ygmck rk`v|yz` jkòyi` | `ckjkemiomin |ho`|ùdzgkin# ih zmr`|ekņh kj pdzkmņ |` |yrùņzm|hdekit|kèm yziz`fcp gvmoh|{j \ hckjrkmdzk` in`jkizeò zmoěck rk`v|yz` jkòyim | |ho`|ùdzt|k`# |ghegpvyk` jmt`jmt{ize{j zmŗ ’ jkòyi` dvplk` | `ckjkemiomin |ho`|ùdzgkin91

\ =;<1 vhgp pizèekim cki`pj# Lvmų{em Yņho`|ygm z|{ikěų{ņm | \ho`|ùdzgkòHckjrkmdzk` Fkhchlkizeò k zmoěņm tvzìk` jkòyi` | emc` iètvmce{j | \mvyzm|k`9< \ =;<<vhgp# em ōhjų{ńygkò Hckjrkmdzk` Jņhdzk`ų{# yrhvth|i{ z ghce`ńygk`lh cki`pj f{ck | ŗikyņòizhņù|i`# zdhf{|moĀi rk`v|yz` jkòyi` | yghgp | dmc# tvzìk` | yghgp |z|{ų k dvplk` | fk`lp rņhtgmvygkj em d{ytmeyk` =22 j`tvù| \ ckdz` c`gghmtc`t{izeò zmoěck hek dvpų{eh|h iz|mvt`jkòyim _|{ikěų{ck emthjkmyt | \ho`|ùdzgkin Klvz{ygmin Yrhvtù| _kjh|{in k |{lvmck|yrùņzm|hdekit|h | emvikmvyt|k` gcmy{ize{j9> \ =;<> vhgp z`yrùņ cki`pj zdhf{ņ tvzìk`jkòyi` | \ho`|ùdzgkò Yrmvtmgkmdzk` Jņhdzk`ų{ | ghegpvèiomin c`gghmtc`t{ize{in# tèkyk`ythņh|{j k ytvz`cmekp9; \ vhgp emytěre{j em ghce`ńygkò hckjrkmdzk` jņhdzk`ų{ yrhvth|i{ z`yzghņ{ hlùcehgyztmņiĀiò |{lvmck |` |yz{ytgkin ghegpvèiomin42 Vhg =;>2 rvz{ekùyņ o`dèmytĀ

chgmtě | ygmck gvmop | KQ Hlùcehrhcygkj Vmodzk` Lvpe|mcdzgkj# iz|mvt` jkòyi` | gmt`lhvkkdzk`|izĀt k inņhriù| | |ho`|ùdzgkj emc` fk`lù| rvz`ņmoh|{in hvmz dvpų{eh|` z|{ikěyt|h| \ho`|ùdzgkin _m|hdmin C`gghmtc`t{ize{in4= =;>6 vhg th vù|ek`ų imņ` rmyjh ypgi`yù|pizekù| cki`pj? jkytvzhyt|h |ho`|ùdzt|m | vzpik` d{ygk`j# rk`v|yz` jkòyi` | jkytvzhyt|min

99 Gvhekgm Cki`pj HlùcehgyztmņiĀi`lh | Ghcek` z =;16 vhgp94 Gvhekgm Cki`pj HlùcehgyztmņiĀi`lh | Ghcek` z =;11 vhgp90 Lmz`tm Fkmņhythigm z dekm =9===;<2 v# y 991 Gvhekgm Cki`pj HlùcehgyztmņiĀi`lh | Ghcek` z =;<4 vhgp9< Gykělm rvhthghņù| rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd 612>=;<1 v dh =;24=;<> v9> Gvhekgm Cki`pj HlùcehgyztmņiĀi`lh | Ghcek` z =;<< v

9; Gvhekgm Cki`pj HlùcehgyztmņiĀi`lh | Ghcek` z =;<> v42 Gvhekgm Cki`pj HlùcehgyztmņiĀi`lh | Ghcek` z =;<; v4= Gvhekgm Cki`pj HlùcehgyztmņiĀi`lh | Ghcek` z =;>2 v



99Yzghņm ŗv`dekm hlùcehgyztmņiĀim

|ho`|ùdzt|m | rkņi` věizeò | gmt opekhvù| jņhdyz{in# rk`v|yz` jkòyim | fk`lp em 9222j# 6222 j k >22 j k rk`v|yz` jkòyim | fk`lp rvz`ņmoh|{j em d{ytmeymin 1222 j# 0222 j#=022 j | ōhjų{ńygkò Hckjrkmdzk` Jņhdzk`ų{ Yzghceò hvmz | fk`lp emvikmvygkj em 9222 j |jkytvzhyt|min |ho`|ùdzt|m46

Th t{cgh lmvŗČ keahvjmiok dht{izĀi{in hykĀlekěČ k ypgi`yù| pizekù| cki`pj Ckytm tm o`yt zemizek` yz`vyzm# cìz k t`# |{fvme` z gkcgp cmt rvz{gņmd{# kcpytvpoĀ dhfvĀ rvmiě empiz{ik`ck#

oò ketèy{|ehŗČ k à`gt{|ehŗČ hvmz |{ykņ`g k ypgi`y{ jņhd{in yrhvth|iù|# m o`dehiz`ŗek`pizekù|

46 Gykělm rvhthghņù| z rhyk`dz`ń Vmd{ R`dmlhlkizeò zm hgv`y hd 922;=;>6 v dh 2121=;>4 v



94

yz{yi{ zmr`|e` yņ{yz`ck h Rmńyt|h|ò Ytmdekek` Ghek | Omeh|k` Rhdcmygkj#yņ{eĀiò z nhdh|ck ghek iz{ytò gv|k mvmfygkò Jmņh hyùf emthjkmyt |k`# ų` |cmtmin =;0= * =;01 kytekmņm | Lvmfh|k` Rmńyt|h|m Ytmdekem Ghek _mjkmv`j rkyzĀi`lh tè mvt{gpņ ek` f{ņh rhvù|e{|mek` hfp ytmdeke# mc` zmzemizèkàmgtp kytekèkm | cmtmin 02*{in ^^ |k`gp tòų` ytmdeke{RhizĀtgk nhdh|ck ghek | Lvmfh|k` rvz{rmdmoĀ em rk`v|yz` cmtm tvz{dzk`yt`

^^ |k`gp Vhzrhizěņm oĀ vhdzkem Yhghņh|ygkin# gtùvm lhyrhdmvh|mņm | jmoĀtgp Ghek` z nh*dh|ck f{ņ{ dhytmvizme` dcm ; Rpņgp Ytvz`ciù| Ghee{in z Lvmo`|m

Rh KK |hoek` ŗ|kmth|ò jmoĀt`g zk`jygk | Lvmfh|k` zhytmņ prmńyt|h|khe{ YtmdekemLvmfh|h zmņhųhem zhytmņm rvh|kzhv{izek` z in|kcĀ emdòŗikm 96 gcmiz{ ńygkin# | cpt{j =;4;

vhgp \ oò ygņmd |inhdzkņ{ hfk`gt{ | Lvmfh|k`# Cminh|k` k Lckegmin

_mymdekizh hd rhizĀtgp rcmeh|meh nhdh|cě ghekm yhghcygk`lh# o`demg zpr`ņe{ fvmg |ņm*ŗik|`lh jmt`vkmņp |{oŗikh|`lh# m tmgų` hdrh|k`dek`lh hfk`gtp# f{ņ{ rh|hd`j dhŗČ dņplkin|mnmń k zjkme rvho`gtù|# rvz`d` |yz{ytgkj ih dh jkòyim pchgh|mekm ytmdeke{

\ t{j rvzòŗikh|{j hgv`yk` zmizěņ{ emdinhdzkČ dmcyz` lvprgk vùųe{in gcmiz{# rvh|kzh*v{izek` k t{cgh z lvpfyzm dhfk`vme{in K tmg | ckythrmdzk` =;02 vhgp rvz{f{|m =2 gcmiz{ gmem*d{oygkin# emytěrek` |` |vz`ŗekp =;0= v rvz{inhdzk =< gcmiz{ yhghcygkin k < lmv|hckńygkin# m | rmſdzk`vekgp < yhghcygkin z RLV Jmgh|cme{ rh| Yhgùņgm O`dehiz`ŗek` yz{fgh zjekòyzm ykě

ytme gcmiz{ ńygkin# gtùv` rvz`gmz{|me` yĀ omgh ghek` vhfhiz` dh kee{in lhyrhdmvyt|Dzkěgk |{ykņghj ù|iz`ye`lh keyr`gthvm vòheh|`lh Iètvmce`lh _mvzĀdp Nhdh|ck Ghek# rmem J Rkhtvh|ygk`lh k rhjhi{ keyr`gthvm |ho`|ùdzgk`lh rmem F Ytm|kńygk`lh * ytmdekem

Omepyz Rvpykńygk . Ghceh+

Rmńyt|h|m Ytmdekem Ghek | Lvmfh|k` =;0= *=;01

Ytmoek` Ytmdeke{ | Lvmfh|k`

\



90Ytmdekem ghek | Lvmfh|k`

htvz{jpo` rk`v|yz` gkcgmemŗik` t{rh|{in k rvz{dmte{in omgh jmt`vkmņ |{oŗikh|{ gcmiz{*jmt`g

\ =;06 vhgp rvz`rvh|mdzhem o`yt rk`v|yzm y`c`giom k z lvpfyzm pytmcmoĀ ykě rhizĀtgk ytmd*eke{ omgh tmgkò O`demg hlùcek` ytm|gm gcmiz{ ek` o`yt zmdm|mcmoĀim * vùųem vmyh|h# yņmfh `~t`*vk`vh|h k jmņh |{vù|emem | tv{fk`

Rvzòmųdųgm? rh|hzk rme Klemi{ D|hvmgh|ygk# | zmrvzělp hlk`v ―N`vpc‚

ŷek|m rh h|k`y? rh|hzk rme Ytmekyņm| Akckrgh|ygk# m zm ekj rme Avmeikyz`g Lmodzkńygk# | zmrvzělp ghek`―Ypcògm‚ k ―E{yym‚ z` ſv`fkětmjk



91 Omepyz Rvpykńygk

O`yziz` | =;06 vhgp iz{ekhe` yĀ dhgņmde` rhyzpgk|mekm hdrh|k`dekòyz`lh ekų Lvmfh|hhfk`gtp dcm tò ytmdeke{ Hytmtìzek` o`demg zv`z{leh|meh# z rh|hdù| chgmce{in# z Jmgh|cmek Ghceki{# m |hfì zpr`ņe`lh fvmgp kee`lh hfk`gtp zmdì{dh|meh h rhzhytm|kèkp ytmdeke{ |Lvmfh|k` Rhdgv`ŗckČ emc`ų{# kų z`yrùņ Lvmfh|h ek` jkmņ rvm|k` ųmde{in |mvpegù| ek`zfěde{indcm ytmdeke{ Lc`fm zm yņmfm k jmņh pvhdzmoem# fvmg kchŗikh|{ ņĀg emtpvmce{in# rmyt|kygm emtpvmce`kchŗikh|h dhytmtìze` jmoĀ inmvmgt`v jmņh pų{tìze{ vhzdvhfekhe{in ègcm| |ŗvùd rùc# cmyù|# m

em|`t ek`pų{tgù|# |v`yzik` fvmg zpr`ņe{ rmyt|kyg rhch|{in k pų{tgù| zk`che{in | rhcminEk` vhz|kĀzmeh | rk`v|yz{in cmtmin rvhfc`jp ykmem k h|ym _pr`ņek` zvpoeh|me{ cpf fmv*

dzh ytmv{ k zņ{# ek`dhytmtìze{ kchŗikh|h ytme jk`yzgmń rvmih|ekiz{in k fvmg ytmoè cpf jhųck|hŗik rvz`vhfkèkm kee{in fpd{egù| em ytmoek` dcm ytmdeke{# hvmz ek`dhytmtìze{ | dpų{j ythrekp ytmekchŗikh|{ zmņùl | lhyrhdmvyt|min * dhr`ņekmo Ā hfvmzp rhizĀtgh|{in tvpdehŗik tò ytmdeke{

Ek` jhųem rhjkeĀČ amgtp# ų` | =;06 k =;09 vhgp dhghemeh hlvhjeò kchŗik ke|`yt{iok# rvz`d` |yz{ytgkj fpdh|cme{in# m vù|ehc`lc` dzkěgk |{ykņghj ytmvyz`lh mlvhehjm rmem Nèv{*gm Jmytmc`vzm * ytmvmeh ykě h prhvzĀdgh|mek` lhyrhdmvyt|m vhce`lh k rvhdpgiok vhŗckeeò

Ytme omghŗikh|{ imņ`lh ke|ètmvzm ų{|`lh f{ņ zpr`ņek` ek`dhytmtìze{ Dzkěgk |{ykņghjIètvmce`lh _mvzĀdp Nhdh|ck Ghek y{tpmiom em t{j hdikegp | ikĀlp cmt =;09*=;04 pc`lņm imņ*gh|ktò zjkmek`# tmg hdehŗek` ghek vhfhiz{in# omg k hfùv \ =;04 vhgp ytmdekem hykĀleěņm ymjh*|{ytmvizmcehŗČ | rmyz{ z |{oĀtgk`j ykmem# m | =;00 vhgp imņgh|ktĀ ymjh|{ytmvizmcehŗČ# rvz{zmythyh|mekp jhųck|k` emohyzizědekòyz{in ehvj rmyzh|{in

Rh|vmimoĀi dh nkythvkk ymjò ytmdeke{ em dzk`ń c yt{izekm =;09 vhgp# |yrhjek`Č tvz`fm# ų`ytme oò rvz`dytm|kmņ ykě emytěrpoĀih? gcmiz{*jmt`g 9< * | t{j 6< yhghcygkin# ; lmv|hckńygkin # 1gmemd{oygkin k 6 ńygk` * hvmz gkcgmemŗik` yztpg rvz{inù|gp

\ ckythrmdzk` =;09 vhgp keyr`gthv vòheh|{ rme J Vpdh|ygk zmgprpo` =9 gcmiz{# |yz{yt*gk` |{ņĀizek` | vòhek` ghekm yhghcygk`lh \ tò ytm|i` ytmdekem z{ygpo` =2 gcmiz{ t{rh|{in k rvz{dmte{in dh nhdh|ck Ek`yt`t{# o`yt th o`demg emdmc jmt`vkmņ em lvmeki{ `cktmve`lh# ld{ų rhjk*jh |yz`cgkin |{ykņgù| k |{dmteò rhjhi{ keyr`gthvm# rmem Ytm|kńygk`lh# r`ņeh|mvthŗikh|`lh

K _omzd Nhdh|cme{ 6< * 6; QK =;00v% Hd c`|ò? lvprm Jmyztmc`vz{ * Ghekpyz{ Yzghdm# keyr`gthv Vpdh|ygk.|kdmČ gvz`yņh z tìzgĀ * ahthlvmapo`+# keyr`gthv Jmvinh|kìgk# zhhtìnekg Omjvhz# keyr`gthv R*\VE Ytm|kńygk#keų% _% Nvhfhek# d{v`gthv Lvmiz{g# c`g% |`t% J{dcmg .em zk`jk+# zhhtìnekg Inpdzkńygk# yt% keyr`gthv Yt% Yinpin#keyr`gthv \kńizm# d{v`gthv Yziz`rme`g# keyr`gthv Gvprkńygk# d{v`gthv _dmeh|kiz



9<Ytmdekem ghek | Lvmfh|k`

jmt`vkmņp gcmiz{ ek` pdmņh ykě em|`t hdemc`ſČ JmoĀi t{cgh gv`d{t{ em =0 gcmiz{# zmgprkheh hytm*tìzek` t{cgh =9# | t{j 9 gcmiz` zdì{dh|mek` yņmf`

\ ghńip iz`v|im =;00 vhgp hdf{ņ ykě | Lvmfh|k` K _omzd Nhdh|cme{# gtùv{ f{ņ omgf{zmjgekěik`j dht{inizmyh|`lh# rvh|kzhv{ize`lh hgv`yp kytekèkm tò ytmdeke{ Rvhthgùņ hfvmdzomzdp rhdgv`ŗcm emytěrpoĀi` amgt{ k zmcìèkm em rvz{yzņhŗČ?

