Użytkownik modelowy - podmiotowość implikowana przez oprogramowanie

7/31/2019 Uytkownik modelowy - podmiotowo implikowana przez oprogramowanie

1/22

p;?

@ojn{f fm Mhdd{jouf} p O]]J 69=7$=65=p Rh`* 99 p 9769 p ;?$37

Yfbf O`jomlo

[ulh~jol dhek`h~ whedohuh~h odwòlh~fjf wyqkq hwyhnyfdh~fjok6

^}wmqkjok whedohuh~h {ulh~jol~ hwyhnyfdh~fjof f`k ufl$k {ulh~jol~ l{ù{y9 qh}ufak yfelf`jok wyqkl}qufmhjf ~ ~jo$

l{ mqknh }fdf whewhyqelh~{ak }o wk~jd wyhnyfdhd* Akejfl jokhqjfmqf uh yke{lmao mqh~oklf eh jfyqeqof mq ykod{ {ulh~fjof uk$nh jfyqeqof `kmq wh~he{ak ~u~hyqkjok }o jh~mc hyd whedohuh~h$

mo luyk q}l{a hejok}okjok ~ hydfmc {ulh~jolfmc dhek`h~mc#l}qufu{a hjo whedohuh~h whwyqkq ~qjfmqkjok aka whe}uf~h~mc

~fmo~hmo/* Jf`k q~ymo {~fn jf flu k wfuyqm jf {ulh~jolf}okeqmknh wyqke lhdw{ukykd ~oeqod aknh jokhikmjk imok #hemqk$jok {ulh~jolf he huhmqkjof/ hyfq wyqkw~ ojhydfmao whdoeq aknh{lfekd whqjf~mqd f ojukyka}kd #qflfefj wyhmk} whemqf} hi}ky~fmao

{lfe{ mqh~okl$lhdw{uky/* Qfmcheqo u{ufa ak}qmqk akekj wyhmk} uyfj}ky

6 Yff O`jomlo ak}u }uwkje}u B{jefmao od* Fefdf Domlok~omqf jf yhl 9769*9 [ulh~jol l{ù{y qf}uw{ak u{ufa {mqk}ujolf* Eqolo ukd{ dhò~k }ufak }o wh$

d`kjok whe}uf~h~mc yk`fmao ~ l{ù{yqk q wky}wklu~ {hn`johjka jfyqeqoh~hmo{ulh~fjof qf}hi~ l{ù{y* [ulh~jol l{ù{y u~hyq ~f}j jfyqeqoh~h hyfqlhyq}uf q uka ~wyhe{lh~fjka wyqkq ojjmc {ulh~jol~ hyfq wyqkd} wyhnyfd~mqò wyqkq wyqkd} ~u~fyqfam wyhnyfd `{eqloknh eh~ofemqkjof* Mqh~okl ak}u}wyqukd jf luyd {y{mcfdofj ak}u wyhnyfd eh~ofemqkjof* Y~jok {wyf~johjk~efak }o uflk ehwh~okeqkjok1 mqh~okl ak}u hwyhnyfdh~fjokd eh luyknh eh}uf~of}o }wyqu eqolo luykd{ dhk hj {jlmahjh~f* ] uh e~ok wky}wklu~ hejh}qmk}o eh hwo}{ uknh }fdknh wyhmk}{*


2/22

27p

Yfbf O`jomlo

}{ioklu~jhmo {ulh~jolf eh uk`khikmjmc ukyuhyo~ wyhnyfdh~f$jof ~f}jknh eh~ofemqkjof* ]{ioklu~jh whadh~fjf ak}u u{ufa aflh

~f}jh {ulh~jolf luyf jok ak}u mflh~omok wyqjf`kjf aknh ~j$uyq{ iem uflk ~fmo~f huhmqkjo{ #~ ud wyqwfel{ ukyuhyohd eh$}uwjd akejok qef`jok/* Hlyk`fam }{ioklu~jh ~ }wh}i jknfu~j

ehmcheqod eh qyhq{dokjof dkeo~ ukmcjomqjmc f lhjlykujok eh }$u{fmao ~ luyka {ulh~jol wyqke dhjouhykd wyhe{l{ak }{ioklu~jhf`k ~mo akejfl hlyk`d nh ~ wky}wklu~ok wk~jknh iyfl{ jokhikm$jhmo iyfl{ lhjuflu{ q huhmqkjokd dhjfemqjknh qfdljomof ~ ojuky$ka}ok* Wky}wklu~f flu~jka wyhe{lmao }{ioklu~jhmo ~ qef`jd qfwh$ykejomqkjo{ ~wyh~feqf dhò~h {amof eqoff {ulh~jolf ~ mfka

yhq`knhmo aknh flmao uh qjfmq wyqayqkjof }o knq}ukjmaf`jd ukyuh$yohd= luyk }ufjh~o {hn`jokjok hejok}okjof ~}qk`loka dhò~ka flu~$jhmo whedohuh~ka*

Knq}ukjmaf`jk ukyuhyof jok }ufjh~o wyqk}uyqkjo eh}uw{ `kmq }kklukd {loky{jlh~fjof whedohuh~hmo {ulh~jol~ whwyqkq on{$y {ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh* O}ujokjok }fdknh ukyuhyo{d ~ yheh~o$}l{ k`kluyhjomqjd uh qf dfh i ~wyhe{lh~f eh}ufukmqj o`h }{$

ioklu~jhmo qeh`j heh }o ~ whedohuh~hmo* ]ue uk ufl mq}uk~}wmqkjok {jlmahjh~fjok {ulh~jol~ aflhw{}umc {ulh~jo$l~ dhek`h~mc lhyq}ufa hjo q hwyhnyfdh~fjof ~ }wh}i jokwkjuh qjfmq jokwkj eh uknh i omc }{ioklu~jh {}ufòf }o ~ whedoh$uh~hmo uf qf qh}uff {loky{jlh~fjf wyqkq aka dhek` luy wkjo yh`}ukyh~jolf ekukydoj{amknh uh {loky{jlh~fjok* Lhyq}ufa hjo q dk$eo~ `kmq jok } ~ }ufjok qflu{fòqh~f ~ jomc knq}ukjmaf`jmc ukyuh$yo~ flu~{am }whjufjomqjok w~ }{ioklu~jhmo luyk jok q}l{a{}uf`kjof ~ whedohuh~hmo* Jokdhò~h qfyqeqfjof ~f}j }{iokl$u~jhmo wh~he{ak k jok$`{eqlf wyqke$h}hih~f mq }{ioklu~jh$mo5 ak}u u~hyqhjf wyqkq ukmcjomqjk ojukyka} luyk jok u`k whykejomq~ wyhe{lmao }{ioklu~jhmo mh wyhe{l{a a ~ wyhnyfdok fjuwyhe{lmao

uh qjfmq {uy{ejofamd whedohuh~k }l{wokjok* Wyhe{lmaf }{ioklu~$jhmo qh}ufak ~}uyqdfjf whqf hwyhnyfdh~fjokd e`fuknh uk akejh}ulf

= Ak}u uh ukydoj Bkòsf N{fuufyoknh luy yhq{dokd aflh wyqk}uyqk oj}uf`fmao ~wyh$e{lh~fjka }{ioklu~jhmo {ulh~jolf* U{ufa1 qef`jok eh}uwjk ukyuhyo{d e`f flu~$jhmo knq}ukjmaf`jmc whedohu{ hejh}qmk }o eh wyhe{lmao }{ioklu~jhmo* Knq}ukj$maf`jk ukyuhyof dfa ~f}jk hwyhnyfdh~fjok ~}ufymq ~wyh~feqo eh jomc hlyk`hj}{ioklu~jh ufl fi qh}uff hjf wheefjf eqoffjo{ wyqkq qfoj}uf`h~fjk ~ huhmqkjo{hwyhnyfdh~fjok*

5 B* N{fuufyo Mcfh}dh}o}1 fj Kucomh$Fk}uckuom Wfyfeond uyfj}`* W* Ifoj} A* Wkfjo}I`hhdojnuhj$Ojeofjfwhò} 6??; }* ?*


3/22

p26


i dm oekjuolh~f ~f}j whedohuh~h whjf~of wyi whmqk$jof q ojukyka}fdo luyk hi}{n{ak ehwokyh ukj eh}uw n~fyfju{ak aka

whmq{mok akejh}ulh~hmo*Ne ak}ukd hemqkjo he hwyhnyfdh~fjof uh uflk dòd hwyh$nyfdh~fjokd1 afl efjk qeamok ~nèfhi jf Bfmkihhl{ afl dhjf i

q uka }u{fmao ~lhjf qeamok jf ekdhu~fuhy aflo `d dhjf i mo$nj aflok hwyhnyfdh~fjok eofnjh}umqjk whdhk jfd ~ oekjulf$

mao mchyhi* ]kyof uflomc qefyqk {qd}f~of k hwyhnyfdh~fjok qk }k$y ukmcjh`hnomqjka wyqkmcheqo eh flu~jknh hydh~fjof o hydfuh~fjof}{ioklu~jhmo mh ak}u uy~fd kklukd* Whqh}ufakd qfukd {ulh~$jolokd dhek`h~d jf~ku wh ~mqkjo{ ~}qk`lomc {yqeqk }{mmc

eh qef`jka wyhe{lmao }{ioklu~jhmo* D~om ak}ukd {ulh~jolfdodhek`h~do dfd jf dò jf}qf whedohuh~h ak}u jhjolokd e`fdhek`{ {ulh~fjof hwyhnyfdh~fjof mqò qfmch~{ak }o hjf qnhejokq ud hwyhnyfdh~fjokd*

Ukmcjomqjf wyhe{lmaf }{ioklu~jhmo o aka helfefjok }o ~ whedohuh$~hmo qnhejok q ykn{fdo {ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh luy dhek`{ak ~$wyhe{lh~fj }{ioklu~jh qfwk~jofam yheqfa udmqf}h~ka o }okmoh~kalhj}}ukjmao whedohuh~hmo ~qjfmqf }u{fma ~}qk`lomc qf}hi~ }{$ioklu~jhmo o omc ef`}qmc uyfj}hydfmao* Ukmcjh`hnomqjk df}qj oj$hydfmajk o lhd{jolfmajk hwky{a ~ }kym{ `{eqloka }{ioklu~jhmo joku`lh ~k~juyq aknh wfdomo o ojukònkjmao f`k uflk ~ aknh ~yfò~hmo;*Hwyhnyfdh~fjok eqoff ~ }wh}i whqfaqlh~ uh qjfmq ~lhyq}u{$ak aqlo wyhnyfdh~fjof aflh hwfymok ~f}jknh eqoffjof akejfl } hjkjok$`{eqlok uh qjfmq omc nkjkqf o}uhuh~h jok hewh~ofef mqh~oklh~o*

]{ioklu~jh whedohuh~h {ulh~jol dhek`h~

^ qfy}h~fjka }u{fmao jf`k qfukd whef ~}uwjk yhq{dokjok whe$

}uf~h~mc ukydoj~*]{iokluy~jh hqjfmqf jfaifyeqoka ~k~juyqjk qf}hi {ulh~jolf

uh qjfmq aknh kdhmahjf`jk fklu~jk ojuk`klu{f`jk whe}uf~h~k ~wh$}fkjok #jfaifyeqoka woky~hujf }kyf ehqjfjoh~hmo/* [ulh~jol df mq$moh~ eh}uw eh }{ioklu~jhmo whjok~f d`kjok ykbkl}ajk {}uw{akwyhnyfdh~fjo{ ~f}jmc }ufj~ dkjuf`jmc whwyqkq wyqadh~fjok nhuh$~ka ~ofehdhmo q ojukyka}~ hwyhnyfdh~fjof* Hwyhnyfdh~fjok {q}l{$ak eh}uw o ~mqjh jf whykejomqkjok ~ eh}uwok whedohu{ eh ~f}jka

