8/6/2019 Sts Report

1/62

PRESENTED BY:

KERYX NEIL N. LACUATA

8/6/2019 Sts Report

2/62

I do not know what I may appear to

the world, but to myself I seem to have

been only like a boy playing on the

seashore, and diverting myself in now

and then finding a smoother pebble

shell than ordinary whilst the great

ocean of truth lay all undiscovered

before me

~ Sir Isaac Newton

8/6/2019 Sts Report

3/62

INTRODUCTION

- Knowing a little bit more about the

nature of science as a human activity

is a necessity.

- Beyond scientific research, we must

see its consequences affecting our

way of life and now and even our

future.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

4/62

Bertrand Russell (A Great Philosopher)

Science in its beginning was due to men who were inlove with the world. Because they perceived thebeauty of the star, and the sea, of the winds and themountains. their thoughts dwelt upon them, and

they wished to understand the more intimately thana mere outward contemplation made possible. Butstep by step, as science developed, the impulse oflove which gave it birth has been increasingly

thwarted, while the impulse of power, which was atfirst a mere camp follower, has gradually usurpedcommand by virtue of its unforeseen success.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

5/62

THE DAWN OF THE FIRST

CIVILIZATION

- It was recorded as the longest period in

history of civilization.

- The first civilization emerged independent ofone another along fertile river valley in:

a. Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates)

b. Egypt (Nile)c. China (Huang ho)

d. India (Indus)

8/6/2019 Sts Report

6/62

- The people of the first

civilization were Nomadic.- The mode of life is Adaptation

and Survival.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

7/62

STONE AGE : PALEOLITHIC AGE (3000 1000 B.C.) AND

NEOLITHIC AGE (9000 5000 B.C.)

EVIDENCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING

THE PRE HISTORIC TIMES

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY is governed by two

elements:

a. Discovery as the recognition and carefulobservation of a new natural objects or

phenomena.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

8/62

b. Technology as a mental process wherein mans

various discovery and observation, combinedand guided b experience, lead to make some

other ways (operations) or means (tools) of

obtaining things useful or profitable.

- The first tool were made of stones, pebbles pre

shaped by nature.

- The discovery of fire (1000 B.C.) in two ways:

a. Lightning struckb. Rubbing of two twigs using dried leaves.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

9/62

BRONZE AGE

- 3500 B.C. man learns to use metal.

a. Copper (Container, and other tools)

b. Bronze (weapons)

8/6/2019 Sts Report

10/62

EVIDENCES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYDURING ANCIENT TIMES (3500 B.C. 1200 A.D.) IN THE OLD WWORLD

A. SUMMERIAN CIVILIZATIONSUMER

The cradle of the worlds earliest knowncivilization.

- Was an ancient region in southernMesopotamia (Iraq)

8/6/2019 Sts Report

11/62

- The region who inhabited b various

tribes of central Asia since 5000

B.C.

- Invented the 1st writing system

called CUNEIFORM (set of words

pictures depicted in symbols made

of triangular marks.)

8/6/2019 Sts Report

12/62

- Sexagesimal (Using number 60 as

base) standardized measuring. (360

circle, 1 hour to 60 minutes, 1 minute

to 60 seconds.)- Ziggurats temples, palaces , 1st

architectural master piece of sumerian

people.

- Walled cities.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

13/62

BABYLONIA

- Was the 1

st

ancient region borderingthe Tigris and Euphrates.

HAMMURABI (1792 1750 B.C.)

- Great Babylonian leader

- Wrote the Hammurabi code

B. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

8/6/2019 Sts Report

14/62

- Babylon as the capital city

BABYLON

- Center of commercial and religion

- Destroyed 689 B.C. by KINGSERRACHERIB of Assyria

- They adapted sexagesimal

8/6/2019 Sts Report

15/62

NEBUCHADNEZZAR II

- Made the neo Babylonian empire

(604 632B.C.)

- Ordered to construct the HANGING

GARDEN OF BABYLON AND ISTHAR

GATE

8/6/2019 Sts Report

16/62

EGYPT

- Desert country located at northern part

of African continent.

- Divided into 2 parts:

a. Lower Egypt

b. Upper Egypt

C. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

8/6/2019 Sts Report

17/62

The Different Periods in Egypt

1. Archaic Period (3100 B.C. 2686 B.C.)

- Hieroglyphics system of writing,

representing individual objects andactions.