= Ytmdekem Ghek Lvmfh|h ytmvth|mņm | zpr`ņek` ek`dhytmtìze{in |mvpegmin hfk`gt{|*e{in k z jmt`vkmņp |{oŗikh|`lh gcmiz{ nhdh|cmek` fmvdzh yņmf`lh

6 FkhvĀi rh|{ųyz` hghckizehŗik rhd p|mlě# dht{inizmyh|` |{ekgk nhdh|cme` pzemeh zmzpr`ņek` dhytmtìze`

9 Amgt{ize` hykĀlekěikm yt|k`vdzheh em hdikegp yt|hvzèkm em rhizĀt`g rhdytm|h|{in|mvpegù| rvh|mdzèkm ytmdeke{ .ymjh|{ytmvizmcehŗČ rmyzh|m# zmņhųhe` rmyt|kygm rhch|`# zhv*lmekzh|me` ytmoek` dcm ytmdeke{ ktr+ Vù|ek`ų yt|k`vdzheh rh|hce{ # cìz |{vmſe{ rhytěr rvz{*inù|gp ytmdeke{ | ythypegp dh jmt`vkmņp |{oŗikh|`lh

4 \ dmeò in|kck rhz{t{|ek` hièkheh pų{|me` hfìek` hlk`v{ izhņh|`7 rh 6*9 cmtmin

rvm|dhrhdhfe` yĀ ekìh kee` ghei`rio`0 Yt|k`vdzheh amgt{ize` |mchv{ tptòyz`lh jmt`vkmņp gcmiz{ yhghcygkin? dzk`cehŗČ# pų{t*gh|hŗČ# rņhdehŗČ# dhfv` |{ghvz{yt{|mek` rmyz{# dhfv{ inmvmgt`v rvz{ zeme{in hlùcek` ek`dh*ytmtgmin rhgvhoh|{in k zmytvz`ųèkm hdehŗek` vmy{*t{rp \ hfìeò y{tpmiok |{ykņ`g nhdh|cme{|kekè f{Č ygk`vh|me{ rvz`d` |yz{ytgkj | gk`vpegp pytmcèkm k ptv|mcèkm t{in |ņmŗek` iìndhdmtekin# rvz{ o`dehiz`ye{j zminh|mekp hytvhųeò# cìz ek` ņmlhdeò y`c`giok Ytmfkckzmioě t{rpk |{jmlmekm rhgvhoh|` pzemeh zm emytěre` dhrk`vh zmdmek` tptòyzò ytmdeke{

1 Pytmcheh hytmtìzek`# ų` zmizĀtgk tz| ghekm yhghcygk`lh yt|hvz{ņ{ vmizò mvdè{# m |dpųh jekòyz{j ythrekp fv`the{ Rh hfyz`veò memckzk` zmcìheh? rh |{rvùfh|mekp hfìeò ghe*i`riok hlk`vù| fv`theù| | hgv`yk` 9 dh 4 cmt *emytěrek` pų{Č | Ytmdekek` Ghek Lvmfh|h vmizòjmņ{in k `|ètpmcek` ŗv`dekin hlk`vù| mvdèù|# jhųck|k` emo|{ųyzò omghŗik Rh rmvp cmtmin rhvù|emek` v`zpctmtù| t{in d|ùin ghei`riok dm ek`|Ātrck|k` hdrh|k`dſ em r{tmek`# omgk`lh j`*ckhvmthvm pų{|mČ dmcò# | nhdh|ck yhghcygkò Rvz`|mųmņ rhlcĀd# ų` rvz{ zdhf{ikp |ņmŗik|{inhlk`vù| * dvplm ghei`riom fědzk` rvm|dhrhdhfek` rhz{t{|ekòyzm

Hfìek` | Lvmfh|k` kytekò` Yth|mvz{yzèk` Yrhvth|h O`ſdzkìgk` kj =2 Rpņgp Pņmeù|Ckt`|ygkin Rcpthe gm|mc`vkk pŗ|k`tekm |k`c` pvhiz{ythŗik | rh|kìk` ghce`ńygkj# jkědz{ kee{*jk fvmņ pdzkmņ | hfinhdmin 0<0 * cìkm emdmekm rvm| jkòygkin jkmytp Ghceh# gtùv` hdf{ņ{ ykě |6222 vhgp

Em ghńip mvt{gpņp emc`ų{ |yrhjek`Č vù|ek`ų h kee{j amgik`# t`ų z|kĀzme{j z ghńjk#

dht{izĀi{j rk`v|yz{in dek gmjrmekk |vz`ŗekh|ò =;9; vhgp Em rhizĀtgp KK |hoe{ ŗ|kmth|ò |hghckimin Lvmfh|m thiz{ņm |mcgk Rhdcmygm Fv{lmdm Gm|mc`vkk \ hghckimin jkòyih|hŗik Fvzùz*gk k Gh|mc`|h# gtùv` zemodh|mņ{ ykě |t`d{ | Rvpymin \yinhdekin# |mcgě z Ek`jimjk rhdoĀņ =4D{|kzohe Mvt{c`vkk Gheeò7 dh|ùdiĀ KK fmt`vkk t`lhų d{|kzohep f{ņ grt Mdmj LĀtgk`|kiz# gtùv{zlkeĀņ 4 |vz`ŗekm =;9; vhgp _hytmņ rhinh|me{ em ijètmvzp | Lvmfh|k`

Dh mvt{gpņp |{ghvz{ytmeh? ―Nkythvkě Ytmdeke{ Lvmfh|h‚# Lvmfh|h*\vz yk`ń =;00 vhg



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z{tù|# pdzk`cmekp gv`d{tù|# |{dm|mekp keytvpjètù| rkèkĀdzm `c`gtvhekize`lh hvmz kee{inhgv`ŗche{in rvz`rkymjk rvm|m k ytmtptp fmegp Y{yt`j fmegh|{ ytmeh|k zmt`j imņhgyztmņt keyt{*tpiok fmegh|{in hvmz kee{in keyt{tpiok emeyh|{in |vmz z ehvjmjk hgv`ŗcmoĀi{jk rh|kĀzmekm kythypegk z hthizèk`j Y{yt`j fmegh|{ th vù|ek`ų ckizfm hvmz vhdzmo fmegù| apegiohepoĀi{in

| dme{j rmńyt|k`# gtùv` t|hvzĀ imņhŗČ Vhg =;>; f{ņ rhizĀtgk`j tvmeyahvjmiok pytvhop rhckt{iz*eh*lhyrhdmviz`lh | Rhcyi`# m ih zm t{j kdzk` * vù|ek`ų y{yt`jp fmegh|`lh \{vmſe{j t`lh rhizĀtgk`j f{ņm pytm|m yòjh|m z dekm 6> lvpdekm =;>; vhgp ―h prhvzĀdgh|mekp ythypegù| gv`*d{th|{in‚# gtùvm o`dehytvheek` z`v|mņm pjh|{ gv`d{th|` | izěŗik dht{izĀiò rvz`d` |yz{ytgkjhrvhièth|mekm gv`d{tù| K tmg gv`d{t{# gtùv` o`yziz` | dekp 9==6=;>;v hrvhièth|me` f{ņ{er =#6% | ythypegp vhize{j# dzk`ń rùſekò to =2==;;2 v rhykmdmņ{ hrvhièth|mek` 4>2% \hgv`yk` lhyrhdmvgk yhiomckyt{izeò | rhcygkj y{yt`jk` fmegh|{j hfhg Emvhdh|`lh Fmegp Rhc*ygk`lh apegioheh|mņ{ o`yziz` fmegk? Fmeg Nmedch|{# R@GMH YM # RGH hvmz dpųm yk`Č fmegù|yrùņdzk`ciz{in# gtùv` |vmz z Fmegk`j Lhyrhdmvgk ŷ{|ehŗikh|ò ytmeh|kņ{ o`deh hlek|h Hd=;;2 v emytěrh|mņ{ yz{fgh kdĀi` zjkme{ | y{yt`jk` fmegh|{j rhc`lmoĀi` em rv{|mt{zmiok t`lh

y{yt`jp# ek`yt`t{ z` zf{t dpų{j pdzkmņ`j gmrktmņp zmlvmekize`lh Hfìek` pdzkmņ gmrktmņp hfi`*lh | mgt{|min rhcygkin fmegù| rvz`gvmizm >0% Fmvdzh |mųe{j `c`jèt`j y{t`jp yĀ fmegkyrùņdzk`ciz`# gtùv{in pdzkmņ | v{egp y{yt`jmt{izek` vhŗek` Em p|mlě zmyņplpo` amgt# ų` yĀ he`|{ņĀizek` rhcygk`# m kin |ņmŗikik`cmjk yĀ izņhegh|k` ’ jk`yzgmńi{ ŗvhdh|kyg# | gtùv{in dzkm*ņmoĀ Mf{ rhdgv`ŗckČ kin rhcygk inmvmgt`v hvmz vhcě# omgĀ r`ņekĀ# emc`ų{ rvz{rhjek`Č nkythvkě kin rh|ytmekm Rk`v|yz` rhcygk` yrùņdzk`cek` hyzizědehŗikh|h*rhų{izgh|`# gtùv` y|hoĀ dzkmņmcehŗČ rvh|mdzkņ{ em rhdytm|k` rvz`rkyù| rvm|e{in h yrùņdzk`cekmin k yth|mvz{yzèkmin vùųekņ{ ykě |y|hkin ahvjmin hvlmekzmi{oe{in k zmymdmin apegioheh|mekm | zmc`ųehŗik hd y{tpmiok rhckt{izeòk yrhņìzeh * lhyrhdmvizò hvmz pytm|hdm|yt|m rmepoĀi`lh | rhyziz`lùce{in zmfhvmin YtĀd#jù|kĀi | dpų{j prvhyzizèkp# jhųem | rhyziz`lùce{in zmfhvmin rhdzk`ckČ yrùņdzk`cizhŗČ

gv`d{th|Ā em emytěrpoĀi` t{r{? * fmegk cpdh|` | zmfhvz` rvpygkj# * th|mvz{yt|m zmckizgh|`hvmz gmy{ hyzizědehŗik k rhų{iz`g .gmy{ Ytàiz{gm+ | zmfhvz` mpytvkmigkj * gmy{ rhų{izgh|` rvz`j{yņh|iù|# th|mvz{yt|m |zmo`je`lh gv`d{tp# th|mvz{yt|m rvz`j{yņh|h*hyzizědehŗikh*|` hvmz th|mvz{yt|m gv`d{th|` | zmfhvz` vhy{oygkj Rhjkjh vùųe{in ahvj hvlmekzmi{oe{ink vùųe{in zmymd dzkmņmekm | rhyziz`lùce{in zmfhvmin * |yz{ytgk` yrùņdzk`cek` hyzizědehŗikh*|h*rhų{izgh|` ņĀiz{ņ o`dè i`c ’ ket`lvh|mek` |{ykņgù| em zmymdmin ymjhrhjhi{ | |mci`z ckin|Ā hvmz ptvz{jmek` rhcygk`lh ytmep rhykmdmekm Hrvùiz dzkmņmcehŗik `ghehjkizeò yrùņ*dzk`cek` hyzizědehŗikh|h*rhų{izgh|` rvh|mdzkņ{ vù|ek`ų hŗ|kmth|Ā k pŗ|kmdmjkmoĀiĀ# jmoĀiĀ em i`cp hfvheě rhcyghŗik k rvzìk|dzkmņmekm |{emvhdh|kèkp DzkmņmoĀi{ k t|hvzĀi{ yrùņdzk`cek`

gv`d{th|` em Lmckiok | zmfhvz` mpytvkmigkj rv`gpvyhv fmegh|hŗik yrùņdzk`cizò Avmeikyz`g Ytà*iz{g .=>1=*=;64+ jke rkymņ? ―`c`jèt ų{dh|ygk |{ghvz{yt{|mņ fvmg hvlmekzmiok gv`d{th|òk hrcmtmņ vz`yz` cpdehŗik |kòygkò f`zlvmekize{j |{z{ygk`j# ek`hgk`ņzemeĀ ckin|Ā rkèkěųeĀ k

Gvz{yztha Gmogh .Ghceh+

Fmegh|hŗČ yrùņdzk`cizm | Rhcyi` k em _k`jk Ghce`ńygkò

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9;Fmegh|hŗČ yrùņdzk`cizm | Ghcek`

th|mvh|Ā rhrmvtĀ vhzrkomek`j cpdehŗik hvmz rhfpdzmek`j oò dh c`gghj{ŗcehŗik hvmz jmvehtvm|yt|m‚ _m rk`v|yzĀ rhcygĀ yrùņdzk`cekě hyzizědehŗikh|h*rhų{izgh|Ā p|mųmykě zmņhųhe` | =>1= vhgp Th|mvz{yt|h Rhų{izgh|` dcmRvz`j{yņh|iù| Jkmytm Rhzemekm Dh emoytmvyz{in yrùņ*dzk`cek emc`ųĀ zmņhųhe` vhg rùſekò Th|mvz{yt|h Rhų{iz*

gh|` | Fvhdeki{ k Lhņpfkp# dzkmņmoĀi` hfìek` omgh fmegkyrùņdzk`ciz` Rv`gpvyhvmjk rhcygkò yrùņdzk`cizhŗik fmegh*|ò f{ck? |yrhjekme{ |iz`ŗekò dv Avmeikyz`g Ytàiz{g |zmfhvz` mpytvkmigkj# gy Rkhtv \m|vz{ekmg | zmfhvz` rvp*ygkj .t`vè \k`cghrhcygk+# @d|mvd Mfvmjh|ygk ’ | zm* fhvz` vhy{oygkj \{oĀtgh|Ā hyhfh|hŗikĀ rvz`ņhjp ^K^k ^^ |k`gp f{ņ f`z |Ātrkèkm Avmeikyz`g Ytàiz{g Yt|h*vz{ņ he | Lmckiok vpin yrùņdzk`ciz{ em jkmvě `pvhròygĀPvhdzkņ ykě | Gvmgh|k` omgh y{e y`gv`tmvzm tmjtòyzò vmd{ rh|kmth|ò Pghńiz{ņ ytpdkm em |{dzkmc` Akchzhize{jPek|`vy{t`tp Omlk`cchńygk`lh k | \k`dekp Dhgthv empg nkythv{ize{in# rvha`yhv yzghņ{ Vhcekizò | Iz`vekinh|k`\ =>;2 vhgp zmņhų{ņ tmj rk`v|yzĀ em zk`jkmin rhcygkinYrùņdzk`cekě Hyzizědehŗikh|h*Rhų{izgh|Ā .YHR+ |zhvh*|meĀ em gmymin Vmkaa`kyèm Rvh|mdzĀi yz`vhgĀ dzkmņmcehŗČ| zmgv`yk` vhz|hop yrùņdzk`cizhŗik# zmņhų{ņ rhemd =022yrùņ`g O`yt emz{|me{ ―hoi`j‚ yrùņdzk`cizhŗik fmegh|ò| Rhcyi` O`lh emz|kygh |{ghvz{yt{|me` o`yt hfìek` rvz`z Yrùņdzk`ciz` Gmy{ Hyzizědehŗikh|h*Gv`d{th|`#

em ih ek` jhlĀ ykě zlhdzkČ fmegk yrùņdzk`ciz`# ld{ų ek`jmoĀ he` ųmde`lh z|kĀzgp nkythv{ize`lh# emthjkmyt iniĀ pz{ygmČ t{cgh i`c jmvg`tkelh|{ YGHG*k rh|ytmņ{ | =;;6vhgp Yrùņdzk`cizhŗČ fmegh|m | hdvhdzheò Rhcyi` .=;=>*=;9;+ ytmeěņm rvz`d tvpde{jk rvhfc`jmjk hdfpdh|{ gvm* op hvmz rvz{yrk`yzèkm rvhi`yù| yimcmekm rhyziz`lùce{indzk`ceki emc`ųĀi{in rvz`z fckygh =02 cmt dh vùųe{in hvlm*ekzjù| rhckt{ize{in k lhyrhdmviz{in rmńyt| zmfhviz{inVhzfkik` hvlmekzmi{oe` rh pz{ygmekp ek`rhdc`lņhŗik f{ņh fmvdzh ykce`# dcmt`lh t`ų rhjkjh pykce{in ytmvmń Avmeikyz*

gm Ytàiz{gm o`dehizèk` t`lh vpinp rhytěrh|mņh rh|hckRh vàhvjk` Jkekytvm Ygmvfp \ņmd{yņm|m Lvmfygk`lh yrùņ*dzk`cizhŗČ fmegh|m ythypegh|h yz{fgh hdvmfkmņm y|ho` ytvmt{# o`demg gv{z{y cmt =;6;*=;94 dh*t{gmoĀi{ vhcekit|m hdfkņ ykě po`jek` em dzkmņmcehŗik keyt{tpiok gv`d{th|{in \ =;9< vhgp rhcygmyrùņdzk`cizhŗČ fmegh|m | ckizfk` 9422 rhykmdmņm =21=222 izņhegù|# 402222 |gņmdù|# =4>jce |gņmdù| hyzizědehŗikh|{in# =6=< jce pdzk`che{in rhų{iz`g k f{ņm kythte{j iz{eekgk`jpyrvm|ekmoĀi{j hfk`l rkèkěųe{ | gvmop \ hgv`yk` rh|hoèe{j |{ykņ`g dzkmņmiz{ yrùņdzk`c*iz{in ygk`vh|me{ f{ņ em v`mgt{|h|mek` dm|e{in yrùņdzk`cek hyzizědehŗikh|h*rhų{izgh|{inhvmz yt|hvzèk` eh|{in# gtùv` hvlmekzh|meh | hrmvikp h rvz`d|hoèe` ytmtpt{ k zmymd{ \ =;02vhgp Jkekyt`v Ygmvfp em rhdytm|k` d`gv`tp h vàhvjk` fmegh|ò .=;4>+ |{dmņ zmvzĀdzèk` h rvz`gyztmņièkp izěŗik Yrùņdzk`cek Hyzizědehŗikh|h*Rhų{izgh|{in | Ljkee` Gmy{ Yrùņdzk`c*iz` .LGY+# gtùv` rhdrhvzĀdgh|meh Fmegh|k Vhce`jp# rvz`z ih ytvmikņ{ y|hoĀ ymjhdzk`cehŗČ k

