V~t Jffl-' £ £,Jl U /t/67531/metadc...stucy Ly >Jewr?r, who inv«£?tt'-fc re I*tionshij,»s...

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Fx^wpte-5 to the -rarniate Council of the

f-'orth ?pxas :-tate University in Partial

Fy] fillrreVit. of tNj Rc-gulrer-rsiits

T-'or the Decs roe of

?/;?>. op f, • r>':KCr;

t 7 i r

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Pa.'.|r.

T.I T OF TAFU'S. iv

Cn s2 o f T"

I. T'.TTWOI-.UC'J-'IO. * . , 1

Fc-'V,icw of the1 it-orT:tv'r-? afceipent o= tbe Problem

of the !•-" VOO ft £ f£ S

IX. }4HTTr0D. 1? C; 11|; ""I Q t:S Proce iir .

alysis of Data in. n.y0 nxscv. TO.-.. 26

Resiil t discusaion

T\r q f i vT\ t k u<*r r*t pr> ? * "r T" T fXP •£ A XV. k r„ . i.-' 1 . •' - - . wi- •_ <«• V ' *:'•» <# » » * B >< « •» <t> * ft «» '

f> TUTT* '-IT \T

Conclus

APPhJ-TPIX, ?>7

?.I?LIOG:-!APfIV. . ?P

i i 1

i.«TPT OF 'PAPLiTF

T a b l e Paqo

I . S t a t i s t i c a l f e s e r i p f c i o r ? o f M l S u b j e c t s . . . . » « 17

I I » C h r o n o l o g i c a l Acre a n d I n t . s i .1 i q e n c e Q u o t i e n t f o r Matched 'Troup S u b j e c t s . , , . 20

TIT . Hear. . Stan-ar-*: : D e v i a t i o n , arv" T » e l i n b i l I t y C o e f f i c i e n t f o r ' ^ h a v i o r F a t i n g S c a l e . . . . . . 23

XV, P e a r s o n P r e ".ucfc -Efomot C o r r a l a fcioxa f o r " e b a v i o r >*\cf5ievewrFit S c o r n s o f \ 11 ftubjacts ->6

V.. f>n.]T.r>ary c f t - T n s t f o r ?"a* C'»o.~ C-ro-u>s , . , , . . . 21

VI. Stannary o f CI - S q u a r e f o r " a t c h e f -Trowr* ®5j •*11"-, '4 v* *•> o 1" Va- ' J -•1 •- ' • • * * # * « *» a' ff & • # fc » * « * * „-•£ v ,•

i^u'Kemci'iov-:

Amonq professioii^.!,? in tho fiel#* of nenfcai xvt sr-lat.vT>

it is <jr»rser-illy &v?ree<1 that t'Vrirr* arc* hi..f O-'ront levels of

aca ti iic proficiency among went el retardates with similar

Intel,]ig^nc-' qtx>ti»*nt& atK) cental ages. Jr. an attempt to

ansyt-r scne of tb«; questions r^qarhinc these differences,

rescfa-rcV; rr-aisily foeusec" or> teaching iwt'io^s; gge, yex,

intelligence, etiology;, anc "actors yolstf»c» to achievement

amoiiy retardates, •'clever, tV4 results of such ^tttdioa ap-

pear to be relative or equivocal * Tbe present, sturdy **raa

ch* signed to further investigate variabls*s relevant to the

aiff&rent level-3 of aea-fes-.ic proficiency.

Altiioiiyh retart'ates w»xf cosrtpajcairle regarding intel-

lectual level,, n<;ct, nex, m*. -•"•tiolooy, It is Cxeqiiroitly founb

that taey exhibit ^tri" Lag Ci Mere pane ies between ir««ntal a«e

lenr/i ar-'., academic ora<:e placement. The nurber of stwOi«n isi

the area of such variaKl*?t» an behavior, racer «mc< length o*~

institutional isnticn are o^c^edin^ly ] in-:iter; wit.h f*»w if* any

ra^licatiocs.

viov of Literature:

Ih, the y-xchf..: o* their booh on resaerch in the finlh. of

mertaL r - r \atior;, f>tokens an/" h^ber (If) ir.dicateh thnf r-ar,;

-hts t-ncountcr ^ficwl tv ir, rcviewirj') t!,f.- J iterator'-1

because of THE prohJars in ce\*iniiio tlxt populat ion uncer COB •

s i t e r a t i o n . 1'fcey report that *c-\rt*l\y retarded cannot

be vicua-i a a 3 hop;o<jer «*• rrroup.

In an o f t -quoted articlc* y>? Carter {4, p. .175) , ov«r-

a.t?.d an<?<rrachiov«ra wnre i « f i n « 6 -••is these who achieve :ro.te or

lesss r e s p e c t i v e l y rhsu» ox^«ct2<. in l i g ' s t of measure*? i n t o 31 i •

genoa, lie fur ther ar'tir-i that ofcucrnxit? ,~t o given Intel , l igrmce

Quotient 3 eval nay vary cerniherahly in the.ir school sohif-ve •

tneiit., in cfsTiernl, anc! trs p a r t i c u l a r areas . In a "om-vhat

yini.l ar a r t l c l c on re tardat ion in rcac'irsg, ^hstem; r efc a l .

(20) .•••.r'p>!ra«,iKer;) thrit t a u t h o r i t i e s agree that rr-ar'ing r-.s--

far^rciort e x i s t s v*fcen a c M l r *s reaîn-j sl r . i l l f a l l « tv/o or

more year"? below his- mental l>f vol

In attempting to note ay pec t s of p e r s o n a l i t y ancl fcohavior

a s soc ia ted witr. :-ver- arh. nnricracbievîPent in reading cf an-

uro>;ii"!icitely OOQ pupil* wi th I n t e l l i g e n c e Quotients between

67 a Ah 134, Carter (4) f o w o H-at ov^rachievora wero b e t t e r

ac'j u:vttf; tc i-côr-lf happier iao.»;e cor.f i c o s t in sohco I,

f.ai wow JLnterout in learnln-j r ar,:i J-'new ar^ u s e ' b e t t e r mntS. •*

ocJs of s tucy . ronvorse 1 y, -anêr.j-•-• .5<rsrors i.Mte fount! <ro IIRVC

poorer study wet5 oh3, to v-iphohavo .in c l a s s - nnu to i-e c;irc-

h?sc and n e g l e c t f u l V. intj «cho-vl work.

•Seie-.-r {.?, p. 454) ptopyscc t h a t the bebav iora l ly » is*-

turboo rr-icht ^c^crihf1'"" ?r-s thore -^scse a-r,iuv"tn<; nt pattern^

are such t i .at they ara tr, ^--rio'V* c o n f l i c t wit'» tfcf*«<selvt?8,

t h o i r f jvni ly , r.r th.-Xr cc:; tr inity. r..*ier (2 , p. 457) ci+-eh a

stucy Ly >Jewr?r, who i n v « £ ? t t ' - f c re I*tionshij,»s befcweri

Itehavior "iaorcers in o M i^rr-n am; rental r^tarc^cicn, veiifr

? v g l y s t o < 3 0 0 t > a t i e n t s .ir a s t a t e - . institution a n d f o u n d 7

esses of 'A'-ar-ic -r'upr^ssive psychosis and 39 arnenajblta t o t h e

rlnrsiCxe^ticr r-£ n^rsrot ir, rhgracteri zo- by r^stxessr-fcss ,

ar^riety, --'in're-rsir, ^ n b <T-^:)oir:.'io^3. Fxandt:alien <"'*"* t h e st:--

ciat f vcoror-ic, -uk** farilial hist.orifH? of the f*• 'ititc,- leb

3 l f ? u e r t c eonclw'vs t r . a t t K * ir-.-tjority of tna a b m <•*?•: ions w-sr«?

('• t-*"ri.tTcr f ron sub-M "n'b •*." ccnordc cor 'itjotsi*.

•*!eiv:r {21 y»r>. 470-4cb>} «vr>ur<«r*te "* s^vc-raX conclusions

whicti *\av- ro3-»var:r„'o. to tlx*? pr-'-rscrtt siurly. îrst, any o?

tl":~ major or rirtoz behavioral c?istv-rt-:u'io-vR can are do occvr

in association, with r*?nt.«l ret: v--b{ * lor?, .?n>aor,c: # t'r,rc- is n

higher inei :vnne of 'êbaxdoral HsHxrK&rioaR ahorse the ront-'j.V

ly rat'irOcr than woul'" b^ .fourth' ir tho general population,

'•"he; reasons, far tfci*? higher irxi'-lr<ncx-- H.IVP not been esta'b--

li shod ( ^c^Wftt, it .beer; rorsounêcl that the retaruat-J-

l-.ce&ysH? of bin. v-fIci.encio,'-: arrl ir»&-r*<2« vi--js„ iss probably

oiib j-ii-t. tc .-"so'-c f ru.-.tra b.le-ns , cot) flict. Air*. pressures that:

tw. infcel U-ctnally nor;al, hhirb.,, behavior.'sl ipturl>anc;-.

t.ftcr the cf ir; holXecfcr.?!1 •'•"e.Ci ci^ncy itso J f is the

singl-i- w s t iwportant eai,*s-=f of institutionalizatic» of th«?

r^t&rde-*. T-Vmrth, an fcju> lyc- arh* i nfcel 1 ic. '-ce levels increase,

liber-' is ~n ift..7tr-..»asc in t;r: clarity cf rr--'.binitier, of the be.'

h&vior-xl hi ofcurS-anees , Yi?th, cf S-.N- r-.ajor ;M?yahosf?s( fschiy.o-

phrettia ir. rzozt often fc'srociat#* ; w.ltL cental retardation - a ru*

4

cie'proasive p s y c h o s i s on ly . i n f r o q u c r t l y . S i x t h , th?-rc I s o

p a u c i t y of l i t e r a t u r e s on t h e a s s o c i a t i o n of t h e non-sc-hi so--'

p h r e n i c psychoses am* r.ents»l re - ta rcu i t ion , and a r w f o x i t y of

t h e a r t i e l f : *3 a r a case atuchi^s fro?* which no g e n e r a l i n t f e r -

oficevj can be 3 ravn . heytf the coir.oi '>~»ce of t h e varicm;:

f o r m of ch i lhhooo -nh'J so>. h r o r i a vi ,th ivort*/. r o t a i h a t i o n ac-

p«ars h igh , F i n a l l y , i n t e n ? of tho psycônûroses aii>3 thn

*"lnor t•eH^viorr 1 ciseroc.rn.• t h e r e s e a r c h hoes not

•~emon'?i:rat c -iriy o£ti$?.l o r «*tio loo l e a l connec t i o n ? . f u r t h e r -

more, the tV?rt2e slurLais023 mont, f r e q u e n t l y associa te*? wit*"

men ta l r e t a r ea t a on -inpear t o ha t h e conver s ion h y s t e r i c a ] •*

a c t i o n , n n y i e t y r e a c t i o n s , zr.v o l«&aes ive-coaûls iv^ p a t t e r n s .