- Violet as royalty, highness and power

- Studied the heavenly bodies, SIRIUS as

indicator or rise and fall of the NILE.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

18/62

2. The Old Kindom (2868 2181 B.C.)- The golden age in Egypt

- Pyramids ofGizah was constructed(AGE OF PYRAMIDS)

3. Middle Kingdom (2133 1603 B.C.)

- Knowledge of human anatomy,physiology, surgery and medicinal

plants enabled them to master the artand science of embalming their deads.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

19/62

4. The New Kingdom (1567 1085 B.C.)

- Improved products

- No money system but trading and

exchanging good is the process ofbusiness.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

20/62

D. CRETAN (MINOAN) CIVILIZATION

ISLAND OF CRETE

- Ruled by King Minos 3000 B.C.

- Grandest site ofBronze Age palaces

- Minoans Famous for their artistic skills (

creating statues, ceramics, jewels. Etc..)

8/6/2019 Sts Report

21/62

E. GREEK CIVILIZATION

- they systematically separate scientific ideas

from superstition.

- Famous for their PARTHENON.

a. SOCRATES (470 - 399 B.C.)

- Teachings through question and answering.

b. THALES of Miletus (624 574 B.C.)

- Father of Philosophy (nature is composed of or

convertible water)

8/6/2019 Sts Report

22/62

c. ANAXAGORAS (500 428 B.C.)

- Matter is composed of countless tiny particles,

each made of dominant substances such as

water which is mixed with the other

substances.

d. EMPEDOCLES (493 433 B.C.)

- Nature as a mixture of four elements; Earth,

Fire, Wind, Water which continuously

combine and separate under the influence ofthe basic forces governing all matter attraction

and repulsion.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

23/62

d. HIPPOCRATES ( 400 B.C)

- Was known to be the first to regard medicine

as a science apart from religion.

- He taught that somehow the human body is

capable of healing or repairing itself.

- HIPPOCRATIC OATH that prescribes the

physicians ethical responsibility.

e. GALEN ( 129 199 B.C.)

- A Greek physician, laid down the first medical

theories based on scientific experiments.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

24/62

f. ARISTOTLE (384 322 B.C.)

- Engrossed with many areas of science, variety,

structure, and behavior of animal and plants.- Proved the importance of critical observation

and systematic means to identify and classify

organism.g. PYTHAGORAS

- Discovered the numerical ratios, he believedthat the elements of the numbers were the

element of the world.- Pythagorean theorem

8/6/2019 Sts Report

25/62

h. PLATO (428 348 B.C.)

- Follower of Socrates, he devoted his life with

philosophy

i. EUCLID

- Father ofGeometry

j. ARCHIMEDES ( 287 212 B.C.)

- Discovered the laws of lever and pulleys.

k. PTOLEMY

- wrote the almagest

- Geo-centric theory

8/6/2019 Sts Report

26/62

F. PERSIAN CIVILIZATION

CYRUS THE GREAT (559 530 B.C.) he helped

the Persians to rebelled against the Medes.

CAMBYBES (530 522 B.C.) son of Cyrus,conquered the Egypt.

DARIUS I THE GREAT ( 522 486 B.C.)

-

Introduction of monetary system, using goldand silver.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

27/62

DARIUS THE III (338 330 B.C.)

- The separation of city and provinces.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT (355 323 B.C.)

- Controlled the Asia Minor (Turkey), he spread

the Greek cultures.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

28/62

G. ROMAN CIVILIZATION

GREAT LEADERS

a. JULIUS CAESAR (102 44 B.C.)

b. OCTAVIUS (63 14 A.D.)c. MARK ANTHONY ( 83 30 B.C.)

- Romans excelled in architecture and

engineering.- Roman Numerals

8/6/2019 Sts Report

29/62

HADRIAN (117 138 B.C.)

- The most gifted of all roman emperors.- Designed the PANTHEON (Greatest domed

building.)

VESPARIAN (69 79 A.D.)- Made artificial lakes.

NERO (54 68 A.D.)

- Made Colosseum- The crazy emperor

8/6/2019 Sts Report

30/62

CONSTANTINE THE GREAT (306 337 A.D.)

- Constantinople as Rome Capital City.

- Byzantine empire (Istanbul,

Turkey)

JUSTINIAN I ( 581 565 A.D.)

- Build the HAGIA SOPHIA (CHURCH OF

W

ISD

OM)

8/6/2019 Sts Report

31/62

H. ARABIC /ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

ARABIA

- The land of ARABS, rocky peninsula is

southwest Asia.- HINDU SANSKRIT mode of writing

- Focused on ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA

AL KWARAZMI- Focused on mathematical and astronomical

works.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

32/62

I. CHINESE CIVILIZATION

- The people of China first settled along the

river banks of the Huang Ho (Yellow River)

(Loess) and the Yang Tze river.

