sSen-hn-j≥ F∂ am[yaw - St. Berchmans College · sSen-hn-j≥ F∂ am[yaw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬...
Transcript of sSen-hn-j≥ F∂ am[yaw - St. Berchmans College · sSen-hn-j≥ F∂ am[yaw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬...
sSen-hn-j≥ F∂ am[yaw
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ temI-saßpw {]Nmcw t\Snb P\-{]nb am[y-a-amWv
sSen-hnj≥. Zriy{ihy-am-[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ A\-\y-amb ÿm\w sSen-hn-j≥
t\Sn. CXc am[y-aßsf Dƒs°m≠ sSen-hn-j≥ Ah-bpsS {]mamWyw Ipd-®p.
C∂p sSen-hn-j≥ \o°n \n¿Øm-\m-hmØXmbn-cn-°p-∂p. hy‡n-tbmSpw IpSpw_
tØmSpw kaqltØmSpw AXv H´nt®¿∂p Ign™p. ̀ h-\-Øn¬ am{X-a-√ Hm^okv,
hnZym-e-bw, tlm´¬, Bip-]-{Xn, _kvÃm≥Uv, dbn¬thtÃj≥, ^mIvSdn
Cßs\ F√m-bn-SØpw Sn.-hn.-bp-≠v. a\- ns\ Bdm-an-{μn-b-ambn ImWm-sa¶n¬
Ggm-an-{μn-b-Øns‚ ÿm\w C∂v Cu am[y-a-Øn\p Nne¿ Iev]n°p∂p.
]pkvXIßfpw ]{X-ßfpw A£-c-a-dn-bp-∂-h\p am{Xta A`nImayam-bn-cp-
∂p≈p. \nc-£-c-Ip-£n°pw Imcy߃ tI -́dn-bm≥ tdUntbm DX-In. ]{X-am-kn-
ImZnIƒ ImgvNbnepw tdUntbm {ih-W-Ønepw ]cn-an-X-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Sn.-hn.-bpsS
hchv ZznXeßsfbpw tbmPn-∏n-®p. A\-̀ y-kvX-hn-Zy\pw Bkz-Zn-°msa∂-Xn-\m¬
henb P\Iob am[y-a-ambn Sn.-hn. amdn. B\-μ-Øns‚ At\I apJ-߃ Xpd∂n´Xv
P\ßfpsS bPam\-\m°n B am[yasØ am‰n.
hm¿Ø
hnUvVn-s∏-́ n-sb∂p hnfn-°p-sa-¶nepw hm¿Øbp-sSbpw hn⁄m-\-Øn-s‚bpw
hnj-b-Øn¬ CsXmcp \n[n-s∏-́ n-bm-Wv. temI-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-t—Zw \ΩpsS apºn¬
FØn-°p-∂Xp ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ hnUvVn-s∏-́ n-sb∂ hnfn-bmWv hnUvVn-Ø-cw.
hn⁄m-\-km-[y-X-I-fpsS hn]p-e-temIw Cu am[yaw Xpd-°p-∂p. {]tXyI taJe
Isf-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nm\-ep-Iƒ kvs]jy-sse-tk-js‚ Cu bpK-Øn¬ Gsd KpW-Ic
amWv. P¥p-Po-hPme߃, _nkn-\ v, kvt]m¿Svkv, kwKo-Xw, aXw Cßs\
XmXv]cym-\p-k-cWw Xncs™Sp°m\p≈ [mcmfw Nm\-ep-Iƒ C∂p sSenhnj
\p≠v.
]{X-hm-b-\-bpsS ioe-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Zriy-t_m-[-Øns‚ hgn-I-fn-te°v Sn.-hn.
ae-bm-fnsb \bn-®p. apgph≥ kab hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ C∂p sSen-hn-j-\p-≠v.
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IqSp-X¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ thK-Øn-se-Øn-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ bXv\n-°p∂p.
hm¿Øm-hn-i-I-e-\w, t{]£-Is‚ A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ, P\-]-£-hn-Nm-c-W-Iƒ Ch-sb√mw
C∂p hm¿Ø-I-fpsS `mK-am-Wv. hm¿Øm-hm-b-\-°m-cs‚ thjw, `mj, D®m-cWw,
BwKyw Ch A`n-\bw IqSn-bmbn hm¿Øsb am‰p-∂p.1 ]ucm-h-Im-iw, ]cn-ÿnXn,
kv{Xokzm-X{¥yw apX-em-bh kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ {]apJ ÿm\w Sn.-hn. hm¿Ø
Iƒ°p-≠v.
P\m-[n-]XysØ Xmßn-\n¿Øp∂ aq∂p s\Sp-Xq-Wp-I-fmbn sePn-t…-®¿,
FIvknIyp´o-hv, PpUo-jydn Chsb ]d-bmdp-≠v. \mem-asØ kvXw -̀ambn am[yaw
amdp-∂p. AXn¬ {]apJÿm\w sSen-hn-j-\p-X-s∂. P\-ß-tfm-sSm∏amWv AXns‚
ÿm\w. kaq-l-Øns‚ IÆpw-Im-Xp-ambn Sn.-hn. amdp-∂p. Nne Nm\epIƒ A[nImc-
]-£Øp \nev°p∂p; NneXp adn®pw. Nm\-ep-Iƒ hyXn-cn‡ ImgvN-∏mSpIƒ
]pe¿Øps∂¶nepw P\-Øn\v kzm`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn∏n°m-\p≈ thZnbmbn amdp∂p.
A[n-Imcw GXm-\pw-t]¿ ssIøm-fp-tºm-g-√, Ahsc XncpØm≥ P\w i‡n t\Sp-
tºm-gmWv P\m-[n-]Xyw hnP-bn-°p-I-sb∂v Km‘nPn ]d™p. Hcp Xncp-ج
i‡n-bmbn amdm≥ Cu am[y-a-Øn\p Ign-bp-∂p. `c-W-h¿Kw P\ßfn¬ \n∂p
ad-®p-h-bv°p∂ KqV]≤XnIƒ shfn-®Øp sIm≠ph-cm≥ am[y-a-Øn\v Ignbp∂p.
P\߃ sXc-s™-SpØ ̀ c-W-IqSw cl-ky-am-°p∂ X´n-∏p-Iƒ s]mXpP\ ka£w
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv hen-sbmcp P\-tk-h\am-Wv.
hm¿Øm-th-f-bnse N¿®-Ifpw hna¿i-\-ßfpw k¿°m-cn-s\ amdn-®n-¥n-°m≥
t{]cn-∏n-°mw. hna¿i-\-߃ {i≤n-°-s∏-Sm≥ i‡hpw AXn-i-tbm-‡n-]-chpw
Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpsams° BtI-≠-Xp≠v. Cu kz`mhw Zo£n-®p≈ hna¿i\
߃ Sn.-hn.-bn¬ ImWmw. k¿°m¿ Nm\-ep-Iƒ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v
angnhp In´pamdv {]t£-]Ww \n¿Δ-ln-°m-dp-≠v. ]m¿´n Nm\-ep-Iƒ AhcpsS
{]NmcWØn\p {ian-°p-∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ
Nm\epIƒ kar-≤-ambpw ka¿∞-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. P\-Nn-¥sb am‰n-sb-
Sp-°m≥ Ah¿°p Ign-bp-∂-Xmbpw ]T-\-߃ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
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sSenhn-j\nse t^m¨˛C≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ P\m-[n-]-Xy-—mb D≈-h-bm-Wv.
N¿®-Iƒ, A`napJ߃ Ch-bn-se√mw {]h-WX Z¿in-°mw. cmjv{Sob t\Xm°sf
sXmen-bp-cn®p ]cn-l-kn-°m≥ Bt£-]-lmky ]cn]m-Sn-Iƒ°p Ign-bp-∂p.
F√m-Øcw hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p-ap≈ ]cn-anXn sSen-hn-j-\p-ap-≠v. hm¿ØIƒ
bYmXYa√ F∂Xv Sn.-hn.°pw _m[-I-am-Wv. an° Nm\epIm¿°pw kz¥-amb
IÆ-S-bp-≠v. hm¿ØIfpsS `mjy-ß-fmWv ]e-t∏mgpw Ah cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ hymJym-\-t -̀Zßfmbn hm¿Ø-Iƒ amdp-∂p. s{]mss{I-Ã-kns‚
I´nse∂t∏mse hm¿Ø-Isf hen-®p-\o-´p∂p; hnt—-Zn-°p-∂p. Nm\-epImcpsS
\ne]m-Sp-Isf im‡o-I-cn-°m-\p-X-Ip-∂h hm¿Ø-I-fpsS ̀ mK-amb A`n-ap-J-ßfn¬
tNmZn-°p-∂p. hm°ns‚ hmen¬ ]nSn-®p≈ skmd-]-d®nepw hnX-WvUm-hm-Z-hp-amWv
Nne-t∏mƒ Acßp XI¿°p-I. ]∏-cm-kn-Isft∏mse Ccsb th´bmSp∂ {]h-W-
Xbpw ImWm-\m-hpw.
temI-sØ-hnsS \S-°p∂ Imcyhpw sRmSn-bn-S-sIm≠v Sn.-hn. hnc¬Øp-ºn
seØn-°p-∂p. A®-Sn-am-[y-a߃ km£-c¿t° CWßq; sSen-hn-j\v Cu ]cnanXn
bn√. ]{XØnepw tdUn-tbm-bnepw dnt∏m¿´n-tß-bp-≈p. F¥mtWm dnt∏m¿´p
sNøp-∂Xv AXns\ Sn.-hn. {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p. X∑qew hm¿Øbv°v hnizm-ky-X-tb-
dp-Ibpw {KlWw A\m-bm-k-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]{X-Ønse A®-Sn-tb-°mƒ
Sn.-hn.-bnse Zriy߃ hniz-kn-°mw. Zriyßfn¬ Bi-b-]-c-amb Iq´n-t®¿°-epIƒ
km[y-a-√. Imcy߃ ]d-bp-∂sXm∏w {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ kwib-
Øns‚ ]pcnIw Npfn-tb-≠-Xn-√. Iymad Ifhp ]d-bn√ F∂Xv ]q¿W-k-Xy-am-Wv.
CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p s]mXp-hn-ep≈ [mcW. ]t£ Nm\-ep-Im¿ hm¿Øsb
I®-h-S-h¬°-cn-°m≥ C∂p Xo{h-{iaw \S-Øp-∂p. X∑qew \ΩpsS [mc-W-Iƒ
s]mfn-s®-gp-tX≠n h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXn\v H∂m-¥cw DZm-l-c-W-amWv sP.F≥.bp.
Iymº-kn¬ A^vk¬Kp-cp-hns\ 2016 s^{_phcn 9\v A\p-kva-cn® hnZym¿∞nIƒ
C¥ym hncp-≤hpw ]m°n-ÿm≥ A\p-Iq-e-hp-amb ap{Zm-hm-Iy-߃ hnfn-®-Xmbn
h∂ hm¿Ø. ko \yqkv Nm\¬ CXns‚ Zriy-ßfpw ]pd-Øp-hn-´p. t]meokv
{]Xn-Isf AdÃpw sNbvXp.
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]s¶-SpØ hnZym¿∞nIƒ C¥ym hncp≤hpw ]m°n-ÿm≥ A\p-Iq-e-hp-amb
ap{Zm-hmIyw apg-°p∂ `mKw Iq´nt®¿Ø-Xm-sW∂pw AXn\p Iq´p-\n-∂Xv
sX‰mbnt∏m-sb∂pw kΩ-Xn®v ko\yqkv Nm\¬ \yqkv FUn‰¿ hniz-Zo-]Iv ]n∂oSv
Nm\-en¬ \n∂p cmPn-h-®p. Nm\epIm¿ Cß-s\-sbms° hm¿Ø krjvSn-°m≥
XpS-ßn-sb∂v At∏m-gmWv \mw RSp-°-tØmsS Xncn®dn™Xv. CXp \ap°p
Xncn®dn-bm-\mb Hcp kw`hw. \mw a\- n-em-°msX t]mb CXp-t]mse ]eXpw
Ac-tß-dn-bn-´p≠mhmw.
hm¿Ø-I-fpsS bpK-am-Wn-Xv. kw -̀h-ßsf QSn-Xn-bn¬ NqtSmsS hm¿Øbm
°m≥ Nm\epIm¿ a’-cn-°p-∂p. F¥pw hn‰-gn-°m-\p≈ Itºmf kwkvImcw
Xs∂-bn-Xv. Zpc-¥-am-bmepw A{I-a-am-bmepw io{Lw AXns\ kmwkvIm-cnI
hm¿Øbm°m-\mWv Nm\-ep-Im¿°p shº¬. hm¿Øm-h-X-c-W-Øn\v _lp-apJ
kz`mhw krjvSn-°m≥ kwhmZhpw hni-I-e-\hpw apJm-ap-J-hpw F√map≠v. kw`h
ÿeØp \n∂p≈ dnt∏m¿ -́dpsS hniZoIc-Ww, ZrIvkm-£n-sam-gn-Iƒ Chsb√mw
bmYm¿∞yw Dd-∏n -°m-\p≈ hgnbmbn Nm\epIƒ tXSp∂p. ]t£ ]e
"bmYm¿∞y'ßfpw I_-fn-∏n-°-embncp∂p-sh∂v ]n∂otS Xncn-®-dn-bq. kn\n-abpw
kocn-bepw t]mse PohnXhy-h-lm-c-ßsf tI{μo-I-cn-°p∂ hyhkmbambn C∂p
hm¿Øbpw amdp-∂p. ka-Ime kw`-h-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw h‡m-°ƒ Xßfm-sW∂
lpt¶m-sSbmWv cmjv{Sobw, Agn-a-Xn, sXc-s™-Sp-∏v, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, hnI-k\w
BZnbmb-h-sb√mw Ch¿ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xv.
Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F¥pw hm¿Ø-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´
F√mw hm¿Ømaqeyap≈-h-bm-Ip-∂p-an-√. C∂p XmcaqeyamWv hm¿Øm-aq-eysØ
\n¿W-bn-°p∂ apJy-L-SIw. hº∑mcpsS sNbvXn-Iƒ°mWv hm¿Ømaqey-ap-≈Xv.
]nº-∑m-cp-tSXp Xg-b-s∏-Spw. a{¥nhn-hm-lw, Xmc-hn-hm-lw, Ah-cpsS hnhml
tamN\߃ Ch-sb√mw sIm≠m-Sp∂-Xn¬ Nm\-ep-Im¿ a’-cn-°p-∂p. aX-]-c-Xbpw
hm¿ØmaqeysØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\p {]Xn-tema-
am-b-sXm∂pw hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ FØm-dp-an-√. apJy[m-c-bpsS CwKn-X-ßsf {]oWn∏n®v
hm¿Ø hn‰-gn-°m-\mWv {iaw. _lp-P-\m-̀ n-cp-Nnsb Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-°n-bm¬
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F¥n-s\bpw hm¿Ø-bm-°m-sa∂v Nm\-ep-Im¿ IcpXp∂p. _lpP\w ImWm-\m-
{K-ln-°p-∂Xv \evIp-∂-Xn-te°p am[ya߃ amdp-∂p. Ah¿°v Bh-iy-ap-≈Xp
Xncn-®-dn™p \evIm-\p≈ Ah-t_m[w \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.
bmYm¿∞y-Øn-te°pw hkvXp-X-bn-te°pw Xe-\m-cn-g-Iodn IS∂p sNt√≠
Xn\p-]-Icw \n£n]vX XmXv]-cy-߃°m-bp≈ H®bpw _l-f-hp-ambn Nm\¬
N¿®Iƒ I-em-in-°p-∂p. bmYm¿∞yw Adn-bp-∂-hs\s°m≠v AXp ]d-bn-∏n°mXn-
cn-°m≥ \n£n]vX XmXv]cy°m¿ _≤-{i-≤-cm-Ip-∂p. Ahs‚ hmbv aqSns°´m\p≈
F√m X{¥ßfpw CØ-c-°m-cn¬ D≠m-Ipw. hm¿Øm-hm-b-\-°m-c\p t]mepw
an≠m\m-hmØ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v ]e N¿®-Ifpw apX-e-°q∏p IpØp-∂p. icn-
sX‰pIƒ F∂Xns\°mƒ tXm∂ym-k-ß-fpsS DZvtLm-j-W-amWv N¿®-bpsS
t]cn¬ \S-°p-I. bmsXmcp Xøm-sd-Sp∏pw Krl]mThpw C√m-sX-bmWv ChcpsS
Act߉-sa-∂Xv GXp sIm®p-Ip-́ n°pw a\- n-em-Ipw.
[m¿ΩnI hnj-b-߃ N¿® sNøp-tºmƒ HuNn-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ]mc-º-cy-Øn-
s‚bpw aqey-߃ {Iqc-ambn lnwkn-°p∂ Ahÿ Gsd Zb-\o-b-am-Wv. kzh¿K
cXn, kz¿Km-\p-cm-Kw, aZy-]m\w CXymZn hnj-b-߃ N¿® sNøp-tºmƒ Ah
aqey-tim-j-W-Øn\nS-bm-°pw-hn-[-am-I-cp-Xv. CsXms° B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn¬
^mj-\m-sW∂pw CXn-sem∂pw ]m]-an-s√∂pw hmZn-°m≥ C∂p [mcmfw t]cp≠v.
Ch {i≤n°p∂ hf¿∂p-h-cp∂ Xe-ap-d-bpsS Xe-bn¬ Agn™m-́ Øn\p≈ hnØp
]mIembn CXp Iem-in-°mw. am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø\w aen-\-h-gn-I-fn¬ k©-cn-°m-Xn-
cn-°m≥ BZyw {i≤n-t°-≠Xv am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Vice is news F∂p
]d-bm-dp-≠v. NoØ {i≤n-°-s∏-Sp-sa-¶nepw AXp kaq-lsØ Acm-P-I-Xz-Øn-te°p
\bn-°m-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ am[y-a-{]-h¿ØI¿ Pm{KX ]pe¿ØWw.