; Oioekd }* 5*


4/22

29p

Yfbf O`jomlo

}{ioklu~jhmo* ]{ioklu~jh qf Bkòskd N{fuufyod qh}ufak hlyk`hjf~ jf}uw{am }wh}i1 Qk}w ~fy{jl~ luyk {dhò~ofa kdkynkjma

oje~oe{f`jmc o(`{i lh`klu~jmc oj}ufjmao aflh he~h{amk }o eh }okiokknq}ukjmaf`jk Ukyuhyof }}ofe{amk `{i whqh}ufamk ~ yk`fmao hnyfjomqk$jof eh ojjhmo luyf ak}u }fdf }{ioklu~jf2* U~hyq hjf Lh`klu~jk $wh}fkjok Jok~ofehdhmo wheqok`hjka jf ~fy}u~> qnhejok q hlyk`hjd

hih~oq~fjokd eqoffjof wh}qmqkn`jmc df}qj wyhe{l{ammc }{iokl$u~jh uh qjfmq hlyk`hjknh hwyhnyfdh~fjof }{ioklu~jhmo mqh~ok$lf ~wyh~feqfam nhuh~k ~dofy }{ioklu~jhmo3 oj}uf`h~fjk ikqwh$

ykejoh ~ ojukyka}fmc df}qj ukmcjh`hnomqjmc #uyfj}ky }{ioklu~jhmoqfmcheqo he mqh~oklf o eh mqh~oklf/* ] hjk wyqnhuh~~fjk jf whqoh$

dok whedohuh~d o whqohdok dhek`h~fjof* Ukmcjomqfmaf }{ioklu~jh$mo hqjfmqf k ak}u hjf ykfe$dfek whwyqkeqf whedohu u~hyq jok~of$ehdh aknh knq}ukjmaf`jmc ukyuhyo~*

Uflf }{ioklu~oqfmaf ak}u mqmoh~f? whjok~f jok o}ujokak hwyhnyfdh$~fjok qeh`jk eh qfyqeqfjof mf }{ioklu~jhmo e`fuknh uk yhq{dokjok

hwyhnyfdh~fjof aflh {yqeqkjof }{ioklu~oqfmao67 ehumq mqmoh~mcqdofj ~ }{ioklu~jhmo*

Whedohuh~h wyqkaf~of }o whdoeq }{ioklu~jhmo f whqohdkd

{ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh* [ulh~jol df wkjoka}q eh}uw eh ~f}jkawhedohuh~hmo luyf ak}u whedohuh~hmo ~ ~ky}ao ukmcjomqjka uh qjfmq

efj ~ qfwhykejomqkjo{ wyqkq hlyk`hjk wyhnyfd* Hqjfmqf hjf udmqf$}h~k {}uf`kjok }{ioklu~jhmo* U{ qfmcheqo yk`fu~jk }wh~h`jokjok }{iokl$u~jhmo helfefjok }o aka ~ kklufmc wfdomo wyqkmofmc eh~ofe$mqkjofmc* Ufl yhq{dofjf whedohuh~h uh doje~fyk #hwyhnyfdh~fjok{d}{/* Uyfemajok whedohu i whadh~fj aflh h}ufukmqjf k}kjmafoje~oe{fmao afl mq}uk w{}uk wyqkeykbkl}ajk {adh~fjok ~ofuf aeyf~yfò~hmo kl}wyk}~jhmo {akejhòmhj qk }ufj~ ~ofehdhmo66*

Whedohuh~h ak}u }}ukdkd hwkyfmajd }{ioklu~jhmo* Whedohu dfeh}uw }fd eh }okiok q}l{ak }fdh~ofehdh ~f}jknh wyhnyfdh~f$jof* Mqh~okl lhd{jol{ak }o qk }~ha }{ioklu~jhmo qf whdhm hwyh$nyfdh~fjof u`lh ~ ukj }wh}i q}l{ak eh joka eh}uw* Aql wyhnyf$

dh~fjof }{ioklu~jhmo ak}u aqlokd {~fjof ~f}jka }{ioklu~jhmo*

2 Oioekd }* ?*> Qhi* oioekd }* 69*3 Oioekd }* >*? Qhi* oioekd }* 6;*67 Oioekd }* 97*66 Oioekd }* 99*


5/22

p2=


Whedohuh~h yhqmonf }o whdoeqdoje~fyk f ~oek~fyk #ukmcjh`hnokwhqjf~mqk/69* Jok q}l{ak hjf }l{wokjof ~ akejka hlyk`hjka wh}ufmo `kmq

{dhò~of mqmoh~k qfyqeqfjok qf}hifdo }{ioklu~jhmo wyqkq mh qf$mcheqo yk`fu~jok wyhnyk}~jf d{ufmaf }{ioklu~jhmo6=< uh qjfmq k

wyqkq aka hwyhnyfdh~~fjok #oj}uf`fma eqoffammc wyhnyfd~/ ehmch$eqo eh uknh o whedohu yhq~oaf qef`jok f ~om ~ qef`jd qfwhykejomqk$jo{ ~f}j }{ioklu~jh*

Dhek`#{yulh~jol dhek`h~y/ fi}uyflmaj ~qy ~u~hyqhj

~ l{ù{yqk {loky{jlh~{am ~ok`h }ufammc }o }{ioklu~jhmo whwyqkq~w~fjok jf eqoffjok whedohu{ #whedohu whemqf }o eh hlyk`hjknh{ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh ufl fi dn }o q jod {uh}fdo ~ }wh}hiok

qfyqeqfjof ~f}j }{ioklu~jhmo/* ]{ioklu~jhmo jok dhjf ~ wkjolhjuyh`h~f e`fuknh d{}o hjf qh}uf }wh~h`johjf o }l{wohjf ~ whedohuh$~hmo* Dhek` uh fi}uyflmaj ~qy {loky{jlh~{am lhjlykuj whedohuh$~h #}l{wokjok }{ioklu~jhmo/* [ulh~jol dhek`h~ hqjfmqf a{ fi}$uyflmaj {jlma iem hwkyfuhykd l{ù{yh~mc qfmch~f lhhyej{akhj qfmch~fjof whedohu{ ~ uflo }wh}i ki hewh~okejoh wyhnyfdh~fhj ~f}j }{ioklu~jh* ]uy{lu{yq{ak dolyhqfmch~fjok #lòljomof {y{$mchdokjof wyhnyfd~ mqjjhmo ~mqfjof o ~mqfjof }wyqu{/ qnhejokq hlyk`hjd wyhb`kd qfmch~fjof ~mcheqmd ~ }lfe hlyk`hjka hyd

{ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh* [ulh~jol dhek`h~ hqjfmqf dhek` wyhnyf$dh~fjof jf}qka whedohuh~hmo* L{ù{yf ak}u u{ufa }wyqukd #cfye~fyk/ qfwhedohuh~h hwyhnyfdh~fjokd #doje~fyk(~oek~fyk/* [ulh~jol dh$ek`h~ ak}u qfukd fi}uyflmaj df}qj }{m eh lhhyejfmao whedohuh$~hmo q }{ioklu~jhmo ~ hlyk`hjd l{ù{yh~h ~wyhe{lh~fjd ~qh$yqk kl}w`hfufmao hwyhnyfdh~fjof*

Wyhe{lmaf }{ioklu~jhmo #ckukyhnkjomqjf/ }lfef }o jf whedohuh$~h #~qnèjok chdhnkjomqjf/ luyf hewh~ofef hiyfqh~o {ulh~jo$

lf dhek`h~knh #lhj}uy{h~fj l{ù{yh~h uw oekf`j q ~ok`{ wyhnyfd~luyk ~lhyq}u{ak/* Ojjokyh~ok hwyhnyfdh~fjof ojhydfum hyfq wh$qh}ufk whedohu iohymk {eqof ~ lykh~fjo{ l{ù{yh~knh hiyfq{ wyhnyf$d~ } ~jf`fqmfdo jh~mc }wh}hi~ imof65 mqò jh~mc ~ky}ao `{eq$loka whedohuh~hmo*

69 Qhi* F* M`fylDoje~fyk* Fj Ojuyhe{muohj uh uck Wco`h}hwc h mhnjouork ]mokjmkJk~ _hyl$Hshye }* 65>*

6= B* N{fuufyo Mcfh}dh}o} }* 96*65 A*E*N* Ifmmf ]mokjmk, Ukmcjh`hn, Co}uhy, fje Wco`h}hwc ~1 M* Doumcfd #ke*/

Wco`h}hwc h Ukmcjh`hn oj ]wfjo}c ]wkflojn Mh{juyok} Ehyeykmcu$Ih}uhj$@hjehj6??= }* 9=>*


6/22

25p

Yfbf O`jomlo

Dhek`k } dhek`fdo whedohuh~knh imof6; mqò ~ka }{ioklu~jhmoiohukmcjhwhòumqjok fedojo}uyh~fjka wyqkq doje~fyk62* [ulh~jom dh$

ek`h~o u~hyq uflk ~f}jk dhek`k {loky{jlh~fjof whedohuh~hmo o qfyq$eqfjof }{ioklu~jhmo* Wkjf uyfj}mkjekjmaf dhek`{ whqf ojukyka} jok ak}uakejfl dhò~f* Mqmoh~f uyfj}mkjekjmaf lhj}uu{{ak dhdkju wyqkmqk$jof luy ~jolf q ~mqkywfjof flu{f`jknh dhek`{* [ulh~jol dhek`h~qdokjof }o ~ ojjknh {ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh ne qf}hi aknh }{ioklu~$

jhmo {`knj ekqflu{fòqfmao* Dhek` whedohuh~hmo ak}u qfwyhnyfdh~fj*Qh}uf qfwyhakluh~fj wyqkq lhnh efj wyqkq lhnh {~fj wyqkq lhnh*

Uk k`kdkju qfwhykejomqkjof u~hyq whedohuh~h neqok mqh~okl qfmch$~{ak ~qnèj f{uhjhdo uh qjfmq f{uhjhdo ~ qfwhykejomqkjo{* Dh$

jf ih~okd ~yjo ojukyka} jf luyk df hj ~w~ hyfq uflok luyk wh$qh}ufa whqf aknh whedohuh~ lhjuyh`* E`fuknh uk }u{fmak {ulh~jolfdhek`h~knh } ekbjoh~fjk whwyqkq ~efyqkjof luydo dhjf qfyqeqfq wky}wklu~ whedohuh~ka ie uk qfyqeqfa hjk }{ioklu~jhmo {u$lh~jolf q whqohd{ {ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh #ak}u hj ~uke qfyqeqfj/*

Hwyhnyfdh~fjok eqoff whwyqkq hnyfjomqkjok }{ioklu~jhmo #wyhnyfddf ~yfjk nyfjomk ~qjfmqhjk òjofdo aknh lhe{6>/ mh ehwyh~feqf eh uknhk whedohuh~h qh}ufak }l{wohjf ~ hlyk`hjmc wyhnyfdfmc eh~ofemqkjof