I t 'vj s ho<~n su^crc^te*' hy 3ofciT>s< n anr', Robinson (16, p .

223) t h a t alth;?vteh tr .e i n c i d e n c e of p a c t i o n a l <1isturbaaco i s

c e r t a i n l y high arson*? th«? r o t « v ! a c . t h e r e i s ve r ,y l i t t l e rtef i •

n i tc! «v i fence* t o -inpport the- ice» t h o t t h e r e t a r d e d -"3 a

c roup can he char- 'ctsr j . ;n?h by any s p e c i a J j j e r s o n a l i t y p a t t e r n s .

I t seer,is as thongh f r w sorse ssttK?5<?«s i t r . i yh t hn conc lude r

t h a t rn t a rhe - ; e h i l c r e n t o i s r a t n Cr«stre.fciojti poor ly? arcs hiq'.\~

l y cmxious, o c o e e n t r i e , i a p u l s i v ^ r g u i l t r i h h s n , and i n t o ? eran I"

have u x i r e . a H s t i c a i l y h lqh c r low .love I s of a s p i r a t i o n , and ,?rn

ricylcl i:\ thui** a t t e m p t s t o solve- • . - rchhcî i*Uowm/er , o t h e r

3 t u n i c 9 have of ton f'ni.:-"h t o con f i r » tt?fs«e (Jitiui^gs , Hobinso-A

anc Hobinson r»'hb-x;" that low int-iillivOTice i s on ly one o.C it any

C&ctors whicft a r e relcto-: . t o o «-'• i" *' 5 emot iona l b e h a v i o r .

Ttorefxrc->, they nt\,nn~" - t h e r e s^'-r n t o he l i t t l e , r e a s o n t o

^>:peot & s.1nr* V* rvB?rcrrr of* r ° t r o n # l i t y t r a j t B t o be found

sfO no t h e r e n t a l l y r a t a l £eb .

?et3r<'v:c c h i l d r e n nr.pear t o bo e s p e c i a l l y v u l n e r a b l e fcc

nrot iof tr i l p r o M ^ v s h^c-ûso o*: t! irl r i r . t e l l ^ c t u a l banbtc?p:B ^

occort, * r.g t o r xb i nôn pj\u bcb insor. (1 f> , p« 224) « Vhc* n:tare -

C-1 c i i l c ' a ;"£:f i c i o r o : ? c s in ju.3cr/Y"nf-,, i n unberf: t a r r i n g M s

ij rîroirênr.„ f»nc, i.n artxrbrp^tion o f t b r rr;fx/t] t s of b Ir: b e '

i x w i x r c o n s t a r t l y ?ear M.r i r t o r i tât i r>ns i n v h i c h be erp<r

r i m e r s f ui l u r e anb y ur i sbrrxrt* recxusrx o f "hxs inab\i 3 i t y to

r-'Tjc f o r M r e ^ 1 f in *b e "-ai:nor o f a Y>crraX e b i l b iris a*iv> ,

}:i& êpenccxcY on M s f a r d l y i n I n c r o ^ e b an*"1 I-o i«3 rnch

r o r e e l o x o l y tic;:' t o His bcrnx- ^nb yxrrrrts . Yet; t h e typi^xh!

koi;ie o f the XK-tarÂte is not conc'.ucSve t r M s emot iona l

growth as i& t b p t or th^ K^r-yraf^ cM.V;*

b«ay (X~.* p. ^x6) $ta f e , : < t h a t bingbrbB sturly of mâtal

r e t a r d a t e s coiRâre^ tihr c l a n s r o o ^ bo.bavior c f f^nor rTib goo-1

r^&t\ors, âiribii pocr r e a b e r e as f r i M M t i n g rcore

b i s ir* t o r erst #• o y ^ r ^ o t i v i ty g teîx' r c^tbrrat :^ , an^ s p e e c h b i b -

M e r i t s e s thai: coed r^xbers - Vax- b^r c x r ^ v - t h a t b e h a v i o r

problems xnb ixal ah j u s t r ^ n t ^ n y x M b l y a y c r o e s i v x r u c t i o n s ,

-rxrx eri^cunt^r^': Ir ar xttx?-xt t o fce^cb râb irq anb othc>r

?rb }•>-•<ctr- t o thx x f o r err-ax t iorxx" d e n t a l rotartat?3S * Qaay anb^b

t h a t s t r b i e s i n t h i c ar°a. £;aire ôxrxb no s b i n i f i c a r t ? i f ?nr •

once ?inonq r e n t a l r-tur-'at"?^ on v a r i a b l e s xueh c s rac- an/'

1 e n c t h x f i r t i t x t i o r a 1 i ? r c i•o r ,

In a study of roma.1 -vr;.: •full-nonsaJ children in a play

therapy situation, iriw (1) uggc-st.e-1 thc»t th<*r?» cyists a

rfjl&tiorsaip f- tweer rârinq r« fficulty and emotiorial ais~

turfcane«. Siie rondure' tj:at errotional variables g«ero to bo

the caT.-r>e of retardation anc that remo-m 1 Of

âri^h] -3 , . 3 in a nt**y therapy Filtration:, vjouI rrer; the

ch i 1 t o J r-rn i;o rf .

Kirv (3?, o. 7?) t*vt': ir; 192 ^ ann 19?1 Merrill

co rluctfc'i' two stiie'ie? on th^ ?*<*-> 1 rt inn c* rârinq aoM-everr-cnt

to rental r?cc. n both êrrill foun<5 that the râcf-

in<? achievement of <ner>i-i21y r^~ar Jeo c^ll^ron is special

cla^se^ was general ly helo*- that :-vc ievtm^nt &xpect><*f for

tr ox v T-tr\ 2 a-:j-3* Kir-. "jor £ r ri to sa y t *? at s ovf*ra 1 inv^s t i <••

gat ions tave r^porta^ similar results # rian^ly, that r«wn tally

rot&r-3e£ chilJret, rea/; helov t*)oir rental Hg?s,

ln ,1. 0 3 <% ECi2?.'*' {1, 2 ^ i 11 rT""itf5ths oJ~ rv -

jiv%K]ial râ-iiny on the personal ity arid social a lpost cnit of

ten mentally retriihuK :niJAreri in an ir:s?~ itution. 7:<e fourth

that 3ucces^ in reaîno vcas ssoeiafc-ao T.-;ith better adjustment

in tho clasarao'o a;rr teiv/;nd to sh signs of personality

r.ialr;x?1 uotnont - such an poq." t i v i r c ; ' ? â'/creatîriq * îrh

^rhher r^pcrts that P>;erh:t ot s«-? r v-rP retarded chi?.O.r r in

n psychiatric cliric a ft/-' cnnrlê-3, tt^t râîrg failures rere

caA:san by o:fGtioral p:'T'oble ir*% In tioii r r»?riitiial rearirq

ri'Xcrip-, vras not îince^sfnl, 'tut: treatne^t of the emotional

prohlor? follov/ec" by râ.:ir y ijist met ioi- I f P to Letter results.

Kirk (12, p. ° ) declarer! that studies on the relation-

ship between r^adin^ disabilities an^ emotional disturbance

are not in agreement* To some, reading failure is the pri-

mary cause of mala-ljustiBent. 5V> others, the maladjustment

is the cause of the. reading difficulty. Kirk added that, it

is possible that the5*© are cases of hoth 1'ind.s and that

neither treiiera ligation is applicable to all cases. Further-

more, it is also possible that hot1" *actors contribute to

each other mid, that one accentuates the other. Research in

this area has not pointed out the specific relationship of

the two factors, he concluded.

McCoy (13) stated that it ban beer, demonstrated that

some .mentally retarded pupils are academically successful

and others are unsuccessful. The d,1 ffrrences in educational

achievement may be associated with differences in cognitive

ability, socioeconomic levelf and personality factors. With

the two former factors held constant McCoy emphasized that

the research literature suggests that differences in the aca-

demic •iccomnlishirwnfes of mentally retarded pupils are related

to significant personality variables. The purpose of McCoy's

study was to investigate the influence of certain personality

variables associated, with e<jo functioning on t^e academic

achievement of mentally retarded pupils. The findings reveal-

ed that academically successful subjects, when compared to

academically unsuccessful subjects, were more self-confident,

perceived themselves .3? tporo accepted anu i ntrins ically vetlum

by their parents, bnt wars sinr.ifJcant.lv more roaliatic in

their .self-confi?!onco ap.i hab a signi£ iciantly higher and mor»-

realistic level of aspiration, of apocial significance wan

tbc finding th^t 'whereas f-cort fi-ien <;•<=•• wa:~ unreal is ti call/

him- fox tbe ically misuecen^fu] subjects. l:wel of

•aspiration was mrenlist ically low for the sats* subjects.