{]ap-J-cpsS hnhm-lhpw hnhm-l-tam-N-\hpw Ifn-°-f-ß-fnse A«o-e-ImgvN
Ifpw hm¿Øm]mt°-Pn¬ apJy-ÿm-\Øp hnfßp∂p. ]Iz-a-Xn-Ifpw Nn¥m-io-e-
cp-amb t\Xm-°sf Nm\-ep-Im¿°p ]Yy-a-√. t]mcptIm-gn-I-sft∏mse s]cp-amdp∂
cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°sf Xs∂ N¿®bv°p hnfn-°p-∂p. hnIm-c-hn-£p-_v[-Xbpw
Cdßnt∏m°pw D≠m-ItW F∂ {]m¿∞-\-tbm-sS-bmWv Chsc hnfn-°p-I.
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]e N¿®-Ifpw tI´m¬ \msf t\cw ]pecptºmƒ CXp kw -̀hn°pw F∂
tXm∂-ep-≠m-°pw. ]t£ F´p-\n-e-bn¬ s]m´nb Aan-́ mbn ASpØ {]`m-X-Øn¬
AXp amdp-∂p. hm¿ØmNn-{X-߃°v ]›m-Øe kwKo-X-tØmsS Ne-®n-{X-am\w
krjvSn-°m\pw auen-Imib߃ hn´v IuXp-I-I-c-ambn hm¿Ø-Isf hnfºm\pw
Nm\-ep-Iƒ Al-a-l-an-Ibm a’-cn-°p-∂p. hm¿Ø-Isf samØ-Øn¬ hnt\m-Zm-
flIw B°-emWv Ah-cpsS ]cn-]m-Sn. tImSXn \S-]-Sn-I-sf-∏‰n Aev]-⁄m\w
t]mep-an-√m-Ø-h¿ tImSXn tIkp-I-sf-∏‰n N¿® sNøp-∂p. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpambn
Hcp _‘-hp-an√mØ-h¿ kmln-Xy-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ kwhmZw \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p.
am¿°‰v sNø-s∏-tS≠ DXv]∂w F∂ ÿnXn Nm\¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p h∂n-
cn-°p∂p. hm¿Ø DXv]-∂-am-b-tXmsS DXv]m-Z-Is‚ e£yßfpw D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚
XmXv]-cy-ßfpw kzm[o-\-ambn amdn. {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-߃°pw cmjv{Sob hnhmZß
ƒ°pw Hfn-Iym-ad hm¿Ø-Iƒ°pw AXn-cp-hn´ ÿm\-am-bn. hm¿Øm ka-b-Øn-\-
∏pdw bmsXmcp {]k-‡n-bp-an-√m-Øh ho≠pw ho≠pw {]t£-]Ww sNø-s∏SpI
bmbn. P\-{i-≤-bm-I¿jn-°p∂ Fs¥-¶n-ep-aps≠-¶n¬ AXv Bh¿Øn-°p∂
ÿnXn. hm¿Øbpw t{_°nwKv\yqkpw hm¿ØmZriy-ßfpw F√mw-IqSn Nn¥sb
inYn-e-am-°p∂ ÿnXnbpw C∂p hm¿Øm ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-ep-≠v. hnhn[ aXhn`mK-
ßsf {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ I®-h-S-X-{¥hpw Nm\-ep-Iƒ°p-≠v. aXm-fl-I-amb
hm¿Ø-Ifpw BtLm-j-ßfpw \yqknepw tUmIyp-sa‚-dnbnepw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
Bcm-[-I¿°v kmbq-Py-ta-Ipamdp≈ BƒssZ-h-ß-fpsS {]Xy-£-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw
Nm\-ep-Im¿ {i≤n-°p-∂p.
Hmtcm Nm\en\pw Hmtcm IÆ-S-bp-s≠-∂Xv C∂p ]I¬t]mse hy‡-am-Wv.
Htc hm¿Øsb hyXy-kvX-Nm-\-ep-Iƒ Ah-c-h-cpsS ]cn-t{]£yØn¬ Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°p-∂p. X∑qew Bi-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-em-Ip∂ ImgvN-°m-c≥ kXyw Acn-s®-Sp-°m≥
\n¿_-‘n-X\m-Ip-∂p. t]meokpw hnZym¿∞nIfpw XΩn-ep≈ kwL-́ \w Nm\-ep-
Iƒ hm¿Øm-Nn-{X-am-°m-dp-≠v. `c-Wm-\p-Iqe Nm\¬ t]meo-kns\ hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ B{I-an-°p∂ cwK߃ {]Z¿in-∏n-°pw. {]Xn-]£ A\p-Iqe Nm\-em-Is´
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t]meokv hnZym¿∞nIsf th -́bm-Sp∂ cwK-߃ ImWn-°pw. Ch-sb√mw kwL-́ -
\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Ac-tß-dn-bn-´p-≠m-hmw. Hmtcm Nm\epw Ah¿°n-W-ßnb
coXnbn¬ Imcy-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
kaq-l-a-\- n¬ Xßfm{K-ln-°p∂ ImgvN-∏mSv Hmtcm hnj-bsØ∏‰nbpw
cq]s∏Sp-Øm-\mWv Nm\-ep-Im-cpsS bXv\w. kXysØ Fßs\ ho£n-°-W-sa∂v
Ah¿ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. t{]£-I¿°p `mK-̀ m-Kn-Xz-ap≈ Nm\¬ N¿®Ifpw Ch¿
CXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Nm\-ep-I-fn-eqsS AXn-hn-Z-Kv≤-ambn akvXn-jvI-{]-£m-f\w
\n¿-Δln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬Xs∂ CXn\p sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v.
Ata-cn-°-bpsS 2003-̨ se CdmJv A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn _lpP\m
`n{]mbw cq]s∏Sp-Øm≥ dq]¿´v a¿tUm°v am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS temI-saßpw
{]NmcWw \S-Øn. 67% Bfp-Iƒ Cu A[n\n-th-isØ A\p-Iq-en-®-Xmbn k¿tΔ
bneqsS shfn-s∏-s´∂v Foxnews F∂ a¿tUm-°ns‚ Nm\¬ {]h-Nn-®p. hymP
hm¿Ø (Fox news) Bbn-cp-s∂∂v ]n∂oSv sXfn-s™-¶nepw AsXmcp akvXnjvI
{]£m-f-\-ambn {lkz-Imew \ne-sIm-≠p.
alm-`q-cn-]-£-ap≈ _lp-P-\sØ ss[j-WnI \yq\-]£w CØcw X{¥-
Øn-eqsS hcp-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. P\m-[n-]-XysØ kw_-‘n®v CtXsd A]-I-S-Im-
cn-bm-Wv. s]mXp-∏Ww sIm≠p sI´n-∏-Sp-°p∂ kwhn-[m\w hgnbmWv CØcw
X{¥-ß-fpsS {]tbmKw. sImº≥ {kmhp-I-fpsS ]nSn-bn¬ sNdpao\pIsf√mw
s]Sp∂ Zb-\o-bm-hÿ. F√m-bn\w hm¿Ø-I-fnepw CØcw IpØns®epØ-ep-I-
fpsS \ng-em-´-ap-≠v.
Nm\-ep-I-fpsS ISpØ a’cwaqew hm¿Ø-Iƒ kºq¿Æ sk≥tk-j-\p-
Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p. CØcw hm¿Ø-Iƒ aqey-ß-fn-ep-≠m-°p∂ De-®n¬
]escbpw {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°p-∂p. Nne Sn.-hn. Zriy-߃-̨ -hm¿Ø-Iƒ°nSbnse
Xs∂ ˛ ka\ne sX‰n-°p-∂-Xn\p hsc CS-bm-°p-∂p. k±mw-lp-ssk\p sIme-°-
b-dn-Sp∂ Sn.-hn. Zriyw Hcp kvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-\nsb Bfl-l-Xy-bn-te°p \bn-®Xv
\mw hmbn-®-Xm-Wv. sk≥tk-j-\nkw hm¿Ø-I-fpsS sk≥kn-‰n-hn‰n XI¿°p∂p.