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42 Gvz{yztha Gmogh

ymjhvzĀdehŗČ \ =;01 vhgp zjkme{ | rhckt{i` |hfì vhcekit|m * yziz`lùcek` ked{|kdpmce`lh* yrh|hdh|mņ{ |zvhyt zemizèkm yrùņdzk`cizhŗik fmegh|ò Rvz{|vùiheh kj yrùņdzk`cizh*ymjh*vzĀdh|{ inmvmgt`v _hytmņ{ prvm|ekhe` dh pdzk`cmekm rhų{iz`g z |ņmye{in ŗvhdgù|# pdzk`cmekmzmrhjùl izņheghj hvmz lvhjmdzèkm |gņmdù| hyzizědehŗikh|{in em |ņmye{ vminpe`g \ t{jt`ų hgv`yk` rvm|h fmegh|` prvm|ekņh YHR*{ dh pų{|mekm emz|{ ―fmeg‚ z dhdmtgk`j ―yrùņdzk`c*iz{‚ cpf ―cpdh|{‚ Rvz{|vùièk` ymjhdzk`cehŗik k ymjhvzĀdehŗik yrh|hdh|mņh hų{|kèk` dzkm*

ņmcehŗik hvlmeù| ymjhvzĀdh|{in \ =;<0 vhgp em jhi{ pytm|{ yòjh|ò emytĀrkņh rhņĀizèkÌètvmce`lh _|kĀzgp YHR z Fmegk`j Vhce{j k pt|hvzèkm Fmegp Lhyrhdmvgk ŷ{|ehŗikh|ò.FLŷ+# fědĀi`lh emdzhviĀ emd dzkmņmcehŗikĀ fmegù| yrùņdzk`ciz{in Tè `tmr zmghńiz{ņ ykě |=;;2 vhgp cìz |yrùņrvmim tv|mņm dh vhgp 6222 Hfìek` FLŷ ghegpvpo` z fmegmjk yrùņdzk`ciz{*jk# ld{ų o`lh ytvmt`lkm emytm|khem o`yt em t`lh ymj`lh gckètm# tze vhcekit|h ked{|kdpmce` hvmzjmņ` k ŗv`dek` rvz`dykěfkhvyt|m FLŷ ek` o`yt opų fmegk`j rhcygkj# ld{ų o`lh |yrùņ|ņmŗikik`c`jpgk`vpegh|poĀi{j o`lh dzkmņmekm o`yt nhcèd`vygk VMFHFMEG

Nkythvkm Fmegp Yrùņdzk`ciz`lh | Ghcek` ek` o`yt hd`v|mem hd kd`k# omgm rvz{ŗ|kìmņmt|hvzèkp rk`v|yz{in yrùņdzk`cek hyzizědehŗikh|h*rhų{izgh|{in | Rhcyi` k rhdc`lmņm t{j

ymj{j p|mvpegh|mekhj yrhņìzeh*`ghehjkize{j k rhckt{ize{j# gtùv` hfh|kĀz{|mņ{ rvz`d KK|hoeĀ ŗ|kmth|Ā Fmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ | Ghcek` o`yt rhcygkj fmegk`j h gmrktmc` |{ņĀizek` rhcygkj_mņhųhe{ zhytmņ rvz`d >= cmt{ * | =;61 vhgp# iz{ck | hgv`yk`# gk`d{ yrùņdzk`cizhŗČ fmegh|m rh vàhvjk` Lvmfygk`lh zmizěņm ykě yz{fgh vhz|komČ \ mvink|pj fmegh|{j ek` zemc`zkhehdhgpjètù| zmņhų{ik`cygkin z tmjt`lh hgv`yp# emthjkmyt kytekòĀ dhgpjèt{ emeyh|h*gykělh|` ŗ|kmdizĀi` h rvh|mdzheò | tmjt{j hgv`yk` dzkmņmcehŗik _mņhųèk` yrùņdzk`cekhyzizědehŗikh|h*rhų{izgh|ò# gtùvm rvz`gyztmņikņm ykě | Fmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ | Ghcek`# |{ekgmņhz rhtvz`f chgmce`lh ŗvhdh|kygm# m zmņhų{ik`cmjk f{ck jk`yzgmńi{ Ghcem k hghcki Oò vhz|ùo f{ņ dhy{Č d{emjkize{ Rhdhfek` omg dcm |yz{ytgkin t`lh vhdzmop keyt{tpiok KK |hoem ŗ|kmth|m f{ņm hgv`y`j zmrvz`ytmekm dzkmņmcehŗik \ dekp 6=21=;02 vhgp dzkěgk =9 jk`yzgmńihjzk`jk ghce`ńygkò emytĀrkņh oò v`mgt{|h|mek` rhd emz|Ā Ljkeem Gmym Yrùņdzk`cizm Ytmtptzmvò`ytvh|me{ zhytmņ 622;=;02v Rk`v|yz{jk izņhegmjk _mvzĀdp zhytmck |ù|izmy? Tmd`pyz

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Gmvmykńygk# Oùzà \hņiz{ńygk k Fhc`yņm| \kckńygk * |yz{yi{ z Ghcem T`vè`j dzkmņmekm LGY f{ņ{ ljke{? Iz`v|he`# Cminh|h# Jmņ{ Rņhig k Tpvhŗc Ù|iz`ye{ ytmtpt hgv`ŗcmņ i`c dzkmņmcehŗikgmy{# |kĀųĀi{ `c`jèt{ dvplkò rhņh|{ ^K^ |k`gp hvmz v`mckm yhiomckyt{ize` cmt rkěČdzk`ykĀt{inFvzjkmņ he emytěrpoĀih? ―I`c`j dzkmņmcehŗik o`yt rhjhi | rhdehyzèkp dhfvhf{tp k gpctpv{ f`zvhce{in# jmņhvhce{in k ŗv`dekhvhce{in inņhrù|# zlhdek` z rcmemjk vhz|hop |yk hvmz hfvhemkin rvz`d ckin|Ā k |{z{ygk`j gmrktmckyt{ize{j em |yk‚ Pdzkmņ izņhegh|ygk LGY |{ehykņ =222

zņ k jùlņ f{Č |rņmime{ | izt`vìn g|mvtmce{in vmtmin \ vhgp =;01 emytĀrkņ rvz`ņhj rhckt{izeh*lhyrhdmviz{# inhikmų emdmc f{ņm th lhyrhdmvgm yhiomckyt{izem \ t{j vhgp dhghemeh zjkme{emz|{ ―Ljkeem Gmym Yrùņdzk`cizm | Ghcek`‚ em ―Gmym Yrùņdzk`cizm | Ghcek`‚ hvmz ytmtptp#|`dņpl gtùv`lh t`vè dzkmņmekm th lvhjmd{? Ghceh# Gy`fgk# C`jme# _mfk`c`# Tpvhŗc# Gvpyzm#Ikìkhv{# Rtmgk# Ghzkhņ# T{yzgk ōmfeh# \keiètm# Iz`v|he`# GĀt{# ōhy`|h# Fhvgh|h# Ghvzèkyt`#Jmņ{ Rņhig# Gpj`cyg# Cminh|h k Hgpvh|h _hytmņm |{fvmem eh|m vmdm hvmz zmvzĀd | ygņmdzk`?@plèkpyz Ghykńygk# Oùzà _dmei`|kiz k Lvmiome Achviz{g \ =;0< v gk`vh|ekgk`j Gmy{ zhytmņ@plèkpyz Ghykńygk _mtvpdekhe{in | ekò f{ņh > rvmih|ekgù| Gmym rhykmdmņm vù|ek`ų rpegt{gmyh|` | Jmņ{j Rņhigp# Cminh|k` k Tpvhŗck \ =;11 vhgp emz|ě ―Gmym Yrùņdzk`cizm | Ghcek`‚zmjkèkheh em ―Fmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ | Ghcek`‚ Gk`vh|ekgk`j Fmegp zhytmņ Ytmekyņm| Fvz{dņh# mhd =;1< vhgp * Dhjkekg Dpdm# gtùv{ r`ņekņ hfh|kĀzgk ek`rvz`v|mek` * emork`v| omgh Gk`vh|ekg# rùſekò D{v`gthv# emytěrek` Rv`z`y Fmegp Yrùņdzk`ciz`lh | Ghcek` * dh dekm 612;=;;= v iz{ckdh rvzòŗikm em `j`v{tpvě Hd t`lh dekm apegioě Rv`z`ym Fmegp hfoĀņ Gvz{yztha Gmogh k r`ņek oĀ dh dekm dzkykòyz`lh

Rvz{tmizmoĀi nkythvkě Fmegp Yrùņdzk`ciz`lh | Ghcek` ek` yrhyùf o`yt zmrhjek`Č hhyhfmin# gtùv` |ņhų{ņ{ fmvdzh dpų{ |gņmd | o`lh vhz|ùo7 omgh ymjhvzĀdh|i{ ’ izņhegh|k`* |yrùņ|ņmŗikik`c` |{ghe{|mck y|ho` apegio` | Vmdzk` Emdzhvizò cpf _mvzĀdzk` imņgh|kik`yrhņìzek` Dh ekin emc`ų`ck ek`ų{oĀi{ opų dzkmņmiz` * Ome Hdminh|ygk k _dzkyņm| YgvhdzgkHfìek` VmdĀ EmdzhvizĀ gk`vpo` Fvhekyņm| Yz{jmńygk ’ Rvz`|hdekizĀi{ Vmd{ hd =;<= vhgp

Rhņh|m cmt dzk`|kěČdzk`ykĀt{in th hgv`y |{ekgmoĀi{ z rvz`hfvmų`ń rhckt{izeh*lhyrhdmviz{invhgp =;>; Emņhų{ņ{ he` em fmegk yrùņdzk`ciz` ckize` hfh|kĀzgk# yziz`lùcek` gmrktmņh|` _t`lh t`ų |zlcědp emytěrh|mņ{ rvhi`y{ ņĀizèkh|` Ek` hjkeěņ{ he` vù|ek`ų fmegù| t`vèpGhce`ńyziz{ze{ K tmg Fmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ | Ghcek`# omgh ykcekòyz{ gmrktmņh|h# rvz{ņĀiz{ņFmegk Yrùņdzk`ciz`? | Jmņ{j Rņhigp | =;;1 v .vhg zmņhųèkm ’ =;6<+# | Tpvhŗck | =;;; v.vhg zmņhųèkm =;12+# | Lvmfh|k` | 6222 v .vhg zmņhųèkm =;92+ \ in|kck hfìeò gmrktmņFmegp Yrùņdzk`ciz`lh | Ghcek` 6#0 * gvhtek` rvz`|{ųyzmo gmrktmņ{# gtùv` fmegk rh|kee{ hykĀleĀČzlhdek` z tvmgtmt`j fvpgy`cygkj dh 622> vhgp .|l pytm|{ yòjh|ò * dh 62=2 vhgp+ Omgh fmeg f`zrkìze{ k eh|hiz`ye{ rhykmdm rvhdpgt{ k emvzědzkm ythyh|me` | hfyņpdz` gckètm em rhzkhjk`ytmedmvdù| `pvhròygkin Fmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ | Ghcek` |{gvmizm rhzm dhytmvizmek` gckèthj

hdrh|k`dekin rvhdpgtù| fmegh|{in k keahvjmiok Rhz{ygpoĀi d`rhz{t{ em chgmce{j v{egp#pdzk`cm gv`d{tù| jkòyih|ò cpdehŗik# o`dehytghj ymjhvzĀdp t`v{thvkmce`lh# rvz`dykěfkhvihj# |t{j rvz`d` |yz{ytgkj vhcekghj# yt{jpcpo` rvz`rņ{| emeyh|{ | ljkemin k rh|kìk`# ih yrvz{omvhz|hoh|k lhyrhdmviz`jp k fpdh|mekp |kězk yrhņìze{in# yziz`lùcek` em t`vèmin |kòygkin k |jk`ŗik` Ghceh Fmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ ek` v`z{lepo` rvz{ t{j z hykĀlmekm z{ygù|# gtùv` yĀ ek`zfěde`dh zmr`|ekèkm tv|mņò `lz{ytèiok k dmcyz`lh vhz|hop Ghvz{yte{ |rņ{| em pjmiekmek` ykěghegpvèi{oeò rhz{iok fmegp em chgmce{j v{egp |{|k`vmoĀ emytěrpoĀi` iz{eekgk?

tvmd{iom k rvz{|kĀzmek` chgmceò yrhņìzehŗik rh|hdpo`# ų` em|`t | dhfk` lchfmckzmiokFmeg emyz rhykmdm ckizeĀ lvprě gckètù|#* Fmeg Rhcygk |yrk`vmoĀi{ dzkmņmekm rhcygk`lhgmrktmņp#

fckyghŗČ dh y|hkin gckètù| pjhųck|km dhgņmde` vhzrhzem|mek` kin rhtvz`f k yz{fgk`v`mlh|mek` em t` rhtvz`f{#

Fmegh|hŗČ yrùņdzk`cizm | Ghcek`



46Gvz{yztha Gmogh

rvzòvz{ythŗČ rvhi`dpv hvmz ytvpgtpvm hvlmekzmi{oem Fmegp rhz|mcmoĀim em rhdòjh|mek`yz{fgkin dì{zok#

hfyņplk|mek` ek`mtvmgi{oe{in dcm fmegù| ghj`vi{oe{in gckètù|#pek|`vymcehŗČ# pjkòětehŗČ k |k`dzm | dhvmdzt|k` emeyh|{j

Fmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ | Ghcek` rhykmdm lěytĀ yk`Č rcmiù|`g \ jk`ŗik` Ghceh hrvùiz IètvmckFmegp rvh|mdzĀ dzkmņmcehŗČ 4 Rpegt{ Hfyņplk Gckètm# | ljkemin? Lvmfh|h# Jmņ{ Rņhig# Tpvhŗc ’ Hddzkmņ{ Fmegp# | Cminh|k` Rpegt Hfyņplk Gckètm Fmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ | Ghcek` rvh|mdzk rhemd =2222 vminpegù| hvmz pdzk`cm vhizek` hg 6222 gv`d{tù| _ hfyņplk gmyh|ò ghvz{ytmdzkèek` hg=022 hyùf# z iz`lh | ymj{j jk`ŗik` Ghceh rhemd =222 hyùf Dh d{yrhz{iokgckètù| pdhytěrekheh 0 fmeghjmtù| em gmvt{ |ņmye` k jkědz{emvhdh|` gmvt{ rņmtekiz` omg vù|ek`ų imņ{ y{yt`j fmegh|hŗik `c`gtvhekizeò z ―Ket`ve`t Fmegkelk`j‚ k ―Nhj` Fmegkelk`j‚\ i`cp rhrvm|{ |mvpegù| hfyņplk gckètm imņgh|kik` zjhd`vekzh|meh | ikĀlp hytmtekinizt`vìn cmt |yz{ytgk` rcmiù|gk fmegp Fpd{e`g Iètvmck | in|kck hfìeò o`yt vhzfpdh|{|me{#m rcmeh|me` zmghńizèk` rvz`|kdpo` ykě em KK rhņh|ě 622> vhgp Dzkěgk |{ekghj ghehjkize{jFmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ | Ghcek` emc`ų{ dh izhņù|gk fmegù| yrùņdzk`ciz{in * ek` t{cgh v`lkhep * mc`

vù|ek`ų | Rhcyi` Emyzm dzkmņmcehŗČ dhytvz`lmem o`yt rvz`z gvmoh|` hvlmekzmio` fmegh|`# dzkěgkiz`jp o`yt`ŗj{ cmpv`mtmjk |k`cp |{vùųek`ń k emlvùd# er? ―\{vùųekmoĀi{ ykě Fmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ |Rhcyi`‚ iz{ ―Emoc`ryz{ Fmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ | Rhcyi`‚ \ hièk` Fmegp hrvùiz vj mpd{thvygkinpiz`ytekizĀ vù|ek`ų gckèik Jkědz{ kee{jk kin hrkekm yrvm|km# ų` Fmeg Yrùņdzk`ciz{ | Ghcek` opų izt`v{ vmz{ z vzědp pz{ygmņ nhehvh|{ t{tpņ ―Fmeg Rvz{omze{ dcm Rvz`dykěfkhviù|‚ F{Č rvz{omze{j dcm yrhņìz`ńyt|m zk`jk ghce`ńygkò ’ th o`dè z i`cù| emyz`lh dzkmņmekm



49

{gh|h c`ų{ z dmcm hd jkmyt k lņù|e{in dvùl# m emz|m |khygk |{|hdzk ykě hdyzcminìgk`lh emz|kygm \{gh|ygk Tp t`ų hyk`dckņ{ ykě rhinhdzĀi` z Rvpy

vhdzke{ \kckjiz{gù| k Yzizìnù| q`c Yzizình|ygkin Hd hghckize{in |ykvùųekņh ykě |kěgyzm ckizfĀ lhyrhdmvyt| k zmjhųehŗikĀ jk`yzgmńiù| \ =;=4v Cpiome \kckjiz{g ht|hvz{ņ |` |ņmye{j dhjp tvz{c`tekm yzghņě rh|yzìn*eĀ# he ymj empizmņ oěz{gm rhcygk`lh# vminpegù| zmŗ * Yziz`rme Yhikg z Fkm*

ckg \ emytěre{in cmtmin yzghņm zjkèkmņm y|hoĀ yk`dzkfě? jk`ŗikņm ykě jke p Dpd{ k Ghehrgk| Fkmckgmin# m emytěrek` zeù| | \{gh|k` | rhykmdņhŗik Yzc`ykńygk`lh Rh ckize{in v`hvlmekzm*iomin apegiohepo` dh dzkykmo

Ckckm \hņg .Pgtm+

Jho` \{gh|h

\

Cpiome \kckńiz{g |vmz z ųheĀ MeeĀ zdhjp Lmodm% Vhg =;9<

\YRHJEK@EKM



44 Ckckm \hņg

_emizèk` |yk f{ņh zmyņplm oò jk`yzgmńiù|# rvz`d` |yz{ytgkj t{in ų{oĀi{in | K rhņh|k`^^ |k`gp# jke? yhņt{ym# |yrhjekme`lh opų Cpiomem \kckjiz{gm Th o`lh ytmvmek`j \{gh|hhtvz{jmņh em rhdytm|k` dm|e`lh rvm|m y`v|ktpt{ |yrùce` dcm |yz{ytgkin jk`yzgmńiù|? ņĀgk em|{rmy f{dņm em ghchek k tz| |{lhe emd vzìzgĀ \keiètĀ# ù|iz`yeĀ lvmekiĀ rhcygh* ek`jkìgĀCpiomem \kckjiz{gm |yrk`vmņm | dzkmņmekmin o`lh ųhem# Meem Rhdizmy o`lh ckize{in |{omzdù|

| vùųe{in yrvm|min zmojh|mņm ykě lhyrhdmvyt|`j# |{inh|{|mņm dzkìk# rvh|mdzkņm ygc`rkgIzěyth rvz{ojh|mņm em ik`rņ` rhykņgk ytvmų lvmekizeĀ hvmz kee{in lhŗik# jke rvz`dytm|kik`ckemo|{ųyz{in |ņmdz Rhcygk* jkekytvm Fìgm k rv`z{dètm Jhŗikigk`lh Dhj f{ņ zm|yz` zmdfme{# m

Vhg =;=<# Fkmņm I`vgk`|em Pgvmkek`% P lùv{ ythoĀ hfk` iùvgk Cpiomem\kckńiz{gm# T`hcm k @c`hehvm%



40Jho` \{gh|h

ymd k hlvùd prhvzĀdgh|me{# r`ņè g|kteĀi{in vùų Meem ytmvmņm ykě vù|ek`ų rhjmlmČ kee{j Em rvz`deù|gp k rvz`d ŗ|kětmjk emoytmvyz` iùvgk# T`hcm k @c`hehvm vhzehykņ{ rvz{lhth|me` lhŗikń*i` dcm emofk`dekòyz{in vhdzke

Rk`v|yzĀ |hoeě ŗ|kmth|Ā |k`c` vhdzke z \{gh|m yrědzkņh em Pgvmkek` Ytmņh ykě th zkekiomt{|{ Cpiomem \kckjiz{gm# gtùv{ |{iz{tmņ | lmzìk`# ų` o`yt th gvmkem jc`gk`j k jkhd`j

rņ{eĀiĀ Y`tgk |khvyt rvz`jk`vzmck |hzmjk ghee{jk# f{ hyk`dckČ ykě | Fkmņò I`vg|k ghņh Gkoh|m\ rhykmdņhŗikmin nv Rhthigkin# |ņmŗikik`ck |k`cgkin ipgvh|ek k lhvz`cek# zemc`ſck rvmiě k zmg|m*t`vh|mek` \ izmyk` rhf{tp o`dem z iùv`g Cpiomem \kckjiz{gm# T`hcm# ptheěņm | vzì` Vhŗ Tmgkhth rhzhytmņ ŗcmd rhf{tp em Pgvmkek` * zcme{ ņzmjk lvùf iùvgk Rh |{fpinp v`|hcpiok | Vhyokdzkmd`g zdì{dh|mņ# ų` izmy |vmimČ dh Rhcygk Dhinhdzkņ{ lh yņpin{# omg emvùd pgvmkńygk ytmo`ykě ekìněte{ Rhcmghj Fmņ ykě# ų` imņm vhdzkem k rhzhytmck jhlĀ rvz{rņmikČ ų{ik`j dmcyz{ rhf{t| Fkmņò I`vg|k

Cpiome k Meem yz`ŗikhvh y|hkin dzkìk |{inh|{|mck | dpinp invz`ŗikomńygkj# rvz`gmzp* oĀi kj tmgk` |mvthŗik omg nhehv# rmtvkht{zj# |k`vehŗČ kd`mņhj k tvmd{iohj ek`rhdc`lņhŗikh|{j

\k`dzk`ck# ų` empgm o`yt dme{j izņh|k`gh|k ygmvf`j# dcmt`lh gyztmņikck ek` t{cgh y|ho`# mc` k kee`zdhce` dzkìk z \{gh|m Oùzà Tvpyzgh|ygk dzkěgk ytmvmekhj jho`lh dzkmdgm |{gyztmņikņ ykě k f{ņ

A`ckgy Yzizìn vhg =;92



41

dņplhc`tekj gk`vh|ekgk`j yzghņ{ | \{gh|k` D|ùin y{eù| Cpiomem \kckjiz{gm * Nèv{g .pv=;2; v+ k _{ljpet .pv =;=0 v+ * rvmih|mņh | ųmedmvj`vkk |hoygh|ò | \mvyzm|k` Nèv{g rvz`zgkcgm hytmtekin cmt ų{ikm jmvyzmņgm Oùzàm Rkņypdygk`lh f{ņ izņhegk`j o`lh ytvmų{ rvz{fhizeò |tmg z|me{j Yz|mdvhek` Hinvhee{j ŷmedmvj`vkk rvz{ F`c|`d`vz`=

Emdyz`dņ vhg =;9; Dh \{gh|m |gvhiz{ck Ek`ji{# m ek`dņplh rht`j |k`ŗ zemcmzņm ykě| v`gmin Vhyome Ik yk`ck ytvmin# rvz`ŗcmdh|mck k mv`yzth|mck ket`cklèio` k fhlmt{in lhyrhdmvz{Mv`yzth|me{in rvz`tvz{j{|meh | ythdhc` | Cminh|k`# m emytěrek` |{|hųheh f{dcěi{jk |m*lhemjk em Y{f`vkě Vhdzkeě Cpiomem \kckjiz{gm tvml`dkm dhtgeěņm | yrhyùf yziz`lùce{? kiniùvgm# @c`hehvm pik`gmoĀi rvz`d Ek`jimjk |vmz z vhdzkeĀ .jĀų Ytàme f{ņ rvzhdh|ekgk`j rhck*

iok em Rhjhvzp+ hyk`dckņm ykě | \{gh|k` Ek`yt`t{# ek` zemc`ſck tptmo f`zrkìze`lh yinvhekèkm\ŗvùd jk`yzgmńiù| |yk f{ck t`ų zdvmoi{# gtùvz{ |{dm|mck |yrùņjk`yzgmńiù| fhcyz`|kghj \=;42 v Ytàme Cègk`|kiz zhytmņ |{|k`zkhe{ | lņĀf Vhyok k ŗcmd rh ekj zmlkeĀņ Imņò vhdzkek`lvhzkņm |{|ùzgm# dcmt`lh pgv{|mck ykě | rhcp cpf c`yk` Dfmņm h ekin k hinvmekmņm kin jhom jmjm#iùvgm Cpiomem \kckjiz{gm# Omd|klm Yzizìn Ek`yt`t{# zkjĀ =;42 v |rmdņm | věi` Vhyome iùvgmYtàmem Cègk`|kizm * Nmeem Rvz`ų{|yz{ l`nèeě z`yņmekm# hdemcmzņm ykě rh |hoek` | Mav{i`#m hfìek` jk`yzgm | Ched{ek` \{|k`zkheh tmgų` jke vhdzkeě Emdmvù| k \{gh|ygkin Lh*yrhdmvyt|h t{in hytmtekin# emo|kěgyz` | \{gh|k`# gvùtgh rhzhytm|mņh hrpyzizhe` _ |k`cgkjzlhvyzèk`j jk`yzgmńi{ dh|k`dzk`ck ykě# ų` yh|kìk rh|k`vz{ck ―hrk`gě‚ emd ekj jk`yzgmńih|k

= \` |yrhjekèkmin zmt{tpņh|me{in ―Jmvyzmņ`g Rkņypdygk# rhckt{g# d{rchjmtm# |ùdz | vhck rv{|mte`lh hf{|mt`cm Rhcygk‚ Nèv{g \kckjiz{g hrkypo` ų{ik` t`lh |k`cgk`lh Rhcmgm Rvmim dhytěrem |yk`dzkfk` Th|mvz{yt|m ―Ome z Ghcem‚ Wv`dZ

Vhg =;9> em Rhc`ykp% Oùzàm Ygvhdzgm z` y|hkjk pizekmjk

Ckckm \hņg



Fkmckg# gtùv{ f`z ygvprpņù| zjpykņ y|hom ųheě dh zmoěikm hrpyzizhe`lh dhjp Rh gkcgp cmtminvhdzkem \{gh|ygkin |vùikņm z z`yņmekm

Nèv{g k _{ljpet \kckjiz{gh|k fvmck iz{ee{ pdzkmņ | |mci` zfvhoeò z hgprmet`j ek`*jkìgkj | \mvyzm|k` Gmzkjk`vz C`ygk | gykĀųi` rt ―ŷ{ik` ek`|ņmŗik|k` pvhzjmkihe` \yrh*jekèkm hi`vm |{|kmdp k ghetv|{|kmdp MG‚ rkyz`?

―N \kckjiz{g ―Jmv{|kc‚# ―\0‚# ytmvyz{ |minjkytvz ųmedmvj`vkk Hd |khye{ =;42 v |hvlmekzmiok ―Jpyzgk`t`vh|k`‚# emytěrek` | _|kĀzgp \mcgk _fvhoeò k Mvjkk Gvmoh|ò Hddmņ y|ùochgmc rvz{ pc Eh|{ ş|kmt 9; em rpegt |{jkme{ rhizt{ gheyrkvmi{oeò k em hdrvm|{ ųhņek`vz{lvpr{ ―@ve`ytm‚ to Avmeikyzgm Gvprrm ―_ ==‚ Fvmņ pdzkmņ | Rh|ytmekp \mvyzm|ygkj‚ Nèv{g \kckjiz{g vhzrvmih|mņ Gmy{eh Lv{ rvz{ Mc`k Yzpinm# gtùv` f{ņh apvtgĀ ek`jkìgk`lh ghetv|{*|kmdp dh rhcygk`lh rhdzk`jkm _mdmek` th |{jmlmņh |k`cgkò hd|mlk k ek`f{|mņ{in pjkòětehŗik|{|kmdh|iz{in‚ H dvplkj z fvmik Gmzkjk`vz C`ygk rkyz`? ― _{ljpet \kckjiz{g ―Fhvypg KK‚#―\;‚# |minjkytvz ųmedmvj`vkk Hd yt{izekm =;42 v | hvlmekzmiok ―Jpyzgk`t`vh|k`‚# emytěrek`_\_ k Mvjkk Gvmoh|ò Omgh rvmih|ekg ghcòh|{ fvmņ pdzkmņ | ckize{in `|mgpmiomin | jpedp*

vz` ghcòmvygkj Dhytmvizmņ hv{lkemce` zemizgk dh rhdvhfkhe{in c`lkt{jmiok ghcòh|{in R`ņekņ

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0> Dmvkpyz Rk`gmvygk

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jmlkizeò ehi{ dmeh rmtvhem | hyhfk` ŗ| Omem Invzikik`cm# th em Jmzh|yzp k Rhdcmykp hgv`ŗcmeh oĀ GprmcehigĀ cpf EhiĀ Gprmņ{ Yņh|h ―gprmņm‚ |fv`| rh|yzìnek` lņhyzhe{j hrkekhj emo* rvm|dhrhdhfekò ek` jm eki |yrùce`lh ahvjĀ yņh|m ―gĀrk`c‚ \{vmz ―gprmņm‚ rhinhdzk emor`|*ekò z kedh`pvhròygk`lh rk`v|kmytgm ―gpjr‚# hzemizmoĀi`lh lvprě# lvhjmdě# zfkhvh|hŗČ# z gtù*v`lh |{|hdzĀ ykě yņh|m tmgk` omg ygprkČ# gprkČ .| yèyk` ―lvhjmdzkČ‚+ Kytekò` vù|ek`ų rhlcĀd#kų emz|m ŗ|kětm th rh rvhytp kjkě vz`ghj`lh yņh|kmńygk`lh fùyt|m# rmtvhem jkņhŗik k rņhdehŗik ’ Gprmņ{ .em rhdytm|k` ―Gpctpv{ cpdh|ò Yņh|kme‚ Gmzkjk`vzm Jhyz{ńygk`lh+ Ik`gm|hytgĀ o`ythgv`ŗcèk`# ―rmckehigm‚ apegiohepoĀi` vù|ek`ų | Lvmfh|k` k hghcki{

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M dzkykmo gmvjĀ dcm hlekm#Dcm hlekm# dcm hlekmInùv? Rņhj{g | rņhjk`ń dzkŗ ykě zjkèk#

Dzkŗ ykě zjkèk# dzkŗ ykě zjkèk# Em pvhdzmo emyzò zk`jk# Emyzò zk`jk# emyzò zk`jkVhyņmŗ vpth | ŗ|k`tc` dekm#\ ŗ|k`tc` dekm# | ŗ|k`tc` dekm#M dzkykmo gmvjĀ dcm hlekm#Dcm hlekm# dcm hlekmVà? Vptm dzkŗ | rņhjkèkmin zlkek`#

