V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ -...

20
8U] G]HQLDGRRF]\V]F]DQLDVSDOLQ : UyG ]DQLHF]\V]F]H HPLWRZDQ\FK GR DWPRVIHU\ SU]H] HOHNWURZQLH Z JORZH QDMZL NV]H]QDF]HQLHPDM ORWQ\SRSLyÆGZXWOHQHNVLDUNL62 LWOHQNLD]RWX12 >@ ,VWQLHM FH MX Z ZL NV]R FL NUDMyZ RJUDQLF]HQLD HPLVML W\FK ]DQLHF]\V]F]H VSRZRGRZDÆ\ NRQLHF]QR ü Z\SRVD HQLD NRWÆyZ HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK Z LQVWDODFMH GR RGS\ODQLDRGVLDUF]DQLDLRGD]RWRZDQLDVSDOLQ6WDQRZL RQHQLH]E GQHX]XSHÆQLHQLH LQVWDODFML NRWÆRZ\FK D R LFK ]QDF]HQLX ZLDGF]\ IDNW H VWDQRZL RG GR NRV]WówLQZHVW\F\MQ\FKEXGRZ\EORNXHQHUJHW\F]QHJR 2F]\V]F]DQLH VSDOLQ NRWÆRZ\FK SROHJD QD ]PQLHMV]HQLX Z QLFK XG]LDÆX ]DQLHF]\V]F]H SRQL HM SR]LRPX RNUH ORQHJR RGSRZLHGQLPL SU]HSLVDPL 5HDOL]DFMD WHJR ]DGDQLD MHVW WUXGQD ]ZD \ZV]\ H XG]LDÆ ]DQLHF]\V]F]H Z VSDOLQDFK MHVW QLHZLHONL RNUH ODQ\ Z PLOLJUDPDFK QD PHWU V]H FLHQQ\ VSDOLQ D ZVSyÆF]HVQH NRWÆ\ HQHUJHW\F]QHHPLWXM SRQDGPLOLRQPHWUyZV]H FLHQQ\FKVSDOLQQDJRG]LQ 0HWRG\ ]PQLHMV]DQLD HPLVML ]DQLHF]\V]F]H ] NRWÆyZ PR QD XPRZQLH SRG]LHOLü QDWU]\JUXS\G]LDÆD Z\NRQ\ZDQ\FK ¾SU]HGNRWÆHP ¾ZNRWOH ¾]DNRWÆHP :\EyU RGSRZLHGQLHM WHFKQRORJLL ]PQLHMV]DQLD HPLVML ]DQLHF]\V]F]H ]DOH \ SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPRGGRSXV]F]DOQHMHPLVML]DQLHF]\V]F]H ZGDQ\PUHJLRQLHVWRSQLD ]DQLHF]\V]F]HQLD VSDOLQ RUD] RG PR OLZR FL ILQDQVRZ\FK HOHNWURZQL :DUWR ]D]QDF]\ü H RF]\V]F]DQLH VSDOLQ ]QDF]QLH ]ZL NV]D NRV]W Z\WZDU]DQLD HQHUJLL HOHNWU\F]QHMOXEFLHSOQHM 2GVLDUF]DQLHVSDOLQ 3ROVNLHZ JOHZ]DOH QR FLRGRNU JXZ\GRE\ZF]HJR]DZLHUDM VLDUNL 3RGF]DV VSDODQLD VLDUND ]DZDUWD Z ]ZL ]NDFK VLDUNRZ\FK Z Z JOX ˜SU]HFKRdzi” do VSDOLQ JÆyZQLH Z SRVWDFL GZXWOHQNX VLDUNL 62 0HWRG\ ]PQLHMV]DQLD ]DZDUWR FL GZXWOHQNXVLDUNLZVSDOLQDFKPR QDSRG]LHOLüQDWU]\JUXS\

Transcript of V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ -...

Page 1: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

����8U] G]HQLD�GR�RF]\V]F]DQLD�VSDOLQ�

: UyG� ]DQLHF]\V]F]H � HPLWRZDQ\FK� GR� DWPRVIHU\� SU]H]� HOHNWURZQLH� Z JORZH�QDMZL NV]H�]QDF]HQLH�PDM ��ORWQ\�SRSLyá��GZXWOHQHN�VLDUNL��62 � ��L�WOHQNL�D]RWX��12� ��>�@�� ,VWQLHM FH� MX � Z� ZL NV]R FL� NUDMyZ� RJUDQLF]HQLD� HPLVML� W\FK� ]DQLHF]\V]F]H �VSRZRGRZDá\� NRQLHF]QR ü� Z\SRVD HQLD� NRWáyZ� HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK� Z� LQVWDODFMH� GR�RGS\ODQLD��RGVLDUF]DQLD� L�RGD]RWRZDQLD�VSDOLQ��6WDQRZL �RQH�QLH]E GQH�X]XSHáQLHQLH�LQVWDODFML� NRWáRZ\FK�� D� R� LFK� ]QDF]HQLX� ZLDGF]\� IDNW�� H� VWDQRZL � RG� ��� GR� ����NRV]Wów�LQZHVW\F\MQ\FK�EXGRZ\�EORNX�HQHUJHW\F]QHJR���

2F]\V]F]DQLH� VSDOLQ� NRWáRZ\FK� SROHJD� QD� ]PQLHMV]HQLX� Z� QLFK� XG]LDáX�]DQLHF]\V]F]H � SRQL HM� SR]LRPX� RNUH ORQHJR� RGSRZLHGQLPL� SU]HSLVDPL�� 5HDOL]DFMD�WHJR� ]DGDQLD� MHVW� WUXGQD�� ]ZD \ZV]\�� H� XG]LDá� ]DQLHF]\V]F]H � Z� VSDOLQDFK� MHVW�QLHZLHONL�� RNUH ODQ\�Z�PLOLJUDPDFK�QD�PHWU� V]H FLHQQ\� VSDOLQ�� D�ZVSyáF]HVQH� NRWá\�HQHUJHW\F]QH�HPLWXM �SRQDG�PLOLRQ�PHWUyZ�V]H FLHQQ\FK�VSDOLQ�QD�JRG]LQ ���

0HWRG\� ]PQLHMV]DQLD� HPLVML� ]DQLHF]\V]F]H � ]� NRWáyZ�PR QD�XPRZQLH� SRG]LHOLü�QD�WU]\�JUXS\�G]LDáD ��Z\NRQ\ZDQ\FK��

¾�SU]HG�NRWáHP���¾�Z�NRWOH��¾�]D�NRWáHP��:\EyU� RGSRZLHGQLHM� WHFKQRORJLL� ]PQLHMV]DQLD� HPLVML� ]DQLHF]\V]F]H � ]DOH \�

SU]HGH�ZV]\VWNLP�RG�GRSXV]F]DOQHM�HPLVML�]DQLHF]\V]F]H �Z�GDQ\P�UHJLRQLH��VWRSQLD�]DQLHF]\V]F]HQLD� VSDOLQ� RUD]� RG� PR OLZR FL� ILQDQVRZ\FK� HOHNWURZQL�� :DUWR�]D]QDF]\ü�� H� RF]\V]F]DQLH� VSDOLQ� ]QDF]QLH� ]ZL NV]D� NRV]W� Z\WZDU]DQLD� HQHUJLL�HOHNWU\F]QHM�OXE�FLHSOQHM��

������2GVLDUF]DQLH�VSDOLQ�3ROVNLH�Z JOH��Z�]DOH QR FL�RG�RNU JX�Z\GRE\ZF]HJR��]DZLHUDM ����–�����VLDUNL��

3RGF]DV� VSDODQLD� VLDUND� ]DZDUWD�Z�]ZL ]NDFK� VLDUNRZ\FK�Z�Z JOX�ÄSU]HFKRdzi” do VSDOLQ� JáyZQLH� Z� SRVWDFL� GZXWOHQNX� VLDUNL� �62 � ��� 0HWRG\� ]PQLHMV]DQLD� ]DZDUWR FL�GZXWOHQNX�VLDUNL�Z�VSDOLQDFK�PR QD�SRG]LHOLü�QD�WU]\�JUXS\��

Page 2: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

���������� ��� ��

���

¾�XVXZDQLH�VLDUNL�]�Z JOD��¾�ZL ]DQLH�62 � �SRGF]DV�VSDODQLD��¾�XVXZDQLH�62 � �]H�VSDOLQ�SR]D�NRWáHP��Wybór odpowiedniej� PHWRG\� RGVLDUF]DQLD� VSDOLQ� ]DOH \� RG�� XG]LDáX� 62 � � Z�

VSDOLQDFK��GRSXV]F]DOQHM�MHJR�HPLVML�L�URG]DMX�LQVWDODFML�NRWáRZHM��

��������8VXZDQLH�VLDUNL�]�Z JOD�8VXZDQLH� VLDUNL� ]� Z JOD� SU]HG� VSDODQLHP� Z\GDMH� VL � QDMUDFMRQDOQLHMV]\P�

VSRVREHP� ]PQLHMV]HQLD� HPLVML� 62 � � ]� NRWáyZ� Z JORZ\FK�� 1LHVWHW\�� ]H� Z]JO GX� QD�Z\VRNLH� NRV]W\� PHWRG� RGG]LHODQLD� VLDUNL� RG� Z JOD�� VWRVXMH� VL � MH� Z� RJUDQLF]RQ\P�]DNUHVLH��

6LDUND� ]� Z JOD� NDPLHQQHJR� F] FLRZR� MHVW� XVXZDQD� Z� SURFHVLH� Z]ERJDFDQLD�Z JOD�� 3URFHV� WHQ� SROHJD� QD� JUDZLWDF\MQ\P� RGG]LHODQLX� VXEVWDQFML� PLQHUDOQHM� RG�Z JOD��Z� K\GURF\NORQDFK�� :\VW SXM F � Z� Z JOX� VLDUN �� QD� RJyá� Z� SRVWDFL� SLU\WX� �)H6 � ���VWRVXQNRZR� áDWZR� VL � RGG]LHOD� RG�Z JOD�� RG� NWyUHJR� MHVW� RNRáR� WU]\NURWQLH� FL V]D��7\P� VSRVREHP� XVXZD� VL � SRGF]DV� Z]ERJDFDQLD� RNRáR� ���� VLDUNL� ]� Z JOD�� FR�SRZRGXMH�� H� GRVW SQH� QD� SROVNLP� U\QNX� Z]ERJDFRQH� Z JOH� NDPLHQQH� PDM �]DZDUWR ü� VLDUNL� PQLHMV] � QL � ���� 0HWRG\� Z]ERJDFDQLD� Z JOD� QLH� VWRVXMH� VL � Z�RGQLHVLHQLX�GR�Z JOL�EUXQDWQ\FK��

��������6XFKD�PHWRGD�RGVLDUF]DQLD�VSDOLQ��Z�SDOHQLVNX��6XFKD�PHWRGD�RGVLDUF]DQLD�VSDOLQ�)6,��DQJ��)XUQDFH�6RUEHQW�,QMHFWLRQ��SROHJD�QD�

UHDJRZDQLX� 62 � � ]H� ]ZL ]NDPL� FKHPLF]Q\PL�� ]ZDQ\PL� VRUEHQWDPL�� Z� SDOHQLVNX�NRWáRZ\P�� :� WHFKQLFH� NRWáRZHM� QDMSRZV]HFKQLHM� VWRVRZDQ\PL� VRUEHQWDPL� 62 � � V �]ZL ]NL� ZDSQLRZH�� D� Z UyG� QLFK� SU]HGH� ZV]\VWNLP� Z JODQ\�� ZDSLH � �&D&2 � �� L�GRORPLW��&D&2 � 0J&2 � ���

3DOHQLVND�S\áRZH�6RUEHQW� Z� SRVWDFL� GUREQR� ]PLHORQHJR�

NDPLHQLD� ZDSLHQQHJR� �RNRáR� ���� &D&2 � ��]RVWDMH� UR]S\ORQ\�Z� JyUQHM� F] FL� SDOHQLVND�VSHFMDOQ\PL� G\V]DPL� �U\V�� ������� 3RG�ZSá\ZHP�Z\VRNLHM�WHPSHUDWXU\�Z�SDOHQLVNX�Z JODQ� ZDSQLD� XOHJD� UR]NáDGRZL� QD� WOHQHN�ZDSQLD�L�GZXWOHQHN�Z JOD�

&D&2 � �→�&D2���&2 � �� ��

Page 3: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

����� ��������� ��� �!��"#�#$ %���"&���'��� �(% )*��+ � �

���

��7OHQHN� ZDSQLD� �&D2�� UHDJXMH� ]� WOHQNDPL� VLDUNL�

�62 � �L�62 � ���GDM F�VLDUF]DQ�ZDSQLD�&D62 , ��DQK\GU\W����&D2����62 � ���2 � �→��&D62 , �

&D2���62 � �→�&D62 , �3URGXNW� RGVLDUF]DQLD� RUD]� F] VWNL�QLHSU]HUHDJRZDQHJR� VRUEHQWX� RSXV]F]DM � NRFLRá�

ZUD]� ]H� VSDOLQDPL�� D� QDVW SQLH� V � RGG]LHODQH� RG� VSDOLQ�� ZUD]� ]� ORWQ\P� SRSLRáHP�� Z�RGS\ODF]X�� 6SUDZQR ü� VXFKHM� PHWRG\� RGVLDUF]DQLD� VSDOLQ� Z� NRWáDFK� S\áRZ\FK� VL JD������

,QVWDODFMD� VXFKHJR�RGVLDUF]DQLD�VSDOLQ�VNáDGD�VL � ]H�]ELRUQLNyZ�VRUEHQWX��XNáDGX�WUDQVSRUWX� SQHXPDW\F]QHJR�� ]DVREQLNyZ� SU]\NRWáRZ\FK� RUD]� XNáDGów� UR]S\ODQLD�VRUEHQWX� Z� SDOHQLVNX� NRWáRZ\P� �U\V�� ������� =H� Z]JO GX� QD� ]QDF]Q\� VWUXPLH �SRGDZDQHJR� VRUEHQWX� GR� NRWáD� �QD� SU]\NáDG� �–�� NJ�V� GR� NRWáD� S\áRZHJR� 23������VWRVRZDQLH�LQVWDODFML�VXFKHJR�RGVLDUF]DQLD�MHVW�XZDUXQNRZDQH�SRVLDGDQLHP�ERF]QLF\�NROHMRZHM� GR� GRZR]X� VRUEHQtów� DOER� SU]HPLDáRZQL� NDPLHQLD� ZDSLHQQHJR�SU]\JRWRZXM FHM�UR]GUREQLRQ\�VRUEHQW�ZDSQLRZ\���

�.- /10� �� 0 230�4 5�/76 �8 �9 :�.;<�=>1��-�5 ��?@�5 A�B��>�'�?!�5 *C#������C#��D'5' ��5 E�=>�F/&��C�D E�5>6 G�?@�B'5 ��?!E�=>��>�(6 C7��E�9�H!I ��6 � J�?KB'-�� ��?�- 91HMLM �N�2'N>O

–I���6 � - N>P

–��D ��C75' I� /&��C D�E�5>6 G�N'Q

–B'5 E�G>;<�6 -'91��5'-

G�I'� ��RB>C7��E�/7-�� ��?�-F/&��C�D�E�5>6 G�N'S–���/&��D'5 I�'6 C���-�I���6 � ��?�ER/&��C7D E�5>6 G

3DOHQLVND�IOXLGDOQH�

�.- /103 1� 0 �0�TU�>�'�?��5 ER/&��C D�E�5>6 G!?@�B'5' ��?!E�=���>�RI���6 � .B'-�� ��?!E�=>�

Page 4: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

���������� ��� ��

���

:� NRWOH� IOXLGDOQ\P� SDQXM �VSU]\MDM FH� ZDUXQNL� GR� VXFKHJR�RGVLDUF]DQLD� VSDOLQ� ]H� Z]JO GX� QD��GáXJL� F]DV� SU]HE\ZDQLD�� GX �LQWHQV\ZQR ü� UHDJRZDQLD� L�VWDELOL]XM F\� SURGXNW� RGVLDUF]DQLD�]DNUHV� WHPSHUDWXU\� ���−���� °&� Z�]áR X� IOXLGDOQ\P�� 'R� RGVLDUF]DQLD�VWRVXMH� VL � ]PLHORQ\� NDPLH �ZDSLHQQ\�R�PQLHMV]\P�UR]GUREQLHQLX��§� ����µP�� QL � GR� NRWáyZ� S\áRZ\FK��� ��� µP��� który� Z� ]QDF]QHM� PLHU]H�WZRU]\� PDWHULDá� ]áR D�� 6RUEHQW�ZDSQLRZ\� MHVW� SRGDZDQ\� GR�

SDOHQLVND� ]� ]DVREQLND� SU]\NRWáRZHJR� Z� WHQ� VDP� VSRVyE�� MDN� Z JLHO� ��������3RZVWDá\� Z� ]áR X� VLDUF]DQ� ZDSQLD� �DQK\GU\W�� MHVW� RGSURZDG]DQ\� ]� NRWáD�IOXLGDOQHJR�ZUD]�]�SRSLRáHP�ORWQ\P�L�]�SRSLRáHP�GHQQ\P��

� �.- /103 �� 0 O�0�VR�>/W WC&91���5 E.?XI���6 8 EAY 8 G �>�8 5'->;ZL

–? => E�8 N�2

–/&��C7D E�5>6 N>O

–�1� � EAY�8 G' �'�8 5'E

�6NXWHF]QR ü�RGVLDUF]DQLD�VSDOLQ�Z�NRWOH�IOXLGDOQ\P�SU]HNUDF]D�����GOD�VWRVXQNX�

PRORZHJR�&D���6� �����Z�SDOHQLVNX��D�GOD�&D���6� �����RVL JD�QDZHW�����>�@��

��������0HWRG\�XVXZDQLD�GZXWOHQNX�VLDUNL��]H�VSDOLQ�SR]D�NRWáHP�

0HWRG\� XVXZDQLD� GZXWOHQNX� VLDUNL� ]H� VSDOLQ� PR QD� SRG]LHOLü� �]H� Z]JO GX� QD�VWRVRZDQH�XU] G]HQLD��QD���

¾�PRNUH��¾�SyáVXFKH��¾�DGVRUSF\MQH�L�NDWDOLW\F]QH��

w których� VWRVXMH� VL � Uy QH� VRUEHQW\�� QDMF] FLHM� X \ZDQH� ZDSQLRZH� RUD]� VRGRZH��DPRQLDNDOQH�L�PDJQH]RZH�>�@���

:� HQHUJHW\FH�Z JORZHM� GR� R]QDF]DQLD� LQVWDODFML� RGVLDUF]DQLD� VSDOLQ� VWRVXMH� VL �skrót IOS.�

�0RNUD�PHWRGD�ZDSLHQQD�:� PHWRGDFK� PRNU\FK� XVXZDQLD� GZXWOHQNX� VLDUNL� ]H� VSDOLQ� NRU]\VWD� VL � ]H�

]GROQR FL�UR]SXV]F]DQLD�VL �GZXWOHQNX�VLDUNL�Z�ZRG]LH��MHJR�NZDVRZHJR�FKDUDNWHUX�L�]GROQR FL� ZL ]DQLD� VL � ]� DONDOLDPL�� 3RGVWDZ � VNXWHF]QHJR� RGVLDUF]DQLD� Z� GDQHM�

Page 5: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

����� ��������� ��� �!��"#�#$ %���"&���'��� �(% )*��+ � �

���

PHWRG]LH� MHVW� VWZRU]HQLH� MDN� QDMZL NV]HM� SRZLHU]FKQL� ]HWNQL FLD� JD]X� ]� FLHF] �� Z�której jest rozpuszczony sorbent. �

:� PRNUHM� PHWRG]LH� RGVLDUF]DQLD� ]� X \FLHP� VRUEHQWX� ZDSQLRZHJR� ZL ]DQLH�GZXWOHQNX� VLDUNL� RGE\ZD� VL � Z� UHDNFMDFK� DEVRUSFML� ]� Z JODQHP� ZDSQLD� GDM F\FK�VLDUF]DQ\�L�VLDUF]\Q\��

&D&2 � ���62 � ���+ � 2�→�&D62 � ���&2 � ���+ � 2�&D&2 � ���62 � ���+ � O + 1 �2 � �→�&D62 , ���&2 � ���+ � 2�

3RZVWDM F\� Z� SURFHVLH� DEVRUSFML� V]ODP� VLDUF]DQX� L� VLDUF]\QX� ZDSQLRZHJR� MHVW�XWOHQLDQ\�Z�UHWHQF\MQHM��GROQHM��F] FL�DEVRUEHUD�GR�VLDUF]DQX�ZDSLHQQHJR��

&D62 � + 1 2 � ����+ � 2�→�&D62 , ·2H � 2�który SR� RF]\V]F]HQLX�� RVXV]HQLX� L� F] FLRZ\P� RGZRGQLHQLX� NLHURZDQ\� MHVW� GR�KDQGOX�MDNR�JLSV���

,QVWDODFMD�PRNUHJR� RGVLDUF]DQLD� VSDOLQ� NRWáRZ\FK� �U\V�� ������PD� NLOND�ZD Q\FK�Z ]áyZ��DEVRUSFML�62 � ��XVXZDQLD�RF]\V]F]RQ\FK�VSDOLQ� L�]DJRVSRGDURZDQLD�RGSDGX��Uy QLH�NRQVWUXRZDQ\FK�SU]H]�SURGXFHQWów�LQVWDODFML���

�.- /103 1� 0 P30�4 5�/76 �8 �9 :�.;[��I'C&E�=��!�>�'/W WC&91���5 A/7B �8 5@\ 4�V!]'^U�A���/76 �>/&��?!�5 E�;_/W��C7D�E�5�6 G!?!�B'5 ��?!E�=>�3L

−I���;F 5�N�2

−WD3/&��C7D EWCWN>O

−�1C#�/7��18 5 I�N�P

−�>��I>C&WB�8 �91��N>Q

−H>-'��C#� 9�-�I 8 ��5�N>S

−��D ��C�5 I@?!�>��-

�(�>��?��>��5 E�5 A=� B3/7G�N'`−�1D ��C�5 I[/&��C D�E�5>6 G�N �

−;F E�/#���8 5 I!?!�>��5 E :*���?! E�/& 5'-F/&��C D�E�5>6 G

��

��

��

����

��

��

/7B��8 5>-

���/& WC#9�����5 E/#B �8 5>-

B���?! E�6 C���E5 �6 8 E�5 : 9�E

�>�'/& WC&9�����5 E

��;[ E�8 ��5'-I3�;F E?@�BM0

=> B3/

9� E�I�

?��>�'B�C&�'91E�/&��?@

/&��C D E�5>6

Page 6: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

���������� ��� ��

���

=H�Z]JO GX�QD�WR�� H�Z\FKRG] FH�]�DEVRUEHUD�VSDOLQ\�PDM �WHPSHUDWXU �QL V] �QL �WHPSHUDWXUD�SXQNWX�URV\��VWRVXMH�VL �Uy QH�UR]ZL ]DQLD�RGSURZDG]DQLD�RGVLDUF]RQ\FK�VSDOLQ�� HE\�XQLNQ ü�NRUR]ML�NDQDáyZ� L�ZHQW\ODWRUD� VSDOLQ�QD�GURG]H�GR�NRPLQD��'R�QDMZD QLHMV]\FK�UR]ZL ]D �Z�W\P�]DNUHVLH�QDOH ��U\V���������

D��SRGJU]HZDQLH� RGVLDUF]RQ\FK� VSDOLQ� SRZ\ HM� WHPSHUDWXU\� SXQNWX� URV\� Z�REURWRZ\P�SRGJU]HZDF]X�VSDOLQ��236����

E��SRGJU]HZDQLH� RGVLDUF]RQ\FK� VSDOLQ� SU]H]� ]PLHV]DQLH� ]� ]DVLDUF]RQ\PL��JRU F\PL�VSDOLQDPL��

F��XVXZDQLH�RGVLDUF]RQ\FK�VSDOLQ�GR�DWPRVIHU\�SU]H]�FKáRGQL �NRPLQRZ ��:�UR]ZL ]DQLX�F��EORN�HQHUJHW\F]Q\�]�NRWáHP�RSDODQ\P�Z JOHP�QLH�PD�NRPLQD��

NWyU\�MHVW�]E GQ\��

� �.- /103 ��'0 Q�0']�B��'/&��D>-@�>��B>C&��?!������5' ��>�'/& WC#91����5>- 9�HF/#B��8 5!�( 5 /76 �8 �9 :W';[��I'C#E�=>�!�'�>/W WC&91���5 A/�B��8 5ML

–I ��;[ 5�N>2

–9�H>� ����5 *I���;[ 5 ��?@�N>O

–WD�/&��C�D E�C

:L ]DQLH� GZXWOHQNX� VLDUNL� ]� ]DZDUW\P� Z� ZRGQHM� ]DZLHVLQLH� VRUEHQWHP�ZDSQLRZ\P� ]DFKRG]L� Z� DEVRUEHU]H� W\SX� NROXPQD� QDWU\VNRZD�� 5R]twór wodny VRUEHQWX� MHVW� UR]S\ODQ\�Z� ]UDV]DOQLNX�Z� JyUQHM� F] FL� NROXPQ\�� D� ]DQLHF]\V]F]RQH�VSDOLQ\� SU]HSá\ZDM � Z� SU]HFLZSU G]LH� RG� GRáX�� 6NXWHF]QR ü� RGVLDUF]DQLD� ]DOH \�]QDF]QLH�RG�UR]S\OHQLD�VRUEHQWX��1DG�]UDV]DOQLNLHP�MHVW�RGNUDSODF]��DQJ��'HPLVWHU���

którego zadDQLHP� MHVW� XVXQL FLH� ]� RGVLDUF]RQ\FK�VSDOLQ� QDGPLDUX� ZRG\�� :� GROQHM� F] FL� DEVRUEHUD�SRGDZDQH� MHVW�SRZLHWU]H�Z�FHOX�XWOHQLHQLD� VLDUF]\QX�ZDSQLRZHJR���

1D� U\VXQNX� ����� SU]HGVWDZLRQR� SU]\NáDG�NRQVWUXNFML� DEVRUEHUD� SU]H]QDF]RQHJR� GR�RGVLDUF]DQLD�VSDOLQ�NRWáRZ\FK�ILUP\�6WHLQPüOOHU�>�@��

����

/7B��8 5>-

���/& WC#9�����5 E 1P a

–150 °C

/7B��8 5>-

�>�>/W WCW9�����5'E� VAT�]=���C 9�-9���-�5>5 I

/7B��8 5>-

���/W WC&9�����5'E �P a

–150 °C

/#B �8 5>-

�>�>/W WCW9�����5'E/7B��8 5�-

���/& WC#9�����5 E 1P'a

–150 °C

/7B��8 5>-

�>�'/& WC&9�����5 E

D�� E�� F��

�� �

����

Page 7: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

����� ��������� ��� �!��"#�#$ %���"&���'��� �(% )*��+ � �

���

����

0RNUD� PHWRGD� ZDSLHQQD�RGVLDUF]DQLD� MHVW� QLHPDO�

EH]RGSDGRZD�� SRQLHZD � ]PRG\ILNRZDQ\� SURGXNW� RGVLDUF]DQLD� �JLSV�� ]QDMGXMH�]DVWRVRZDQLH� Z� EXGRZQLFWZLH�� 1LHZLHON � SR]RVWDáR FL � MHVW� V]ODP� SR� RF]\V]F]DQLX�ZRG\� XVXZDQHM� ]� JLSVX�� ]DZLHUDM F\� ]ZL ]NL� IOXRUX� L� FKORUX� RUD]� PHWDOH� FL NLH��6NXWHF]QR ü� RGVLDUF]DQLD� VSDOLQ� NRWáRZ\FK� W �PHWRG � SU]HNUDF]D� �����2EHFQLH� WHQ�W\S� LQVWDODFML� RGVLDUF]DQLD� VSDOLQ� MHVW� VWDQGDUGRZ\P� Z\SRVD HQLHP� EORNyZ�HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK�]�NRWáHP�S\áRZ\P��

�3yáVXFKD�PHWRGD�ZDSLHQQD�:� PHWRG]LH� SyáVXFKHM� �DQJ�� 'U\� 6FUXEELQJ�� RGVLDUF]DQLH� RGE\ZD� VL � Z�

DEVRUEHrze, w którym wodna zawiesLQD� VRUEHQWX� �QDMF] FLHM� MHVW� VWRVRZDQ\�ZRGRURWOHQHN�ZDSQLD�Z� VW HQLX� ��–25%) jest rozpylana u góry absorbHUD�� VSDOLQ\�SU]HSá\ZDM �ZH�ZVSyáSU G]LH��U\V���������7HPSHUDWXUD�ZORWRZD�VSDOLQ�RUD]�]DZDUWR ü�ZRG\�Z�]DZLHVLQLH�ZRGD–VRUEHQW�V �WDN�GREUDQH��DE\�ZRGD�FDáNRZLFLH�Z\SDURZDáD��D�WHPSHUDWXUD�VSDOLQ�QD�Z\ORFLH�DEVRUEHUD�SU]HZ\ V]DáD�WHPSHUDWXU �SXQNWX�URV\�R���–���VWRSQL��

(IHNW\ZQR ü� PHWRG\� Z� ]QDF] F\� VSRVyE� ]DOH \� RG� MDNR FL� UR]S\ODQLD� L� F]DVX�NRQWDNWX� VRUEHQWX� ]H� VSDOLQDPL�� GODWHJR� Z� DEVRUEHU]H� VSDOLQ\� SRZLQQ\� SU]HSá\ZDü�SU]H]��–��� V��5R]WZyU�ZRGQ\� VRUEHQWX� UR]S\OD� VL � VSU RQ\P�SRZLHWU]HP� OXE�SDU �ZRGQ �]D�SRPRF �UR]S\ODF]\�ZLURZ\FK�OXE�SQHXPDW\F]Q\FK������E����������D�� �������E��

�.- /103 �� 0 S�0�b���8 G>;@5�.5��6 C�- /7I���?!>L3 –�1C&�/#���9���N�2

–�>��I>C&�B 8 �9���N

O–;[ E�/#������ �[c P>d

Page 8: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

���������� ��� ��

���

�.-'/�0� �� 0 ` 0�VR�'/& WC#91���5 E.;FE�6 �'� B J�� /#G 9WH L�1^e 5 /76 �8 �9 :�A�>�'/& WC#91���5 �N�D ^e�D�/&��C7D EWC�L

–WD�/&��C�D E�C&N>2

–E�8 E�I>6 C&��Y� 8 6 CWN�O

−?!8 ��6M/7B��8 5 N�P

−��- /#��fC#����B'-'8 �5 A/&��C D�E�5>6 G N

Q−?(->8 ��6U/7B318 5�N'S

− odprowadzenie produktów odsiaC&9����5 �c O�d

�:� Uy Q\P� VWRSQLX� SU]HUHDJRZDQH� F] VWNL� VRUEHQWX�RUD]� F] VWNL� SRSLRáX� ORWQHJR�

F] FLRZR� RSDGDM � QD� GQR� DEVRUEHUD�� VN G� V � RGSURZDG]DQH� Z� SRVWDFL� V]ODPX�� D�SR]RVWDáD� LFK� F] ü� MHVW� XVXZDQD� ]H� VSDOLQ� Z� RGS\ODF]X� VSDOLQ� �ILOWU� WNDQLQRZ\��HOHNWURILOWU���U\V���������

:�HQHUJHW\FH�]DVWRVRZDQLH�PDM �PHWRG\�SyáVXFKH��E G FH�UR]ZLQL FLHP�PHWRG\�VXFKHM�� SRQLHZD � XPR OLZLDM � Z\NRU]\VWDQLH� WDQLHJR� Z JODQX� ZDSQLD� �NDPLHQLD�ZDSLHQQHJR��]DPLDVW�]QDF]QLH�GUR V]HJR�ZRGRURWOHQNX�ZDSQLD��0HWRG\�WH��R]QDF]DQH�skrótem )6,� �� 4� �DQJ�� )XUQDFH� 6RUEHQW� ,QMHFWLRQ� �� 4XHQFK��� V � GZXVWRSQLRZH��SU]\NáDGHP�MHVW�RSUDFRZDQD�Z�=(&�:URFáDZ�.21*5(*$&-$�6�$��LQVWDODFMD�,26�:$:2��ZDSQR��ZRGD���U\V��������>�@��

:� LQVWDODFML� :$:2�� Z� JyUQHM� F] FL� SDOHQLVND� S\áRZHJR� SRGDZDQ\� MHVW�UR]GUREQLRQ\� NDPLH � ZDSLHQQ\�� WUDILDM F\� QDVW SQLH� ]H� VSDOLQDPL� GR� UHDNWRUD��DEVRUEHUD����:�SDOHQLVNX�NDPLH �ZDSLHQQ\�UR]NáDGD�VL ��Z\G]LHODM F�&D2��NWyU\�F] FLRZR�ZL H�62 � ��'DOV]\�SURFHV�RGVLDUF]DQLD�]DFKRG]L�Z�]UDV]DF]X�VSDOLQ��VNUXEHU]H���&D2�]RVWDMH�XZRGQLRQ\�GR�ZRGRURWOHQNX�Z�NRQWDNFLH�]�UR]S\ODQ �WDP�ZRG �

&D2�+�+ � 2�=�&D�2+� � �NWyU\�ZL H�62 � �

&D�2+� � �+�62 � �+�+ � 2�� 1 2 � �→�&D62 , ����+ � 2�=DOHW � PHWRG� SyáVXFK\FK� RGVLDUF]DQLD� MHVW� EUDN� SRGJU]HZDF]D� VSDOLQ� SU]HG�

NRPLQHP�� ZDG � QDWRPLDVW� –� ]ZL NV]HQLH� ]DS\OHQLD� VSDOLQ� L� ZL NV]H� REFL HQLH�RGS\ODF]D��(IHNW\ZQR ü�RGVLDUF]DQLD�VSDOLQ�W\PL�PHWRGDPL�VL JD�����GOD�&D���6�=����

Page 9: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

����� ��������� ��� �!��"#�#$ %���"&���'��� �(% )*��+ � �

���

�*- /�0� �� 0 �'0�4 5 /#6 �8 �9 :�.B'J�� /7G�9�H E�=>���>�'/& WC&9����5 .gih�gXV@L3 −/& 8 �'/WN�2

−���/&��D>5 I@B�C7��-�I ��6 � ��?�- N

O−B �8 E�5 /�I��RI���6 � ��?!E�N>P

−��D>C&��6 ��?�-(B��>��=�C#��E�?!�9���B���?! E�6 C7���N�Q

−WD3/&��C7D EWCWN>S

−E�8 E�I>6 C#�'Y� 8 6 C&N>`

−I���;F 5

�0HWRG\�DGVRUSF\MQH�L�NDWDOLW\F]QH�$GVRUSF\MQH� L� NDWDOLW\F]QH� PHWRG\� RGVLDUF]DQLD� ]DOLF]D� VL � GR� PHWRG�

EH]RGSDGRZ\FK�� 0HWRG\� DGVRUSF\MQH� RGVLDUF]DQLD� VSDOLQ� RSLHUDM � VL � QD�DGVRUSF\MQ\FK� ZáD FLZR FLDFK� Z JOD� DNW\ZQHJR�� 1D� SU]\NáDG� Z� PHWRG]LH� +LWDFKL�VSDOLQ\�SU]HSá\ZDM �SU]H]�]áR H�Z JOD�DNW\ZQHJR��NWyU\�DEVRUEXMH�GZXWOHQHN�VLDUNL��:� REHFQR FL� WOHQX��Z�VSDOLQDFK�]DDGVRUERZDQ\�QD�Z JOX�DNW\ZQ\P�GZXWOHQHN�VLDUNL�XOHJD�XWOHQLHQLX�GR�WUyMWOHQNX�VLDUNL��NWyU\� MHVW�Z\P\ZDQ\�Z�SURFHVLH�UHJHQHUDFML�SDU �ZRGQ �Z�SRVWDFL�NZDVX�VLDUNRZHJR�>��@��0HWRG\�DGVRUSF\MQH�QDGDM �VL �GR�QLHZLHONLFK�HPLWHrów gazu �NRWáRZQLH��FLHSáRZQLH�LWS����

.DWDOLW\F]QH�RGVLDUF]DQLH�VSDOLQ�SROHJD�QD�XWOHQLDQLX�62 � �GR�62 � �Z�NRQZHUWHU]H��]�ZDQDGRZ\P�NDWDOL]DWRUHP�Z� WHPSHUDWXU]H� RNRáR� ���� °&�� D� QDVW SQLH� VFKáRG]HQLX�VSDOLQ� SRQL HM� WHPSHUDWXU\� SXQNWX� URV\� Z� VNUDSODF]X�� =DZDUWD� Z� VSDOLQDFK� SDUD�ZRGQD�VNUDSOD�VL �wówczas L�á F]\�62 � ��WZRU] F�NZDV�VLDUNRZ\��NWyU\�VSá\ZD�QD�GQR�VNUDSODF]D�� 3U]HG� NRPLQHP� VSDOLQ\� PXV] � E\ü� SRQRZQLH� SRGJU]DQH� SRZ\ HM�WHPSHUDWXU\� SXQNWX� URV\� �U\V�� ������� (IHNW\ZQR ü� RGVLDUF]DQLD� VSDOLQ� PHWRG �NDWDOLW\F]Q �VL JD�������

j j VRk

/7B��8 5>-���/& WC#9�����5 E

�>�'/ WC&9�����5 E/7B�18 5>-

?!�>�'

��

��

��

��

� �

Page 10: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

���������� ��� ��

���

�.- /103 ��'0 l�0�b��6 18 6 -'91��5 EA�>�'/& WC&91��W5 EA/#B �8 5UL�8–I ��5>?!E�C�6 E�C&N�2

–/7I>C&WB 8 �9���N

O!'P–?R->;[ E15'5 I 39� EWB>� A\�/W9�H>� ������9��(>B �>�>=�C7��E�?@�9���^

������2GD]RWRZDQLH�VSDOLQ�3RGF]DV� VSDODQLD�SDOLZ�SRZVWDM � WOHQNL� D]RWX� �R]QDF]DQH�Z� WHFKQLFH�SU]H]�12� ���

Z�Z\QLNX� XWOHQLDQLD� D]RWX� ]DZDUWHJR�Z� SRZLHWU]X� �WHUPLF]QH� 12� �� RUD]� ]ZL ]NyZ�D]RWRZ\FK�]DZDUW\FK�Z�SDOLZDFK��SDOLZRZH�12� ���1D�SU]\NáDG�Z�Z JOX�MHVW�GR����D]RWX�]DZDUWHJR�Z�]ZL ]NDFK�D]RWRZ\FK��NWyUH�SRGF]DV�VSDODQLD�Z�]QDF]Q\P�VWRSQLX�XOHJDM �XWOHQLHQLX�GR�12� �>��@��

0HWRG\�RJUDQLF]DQLD� HPLVML� WOHQNyZ�D]RWX� SRZVWDM F\FK�SRGF]DV� VSDODQLD� SDOLZ�G]LHOL�VL �QD�GZLH�JUXS\�SU]HGVL Z]L ü��

¾�SLHUZRWQH�–�SROHJDM FH�QD�]PLDQLH�RUJDQL]DFML�VSDODQLD���¾�ZWyUQH�–�PDM FH�QD�FHOX�UHGXNFM �12� �Z�VSDOLQDFK��:� SLHUZV]HM� JUXSLH� SU]HGVL Z]L ü� HPLVM � 12� � RJUDQLF]D� VL � SU]H]� PRG\ILNDFM �

SURFHVX�VSDODQLD��:�GUXJLHM�JUXSLH�SU]HGVL Z]L ü�VSDOLQ\�RGD]RWRZXMH�VL �SR]D�NRWáHP��

��������0HWRG\�SLHUZRWQH�RGD]RWRZDQLD�VSDOLQ�0HWRG\�SLHUZRWQH�RGD]RWRZDQLD�VSDOLQ�SROHJDM �QD�WDNLHM�PRG\ILNDFML�RUJDQL]DFML�

SURFHVX� VSDODQLD�� HE\�RJUDQLF]\ü�SRZVWDZDQLH�12� �� D� MX �Z\WZRU]RQH�]UHGXNRZDü�GR� 1 � � �UHGXNFMD� WR� UHDNFMD� RGZURWQD� GR� XWOHQLDQLD��� :� Z JORZ\FK� NRWáDFK�HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK�QDMZL NV]H�]DVWRVRZDQLH�GR�RJUDQLF]DQLD�HPLVML�12� �]QDOD]áD�]DVDGD�VWRSQLRZDQLD�SRZLHWU]D��SU]HGH�ZV]\VWNLP�SU]H]�X \FLH��

¾�QLVNRHPLV\MQ\FK�SDOQLNów�S\áRZ\FK��

Page 11: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

����� ��������� ��� �!��"#�#$ %���"&���'��� �(% )*��+ � �

���

¾�G\V]�2)$��1LVNRHPLV\MQH� SDOQLNL� S\áRZH� WR� SDOQLNL� ZLURZH� OXE� VWUXPLHQLRZH�� Z� NWyU\FK�

SRZLHWU]H� GR� VSDODQLD� GR]XMH� VL � VWRSQLRZR�� D� XNV]WDáWRZDQLH� SáRPLHQLD� NRQWUROXMH�SU]H]� RGSRZLHGQL � G\VWU\EXFM � S\áX� Z JORZHJR�� 1D� U\VXQNX� ������ SU]HGVWDZLRQR�VFKHPDW\F]QLH� NRQVWUXNFM � QLVNRHPLV\MQHJR� SDOQLND� S\áRZHJR� W\SX� ZLURZHJR�� 3R�SRrównDQLX� EXGRZ\� WHJR�SDOQLND� ]� NODV\F]Q\P�ZLURZ\P�SDOQLNLHP� S\áRZ\P� �U\V��������ZLGDü�� H�MHJR�NRQVWUXNFMD�MHVW�EDUG]LHM�VNRPSOLNRZDQD��PD�ERZLHP�GRGDWNRZ\�VWUXPLH �SRZLHWU]D��WU]HFL���NRQFHQWUDWRU�S\áX�RUD]�VWDELOL]DWRU�SáRPLHQLD��

�.-'/�0� �� 0 �a 0WmF /�I���E�;[ /#-&:#5'-�B3�8 5 I!B'-�� ��?�-!6 -�B'G!?� C&��?!E�='��=Z\NOH� ]DVWRVRZDQLH� QLVNRHPLV\MQ\FK� SDOQLNyZ� QLH� MHVW� Z\VWDUF]DM FH� GR�

Z\PDJDQHJR� RJUDQLF]HQLD� HPLVML� 12� � ]� NRWáyZ� S\áRZ\FK�� .RQLHF]QH� MHVW� WDN H�VWRSQLRZDQLH�SRZLHWU]D�Z�VNDOL�FDáHM�NRPRU\�SDOHQLVNRZHM��U\V����������SROHJDM FH�QD�SRG]LDOH�FDáNRZLWHJR�VWUXPLHQLD�SRZLHWU]D�GR�VSDODQLD�QD��

¾�VWUXPLH �SRZLHWU]D�SRGDZDQHJR�GR�SDOQLNyZ��X�GRáX�SDOHQLVND���¾�VWUXPLH �SRZLHWU]D�GR�G\V]�2)$��X�JyU\�SDOHQLVND���OFA to skrót od ang. 2YHU�)LUH�$LU�–� SRZLHWU]H� SRGDZDQH� QDG� SDOQLNDPL� DOER�

EDUG]LHM�SUDZLGáRZR�−�Z�JyUQHM�F] FL�SDOHQLVND�NRWáRZHJR���

Page 12: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

���������� ��� ��

���

�.- /103 ��'0 ' �0�]�6 ��B>5 ��?!�5 E.B ��?! E�6 C#��*?KI���6 8 E*B'-�� ��?�->;n�R���/76 �>/&��?@W5' E1;n��- /#��VAo h