8
{]ap-J-cmb Nne-cpsS Nc-a-ta-ev]n® BLmXØn¬ \n∂v _‘p-°fpw Nßm-XnIfpw
tamN\w t\Spwapºv A\p-̀ -h-߃ ]¶p-h-bv°m≥ Nm\-ep-Im¿ \n¿_‘n°p∂p.
ac-W-hm¿Ø angn-hp-‰-Xm-°m-\p≈ Nm\-ep-Im-cpsS XnSp-°hpw X{X-∏mSpw Atem-
k-c-Øn-s‚bpw A\u-Nn-Xy-Øns‚bpw thZ\ \nd™ apJ-߃ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
Hcp ae-bmf kn\n-am-\-S≥ Kpcp-X-cm-h-ÿ-bn-em-b-t∏mƒ acn®p F∂p hm¿Ø
\evIm≥ XnSp°w Iq´nb am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-Icp-≠v. B \S≥ Pohn-X-Øn-te°p
Xncn®phcn-Ibpw Iptd-°mew IqSn Pohn-°p-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn.
ssewKnI Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fpsS hm¿Øm-hn-jv°mcw A\u-Nn-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw
B`mk-Øn-s‚bpw F√m koa-Ifpw t`Zn-°p-∂p. th -́°m-c-t\mSpw Cc-tbmSpw Htc
t]mse CS-s]-Sp∂ am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I-sc-bmWv Sn.-hnbn¬ \mw ImWpI. Nne-t∏mƒ
Cc-Isf Dt]£n®p th -́°m-tcmSp Iq´p-Iq-Sp∂ {]h-W-Xbpw ImWmw. Cc-I-fpsS
]£-Øp-\n∂v th -́°msc B{I-an-°m-\p≈ am\-hn-I-t_m[w ]e-t∏mgpw Ch¿°p
\jvS-am-Ip-∂p. am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ [m¿Ωn-IX tNmcp-tºmƒ AXp kaql
Øn\p sh√p-hn-fnbpw hn]ØpamIp-∂p. kw -̀h-߃°v ]pXnb `mjyw Nabv°m-
\p≈ X{X∏m-Sp-Ifpw ImWmw. hm¿Øsb amwk-f-am-°m-\p≈ F√m AS-hp-I-fpw
Nm\epIm¿ ]pd-sØ-Sp-°p-∂p. {]Xn-bpsS ico-c-em-h-Wyhpw hkv{X-[m-c-Whpw
icoc`mjbpw H∏nsbSp-°m≥ Iyma-d-°-Æp-Iƒ a’-cn-°p∂p. {]Xn-bpsS tImSXn
Ib‰hpw P\-°q-´-Øn-\n-S-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ k©m-chpw kwKoX AI-º-Sn-tbmsS
Bhnjv°-cn®v BtLm-j-am-°pI-bmWv Nm\-ep-Im¿. ae-bm-f-Ønse Hcp Nm\¬
\n¿hln® lWn-{Sm∏pw AXns‚ `hn-jy-Øp-Ifpw Gsd N¿® sNøs∏´p.
apgp-h≥ kab hm¿ØmNm\-ep-Iƒ hm¿Ø-Iƒ ]e Znhkw Bh¿Øn-°p
∂Xv \mw ImWp-∂p. bmsXmcp am‰-hp-an-√mØ Cu Bh¿Ø\w t{]£-Isc
sNSn-∏n-°p-∂-sXm∂pw Ah¿°p {]iv\a√. Xte-Zn-h-ksØ hm¿Ø ]nt‰∂v AtX-
]Sn Bh¿Øn-°p-∂-Xnse sshIrXw AXy-[n-I-am-Wv.
am[y-a-ß-fnse kv{Xo]oU\, s]¨hmWn` hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ ap°mte
Acbv°mepw kv{XoXz-Øn\p lm\n X´p-am-dmWv AhXcn∏n°pI. kv{Xo t\cnSp∂
9
]qhm-e-i-ey-ßfpw a‰pw s]mSn∏pw sXmß-epw-h®v akm-e-tN¿Øv Bhn-jv°-cn-
°p∂p. hm¿Ø lmky-P-\-I-am-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv ]e Ah-X-cW
ßfpw. sXmÆqdp Ign™ kv{Xo Hcp \cm-[-as‚ Ima-]q¿Øn°v _en-bm-Sm-tI≠n
h∂ kw`-hw Hcp Nm\¬ hm¿Ø-bm-°n-b-t∏mƒ kv{Xosb Bip]{Xn-bn-te°v
sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xpw a‰pw Nn{Xo-I-cn-®p tN¿Øn-cp-∂p. Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Øn¬ {]mbamb
B kv{XobpsS amwkf`m-K-߃ H∏n-sb-Sp-°m≥ Iyma-d-°ÆpIƒ {ian®Xv Gsd
thZ-\-tbmsS ImtW≠nh-∂p. B hμy-h-tbm-[n-Isb ]oUn∏n®Xp t]mep≈ \riw-
k-X-bt√ Iyma-d-°m-c\pw ]pe¿Øn-b-sX∂v Nn¥n°Ww. kv{Xo Ah-tl-f-\-ßsf
i‡o-I-cn-°p-∂-h-bmbn hm¿ØmhX-c-W-߃ amdp-∂-Xns\ am[y-a-im]w F∂-
√msX F¥mWp ]d-bpI!
kv{Xo]o-U-\-ßsf FXn-cn-Sp-∂-Xmbn \Sn®v kv{XoIsf hnev]-\-®-c-°m-°p∂
{]h-WX am[y-a-kz-`m-h-ambn amdp-∂p. ]pcp-j-a-\- nse A«o-e-kv]¿in-bmb
KqVtamlßsf Xr]vXn-s∏-SpØm\p≈ {ia-amWv hm¿Øm-h-X-c-W-ß-fn¬ {]Xy£-
s∏-Sp-I. a\xkm£nsb aYn-t°≠ ̀ bm-\I hm¿Ø-t]mepw a\- ns\ can∏n°p∂
]tcm£ cXn-I¿a-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p∂ ssh]-coXyw F{Xtbm e÷m-I-c-am-Wv.
am[y-a-[¿Ωw CXn¬]cw NoØ-bm-Im-\n-√.2
sS∂okv Ifn-°mcn km\nbm an¿km as‰mcp ]¶m-fn-bp-samØv Ifn-bpsS
ss^\-en¬ {]th-in-®Xv aq∂p Znhkw Hcp Nm\¬ FgpXn-°m-Wn®p. CXn-\nsS
Ifnbn¬ Ah¿ tXm‰p. tPmUn ]cmPb-s∏-́ Xv Nm\¬hm¿Ø-bn¬ ]d-bp-tºmgpw,
Xmsg skanbn¬ IS-∂Xv FgpXn°m-Wn-®psIm≠p-an-cp∂p! hntcm-[m-̀ m-k-sat∂m
hIXncn-hn-√m-bva-sbt∂m F¥m-Wn-Xns\ ]d-tb-≠-Xv hm¿Øm kwt{]jWØn
\nS-bnepw A√m-sXbpw Xmsg ]e-t∏mgpw Fgp-Xn-°m-Wn°p∂ hm¿Ø-I-fnse
A£cs؉pw hmN-I-s؉pw Bi-b-s؉pw Bcnepw kl-Xm]w P\n-∏n-°p-∂-
XmWv.3
sXcs™Sp-∏n-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v an° Nm\epIfpw A`n-{]m-b-thm-s´-Sp∏v
kwLSn∏n°m-dp≠v. sXcs™Sp-∏ns\ Hcp hnt\m-tZm-]m-[-nbm°pI-bmWv XZzmcm
sNøp-∂-Xv. Hcp ⁄mt\m-Xv]m-Z\ cq]-ambn Cu sXc-s™-Sp∏vtPymXnjw
10
amdpIbmWv. {]hN\Ønep≈ IuXp-Ihpw ss\an-jn-I-hn-t\m-Zhpw Cu P\-{]nb
kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn°p ]n∂n-ep-≠v. cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-I-fpsS Nm\-ep-Iƒ
AhcpsS ]m¿´n Pbn-°p-sa∂v {]hNn°p∂p! AXn-\t√ Ah¿°p Ignbq? ]m¿´n
Isf-∏-‰n-bp≈ _lp-P-\m-̀ n-{]mbw ]£-]m-X-c-ln-X-ambn ]pdØp sIm≠p-h-cm≥
Hcp cmjv{So-b-Nm-\-en\pw Ignbn√. F√m Nm\-ep-Ifpw Ah-c-h-cpsS HmtcmXcw
NmbvhpI-fmWv CØcw {]Jym-]-\-ß-fn-eqsS {]I-S-am-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw A`n-{]mb
thms -́Sp∏v hnh-c-߃ imkv{X-̀ m-j-bn-emWv Hmtcm Nm\epw Ah-X-cn-∏n°p∂Xpw.
bmYm¿∞yw Is≠Øn F∂ A`n-am-\-tØmSpw Al-¶m-c-tØmSpwIqSn Nm¿´pw
{Km^p-sa√mw sh®mWv hni-I-e-\hpw {]h-N-\-hpw. bYm¿∞ sXcs™Sp∏p ̂ ew
hcp-tºmƒ CsX√mw Petc-J-bm-Ip-∂Xpw ImWmw.