In a «t.w?v of aormal tent-'* oraco students, Crania 11 (5,

•p. 477) pcinhOf*, o>*.t thct high scaros on Children * a T'ocial

bssirability pwesstJor 1?aire (C£D) v?rA significantly relate";5,

to California P/jrho 1 oqica 1 Inventory sml'scale scores, inc'i~

Ciitinq that t*J<o?s<> children are- less participative, h ve* low

self fstecr, Arc iacfcir.a in oonfintc-nc-? »• are concerned with

other 55' evaluations » s.ri c? it;.-: suqcfc stab is, conventional, in--

kifcite/!, -m:' control!«£• In free play,. bioh hoys of

el&»®ntary school Age r.'-io. not of tar* swi: reoogisition an..' &p -

provnl, Hvoidc"! achievorK-vt 3ctiv,1 tios, and h.el.5 lev? expec-

tations of ohi-sveKient success. (>n th<? o th&,T hanb? bii/jl'j CliD

girls wftro l. as a»jgrrssiv<* hot.*-, physicelly ant; verbally and

a voider! social i nteraofelon, Cranial I a:!c><, thr*t <nr-om} chil-

dren in qi*(j';'5B 4, , '1, evne. 3.2ooar^c aesferic aoh * eventcn t

test, performance va« ^vibereeby hii*h "5b cbibln/. within

both bigb *mb low Into! 1 * ->cr,QC Quotient s ( excayt that

nr.or", hicfb Intel: i :e'ner> «>.jrtiont cbilcror. in tirades 0 ar»< lb-

those who ha;1 biqb CSD s-3ox*'& 'rttsir;cb: better arodevontent

test, perf crranc'*-

Mew?h ft al. {14, ;•>. 14) , usiuo normal children, studied

the rrlaticii hipe; betw><=!i Rtotiior's reports cf their child1:*

syKiV'toir.s inc +.f?ichfi.r r tin-'TS of t!~>e child's eirctional stc'juat"-

neat, of th.'i ctiilC, ar;;;l social clans of the family. Sig-

nificant aâociations between syinp torts an.:* traneral psycholoqicnl

csc. jU"-trrsent were found. ^ymptr^vB sort; cft*sn observe<3 ir. cis-

fcovrj wore al e-pir.-; trouble-, trouble getting alonq with

otbor children, imrvousr.fjsc;. unitr-mal fears, ond. steal inc.

Girl *« sy:i\ptops more o* ten tooV the forr- of s3 oepir.g trouble,

lyinQ, raahijv:; a fuss about ercirig to 'school. f/lm sywptora

complex whica roost often ,?iffemntiat?*!? between îstuirbanco

<iroup3 v-as trouble gettinq with other chi..lh"reri,, No

consistent sex I ff ~x<ances vero tfc-msf,. hb'" significant so-

cial c.t'»38 fim':iags were •ssaociafcW primari ly with upper-

class boys v;io were leas veil-ac<just&d than tlu-ir f®1 lev ?»feu-

dists ,

•iensh #»t al. note*' thr.t their stw'y offers support to

previous £irîr^s concernino the significance of symptom re

port in o? by rotl^rs: I , the nur.; r of syiwfcows that mctfi's-r*

uepcrt. is rrJatsr' to t.Vv. ~ of their cai2creB. This

study "oclr.ts owt relative significance" of contain syiop"

toms which ar* r~or important than others with respect to

teachers' rntiiup-i of vju ir'.enfc.

Tr« M<s critical review of art!.hi"r~ ou social arc.

•Stnotion--*! ac oh3factor! sfcico of ri Ir'lv ref?r;''e chil -

drais »nr' ar.olciccem-tt, '"arrrx (?.} p. tat that contrary to o

i l )

n u m b e r o f s t a t e m e n t s a p p o a r i i r ^ ' i n v a r i o u s t e x t s art-:1 r e v i e w

a r t i c l o s , l i t t l e I s k n o ^ m c o n f f t i u i n f , t b r - t y p e aric"! f r o / j a e n c v

o f o c e u r r f ' s c . ? : r s f b e n a v i c r n ^ j u s t r t e n t p r o b l e m s a r a o n g t V i r-"*

t a r c e c l . 1P> a.c-it'.K1 t h a t t h ^ r e i s n o s u i t a b l e e v i r l ^ r i c i ? t o i n c ' i •

c a t e t h a t t h e a d j u s t m e n t . l e v e l o f s p e c i a l c l a s s c h i l d r e n 1 b

s u p e r i o r t o t k & t o ? r e t a r ^ e * " ' cV».t3dr<?f> i n r e p u l a r c l a s s e s .

G a r d n e r c r i t i c i s e d t k a w r i t i n g s o f B e i e r a n d P o h i n s o n a n d

R o b i n s or . p r e v i o u s l y T r a n t i o n e r 1 G a r d n e r r-; t a t e r t ' h a t . t h e s e

a n d o t h c - r p u b l i c o M o r s o f t e n r e p o r t t h a t b e h a v i o r a l d i s t u r -

b a n c e ' s a r t o n g t b e r e n t a l . ' ' v r e t a r P e c h a v e a. h i p h r a t e o f o c -

c u r r u n c e . ( i o u a v e r ? 0 0 a c v e ^ , r * o s t o ? t b ^ : a v a i l a b l e ovjc3er)o«~

£ e a J a w i t h i n s t i t u t i o n a l J z a A an<? n o t n o n j b i s t i t u t i o n a J I

r c t a r c a t e r u

C a r ^ n e r * 5 a r t i c l e p r o v i d e s q u i t e a n e x t e n s i v e r e v i e w o f

t h e r e s e a r e i ; ir- i b i s n r ? a an-.l i s t o o c b s t a i l o d t o b© p r e s e n t ^ * ?

; ; e r e i n i t s - s n t i r e t y . ' " b s i n t s r e s t v . ' * " i"-? e u c o u r a q e c i 1 t o

c o n - r a l t P a r d n e x ' 3 a r t i c l ; • . b s v e r t . b G I f : s « ; , Forrte c o n c l u s i o n s

froiT" M K a r t i c l e s ? e ? t o t e i n o r d e r . T h i r s t , p n e s t i o n s c o r . -

c e r . n i p c - t h e t y p e s o ~ h n h - a v i c r " r o b "loins a i n o n p n o n i n o t i t u t i o n -

a l i iv f i t " ! T.1 IC r e t a r d = ^ t e s r - . -waxn UNANSWERED. S e c c i v ' p t h e r a t e

o f occurrence o f v i r i o n s t y p e s o f p r e t l e r r r * i * of s u f f i c i e n t

snagni tu<*. f t a m c n g t h e r e t a r c t e r " t o s p e c i a l c o r . & i c ' f u ' a f c i c m ,

b u t s i ' . i t a < b l e e v i c ' e n c c in n o t e v a i ! a t l 1*0%*. T M r h ' , t h e r e i s

n o e - a t i s f & c t o r y e v i p e n c t - r * f l * t i v t i t o t he? q u e s t i o n o c agf» a r»1

0f:-x <1if ^ . r e n c e s « L a s t , G a r d n e r o o n c l n P e d t h a t t b ' . " p n o s t i o n

of behav ior ad-juR twerxt. c i ^ fe rcmces botwên -Tpeoial c l a s s an-:'

r e g u l a r c l a s ? :ytnr\?ntB 4 3 r.re««?ntly n n a n s w e r j o .

A f t e r c: s ra rn ' i of t h e 3 i t ax a t t i r e , 3en«b<arg (3) noted

t i t c t s t u d i e s found cle^lj/vi *-d.t''> ir,-?ntal --iofectlx'es r»it?s<*r •

pâred not. ho }so v e i l ron t r r . l 1 ac o r e l s o t r â t i -d only one

va r i ab le ; .-such nat t h« ip -*3 pence of wer. ts l "AMO on rschiovcsnerit.

.Ho »np*5asizt-;<?. t h a t t,h-ii\a have b>3.-;n c o n f l i c t i n g s t u ^ i o s con-

ce rn ing the. q u e s t i o n o* vrNetner o r no t BOX d i f f e r e n c e s in--

f l u o n c o the leva-3 of ac.Ui-nveT/jiit in correal c h i l d r e n .

ênsl*&rqf ('?, p. 3?-?) cite.:! a s t u ^ y by Sloan wi th ne i i ta l

r e t a r d a t e s , tJv.t fcund g i r l * s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n r e a d i n g

^ c M w s m r t t tlutr. hoyc?, Tr h ip cv/ri -stuiy ê-nslAorcr founcl t K i t

fejnrvtlar achjo , /f- h i n d e r than in a r i t h m e t i c arvj r e a d i n g .

Another *5.m?ip<r wars t h a t in r ega rd t o marr ing and a r i t ; - ' r « t i r

r a n t a l r e t a r c ' a t e ? in ro-.j-'tl&r schools shew es hiqrb ar. achieve-

ment as t f \ose in sr.. ,iri«ti t u t .ion a l s c h o o l . In acMi t ion ,

Be&sberg t'ouno v i t h h i s *:nbjccts thcifc no ! i i g a i f i c a n t «*if£t?r-

. ncr,?3 w?,re obs^rv?: b e t t o r * b r a i n - i n juror1 f a / r i l i a l r^t-ar-

d a t e s ii'i t h e i r I r r ; ! of ncadPitrdc arbd^voment .

Jonos r »*t r>,1 . (1.1) ,ro\Hjd t h a t r e t a r c c ! '"•anales achiever:

cons i s t o n t l y high&r r-jraclinq scorn <*t eaci; ago l e v o l than

t h e i r male c o u n t e r p a r t s . "*:o>5 r.^cm, o t al» (17 r p . 40) i r a

:;eeri.'ncfly o^:!".aiis?t.iwt. stui?y of xnv&s t i g a t l o r o £ rendincr

p o i n t e d c u t s e r e f a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o r<--i<dip..7 d i s a b i l i t y i n a

otudy by 'JCT'ERR-» I t could be SKPV by t h e yrx r a t i o t h a t

t h e r e v e r c tw ice as *nar»y * cvs as rl.« vho h^d cor.?>lf-ted l e s s

12

than average expected ajnouiit of a reading program in the first

grade. Causal factors for this discrepancy in sex were listed

in order of frequency as relative iimmaturity and unsatisfac-

tory conditions at shcool, be low--average ability, unsatis-

factory how conditions,, emotional disturbance, an d health,

Sinks et al. (18) investigated the relationship between

reading achievement and sex am; intelligence in an entire

school population, grades four to eight, from a small urban

community in Ohio. It was concluded that no generality of

relationship as to reading achievement with respect to reading

vocabulary and comprehension may be x-iade on the basis of in-

telligence anc sex for the population studied.