�������0HWRG\�ZWyUQH�RGD]RWRZDQLD�VSDOLQ�0HWRG\� SLHUZRWQH� XPR OLZLDM � ]PQLHMV]HQLH� HPLVML� 12� R� RNRáR� ����� Z�

SU]\SDGNyZ� GX \FK�� HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK� NRWáyZ� S\áRZ\FK�� HPLVMD�12� �PR H�ZL F� E\ü�]E\W�GX D��PLPR�X \FLD�SDOQików niskoemisyjnych i dysz OFA,�wówczas�QLH]E GQH�MHVW�]DVWRVRZDQLH�PHWRG�ZWyUQ\FK�RGD]RWRZDQLD�VSDOLQ��

:�HQHUJHW\FH�]DZRGRZHM�GR�RGD]RWRZDQLD�VSDOLQ�]D�NRWáHP�QDMF] FLHM�VWRVXMH�VL �PHWRG � VHOHNW\ZQHM�NDWDOLW\F]QHM� UHGXNFML�6&5��DQJ��6HOHFWLYH�&DWDO\WLF�5HGXFWLRQ���Polega ona na redukcji tlenków azotu amoniakiem (NH � ��Z�WHPSHUDWXU]H�RN������°&��Z� REHFQR FL� NDWDOL]DWRUD�� $PRQLDN� MHVW� ZWU\VNLZDQ\� GR� JRU F\FK� VSDOLQ� SU]HG�NDWDOLzatorem, w których odparowuje (rys. 8.12). Chemia procesu redukcji NO� �DPRQLDkiem „na katalizatorze” jest skomplikowana� równanie stechiometrii reakcji, ZHGáXJ którHJR�PR QD�RNUH OLü�]DSRWU]HERZDQLH�DPRQLDNX�Z\UD D�VL �QDVW SXM FR���

�12����1+ � �→����1 � ����+ � 2�

�*- /�0� �� 0 �230�b!�6 �8 6 -'91��5 EA�>�'�����6 ��?!�5 ER/7B��8 5F�;[��5 �I E1;

��- /#��ERVAo h �

B'-�� ? =>8 ��?�-

B ��?� E�6 C���Ewtórne

Page 13: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

����� ��������� ��� �!��"#�#$ %���"&���'��� �(% )*��+ � �

���

6SDOLQ\� RGD]RWRZXMH� VL � Z� UHDNWRU]H��PDM F\P�IRUP �NDQDáX�Z\SHáQLRQHJR�ND��WDOL]DWRUHP�� SU]H]� NWyU\� SU]HSá\ZDM �VSDOLQ\� ]� GRGDWNLHP� DPRQLDNX��.DWDOL]DWRU� WZRU] � W]Z�� PRQROLW\�� 6 � WR�FHUDPLF]QH� HOHPHQW\�� GáXJR FL� RNRáR�MHGQHJR� PHWUD���R� VWUXNWXU]H� SODVWUD� PLRGX� �U\V�� ��������6XEVWDQFM � DNW\ZQ � �NDWDOL]DWRUHP�� V �WOHQNL�ZDQDGX��URGX�L�ZROIUDPX���

0HWRGD� 6&5� MHVW� SRZV]HFKQLH�VWRVRZDQD�� PLPR� ]QDF]Q\FK� NRV]Wów�HNVSORDWDF\MQ\FK�� Z\QLNDM F\FK� ]�]DSRWU]HERZDQLD� QD� DPRQLDN� �RNRáR� �� WRQ�QD� GRE � GR� EORNX� HQHUJHW\F]QHJR� R�PRF\�����0: p ��RUD]�Z\VRNLHM�FHQ\�NDWDOL]DWRUD��QDUD RQHJR� QD� FLHUDQLH� L� ]DW\NDQLH�SRSLRáHP� ORWQ\P�� 6NX�� WHF]QR ü� UHGXNFML�HPLVML�12� �PHWRG �6&5�SU]HNUDF]D�MHGQDN�

������'R� PHWRG� DPRQLDNDOQ\FK� RGD]RWRZDQLD� VSDOLQ� ]DOLF]D� VL � PHWRG � 61&5� �DQJ���

6HOHFWLYH� 1RQ�&DWDO\WLF� 5HGXFWLRQ), która polega na wprowadzaniu amoniaku do góUQHM� F] FL� SDOHQLVND� NRWáRZHJR�� :� RSW\PDOQ\FK� ZDUXQNDFK� VSUDZQR ü� PHWRG\�61&5� VL JD� ����� DOH� Z\VW SXMH� QLHEH]SLHF]H VWZR� HPLVML� 1+ � � OXE� ]ZL NV]HQLD�HPLVML�12� ��JG\E\�SURFHV�SU]HELHJDá�Z�QLHZáD FLZ\FK�ZDUXQNDFK���

=�LQQ\FK�PHWRG�XVXZDQLD�12� SR]D�NRWáHP�QDOH \�Z\PLHQLü�PHWRG\�DEVRUSF\MQH��Z�NWyU\FK�DEVRUEHUHP�MHVW�Z JLHO�DNW\ZQ\�OXE�NRNV���

������2GS\ODQLH�JD]yZ�3RGF]DV� VSDODQLD� VXEVWDQFMD� PLQHUDOQD� Z� Z JOX� XOHJD� WRSQLHQLX�� SDURZDQLX� L�

NRQGHQVDFML��WZRU] F�RGSDG\�SDOHQLVNRZH�� X HO�L�SRSLyá�ORWQ\���:�NRWáDFK�S\áRZ\FK� ORWQ\�SRSLyá� VWDQRZL���–����RGSDGX�SDOHQLVNRZHJR� L� MHVW�

XVXZDQ\�]�NRWáD�]H�VSDOLQDPL��:�WHJR�W\SX�NRWáDFK�GRPLQXMH�Z�SRSLHOH�ORWQ\P�IUDNFMD�F] VWHN����−���µP��

=H� Z]JO GX� QD� GX H� ]DS\OHQLH� VSDOLQ� ]� SDOHQLVN� Z JORZ\FK� jak i gazów HPLWRZDQ\FK� SU]H]� ]DNáDG\� SU]HP\VáRZH� �Z� Z\QLNX� SURFHVów UR]GUDEQLDQLD��VXV]HQLD��REróbkL�ZáyNLHQ��WUDQVSRUWX�L�V]OLIRZDQLD���NRQLHF]QH�MHVW�RGS\ODQLH gazów. 1DMF] FLHM� VWRVRZDQH� XU] G]HQLD� RGS\ODM FH� –� ]� XZDJL� QD� ]DVWRVRZDQH� Z� QLFK�PHFKDQL]P\�RGG]LHODQLD�ID]\�VWDáHM�RG�JD]X�–�G]LHOL�VL �QD��

¾�PHFKDQLF]QH��G]LDáDM FH�QD�]DVDG]LH�VLá�RG URGNRZ\FK��

�.- /103 �� 0 �P30�q.G ����[email protected] �6 �8 ���6 ��C&>L

–;F��5 �>8 6 N>2

–;F�>��G>� N

O–C&E��I>6 ��C

Page 14: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

���������� ��� ��

���

¾�WNDQLQRZH��¾�HOHNWURVWDW\F]QH��:\EyU�RGSRZLHGQLHJR�XU] G]HQLD�RGS\ODM FHJR�]DOH \�RG�VWRSQLD�]DS\OHQLD�JD]X��

FKDUDNWHU\VW\NL� S\áX�� Z\PDJDQHM� HIHNW\ZQR FL� RGS\ODQLD� L� ZUHV]FLH� URGNyZ�SU]H]QDF]RQ\FK�QD�RGS\ODQLH��

��������0HFKDQLF]QH�XU] G]HQLD�RGS\ODM FH�:�]DOH QR FL�RG�VSRVREX�VHSDUDFML�F] VWHN�S\áX�RG�JD]X�PHFKDQLF]QH�XU] G]HQLD�

RGS\ODM FH�G]LHOL�VL �QD�WU]\�W\S\��¾�NRPRU\�RVDGF]H��¾�RGS\ODF]H� DOX]MRZH��¾�F\NORQ\��1D� VNXWHN� ]ZL NV]HQLD� SROD� SU]HNURMX� NRPRU\� RVDGF]HM� SU]HSá\Z� JD]X� MHVW�

ZROQLHMV]\��U\V����������']L NL�VLOH�FL HQLD�ZL NV]H�F] VWNL�S\áX�V �Z\WU FDQH�]�JD]X�QD�GQR�NRPRU\��

:� RGS\ODF]DFK� DOX]MRZ\FK�� ]EXGRZDQ\FK� ]� SU WyZ�� V]\Q� OXE� SáDVNRZQLków, Z\NRU]\VWXMH� VL � VLá\� EH]ZáDGQR FL�� 3U]HG� SU]HV]NRG � VWUXPLH � JD]X� JZDáWRZQLH�]PLHQLD� NLHUXQHN�� D� F] VWNL� S\áX�–� XGHU]DM F�Z� SU]HV]NRG � L� WUDF F� QD� QLHM� HQHUJL �NLQHW\F]Q �–�RSDGDM ��6HSDUDWRU\� DOX]MRZH�QDGDM �VL �QDMOHSLHM�GR�F]\QQLNyZ�EDUG]R�]DS\ORQ\FK�� QD� SU]\NáDG� Z� HQHUJHW\FH� GR� VHSDUDFML� ZHZQ WU]QHM� S\áX� Z� NRWáDFK�IOXLGDOQ\FK� OXE� Z� NDQDáDFK� á F] F\FK�Pá\Q\�ZHQW\ODWRURZH� ]� SDOQLNDPL�Z� NRWáDFK�S\áRZ\FK��U\V����������

��

��

�.- /103 1� 0 �Q�0�VR��B'->8 �5 EA=>1��G!?KI���;[��C#��EA�>/W��>9���E : �.-'/�0� �� 0 1S�0>]>E�B3WCW�9 :W*B'-�� G!��.B���;[�'9 �8 G>��:��'R� QDMSRZV]HFKQLHM� VWRVRZDQ\FK� RGS\ODF]\� PHFKDQLF]Q\FK� QDOH \� RGS\ODF]�

F\NORQRZ\�� ]ZDQ\� F\NORQHP�� =DVDG � G]LDáDQLD� F\NORQX� SU]HGVWDZLRQR� QD� U\VXQNX������D��=DS\ORQ\�JD]�MHVW�GRSURZDG]DQ\�]�GX �SU GNR FL �VW\F]QLH�GR�JyUQHM�F] FL�F\NORQX�� 3RG� ZSá\ZHP� VLá\� RG URGNRZHM� F] VWNL� �Z� UXFKX� ZLURZ\P�� ]RVWDM �

Page 15: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

����� ��������� ��� �!��"#�#$ %���"&���'��� �(% )*��+ � �

���

RGU]XFRQH�QD� FLDQNL�F\NORQX��Z�Z\QLNX�F]HJR�WUDF �HQHUJL �NLQHW\F]Q �L�]V\SXM �VL �GR�OHMD�]ELRUF]HJR��

6NXWHF]QR ü� RGS\ODQLD� JD]X� F\NORQDPL�w istotny sposób� ]DOH \� RG� UR]PLDUyZ�F] VWHN� S\áX��Z�SU]\SDGNX� F] VWHN� SRZ\ HM� ��–���µP�VNXWHF]QR ü�RGS\ODQLD� VL JD���–����>�@��ZUD]�]H�]PQLHMV]DQLHP�VL �LFK�rozmiarów skuteF]QR ü�PDOHMH��=QDF]Q\P�RJUDQLF]HQLHP� VWRVRZDQLD� F\NORQyZ� MHVW� VSDGHN� VSUDZQR FL� RGS\ODQLD� ZUD]� ]H�]ZL NV]HQLHP� UHGQLF\� F\NORQX�� :� FHOX� X]\VNDQLD� ZL NV]HM� SU]HSXVWRZR FL�XU] G]HQLD� RGS\ODM FHJR�� ]� ]DFKRZDQLHP� Z\VRNLHM� HIHNW\ZQR FL� RGS\ODQLD�� VWRVXMH�VL �EDWHULH�F\NORQyZ�SRá F]RQ\FK�UyZQROHJOH��U\V�������E���=H�Z]JO GX�QD�]E\W�PDá �VNXWHF]QR ü� RGS\ODQLD� L� QLHGRVWDWHF]Q � Z\GDMQR ü� RGS\ODF]H� F\NORQRZH� V � U]DGNR�VWRVRZDQH�Z�HQHUJHW\FH�]DZRGRZHM��

D�� E��

��.- /103 ��'0 �`�0�VR��B'->8 �91�(9�-�I�8 ��5 ��?(-<\ 1^#N�D�W6 E

ria cyklonów\ D ^&LM

–9�-�I�8 ��5'- N�2

–I���;[��CW��1D ��C&9���

��������7NDQLQRZH�XU] G]HQLD�RGS\ODM FH�:� RGS\ODF]X� WNDQLQRZ\P� ]DS\ORQ\� JD]� SU]HSá\ZD� SU]H]� WNDQLQ � ILOWUDF\MQ ��

XIRUPRZDQ �Z�NV]WDáFLH�ZRUNyZ��U\V����������L�RVDG]D�VL �QD�MHM�]HZQ WU]QHM�VWURQLH��3RQLHZD �]H�Z]URVWHP�JUXER FL�ZDUVWZ\�S\áX�]ZL NV]DM �VL �RSRU\�SU]HSá\ZX��MHVW�RQ�RNUHVRZR� VWU FDQ\� ]� WNDQLQ\� ILOWUDF\MQHM�� SU]H]�� ZVWU] V\� PHFKDQLF]QH� OXE� VLOQH�SRGPXFK\� SRZLHWU]D� �LPSXOV\�� SR� VWURQLH� ZHZQ WU]QHM� ZRUNyZ�� L� RSDGD� GR� OHMD�S\áRZHJR��VN G�MHVW�XVXZDQ\�SU]HQR QLNLHP�NRPyUNRZ\P���

Page 16: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

���������� ��� ��

���

7HFKQLF]QH� QD]Z\� RGS\ODF]\� WNDQLQRZ\FK� WR�� ILOWU\� SXOVDF\MQH� OXE� ZRUNRZH��:RUNL�PDM �GáXJR ü�GR���PHWUyZ�L�XV]\WH�V �]�PDWHULDáX�Z\NRQDQHJR�]�EDZHáQ\�OXE�ZHáQ\��ZáyNLHQ�V\QWHW\F]Q\FK�OXE�V]NODQ\FK�>�@���

��6NXWHF]QR ü� RGS\ODQLD� RGS\ODF]\� WNDQLQRZ\FK�

GRFKRG]L� GR� ������� GODWHJR� QDGDM � VL � RQH� GR�]DWU]\P\ZDQLD� QDZHW� QDMGUREQLHMV]\FK� IUDNFML� S\áX��'RSXV]F]DOQH� REFL HQLH� JD]HP� PDWHULDáX�ILOWUDF\MQHJR� Z\QRVL� ���–���� P � ��P �

·h). Odpylacze WNDQLQRZH�SURMHNWRZDQH�QD�GX \�VWUXPLH �JD]X��VHWNL�W\VL F\� PHWUyZ� V]H FLHQQ\FK�� PDM � EXGRZ �PRGXáRZ � �U\V�� �������� 3RMHG\QF]\� PRGXá� ]DZLHUD� NLONDG]LHVL W� ZRUNyZ�ILOWUDF\MQ\FK��:VSyOQH� GOD� FDáHJR� RGS\ODF]D� V �� XNáDG� RGSURZDG]DQLD� VWU FRQHJR�S\áX�RUD]�SQHXPDW\F]QD�LQVWDODFMD�GR�VWU]HS\ZDQLD�ZRUków. �

�.- /103 ��'0 �� 0�VR��B'->8 �91�A?!��C�I���?(-ML�8–?!8 ��6���WB'->8 ��5 E�=>�(B���?! E�6 C7���N

2–�W�1�����>� ��+ �'"#�(='���G N>O

–��B3��> : 9�-�B -�� N>P

–?!��C�I N�Q

–/�6 C�G>;[ E

B>-�� G�N>S–?(-�B'� -�?r='1��G!�A?!��C I3�N'`

–��D /#��WC�=>1��G����B'-'8 ��5�E�='�'N

�–��D�/7���C��'9���-'/&��91����5 E�=>�!=>1��G�N'l

–���?�J�C�/7B>C ��5 E�='�

B���?! E�6 C����NU 1a–��-'/&��E��>�@/76 C���E

pywania worków, ' –?(-'8 ��6M�'91��- /#��91����5 E�=>�(B ��?! E�6 C#��

Page 17: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

����� ��������� ��� �!��"#�#$ %���"&���'��� �(% )*��+ � �

���

�.-'/�0� �� 0 1l�0�st�>��G�� ��?�-@Y� 8 6 CUB'G 8 /W�9�-&:#5'-uc S�dWL3 –B��#:�E���->5�91��-(?!��C#E�I<Y 8 6 C&�9�-&:&5'-'N>2

– 5�/76 �8 �9 :1A/�B>C ��5 E�=>�

B���?� E�6 C����N'O–B��#:�E���-�5�91��-!;[�'��G�� N'P

–��D>G �>��?@�N>Q

–8 E :f��/7-�B���?�- N'S

–8 ;[�I���?R-�B'C7��E�5 � 5 I@B'-�� G

2GS\ODF]H� WNDQLQRZH� V � VWRVRZDQH� SU]HGH� ZV]\VWNLP� Z� SU]HP\ OH� –� Z�HOHNWURZQLDFK� GR� RGS\ODQLD� SRZLHWU]D� ]� Pá\QRZQL� L� ]DVREQLNyZ� Z JORZ\FK��]DQLHF]\V]F]RQHJR� S\áHP� Z JORZ\P�� :\NRQDQLH� WNDQLQ� ILOWUDF\MQ\FK� ]� ZáyNLHQ�V]NODQ\FK�� NWyUH� PRJ � SUDFRZDü� Z� WHPSHUDWXU]H� ���� °&�� XPR OLZLáR� WDN H�zastosowanie filtrów woUNRZ\FK�GR�RGS\ODQLD�VSDOLQ�]�NRWáyZ�Z JORZ\FK���

��������(OHNWURVWDW\F]QH�XU] G]HQLD�RGS\ODM FH�.RWá\� Z JORZH� HOHNWURZQL� ]DZRGRZ\FK� V � Z\SRVD RQH� Z� RGS\ODF]H�

HOHNWURVWDW\F]QH� VSDOLQ�� QD]\ZDQH� HOHNWURILOWUDPL�� :� RGS\ODF]X� HOHNWURVWDW\F]Q\P�Z\NRU]\VWDQR�]MDZLVNR�XMHPQHJR�áDGRZDQLD�VL �F] VWHN�S\áX�Z�JD]LH�]MRQL]RZDQ\P�

VLOQ\P� SROHP� HOHNWU\F]Q\P�� 3RG� ZSá\ZHP� VLá�SROD� HOHNWU\F]QHJR� ]MRQL]RZDQH� F] VWNL� G � GR�GRGDWQLHM� HOHNWURG\�� JG]LH� QHXWUDOL]XM � VL � L�RSDGDM � GR� OHMD� ]ELRUF]HJR� �U\V�� ��������(OHNWURILOWU�VNáDGD�VL �]��

¾�RGS\ODF]D�HOHNWURVWDW\F]QHJR��¾�]HVSRáX�]DVLODM FHJR��

Page 18: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

���������� ��� ��

���

=HVSyá� ]DVLODM F\� Z\WZDU]D� Z\VRNLH� QDSL FLH� QD� HOHNWURG\� RGS\ODF]D�� 'R�X]\VNDQLD� Z\PDJDQHM� VNXWHF]QR FL� RGS\ODQLD� VSDOLQ� NRWáRZ\FK� QLH]E GQH� MHVW�Z\WZRU]HQLH�QDSL FLD�PL G]\�HOHNWURGDPL�RG����GR�����N9��

�.- /103 �� 0 2 a�01vf�/&��'A���� W� �5 �E�8 E�I>6 C#�>Y 8 6 C�GUL

–6 CW�5 /&Y ��C7;[�6 ��C#N>2

–E�8 E�I>6 C&�>�> ?! E�9 9��N

O–E�8 E�I>6 C&���'A�'/&��>��?@

�(OHNWURILOWU\� V � XU] G]HQLDPL� WHFKQLF]Q\PL� ]QDF]QLH� EDUG]LHM� ]áR RQ\PL� QL �

RGS\ODF]H� F\NOonowe czy tkaninowe. Istnieje wiele konstrukcji elektrofiltrów, które PR QD�G]LHOLü�]H�Z]JO GX�QD��JHRPHWUL �SROD�HOHNWU\F]QHJR��NLHUXQHN�SU]HSá\ZX�JD]X��URG]DM� HOHNWURG�� VWDQ� VWU FDQHJR� S\áX� �VXFK\�� PRNU\��� 1D� U\VXQNX� ������ SRND]DQR�SU]\NáDG�EXGRZ\�Sá\WRZHJR�HOHNWURILOWUX�R�SR]LRP\P�SU]HSá\ZLH�JD]X�>�@��

(OHNWURVWDW\F]QH�XU] G]HQLD�V �NRV]WRZQH�L�Z\PDJDM �Z\NZDOLILNRZDQHM�REVáXJL��PDM � MHGQDN� Z\M WNRZH� ]DOHW\�� NWyU\FK� V � SR]EDZLRQH odpylacze innych typów. 1DMZD QLHMV]H�]DOHW\�HOHNWURILOWUyZ�V �QDVW SXM FH��

¾�PR QD� MH� EXGRZDü� GOD� GRZROQHJR� QDW HQLD� SU]HSá\ZX� VSDOLQ� L� QLHPDO�GRZROQHM�VNXWHF]QR FL�RGS\ODQLD��

¾�FKDUDNWHU\]XM �VL �PDá\P�RSRUHP�K\GUDXOLF]Q\P����–����3D����¾�VWU FDQH�S\á\�PRJ �E\ü�VXFKH�OXE�PRNUH��¾�PRJ �SUDFRZDü�Z�V]HURNLP�]DNUHVLH�WHPSHUDWXU\��GR�����°&����¾�PR H�Z\VW SRZDü�V]HURNL�]DNUHV�ZDUWR FL�VW HQLD�S\áX��¾�XPR OLZLDM �XVXZDQLH�EDUG]R�GUREQ\FK�F] VWHN��QDZHW�SRQL HM�������P����

Page 19: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

����� ��������� ��� �!��"#�#$ %���"&���'��� �(% )*��+ � �

���

�.- /103 �� 0 2U �0�w�8 E�I>6 C&�>Y 8 6 CeB>� -�6 ��?�-!�AB ���� ��;@->;rB'C#��E�B>� -�?!E1;n='1��G<c Q�dWL

–E�8 EWI>6 C&����-!��D ��C#9���E�N>2

–E�8 EWI'6 C7�>��-(?!8 ��6 ��?@E�N

O–/76 C���E�B'-�?@�9��(E�8 E�I'6 C#�>�(?�8 ��6 ��?R- 9�H�N�P

–8 E :�E.��D� ��C&91��E�N

Q–/#6 C7��E�B'-�?@�9��(E�8 E�I>6 C&�>�(�1D� ��C&9��1- 9�H�N>S

–B>C&��/#6 ��?(5 I

�(OHNWURILOWU\� V � stosowane do oczyszczania gazów w energetyFH�� SU]HP\ OH�

PDWHULDáyZ� EXGRZODQ\FK�� FKHPLF]Q\P�� PHWDOXUJLF]Q\P� LWS�� :� HQHUJHW\FH�]DZRGRZHM� VWRVRZDQH� V � SU]HGH� ZV]\VWNLP� HOHNWURILOWU\� R� SR]LRP\P� SU]HSá\ZLH�JD]X� SUDFXM FH� QD� VXFKR��:�NRWáDFK� R� GX HM�Z\GDMQR FL� VWRVXMH� VL � HOHNWURILOWU\� R�Z\GDMQR FL� GR� ���� W\V��P x �K�� 6NXWHF]QR ü�RGS\ODQLD�ZVSyáF]HVQ\FK� HOHNWURILOWUów�RVL JD��������

Page 20: V]F]DQLD VSDOLQ - fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.plfluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/skrypt_Maszyny/18.pdf · ˙ 8u] g]hqld gr rf]\v]f]dqld vsdolq:uyg ]dqlhf]\v]f]h hplwrzdq\fk gr dwprvihu\

���������� ��� ��

���

/LWHUDWXUD���>�@�- yfzf{ -���1 |�}�~ �U�f~ 0���8U] G]HQLD�RGS\ODM FH��3:1��:DUV]DZD�������� >�@�. {f�f���U� 3���2GS\ODQLH�L�RGS\ODF]H��:17��:DUV]DZD��������� >�@�. yf��|�}����f~ -��� / {fy*zf��� '��� 3�e��� ��}�{�� � 0��� (QHUJHW\ND� D� RFKURQD� URGRZLVND�� :17��

:DUV]DZD���������>�@�. yf��|��>�f{ -���2F]\V]F]DQLH�JD]yZ�RGORWRZ\FK�]�]DQLHF]\V]F]H �JD]RZ\FK��:\GDZQLFWZR�

3ROLWHFKQLNL�:URFáDZVNLHM��:URFáDZ���������>�@�/ y*� � ���.~ -���(OHNWURVWDW\F]QH�RGS\ODQLH�JD]yZ��:17��:DUV]DZD����������>�@�0DWHULDá\�LQIRUPDF\MQH�ILUP\�.2:(17��.R VNLH���������>�@�0DWHULDá\� LQIRUPDF\MQH�ILUP\�=(&�:URFáDZ�.2*(1(5$&-$�6�$��:URFáDZ��ZU]HVLH �

�������� >�@�1LVNRHPLV\MQH� WHFKQLNL� VSDODQLD� Z� HQHUJHW\FH�� UHG�� :�� .RUG\OHZVNL�� 2ILF\QD�

:\GDZQLF]D�3ROLWHFKQLNL�:URFáDZVNLHM��:URFáDZ��������� >�@�5 y*� �*|�}����*~ -�'��� UyGáD� ]DQLHF]\V]F]H � SRZLHWU]D� DWPRVIHU\F]QHJR�� :URFáDZ��

:\GDZQLFWZR�3ROLWHFKQLNL�:URFáDZVNLHM��������>��@�6SDODQLH�L�SDOLZD��UHG��:��.RUG\OHZVNL��2ILF\QD�:\GDZQLF]D�3ROLWHFKQLNL�:URFáDZVNLHM��

:URFáDZ�������>��@�:L FNRZVND� -��� .DWDOLW\F]QR�DGVRUSF\MQH� RGVLDUF]DQLD� JD]yZ�� :\GDZQLFWZR�

3ROLWHFKQLNL�:URFáDZVNLHM��:URFáDZ�������