hm¿ØIsf Nncn-°p≈ hncp-∂m-°n-am-‰p∂ A\pZn\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw C∂p
Nm\epIm¿°p-≠v. cmjv{So-b-°msc sXmen-bp-cn®p ]cn-l-kn®v t{]£-I¿°p
apºn¬ tImam-fn-I-fm-°p-∂Xn\v Nm\-ep-Im-cpsS F√m-Øcw h{IZrjvSnbpw DW¿∂p
{]h¿Øn°p∂p. t\Xm-°-fpsS Zp¿∫-e-\n-anjØnse GsX-¶nepw {]kvXm-h-\tbm
D®m-cW sshI-eytam hy‡n]c-amb hogvNtbm ]¿Δ-Xo-I-cn®v Atß-b‰w
XmdSn°embn Cu ]cn-]mSn amdp-∂p. GsX-¶nepw kn\n-am-cw-K-hp-ambn Ir{Xna_‘w
hcpØn Ah-bpsS Zriy-ßfpw {]Z¿in-∏n®v ]pXn-sbmcp temItam sImfmtjm
krjvSn-°m-\p≈ {ia-am-WXv. hm¿Øm-\n¿ΩmWØn\pw Ah-X-c-W-Øn\pw
hn\ntbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\°mƒ {]b-Xv\hpw Du∂epw CØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°p
]n∂neps≠∂p tXm∂p-∂p. _lp-P-\-Øns‚ cmjv{Sob at\m-̀ m-h-ßsf kzm[o\n
°m\n-S-bp≈ CØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-Isf tIma-Un-sbt∂m satem{Umasbt∂m hntijn-
∏n-°p-∂Xpw icnb√. sXm´pap≥]v hm¿Ømhmb-\-°mc≥ AXoh KuchtØmsS
AhXcn-∏n® Imcyßsf akm-ebpw lmkyhpw Ie¿Øn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ CØcw
BJym\߃ ]et∏mgpw Xd, Xd, XØd F∂ hntijWamWv A¿ln°pI.
hm¿ØIsf bYm-XYw Bhn-jv°-cn -°-emWv am[ya[¿Ωw. ]t£
hm¿ØIƒ sk≥tkjW¬ B°m-\p≈ shº¬aqew kXyk‘X If-™p-
Ip-fn-°p-∂p. am{Xa√ BZyw X߃ kwt{]-jWw sNbvXp F∂p hcp-Øm-\p≈
Nm\-ep-Im-cpsS X{Xs∏S¬ bp‡n-`-{Z-Xbpw `mjmanIhpw \jvSs∏Sm\pw
11
CSbm°p∂p. cmjv{Sob hm¿ØIfpw hm¿Øm[n-jvTnX ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw hf-s®m-Sn-
°-ep-Iƒ°v Gsd hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p. t{]£-Isc akvXn-jvI-{]-£m-f-\-Øn\p
hnt[bam-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Im¿ ]cn-{i-an-°p-∂n-SØv hm¿Ø-bpsS kXy-k-‘X _en-
I-gn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. t{_°nwKv \yqkp-I-fn¬ kXyhpw A¿≤-k-Xyhpw Ak-Xy-hpsa√mw
AcßpX-I¿°p∂p.
hm¿Ø-bpsS `mK-ambn Ip‰m-t\zjWw Nne Nm\-ep-Iƒ apJ-ap-{Z-bm-°p-∂p.
{Iqc-Xbp-sSbpw lnwk-bp-sSbpw ITn-\-ap-J-amWv ChnsS sXfn-bp-I. Ip‰IrXysØ
Xe-\m-cn-g-Iodn A]-{K-Yn-°p∂ t]meokv ]Wn Nm\epIƒ sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ.
CXns‚ ̀ mK-ambn ASn-]n-Sn, sIme-]m-X-Iw, shSn-hbv]v Ch-sb√mw t\cn´p {]Z¿in-
∏n-°p∂ cwK-ß-fpw aZ-an-f-Inb B\ a\p-jysc B{I-an-°p-∂Xpw hen-®p-Io-dp∂Xpw
a‰pw Ah-X-cn-∏n®v Nm\-ep-Im¿ [ocX Im´p-∂p. Ch t{]£-I-cn¬ krjvSn-°p∂
at\m-̀ m-hhpw achn∏pw Ah¿°p {]iv\-a-√. Sn.-hn.-bn¬ {IqccwK߃ XpS¿®bmbn
ImWp-∂-Xv, CØcw cwK-߃ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ I≠mepw ac-hn® at\m-̀ mhw
ImgvN-°m-cn-ep-f-hm-°p∂p. Ch _me-a-\- p-I-fn-ep≠m°p∂ {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ Gsd
hn]Xv°c-am-sW-∂Xpw Nm\ep-Iƒ°p {]iv\-a-√.
Nm-\-ep-Im¿ hm¿Ø-Isf I®hSh¬°-cn-°p-I-bm¬ {]m[m\yw e`nt°≠
]e hm¿Ø-Ifpw ]e-t∏mgpw ]n≥X-≈-s∏-Sp-∂p. ap√-s∏-cn-bm-dn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp
Umw ]WnbWsa∂v tIc-f-\n-b-a-k` H∂S¶w {]tabw ]m m-°nb A∂v Nne
Nm\-ep-Iƒ {]ap-J-hm¿Øbm°n-bXv kn\n-am-Xmcw Imhymam-[-h≥ hnhm-l-tamN\-
Øn\v XømdmIp∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hnhm-l-tam-N\ hnjbw Ac-a-Wn-°q-tdmfw Zo¿Ln-
®-t∏mƒ Umw \n¿amWw Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-´p. CØcw HuNn-Xy-an-√mbva H‰s∏´
kw -̀h-a-√. tizXm-tat\ms‚ {]khw, kcn-Xm-\m-b-cpsS {]IS\w, imep-ta-t\ms‚
hoSpam‰w, aRvPp-hm-cy-cpsS Xncn-®p-h-c-hv, Zneo-]ns‚ c≠mw hnhmlw Ch-bvs°ms°
bmWv Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ Xnf-°w. AXymhiy km[\߃°p hne IqSn-btXm s]t{Smƒ
hne-h¿≤-\tbm ]mcn-ÿn-XnImLmXßtfm ]I¿®hym[nItfm H∂pw Ch-bpsS
{]`m-h-Øn¬ Nm\-ep-Iƒ°p hnj-b-a-√. hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, Irjn,
12
sXmgnen√mbva, `£-Ww, sh≈w, sshZypXn BZn-bmb taJeIƒs°m∂pw
A¿ln°p∂ ]cn-K-W\ In´p-∂n-√.
kn\n-a, ss{Iw, {In°‰v BZn-bm-b-hbv°v AanX {]m[m-\y-amWv Nm\-ep-Im¿
\evIp-∂-Xv. Imbn-I-cw-KsØbmsI {In°‰v Iog-S-°p∂ Ahÿ Sn.hn.bn¬ \ap°p
ImWmw. tlm°nbpw ̂ pSvt_mfpw AXve-‰n-Ivkp-sams° {In°-‰n\p apºn¬ \njv{]-
`-am-Ip-∂p.4 \mS≥ ImbnI hnt\mZß-fpsS Imcyw ]d-bm-t\-bn-√.
hm¿Ø-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v C∏-d-™-sX√mw t{]£IcpsS A`n-cp-Nn-sbbpw
at\m`m-h-ß-sfbpw KWy-ambn kzm[o\n°psa∂Xv ]I¬t]mse hy‡w.
kn\nabpw {In°‰pw {`m¥-amb Hcm-th-i-ambn ae-bm-fn°v amdp-∂-Xn\v apJy NmeI
i‡n sSen-hn-j≥ Xs∂. tIc-fo-b-amb Btbm-[-\-̨ -ImbnI Ie-Iƒ \ma-dn-bmsX
Xs∂ hnKWn°pItbm hne-bn-√m-Ø-XmIp-Itbm sNøp∂p. Nm\-ep-Im¿ AhcptS-
Xm°n am‰n-a-dn-°p∂ cmjv{So-bhpw cmjv{So-tb-X-c-hp-am-b hm¿ØIƒ IÆS®p
hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cmbn \ΩpsS kaqlw amdp-∂p. N¿®-Iƒ°n-S-bnse {]Xn]£
_lp-am-\-an-√m-bvabpw Iøm-¶-fn-tbm-f-sa-Øp∂ hm°p X¿°-ßfpw \ΩpsS cmjv{So-
b-t_m-[-Øns‚ `mK-ambn amdp-∂p. B{I-aW {]Xym-{I-aW thfIfnse A¥-
km-c-iq-\yhpw A¥- n\p \nc-°m-Ø-Xp-amb `mjbpw \ΩpsS CSs]S-ep-Isf
KWy-ambn kzm[o\n°p∂p. Nm\-ep-Iƒ hm¿Ø-Isf I®-h-S-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚
hnhn[ apJ߃ Xncn-®-dn-bmsX t]mIp∂ Zpc-hÿ A‘-amb ASn-a-Ø-Ønte°p
\sΩ \bn-°p-∂p.