6; Why* D* Ckoeknnky L{ yqkmq d`kjof u{d* A* Doqkyf ^fy}qf~f 6??? }* >7*Ckoeknnky d~o u{ufa h dhek`fmc hjumqjmc mh ~ }kj}ok hn`jd hewh~ofef dh$ek`hd whedohuh~hmo* O}uhuj ak}u flu k lhyq}ufam q hlyk`hjknh hwyhnyfdh~f$jof {ulh~jol qfwhykejomqf ~ jod }~hak imok mqò ~ ~wfel{ wh~ufyqf`jhmoefjka mqjjhmo ~qhy{ hi}{no hwyhnyfdh~fjof ehwyh~feqf eh ly}ufòqfmao dh$ek`{ hjumqjknh* ]kj} {ulh~fjof ak}u qfukd wyhakluh~fj }ue ufl o}uhujf yh`fhwyhnyfdh~fjof aflh uknh mh ~wyqkeqf {ulh~fjok* Whedohuh~h odwòlh~fjfwyqkq hwyhnyfdh~fjok ak}u f{uhjhdomqj mqmo whedohuh~hmowky }k jok iem af$lod aka ~odlokd mq uk }d{`fmajd yfndkjukd* L~k}uo u yhq~oafd ~ wha$mo{ mikyq}ukjmao aflh whdkufbqmqjd }wh}hiok ~efyqkjof }o imof ~ kyqk }okmoh$~mc dkeo~ k`kluyhjomqjmc*

62 Jf doje~fyk }lfef }o hwyhnyfdh~fjok {d}{* Hwky{ak hjh whdoeq}{ioklu~jhmo f dhek`kd {ulh~fjof luy wyqmonf whedohuh~h* Hwyh$nyfdh~fjok {d}{ #doje~fyk/ df mqmoh~ eh}uw eh }{ioklu~jhmo ~ol}qeh whedohuh~hmo #dfam eh joka eh}uw ~joh}l{ak h ~f}jka }{ioklu~jhmo/*Whedohuh~h uh }wh~h`johjf ukmcjomqjok }{ioklu~jh qf dhek` {ulh~f$jof #~ok`{ {ulh~jol~ dhek`h~mc/ }l{ul{am hlyk`hjd qfmch~fjokd ak}uwhjh~jd wyqwok}qkjokd*

6> Uflk lhe{ e}uyi{mao o uk`khikmjknh }l{wofjof `{eqloka }{ioklu~jhmo ~ jok$$`{eqlod knq}ukjmaf`jd ukyuhyo{d #jw* aflh qf}hi{ fklu~jknh o qf}hi{ {~fno ehwjoka}qknh ~lhyq}ufjof/ wyqkq mh qfmcheqo {uh}fdokjok wyfm {yqeqk ukmc$jomqjmc o mqh~oklf jf whqohdok {ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh #eqokak }o uh whqf wfyf$endfukd }d{`fmao/*


7/22

p2;


whq~f`fammc jf lhjuyh` e}uyi{mao }{ioklu~jhmo f`k a{ ~ ykodok hwk$yfmajd umc wyhnyfd~* Q}l{ak hjh }~hak wyqke{kjo{ ~ dhek`{ eqof$

f hj qfy~jh jf whqohdok }{ioklu~jhmo afl o whedohuh~hmo*^yk}qmok whedohuh~k dhek`k {ulh~jol~ }ufioòq{a jokuy~f uh$}fdh ~oyu{f`j whq~f`fam jf h}onjomok ~qnèjka }ufhmo o monhmowyqkamof whdoeq akejd {ulh~jolokd dhek`h~d f ey{nod o lh`ka$jdo wyqkmqkjofdo {ulh~jol~ dhek`h~mc* Dhek`k {ulh~jolf ~$yjofd qfukd he~h{am }o qfy~jh eh qnkjkyfòqh~fjmc hyd wyh$nyfdh~fjof afl o eh hwyhnyfdh~fjof lhjlykujknh #l{ù{yh~knh f uflk~ {jlmao wyhnyfd~ lhdw{ukyh~mc/*

Jf`k qfukd heky~f {ulh~jolf he jfyqeqo qf whdhm luymc

{uyqd{ak hj ~f}j }{ioklu~jh ~ }wkluy{d wfjh~fjof efjknh hwyh$nyfdh~fjof ekbjo{amknh aknh whedohuh~h ufl i }fd {ulh~jol }uf}o e`f ukmcjolo mq}ud ~efyqkjokd* ]kyoo ojukyflmao {ulh~jolf hewh$~ofef }kyof eqoff df}qj } uh ckukyhnkjomqjk }kyok63* Jf}q whedoh$uh~h u~hyq }kyok ojukyflmao q hwyhnyfdh~fjokd luyk lhd{jol{ak jfdhyfq wyqkq jf} }kyok hewh~okeqo o wyi ~w~fam jf {loky{jlh~fjok jf$}qka }{ioklu~jhmo* Uh qfyqeqfjok afjo jf e~mc whqohdfmc ehlhj~f$

jk wyqkq hwyhnyfdh~fjok qf~}qk }l{ul{ak wh~}ufjokd dhek`{ {ulh~jolfaflh wk~jknh qk}ufjefyqh~fjknh }}ukd{ ojukyflmao* Mqh~okl$ ojeh~}mqh~okl$nyf lhdw{ukyh~f mqh~okl$keuhy ukl}u{ }ufjh~o uflok dhek`k

ih~okd omc mff whedohuh~h d`kjok eh wk~jknh }uhwjof ~wo}{ak }o~ }uy{lu{y hyfq `hnol {~fjknh wyqkq jomc hwyhnyfdh~fjof*

Hwyhnyfdh~fjok ~ ukmcjomqjka ~}wmqk}jhmo

Hwyhnyfdh~fjok wkjo ~}wmqkjok knq}ukjmaf`jok ehjoh} yh` aflhwhe}uf~h~k dkeo{d `{eqloknh eh~ofemqkjof* Lhdw{uky uk`khj ~}qk`$lok {yqeqkjof k`kluyhjomqjk yhihu }wyqu wyqkd}h~ ~}q}ulok ~$dfnfa o}ujokjof hewh~okejoknh hwyhnyfdh~fjof #}hb~fyk/ luyk whq~f$`f eqoff }wyquh~o #cfye~fyk/* Uf hwhqmaf }ufjh~o jfamqmoka {dh~jkwyqkmo~}uf~okjok uknh mh }ufjh~o dfukyof`j whe}uf~ o}ujokjof }wyqu{k`kluyhjomqjknh ukd{ mh whqh}ufak akejok doll jflfel* Eqo ake$jfl hwyhnyfdh~fjok o }wyqu {jlmahj{a aflh krky~fyk6?* Whamof uflok

63 N* Ek`k{qk @hnolf }kj}{ u{d* N* ô`mq}lo ^fy}qf~f 9766 }* 2=* ] hjk qf$ukd jokwf}{amk eh }okiok dodh monmc wyi lhd{jolh~fjof }o*

6? Ukydoj Fefdf Nykkjkèf jf hqjfmqfjok ~}qkmceh}uwjhmo ukmcjh`hnoo ojhy$dfmajmc qfy~jh ~ f}wklmok }wyquh~d afl o ud ehumqmd hwyhnyfdh~fjof*


8/22

22p

Yfbf O`jomlo

afl~ku~fyk fkmuork mhdw{uojn m`h{e mhdw{uojn wyh~feq q lhjokmqjh$mo eh wyqkq~mokjof uka emchuhdoo o hlyk`kjof ~qfakdjka yk`fmao umc

e~mc }lfeh~mc aflh ~qfakdjok }o lhj}uu{{ammc h jo}lod whqohdokheyijhmo* U`lh eqolo whmqkjo{ lhdwhjkju~ }hbo cfyedhò~f ak}uykfòqfmaf omc {jlmao ~ hlyk`hjmc wyhnyfdfmc* ^ ud }kj}ok hwyhnyfdh$~fjok }ufjh~o whe}uf~h~k dkeo{d uk`kh`hnoo ~qjfmqf ih~okd uh ~ af$lo }wh}i whe aflodo ~fy{jlfdo qykfòqh~fjok mk`{ ak}u dhò~k* @{eqlokojukjmak o eqoffjof } {adh~fjk }kl~kjmajok* D~om h jod jok dhjfwhdoaf flu{ k }ufjh~o hjh dkeo{d mheqokjjknh eh~ofemqkjof iemqfy~jh whakdj dkufhy ~yffam }uh}{jkl mqh~oklf eh }ukmcjomqh$~fjknh ~ofuf afl o wyqkjhjo ~}lfq{am jf }wh}i {jlmahjh~fjof d$

qn{ hyfq {d}{97

f uflk lhjlykuqfma l{ù{y luyf }ufak }o }~ho}udhwyhnyfdh~fjokd e`f {d}{ #doje~fyk/* Jok }wh}i whdoj uflk yhòafl hwyhnyfdh~fjok heny~f ~ l{ù{yqk wkjom {jlma jfyqeqof {dh$ò~ofamknh whe}uf~h~ eh}uw eh ~ofuf e`f hnyhdjka òmqi {ulh~jo$l~ ukmcjh`hnoo ojhydfmajmc* Uf ~ok`hf}wkluh~h o ~ok`h~dofyh~h

}wyf~of k hwyhnyfdh~fjok }ufjh~o l{ù{yh~ ukmcjh`hno whe}uf~h~o aflh uflok ~~okyf dhek`{am ~w~ jf {ulh~jol~ ~u~fyqfam dh$ek`k whedohuh~hmo*

L{ù{yf qioy qnkjkyfòqh~fjmc aql~ wyhnyfdh~fjof

Hwyhnyfdh~fjok qfyqeqf whedohuh~hmo< ~wo}{ak }o hjh ~ }uy{lu{yeh}ufymqfjk wyqkq lhjlykujk yhq~oqfjof oj}uy{lmao }lfefammc }o jf lhj$lykujk wyhnyfd* Hwyhnyfdh~fjok ak}u yhq{dofjk aflh f{uhjhdomqj qk$

}uf~ wyhnyfd~ #yheqfa ~oyu{f`jknh e}whqu~{96 dhm/ }{m eh u~h$yqkjof whe}uf~h~mc yk`fmao ~ ~okmok #imok$~$~okmok ak}u qf}uwohjk wyqkqimok$~$wyhnyfdok `{i imok$~$wyhnyfdfmc99/* ^ ud }kj}ok dhkd u{ufad~o h yjmc hydfmc qfyqeqfjof o {yqeqfjof {eqloknh eh~ofemqkjofwyqkq hwyhnyfdh~fjok luyk ehlhj{ak }o jf yjmc whqohdfmc ojukj}~$

jhmo* Hwyhnyfdh~fjok }ufjh~o e}whqu~ dhm ~wyh~feqf yk`fma ~f$eqf$wyhnyfd uh qjfmq wyhnyfd whmqk }{ioklu~jhmo eh hlyk`hjmc

97 Dfd jf dò hiòmqkjoh~k ukhyok {d}{* Wfyfendfu lhdw{ufmaj ~dfnfo}ujokjof wk~jmc wyhnyfd~ luyk jfef~fi loky{jkl hiòmqkjohd*

96 [yqeqkjof ~ }kj}ok ukhyoo e}whqu~{ hyd{h~fjka d*oj* wyqkq N* Ek`k{qkfA*W* If{eyknh hyfq D* Bh{mf{ùf*

99 Imok$~$wyhnyfdok ak}u whewhyqelh~fjk hlyk`hjkd{ {ulh~jolh~o dh$ek`h~kd{*


9/22

p2>


dhekò* ]hyd{h~fjok ukq h dhek`{amd ~w~ok hwyhnyfdh~fjof jfwhedohuh~h }wyf~of k d{}od iyf whe {~fn wky}wklu~ ~}w`jka

oje~oe{fmao mqh~oklf q hwyhnyfdh~fjokd qfdof}u yhqwfuy~f uk yk`fmak~ }kwfyfmao whelyk`fam hyfq why~j{am omc qflyk} ~qfakdjknh ~w~{*