In an unpubJi3hed master's thesis, Gascoigne (7) found

a positive relationship between acadenic achievement, Intel-

ligence Quotient, and social maturity in a mentally retarded

population. In another study of retardates Gibson et al. (8}

found that etiological classification is a relevant variable

to the performance of such school subjects as arithmetic,

grammar, and corr position (language) .

In the second of two major reading investigation sum-

maries*. Harris et al. (10, t>p» 252-253) referred to numerous

research programs, one of which is particularly relevant to

the present study. In that study, Chronister found a posi-

tive but slight relationship between personality factors and

reading comprehension arong 167 normal pupils in a small

city in Missouri. In addition, it w«s fount? that, certain

1?

p e r s o n a l i t y f a r t o r " cc-ulr- t o to v: nt iat .c thf- per-

fcjy-'.nncp' o t Loyr, '".'iris i n ;:v-Iatior< t o rondiruj conoro--

hens3 nr.. Fox ',•><-•{$ tVe factor .* vc.r* *ree$or> frr.p withe.raw?,3,

ter.f""oriclc-:» cor>r.«:uity r e l a t i o n s , am" c o o p e r a t i o n . f o r tjirl«-

t h f footers* re la tor ' t o rp-r^'inq conprehfr i s ion were c o c r c r a t i o n ,

f r ier .c liriCo--, :!ir i r t f c ^ r i t y .

In t i e e a r l i e r o.r t t e t>?o ruru'-arifH?-; o f r ead ing £ im>st i -

'jc.ticms f r i^rrie (9) ree'e r^frorcrice t o ^ .-tfcrs.Sy by ftcl'urray o*

350 , r-ys w * *?'"? '"iir"1.'?; i n a tu lrs l qtar'r- c l a s s . Ir: th<it "tury

t e a c t ere cc? tec"1 c h o c M i s t s on ti»f» normal s t w l c i - t s , of

v/<ich ?:-40 v?!re ccns-icLt-rorl ^ a t i f f a c t o r y r e a r e r s . r>'bc xvsn.1 ';•£

a h o w d ttafc tm5 a t i & f •-?tory ro^oern vcr' i clujcactoti2*;r? n.t

cKil«jron who *nV r e p c a t c 1 n g n c f > , c iwrey# bacZ a nbort

a t t e n t i o n Ey«r-, f'i'pCi c o l t y entfurdruj rs*sponr* i l -i l i t y , were-

ro'Tjvare*"1 u n f a v o r a b l y o i tit c t . ' e r a , '-iayT-.srt-f! ia>re than t'io

avoraqo -'jt.v'vrJ: f i/etf: s^lcor;- rolaxcc", rtnr® psolrlor copsT'lotcd

£ssltyr.re»t*i.

Gta tow; exit o f t h e Prr»blotn

Tn^ purpo3© o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y *ras t o i n v e s t i g a t e the

fea'tavior^l -?if fer«sr.ci» h&twy&n o v e r - "inc! an fT e r « c h i « vint; m*n •

t a l ro . tnroat s s an-' t o ^rovicS** an e f f e c t i v e way o f iv - ' -n t i fy •-

i n si over" as? un<1erac!iiev.iti.- men to i r o t e r - ' a t e s .

v"t-"it<::T,<" r.t o c tho Uy; -("'fueseB

fc l lov / i j i f i hype ttscyns **r.ro i rvc :? t l e t t er" •

1 . h'horo v i 3 1 t o i n;\r:t rc-latir-nst . i p h e f r e e i '

14

behavior rati.r.at» ."or different aoiiiove?nert 1eveIn.

2. £>iacreoant aca sfr.Ic achievement groups, matched for

Intelligence Quotient a?;" chronological age, vi 11 not differ

sigiiificantJIy in ruaar^ to aeyrace-, etiology, special edu-

cation , age at *emission, length of institutionalizatior.,

-onxl number of siblings,;.

3. h grc-uu of ui 'a achievers f-*ill attain significantly

more favoraM-? behavior ratings than a group of lor -ichlever*

ratchet for Xn* 1 Quoti<Hit ami chronological age.

C L W C F a 3iBLiof"rfivviry

1. A x l i n e , V i r g i n i a & a e , '"ôrxiirccfcive T h e r a p y f o r P o o r

R e o o s r a / ' .Tourrsal o f C o n s u l t i n g P»ycfcolo«jv , X I (1?>47) ,

<a-c9.

2, 3 e i e r f P«ltor« " F.eaav.iorai ris?turbancf>3 i n t»ve 'lerv-

t;ai.ly 'Seitar-ou,' "c-nfca.^ Retar«?ationt K R e v i e w of. aosearcft r o c i t e u oy Ha.rvr>y & . S t e v e n s a no. R i c h H c h e r ,

C h r c a S o , " T b e U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P r e s s , 1 9 6 4 , p p . 4 5 3 - 4 87.

3, Bejiaherg, '."erar^ J . , J r . , 'Th** E o l a t i o n n * ,??c a (Virile

A c h i e v e r e n t o f H e n t a ! :>?fmotives t o HeafcaI A g e , S o x r

I n s t j t'.iticral i s a t i o n a» ' e t i o l o g y , ' An^sric-ir* J o u r n a l

° 1 l/v'7X1 (13 5 3 ) , '527*~'33"oT

4. Carter,, narol-:" D . , O v r r - a:nr." brvler*c>iir-\vi?*nt ir- Roa?.'

I n g » " Call^nrrdrri J o u r n a l o f £5iicafcioiwiJ f-esentch, " W

< m 4 ) r * f 7 ^ r i ^ 5 . *

;>. Cramiall,- V i r g i n i a C . , ' P e r s o n a l i t y C h a r a e t ^ r i s t i e « at:c

S o c i a l :irds .c.ehievvraer*L B e h a v i o r s A s s o c i a t e d w i t h Cbil••

•jrerô S o c i a l êjs.1 r«shj l i t y Rc»spona« rJe«<?€•.r,ci^t.,Jour •

tip I o f p e r s o n a l i t y a-n-1 F e c i a l r»yc?.iolo< y * ( l ^ f i T *

r?"/ ; *'

£. Garcrvar, ' - H i l a r . I w '• s o c i a l er-4 '-.notional «v; justj»»ent

o f ',:il;.Iy Jlotarctec C h i l d r e n •-•\Ccl~:nc4mta .* C r i t i c a l

'^.viiS**, ^jKcert'Lonal Ohiior-vn,, ( I ' K O » "•7-108'.

7. ooacoiexje, 'Pol-.;" :5a.i?, '?ol atior-c,i:ip TSotveen 'Xcauetsir

iavpr<»:.t, l'"4r c.rir' Social. M a t u r i t y i n d e n t a l l y Patar-**

Chi3<,!r«r. in an I n s t i t u t i o n a X S e t t i n g , • uripuV»iish,*v;

Tr-a*;4 t o r ! s * , '""opartrio'^t o f P s y c h o l o g y , A:orth 'Ioxgs

State* triiiversity, .'©ntcjr, Toj?as, 3 9 6 3 .

K G i V n c a , ' V v i f , /tfiXi h* Joplieott. on:; ôr-.&vary

'A '"e.r>l c c:t»eooso &vonq nigh Grade- uospitali zt?r' "lental • • ly r<etar"-Oi! C h i l o r s n as a function of 1'nt.elligonoo aur*

T.tioloc; ioal O i a * s s i 3 a t . i o n , ' A^-.-rican J o u r n a l o f F o n t a i

oe__ficiorsry, (1^19) , ?•$/,••• ~ C,

Farri.i, r.'V'--orc. '' »/ '.'-v-rr-ary o ? Cr;w.sti9fatictie P:..latiAr-.

t o *13> ic"C:"' to J'tKc /0, !i>63,'' 2fh«s J o u r -

n a l o f nOi'CS ' ior;" 7 ""r-'-jo-:.rf L'vIj C10-?t), .133-327.

3.0. ; a r r i s , Theo-''ior:? A. , Barbara Nu<5*3wan, <?nA S.lwoof' Carlson, •Summary of Investicmfcions d e l a t i n g to Rea-Aing, July .1, 19C3 to J u n e JO, The Journal o f ftducattonal he -search, LVXII (I«65) , 242~-~2'8f. * ~ *

11. Jones, S» L. , * . P. -dross, 3 no T,. Van Why, '•?<, Longi -tuciinal o f f a d i n g Achievement i n a Group o r A - ' n l e a c e n t In^ci ta t .1 onaXiKed *fer»t.&2 ly *?otar<5.e£ ,,

ISa95A. : ; 'VI1 <X?6C> , 41-47.

12. Kirk » , ' 'f,.';4.carcL in Kc ucatior..» ' Cental tar-elation. A Rovie»*--v c f l-.es e a r ch* e c i t o d by F a r v e y A..* Steycns am" Rio1" Heber t Chicago, !Thu University of C.bicaeo Pr'.-;S& „• 39f-A f pp. 5 7 - 9 9 .

13. i'-'cCoVf George F. , "Some i.yre Factors Associated witt; Acw.hmic Succ'.iSfi an.:' F a i l u r e - o f J-«?ucah»le fieri t a l l y t t o t a r d a ^ P u p i l s , ' - ;A:eeption&.l Cr.il<?.rfsn, XXX ( l ^ S i ) , 90-84.