IpSpw_w
sSen-hn-j≥ {]mcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ s]mXp CS-Øn¬ _lp-P-\-tØmSv s]mXp
hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n kwkm-cn-°p∂ am[yaam-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂o-SmWv IpSpw-_-am-[y-a-ambn
amdn-b-Xv. IpSpw-_-Øn¬ IS∂pIq-Snb sSen-hn-j≥ {ItaW AhnsS B[n-]Xyw
Dd-∏n-®p. sSen-hn-js\ Hgn-hm°nbp≈ Hcp IpSpw-_-k-¶-ev]w Xs∂ km[y-a-√mØ
Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Imcy߃ FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
13
sSen-hn-j≥ F√m A¿∞-Ønepw C∂v Hcp IpSpw-_-am-[y-a-amWv. hoSns‚
kzImcy-X-bn-en-cp∂v Bkz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ am[y-aw. IpSpw-_-k-Z v apºn¬
I≠mWv Sn.-hn. ]cn-]mSnIfpsS Bkq-{XWw. IpSpw-_-Ønse km£c\pw
A√mØh\pw am[yaw hgßp-∂p. IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf am[y-a-hp-ambn XmZm-fly-s∏-
Sp-Øm-\p≈ ]e X{¥-ßfpw sSen-hn-j-\n¬ Z¿in°mw. IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn
_‘s∏´ D≈-S-°-߃°v henb Du∂-ep-≠v. N¿®-Iƒ, A`n-ap-J-߃, PohnX
Zriy-߃ Ch-bn-se√mw ^manen S®p ImWmw.
Cu am[yaw IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp AwKambncn°p-∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. _mly-
temIsØ Sn.-hn. ho´n-se-Øn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ ImWp-∂-Xns‚ A\p-I-c-Ww ho´nepw
shfnbnep-ap-≠v. IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ß-sfbpw cpNn-t -̀Z-ß-sfbpw thj
hn[m-\-ß-sf-bp-sa√mw Sn.-hn. kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. C∂v ]e hoSp-I-fn-sebpw {]m¿∞\m
kabw \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂Xv Cu am[yaamWv. CjvS-]-cn-]m-Sn-bpsS ka-bØv {]m¿∞\
am‰n-h-bv°p-∂p. {]m¿∞\ C√m-Xm-Ip∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-ap-≠v; Sn.hn.-bmWv ]e¿°pw
ssZhw. Nne¿ {]m¿∞-\bv°v KXn-thKw hcp-Øp-∂p. k‘ymk-a-bØv A©p
Xncn-bn´ \ne-hn-f-°n\p apºn¬ ssZhnI a{¥ßƒ apg-ßn-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]mc-ºcyw
\ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \ne-hn-f-°nse shfn®a√ sSen-hn-j-\nse shfn-®-amWv C∂p
ImWm\p-≈-Xv. kocn-b-ense a{¥-amWv C∂p apgßp∂Xv. `£WhpsaSpØv
sSenhnjs‚ apºn-en-cp∂p Ign-°p-∂-h¿ [mcm-fw. Sn.-hn. It≠ Ign°q F∂p
iTn°p∂ Ip´n-I-fp-≠v. IpSpw-_-Ønse Zn\-N-cym-{I-asØ Cu am[yaw inYn-e-am-
°p∂p F∂p ]d-bmw.
sSen-hn-j≥ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf _[n-Xcpw aqI-cp-am-°p∂p F∂v Be-¶m-cn-I-
ambn ]dbmw. ho´n¬ kwkm-cn-°m\pw kvt\lw ]¶p-h-bv°m-\p-ap≈ kabw
F√mhcpw Sn.-hn°p apºn-em-Wv. ]≠v Ip´n-Iƒ°v hey-—\pw hey-Ωbpw {]nb¶c
cmbn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS IY-Iƒ {]nb-¶-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. sSen-hn-js‚ apºn¬
NS™ncn°p∂ Ip´n°v Ah-cpsS IY tIƒ°m≥ t]mbn´v kwkm-cn-°m≥ t]mepw
ka-b-an-√; AXn-\p≈ at\m-`m-hhpan-√. AXp-hgn Ah-cp-am-bp≈ _‘Øn¬
14
AIeap≠m-Ip-∂p. Sn.-hn. I≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ho´n-te°v Ab¬°m¿
kvt\l-k-μ¿i-\-Øn\p h∂m¬ Ah¿ iey-am-bn. Cßs\ IpSpw-_-_-‘-ßfnepw
Ab¬]-°-_-‘-ß-fnepw Cu am[yaw acp-̀ q-an-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. hoSv Sm°okmbn
amdp∂ Ahÿ \man∂p ImWp∂p. Sn.-hn. ae-bm-fn-bpsS IpSpw_Ønepw IpSpw_
_‘ßfnepw KWy-amb kzm[o-\-ambn amdn-°-gn-™p.
Sn.-hn. IpSpw-_-Øn¬ G‰hpw {]iv\-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂Xv hnZym¿∞n-I-fnemWv.
hnZym¿∞n F∂ hm°n-\¿∞w hnZy-bv°p-th≠n (A¿∞n-°pI ˛ bmNn-°p-I)
bmNn-°p-∂-h≥ F∂m-W-t√m. C∂v hnZym¿∞n Sn.-hn.bm¿∞n-bmbnØocp-∂p. Hgnhp
kabw sNe-h-gn-°p∂ coXn \ΩpsS Pohn-X-hnPbsØ _m[n-°p-∂p. hnZym¿∞n
bpsS ka-b-Øns‚ \s√mcp ]¶v C∂v Sn.-hn. A]-l-cn-°p-∂p. ]mT-]pkvXIw
hmbn°m≥t]mepw kabw In´p-∂n√; ]ns∂-bt√ A[n-I-hm-b\. sNdnb ¢m nse
Ip´n-Isf Sn.-hn. ImgvN F{X-am{Xw _m[n°p∂p-sh-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n aIveql≥ Gsd
thZ-\-tbmsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ ]pkvXIw ]nSn-°p∂ coXn-sb-t∏mepw
Sn.-hn. kzm[o-\n-°p∂Xmbn At±lw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Sn.-hn.-bn-eq-sSbp≈ Adn-hn¬
\n∂p hyXy-kvX-amWv hmb-\-bn-eqsS e`n-°p-∂-Xv. hmbn°ptºmƒ A£cw, ]Zw,
hmIyw, A¿∞w, Bibw Ch-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Iptºmƒ Nn¥bpw hmbn-°p∂
`mK-Øns‚ Nn{Xhpw a\ n¬ P\n°p∂p. sSen-hn-j≥ Cu Nn{X߃ A∏msS
{]Z¿in-∏n-°pIbmWv. Btem-N-\bvt°m Nn¥bvt°m Imcy-amb {]k‡n-bn√
Nn¥bpw Hm¿Ωbpw XΩn¬ D‰_-‘-ap-≠v. I≠-h≥ ad°pw hmbn-®-h≥ Hm¿Ωn°pw
F∂mWp ]dbpI. \ΩpsS _p≤n-bpsS t\tc sIm™\w IpØp-∂, [mcWm
tijnbpsS hne Ipd-bv°p∂ H∂mbn amdp∂p am[yaw.
sSen-hn-j≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ hn]¬c-£m-I¿ØrXzw krjvSn-°p-∂p-
sh∂v Hcp k¿°m¿ IΩn‰n Is≠-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. hncp-≤-aq-ey-߃ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp
kam-¥c hnZym-̀ ymkw Cu am[yaw hgn \S-°p-∂p-≠v. apXn¿∂-hsc e£yw-h®p≈-
h-bmWv apJyambpw kocn-bepw kn\n-abpw \rØ-hp-sa√mw. Znhkw c≠p aWn°q¿
Sn.-hn. ImWp∂ Ip´n ]Ømw ¢mkn-se-Øp-tºm-tg°pw 15000 {]W-b-_-em-’wK
15
cwK-ßfpw 20000 A{I-a-cw-K-ßfpw ImWm-\n-S-bm-Ip-∂p-sh∂v IΩn‰n Is≠Øn.
C∂p Ip´n-Iƒ°v _meyhpw Iuam-c-hp-an√, buh\w am{X-ta-bp-≈p-sh∂v tUm.
kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°mSv ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. thj-Øn¬ hnZym¿∞nbmImw; ]t£
D≈n¬ Ip´n-bn√ F∂ Ah-ÿ. ssiih Iuamc coXn-I-sfbpw A`n-cp-Nn-I-sfbpw
sSen-hn-j≥ A\m-im-ky-am-°p-∂p. Iuam-c-Ip-‰hmfnIfpw A{I-an-Ifpw h¿≤n®p
hcp-∂-Xn\p ]n∂n¬ am[ya kzm[o-\-ap-s≠-∂p hy‡w.