Ekìnmo zlkek`# ekìnmo zlkek`# Ekìn emyz dhj zmvmzm jkek`# Ekìn emyz dhj zmvmzm jkek`

Vhyņmŗ f{ckih | ŗ|k`tc` dekm#\ ŗ|k`tc` dekm# ŗ|k`tc` dekm#M dzkykmo gmvjĀ dcm hlekm#Dcm hlekm# dcm hlekmVà? @o# f{ckih d{j`j yepo ykě#

D{j`j yepo ykě# d{j`j yepo# Ekìn hdrědzk izmvik` jhi`_mrmin t|ùo# zmrmin t|ùo

Vhyņmŗ dzk`|meeh | ŗ|k`tc` dekm#\ ŗ|k`tc` dekm# | ŗ|k`tc` dekmM dzkykmo gmvjĀ dcm hlekm#Dcm hlekm# dcm hlekm

Và? @o# dzk`|meeh# yjpgņm rmeeh#şik`c ykě d{j`j yk|{j#

Ekìn t|ùo zmrmin ytĀd |{rědzkYjpt`g prhviz{|{.Dh ghfk`t dhņĀizmoĀ jěųiz{ſek+



12 Dmvkpyz Rk`gmvygk

Ghfk`tm K? M |{ inņhrmgk# ih8 Ek` |kìk`# ų` Gprmcehigh|` zkhņm th vzìz ghfkìm8Jěųiz{zem K? \{fmizik`# mc` tmg zm|hdzkņ{ŗik`# ų` mų rvhykņh ykě# ų`f{ |mj | t{j ŗrk`|k`dhrhjùi# fh rhj{ŗcmņf{ gth# ų` th rhlvz`f# m ek` GprmcehigmGhfk`tm K? Ho# ek` |{|hņpo zņ`lh# fh dzkykòyzò ehi{ izpoe` heh o`yt omg ekld{Ghfk`tm KK? M jek` ykě |{dmo`# ų` hek em |kmegk rvz{yzck rhch|mČJěųiz{zem KK? M o`yt em ih rhch|mČ

Jěųiz{zem K? Jhų` k o`yt# mc` |kmegk |myz` th opų dm|eh prhch|me`# m em dhdmt`g th |kěiò |ekin hytv{in ghciù| ekų rņmtgù|Ghfk`tm KKK? HytvhŗČ yjmgp ek` o`deò rvz{rvm|k` rvz{dmo`Jěųiz{zem K? Eh# mc` izmymjk th k rhrmvz{Č jhų`Ghfk`tm KK? T{ ymj omg rhrmvzhe{ lmdmyz- M |myz` ŗcpfe` ldzk`8Jěųiz{zem K? Dzkŗ Gprmcehigm# dzkŗ dmņ{ emj |hce`Ghfk`tm KK? M jk ykě |{dmo`# ų` rhlhekņ{ |my z dhjù|# ų`f{ ymj` z gprmcehigh|ò y|hfhd{jhlņ{ yghvz{ytmČGhfk`t{ vmz`j? Rhlemņ{ kin \kdmČ rh ekin# ų` kin rhlemņ{

―F[CKIM‚ Yz`vz{ ykě# yz`vz{ f{ckim rh |yk#Ho# |{lemņm Yziz`rmeh|m y|ho`lh z` |ykM ldzk`ų`ŗ f{|mņ Yziz`rpŗ ek`fhųě8Ho# yrmņ`j om# jhom Jmv{ŗ# z ghńjk | hfhvz`Yz`vz{ ykě# yz`vz{ f{ckim rh |yk#Ho# |{lemņm Avmeikyzgh|m y|ho`lh z` |ykM ldzk`ų`ŗ f{|mņ Avmepŗ# ek`fhųě8Ho# rmyņ`j om# jhom Gmykp# ghek` em d|hvz`

Yz`vz{ ykě# yz`vz{ f{ckim rh |yk#Ho# |{lemņm Mdmjh|m y|ho`lh z` |ykM ldzk`ų`ŗ f{|mņ Mdmj# ek`fhųě8Ho# ythomņ`j z ghekgmjk ehigĀ em d|hvz`Ghfk`tm KQ? M ldzk` emyz` Rmee{ z |kmegmjk8Ghfk`tm Q? Jhų` inņhr{ o` |kdzk`ck8Jěųiz{zem K? \kdzk`ck# |kdzk`ck# | fkmņ{in gkìgmin rh rmvgp lmekmņ{Ghfk`tm K? K r`|eh zkùņ`g em |kmegk yzpgmņ{8Jěųiz{zem K? Ihŗ jk ykě |{dmo`# ų` ek` tmgkin he` zkùņ`g yzpgmņ{# h omgkin jù|kyzGhfk`tm Q? Th in{fm jhoò tmj ek` f{ņh# fh oĀ# th em|`t d`ckgmte{ jìn p|k`vm

Jěųiz{zem K? M jùo inņhrmg jù|kņ# ų` omg tm T|hom ykě vhzgvěik# th oò em|`t yz{yzgk yhyeh|èk` rvz`yzgmdzmoĀGhfk`tm Q? Rchtgk vhzrpyzizm# npctmo o`dè# z` zņhŗik# ų` lh rhlhekņmJěųiz{zem K? M omg lh jhlņm rhlhekČ# gk`d{ he h ekĀ ek` zmfk`lmņ8Ghfk`tm Q? Fh ykě dhrinmČ ek` jùlņ# t{cp mdhvmthvù| jkmņmJěųiz{zem K? Ho# jhom dvhlm# th# h iz{j jù|kyz# th ek` emz{|m ykě mdhvmiomGhfk`tm Q? _emodzk` ykě tmgk# ih k mdhvh|mČ fědzk`Ghfk`tm KQ? _hytm|j{ jņhd{j kin yrvm|{# ekìn dhfk`vmoĀ ykě ymjk# m j{ t{cgh yzizěŗikmjhų`j{ kj ų{iz{ČJěųiz{zem K? Eh# fh tò T|hoò# th t`lh yzizěŗikm dpųh tvz`fm fědzk`

Ghfk`tm KQ? Jhų` k hem ek` emopvhdzk|yzm# mc` zm th rvmih|ktmJěųiz{zem K? O`yziz` f{ t`lh fvmgh|mņh ų`f{ cèk|m f{ņm



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Ghfk`tm QK? Gmųdm rht|hvm zemodzk` y|`lh mjmthvmJěųiz{zem K? M mjmthv rhyml dh |hvm k ahvm z` d|hvmGhfk`tm KQ? YĀ k emyz` Rmee{# mų jkņh rhrmtvz`ČJěųiz{zem K? ŷ`f{ tmg o`yziz`‡Ghfk`tm KQ? Ek` dcm rym gk`ņfmym‡.\inhdzĀ dzk`|izětm z g|kmtmjk k zkhņmjk dh |kikm |kmegù|# ŗrk`|moĀi+%

\ygmų emj |hdh# |hdh# jhdvm#\ygmų emj epvt`j f{ytv{j#Ldzk` rhrņ{ek` jùo |kmeìz`g#Jùo |kmeìz`g iz{yt{8Iz{ dhrņ{ek` dh ghinmegm#Gtùv{ dcm jek` |yz{ytgkj8\ygmų emj |hdh# |hdh jhdvm#\ygmų emj epvt`j f{ytv{j‡Rmeem K? Inikmņm hinvhekČ jek` jmtpŗ

Rvz`d lņprkj ghinmek`j#M dzkŗ dzkgkj zk`c`jRvz{yzņhŗČ jhoĀ |vùų{T{cgh# ų` om izpo`#ŷ` dzkykòyzò ehi{Fpinek` |` jek` jkņhŗČYkcekòyzm hd fpvz{

Rmeem KK? Tm Omeh|m# dzkgm#\vzĀiĀ k f`z|yt{dem#JlņĀ yrh|ktm ek`rhoětĀ#

Yņhdgm# lvz`yzem# |keemVM_@J? Dzkŗ ek`|hcě hdvzpikj{#Dzkykmo yhfĀ ykě ytmek`j{#_mlpfkhe` | yzmc` ehi{#Ymj` yzmņ`j ykě ytmek`j{-

C`ŗe` dpin{ rvz{f{|moik`K pikyzik` |yt{d dzk`|kiz{# Ekìn | emy hlk`ń dzkgk rchek`# Ekìn emjkětehŗČ dzkŗ | emy gvz{iz{-Gprmcehigm- Dzkykmo |yz{ytgk`

Rvz`gvhiz{j{ t|hoĀ fvmjěK ekj tvm|{ zvzpiĀ vhyě# Ek` fědzk`j{ opų t` ymj`-

Rmeem K? Eh dzk`|izětm dzkŗ ykě yr`ņekDzkŗ rvz`jù|k rvz`zemizèk`_mghinmek` emy dzkŗ dhtgek` Em Omeh|` rvz{z|hcèk`

Rmeem KKK? Dzkŗ emyz` |kmegk rhrņ{eĀ gp rvz`zemizèkpRmeem KK? M omgk` kjkě jm t|ho` rvz`zemizèk`8Rmeem KKK? M kjkě o`lh# m kjkě o`lh Omŗgh-Rmee{ * ŗrk`|?

Yr`ņek ykě# yr`ņek# dvhlm dzk`|iz{eh#

Ehi`c jhom# ghrk`c jhom




Yr`ņek ykě t|hom |hcmO`ŗck ini`yz Omykm# fědzk`yz lh jkmņm# Ekìn t{cgh |vùik z rhcmMin rvz{odzk`# rvz{odzk` Omykh ghinme{K yrhovz{ em Kz`ńgě\`ſjk` oò |kme`g# |kme`g vùųme{#

Omŗ fědzk` oò |{fvme{Rmeem KQ? M em jho` rvz`zemizèk` |hņmoĀ Avmepŗ-Rmee{ * ŗrk`|?

Yr`ņek ykě# yr`ņek# dvhlm dzk`|iz{eh#Yr`ņek ykě t|hom |hcm

O`ŗck ini`yz Avmekm# fědzk`yz lh jkmņm#Ho# fědzk`yz ik lh jkmņmMin rvz{odzk`# rvz{odzk` Avmepŗ ghinme{#Rhrmtvz{ em F`mtě\`ſjk` oò |kme`g# |kme`g vpikme{#Rvz{fvme{ jmgp g|kmt`j%

Rmeem Q? O`yziz` om# o`yziz` omRmeem KK? M ih f{ŗ inikmņm# Mlmtgh8Rmeem Q? M om f{j inikmņm inņhrim tmgk`lh#

Ih f{ gemor{ hjkomņ# Ek` fmņ ykě vhfht{#F{ņ jĀdv{# zmvmde{K em kee` ek` jkmņ hinht{

Rmeem KKK? M ņ{y{ jhų` f{Č8

Rmeem Q? ō{y{# zdpvekmņm8Rmeem K? M ih z zěfmjk8Rmeem Q? \yz{ytgk` k fk`cptgk` Eh k ų`f{ z`zm ek` jkmņ-Rmeem KKK? Th t{ ek` inņhrm# t{cgh mekhņm yzpgmyzRmeem Q? Jhų` k mekhņm‡Rmeem KKK? T{c`# ų` z mekhņ`j th t{ rhthjyt|m ek` dhiz`gmyzRmeem KK? Em rhizĀtgp# th gmųd{ mekhņ# m omg jp ņ`f hytvz{ų`yz# th vhlk em ekjRmee{ * ŗrk`|? H# ŗ|kět{ Omek`# jkò t` Mlmtgě#

Jkò oĀ | y|hoò hfvhek`#Fh omg tmg fědzk` dmcò |{fvz{dzmČ#

Th |kme`g oò pthek`Rmeem Q? \vùų jk# |vùų jk dzkgm ehi{#

\ zmrmin zkùņ zmgcětmIz{o` kjkě# iz{o` kjkěJmj dzkŗ zmrmjkětmČ8

Vmz`j? Jù| jk Omek`# gtùv{ ehiĀ Ik`jeĀ |hdm fvhdzkyz#Jù| jk yz`rt`j# jù| jk yz`rt`j#Ih jk dzkŗ rvz{ehykyz8

Rmeem KQ? ş|kět{ Omek`# r{tmj ykě ik`fk` ymj`lh#.ŗrk`|m+ Iùų`ŗ jk rvz{ekùyņ# iùų`ŗ jk rvz{ekùyņ eh|`lh8Gm|mc`vh|k`? Rvz{ekhyņ`j |mj vhy{# em g|kmt{ |` |ņhy{#



19Ehi`c jhom# ghrk`c jhom

Rvz{ekhyņ`j |mj vhy{# emg|kmt{ |` |ņhy{Rmeem KQ? ş|kět{ Omek`‡Gm|mc`vh|k`? Rvz{ekhyņ`j |mj jcìz`#z` yjptgp |{cìzě#

Rvz{ekhyņ`j |mj jcìz`#

z` yjptgp |{cìzěRmee{ * ŗrk`| ş|kět{ Omek`‡Gm|mc`vh|k`? Rvz{ekhyņ`j f{cki{ dh fkmņòyrùdeki{#

Rvz{ekhyņ`j f{cki{ dh fkmņò yrùdeki{Rmee{ * ŗrk`|? ş|kět{ Omek`‡Gm|mc`vh|k`? Rvz{ekhyņ`j |mj zk`c`#jkņhŗikĀ hfdzk`cě#

Rvz{ekhyņ`j |mj zk`c`#jkņhŗikĀ hfdzk`cěRmee{? M t`vmz izmy opų |zekìkČ hlk`ń#

Ekìn opų hŗ|k`tck zhvzĀ ehi# Ekìn emy hiz{ŗik# ekìn dm emj ykņěK ekìn hdrědzk izmvikĀ jhi

Rmee{ * ŗrk`|? _mrņhń hlekp ų{|{j hlek`j#ŷ{|{j hlek`j zmrņhńTp ldzk` g|ktek` dzkgm omfņhń#_mrņhń hlekp zmrņhń

Và? _mrņhń hlekp# ų{|{j hlek`j#\zfko ykě lěyt{j d{j`j Ekìn | iz`v|he{j t|hkj fcmygp\yz` ek`yzizěŗik` zlkek`

Tp ldzk` ŗ|k`ų` fvzhz{ rěd{#_mrņhń hlekp# zmrņhń#ŷ`f{ŗ ytvm|kņ emyz` fņěd{#_mrņhń hlekp# zmrņhń

Và? _mrņhń hlekp‡

Tp ldzk` ypinm |k`vzfm gņhdĀ _mrņhń hlekp# zmrņhń#Pytvz`ų emy rvz`d |k`cgm |hdĀ _mrņhń hlekp# zmrņhń#

Và ? _mrņhń hlekp‡.Rh rk`ŗek inņhrmgk rhdrmcmoĀ hlekygh% \yz{yi{ gvz{izĀ? ―Lhvò# lhvò‚% Dzk`|izětm tmńizĀ |hgùņ hlekygm ŗrk`|moĀi+

Tmj em lùvz` hlk`ń lhv`# Ehi`c jhom# ghrk`c jhom Em tò lùvz` d|ho` dvz`|m#

Ehi`c jhom# ghrk`c jhomO`deh dvz`|h# fhų` dvz`|h# Ehi`c jhom# ghrk`c jhom

―‡zmekj hddmj ik |kmeìz`g# yghiz dcm ek`lh |hlk`ń‡‚



14Dmvkpyz Rk`gmvygk

Tmj em lhv` hlk`ń lhv`# Ehi`c jhom ghrk`cGhch Omem# ghņh Omem# Ehi`c jhom# ghrk`c jhomTmj dzk`|izětm ykě yinhdzkck# Ehi`c jhom# ghrk`c jhom

Yhfk` hlk`ń emņhų{ck# Ehi`c jhom# ghrk`c jhomTmj kin rùņehi ik`jem emyzņm Ehi`c jhom# ghrk`c.Gm|mc`vh|k` gvz{izĀ+Hlekygh lhv` * hlk`ń em rhc`#Hlk`ń em rhc`# em rhc`- Ekìn o`lh ųmv |zfhlmik vhc`#Pų{ſek vhcě# emyzm vhcěHlekygh lhv` * hlk`ń em rhc`#Hlk`ń em rhc`# em rhc`-