14. Moris')., Ivan K. , '•*!}dred: r~-. Kontor, oorhert r<» Doml'e, y.arqnro.t C,~L» 0 i l3es , aiv1 -Tonn C. Gli^lewell, "Cbil--Area's Behavior Syrafto*^ anr' t ho i r Relationships to School A;":! juc fcnent, S-3>. ,• anc Social Class." The Jour-nal of Pooial^ Isoaes , XV (1 , ft-15.

15. Quay, I>or ere C'jil.fu, A.cac'cmic S k i l l s , " HaridboqV of Men-t a l Pef ioiency, ©niter by r-orr.an R. Tills7™7?cw "Yor«r"" l i n i ^ T J Hoo'>; Cor.pany, pp. 664-690.

16. ôbltisor, "falbert B. anc ancy t-% Robinson, The Cental-ly_ Scitarue--) CliiJ.c/. Psychological Approach, l-'cv) Yort, W*raw -ft 1*3 1 Corn?-any 1965 , pp. 223-224

17. Kofrinaonr «lea !*.„ 3amttetl Heintraub, and Kel^n K. Smith,, ''Sum.oa.ry c" Inve stigafcioâ rielatir:.q to Reading, Jul*/ I , l C-f to J'ur.e 3 n , 1165,-' nâ-j in«q Pose arch Cuarterlv, T (Vlt5) , 5-12(1,

Sirs'-., f<.-ior»..i """A,, Marvin Ttv.fill t • r .-x anc Int#?3 li«3«aco "3? Factors?, in Achii«v^r-"'orit ir. -esu" i n q lr- CracJes 4 Vhxor^Yt 9 / Vcm Journal of no t i c CVI (196-3) , i'7 70.

19. Stc?vena, ?iar vey- .ic*' ,'"e -?.r, -:-wi tor? , cfcmta.1 He-ta roa t iqn: £• hovx^'v of ^ i se i rc ! ; ; C: v .1 -ngo . ve r s i t y of C;?.io"ac.o r h " , i.Vf)4."p- x i i .

20, Uestrcan, Jad< C., ^r thur , anr X"dv»'ar-"1 P, SchoiK'^r, "^©aîii's ' " ' e t a r c a t i o n . An O w r v i w , ' feierio?in Journal o f nd. s o arses r.." CAi ioron., Ciy. (l^fS) , ?f9-36^r

CKAPTrR I I

Owbêcta

'?'rve vdwonblc s c h o o l p o p u l a t i o n o f a residential inst . i - -

i o r fc.3i3,v r rtioutr * v?hs 3 vi r Vf? *y o ' x n f ! ) i s stitciy<,

I\ total oH 94 s t u d e n t s , c ^ r o l l e c f o r t-":,.e 1 9 6 6 - 6 7 s c h o o l y e a r ,

:fr«e o f g r o s s a u d i t o r y at»£ v i s u a l handicaps ,xmrn i^^fc \ f i s r s .

> s t a t i s t i c a l <**scrir»tlor» of t h e s e Btvêntfs r e q a r - i m y chrono-

l o g i c a l a g o , ^90: a.t a d n i s r i o n , 1-snqt;:.. e f i n s t i t m - i o n a l i z a t i o f f

1 ii"fctr: l i t o t i C i . ' i'l-T' c j * ^ corv* 7 r-,r.c c5to *t iov^jru-Ti t sc"*v\*

i s pres snte -1 i n Table I .

STATISTICAL I-KSCRirÎOiv OF ALL SUBJECTS

- - * - •

V a r i a b l e s

C h r o n o l o g i c a l .•-.<:?& {t»onths)

Afje at P/::?A9sion (moiithrs)

f'ean

- - t •• i 1^9«BC [

• 1 3 1 . 1 7

Tfongth o f l n s t i t u t i o i i a l . i z a t . i o r i • (months) ! 3 8 . 6 0

I s t e l l i g e n c e Q u o t i e n t

Behuvior 5 c o r e

ftcliicsvesênt 3 c o r e ( y e a r s )

; 3 6.3-4

i 1 0 1 . 1 3

.anr'arO Devi a t i.on

- U . 8 9

3:>. 78

19 . 4 "i

?J.U

2 1 . 1 4

1 . 1 4

] ft

Tho 94 subjects ythc constituted th« original sample of

the study ha-;; (1) chronological ages th*t ranged fror- *4

"Ciiifj it; co 2''jz. to on fc'riii, wi ta s rsaan c£ Ij'O.Hf' laonths ana a 3t.a'f'>--

iard fe-uation o# 31,wanths, (2) agfss at. iv'mi fig ion that

r&riV&C. fror, 4n raont'is to ?16 r.ontas, with a Dean of 131.17

Months cum a standard .aavi at ion of 3 ? ,78 worths , (3) lencftha

of institutionalization that ranw'i fror,- 1 month to 103 months ,

with a. re a.r. of 38.89 fsoiitrts mix. ."> atantharc 2ovintion of 19,45

tnonth31 (4) Ir.fcolliaenco Quotiento mat ranged from 37 to 84,

with, a -,iean of 56.54 an*-, a stan-' ara deviation of 8.11, (•>) be-

havior scores that ran^p frcw? a low of 54 to a hiqh ef .155,

-aith a m a n of I/»l. J1 and & standard Seviat lot, of 21.14, ana

{€) achievement aoorr-<a t>,st raatrod from 0.0 years tc 4.7 years;,

v/it.a. a wean of ".21 yea>"3 ar.a ,? stan^ar-h deviation of 1,1-1

years,

•j-hvi b4 suL>jnets con%2.''tt?-'",* of. (1.) 54 palsf? anci 4 h fonalos r

(2) a:5 Whites and 12 nor.-whites, (3) 21 subjects diagnosed ly

the nodical staf^ at the institution an braJn-fevta?*?, 1M

c'iarjnoGed as cultural-familial, and SS of unknown etiology,

(.4) 62 subjects who t.ao t~oceivo':; special adncatxcn and 32 s<J -

jecta. who hah. not reeaivad special education, ('»} subjects

•tfith si Mings ranging in nvuaher fror;> to 11, ( ) 44 suhjoct?

tf.Tjojf"; pa rants iaa;ra , 40 sul-iacts '*hose D?..r?nth vaTa* »•' i ••

wrct',, f> subjects *r*:ose parents w**rv separated, "" enbi-aota

wriose parents were wi'lovfv*, 5 e;x jacca vh^so parrots vera

laraarriad, ruv. {7} 41 aiu;jocta vdtoao f *rrily 'aad a history of

1?•

retardation 3" suhjecr.s whose farily was noqafrive in that

respect. Xnf orr.«ation was not av-aiXa l-n an trie r«r.ta3pi:rn? 3

sn!> joets,

*J&iit-j C«l;l>fort»ia Aohievrisver-t Twsf (Fortr- X) cl?;ta scorn."

oi> ?hiy 17, 10C7 hy their t^achar^;, th. ? S4 subjects were div

o/2 into high a/h" low achievement groups» High achievers wer*-

thoss snbiectfi whos* scores fell Hcj-twctm 1.0 5.0 gxa< K

3 V4>1. Low achieve-r» "fsr-;. fio^o subjects vho wcra fur>.ctionir>«

hetv;>?>a; i 0. (5 an-':1 1 , ? 'jrs ho levol. T"'roi:> the ye tv,vo achi evorier.t

groups with 15 subject" narh, two qroups, match's for ohron'"'--

logical ac/e and Intelliqerr.f:- O'uotier.fc w-ro formed. ?s&tcbir«?

was <?onp aubj^ct subject with rfifferer-ces between chrono-

logical ago-j no lan.ier than 7 Kjonths imC o.ifferoncea between

Intelliyoncc fjuottents no larger tr*an 11 points. It should

be noted that these fxC"f«rexoes ro;xv: son t extreme cases. In

the jr-ajority of cases, if f-'sronces ancur,fc-.v;' to no more than 2

rionths or 2 poirts otl\'ely» In aotensirJ.rKj which Intel-

'juotJ ent to u?3o it %'ss oecif"h:( th "t *•'.o >*ost; roocnt

IntelligoxiC^ y.uotiont fo'un<" jr ^ acl. :--fcuf out5 <s central record

fil« vncwIC l.»e utilineC, prof>rably Star'£or'V8inet, Forr:t

then th& vjechsJ^r Intelligence ScnXo ft. r Chilore,?) (WISC) .

>k total of 30 .subject::. frc.-n an* original snraplc of 94

subjects was u s i n m-vbc?s®f" oro;r-- portion of tr».is 3tu^y.

3 0 "subjects v/i»r-• n«;lccfe«2*' in such e way that {1} they wer-?

roatchoo ot; qibronological (chrorin iv-fil for the low

achievement group rar»«j<?v fr«v- 1 months to ^02 iuonths with s

20

wean of 175 ,33 months ai>cj a ; : tan -:.rd C e v i s t i o R of i ? » 6 I r.ionthsu

c- i rC4ioIoqicaI agos f o r t h e higr.- aer-i*V€iF*»nt cjroap iceng^d fror*

153 wont?;r> t.o 201 r»ontbs -d t b a mean of 175 .00 i scn ths an* a

s t a n d a r d O s v i a t i o n of 1.1.99 months) ami (2) t h e y wore matched

o'u intO-lliqer;C< :! Q u o t i e n t s { I n t e l l i g e n c e C u o t i e r t s " f o r tb*.- *. i r » i

y rouP r a n g e d f r c n 50 t o G6 v i f . i a m c f 5 7 .67 ant5! a sfcaiK'arv

ctoviat lor* of 4 .54 n»ontbs.* Q u o t i e n t s fox t h e sen

onrl g r o u p ranger5 fro.fi: 49 t o 6$ w i t h a mean of 5 9 , - 3 and a

iit.and.arc7 d e v i a t i o n o e 5 . 5 7 ) . Tah lo XI cU-ieri ixis th~> 10 s u b -

j e c t y w i t h r e g a r d t o c h r o n o l o g i c a l age can** I p t r a i l i c^nce Q u o t i e n t .