E`fuknh jok dhjf yhqwfuy~f hwyhnyfdh~fjof ~ }kwfyfmao he aknh yhò~ dhek`h~fjo{ `{eqloknh eh~ofemqkjof luyk wyh~feqo eh ~l}qufmk$jof }o ~qhy~ whedohuh~hmo9=* Wufjok qfukd jok ehumq }fdknh hiokl$u{ ukmcjomqjknh #hwyhnyfdh~fjof/ ~ yk`fmao eh mqh~oklf u`lh aknh wh$~}uf~fjof ~ wky}wklu~ok aknh ~lhyq}ufjof* Uflok whmqkjok hlyk`fjk

ak}u wyqkq Ikyjfyef ]uokn`kyf dofjkd uyfj}oje~oe{fmao95 #mqò whmqkjofoje~oe{fmao ~ wk~j }uy{lu{y hyfq ~qy ~ l{ù{yqk/ luyf hejh}o }o eh

~}w`jka whe}uf~ {}uf`hjmc qf}hi~ ~ wfdomo aflh whe}uf~ oje$~oe{fmao lh`klu~jka ~ l{ù{yqk* Mqh~okl oje~oe{{ak }o whwyqkq ojuk$yflmak q }okmofdo yk`fmao luyk qjfae{a }~hak qfwhykejomqkjok ~ hwyhnyf$dh~fjo{1 lhd{jolfmajd {ulh~d hwkyfmajd yhqy~lh~d9;*Qfukd }ufak }o }hi eqolo oje~oe{fmao ~ wyhnyfdfmc #oje~oe{fmaf yhq$whmqjf }o y~jhmqkjok ~ }{ioklu~jhmo o ~ {ulh~jol{ dhek`h~d uf whe~ajf oje~oe{fmaf ak}u jokqf`kjf he whedohu{/*

Hwyhnyfdh~fjok uh n~jok aql #aflh k ak}u hjh ~yfhjk ~ hlyk`h$

jd aql{ wyhnyfdh~fjof/ akejfl jok hnyfjomqf }o hj eh lhe~ }lfef$ammc }o jf ~k~juyqj }uy{lu{y wyhnyfd{ ~yfhj ~ lhjlykujd a$ql{ wyhnyfdh~fjof* [~qnèjofam f}wklu wyhnyfd~ qjfae{am }~hakhlyk`kjok ~ fymcouklu{yqk wyhnyfd~ k`kluyhjomqjmc #{jlmaf fi}uyflma$jf92/ jf`k hejok nh eh kklu~ hwyhnyfdh~fjof ~ l{ù{yqk o `hqho#{jlmaf lhjlykujf/* Wyqwhyqelh~fjok umc f}wklu~ ak}u qekmeh~fjoklhjuyoju{omajk aflh k hwyhnyfdh~fjok hemqu{akd aflh mh lhjlyku$jknh whemqf} ne ykn{`fmak l{ù{y hyfq ~qfakdjk }uh}{jlo }lfeh~mc}}ukd~ `hqhmqjmc hemqu{akd aflh wk~jk fi}uyflmak akejfl uf$lok }whayqkjok jok whq~f`f eh}uyqkm ejfdolo wyqkdofj doeq udo e~ok$df wf}qmqqjfdo* Mqh~okl eqoff ~ke{n qnkjkyfòqh~fjmc l{ù{yh$~mc aql~ wyhnyfdh~fjof aknh whedohuh~h ~wo}fjf ak}u ~ qhhj}ok oj}uy{lmao u~hyqmmc ukmcjomqjk #f ~ jomc }dihòmqjk/ yfd aknh

{jlmahjh~fjof* ^ ud f}wklmok hwyhnyfdh~fjok ak}u lhjlykujk ih~okd

9= Aflh qf}unka }{ioklu~jhmo*95 Ak}u uh ukydoj ~lhyq}u~fj wyqkq Ikyjfyef ]uokn`kyf*9; Uwh`hnof uf jok hejh}o }o eh eqokeqoj wyqaumc ~ l`f}lfmao hwyhnyfdh~fjof

`kmq df q~ymo {~fn jf }lf` qdofj o ojnkykjmao hwyhnyfdh~fjof ~ `{eql whedohuh~h*92 Whqohd ukj ak}u fi}uyflmaj o lhjlykuqh~fj ehwokyh whwyqkq l{ù{yh~ cky$

dkjk{ul myh~ka ukmcjomqfmao*


10/22

23p

Yfbf O`jomlo

q~oqfjk q wheamokd eqoffjof jf~ku akò ehumq u`lh hi}{no qfwyhnyf$dh~fjmc {yqeqk `{i yk`fmao* Hwyhnyfdh~fjok u~hyq e}whqu~ dhm

~ mcfyflukyqk }l{wokjof hyfq {loky{jlh~fjof qf~fyuka ~ jod ~oyu{f`jhmo#~ `koijoqaf}lod }kj}ok flu~jka }o }wyf~mqka ~w~fam jf qfmch~f$jok {ulh~jol~/* Whedohuh~h ak}u ~wh}fhjf ~ wyhnyfd ojukyflmaoq e}whqu~fdo l{ù{y #qiohyfdo wyhnyfd~ eh~ofemqkjof/* Wkyhydf$u~j #}wyf~mq/ ~dofy uka whedohuh~hmo hejh}o }o eh ~lhyq}uf$jof ~oyu{f`jhmo wyhnyfdh~fjof mqò eh hlyk`kjof mh mqh~okl dhk qf$wyhnyfdh~f f mqknh jok9>* ^ ukj }wh}i d`kjok h mqh~okl{ wyqkioknf~ yfdfmc fjuyhwh`hnoo hwyhnyfdh~fjof* Mqh~okl akejhmqkjok wyhnyf$

d{ak o ak}u wyhnyfdh~fj ufl ~yfhjf hyd{f }uf~fjof }o whedohuh$

~hmo mqò l{ù{yh~knh wyhnyfdh~fjof whedohuh~hmo luyf wh`knf joku`lh jf }ukyh~fjo{ jo `kmq uflk jf ~wh}ffjo{ eh wyhnyfdh~fjof l{`$u{y ehumq ukmcjh`hnomqjok n~fyfjuh~fjka dhò~hmo* Whe}uf~h~ fl$u~jhmo mqh~oklf }ufak }o wyhnyfdh~fjok* Wyqkjh}o hj ih~okd }mckdf$u jfiuk whemqf} {ulh~fjof l{ù{yh~knh hwyhnyfdh~fjof93 eh ~f}jkawhe}uf~h~ka flu~jhmo ojukyjfòq{am qf}fe }kl~kjmajknh d`kjofo eqoffjof ~fmo~knh wyhnyfdhd*

L{ u{yf qfukd uh qhhj }}ukd aql~ wyhnyfdh~fjof }{ioklu~jh$

mo whwyqkq ~wyh~feqfjok hwyhnyfdh~fjof whedohuh~hmo* [ulh~joldhek`h~ ak}u wh~}qkmcjd aqlokd wyhnyfdh~fjof `{eqloka }{ioklu~$jhmo wyqkq whedohuh~h*

Whedohu o hwyhnyfdh~fjok

Whedohu ak}u }l{wokjokd ~okeq ufl }fdh afl wf}dh ny}lok ak}u }l{$wokjokd ny* ]{ioklu~jh whedohu{ ak}u aflh uflf }l{wokjokd9?* Whe$dohu ak}u mqd a{ {}uf`hjd whemqf} ne }{ioklu~jh ak}u ~mo oj$e~oe{{amf }o* Whedohu uk }o oje~oe{{ak #jfi~fam f{uhjhdomqjho akejh}ulh~h/ akejfl }l{wof hj ehumcmqf}h~ oje~oe{fma q yjmc

9> Wyhnyfdh~fjok mqh~oklf }l{ul{amk ~u~hyqkjokd }o hlyk`hjknh dhek`{whedohuh~hmo hejh}o }o qfukd eh }uhomloknh wyhnyfdh~fjof neqok whe}uf~h~ wh$eqof woky~hujf yjomf uknh whekamof ehumq ehlhjfjof }k`klmao umc yqkmq lu$yk dhjf qdokjo #wyhnyfdh~f/ hyfq umc luymc jok dhjf qdokjo #} jokwyh$nyfdh~f`jk/* Wh}ufmo whamoh~ ak}u u{ufa Kwoluku aflh ~qy wyhnyfdo}u luy whuyfbyhqyjof l{ù{yh~k lhe o qf~fyuk ~ jomc qnkjkyfòqh~fjk aqlo wyhnyfdh~fjof*

93 Ukydoj luy }uh}{ak @kr Dfjhromc*9? D* Ckoeknnky Wh~okeqkjok Jokuq}mcknh In {dfy u{d* A* Nokyf}odo{l ~1 oekd

Eyhno f}{ F`kuckof ^fy}qf~f 6??> }* 6?3*


11/22

p2?


wyhnyfd~ eh~ofemqkjof yhq{dofj aflh mikyjkumqjf hynfjoqfmaf~ dhek`{ whemqf} ne }{ioklu~jh ~mo yhqwhmqjf }kyo fmkjuymq$

jmc oje~oe{fmao=7

luyk }~hod }l{wokjokd hnfyjofa dhek` q~yhujoknh wyhnyfd{am* ]{ioklu~jh ak}u wyhaklu{amh$}onfamf whemqf} newhedohuh~h hqjfmqf mhfjok }o eh ~mqkjoka}qmc {}uf`k #{}uf`kjof~ {ulh~jol{ dhek`h~d=6/* Hewh~ofef uh yk`fmao wyqk}qhmo aflh {}uf$`kjo{ ~ whedohuh~d o}ujokjo{ eh wyq}qhmo whadh~fjka aflh mcfhu$q{am y{mc }{ioklu~jhmo* Qfukd whefam qf ~}lfqfjokd Ckoeknnk$yf jf`k whelykò k q wky}wklu~ }}ukdh~ka whedohu ak}u }}ukdkdqf }{ioklu~jh }ufjh~o mqjjol yjom{am uknh }}ukd{ #}ukyh~jol

yjomh~fjof/* Whedohu qf~}qk h o`k ak}u whedohukd {wk~jof }o h }~h$

od qfikqwokmqkjo{=9

* Whedohu eqoff ~ yfdfmc hlyk`hjknh dhek`{ ~f$}jka whedohuh~hmo ~ ud ~wfel{ odwòlh~fjka wyqkq hwyhnyfdh~fjoklhdw{ukyh~k qfikqwokmqkjok ak}u ykfòqh~fjk wyqkq monk flu{fòqh~f$jok wyhnyfd{ whu~okyeqfamknh whe}uf~h~k oj}uy{lmak whq~f`famk jf qf$mch~fjok f{uhykn{`fmao ~ nyfjomfmc whedohuh~hmo* Dkmcfjoqdkd uknhqfikqwokmqfjof ak}u wh~uyqkjok luyk hewh~ofef wyhmk}h~o wh~yfmfjofeh uka }fdka fwòlfmao neqok jf}uw{ak yjomh~fjok ~f}jknh qfmch~fjof~ hiyiok efjknh dhek`{ whwyqkq wyhe{lma }{ioklu~jhmo* Yjomh~f$jok o mcfhuqh~fjok hyfq uh~fyq}qmk d{ wh~ufyqfjok uh hjuh`hnomqj

wyhnyfd f{uhodd{joqfmao qfikqwokmqfam }l{wohj }{ioklu~jh ~ dh$ek`{ whedohuh~hmo*

[ulh~jol dhek`h~ uh qjfmq uflo luy ak}u ~i{eh~fj ~ wyhnyfd

~f}jknh {jlmahjh~fjof ak}u dhek`h~fj o dhek`{ak }okiok* [ulh~joldhek`h~ #mqh~okl }ufam }o hlyk`hjd wyhnyfdkd/ ak}u jokqf`kj helhjlykujka }{ioklu~jhmo==* Why{}qfam u l~k}uo qf lhjokmqjk {~ffdqfqjfmqkjok k hdf~ofj ak}u u{ufa wk~okj f}wklu whedohuh~knh {jlmah$

jh~fjof whjok~f qekmeh~fjok jok hnyfjomqf }o hjf eh efjknh dhek$`{$uw{ {ulh~jolf* ^}wmqkjok hewh~okejolokd e}whqu~{ aknh