Bfll-Xybv°pw sIme-]m-X-I-Øn\pw hgn-a-cp-∂mbn Nne sSen-hn-j≥
]cn]mSnIƒ amdp-∂p. Sn.-hn. ImWm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-™-Xn\v Bfl-lXy sNbvX
Ip´n-Ifp-≠v. ]co-£m-̂ ew krjvSn® am\-t°Sp aqew Bfl-lXy hcn® hnZym¿∞n
IfpsS Ncn{Xw \ap-°-dn-bmw. ]cm-Pb {]iv\-߃°v kn\n-abpw kocn-bepw
]Icp∂ {]Xn-hn[n ]e-t∏mgpw Bfl-l-Xy-bm-W-t√m. Fkv.-F-kv.-F¬.-kn.°v dm¶pw
Pbhpw Hgn-hm°n t{KUnwKn\v t{]c-W-bm-bXv Ip´n-I-fpsS Bfl-lXym {]h-WX
bv°v hncm-a-amIpw F∂ Nn¥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp kvIqfnse ]Xn-\-©p-Im-c≥
kl-]m-Tnsb sIme sNbvXXv At\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ {]Xn°v t{]c-W-bm-bXv Sn.-hn.
kn\n-a-bm-sW∂p Is≠-Øn. a\p-jy-a-\- ns\ {Iqch¬°-cn-°p∂Xn\v C∂o
am[yaw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. apºv apwss_bn¬ 195 t]¿ sIm√-s∏´ `oI-cm-{I-aWw
60 aWn-°q¿ Sn.-hn. Nm\¬ X’-abw kwt{]-jWw sNbvXp. a\p-jys\ \Sp°p
Ibpw ]cp-j-`m-h-߃ DW¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvX A\p-`-h-am-bncp∂p AXv. k±mw
lpssk\p sIme-°-b-dn-Sp∂Xpw Sn.-]n. N{μ-ti-J-cs\ h[n-®n-´n-cn-°p-∂Xpw
BfllXy sNbvXhcpsS tZl-ß-fp-sams° ImWp-tºmƒ t{]£-Is‚ a\ v
apdn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ac-hn-°p-I-bp-at√ sNøpI?
"CXm bph-Xn-bpsS Agp-Inb ihw ImWpI', "tNmc C‰p-ho-gp∂ arX-tZlw
ImWpI', "Izt -́j≥ Kp≠-I-fpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw ImWpI' C{]Im-c-amWv Sn.-hn.bnse
Nne ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS ]ckyw Xs∂. Nm\epIƒ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-{]-Z¿i\߃ A\pZn\
]cn-]m-Sn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. No™-fn™ arX-tZ-l-ß-fpsS Zriy-߃ Ip∂p-Iq´n
ImgvN-°msc \Sp-°p∂ `oI-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ Nm\-ep-Im¿ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p!
sIme-]m-X-I-sØ BtLm-j-am-°pIbm-Wn-h¿.6 Izt´-j≥ Kp≠-I-fp-sSbpw
16
I≈∑mcp-sSbpw PohNcn{X Nn{Xo-I-cWw Iem-`m-khpw kmaq-ln-I-t{Zm-l-hp-am
sW∂v Ch¿ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂n-√. CØcw ImgvN-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ krjvSn-°p∂
`hnjyØp-I-sf-∏‰n B¿°pw Aev]hpw t_Pm-dn-√.
kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kwhmlIcpw ssIam-‰-°mcpw Ip´n-I-fm-Wv. Ah-cn¬
cq]s∏Sp∂ a\x-ÿn-Xnbpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw kwkvIm-c-]-cn-Wm-a-Øn\p NmeI
i‡nbmIpw. as‰-hn-sS-\n∂pw {Kln-°p-∂-Xn-ep-a-[nIw C∂p Ip´n-Iƒ Sn.-hn.-bn¬
\n∂v Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. ]t£ kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xp ]eXpw Ahcn¬ sshI-eyhpw
ssiYney-hp-amWv krjvSn-°p-I. Sn.hn.°p apºn¬ aqI-cm-Ip∂ Ip´n-Iƒ `mjW
hnj-b-Øn¬ ]nt∂m-°-am-Wv. am\-kn-Im-tcm-Ky-Ønepw Hm¿Ω-i-‡n-bnepw Ipd-hp-
≈-h-cmbn Ah¿ amdp-∂p. Ifnbpw hymbm-ahpw A`mh-s∏-Sp∂ Ah¿ imco-cnI
Btcm-Ky-Ønepw {]iv\-°m-cm-Ip-∂p. ÿnc Sn.-hn. ImgvN-°m-cmb Ip´nIƒ Zp¿taZ-
pImcpw tcmKm-Xp-c-cp-am-Ip-∂p. D]-t`mK {]h-W-X-Iƒ°pw ]c-ky-߃°pw C∂p
Ip´n-Iƒ ASn-a-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]c-ky-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xpw tIƒ°p-∂Xpw hmßm\p≈
A`n-\n-th-ihpw AXn-\mbn amXm-]n-Xm-°sf \n¿_-‘n-°epw C∂p Ip´n-I-fn¬
h¿≤n-°p-∂p. hns´m-gn-bmØ ]e-hn[ Bk-‡n-Ifpw Sn.-hn. ImgvN Ah-cn¬ krjvSn-
°p-∂p. AXn-cp-hn´ Sn.-hn. ImgvN Ip´n-Iƒ°v aÆpw a\p-jy-cp-am-bp≈ _‘w
\jvSs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ÿncw Sn.-hn. ImgvN-°m-c-\mb Ip´n kzbw Hcp Zzo]mbn amdp∂p.
a‰p Ip´n-Ifpw a\p-jy-cp-am-bp≈ CS-s]-S¬ Ah\v A\y-am-Ip-∂p. Pohn-X-sØbpw
{]iv\-ß-sfbpw A`nap-Jo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h-\m-Ip-∂p. Sn.-hn. s]´n-bnse
amkvacnItemIw am{Xw Ah\p ]cn-N-bw. AXnse a\p-jycpw Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw
am{X-amWv Ahs‚ A\p-`-h-ko-a-bn¬. aÆp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ifn-Ifpw hnt\mZ
ßfpw Ah\v A\yw. Sn.-hn. ImgvN {`m¥-amb Bth-i-ambn amdp∂ Ip´n shdpw
b{¥-am-Ip-∂p. a\ pw lrZ-bhpw ico-chpw ac-hn® Ahÿ.
sSen-hn-j-\nse ImgvN-I-sf√mw bmYm¿∞y-sa∂p [cn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fp-≠v. Cu
s]´n-°-IØp Pohn-°p∂ a\p-jy-cmWv IYm]m{X-ß-sf∂p [cn-®p-h-im-Ip∂ Ip´n-
I-fp-≠-t{X. Ip´n-I-fpsS am\-kn-I-{]m-b-Øns‚ \ne-b-\p-k-cn®v ]e {`am-flI
17
hnNmc߃°pw Ah¿ hnt[-b-cm-Ip-∂p. Sn.-hn. ImgvN-Iƒ A\p-I-cn-°m≥ shºep-
≈-h-cmWv ]e Ip´n-I-fpw. Sn.-hn.-bn¬ I≠ Bfl-lXym cwK߃ A\p-I-cn®v
acWs°Wn-bn-emb Ip´n-I-fp-ap-≠v. aZy-]m-\w, ]pI-hen Ch-sb√mw Pohn-X-Øn¬
Ahn-̀ m-PyamsW∂ Nn¥ cqV-aq-e-am°p∂p Cu am[y-aw. samØ-Øn¬ Ip´n-Isf
ln]vt\m-ss´kv sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ. am[y-a-Øn-\-Snas∏´v F√m-Øcpw Du¿Phpw
\jvSs∏´v PU-{]m-b-cmbn amdp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ C∂p h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p. sSen-hn-j-\n¬
Bk-‡-cmb Ip´n-Ifpw amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw XΩnep≈ Ie-l-ßfpw hg-°p-Ifpw
`h-\-ß-fn¬ C∂p \nXykw`hambn amdp∂p.
Ipt_-c-Xz-Øn¬ A`n-c-an-°m-\p≈ A`n-cp-Nn-bmWv Sn.-hn. Ip´n-I-fn¬ Icp-∏n-Sn-
∏n-°p∂Xv. ]mc-º-cy-sØ-°mƒ B[p-\m-X-\-am-b-Xn¬ lcwsIm≈m\mWv am[yaw
]cnioen∏n°pI. HmWtam ]qctam H∂pw Ip´nIƒ°v C∂v A`n-\n-th-i-a-√.
dnbmen‰ntjmbpw Ahm¿Up-tjmbpw a‰pamWv Ah-cpsS knc-Isf {Xkn-∏n-°p∂Xv.
Aº-e-∏pg ]m¬∏mb-k-Øn-\-√, ^mÃv^pUn-\mWv aqey-sa∂v Ip´n {Kln®p
t]mIp∂p. ap°p-‰nt°m Xpº-∏q-hnt\m A√ Hm¿°n-Up-Iƒ°mWv ]pjv]-aq-ey-
sa∂v Ip´n [cn-®p-h-im-Ip-∂p.
kwKo-X-sa-∂m¬ i_vZ-tIm-em-l-esa∂v Ip´n sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂p. NSp-ehpw
D®-ÿm-bn-bp-amb X´p-s]m-fn-∏≥ ]m´p-Iƒ sIt¶-a-sa∂ t_m[y-Øn¬ Ip´n
hfcp∂p. `mhhpw A¿∞hnh-£Ifpw A{]-[m-\-sa∂pw I¿W]pSßsf XI¿
°p∂ i_vZ-Ip-lcw DZm-Ø-sa∂pw Ip´n hnNm-cn-°p-∂p. \rØ-sa-∂Xv {`an-∏n°p∂
ico-cm-`ym-k-sa∂pw sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂p.