T?f'Jl,E I I

CiIHOiJCLOCTCAL ?Jr-T Rf D T L L I C ' L f^UOTKilT roB '/A'CCIjEF; GMXJc* r.U.-iJSC^5

1 Group j_ / '^£, .JL Jtlltri:? 1 4 / ? ^ c e Q u o t i e n t

j 'iean j 4 K r* ; itemge ; ^ean i $ • b * j

; I

1 ' l?'"-'--" ; 12 . *3. ! 155-20? j 5 7 . 6 7 j 4 . b 4 I 50-66 1 ! ' I I I '

l i | 17'J.OV ; .11.95? | 15 3 - 2 0 1 j 59,'J3 j 5.57 \ 4?~6H

*3c- | .-CLb J. ' j >'0~" ' •" . • .£ ' f •(-) ! 3 c!'-. is 5 C"!

sxsfcen of {1} l ? -oale.s .an.- ? l e « , (.") 14 whifc-s anr? 1 nor,-

W-litrt ( j ) 1U. j O C t F» t SG CltJ-Jr <T.tT (3 iC'Ji i rRXKJSC;

i'toi* 76 month* tc 17 > m-: v i *.•*•« a *n<»n» of 1 2 7 . f 7 poiitr is

* s t a n d a r d r e v i a t i ' oC (4) s u b j e c t s vfcose Soa^tn.

or ii5st:l j--stlc-rc ran^ ' -o f rcv . •: Kor>t::-s t o 3 03 ncn;tH«,

t-t o/. / - 4 / r x :-.'i ,-t s ri?jt.ioxi of. ?5 . 05

2 1

(5) 2 s u b j e c t s o i a c n o g e r by t u e ^crJiacl c t a f f a t t h e i n s t i t u -

t i o n as trairf~rl<?jva«5oc, 7 s u ' j o c r s cSi-jgnosed a a c u l t u r a l - -

f a r f i l i a l . , anr1 th^ r e g a i n inc* 13 sub;jc*ctu o'P un- novr. e t i o l o g y ,

C6) s u b j e c t s v a c b e h a v i o r rx.'oroe ranqe^ from a lew o f 9C t o

ri h i c h o f l 3 7 f V l t H a reaii o f IJL2.B7 *MN a •Jtaiu.'arr d e v i a t i o n

o f 1 0 . 4 2 , (7) sub-jecta whos«v a c o i s v e n u i t s c o r e s ranged from

1 . 1 v o a r s to !„') '/cars* a ir:-*an. o f 1 . 5 3 yârs nr;ci a star; -

.-3arc. i'h;-;vistion o f O.'Jl, (C) 11 s u b j e c t s who :?&<.< rooe-ivob

s.Kt!c:la3 sKfocafiioi: 4 vac- -ar; not receivc-:,'} "special

c;'!. ,t.Icrs, f (v) sj ib-jects v i t b s i b l i n g s r i m i n g iv- numi'icr fro***

J t o 7 s. l b - l i n g s , wit!? a rem* o f 2 . 4 7 s i b l i n g s row} a rrtaribarc

Cov ia t io t t o-f 1»"6 -ii>'sliriqsf (3.1) P. -YAH-]EC.TR, v h o s e parer-tf?

were T:<a.rri&£ r> sut/sjocts WHO*•,>-* parent- i v<*r<* divorcer?,

<$ubjc-ctn whoso p a r e n t s v*»re *'5«\ow*- r wpj3 (11) 7 mib j ^ o t s :>

far ' - i l / '••a*-" a -victory of ••••^rttal r e t a r d a t i o n ~rv" f? ^-ubjent-s

whose f a m i l y v;»« uâfclv:* *.:* t h a t r e s p e c t .

(/>-l. ;) f o r Crc-wp I I (tv*"- bi/b: richimmx'?)

c o r d i s toe* c f (15 S m l e s w i £ f 1 ;:=?', { '.) 12 whit-:- aab 2

n o n - w M t o sxit j o c t ^ , (3) s u b j e c t s */ho«* ?.o» «t a*>r»:f s*<tc:» ran:k-«'•

frow C:4 ront ' i s t o 174 *uv.+ vri th "t r.S3r» o f 140 .1 7- wont'if

-t 'ievic,* i o n of: ". " . nontv-.'.", (4) suDjoct'S who-so

I s n g t h o-; i;ii?titn-1icnaHIZYTIo*. rex <->1 fret" 1? r o s t h n t o 7s"

r-'O'athof w i t"i s Â-an of.' .b - -ortbs . b. a IJTNR bbv:b .' -vJ^fcbu' c'"

I'-;.75 PC-nth#, (•"') ? :rjr.--.'M' by t'N": tx :v!. r-nl •~,t«V9

:?t t v..- i t : :' ».T; a'" • r.-* i: - "i«r j?7o< : f' "juhjrants i ?.qrto^€ ?; af

•;n3t'aci] • fes--i \ •• '• a.- tl ** r •• •/'Iriv-? ."• subject-" r-f ua-'trjO'-./Ti

e t i o l o g y (fi) s u b j e c t * vhoso ' - e h . w i o r s c o r e s rarwtcd f r o r a 1 ov.

of 58 t o a 1' i g; • 106, w i t h :« m a n o r f n . ^ 0 am: -a s t a n d a r d

n ' r .v ia t ior . o - r 1" ' .54 , (7) *>as-l^nts wbor.<i 9 c ! ' i ? n m f c ac^r -r.

r a n g e d f r o ^ 3 , 0 y*aj.-ft t o "-.I '.-•••jrr., ••--it-;, a uu><*n of 3 . 5 1 y e a r s

nn-.i a s r fmc 'a r ' a t i on n ?• 0 . •?". v : a n , (8) 8 s u b j e c t s w>io hac"

s n e c i . i i cKfuca felon ^nr* 7 ani^'Jc-nts t/ho t a ^ rôt x'.^cc45.v'""

s iKi^ ia i ol i2c?:;ticri., (2) »./ith rsi M inqti r a n g i n g I n rix '-

i x , , . f r o r , 0 t o X'J> wit!; ioe^r. o f .1.5? a i i - l i i w * an-;! « sfcan<1er<5

•;«viai-icR c-!" ? . '>! e i M i i i c i ® ( 1 0 ) ? o v b j e e t a vbo=e p a r e n t ?

narri<•-'.! .. ^ na>-}\cfrt ui^s .^ p ^ r o n t d •• U v o r c o r ( 2 :>ul

j c o t s wr.oiô p a r ' , v n - % e r o vri'JoT'*&c , 2 ,-nx! 'i'."' ohs v h o s s pa ?*3ntn

v/cr^ un^Rrr icc ! , ar. ? 1 .'rcl ' j o c t who^s* p ^ r n r t s were s^purn tcc 1 r arc

(i.X) 7 aunfeef:?. w tcê t:tr>xiy iia-',' a ^ i s t o r / o* ri' -nts?.] rc*tnr/J.*i-

t ion . .nnr' F . - jV^cts f a m i l y w r , n e q a h i v ? i n t h a t r s s p ^ t .

Proor-'/i' re.

Sincc? their? were no p u f c l t s h e c \ x - r v tr-ili t y o r b e h a v i o r

ee&i'.-s v/hic-) c<v»l<- *>» csrc-«f a p p r o p r i a t e l y wit : . t h * / K w t a l l v

r<;'t.-xrce<'> ••? j t^v^r«e h e a v i e r r a t i n g s e a l -j wiss c o n s t r u c

•tec".;., 'i'he m t M i w J b«*. »»«©*• ?,ea"Us were e i t h e r (1)

m a prn.7n.l-it lor* ofc'-'-"-,r L:,ar. ^'v^t.-" 1 r e t a r i !at«!?, o r

(2) wer^ t o I f f ' i m l t f c r s r e t a r d a t e t o re.:-" an<5 oenprehen : - .

Th-j Le iu iv io r r a t i r . " ? e a u s r - r in t M s 39.-3 a p o i n t

T."ici.H"_ 3COli2 1 i.*»nor. t o *• r iVSijl" '. "''"ioiovi.? ?Cr"™iS? Oil

cl;i^?sroo"s be3;#»vior r-*~ *r .:,iv -. r*~r' r v ' - . ^ r ^ a t f s a s Peorr i l by

t ^ » i r teaarter-. '• for t;%v ;*tv fro«~ ';"ay-isrJ.o?:s Tty

P^yo.ho locus t :* . n l r . ' -rvatior.!", ' r , ; : o i i s sural--*8 ' r b o o r n t j . o s l 3 7

BcoTi'-s on t5.?e l " o : , ; w i c r r a t i n e «-c;aIr r?rsm from 42 t o

. nig'i or, r.hi i irrHtrir'.-ent wprcs^nt poor ^ebavior

r a t inq? , iin<: v 1 co vera a - copy of t i e Vuhaviov* r a t i r e

cum be fnnjv.? in the -'••op.-n-*': x .