=7 Fmkjuymqjf oje~oe{fmaf wh`knf jf akejhmqk}jd oje~oe{h~fjo{ }o whe$dohu~ #f`k o ~}qk`lomc qf}hi~/ q yjmc yek* E`f oje~oe{fmao qfwhykejomqh$jka ~ dkeofmc ukmcjomqjmc wyqad{a whamok uk`koje~oe{fmao mqò qef`jka oje~o$e{fmao q ~ok`{ mkjuy~ oje~oe{fmao mh ~yff u fmkjuymqjh*

=6 ^ wyqwfel{ hwyhnyfdh~fjof dhkd d~o k uh }l{wokjok ehlhj{ak }oaflh kklu wyhnyfdh~fjof uh qjfmq }kl~kjmajknh {loky{jlh~fjof }{ioklu~jh$mo luyf dhk mchfuqh~f }o akejok ~ke{n qk}ufjefyqh~fjmc ~ wyhnyfdok oj$}uy{lmao* ukj }wh}i mcfhumqjh ak}u hnyfjomqhjf wyqkq wyhnyfd {loky{jlh~fjof*

=9 ]h~f Dfyuojf Ckoeknnkyf*== [ulh~jom ojukyjku{ eqok` qk }hi jok u`lh ~fy}u~ ojhydfmaj f`k ufl$

k }{ioklu~jh*


12/22

>7p

Yfbf O`jomlo

ukmcjh`hnomqj flu{fòqfma ak}u hwyhnyfdh~fjok* Dhò~k ak}u d~okjok

h wk~jd wyhnyfdok eh~ofemqkjof wyqkq ukj e}whqu~ ~wyh~feqfjknh

#ak}u hj lhjlykuqfma dhek`{ whedohuh~hmo l}qufuh~fjka wyqkq hwyhnyf$dh~fjok/* Hwymq lhj}kl~kjmao jfu{y wyflumqjka {ulh~ka uf }u{fmafwyh~hl{ak wufjof jfu{y b`hqhbmqjka=5 jf o`k luh ak}u qeh`j wyqklyhmq

}mckdfu {jlmahjh~fjof qfhhj wyqkq l{ù{yh~mc wyhnyfdo}u~=; hyfq~}q}ulok lhdkymajk }uhwjok ojukyjfòqfmao wyhnyfd{ ~ }{ioklu~jhmo {u$lh~jol~=2* fjofa }o qfukd e~ok whe}uf~h~k wf}qmqqj1 woky~}qf eh$

umq wkyhydfu~jhmo lhe{ aknh qeh`jhmo eh whewhyqelh~~fjof }h$iok {ulh~jolf #aknh hydh~fjof o wyhnyfdh~fjof/ ey{nf }whkmqjmcdhekò {jlmahjh~fjof {ulh~jolf neqok jok dhkd d~o h wyhnyf$

dh~fjo{ jf whqohdok ojhydfumqjd u`lh }whkmqjd=>

* ]lhyh1 Lhd$w{uky eqoffa whe lhjuyh` wyhnyfd~ f {jlmaf wyhnyfdh~fjof ak}u {`h$lh~fjf jf qk~juyq ukmcjh`hnoo ~ `{eqlomc fnkjufmc=3 luyk qfyqeqfa joq ny=? uh whedohuh~h dhek`h~fjf wyqkq hwyhnyfdh~fjok wyqad{$

ak yjk whqmak dhm ~ e}whqu~ok dhm aflh dhò~ka }o`k ~~okyfjkajf jok wyqkq hwyhnyfdh~fjok*

Wkybhydfu~jh lhe{

^ wyqwfel{ dhek`{amka whedohuh~h {jlmao hwyhnyfdh~fjofyhq~ffj ak}u u{ufa lhe jf mh jfadjoka e~mc whe}uf~h~mc wf}qmq$qjfmc lhe{ df}qjh~knh hyfq }wh}hi{ aknh wykqkjufmao jf klyfjok dhjo$uhyf* Hmq~omok hif ~qfakdjok }o ~fy{jl{a wyq mqd ukj woky~}q ak}ujfeyqej ~ }uh}{jl{ eh ey{noknh* Wyqkedohukd qfojukyk}h~fjof ak}u u{ufa

wufjok h e}uyi{ma mqf}{ yjk wyhnyfd ~ ud }}ukd hwkyfmajkdfa yj fymcouklu{y qfukd ~ yjd mqf}ok ~ yjka lh`kajhmo ~lh$

j{a yjk }kl~kjmak* [ulh~jom ~ ojj }wh}i #jf yjmc whqohdfmclhdwkukjmao/ hmqkl{a ~lhjfjof umc }kl~kjmao mq}uh wyqad{am ak qf

hmq~o}uh* ]fdf fymcouklu{yf lhdw{ukyf uflk ~w~f jf whedohuh~h

=5 Ukmcjh`hnof }ufjh~o yeh b`hqhbmqjka wyhi`kdfuqfmao*=; Jf hikmjd whqohdok yhq~ha{ l{ù{y hwyhnyfdh~fjok ak}u }wyqhjk ~ aka dk$

mcfjoqd f{uhykn{`fmao* Akejfl f}wklu whedohuh~ ~mo ak}u u{ufa flu{f`j*=2 Uh uflk wufjok h uyfj}mkjekjma ~ hiyiok efjknh wyhnyfd{ afl dhjf wyqk$

lyhmq qf whdhm wyhnyfd{ lhdw{ukyh~knh ~f}j whedohuh~h*=> ^ yfdfmc ojjokyoo }whkmqjka*=3 Wyqad{a yhq{dokjok fnkjuf aflh whedohu{ eqoffjof qfy~jh `{eqloknh afl

o jok`{eqloknh #jw* whe wh}ufmo iu~ ojhydfumqjmc/*=? F* Bkkjikyn Myouomf` Ukhy h kmcjh`hn Jk~ _hyl 6??6 }* ?6*


13/22

p>6


{ulh~jol~ ih~okd wyqq~mqfaf eh hlyk`hjka ykflu~jhmo hlyk`h$jknh lhyq}ufjof }wkmbmqjknh }wh}hi{ ~lhj~fjof lhdkje ojukyjfòqh$

~fjmc ikqwhykejoh eh }{ioklu~jhmo* [ulh~jol dhek`h~ jok d{}odok ~nè{ ~ lhe jok d{}o qjf aql~ wyhnyfdh~fjof #i wyhnyfdh$~f57/ mch nei dof uh aknh }fdh~ofehdh q~ol}qfi }o* Uflo aknhhiyfq wh}u{`{ak Byokeyomc Louu`ky luy d~o k fi }wyf~jok {jlmahjh~f~ l{ù{yqk dkeof`jka o jok i myh~d fjf`fiku jf`k qjf mh jfadjokaakekj aql }qu{mqj* Uflo }ufj yqkmq jf wk~jh }wh~he{ak ~ol}qk {~yf$

ò~okjok jf }fd lhe* Aknh jokqjfahdh jokakejhlyhujok {jokdhò~of d{}l{ukmqjk whyfeqkjok }hiok q wyhi`kdfdo #whelyk` k lhdw{uky } ~$

aulh~h qf~hejk f lhe wyhnyfdo}umqjk jokeh}lhjfk o wkjk {}ukykl56/

luyk jok ~d{}q jf jod wyhnyfdo}umqjka ojuky~kjmao `kmq whwyqkq qyh$q{dokjok }wh}hi{ ~ aflo wyhnyfd eqoff qf}uh}h~fjok hlyk`hjka wyhmke{$

y jfwyf~ofamka jf whqohdok wyhnyfd~ mqknh wyqlfekd dhk i mch$mofi uh k e~f wyhnyfd jok } qk }hi lhdwfuio`jk ua* omc ~qfakdjfhikmjh wyh~feqo eh e}{jlmao* O}uhuj l~k}uo ak}u u{ufa uflk ie* I$e o}ujokamk jf whqohdok df}qjh~d }l{ukmqjok qdokjofa }wh}i {jl$

mahjh~fjof wyhnyfd{* ] h}~fafjk jf whqohdok l{ù{yh~d jw* uky$yhy 57559 }f~j i`{k }mykkj ~yk}qmok lhd{jolfu h ieqok {jlmahj{a

aflh olhjomqjk wyqke}uf~okjok {jo~ky}f`jknh ie{ fnheqhj whwyqkqlhd{jolfu h dhò~hmo wyq~ymkjof whwyqkejoknh }ufj{ `{i dollok$nh èh~fjof ~ {y{mchdohjka ojjka fwòlfmao*

Akejfl {ulh~jol mq}uh }whulf }o akejok q kklukd eqoffjof uknh

lhe{* Wyqk`ked uh jf wyqlfeqok lhd{jolfuhy~ lhdw{ukyh~mc hyfq{}{n }whkmqjhmoh~mc* Akekj wyhnyfd akejf w`fuhydf wyhnyfdh~f df}wkjof ~}qk`lok {jlmak eh}uwjk ~ ojjmc wyhnyfdfmc ufl fi jok ehwyh$~feqo {ulh~jolf eh qj{kjof* Qfukd uflk wh}{jomof uflok afl ~wyh~f$eqfjok qdofj whukjmaf`jok jf nhy}qk dfa u wyqk~fn k flu~oq{a `{eqoluyq ~}uwo aflh jh~f l`f}f ~oyu{f`jf eqok`hjf whe{n {ulh~jol~

dhek`h~mc luymc wyqamok {dhò~of wyhnyfdh~fjok }{ioklu~jhmoluyq q~yfmfa }o wyqkmo~ joklhyq}ujd e`f jomc qdofjhd* Uflok wh}{$jomof n~fyfju{a dojodf`j lh}qu ~ wh}ufmo {uyfmhjknh he}kulf {ulh~$jol~ wyq akejhmqk}jd oje{lh~fjo{ ~ol}qknh wyq~oqfjof eh wyhnyf$

d{ #hioklu{/* Wyhnyfd lhdw{ukyh~ ~d{}qf lhd{jolfma jok djoka joeq~hjom uk`khj q ud k u{ufa eq~hjokjok jfamqmoka qf}uwh~fjk ak}u