CONFUCIUS

- Great Chinese Philosopher

- Golden rule

8/6/2019 Sts Report

33/62

LAO TZU

- He wrote the Tao Te Ching ( the way ofvirtue)

- Taoism

MENCIUS- Confucius Great Disciple

- He wrote the book of Mencius

8/6/2019 Sts Report

34/62

Contributions of CHINA

- paper, ink, printing press, fireworks,.

- The first news paper Peking Gazette, Tang

Dynasty (705 735 A.D.)

- Using of fans, umbrella, chopsticks, kite.

- Great Wall of China

8/6/2019 Sts Report

35/62

INDIA

-

known as the land of prayers- First known cities HARRAPA AND

MOHENDRO DARO.

J. INDUS/HINDU CIVILIZATION

8/6/2019 Sts Report

36/62

GREATEST CONTRIBUTIONS

- The 4 greatest religions (Hinduism,Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism)

- YOGA (the discipline of mind and body

and soul)- The first fable story, PANCHATANTRA

- MAHABHRATA AND RAMAYANA

- HINDU ARABIC NUMBER, especially thenumber 0

8/6/2019 Sts Report

37/62

A. OLMEC CIVILIZATION (MEXICO)

- Famous for their stone images (jaguar like

rigid faces with drooping thick lips and flatnose)

- They use calendars and counting system.

- La Venta Ruins center of architecture , avast clay pyramids and decorated by stonecarvings.

EVIDENCES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DURING PRE COLUMBIAN TIMES (1500 B.C.

1500 A.D.)

8/6/2019 Sts Report

38/62

B. MAYA CIVILIZATION (GUATEMALA ANDYUCATAN PENINSULA)

- The Maya priest studies the positions andmotions of the sun, moon, stars, and theplanets from their observatories.

- Developed a unique mathematical systembased on number 20, instead of 10decimal system.

- They made monumental sculptures calledSTELE on which the important dates andevents in their rulers lives were recorded.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

39/62

- T

heir garments are embroidered,they cultivated CACAO BEANS to

make CHOCOLATES.

- They improved the BAKING SYSTEMthat they adapted from the Greeks.

- They use herbs and magic in

treating the sick.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

40/62

C. AZTEC CIVILIZATION

- Famous for their CHINAMPAS, artificialisland in the shallow water which theycultivated intensely.

- TENOCHTITLAN and TLATELOLCO, greattwin cities.

- CALENDAR STONES , famous carvings,

represented the Aztec universe, 260days calendar.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

41/62

- SOLAR CALENDAR, having 18

months and 20 days each plus 5

extra days.

- They used a PICTOGRAPHIC form of

writing.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

42/62

D. INCA CIVILIZATION

- The Inca farmers transformed thesteep mountain sides of their

highland into network of terraced

field linked by a system of miles longirrigation canals.

- Improved system of hunting, using

slings, clubs and nets.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

43/62

- The works and writings ofARISTOTLE, EUCLID, PTOLEMY

ANDGALEN, were treated as

dogma in the field of science andmathematics.

THE STATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DURING THE MIDDLE AGES (400 1300 A.D. INTHE WESTERN WORLD)

8/6/2019 Sts Report

44/62

AL KHWARAZMI expanded and

organized ALGEBRA.AVICENNA authored a

comprehensive encyclopedia titled

THE CANNON OF MEDICINE.

ALHAZEN discovered how vision is

caused by the reflection of the light

objects into our eyes.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

45/62

THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOG

DURING THE RENAISSANCE (1300 1600

A.D.)JOHANN GUTENBERG (1394 -1468)

- Invented the movable metal type printing

press.LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452 1519)

- Italian genius who personified the Renaissance

spirit, he deeply engrossed in studyingASTRONOMY, BOTANY, GEOLOGY and

MECHANICS.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

46/62

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473 1543)

- A Poland astronomer challenges the oldgeocentric universe of PTOLEMY.

- He wrote his 1st book On the Revolution of

the Heavenly Spheres. 2nd book On the fabric

of Human Body

ANDREAS VESALIUS (1514 1564)

- A brilliant anatomist and surgeon .

- The founder of modern medicine.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

47/62

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1600 1700 A.D.)

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

- The observation and gathering of data based

on experimentation.

FRANCIS BACON (1561 1626)

-Revolutionized the medieval way of deductivereasoning.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

48/62

GALILEO GALILEI (1564 1662)

- Italian mathematician and astronomer, heapplies scientific method in studyingastronomy.

- Pendulum, Galilean Moons (IO, GANYMEDE,

EUROPA, CALLISTO), phases ofVenus,thermometer.