B t - t o 11'-.i3 j ty fr=. ri€ } «<• t'"e above seal**;, made

over: a 14-' c'ay nc-rio-1 , v,*a.-; ^sfc:5Jriisuc£ V/ r inoojr'ly c;ei cotl.r g

sn iv joof - (3 fror- oaoh o r 7 parti-jipcfc5nc teac.'-cro)

F r o r t i i c o r i c i n a l o*-' f?4 s r ^ - j e c t r ; » ? ro n*?thc-" c*" ran.-Son

co lec t ion oovnl.*;?-,"" f rot" s taV. le of ranr'on* riirohcr?; fou.tK- it)

" ' . v t t an.o Ty'c-rt-.' *;r«*r (1 ) * V o r t h e 27 s u l j ^ c t s , t'r e- , r i r 3 f c.r

t e " t sxtLtatcr; rrvr.-:'i r-rv'-vn of 'H?- 3 o, !i~i ;:]'• a st^i'.dar^ •"•-

tier, of ,"?() . ' 'or re t« i t purposes? of r2.1? n»<; a

f?t**ndar£ s%viation of ,'?•?,?? were fcui.."", r;*thle Til describer

the mean ar>--7 stanc'ara s ' e v i a t i o r : vaViess plur* t h e rest-H"ar»t re--

l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r the V>hav5or ra t ing sca lo .

n •; ?. r>r i" T T' T

SHIRK, STAMDAK'D I /I&TTCox', AMD XtfEXiaBlI.TTY COniTXCinfJT FO n BFn;M'TOU m v i w SCALE

Mrainis-; ,..e.1K j j C o c f f i c t a t t r a t ion _ , ;

S ~ " i r * i 9S..38 j 20.7-\ : i ;c

Petost i 92.43 ? ? . 7? j

Af ter coupletino t;ae to«t,~rotest portion of the study,

case records of eactt of the 04 r tndents vcore sea.tr.:j&-" for

24

information sucl* as most recent Intelligence Quotient (pr«*f~

drably a Stan for-1-Sinet than T'?ISC) , physical *tan«'ica * if any,

chronological ag«, nev., race, :'-ate of birth.. f;ote of amission (

etiology,, length of institutional i sat ionevi"enco of special

eflticatioiv, nnrnber of siblings, par«rt* 5 mrital status , history

of retardation in the far-lly, e-'lucatJon-il level of the parents,

parent's ircone- anfl evidence of confirm^ psychiatric impair--

sient. The 3ast three variables vers droppotf after it wa«

noticco that there of ton •was not a sufficient amount of infer-

mation available for every subioct.

Analysis or Data

For the analysis of !ata, tbn resrti^s of watching were

proparer? for analysis ty Pearson Proc'uot- o cJit Correlation,

ty- tost f an-r1 Chi-Square. Pearson r's were coup'utod to find

the relationship between behavior scor .n arc' achievement scores.

The t-ts;?t wa~ nsew to f'otenrin® if the mean difference be-

tvecii the two groups (high achievers,- low act-levem) was sig-

nlfleant. ?hc .05 level of confidence was accepted, Chi-

SQuare- was use'-? on the riatohe-:' groups with ^ichotopnvs .'hita

s'uch as sex, rnne, etiology, and speciaJ ducafcio::; to hot c.r-

rdit':- if those variables were iiKterori ent of oacb other, h.il

of the statistical cowpotntion*? were hono at the Computer

!h-n?ter of ?-Tcrt/i Texas state :h»ivojrsity.

C W T C R PIBI,IOCT?AP» ?Y

Scott ; . , H ' i l l i a n ' , "irsc >-"i•?}»;» «».l - ? » r t b e i n o r , I n t r o d u c t i o n t o P B y e h o l ^ i c w I r e v ' i t c h , r e v " c r ' : t J o r r . T ~ ? o ¥ s ,* I r e . , K 62"."

25

C f & P T E R III

BBf-ULTS At ID DTSCUHSXOf •;%T

Pesmlts

?o test H y p o t h e s i s I, the ,9ata were analyzed US1P<T Pearson

Procluct-Mopienl C o r r e l a t i o n (r) . The results of t h * analysis

rr T'jITC 3 C.H t £"• ilS Hi;'• !*?• I*V •» A rXV' f ?X"H tC .1 y JH C?* t iVi* K"C"1 T.t X OT> *

shij> was shovr, thus, the first hypothesis was confirmed.

T-'xerv a significant relations--','!!:- between behavior ratijv.?-?

for ciif Eorent achiwcwat \

rrM:;L); IV

PFAR3Q;7 F'PODOC;1?-- 0"'-ri>KT CORH?-LAl'IO^ FCR nEKAVKM Arm ACHi'imtrwr scom:s of all subjects

CO TO ' . * •'•'lean i S. D. f r ; !

.40* Behavior * 101,13 » 21.14 >

< * » j j ^ £chievf>ne«fc . ? ,22 | 1.14 |

Hypothesis II of the study was tested/ vising t-test am1

Chi-Hqaar© techniques* result® of fK'Re analyses arc,

r> re rented in ^aMec V ai: VI *

Ab shown in v an;' "fI , variabXes sac'*- rone-'

logical ;tq , aqe e.t: a'*Trl~~icr # lar.Tfcn o*7 insfci tat ionalx^atl on

21

TABLV' v

SUJMMAPY OF T-TEST PO! ."••ArCHJiT,» GROUPS

Variable | Group T • Group II { Mean j -loan ? 1

Chronolog ica1 ago j 175. 3 3 ! 175.00 : | . 40

Pige at amission 1 | 127. P 7 | 140.13 :

1

l i .48

Langth of institutionalization | 47, 47 1

• 34.80 i | l -i i i . 5 4

Tnt.?511 iqence Quotient. j

57. 67 ! r>?„P3 \

i .91

Be'navior scores 112, c > * 7

I j 81.40 ; 6 .4 a - *

Ach iovemen t s co r. f- s 1 * t

5 3 | 3.51 : 20 <17*

UTnbc-r of siblings \ I

i 2 . 47 i 1

j 3,53 ; i

0 " 3

^ 2 K ! '•0 01

Intelligence Cuotionfc, nursfcer of siblings, soy, race,, etiology,

am; special education .not reacb levels of statistical sia-

niticaree. T'uss, Hypothesis II was confirwen. Hi 3crepant

caclf.ruic achiovement groups, natchsa for Intel!iqence Quotient

ftna chronologies! nge. not differ significantly in reqarc;

to se;-( race, ticlocjy , special ec<.;C3tion, ago -?t Emission,

length of institutionalis*?tiou, an-.l n j^bur of siblings?.

The variables Jr. 7abl« VI were; categorized according to

Chi -Square t'esicjn; i.e. r sex broken *1ov?n into r ale and f Kalfv;

rar« broken <?cv*n ir.to white ».«? non ~white; etiology broker.

down ii.to bra $ «* dv;rago:''.. c .I tmfa-rdl ial,. <*me unknot • n.r.f

special education broken »*oT.*r> -"Ir.to r*nc «n

TAPI.F T/J

FSVM&TRR or CBISQUAP:- FOP

MFiTCLiED GROUP SUBJTCTS

Variable Cb i-Square *

Hex. . . . . . . . .63**

Race .On**

Ltiology . . . 3.67

Special 'Viucation. . . . .5?**

*« no Chi-square value rcache^! significance

**- Yates' correction used

In or a or to test. Hypothesis III, tbe data were analyzer]

by t-test. *"f'he results of this analysis are shown in Table V,

11 :p obtained, t val-ao of 6,48 for behavior scores was signifi-

cant at better than thfe .0 03 of probability, as shown

in Tabic- V. Tlrae... EypotJseai:? III was •confirmed. High acrbiov

ers did attain significantly rore favorable behavior ratings

than a c.roup of Xov* achievers ^ a t c f o r Intellioeric« 5uo -

tiex-t ano broiic logical ;jf J'

'In suTTmary, al3 hyr-ofeheae"' >?ere confirmed. Achieveiset)t

and It-iijQtrior ratings verc «ignifit?ar«tly related for the whole?

group, rdscropant acadorde nchifoVoitJQnfc qroups, matched for

Intellicrenel Quotient ami chrone?og Joa1 age# did not differ

significantly in ro'rar-* t«'' «sf r, race, &>tiolo».jy, special edu-

cation, age at actoissioi*, length of institutionalization„ on 2

number of siblings, f-'orecv^r, bi->- **r:ihv«rs c*i-3 mttain sig-

nificantly riore favnratle behavior ratine t*r ftn a group of

low achievers prsatchoc' for Intelligence Quotient and chrono-

logical age.

Discussion

Tho moderately negative relationship snown through the

analysis by Pârecn r confirtrea Hypothesis I that thnre wilt

be a siqni.fi cant ro.l at \onship between behavior ratings for

different aohiev orient level si.

Tbes^ results are supportive of Axliwt's (1) study of

nerval axiC dul 1-normal chiX^ren in a play therapy situation.

In that stucy eh© suggested that; there exists a relationship

between reading difficulty ar-f- emotional disturbance. More-

over r these r'-salts are in ha.rR.cny with a stuoy of classroor

behavior of cental retardates by Vaughn citeo by Quay (9) .

Vaughn conclude*-' t.hat poor readers exhibited wore disinterest f

ov sr•"activity f tei por outbursts r 3.r,r sspcjoch diff.iculties then

goo , reui'ers.

<*he second hypothesis, that îrfcropant acat'emlc achieve

rsssrt groups# : ai~chef for Intolliqerir'e Quotient an-i chronologi-

cal age,, will pot differ significantly in regard to seat, rac*s.

etiology, special c--c'ri*cation,, ago at acmission, length of in-

stitutionalination, sac mn»her of siblings, was conf irrred -

iffe-re van no significant '?.lffr»r?r-ce ir. rerrp.rd to these vari-

ables .

vti se results appear to be ir. agrêpient with a raiority

of other stu<?.ian (? r ^ t 11) . Tlcwever, thoro aire stueir*

(2, 10) that '"isacre vi Hi the rirsHrrzs of the present

-»A

study and other previous studies on the variable of s?ex dif-

ferences . It sesorcs as though Bor.ie studies have found ses

ciffrrencca to .be -significant wtsil* others bavct not always

found this to be tha cas^, Benwberq (2) stated that ther«*

have been conf 1 icting results concerning the significance of

sex differences?, Gardner (4) emphasized that tb«re is pre-

sently no satisfactory evidence relative to the question, of

sex difference*?. Thus. '-he variable of sex aeerr,a to be one

of tboso "erfnivooal ' rosn3tss rsferruc! to in an earlier chapter»

Perhaps certain confounding variables such af? cifferant popu-

lations , snm liri-j, arirl r.atchincr techniques can attempt. to ex-

plain tho conflict. It right be orJr-orl that no previous sixid.ie'3.

coul<3 b« fouiu" that -'iealr with ago ah amission or mopb<?tr of

siblings as vsrial1^3 r^lsvant to achievsnent.

The results o\ tainw". through t-Test and Chi-Square ».*er,

to indicate support for the third hypothesis, namely that high

achievers will attain si-~nif icerntly more favorable* behavior

ratings thui a i?rouo of lo\* achievers watched for Intelligence

Quotient ?n-3 chronological age-.