Rmee{?Hlekygh lhv` k y`vi` lhv`#Lhv` hlek`j jkņhye{j Ekìn ykě |{r`ņek yè h ghinmegp# Ekìn ykě yè yņhdgk yr`ņek

Rmee{ * ŗrk`|moĀ ?H fkmņ{ Omek`# rvz{o`ųdųmo dh jek`#

O`ŗck ykě ini`yz hųèkČ#Om ik ųhegě emvmoě#Jùo fkmņ{ Omek`

O`yt tmj p ş|kdvù| emdhfem Jmvtm#Jm |kmeìz`g z vpt{ Ekgt ieht{ p ekò ek` gprk#Jùo fkmņ{ Omek`

P \kyzh|mt{in emdhfem Pcm#Jm |kme`g z ckr`ńgkIpde` p ekò cki`ńgk#Jùo fkmņ{ Omek`

P Gh|mciz{gù| |`yhņm Kzm_ iz`v`jinĀ |` |ņhymin\mvth oĀ ghinmČ# ho |mvth#Jùo fkmņ{ Omek`

Yjpgņm Myk ńgm p Ygvhdzgkin | inmik`Jm fzh|{ |kmeìz`g# Ek` cpfk yņpinmČ rchtìz`g#Jùo fkmņ{ Omek`

M p _mjhoygkin ygvhjem F`mtgm#Jm |kme`g z dzk`|mee{



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O`yt omg ŗrk`| rtmgù| rhvmee{#Jùo fkmņ{ Omek`

M p Em|vhigkin vhzyĀdem Mlmtgm_ ghe|mckĀ | |mvghizmin#_ omye{j fcmygk`j | hizmin#Jùo Fkmņ{ Omek`

Rmee{? H Omek`# Omek`# Omek` zk`che{#RmdmoĀ ckŗik` em |yz{ytgk` ytvhe{#M t{ Gmjkcp# Gmjkcgp#Yzpgmo y` ųhe{

Gm|mc`v K? Ldzk` om oò fědě p gmtm yzpgmČ8M rùodě dh Jmvt{\ hgkègh rpgmČ-

Vmz`j? Rpg# rpg | hgkèìzgh#\{odſų` ghinmeìzgh#

\{odſ ymjm o`demJmvtpykm |{yzņm# vĀizgě jp dmņm#\ktmo Gmjkcp# fědě ikě inikmņm#Fědě ikě inikmņm

Rmee{? H Omek`# Omek`# Omek` zk`che{#RmdmoĀ ckŗik` em |yz{ytgk` ytvhe{#M t{ Gvz{ykp# Gvz{yk`ńgp#Yzpgmo y` ųhe{

Gm|mc`v KK? Ldzk` om oò fědě p gmtm yzpgmČ8M rùodě dh Omle{\ hgkègh rpgmČ

Vmz`j? Rpg# rpg | hgkèìzgh#\{odſų` ghinmeìzgh#\{odſ ymjm o`dem

Pvyzpcm |{yzņm# vĀizgě jp dmņm#\ktmo Gvz{yk`ńgp# fědě ikě inikmņm#Fědě ikě inikmņm

Rvz`|hdekizgm? Eh k dhfvmck ykě f`z emyz{in vmd Dzkykmo th j{ opų kin ek` prkcepo`j{O`d{e`# ih jhų`j{ zvhfkČ# th yrmckČ | hlekp ŗ|kěthomńygkj emyz` zkhņm# ų`f{ invhekņ{ kin rvz`d

zņĀ jhiĀ Tvz`fm t`ų zkhņm | d{jk` hgmdzkČ k zmfvmČ dh emyz{in dhjù|# mf{ ytvz`lņ{ emy rvz`dzmvmzĀ# fk`dĀ k |yz`cgkj ytvmrkèk`j

.Rvz{ rk`ŗek ―Izmvh|ekim‚ ghfk`t{ rhdinhdzĀ dh hlekygm k gvĀųĀi |hgùņ# rmcĀi k hgmdzmoĀi zkhņm+

―Izmvh|ekim‚ Ekìnmo vptm | hlekp tvz`yziz{#Izmvh|ekim z zņhŗik |vz`yziz{ Ekìn f{cki{ lmņĀſ rěgm#

Izmvh|ekim rvùųeh ytěgmJ{ŗj{ rvz{yzņ{ tp z dmc`gm#





Rhrmckck zkhņm ŗ|kět`# Ek` zmfkhvĀ emj opų jc`gmIzmvh|eki` t` rvz`gcět`

Hlk`ń emj yrhghoek` ŗ|kìkK zkùņìzgh gmųd` tcò`Ho# ek` rhjvĀ emyz` dzkìk#Ho# ek` fědzk` y|mvp | dhjm%. Ghfk`t{ pyp|moĀ ykě | gpcky{+Rmeem Q? Dmoj{ k j{ rņhjkèkhj zkhņm#

Ekìn kin |hń gm|mc`vù| tp dh emy rvz{|hņmVmz`j? Hlk`ń emj yrhghoek` ŗ|kìk

K zkùņìzgh gmųd` tcò`# Ekìn kin zmrmin | emy vhzekìkK emjkětehŗČ k emdzkò`

Rmeem Q? Ckŗikp c`yziz{e{#

Ckŗikp c`yziz{e{#V|ě ikě ŗjk`c`# ŗjk`c`#Rkěikm rmciù|# imņĀ dņhekĀ# Ekìnmo inņhri{ zm jeĀ lhekĀ .vzpim dh hlekm+Rvz{oj hd` jek` tèų` g|kmt#_`v|me{ | fhvz` h ehieò rhvz`# Ekìnmo hdjkèk jùo ŗ|kmt

Rmeem KK? Yk|{ rkhņpek`# v|ě ikě ŗjk`c`# ŗjk`c`#‡Rmeem K? Jhom f{ckih# v|ě ikě ŗjk`c`# ŗjk`c`#‡Rmeem KQ? Ckŗikp ņhrkmep# v|ě ikě ŗjk`c`# ŗjk`c`#‡

Rmeem KK? Izmy opų |kmegk hddmČ |hdzk`# Ekìnmo |hdm o` rvh|mdzk# Ekìn epvt |k`dzk` o` yzizěŗck|k`# Ekìn kin |vùųfm emy ek` zdvmdzk

.şrk`|moĀi rk`ŗń# ―Iz`lh ykě yjpikyz‚ kdĀ vzpimČ |kmegk+Iz`lh ykě yjpikyz# jhom dzk`|iz{eh8Min iùų ik zm ek`dhcm8 Ek` rņmizų` Gmykp# yjptemŗ rh Omykp#Ho fědzk`yz ik lh jkmņm

Jhom jmtpcp# jhom ghinmem#Rvz{lhdm jk ykě ytmņm#P|kņmj |kme`g z yk`djkp vù|ekme`g#\hdm jk lh zmfvmņm

Min ythk Omykh# ythk ghinme{K rmtvz{ em Gmyk`ńgě Ek` fùo ykě Gmykp# |kme`g zmfvme{#Cìz Thfk` Omŗ |{fvme{

Ho jmj ik# om jmj# rmvě ņmfědzk#Rhrņ{eĀ he` rh ek`

Povz{yz |kmepyz`g# m ek` iz`rpyz`g#FhČ |kme`g ek` pthek`



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Rmeem Q? Ih jm |kyk`Č# ek` pthek`#M ih ų{Č jm# th ų{Č fědzk`#Dmoj{ emyz` |kmegk |hdzk`#\vùųfh# rņ{ń tmj ldzk` ņmfědzk`

Vmz`j? Rņ{ń |kmeìzgp hŗ|k`tche{#Rņ{ń |kmeìzgp hŗ|k`tche{#

M ŗ|k`Č omyeh# omg emoomŗekò#F{ ikě dhytvz`lņ pjkche{

.Rmee{ |vmimoĀ m z ekjk gm|mc`vh|k` z|{ņh|khe{jk |kmegmjk+Gm|mc`v K? Nò Gprmcehigm# emyzm f{ņm#

Fh ykě tp dzkykmo# dzkykmo rmckņmRmeem KKK? M iùų j{ŗj{ z ekò z{ygmņ{#

Gk`d{ŗj{ gm|mc`vù| ek` jkmņ{Gm|mc`v KK? Fhŗik` rmekègk zpin|mņ`#

Ihŗik` emj hddmČ ek` inikmņ{Y|hoò ieht{ zm iehtě#Rhd gm|mc`vygĀ hinhtě

Rmeem KK? Lhdņ`j jò ieht{ ek` ckyt`g# ek` g|kmt`g#Cìz ygvhjehŗČ# rvmim# rhghvm k ytmt`g

Rmeem K? M t{ f{ŗ |hcmņ |kme`g _hyk#Dpgmtmjk emdzkme{# Ekų jùo# ygvhje{# vpikme{

Gm|mc`v K? T|ùo |kmeìz`g dzkŗ rpyzizhe{Tmg |{ņh|kČ inikmņ`j#

ŷ` dcm ik`fk`# jhom jkņm#\hdzk` lh |{v|mņ`jRmeem K? F{j ik yziz`vz` p|k`vz{ņm#

ŷ`ŗ jk ek` o`yt |vhlk`j#Th ekj |`ſjk`yz jùo |kmeìz`g#Yghiz dcm ek`lh | hlk`ń-

.Yghgk rvz`z hlk`ń rvz{ j`chdkk ‚Ehi`c jhom# ghrk`c jhom‚+Rmeem KKK? Ih ykě |{r`ņekČ jkmņh#

Dzkŗ ykě |{r`ņekņhGprmcehigh dzkgm#

F{ņmŗ dcm emy ykņĀ_ņ` jhi` hd`yzņ{#_k`c`j |{rědzhe`#Ihvmz fc`dyz` ek`fh_mrh|kmdm dzkhe`g

Rmeem Q? Yņhńi` cmdm jhjèt Ehi z yzmc`ńyt|m zfpdzkK |{rmck fcmygk`jIzmve` j{ŗck cpdzk

Rmeem K? Dmo emj yņhńi` ŗ|kmtņh#F{ dvùl ek` rhj{ckČDmo emj yņhńi` ŗ|kmtņh#

‡izmy opų |kmegk hddmČ |hdzk`# ekìnmo |hdm o` rvh|mdzk‡




1> Dmvkpyz Rk`gmvygk

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<2 Fhlpyņm| Tvprmiz .Rkyz+

Ghea`vèio` z i{gcp ―Rhlvmekiz`‚ | Jpz`pj _k`jk Rkygkò

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Ghea`vèio` | Jpz`pj _k`jk Rkygkò z i{gcp ―Rhlvmekiz`‚ zeme` yĀ opų z t`lh# ų` rhdò*jpo` ykě em ekin t`jmt{ ik`gm|`# ketv{lpoĀi`# |{r`ņekhe` iz{jŗ ek`ymjh|kt{j# tmgų` rhcht`j#ametmzoĀ .jmj em j{ŗck ŗ|k`teĀ mtjhya`vě# gtùvm th|mvz{yz{ d{ygpyohj+ k hiz{|kŗik` amgt`jnkythv{ize{j Opų em K ghea`vèiok | 6221v rhom|kņ{ ykě jkědz{ kee{jk tv`ŗik z|kĀzme` z rhlvm*

ekiz`j rvpygh*jmzh|kìgkj# jmzpvygh*gpvrkh|ygkj# iz{ | ghńip rvpygh*rhcygkj \ t{j vhgpt`jmt{gě tĀ vhzrhizĀņ |{gņmd rvha dv nmf Ytmekyņm|m Minv`jiz{gm rt ―Rhdzkmņ{ mdjkekytvmi{o*e` zk`j rvpygkin‚# | gtùv{j mpthv |{rvh|mdzkņ |{|ùd# omg gyztmņth|mņ{ ykě rhdzkmņ{ mdjkekytvm*i{oe` \mvjkk k Jmzpv hd izmyù| rc`jkèe{in rh |yrùņiz`ye` \ và`vmik` rvha Minv`jiz{gm rhom|kņ{ ykě |Ātgk p|zlcědekmoĀi` vù|ek`ų rvhfc`jmt{gě z|kĀzmeĀ z rhlvmekiz`j# m jkmeh|kik`z t{j# omg th gyztmņth|mek` |rņ{|mņh em ythypegk z zk`jkmjk f`zrhŗv`dekh lvmekizĀi{jk tmg omg | rvz{rmdgp _k`jk Rkygkò k Jmzh|yzm# _k`jk Ghce`ńygkò iz{ ōhjų{ńygkò m tmgų` Rhdcmykm

Th# omg gyztmņth|mņ ykě gvmohfvmz gpctpvh|{ em rhlvmekizp jmzpvygh*gpvrkh|ygkj em rvz{*gņmdzk` |yk N`{d{g | rh|kìk` rkygkj# v`cmioheh|mņ jlv \kgthv Ge`vi`v z Hcyzt{em Y`de`j rh*ņĀizheò z rv`zètmioĀ ycmodù| rv`c`giok f{ņh rhgmzmek` fmvdzh |mųeò vzìz{# tze |zmo`je`lh

rvzèkgmekm ykě mvinkt`gtpv{ k z|{izmoh|hŗik zmfpdh|{ |yk em ―rhlvmekizp‚ Vzìz{|kyt{j hd*z|k`vik`dcèk`j t`z mpthvm hgmzmņm ykě rvz{lvmekizem jkòyih|hŗČ N`{d{g * o`dè z ek`ckize{in opų rvz{gņmdù| |yk ―pckiù|gk‚ z hgv`yp hymdekit|m yzgmtpņh|`lh Th o`deh z emoik`gm|yz{injkòyi |rkyme{in | gvmohfvmz ^QKK*|kìze{# ldzk` zminh|mem zhytmņm mvinkt`gtpvm ―rhlvmekizmjmzpvygh*gpvrkh|ygk`lh‚ z hv{lkemce{jk k inmvmgt`v{yt{ize{jk dcm yk`fk` lmeìzgmjk

Em p|mlě zmyņplpoĀ vù|ek`ų mvi{ik`gm|` hrh|k`ŗik# gtùv{in ―mgiom thiz{ ykě‚ em rhlvmek*izmin Vzìz{rhyrhcktò | QKK | _` zvhzpjkmņ{in |zlcědù| ygheiètvpoě ykě em t{in tv`ŗikmin#gtùv` inhČf{ | yrhyùf rhŗv`dek dht{izĀ rvz`ytvzèk jk`dz{ Jmzpvmjk m Jmzh|yz`j Rk`v|*yz{ z ekin# mpthvyt|m Vhf`vtm Ghņhdzkòm# fmdmizm z |vhiņm|ygkò `ckt{ empgh|ò# zhytmņ zmrv`*zèth|me{ opų rhdizmy pfk`lņhvhizeò ghea`vèiok Jù|kņ h rvpygkò rhdvùų{ \ņmd{yņm|m KQ z=19; vhgp# gtùv`lh hvyzmg rk`clvz{jh|mņ |ņmŗek` rvz`z rvz`rkěge` hfyzmv{ ket`v`ypoĀi`lh emy rhlvmekizm =9 ckrim =19; vhgp# gk`d{ th gvùc Rhcygk zmtvz{jmņ ykě em ehic`l | Rkyzp# dh hvyzmgp

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rvùfh|mņ dhņĀiz{Č jņhd{ gvmoiz{ gvùch|ò Iì{ckk Vèmt{ * Nk`vhekj Vmdzkòh|ygk Ek` zemcmzņhe o`demg pzemekm | hizmin |ņmdi{ k zhytmņ hdrvm|khe{ RhytmČ tm rhom|km ykě tmgų` và`vmik` dv Yņm|hjkvm Mclpyk`|kizm# |{gņmdh|i{ Pek|`vy{t`tp \mvjkńygh * Jmzpvygk`lh | Hcyzt{ek`#gtùv{ y|Ā rv`c`gioě rhŗ|kěikņ yrhvhj lvmekize{j rhjkědz{ Rvpymjk GykĀųěi{jk m Jmzh|yz`jNk`vhekj Vmdzkòh|ygk# rhytmČ h fhlmt{j ų{ikhv{yk`# dcm ek`gtùv{in ghetvh|`vy{oem# f{ņ o`de{jz ―fhnmt`vù|‚ t`lhų |{gņmdp Th he# omgh ytmvhytm ņhjų{ńygk ehthv{izek` ņmjmņ hfh|kĀzpoĀi`