57 ^ }kj}ok ~ aflod d~o h hn`jka ukhyoo wyhnyfdh~fjof*56 Whehijok ak}u uk q aqlfdo wyhnyfdh~fjof {eqloknh eh~ofemqkjof*59 Ak}u uh dkufhymqjk hlyk`kjok ie{ 575 luy }njfòq{ak k ~}lfqfjf ~ wyqk$

nèfymk ojukyjkuh~ka }uyhjf jok dhk qh}uf hejf`kqohjf*


14/22

>9p

Yfbf O`jomlo

wyqkq e~ol eh}uwjhmo {ulh~jolf #luy dhjf ~mq/* U{ufa }fdf

hikmjh mq}uh afl ~ mo{ }whkmqjd }ufjh~o qfwyh}qkjok eh yhqdh~*

^ ud wyqwfel{ }uh}h~fjok qjfmqjol~ ak}ukd qfau o qfyfq ~yfmfdjok {~ffd qf hih~oq{amk ih~okd } mq}uh onjhyh~fjk f {ulh~jo$m o ufl qfyq{mfjo } lhd{jolfufdo< qyk}qu }uh}h~fjok omc dhjf {qjf qflhd{jolfmaj lhlokukyo wyi q}lfjof fuyflmajhmo wyqkq dfjok}uh$~fjok }~haka jokeh}uwjhmo* Ykn{ wyhnyfd{ lhd{jolfmao }ufjh~o lh$d{jolfmajk wyhnyfdh~fjok {ulh~jol~ #omc lhd{jolfmajmc ~kao ~a/ mh }ufjh~o doje~fyk {}uf`kjok whedohuh~hmo ~ hlyk`hjdhwyhnyfdh~fjo{ whedohuh~hmo mqò qiohyqk wyhnyfd~ eh~ofemqkjofykn{`h~fjmc wyqkq hyd {ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh*

]uyfuknok {ulh~jol~ hwyhnyfdh~fjof } qekmeh~fjok }w`{yfòqh$~fjk `kmq dhjf ~yjo wk~jk omc ~qhy* Qfqjfmqfd k uf l`f}lf$maf wykqkju{ak wk~jk }ukykhuwh~k ~hiyfkjof {ulh~jol~ qf whe$famf qf jo }uyfuknof }l{wofamf }o jf }wh}hifmc {mof hyfq imof {udwyqkq wyhnyfd qh}ufak wyqkjok}ohjf a{ jf whqohd wyhnyfdh~fjknh ~ ukj

}wh}i eh~ofemqkjof* Wyhk}ahjfòmo wkyklmajok hi}{n{a efj wyhnyfdhyfq } jf jfa~}qd whqohdok lhdwkukjmao*

Jf whqohdok }whkmqjd ifefd uh mh dkylfjuò}umqjok qh}ufh }lh$

elh~fjk o qfoj}uf`h~fjk ~ l{ù{yqk #yjkl ak}u }}ukdkd hwkyfmajdl{ù{y/* Dfd u{ jf dò n~jok hyf o ^ki 9*7* U{ufa ifefd }whkmq$jk o l{ù{yh~k mok wyhnyfd{* E`fmqknh wfuyqd ~ efjk hlokjlh f jok~ ojjk8 Uh jok u`lh wufjok q qflyk}{ lhnjou~o}ulo hyfq w}mch`hnoo wh$qjf~mqka `kmq uflk l{ù{yh~mc yfd ~oeqkjof }l{wohjmc ~ df}qjfmc~oeqkjof mqò df}qjfmc eh wyhnyfdh~fjof hl{`fmkjuymqjmc qf}h$i~ }{ioklu~jhmo* Wyqkmok ~}q}ulh mh {y{mcfdofd jf lhdw{ukyqk

ak}u wyhnyfdkd wyqknèfylf ^^^ uflk* Hjf y~jok qh}uff jfwo}f$jf ~ hlyk`hjd aql{ ufl }fdh afl }uyhj jf~ku akò i {u~hyqhjk qfwhdhm nkjkyfuhyf*

Whedohuh~h ~ wyhnyfdok qdfnf }o q whedohuh~hmo {ulh~jo$

lf* Uh wyqk}uyqk qfy~jh qf~f}qmqfjof afl o jknhmafmao* Ak}u dhò~k k{ulh~jol dhek`h~ eqoff afl ~oy{} ojkl{am whedohuh~h {ulh~$jolf o ~ lhm{ a wyqkad{am ua* jfyq{mfam a* Ukj wyhmk} dhkd }hiok~hiyfqo jf wyqlfeqok lhyq}ufjof q ifyeqh dfka yhqwouhmo dkeo~hnyfjomqfammc }o eh ykflu{fòqh~fjof a{ hemqufjmc efjmc* ^ ukj}wh}i wyhnyfd lhdw{ukyh~ }ufak }o wyhnyfdkd$jf~lokd `{eqloknheh~ofemqkjof*

Lfe wyhnyfd ak}u whe lhnh qfwyhnyfdh~fj `kmq jok hqjfmqf uh kjok dhjf nh wyqkwyhnyfdh~f* ]l{ukmqjh ufloknh qfiokn{ hlyk`fa ~f$y{jlo ukmcjh`hnomqjk hyfq l{ù{yh~k luyk whqh}ufa qk }hi ~ }ufjok }o`jka


15/22

p>=


~}wqf`kjhmo* Dhkd ~yjo yjk ~qhymk whedohuh~hmo luyk ~$lyfmqfa whqf yhqyjokjok jf luh o mh* Hewh~ofef uh wyhmk}h~o ukmc$

jomqfmao }{ioklu~jhmo }l{wohjka ~ dhek`{ whedohuh~d lhjlykujknhqk}uf~{ wyhnyfd~ {d}{ o eh~ofemqkjof #doje~fyk/*Eh wyhnyfd~ qh}ufa wyqkjok}ohjk {jlmak {d}{ ~ ukj }wh}i

yjk }{ioklu~jhmo u~hyq w}k{eh{d} ~jol q omc whmqkjof* Uflwh~}ufdoje~fyk hejh}o }o eh eqoffjof whedohuh~hmo akejfl q uk$nh wh~he{ k jok dhk qfwfjh~f jfe ~f}jdo qf}hifdo e`fuknh ukq`kmf qfyqeqfjok jodo lhjlykujd wyhnyfdhd luyk q~f`jofa ak q uyh$

}lo h }okiok ~lhj{am ukmcjolo {uyqdfjof }okiok ~ monka nhuh~hmo eh{jlmahjh~fjof*

Jok o}ujoka wyhnyfd lhdw{ukyh~k luyk mflh~omok dhek`h~fiqfmch~fjok {ulh~jolf* Jf`k ~yjo lo`lf whe}uf~h~mc }ky ~w~{luyd hewh~ofefa }uhwjok ojukj}~jhmo heeqof~fjof wyhnyfd{ lhdw{$ukyh~knh jf whedohuh~h* ]}ukd hwkyfmaj ieqok heeqof~f ~ }wh}iqfy~jh ikqwhykejo aflh dkufwyhnyfd hyfq yheh~o}lh e`f ojjmc wyh$nyfd~ ~ luyd } hjk {y{mcfdofjk f qfukd whqh}ufa ~ {jlmahjf`jkaqf`kjhmo he joknh afl o jokikqwhykejo whjok~f hikmjk ~ jod fwòlfmakq lhjokmqjhmo ie d{}of he~h~f }o eh yhq~oqf ~ jod qf}uh}h~f$jmc fi dm eqoff* Fjfòqf wyhnyfd~ lhdw{ukyh~mc ~ uka wky}wklu$~ok d{}o i qfukd ~}hlhlhjukl}uh~f* Jf whuyqki fjfòq ehlhjfd }qmqk$n`jmc {wyh}qmqk i {lfqf ~ aflo }wh}i qf whdhm hwyhnyfdh~fjofehmcheqo eh wyhe{lh~fjof #wyhnyfdh~fjof/ hlyk`hjka }{ioklu~jhmo*

Whedohuh~h aflh wyhnyfd eqoffjof o }k`klmao ekmqao

Fjeyk~ Bkkjikyn u~okeqo k ]lhmqhj whedohu ak}u }u~hyqhj q ak$nh eqoff whekadh~fjmc ~ ~okmok5= ~om jf`k {qjf k }ufjh~o hjhwhqma ~hikm jok}lhmqhjhmo }whjufjomqjka e}uyi{mao }{ioklu~jh$

mo* [ulh~jol dhek`h~ ak}u ~wyh~feqfjokd òjoo wheqof{ whe{n lu$ymc }{ioklu~jh {ulh~jolf qh}ufak e}uyi{h~fjf o kl}w`hfuh~fjfwyqkq hlyk`hjk hwyhnyfdh~fjok* Lhjokmqjk ak}u uflk yhqwfuyqkjok uknh~ aflo }wh}i hwyhnyfdh~fjok q~oqfjk ak}u q eqoffjokd* Dhk hjh qf$y~jh ak ~d{}qf f~hyqh~f afl o hnyfjomqf o ~}uyqd~f* Uh ~f$jok hwyhnyfdh~fjok ~qjfmqf efj yfmahjf`jh eqoffjof55 whjok~f

5= F* Bkkjikyn Myouomf` }* 669*55 Fjeyk~ Bkkjikyn ~oeqo ~ lhdw{ukyqfmao dhò~h o hnyfjomqkjok wyfm `{eqloka

~ qf`kjhmo he lhjlykujka ukmcjh`hnoo o yfmahjf`jhmo afl {mok`kjof* Why* oioekd }* 2=*


16/22

>5p

Yfbf O`jomlo

ukmcjh`hnof jok ak}u jk{uyf`jf `kmq {jefdkjuf`jok }uyhjjomqf ~ loky{jl{wh}qmqkn`jka cknkdhjoo ~}qk`lok eqoffjof wheauk ~ aka yfdfmc wyqmq$

jofa }o eh ykwyhe{lmao uka cknkdhjoo5;

*Wyhnyfd lhdw{ukyh~k {mok`kjofa wk~jk dolyhukmcjolo ~feq o }ykn{`h~fjk qnhejok q ykn{fdo hwkyfmajka f{uhjhdoo52* Cknkdhjof wyh$nyfd~ ~qjfmqf yfd {jlmahjh~fjof whedohu~ luyk } hnyfjomqh$jk wyqkq omc eqoffjok wheefjk eqoffjo{ wyqkdhm wyhnyfd~ #qeh`jhmo

wyhnyfd~ eh lhjuyhò }{ioklu~jhmo jw* mq }{ioklu~jhmo qh}ufak{}{jouf(~mqhjf ~yfq q {}{jomokd efjknh wyhnyfd{ eh~ofemqkjof/*Dolyhukmcjolo lhjuyhò {~qnèjofa yhqdok}qmqkjok olhj qf}fe {~f$jof ojukyka}{ dhò~h eh}uwjmc qdofj whwyqkq lhjn{yfma fjodf$

mak iemk }dihòmqj ykwykqkjufma wyhmk}~ o eqoff ~lhj~fjmcwyqkq lhdw{uky hewh~okejok {}u{h~fjok moff wyqke dhjouhykd {hk$jok ehjo }qilh ykflmao {ulh~jolf* ^}q}ulh uh }wyf~of k whedoh$uh~h ak}u ~fy{jlh~fjf wyqkq hwyhnyfdh~fjok hmq~omok iohym whe