The above results also coincide vrith Carter's (3) stufly

on over- and tmoeraehieve^cr-t., he Counr? that overachievors

&re bettf-r adjusted to school nnci foel happier in school,

similarly# hcCey (7) showed that acadc^ically successful re-

tardates were more self 'confident, realistic, nnn parceJve*?

thotusalves ~i'3 nors acceptet' than. aca<"*?wic:ally unsuccessful re-

tardates < Copparahl^ results showin? ; ett^r hot a vi or artong

3?

overachievers than im^erachievcjrs have keen obtained in .nusner-

O'IS other studios {1» f., Q) .

C-TAP7TR B 1 •"BL10CT AFI• Y

1. A : d i n e , V i r g i n i a H a o , " N o n d i r e c t i v < s T h e r a p y f o r P o o r J V a d -

® r & , r .Totimal o f Coris-;j ti.ng^ P s y c h o X I (1947},,

61--6 9 .

2 . B e n s b e r g , G e r a r d J . , J r . , " T a p d e l a t i o n o f A c a d e i r i c

A c h i p v e r ^ e n t o f C e n t a l i n f e c t i v e s t o M e n t a l Acef Sex, I n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n a n d E t i o l o g y , " ^ ? r i c a n J o u r n a l

o f M e n t a l f > e f i o i e n c y , L V I I I { 1 9 5 3 ) , 3 2 7 - 3 3 0 ,

3. C a r t e r , H a r o l d »>., O v e r - a n d tfnrterachievesnent i n h e a d i n g . '•

C a l i f o r n i a " n u m a l o f r d u c a t i o n a l B e s e a r c h , XV" ( 1 9 6 4 ) ,

175~"l'P3*7

4. H a r d n e r , W i l l i a w I . f -'Social a n c F a c t i o n a l . V j u s t m e n t o f

M i l d l y .Retarded C h i l c - r e n and. A d o l e s c e n t s ; - C r i t i c a l

R e v i e w / ' F x o e | ? t i c n a l C h i l d r e n X X X I I I fl<?66) , ? 7 ~ 1 0 5 „

5. Jones., , r„ p . C r o s s , ai»<? I» T>. V a n W b y » "A Lonqitiidi-

nal. S t u d y o f **eac?i«cr H c h i e w x a e n t i n a r.rouo o f Adoi*»sconfc

I n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e . ' ? I ^ n t a l l y Retard'--d c h i l d r e n , * T r a i n i n g

S c h o o l B u l l e t i n , I,VII ( I 9 6 0 ) , 4 1 - 4 7 ,

6 . • tr> t c:arr,,jel A . , r F a s e a r c h i n E d u c a t i o n , ' C e n t a l R e t a r d a -

t i o n • A P e v l e w o f i i e s ^ a r c b , e d i t e d b y Malrvey A . $€isvci>«

ar.cf'"Ji.icJ" !"eber' C h i c a g o , U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P r e s s ,

3.064, p p . 5 7 - 9 ? .

7. M c C o y , Reorgt-- > 'Sot?' tfgo F a c t o r s A s s o c i a t e d w i t h ^carVsric

S u c c e s s a n d F a i l u r e o f ? , < r ? u c a M e M e n t a l l y R e t a r d e d P u p i l s /

E x c e p t i o n a l / X X ( 1 ^ 6 3 ) , 80--34.

I"'en3h, Tv-sn M i l d r e d ? , K a n f o r , H»r'r:ert S . Bor-ke,,

M a r g a r e t C . ~ t . G i l d e a , an<® J o h n C . C»2i-lewelJ , ' C h i l -

d r e n '8 P e h o v l o r fywirj t o w s a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o

S c h o o l S(.dy3t.!?tftnt, S e x , a n d ftoci»3 c l a s s , T h e J o u r n a l

« .

o f S o c i a l T a m m s $ Cl f t59) O _ *» r

9 . Q u a y , Loron*- C H l<3Bf '• S c a d e m i o " M i l s

. D e f i c i e n c y , e d i t e d b y norrazv.fd. n i l s , N e w Y o r ' , H c G r a v

F T I T " " 1 o o E *t?o^r>»ny, l- !6r/ pp., 6 C 4 - 6 S 0 ,

1 0 . R o b i n s o n , Te.lsn ?s„ , Satt.ual 'fl&jntrau'', ::mu Holer. d ,

' Stf-Trary o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Ttelattnxf t o H e a r - d " 1 ,

1 0 4 t-"i Jan; s 10 , 4 1 nf.~-, " T::ead i ?v ^?cf"• ?irch Charter?.'/, I

(Id'r. 5) ~ " X ? 6 » ~

11. Sinks, ?laond 3., and Marvin Pov^Il, '"f'ex an/1 Intelligence as Factors in Achievement in Reading in Graders 4 Through 8,The Journal ;>f Genetic Ps' cholcujy, CVI (1965) f 67-?

c

CiRPTtB IT?

Sf3?M\HY ArcD CONCLUSIONS

Summary

The purpose of the- present study was to investigate the

behavioral differences b«stwtt«*.n over- and underachieving mental

retardates and to provi«.'« an effective way of identifying owr-

ancl under <wv«ievinq cental retardates. Moreoverr the present

study was - siqriocS to investigate variables relevant to cLif-

ferenfc levels of academic proficiency aroonc" a mentally retsr

population.

Three hypotheses 'ware testec* in tbft present study.

Hypothesis I states that tb-arc will be a significant re-

lation ohip between behavior ratings "For different achievement

levels.

Hypothesis II f»tates that discrepant academic schievs-

mer.t groups, natchec for Intelligence Quotient am1 chronolc-.yi -

cal a<*fe» will not differ significantly iz> regard to sex, rac«?,

etiology, special location, ace at aorJ.osion, length of fnstJ -

twtionalizafcion, and number of fjihJ ing;*.

gy^jfebssis IIJ states that a group of high achievers

will attain significantly wre fevorall.- behavior ratings than

n group of lov.- nc>' levers matched for Intt-2 ! igence Quotient anr;

chronological ag*?.

The subjects selected were 94 students front an educable

school population of a residential institution* The 94 sub-

jects ' mean chrono-logion 1 age was 163.86 months, with a mean

Intelligence Quotient of 56.54. Using California Achievement

Test (Form X) data scored' by their teachers, the 94 students

were divided into high arc* low achievement groups. From these

two achievement groups with 15 subjects each, two groups,

matched for chronological age and Intelligence Quotient, were

formed. The matched group subjects for the low achievement

group had a mean chronological age of 175.33 months, with a

mean Intelligence Quotient of 57.67, The matched group sub-

jects for the high achievement group had a mean chronological

age of 175.00 montha with a mean Intelligence Quotient of

59.93.

The instrument used to assess behavior in the present

study was a 42-iten adverse behavior rating scale. Test-

re test reliability (r».86) was conducted on the newly con-

structed scale. After completion of the test-retest portion

of the study, case records of each of the 94 students were

searched for information relevant to the study. For the

analysis of data, the results of matching were prepared for

analysis by Pearson Product-Womant Correlations, t-tost, and

Chi-Square. All of the statistical computations were done at

the Computer Center of Worth Texas State University.

All hypotheses were confinner!;. Hypothesis I was con-

firmed at better than p=» .0.1 level of probability. Hypo the1? Is

II did not reach a level of significance, as predicted. Hy-

pothesis 111 was significant beyond the £=.001 level of proba-

bility. All of the results were supported by and supportive

of previous research.

Conclusions

In conclusion; it is recognized that the present study

may be subject to criticism. First, it is acknowledged that

the present study is a correlational study and that there is

no attempt to imply a cause-and-effect relationship. Secondly,

it is recognizee? that the present study is of an ex post facto

nature and,, ac such, is subject to limitations characteristic

of that kind of research. It is recognized that matching

does not solve all of the problems of |?ost facto research.

Lastly, much of the literature utilized in the present study

dealt with reading achievement and not academic achievement

per se. This was due to the paucity of literature dealing

with academic achievement per se.

The present study seems to have presented an adequate

accumulation of literature on the behavioral aspects of

achievement among the mentally retarded. In addition, the

present study may have added to the knowledge relevant to

identifying over- and underachieving mental retardates.

APPENDIX

Student Teacher Date

Plcaso fate this student on each of the behavioral traits listed below by placing a check mark under the most appropriate rating category (i.e., always, almost always, usually, sometimes, almost never, never).

almost soma- almost always always usually tlsaes never (6) (5) (A) (3) (2)

never (1)

Score

1 . . . . . . . . . demands undue attention 2. . . destructive

combative A. mood changes abruptly 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . temper tantrums 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . lies or steals 7. . . . . . . disrupts routines 3. » inconsiderate of others 9. . . . . . . procrastinates ©r malingers 10. . . negativistic 11 shouts, singe, or talks loudly 12. jealous 1.3 . « . p . . . • • • » • • « . . suspicious l4» irritable IS disregards rules 16. cruel 1 7 injures self 1 8 disrobes in public 1 9 openly masturbates 2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . sexually aggressive 2 1 chy 2 2 . . . . . verbally unproductive 2 3 avoids social interaction 24. . . . . . . . . . daydreams 25 . . . will not defend self 26. waits for others to initiate activities 27 sleeps at inappropriate times 20. . . . . . . . . . cries easily 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . tense 30. easily startled 31. . . . . . . . . . perspires excessively 3 2 . . . . . stutters or atarcriosrs 33..- . . . . . unduely fearful 34 . undue ly sensitive 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bites nails 36 . . frequently needs to urinate 37. . overly concerned with bodily functions 38. . . . . . complains of physical ailments 39. fearful of r>trangers or new surroundings 4 0 . . . . . . • perfectionist 41. excessively clean 42. . . . . upset by change in dally routine

- — ; - — ;

— — — —

— -— -

Total

Mean

Total

Mean

37

>?IEI,10':?J\PTTY

Roo'V s

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