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\ KK ghea`vèiok z i{gcp ―Rhlvmekiz`‚ .622<+# ket`v`ypoĀiĀ emy t`jmt{gĀ | |k`gp ^^ zm* oěck ykě jke? dv Mdmj Yz{jmeh|kiz z t`jmt`j ―Rhlvmekiz` Rvpy \yinhdekin omgh hfyzmv |mcgk|{|kmdh|izò Rhcygk k Ek`jkì | cmtmin =;=> *=;9;‚# m tmgų` jlv \mcd`jmv Fvèdm# gpythyzJpz`pj _k`jk Rkygkò# gtùv{ rvz`dytm|kņ# omg |{lcĀdmņ{ rvùf{ fpdh|mekm gheyrkvmiok met{ghjp*ekyt{izeò rh KK |hoek` ŗ|kmth|ò * |ņmŗek` em rhlvmekizp Rhcygk hvmz rvz{ņĀizhe{in rh |hoek`\mvjkk k Jmzpv O`lh và`vmt ytmeh|kņ ghet{epmioě rvhfc`jmt{gk rhvpyzheò rvz`d vhgk`j# ||{ytĀrkèkp em t`jmt rhlvmekizm Rhcygk k Rvpy \yinhdekin | dzkmņmekmin rhcygkò gheyrkvmiok |hgv`yk` KK |hoe{ ŗ|kmth|ò

\ y`yok# hrvùiz emockizekò v`rv`zèth|me{in empgh|iù| z Hcyzt{em# |zkěck pdzkmņ tmgų`chgmcek rvz`dytm|kik`c` ŗvhdh|kyg fmdm|iz{in \ ghea`vèiok y|hoĀ hfìehŗČ zmzemiz{ck vù|*ek`ų empgh|i{ z tmgkin hŗvhdgù| omg Gmth|ki`# \vhiņm| k Thvpń

\ ikĀlp d|ùin dek 61 rv`c`lètù| zhvlmekzh|mņh |yrmekmņĀ fk`ykmdě nkythv{izeĀ# em gtù*vò rhom|kņ{ ykě t`jmt{ z|kĀzme` z dzkòmjk Rvpy hd izmyù| gvz{ųmigkin rh |yrùņiz`ye`# ek`zmfvmgņh t`ų tv`ŗik |{omŗekmoĀi{in tmgk` rhoěikm omg? lvmekim# rhlvmekiz`# rvz`ytvz`ń gpctpvh|miz{ | ghńip * gvmohfvmz gpctpvh|{ \ŗvùd |{|hdù| hrmvt{in em fmdmekmin nkythv{ize{in rhom*|kņ{ ykě vù|ek`ų vhzrvm|{ |yrmvt` ytpdkmjk metvhrhchlkize{jk# `tehlvmize{jk# chzhize{jkk ckt`vmtpvhzem|iz{jk

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Kekiomt{|m i{gcp y`yok h tmgkj inmvmgt`vz` yrhtgmņm ykě z chgmce{j zmrhtvz`fh|mek`j em

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<6

Rhd tmgkj nmyņ`j K Cki`pj HlùcehgyztmņiĀi` kj% Mdmjm Jkigk`|kizm | Ghcek`

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Rvho`gt o`yt rvh|mdzhe{ rvz`z Yth|mvz{yzèk` Vhdzkiù| em Vzìz Rhjhi{ Yzghņhj―Rvz{omzem Yzghņm‚ Keyt{tpioĀ |dvmųmoĀiĀ o`yt Jkekyt`vyt|h @dpgmiok Emvhdh|ò

_mgņmdm he |dvhųèk` 926 rvho`gtù| vhz|hoh|{in dcm yzgùņ .rh o`deò yzghc` em rh|kmt+#p|zlcědekmoĀi kin ked{|kdpmceĀ chgmceĀ yrì{gě

\ rk`v|yz{j `tmrk`# |ņmŗik|ò v`mckzmiok rvho`gtp# rvz`yzghche{in zhytmņh 9=0 empiz{*ik`ck hrk`gpeù| Yzghcèkm rvz{lhth|mņ{ empiz{ik`ck dh hrvmih|mekm k |dvhųèkm rvhlvmjù|vhz|hoh|{in yzgùņ# zlhdek` z zmņhųèkmjk j`v{thv{ize{jk rvho`gtp .Tm amzm zhytmņm zmghńizhem

| iz`v|ip 622< v+\ dvplkò amzk` emytĀrk |dvhųèk` hrvmih|me{in rvho`gtù| vhz|hoh|{in z p|zlcědek`*ek`j ythyh|mekm eh|hiz`ye{in tìnehchlkk ket`ve`th|{in k `*c`mvekelp | rvhi`yk` empgk hvmzhvlmekzmiok zmoěČ rhzmc`gi{oe{inDèkiom rvhfc`jp

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Jņhdzk`ų * ek` t{cgh emyzò yzghņ{ * yņmfh zem nkythvkě y|ho`lh v`lkhep# o`lh tvmd{io`hvmz kee` |mchv{ Ek` izpo` ykě rvz`z th z|kĀzmem z jkòyi`j y|`lh pvhdzèkm k dhvmytmekm \

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Rvz`ņmdh|mem rvhlvmjh|h yzghņm h gvùtgkj i{gcp empizmekm .rvmgt{izek` 6#0 vhgp+ o`ytemytm|khem pek|`vymckyt{izek`# |kěi zmlmdekèkm v`lkhemce` ek` jmoĀ tp dhytmtìzeò v`rv`zètm*iok _mekgm tmgų` rvz`gmz vhdzkee{ k rhghcèkh|{ | yrhņìz`ńyt|k` ihvmz fmvdzkò emytm|khe{jgheypjri{oek`

Jņhdzk`ų ek` jm zf{t |k`cp jhųck|hŗik rhzemekm k dhièkèkm nkythvkk# tvmd{iok# zemizèkmk |mvthŗik y|ho`lh v`lkhep# h gtùv{j | j`dkmin jù|k ykě t{cgh hgmzohemcek` k th z|{gc` ek`zf{t rhinc`fek` Żvùdņm rkyme`# to gykĀųgk k |{dm|ekit|m# |{ytěrpoĀ | hlvmekizheò kchŗik# zmŗ kin rh*zkhj j`v{thv{ize{ k mtvmgi{oehŗČ ek` zm|yz` yĀ dhŗČ |{yhgk` _mfk`lk rvmy{ chgmceò ygprkmoĀ ykělņù|ek` em |Ātgmin yèymi{oe{in h jmņò |mvthŗik rhzem|izò k |{inh|m|izò Dhytěr dh dùfv gpctpv{ hvmz hfk`gtù| yrhvth|{in jkjh ytmņò rhrvm|{ o`yt |ikĀų hlvmekizhe{ k ptvpdekhe{ Ke*t`ve`t ek` zmytĀrk fckyghŗik t`mtvp# ytmc` dhytěreò nmck yrhvth|ò# f`zrhŗv`dek`lh rvz`ų{ikm rkěgemk ek` zmyrhghk |k`cp kee{in rhtvz`f ek`zfěde{in dh rvm|kdņh|`lh vhz|hop jņhd`lh izņh|k`gm

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Fk|mg | fmzk` nmvi`vygkò

| Ghſc`

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o`yt`j lhvyz{‚@a`gt{ jkěggk`?

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Piz`yteki{Rvho`gt v`mckzpoĀ empiz{ik`c`?

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Dh rvho`gtp zlņhykņh ykě 90 pizekù| z vùųe{in gcmy Piz`yteki{ fkhvĀ pdzkmņ | zmoěikmin|`dņpl y|hkin zmket`v`yh|mń? o`dek t{cgh | yrhvth|{in# keek | ŗvhdh|kygh|{in iz{ keahvjm*t{ize{in# m ek`gtùvz{ melmųpoĀ ykě | gmųd{ kin vhdzmo _moěikm | vmjmin rvho`gtp rvh|mdzhe`

fědĀ hd rmſdzk`vekgm 622< v dh ghńim g|k`tekm 622> v \vz`yk`ń zhytmņ rvz`|kdzkme{ em rvmi`ghei`ri{oe` k rvz{lhth|m|iz`

\{rvm|ě vh|`vh|Ā emtvmyk` Ghceh ’ Omeh|h ’ ōhy`|h ’ GĀt{ ’ Jŗik|po` ’ Jmņ{ Rņhig ’ \{lvme` ’ Vmgh|h Ytmv` ’ Fhvgh|h ’ Ghceh%

Jŗik|po` * jkòyi``lz`gpiok ŷ{dù|

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Pdmņh emj ykě opų zv`mckzh|mČ yrņ{| gmomgh|{ vz`gĀ RkyĀ em tvmyk` Ghzkhņ ’ şjk`vikh|m

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Hdf{ckŗj{ tmgų` imņhdzkèeĀ |{rvm|ě vh|`vh|Ā em tvmyk` Ghceh ’ Omeh|h ’ ōhy`|h ’ GĀt{ ’ Jŗik|po` ’ Jmņ{ Rņhig ’ \{lvme` ’ Vmgh|h Ytmv` ’ Fhvgh|h ’ Ghceh Hrvùiz |yrmekm*ņò zmrvm|{ z{izeò ik`yz{ņm emy jhųck|hŗČ hd|k`dzèkm imņ`lh yz`v`lp jkòyi ptv|mche{in |

nkythvkk emyz`lh v`lkhep fĀdſ mtvmgi{oe{in rhd kee{jk |zlcědmjk _mnmiz{ckŗj{ |kěi h |kmtvmg t{rp nhcèd`vygk`lh | Omeh|k`# ckize` ijètmvz` z hf{d|p |hoè ŗ|kmth|{in# jkòyi` jmyh*|{in `lz`gpiok ŷ{dù| | hghcki{ jkòyih|hŗik Jŗik|po`# |iz`yehŗv`dekh|kìze` lvhdzkygh |Jmņ{j Rņhigp k ik`gm|hytgě rvz{vhdekizĀ | c`yk` ghņh |yk \{lvme` YrhvzĀdzmckŗj{ dhgpjè*tmioě cjh|Ā k ahthlvmizeĀ# rvz`rvh|mdzmckŗj{ |{|kmd{ z` yrhtgme{jk |ù|izmy cpdſjk

Jkjh rhlmvyzmoĀi{in ykě |mvpegù| mtjhya`v{ize{in hdf{ņ ykě tmgų` imņhdekh|{ fk|mg zmdmekh|{ | hrmvikp h fmzě nmvi`vygĀ | Ghſc` Lņù|e{j i`c`j f{ņh yrè`tvh|mek` jkòyi |hghcki{# |{ghemek` dhgpjètmiok j`dkmceò k rvz`rvh|mdzèk` |{|kmdù| Ket`v`yh|mņ{ emy zm*lmdekèkm rvz{lvmekize`# nkythvkm jņ{em k ghŗikhņm | Ghſc`# hfùz o`ńiù| vmdzkìgkin | Dņpth|k`hvmz kin ijètmvz | \keièik`# ijètmvz |hoèe{ z =;=0 v | Dņpth|k` m tmgų` nkythvkm rhņĀiz`*ekm ghcòh|`lh z Rvpy | gk`vpegp Ghcem k ōhjų{

Rvz`d emjk o`yziz` gkcgm tmgkin |{rvm| Rht`j rvz{odzk` izmy em memckzě k hrvmih|mek`

Yrņ{| gmomgh|{ vz`gĀ RkyĀ em tvmyk` Ghzkhņ

’ şjk`vikh|m Lùvm ’ Ghzkhņ ’ Ytmv` Ghceh

’ Rtmgk

O`yt`j ytĀd



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zlvhjmdzhe{in keahvjmiok# jmt`vkmņù|# gheavhetmioě vùųe{in ſvùd`ņ k prh|yzìnekèk` à`gtù|tmgkin rvmi | ahvjk` rv`zètmiok# cjù| iz{ t`ų |{ytm| ahthlvmize{in Fědzk` o` |{ghe{|mČjņhdzk`ų | thgp zmoěČ rhzmc`gi{oe{in O`deh opų |yzmgų` |kdmČ |{vmſek`? ytme |k`dz{ hvmzŗ|kmdhjhŗik v`lkhemceò k nkythv{izeò jkòyih|ò cpdehŗik o`yt fmvdzh pfhlk Tmg |kěi emyz`dzkmņmekm | vmjmin rvho`gtp fědĀ pzpr`ņekmČ tě cpgě rvz{emojekò p ek`gtùv{in rvz`dytm|kik`ckjņhd`lh rhghcèkm

H dmcyz{in rhiz{emekmin hvmz pz{ygme{in v`zpctmtmin jmj{ emdzkòě fmvdzkò yziz`lùņh*|h emrkymČ | ek`dmc`gkò rvz{yzņhŗik

_dzkyņm| şck|ìgk# Yņm|hjkv V{d`c



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Omrhegm? Emj fmvdzh ykě rhdhfmČ |myzm zk`jkm


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Gpvrkmegm? Eh thČ th gvh|{- H gvh|{ yk` |hj vhzinhdzk8-

Omrhegm? H# h# h -


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Omrhegm? Jhom jěųm ek` zemČ |myz`lh oěz{gm# mc` ykě empiz{Č

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<; Jmvkme Lěfmvygk .Ghceh+

\yrhjekèk` o`de`lh tmńim Tmńiz{ņmŗ z` jeĀ gvùtgh

m izpoě iněČ hfoěikmgkfkČ |khtgĀ k yjpgņĀ pchteĀ omg c`tekm těizm

\ tmńip f{ņmŗ jht{c`j| tò ypgek ghchvh|òz|k`|e{j |k`d`ńygkj yt{c`javpeěņmŗ omg Rmſ Gvùch|ò

F{ņmŗ jhdv{j Dpemo`j

|kvpoĀi | v{tjk` |mcimyrh|ktm dņplkj yzmc`j\yrhjekèk` o`de`lh tmńim

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>9

Gvz{yztha Y{inh|kiz o`yt mpthv`j .cpf |yrùņ*mpthv`j+ gkcgp gykĀų`g k dzk`ykĀtgù| mvt{gpņù|dht{izĀi{in | |kěgyzhŗik emoeh|yz{in dzkòù|Rhcygk rùņehieh*|yinhdekò Hd pvhdzèkm z|kĀ*zme{ z _k`jkĀ ōhjų{ńygĀ# lvhy y|{in zmket`v`*yh|mń fmdm|iz{in rhŗ|kěikņ tò |ņmŗek` gvmkek`

H|hi`j t{in rvmi o`yt jke gykĀųgm rt ―_k`jkm ōhjų{ń*ygm k oò jk`yzgmńi{ | cmtmin =;44 *=;01+ .iz{ck# omg th f{ņh em* rvm|dě+‚ Rhdt{tpņ ypl`vpo`# ų` rvmim jm inmvmgt`v rhc`jkize{#lņù|ek` |hfì hrvmih|mń dht{izĀi{in cmt rh|hoèe{in# gtùv`

pgmz{|mņ{ ykě | hgv`yk` RVC Tmgų` |k`c` rvmi |{dme{in opų rh =;>; v rh|k`cm ytmv` yt`v`ht{r{# ih opų tvpdeh |{omŗekČ tvpd*ehŗikmjk | dhytěrk` dh mvink|ù| iz{ ièzpvĀ \` |ytěrk` mpthv |{jkèkm jke d|k` tmgk` ―ņhjų{ńygk`‚ rhz{io`# gtùv` |{yzņ{

yrhd věgk pzeme{in rvzìk`ų nkythv{gù|* v`lkhemckytù|= \ rvz{rmdgp o`de`lh z ekin# ek`ų{oĀi`*lh opų Iz`yņm|m Fvhdzkigk`lh# |mvth em jmvlke`yk` t{in vhz|mųmń |yrhjek`Č h keeò o`lh rpfck*gmiok# yziz`lùcek` |mųeò dcm iz{t`cekgù| ―_`yz{tù| Ghce`ńygkin‚ \{dmem | =;>6 vhgp gykĀųgm rt ―Ghceh em Jmzh|yzp‚6 f{ņm fmvdzh ièe{j hrvmih|mek`j# | izmymin RVC |ehyzĀi{j |k`cèh|`lh dh emyzò |k`dz{ h _k`jk Ghce`ńygkò Opų o`demg |zeh|kèk` tò rvmi{ | 622= v 9# f`zp|zlcědekèkm ek` t{cgh dhytěre{in mvink|mckù|# mc` em|`t |k`cp rpfckgmiok |{dme{in | cmtmindzk`|kěČdzk`ykĀt{in# rvz{iz{ekņh ykě dh ptv|mcèkm rhiz{ekhe{in |iz`ŗekò rhj{ņ`g cpf prvhyz*iz`ń ’ |{tņpjmizmce{in | rvz{rmdgp dzk`ņm |{dme`lh | izmymin ghjpekzjp# cìz |yrùņiz`ŗek` ’ ek`dhrpyzizmce{in