{~fn }lf` uknh ~fy{jlh~fjof jf`kfhi hejok a eh ifef lhnjou~$jmc o }hmah`hnomqjmc luyk ~ }wh}i kdwoymqj #dokyqf`j/ dhnihlykò o`h mqf}{ }weqfjknh wyqke efjd ojhydfumqjd ojukyka}kdhyfq aknh ~w~ jf qfmch~fjok* [hn`jofam dhkd }u~okyeqo k whe$dohuh~h odwòlh~fjf wyqkq hwyhnyfdh~fjok ak}u hydh~fjf jf qf}feqokodw`kdkjuh~fjof {ulh~jolhd hlyk`hjmc qk}uf~~ jf~l~ hi}{$no {yqeqk ukmcjomqjmc* ^ ukj }wh}i }lhj}uy{h~fjf qh}ufak whedohuh$~h whefujf jf whehijk dolyhukmcjolo lhjuyhò ~ ojjmc }kyfmc whò$

umqjka }whkmqjka jf{lh~ka ~ofuhwhnèh~ka yjlh~ka* Whedohuh~hak}u ufd {l}qufuh~fjf ~ uflo }wh}i k fu~oka ykfn{ak q hewh~okejoh qf$wyhnyfdh~fjdo ojukyka}fdo jo q ojjdo* [ulh~jom dhn akejfl }f$do dhek`h~f }~ha whedohuh~h u~hyqm `{i ~ }wh}i fùkyjfu~j

~lhyq}u{am o dhebl{am qf}ufjk hwyhnyfdh~fjok* ukj }wh}i ~f$jofa }o jh~k hyd whedohuh~hmo1 cflky}lf wyh}{dkjmlf wyhnyfdo}u*

5; Oioekd }* 2;*52 Hwkyfmajf f{uhjhdof uh whamok Fjeyk~ Bkkjikynf luyk ~}lfq{ak jf ify$

eqh o}uhuj flu hih~oq~fjof dolyhukmcjol lhjuyhò }lfefammc }o jf efj oj$}uu{ma* Qf~fyuk dolyhukmcjolo ykwyhe{l{a whyqekl ~feq ~ joka qf~fyu hika$d{am ~}q}ulok whedohuh~hmo* ^ ukj }wh}i dhkd hemquf hwyhnyfdh~fjok

aflh wk~j hyd oj}uu{mao jf}qf wkymkwmaf jf}qk qfmch~fjok }wh}i hyfq ~f$y{jlo whekadh~fjof eqoffjof } hlyk`hjk wyqkq wyhnyfd* Jok ekukydoj{a hjk ake$jfl ~ }wh}i fi}h`{uj qfmch~fjof {ulh~jolf akejfl }{nky{a whewh~ofefaqnhejok q `hnol {jlmahjh~fjof }}ukd~ kl}wkymlomc aflok qfefjok dhjf mq ukjf`k whea* Whe}{dh~{am dolyhukmcjolo lhjuyhò qf~fyuk ~ hwyhnyfdh~fjo{hwkyfmahjfòq{a o hwudfòq{a lhnjou~jk {jlmak hyfq qfmch~fjok {ulh~jolf*Why*F*Bkkjikyn Myouomf` }* >?*


17/22

p>;


^dokjohjk uw } wyqlfefdo {ulh~jol~ dhek`h~mc ky ojhydf$umqjka whehijok afl whedohuh~h odwòlh~fjf wyqkq hwyhnyfdh~fjok

~u~fyqf hlyk`hjk uw {ulh~jol~ dhek`h~mc* Ukmcjhdkylfjuòqd5>

u~hyq dhek`k {ulh~jol~ luyk }ufa }o mqmo wyhakluh~fjknh o wyh$nyfdh~fjknh hwyhnyfdh~fjof* ôk`h ukmcjomqjmc lhe~53 hewh~ofef

~oyu{f`jd whedohuh~hmohd luyk dhn qh}uf {mok`kjohjk ~ }}ukdokukmcjomqjd q luyknh wyqkjh}q }o jf {ulh~jolf u~hyqm doje~fyk*

Whqhyjf jk{uyf`jh dhek`{

[ulh~jol dhek`h~ hqjfmqf wk~j wyhnyfdh~fj o wyhnyfdh~f`$

j whedohuh~h* Dhek` ~qy whedohuh~hmo qf~fyu ~ ukmcjomqjmclhefmc l{ù{y jok ak}u u`lh wk~j hyd eh luyka ehwf}h~{ak }o {u$lh~jol `kmq }ufjh~o flu~jok eqoffam wyhnyfd hydfuh~fjof o l}quf$uh~fjof jf~l~ {ulh~jolf whe{n hlyk`hjknh ~qhymf* Ikq ~qnè{jf yheqfa hwyhnyfdh~fjof {ulh~jol whqh}ufak qf`kj he wk~jknh lh$e{ hikmjknh ~ wyhnyfdok o ~ ukj }wh}i {mok`kjof wk~jk ~fmo~k d{qfmch~fjof `{i uk flu~jok }o od wyqkmo~}uf~of whwyqkq wyqkwyhnyfdh$

~~fjok cfmlojn oj}uf`h~fjok yhq}qkyqk whwyf~kl fukl #wfumc/ lu$yk whq~f`fa jf ~fy{jlh~fjok hedokjjmc dhekò whedohuh~hmo qf~fy$

umc ~ ~lhyq}u~fjd hwyhnyfdh~fjo{*

[ulh~jol dhek`h~ o oekfòqd wyhnyfdo}umqj

Dhek` iem wk~jd uwkd oekf`jd luy jone jok dhk qh}uf~ wkjo qflu{fòqh~fj ~ lhjlykujd {ulh~jol{ ak}u ~wo}fj uflkaflh wk~okj hiyfq dò k`kdkju }whkmqjknh odfnojfyo{d ~ l{ù{y*B{jlmahj{am ~ wyqk}uyqkjo e}l{y}~jka f{eoh~oq{f`jka o f{eoh~oy$

u{f`jka hiyfq lhe{ ukmcjomqjknh ~wh}fhj ak}u ~ dolyhukmcjolo ukmc$jhdkylfju`jka lhjuyhò luyk dfa jf mk`{ wyqmonjomok {ulh~jolf*Akejfl {ulh~jol dhek`h~ ~mo ak}u qflfefj ~mo o}ujokak ~ uk$`khikmjmc ukyuhyofmc knq}ukjmaf`jmc* Ak}u uh qfukd oekfòqd wyhnyf$do}umqj ~ luyd {ulh~jol q}l{ak }~hak whu~okyeqkjok whwyqkq

5> Whamok {~fjk wyqkq ^hamokmcf Mc jf hlyk`kjok hyd iohukmcjh}}ukdh$~ka klhjhdoo*

53 Ukmcjomqj lhe ak}u qf}fe whe luy } ehlhjfjk ukmcjomqjk ~ihy ~ wky$}wklu~ok qfmch~fjof hwkyfmahjf`jka f{uhjhdoo #jw* ~h`jhmo ehlhjfjof whehijmc~ihy~ ~ wyq}qhmo/ F* Bkkjikyn Myouomf` }* 37*


18/22

>2p

Yfbf O`jomlo

uh}fdh ~f}jka hyd {ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh ~yfq q qfyqeqfj wh$e{n joka }{ioklu~jhmo*

[ulh~jom dhek`h~o uh {ulh~jom qfy~jh dhek`h~fjo fi}uyfl$majok afl o qjfae{am }~hak lhjlykuqfmak ~ hlyk`hjmc uwfmc o hy$

dfmc whedohuh~hmo l}qufuh~fjka qf whdhm dolyhukmcjol lhjuyhò lh$e~ ukmcjomqjmc* ^wo}{a }o hjk ~ }qky}q chyqhju wyqkdofj mqh~oklf}wh~heh~fj yhq~hakd ukmcjh`hnoo }okmo o wyhnyfd~* Mqh~okl wyhakluh$~fj o wyhnyfdh~fj ~qjfmqf wyq}qh ak}qmqk jfef` mqh~oklf* Hi$yfq wyhnyfd{ ~w~f jf ekmqak {ulh~jol~ uk jfuhdof}u eh wk~jknh}uhwjof ekukydoj{a qhhj }ok ~qfakdjmc qf`kjhmo whdoeq l{ù{$y klhjhdo fedojo}uyfma o whòul* @{eqlf whedohuh~h qjfae{ak }o

~ mkjuy{d umc }why~ ak}u hjf omc mk`kd hyfq jfyqeqokd qdofj*

Bfmkihhl o Nhhn`k, aflh hedokjjk wyqlfe doje~fyk{

Qfy~jh Bfmkihhl afl o Nhhn`k, ~}ufymq i hlykò ak dofjkd doj$e~fyk whjok~f hewh~ofefa whedohuh~hmo {ulh~jol~* [ulh~joldhek`h~ whyuf`{ Bfmkihhl qfyqeqf yk`fmafdo ~ }wh}i dfam {q}lfjfa~ol}qk }l{wokjok i jf}uwjok }o yhqwyh}q dkmcfjoqd }l{wokjof$

$yhqwyh}qkjof ak}u e`f joknh whe}uf~h~d }wh}hikd d`kjof o hemq{~f$jof* [ulh~jol dhek`h~ }ky~o}{ Nhhn`k, e}uyi{{ak ~f}j }{iokl$u~jh ~ }k`klmao hi}qfy~ e}uyi{mao #lyno/*

Yjomf whdoeq udo e~hdf wyhnyfdfdo }whkmqjhmoh~do wh`knfjf hkyh~fjo{ hedokjjknh dhek`{ whedohuh~hmo* Ukmcjh`hnok hi{ fwò$lfmao ~ }kyqk ~oq{f`jka o {jlmahjf`jka } eh }okiok qiòhjk yjom }o ak$

ejok wk~jdo }qmqkn`jdo yhq~oqfjofdo* Jf`k q~ymo {~fn jf uhk lhyq}ufjok q hwyhnyfdh~fjof ehumq qfy~jh }ky yfmahjf`jka5? aflo }ky kdhmao* Whedohuh~h jf Bfmkihhl{ q lhjokmqjhmo d{}o qfyqeqf}~hodo kdhmafdo ih~okd ~}fjk wyqkq jo lhd{jolfu ~oeq ~}q}mqjfahdo whemqf} ne jf Nhhn`k, eh}uw eh jomc dfa akejok hlyk`hjk

wyqkq {ulh~jolf lyno heiohym~* ^ ukj }wh}i }fdf qdofjf ukmcjh`h$nomqjf ~d{}qf ojj dhek` whedohuh~hmo {ulh~jolf* Jok hqjfmqf uhhmq~omok }lyfajknh ekukydojoqd{ ~ whekadh~fjo{ eqoff `kmq ~}lf$q{ak yfmqka k wyqkq }fd flu {~fjof hlyk`hjknh hwyhnyfdh~fjof lhj$

uyhò wheef~fjk } jok u`lh lhd{jolfu ~kyif`jk f`k uflk kdhmak #fkl$u/ ~wo}fjk ~ mf wyhnyfd }whkmqjhmoh~ aflh aknh whe}uf~h~ ~dofy

5? Mq uk wh}uyfmahjf`jka akò whe {~fn iokyqkd yfmahjf`jh ukmcjh`hnomqjluyf jok ~wo}{ak }o mflh~omok ~ ukhyok yfmahjf`jhmo*


19/22

p>>


wyqkaf~ofjof }o* îy whdoeq hlyk`hjdo ukmcjh`hnofdo }whkmqjh$moh~do ak}u uh}fd q wheamokd ekmqao ehumqmka {jlmahjh~fjof efjka

whedohuh~hmo* Jok o}ujokak }wyqkmqjh whdoeq y~jhmqk}jd ~lh$yq}ufjokd ~ok`{ wyhnyfd~ }whkmqjhmoh~mc jf wyqlfe umc e~mcluyk }ufjh~o u{ufa wyqlfe fjfòq akejfl ~uke mqh~okl d{}o ~l}quf$mo hewh~okejok ukmcjolo fefwufmao i ~yfò~d jf qdofj ~ wky}wkl$

u~ok }uh}h~fjmc wyqkq }okiok dolyhukmcjol wyqkmqfam }o doeq y$jdo wyhnyfdfdo eh~ofemqkjof*