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473 1543)

- Polish astronomer, he rejected he geocentrictheory of Ptolemy, believed that the sun isthe center of the solar system.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

49/62

RENE DESCARTES (1596 1650)

- French philosopher, physicist andmathematician, founded the science of

analytical geometry.

JOHANNES KEPLER (1571 1630)- He discovers the orbits of the planets,

ELLIPTICAL in nature.

TYCHO BRAHE (1546 1601)- Danish astronomer, he conducted celestial

observations.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

50/62

JOHN NAPIER ( 1550 1617)

- Scottish mathematician, he discover

logarithms,

RENE DESCARTES ( 1596 1659)

- Geometry and algebra, and CALCULUS.

GOTTFRIED WHILHELM VON LEIBNIZ

- German mathematician, invented the Leibniz

calculator

DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS

8/6/2019 Sts Report

51/62

ISAAC NEWTON ( 1642 1727)

- The 3 laws of motion (inertia, acceleration,action and reaction)

CHRISTIAN HUYGENS (1626 1695)

- Dutch mathematician, he use the pendulumas a time controller in clocks.

HANS LIPPERSHEY (1570 1619)

- The first telescope in Holland is believed toinvented by him a spectacle maker.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

52/62

JANS SWAMMERDAM (1637 1732)

- Analyze blood, and discovers red corpuscles.ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK ( 1632 1732)

- Reveals the world of protozoa and

bacteria's, coined with COMPOUNDMICROSCOPE.

MARCELLO MALPIGHI ( 1628 1694 )

- Discovers capillary connections between thearteries and the veins.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

53/62

ROBERT HOOKE ( 1635 1703)

- Discovers the law of elasticity, and in 1665he discovers CELL.

EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI ( 1608 1647)

- Italian mathematician and physicist,invented the BAROMETER.

BLAISE PASCAL (1632 1662)

-Invented the mechanical air pump, Pascalcalculator.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

54/62

OTTO VON GUERICK (1602 1686)

- He clarified what a VACUUM is, and the role

of air combustion and repulsion.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE

8/6/2019 Sts Report

55/62

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE

AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION (1703 1930

A.D. IN THE MODERN WORLD)ARNOLD TOYNBEE

- A British historian wrote about the industrial

revolution.

JOHN KAY

- Invented the FLYING SHUTTLE, the machine

that enabled cloth weavers to produce cloth

more quickly in greater widths.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

56/62

JAMES WATT (1765)

- Scottish engineer, Invented the STEAMENGINE, (WATT unit of power named afterhim).

JOSEPH BLACK

- Discovers the LATENT HEAT.BENJAMIN FRANKLIN(1706 1790)

- American self educated, conducted

experiment in electricity (KITE and the KEY),invented the LIGHTNING ROD. Bifocal glass,and stove.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

57/62

LUIGI GALVANI (1780)

- Discovered the electric current could begenerated by two different metals in contactwith the muscle of a frog.

ALESSANDRO VOLTA (1745 1827)

- Disproved GALVANIS experiment, with metalsalone proved that animal tissue was notneeded to produce and electric current.

- Invented the electric battery. (VOLTZ AS UNITOF ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE IS NAMED AFTERHIM)

8/6/2019 Sts Report

58/62

MICHAEL FARADAY (1791 1867)

- Conduced experiment concerningelectromagnetism. Discovers the electro

magnetic induction. (FARADAY the quantity

of electricity needed to deposit or evolved 1

equivalent weight of an element, named after

him.)

HANS OERSTED (1777 1851)

- Danish scientist, conducted experiments witha magnetic compass.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

59/62

ANDRE AMPERE (1775 1836)

- Explained the observed magnetic effects interms of electric currents flowing in small

loops. (AMPERE the unit of electric current

equivalent to a flow of 1 coulombs per

second, named after him).

JOSEPH HENRY ( 1797 1878)

- Powerful electromagnet developed and use to

lift heavy loads.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

60/62

SAMUEL B. MORSE (1791 1872)

- Produced the 1st

practical telegraph in 1837,developed he MORSE CODE ( a system of

signals composed of dots and dashes to form

an alphabet.)

ALEXANDER GRAHAMBELL (1847 1922)

- Invented the TELEPHONE.

- BELL in 1915, 1st largest telephone company in

America connecting all parts of the U.S.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

61/62

HEINRICH HERTZ (1885 1889)

- German physicist was able to produceelectromagnetic waves in his laboratory, he

also discovers the RADIOWAVES.

GUGLIEMO MARCONI (1874 1937)

- He created a new mass communication device,

THS SYSTEM OF RADIOGRAPHY.

8/6/2019 Sts Report

62/62

THANK YOU VERY MUCHTHANK YOU VERY MUCH