\vùČj{ o`demg dh lņù|e`lh |Ātgp tò vìèzok Gvz{yztha Y{inh|kiz tvmgtpo` rhoěik`_k`jkm ōhjų{ńygm fmvdzh yz`vhgh# p|zlcědekmoĀi t` ljke{# gtùv` | dvplkò rhņh|k` cmt izt`v*dzk`yt{in ygņmdmņ{ ykě em rh|kmt ņhjų{ńygk# jke Ghceh k _mjfvù|

GykĀųgm zm|k`vm yk`d`j vhzdzkmņù|# | gtùv{in mpthv zmojpo` ykě rvhi`y`j ahvjh|mekmeh|ò |ņmdz{# dzkmņmcehŗikĀ ghjpekyt{ize`lh mrmvmtp v`rv`yok * ek`zfěde`lh dcm apegioheh|m*ekm eh|`lh y{yt`jp | t`vèk`# tmg zmmelmųh|me{j | rhckt{izeĀ k zfvhoeĀ |mcgě z hgprmet`j

Hjù|kheh | ekin hghckizehŗik th|mvz{yzĀi` rh|ytm|mekp rmvtkk rhckt{ize{in Omgh rk`v|yzmem ―rhckt{ize{j v{egp‚ rhom|kņm ykě Rhcygm Rmvtkm Vhfhtekizm# gtùvò rvz{vhyt ckiz`fe{ | rhizĀt*gmin dzkmņmcehŗik mpthv |kĀų` z zmrky{|mek`j ykě jkckiometù| \ jmvip =;40 v GR RRV ōhjųmckiz{ņ =14 izņhegù| \ t{j ymj{j izmyk` | ―fvmtekò‚ RRY f{ņh ;; hyùf _ dpų{j hrùſekèk`j# fh dhrk`vh | rmſdzk`vekgp =;40 v rh|ytmņh | ōhjų{ hrhz{i{oe` Rhcygk` Ytvheekit|h Cpdh|`\rvm|dzk` | vìèzh|meò rvmi{ fvmgpo` |{omŗekèkm# z iz`lh |{ekgmņ ù| ―rhŗckzl‚# jhų`j{ykě o`demg dhj{ŗcmČ# ų` rvz{iz{eĀ jhlņm f{Č jke v`rv`y{oem dzkmņmcehŗČ mrmvmtp f`zrkìz`ń*yt|m \ lvpdekp =;40 v z kekiomt{|{ PF |ņmjmeh ykě dh chgmcp rmvt{oe`lh | ōhjų{# d`jhcpoĀi

= \ O`jk`ckt{# ōhjųm | cmtmin =;40*=;;;# ōhjųm 62247 Iz Fvhdzkigk# ōhjųm k rh|kmt ņhjų{ńygk |

cmtmin dvplkò |hoe{ ŗ|kmth|ò k tvpde{in cmtmin rh|hoèe{in# \mvyzm|m 622476 Iz Fvhdzkigk# Ghceh em Jmzh|yzp# \mvyzm|m =;>69 Iz Fvhdzkigk# Ghceh em Jmzh|yzp# ōhjųm 622=

\mcd`jmv Fvèdm .Rkyz+

G% Y{inh|kiz# _k`jkm ōhjų{ńygm k oò jk`yzgmńi{ | cmtmin =;44 *=;01# ōhjųm 6220# y% =;>%

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Fkfckhtìzgm Omem z Ghcem



>4

k vmfpoĀi dhgpjèt{ Rvùfh|meh t`z rvz`yzghdzkČ | zo`ſdzk` rh|kmth|{j RYC Jkjh th Rhcygk`Ytvheekit|h Cpdh|` z{ygk|mņh ihvmz |kěgyzĀ rhrpcmvehŗČ | v`lkhek`# | rhyziz`lùce{in ljk*emin ckizĀi? Jmņ{ Rņhig ’ 622 hyùf# O`d|mfe` * =02# Rvz{tpņ{ *02# Yziz`rmegh|h ’ =22# Ytm|kygk ’ =02 Dh t`lh emc`ų{ dhckiz{Č izņhegù| _|kĀzgp Jņhdzk`ų{ \kòygkò ―\kik‚# gtùv{ d{yrheh*|mņ =6 ghņmjk .| t{j o`deh | Ghcek`+ JkmvĀ rhz{iok tò rmvtkk f{ņm zv`yztĀ ek` t{c` ckiz`fehŗČ#ih vmizò |{ekgk và`vèdpj | iz`v|ip =;41 v# | gtùv{j yrhņìz`ńyt|h rh|kmtp zdì{dh|mek`

|{rh|k`dzkmņh ―ek`‚ em tvz{ r{tmekm Hiz{|kŗik` em tmgĀ rhytm|ě |{fhviù| |ygmzpoĀ |{ekgkek`hiomce`# fh|k`j t` pvzědh|` zhytmņ{ yamņyzh|me`

Ghcòe{ vhzdzkmņ rhŗ|kěihe{ zhytmņ rhdzk`jkp ek`rhdc`lņhŗikh|`jp# rvz{ iz{j yrhvh ke*ahvjmiok em tè t`jmt jhųem zemc`ſČ tmgų` | vhzdzkmc` tvmgtpoĀi{j h mrmvmik` v`rv`yok DzkmņmoĀi` rh |hoek` hvlmekzmio` gheyrkvmi{oe` th rvz`d` |yz{ytgkj Mvjkm Gvmoh|m Hf{|mt`ck# hd |vz`ŗekm=;40 v _vz`yzèk` ―\hcehŗČ k Ek`zm|kyņhŗČ‚# gtùv`lh 666< izņhegù| pom|ekņh ykě | rh|kìk`ōhjųm | hgv`yk` mje`ytkk =;4< v Pom|ekņ ykě jke grt Ytmekyņm| Ik`ŗc`|ygk ―Ckrkì‚# | =;44v dh|ùdim hdt|mvzme`lh | vmjmin mgiok ―Fpvzm‚ 99 rr MG# pom|ekņ ykě vù|ek`ų rvz`|hdekg keyr`gthvmtp ņhjų{ńygk`lh MGH*\kE jov Ome Tmfhvth|ygk ―Fvpzdm‚ Ghjpekyt{ize` rvz`ŗcmdh*

|mekm |gvùti` |{jpykņ{ em ekin rh|vùt dh gheyrkvmiok# | gtùvò rhzhytmck dh tvmlkize{in ŗjk`vik| cmtmin rkěČdzk`ykĀt{in

_ jhųck|hŗik mje`ytkk | jekòyz{j zmgv`yk` yghvz{ytmck# fmvdzkò ek`paek |hfì ghjpek*yt{izeò |ņmdz{# ųhņek`vz` Emvhdh|`lh _o`dehizèkm \hoygh|`lh \ =;4< v pom|ekņh ykě t{cgh;62 ųhņek`vz{ E_\ z rh| ōhjųm Rh tò dmik` rhdzk`jk` emvhdh|` | yrhyùf zhvlmekzh|me{ rhdòjh|mņh |mcgě dh =;06 v \ g|k`tekp tv | Iz`v|he`j g Ghcem zlkeĀņ Nk`vhekj Vhlkńygk―Vùl‚ ghjèdmet GR ―ōpų{im‚ E_\ O`yziz` rvz`z d|m cmtm rvùfh|mck rvz`tv|mČ o`lh dm|ekųhņek`vz` O`dè z ekin# Jmvkme Fhv{y * ―Izmve{‚# zlkeĀņ | yk`vrekp =;04 v Emthjkmyt | ehi{ z9 em 4 jmvim =;0< v .-+ zmghńiz{ņ ų{ik` hytmtek th|mvz{yz fvhek ―Fvpzd{‚ k ―Ckrim‚ * Ytmekyņm|Jmvin`|gm * ―V{fm‚# pgv{|moĀi{ ykě | O`zkhvgp# rh| ōhjųm Dmtm tm o`yt p|mųmem zm ghekì

gheyrkvmiok ek`rhdc`lņhŗikh|ò | v`lkhek`HyhfeĀ p|mlě rhŗ|kěikņ mpthv ―_k`jk ōhjų{ńygkò‚ yrvm|hj hŗ|kmt{# ek`z|{gc` |mų*

eò | hgv`yk`# ld{ yzghņm ytm|mņm ykě o`de{j z lņù|e{in emvzědzk kedhgtv{emiok jņhdzk`ų{ | dp*inp ghjpekyt{ize{j \kĀų` ykě z t{j vù|ek`ų zmlmdekèk` v`rv`yok |hfì ghŗikhņm gmthckigk`lh#gtùv{ rh zckg|kdh|mekp ų{ikm rhckt{ize`lh k ytņpjkèkp hrhvp zfvhoe`lh# ytmņ ykě | Rhcyi` lņù|*e{j avhet`j hrhvp rvzìk| zek`|mcmekp yrhņìz`ńyt|m \ vhzdzkmc` tvmgtpoĀi{j h t{in yrvm|minmpthv rvz{tmizm ek` t{cgh ygvzětek` hdehth|{|me` rvz`z |ņmdz` rhdòvzèkm h |yrùņrvmi` dpinh*|k`ńyt|m z hrhz{ioĀ k rhdzk`jk`j# mc` vù|ek`ų dhek`ykèkm mlètpv{ h ek`rvm|hj{ŗce{in gmzm*ekmin Rh|hņpo` ykě tmgų` em rvz{gņmd{ v`rv`yok |hfì dpinh|e{in k ŗ|kìgkin .er empiz{ik`ck+#

pzeme{in zm hyhf{ zf{t gc`v{gmce` Inmvmgt`v{yt{ize{ rvz{gņmd met{v`cklkoeò emlhegk rhinhdzkz Ghcem \ hd|ìk` zm met{ghjpekyt{ize` emrky{# gtùv` | =;4; v rhom|kņ{ ykě em rhjekgp hmv |hoe{ rhcygh fhcyz`|kigkò z =;62 v# lvprm jkckiometù| zd`|myth|mņm ghce`ńygk ijètmvz |{v{*|moĀi z lvhfù| gvz{ų` T` k kee` rvz{gņmd{ .| t{j dzkmņmcehŗČ gykěų{# gtùvz{ rhdoěck |yrùņrvmiě zghjpekytmjk | vmjmin tz| ―vpinp gykěų{ rmtvkhtù|‚+ zhytmņ{ | gykĀųi` rvz{rhjekme` em fmvdzhyz`vhgkj tc` rhckt{gk rmńyt|m |hfì Ghŗikhņm | Rhcyi`

D|m hytmtek` vhzdzkmņ{ gykĀųgk zhytmņ{ rhŗ|kěihe` yrvm|hj lhyrhdmviz{j hvmz ų{ikpihdzkèe`jp jk`yzgmńiù| rh| ōhjųm | rk`v|yz{j r``v`ch|ygkj dzk`ykěikhcìkp Tm izěŗČhrvmih|mekm |{dmo` ykě h t{c` ik`gm|m# z` ekìzěyth | rpfckgmiomin h inmvmgt`vz` chgmce{j hd*emodpo`j{ rvùf{ |{gvhizèkm rhzm nkythvkě iz{yth rhckt{izeĀ

GykĀųgě zmj{gmoĀ me`gy{ .|{gmz{ rvmih|ekgù| PF | ōhjų{ k Ghcek` | cmtmin =;40*=;01# ygņmd hyhfh|{ GR JH | ōhjų{# |{gmz y`gv`tmvz{ GR R_RV | ōhjų{# Ghcek` k _mjfvh*



>0

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Rvhykj{ h pdhytěrekmek` emj |yz`cgk`lh vhdzmop |{dm|ekit| .gykĀų`g# fvhyzpv# lmz`t`g# mvt{gpņù|# ktr+ dht{izĀi{in Ghcem k v`lkhep Rhjhų` th emjyt|hvz{Č ―Fkfckhtìzgě Omem z Ghcem‚ z zmyhfù| gtùvò jùlņf{ ghvz{ytmČ gmųd{#gth ket`v`ypo` ykě Ghce`ńyziz{zeĀ

Yk`dzkfm Th|mvz{yt|m ―Ome z Ghcem‚ zemodpo` ykě | Ghce`ńygkj Dhjp Gpctpv{| Ghcek`# pc J Ghehrekigkò 4# t`c .2>1+ 6<> 6=66

Kvè`pyz Gh|emigk * YGVHDM \K@CGM

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>1gvhekgm th|mvz{yt|m ―Omem z Ghcem‚

9= jmvim 622< * HT\MVT@ Y_MINH\@ JKYTV_HYT\M GHCEMKJ MGKF[ VPFKEYT@KEM

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\ hytmtekĀ ek`dzk`cě |vz`ŗekm jkņhŗekgù| fk`lmekm rh|ktmņm | Ghſc` rkěgem# yņheìzem rhlhdm Em tvmy{ | c`yk` rvz{ fmzk` nmvi`vygkò |{vpyz{ņh 0== zm|hdekgù|# mf{ |mciz{Č h cmpv{ emoc`r*yz`lh | |k`cp gmt`lhvkmin |k`gh|{in Fk`lk vhzlv{|meh | vmjmin hlùcehrhcygkò mgiok ― Rhcygm

Fk`lm‚ _m|hdhj th|mvz{yz{ņ{ ckize` mtvmgio`# h gtùv` zmdfmck hvlmekzmthvz{ Fpa`t y`v|h|mņdhyghemņ{ fklhy# lvhinù|gě k rĀizgk Em ythkygp rhizth|{j jhųem f{ņh emf{Č gmvtgě rvz`dytm*|kmoĀiĀ Omem z Ghcem k hyt`jrch|mČ oĀ hghckizehŗikh|{j dmth|ekgk`j Emojņhdyk fm|kck ykě |hlvùdgp zhvlmekzh|me{j rvz`z pizèeki` z Lkjemzopj | Lckegmin Tmj t`ų jhųem f{ņh |zkĀČpdzkmņ ghegpvyk` rcmyt{ize{j hvmz cht`vkk ameth|ò Rmek` z ghce`ńygk`lh yme`rkdp pdzk`cmņ{ rh*vmd dht{izĀi{in rvhcmgt{gk zdvh|km# m em jìk` em fk`lmiz{ iz`gmņ{ yjmize` jcìzgm yjmgh|`k ohlpvt{ papedh|me` rvz`z lvmo`|ygk ―Jc`grhc‚Hvlmekzmthvmjk ^QKKK Ghce`ńygkin Fk`lù| O`ykèk f{ck? Th|mvz{yt|h ― Ome z Ghcem‚# TGGA |Ghcek`# Ghjèdm Npaim _NR | Ghcek` k Ghce`ńygk Dhj Gpctpv{

Jkytvzh|k` ^QKKK Ghce`ńygkin Fk`lù| O`ykèkDzkìk dh cmt 1? Dhjkekgm Rchem .Vhlkèki`+ k Dhjkekg Yghrekg .Ghceh+# Gcmy{ K* KK?Jmldmcèm Tvzikegm .YR Rtmgk+ k Gmvhc Lvmcm .YR = Ghceh+# Gcmy{ KKK* KQ? Lmfvk`cm O`vjmiz .YRIz`v|he`+ k Dmjkme FĀiz`g .YR Rtmgk+# Gcmy{ Q* QK? Gmjkcm Ytmin`c`g .YR Tpvhŗc+ k JmvkpyzGpckŗ .YR _mfk`c`+# Lkjemzopj? Rmtv{iom F`demviz{g .Lkjemzopj | Tpvhŗck+ k Lvz`lhvz Lmv*dhigk .Lkjemzopj | Lckegmin+# Yzghņ{ rhemdlkjemzomce`? Opyt{em Rkhtvh|ygm .KK CH ōhjųm+k Rvz`j{yņm| Rpi{g ._Y@H ōhjųm+# Hrè? Opyt{em Dhfvh|hcygm .Rvàf`t şekmdh|h+ k Dmek`cIn{ckńygk ._Y@H ōhjųm+

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Zeszyty Kolneńskie nr 2

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