Whe}{dh~{am Bfmkihhl jf`k eh }ky qnkjkyfòqh~fjknh wyhnyfd{l{ù{yh~knh eh~ofemqkjof ih~okd wyqklyhmq f}wklu ~f}jknh {jl$mahjh~fjof aflh wyhnyfd{ lhdw{ukyh~knh* Nhhn`k, whdodh ~ol}qmc

dhò~hmo wky}hjfòqfmao hyfq ojjknh }qkykn{ yhq~oqf ukmcjomqjmcjok qh}uf ~wo}fj ~ uk l{ù{yh~k wyhnyfd o wkjo yh` dkeo{d }whkmq$jhmoh~knh h qekmeh~fjok ifyeqoka hnyfjomqhjd qflyk}ok {jlmahjh$~fjof ~ why~jfjo{ q whyuf`kd Bfmkihhl* [d} yhqwyh}qhjk lhjkl$}ahjo}umqj wfyfendfu hwyhnyfdh~fjof {d}{ {jlmahj{ak jf whyuf`{Bfmkihhl whemqf} ne jf Nhhn`k, d~od h }dihòmqjd wfyfendf$

mok doje~fyk{ ih~okd mk`kd jok ak}u mqkjok ~}q}uloknh ~ akekj qf}i{~fno o ~oyu{f`jok eh}uwjka }ky ojukyflmao f`k }k`klmaf o eqok`kjok qf}h$i~ whye }wyh`h~fjmc whe ~qnèkd {~fno {ulh~jol~* ]uyfuk$no Nhhn`k, ih wyqkwyhnyfdh~fjok whedohuh~hmo {ulh~jol~ ufl

i eh}lhjf`k ~wo}~ff }o ~ omc wyhnyfd* Akejfl ~ uflod ~wfel{ jfa$mqmoka jok } iyfjk whe {~fn mqjjolo mq}uh `{eqlok #wkjomk ~ qf`k$jhmo he lhjukl}u{ yh` lfufòqfuhyf `{i ojcoiouhyf l{ù{yh~knh wyhnyf$dh~fjof mqh~oklf/ afl jf~lo {ulh~fjof qjfae{amk }~ha whe}uf~#}l{wokjok/ ~ efjd dhek`{ whedohuh~hmo mqò ~ lhjlykujd {u$lh~jol{ dhek`h~d*

Bfmkihhl qfyqeqfam }{ioklu~jhmo {}uf`f whedohuh~h ~ }~h$

od {ulh~jol{ dhek`h~d* Jok ak}u uh dhò~k ~ wyqwfel{ Nhhn`k,whjok~f wyhe{l{ak hj akejok }fik }{ioklu~jhmo whewhyqelh~fjk

w{}ukd{ {ulh~jolh~o dhek`h~kd{* Ak}u uh }wh~heh~fjk ud k wyh$e{lmaf }{ioklu~jhmo jok ~}ufymqf eh uknh i ~u~hyq ~wh}fkjok

whedohuh~hmo* [ulh~jol mcmk wyhe{lh~f }{ioklu~jh f`k jolu d{~ ud jok whdfnf jolu jok q~yfmf jf uh {~fno* Jolu ak}u ekbjoh~fj af$lh jokhikmjh kjkynoo }{ioklu~oqfmao mqò ~oyu{f`jhmo }{ioklu~oqfmao*Qfmcheqo uflk {flu{f`jokjok whedohuh~hmo whwyqkq oj}uf`fma jh~knh

doje~fyk1 wyqkamok he {ulh~jolf eh fedojo}uyfuhyf o he fedojo}uyfuh$yf eh {ulh~jolf* Whedohuh~h ul~o ~ hwyhnyfdh~fjo{ ak}u q jod wh$mqhjf jok iem akejfl q jod q{wkjok qojuknyh~fjf* Dhò~k ak}u uflkwyqkmqfjok whdoeq yjdo doje~fykfdo*


20/22

>3p

Yfbf O`jomlo

]{ioklu~jhmo {ulh~jol~ jok efa akejka lh`klu~jka }{ioklu~$jhmo whehijok afl eqoffamk ~}w`jok ojukònkjmak jok }{d{a }o ~ wh}uf

ojukònkjmao lh`klu~jka #ud ifyeqoka ojuk`klu{ hn`jknh yfmqka dhjf u{$ufa d~o h qd`k ~}w`jd `{i ~}wu~hyqhjd hiyfqok dò/* Ehmch$eqo akejfl eh omc mqkjof ~dofj f`k qf~}qk wyqkq dhek`$ojukyka} }{$ioklu~jhmo luy qf}uw{ak }dihòmqjk yk`fmak oj}uu{mahjf`jk #}qlhyheqoj ykònoo whòulo/* [~h`johjf wyqkq ukmcjol }{ioklu~jh jok ak}uq{wkjok fjfymco}umqjf #whqf wyf~kd/ `kmq wheefak }o ~uyjkd{ wyh$mk}h~o dhek`h~fjof qnhejok q wk~jdo ~qhyfdo luyk qh}uf hlyk`hjk

aflh {ulh~jom dhek`h~o* ]{ioklu~jh ehmqf }o eh ufloknh ~qhy{#wyqkad{am jf~lo {ulh~fjof wfdo hyfq hmqklo~fjok wyq}qmc ~$

efyqk/ wyqkq mh ~wyhe{lh~fj qh}ufak {ulh~jol dhek`h~ aflh q{$eqkjok f{uhjhdomqjhmo o ~h`jhmo ukmcjolo* ^ dhek`{ } qf~fyuk }wh}hi}uf~fjof }o whewhyqelh~fjk lhjlykujd ~qhyhd whedohuh~d* ]{$ioklu~jh ak}u {~f`jofjf q akejknh dhek`{ i wyqkjok }o eh lh`kajknh*Ukj uyfj}ky }{ioklu~jhmo ehlhj{am }o ukmcjomqjdo yhelfdo wh~h$

e{ak k }{ioklu~jh yhq}feqf whedohuh~h i qjf`k hwy ~ }uy{l$u{yqk uyfj}mkekjuf`jka dhek`{ {ulh~jolf* Wyq hewh~okejoka }o`k dhknh qdokjo qfwyhwhjh~f ~f}j wh}uf {ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh fìhuk qjo}qmq nh* ^}q}ulok uk hwkyfmak qjfae{a }o akejfl jf whqohdok }{$ioklu~jhmo whqh}ufk } udmqf}h~h{}uf`famdo jfei{eh~fdo od$dfjkjujok jok}ufio`jknh ukmcjomqjknh yheh~o}lf }l{wokjokd }{ioklu~jh$mo ~ {ulh~jol{ dhek`h~d whwyqkq ~wyh~feqkjok mc~o`h~mc }uy{lu{ywhedohuh~mc qeh`jmc eh {y{mchdokjof o qfyqeqfjof #bùyh~fjof/ n~$jmc wyhe{lmao }{ioklu~jhmo* Mqh~okl$ôjeh~} }ufak }o mqh~oklokd$nylhdw{ukyh~ wh mqd }ufak }o y~jhmqkjok mqh~oklokd$lhd{jolfuh$ykd o mqh~oklokd$whmqu k`kluyhjomqj* Lfef q umc hyd whedohuh~hmolhjlykuq{ak }o ~ {ulh~jol{ dhek`h~d luy }ufjh~o omc wyqiòf$

amk hlyk`kjok* Mqh~okl }ufak }o fedojo}uyfuhykd ~f}jmc whedohuh~h$

mo eqolo mqkd{ dhk {y{mchdo ~f}j }{ioklu~jh qeh`j eh wyqk$mqkjof dhek`{ {ulh~jolf*

Doje~fyk ak}u kklukd }jkynoo {y{mchdohjmc ~ }{ioklu~jhmo o qf$}o`fjmc }{ioklu~jhmo wyhnyfd~ eh~ofemqkjof jf whqohdok whedoh$uh~d* [ulh~jol dhek`h~ }ufjh~o qf}fe hynfjoq{am doje~fyk {dhò~of hj o}ujokjok hwyhnyfdh~fjof {d}{*

Doje~fyk qh}ufak u{ufa {y{mchdohjk ~ {jlmao l{ù{yh~knh }}ukd{ hwk$yfmajknh }{ioklu~jhmo* ]ufak }o l{ù{y {ulh~jol~ dhek`h~mc ehluymc wykukje{a whedohu whqif~ohjk qk~juyqf* Ak}u uh }qu{mqjk qk$~juyqk }qu{mqjf nyfjomf `{eqloka uh}fdhmo luyf whq~f`f jf qfyqeqf$jok }{ioklu~jhmo*


21/22

p>?


Whyf qflhmq dkufbqmqj lhjl`{qa1 aqlo wyhnyfdh~fjof l{ù{yaflh {jo~ky}f`jk aqlo }qu{mqjk }ufa }o wh~hò whe}uf~ jf}qka hjumq$

jhmo {je{a dkufbql hwyhnyfdh~fjof }{ioklu~jhmo ~wyh~feqfamjh~knh yheqfa{ }l{wokjok {d}{ ~ yhqwyh}qkjo{ wyhnyfd~ eh~ofe$mqkjof uh qjfmq ~wyh~feqfam {ulh~jol~ dhek`h~mc qfyqeqfa

}{ioklu~jhmo* ]lywu dhò~hmo lhjbn{yfmao wyhnyfdh~fjknh imof}lfefa }o jf }qkykn wyhmk}~ mh }wyf~of k wyhnyfdh~fjok ak}u imokdqfwhykejomqhjd wyqkq dkeof ukmcjomqjk o ykfòq{ak }o jok ~dfnfam

hlyk`hjmc lhdwkukjmao* Ak}u hjh ~kq~fjokd eh imof$wyhnyfdh~fjdo imof$wyhnyfd{amd neqok hejok}okjokd ak}u }fd whedohu hyfq }fdhimok* [ulh~jol dhek`h~ wyhe{l{ak }{ioklu~jh ak}u aka fedojo$

}uyfuhykd o qfyfqkd {ulh~jolokd* Whedohu }ufak }o {ulh~jolokd dh$ek`h~d q}l{ak wh}uf ~fmo~ e`f efjknh oekfòqd{ whmqk eqo$lo luykd{ q}l{ak uh}fdh* Ehmcheqod qfukd eh whe}{dh~{amknh~joh}l{1 da {d} ak}u ud hwyhnyfdh~fjokd luyk {y{mcfdofd o lu$ykd{ wh~okyqfd uyh}l h }okiok e`fuknh uk whedohuh~h odwòlh~fjfwyqkq hwyhnyfdh~fjof q}l{ak }l{wokjok ~ {ulh~jol{ dhek`h~d aflh}ukyh~jol{ wh}qmqkn`jmc wyhnyfd~ eh~ofemqkjof* Whedohu ~ {jlmao{ulh~jolf dhek`h~knh ak}u qfukd fedojo}uyfuhykd {y{mchdohjmc ~k~f}jka }{ioklu~jhmo wyhnyfd~ eh~ofemqkjof*


22/22

Użytkownik modelowy - podmiotowość implikowana przez oprogramowanie

Documents

Transcript of Użytkownik modelowy - podmiotowość implikowana przez oprogramowanie