Ip´n-Isf ]s¶-Sp-∏n-®p≈ "Ip´n-∏-́ mfw', "t]m°ncn ]o°ncn' ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Hcp
]cn-[n-hsc Ip´n-Isf I®-h-S-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°-em-Wv, "]n≈a-\- n¬ I≈-an√'
F∂Xp NqjWw sNbvXv Ip´n-I-fpsS IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kzIm-cy-X-I-fn-te°v Cdßn
s®∂v t{]£-I-{i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰m-\p≈ X{¥-amWv ]e-t∏mgpw tNmZy-cq-]-Øn¬
Ac-tß-dp-I. IpSpw-_-kz-Im-cy-X-Isf t{]£-I¿°p apºn¬ hnhr-X-am-°m-\p≈
_p≤n-bmWv tNmZy-I¿Øm-°-fpsS tNmZy-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ kv^pcn°p-I.
18
_mly-temIw
kl-Po-hn-I-fp-ambn ]¶p-tN-cp-∂-Xn\v \ap°p Nne s]mXp CSßfp≠mbncp∂p.
sse{_-dn-Itfm t£{X˛tZ-hm-eb ]cn-k-c-ßtfm Nmb-°-S-Itfm Hs°. kmaqlnI
hnj-b-߃ AhnsS N¿® sNø-s∏-́ n-cp-∂p. kmaq-ln-I-t_m-[-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-
ÿ-e-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. CØcw _mly-tem-IsØ hy‡n-bpsS CSs]S-ep-Isf
Sn.-hn. kzm[o-\n-°p∂p. am[yaw ]ucs\ shfn-bn¬ \n∂pw Ccp-∏p-ap-dn-bn-te°v
]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. kaq-l-Øn¬ HØp-tN-cm-\p≈ k∂-≤-X-bmWv kmaq-lnI
{]ÿm-\߃°pw k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°pw Bkv]-Zw. Sn.-hn°p apºn¬ A‘m-
fn-®n-cn-°p-∂h\v ]uc-k-aqltØm-Sp≈ ASp-∏hpw Npa-X-ebpw Ipd-bp-∂p. hy‡nsb
kzImcyXbn-te°v HXp-°p-I-hgn kmaq-lnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v hne-ßp-X-Sn-bmbn
am[yaw amdp∂p.7 hy‡n-bpsS B¥-cnI Pohn-X-sØ-sb-∂t]mse kmaq-lnI
Pohn-X-sØbpw am[yaw \n¿Kp-W-am-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-]m-c-kv]-cysØ XI¿°p∂
kmlNcyw Sn.hn. k∂n-ln-X-am-°p-∂p. tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\ hncp≤ aqey-߃ am[yaw
krjvSn-°p∂psh∂p ]dbmw.
sSen-hn-j≥ ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn¬ Xptemw Ipdhp hcpØn.
A\p-̀ qXn ]I-cp∂ Sn.-hn. apdn-bn-te°v Ah≥ hio-I-cn-°-s∏-́ p. ÿqeo-I-cn-®Xpw
\ndw-]n-Sn-∏n-®-Xp-amb ImgvN-I-fn-te-°mWv Sn.hn. Ahs\ ]dn®p\-´-Xv. am[ya
XmXv]cyßfm¬ hf-s®mSn°-s∏´ ambm-tem-I-ØmWv Ah≥ {]th-in-®-Xv. am[ya
Ønse I-®-h-S-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ amXr-I-Iƒ Ahs‚ a\- n-s\bpw at\m-̀ m-h-sØbpw
KWy-ambn Cf-°n-a-dn-®p. `mj, `£-Ww, hnt\m-Zw, {]W-bw, kuμcyk¶-ev]w,
IpSpw-_-k-¶ev]w F√mw Ah\n¬ am[y-a-_-≤-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Ahÿ.
ImgvNbpsS Iivae-Zr-iy-߃ Ahs‚ kabw A]-l-cn-°p-∂p. Ab-Ym¿∞-am-b-
Xns\ bYm¿∞-ambn sX‰n≤cn-t°≠ ÿnXn. HmWwt]m-ep≈ BtLm-j-thfIfn
¬t∏mepw HØp-tN-c-ep-Iƒ°p tem]w hcp-∂p. ]¥p-I-fn, Infn-In-fn, XpºnXp≈¬,
ISp-hm-Ifn XpS-ßn-bh HmW-°m-eØv {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ßsf i_vZmb-am-\-am-°n-bn-
cp∂p. C∂v Sn.hn.°p≈nse HmW°fn-I-f-√msX as‰m-∂nepw ]¶ptN-cm≥
19
aebmfn°p a\- n-√, at\m-`m-h-an-√. ae-bm-fn-bpsS s]mXp-Po-hnXw F∂m¬
sSenhnj≥ Bbn-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ.
Sn.-hn.-bn¬ hm¿Ø hmbn-°p-∂-hs‚ hkv{X-[m-c-W-coXn \ne-hm-c-ap-≈Xv F∂
[mc-W-bn-te°v tIc-f-k-aqlw amdp-∂p. HmWØn\pw hnjp-hn\pw tIc-f-∏n-d-hn°pw
am{Xw sk‰p-km-cn-bp-Sp-°p∂ hm¿Ømhm-b-\-a-¶-amcpw Ah-Xm-c-Icpw ae-bmfn
thjsa∂Xv \n›nX Znh-k-tØ°p am{X-ap-≈Xv F∂ ktμiw ]I-cp-∂p. tIcfob
thjw HmW-Øn\pw a‰p-ap-≈Xv F∂ Nn¥ \Ωn¬ thcp]nSn®p Ign-™p. kocnb¬
Xmc-ß-fpsS thj-hn-[m\w \sΩ lcw ]nSn-∏n-°p-∂p. Nne¿ kocn-b¬ ImWp∂Xp
Xs∂ ]pXnb thj-hn-[m-\-߃ a\- n-em-°m-\m-Wt{X! Nm\-ep-I-fnse Ah-Xm-c-
I-cpsS thj-hn-[m-\-߃ bph-X-e-ap-dsb KWy-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p. Cdp-Inb
Po≥kpw Soj¿´pw B¨s]¨t -̀Z-as\y C∂v Bthi-tØmsS FXn-tc¬°p-∂p.
Ah-Xm-c-IcpsS BS-bm-̀ -c-W-߃ A\p-I-cn-°¬ ]pXp Xe-ap-dbv°v el-cn-bmWv.
Ah-Xm-c-I-cmIs´ •ma¿ thj-Øn\v bXv\n-°p-∂p. thjhn[m-\-Ønse ]cºcmKX
{Kma-sdms° •ma-dm-Im-\mbn sX‰n-°p-∂p. `mjW {Kmadpw XI¿°p-∂p. Aßs\
XI¿°p-∂-Xn-emWv `mj-bpsS •ma¿ F∂v P\hpw hniz-kn-®p-t]m-Ip∂p!
Ipdp°nbpw \o´nbpw sIm©n-°p-g-™m-Snbpw Ch¿ `mjsb h‘y-am-°p-∂p. `mj-
bpsS cRvPn-∏p-Iƒ C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ Fgp-Ø-Ωsb∂pw
a‰pw Nne¿ t]cpw t\Sp∂p! hf-cp∂ Xe-apd CØcw `mj tI´p ]Tn-t°≠
Zpchÿ. `mj Hcp ]Tn-Ø-hr-Øn-sb-¶n¬ CØcw `mjm{ihWw KpW-I-c-am-hn-
s√∂p hy‡w.
D]t`mK-{]-h-W-Xbpw B¿Ønbpw P\-kz-`m-h-am-°p∂p C∂p sSen-hn-j≥.
a\p-jys‚ CjvSm-\n-jvS-߃, BtLm-j-߃ Ch \nb{¥n°p-∂Xv am[yasa∂p
hcp∂p. hntZ-i-Nm-\-ep-I-fpsS hchv [m¿Ωn-I-X-bnepw aqey-ß-fnepw A[x-]-X\w
krjvSn-°p-∂p. kn\na, ^mj≥ ]tc-Uv, t]m∏v ayqkn-Iv, dnbm-en-‰n-tjm, {In°‰v
Ch AanX {]m[m\yw t\Sp∂p; A]-am-\-ho-I-c-Wtam ]´n-Wn-∏m-h-ß-fpsS {]iv\-
ßtfm hnj-b-a-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.
20
kaq-l-Ønse A]-Nyp-Xn-Ifpw NXn-°p-gn-Ifpw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ am[yaw
AØcw am¿§-߃ kzoI-cn-°m≥ kzm[o-\-am-Ip-∂p. am[y-a-ß-fpsS tdmƒ {Iqtk-
Um-sW∂v ]pen‰vk¿ ]d-™Xv Hm¿°p-I. Bfl-lXym dnt∏m¿´n-ßn¬ henb
A]-ISw ]Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn Is≠-Ø-ep-≠v. Bfl-l-Xybv°p \¬Ip∂ hm¿Øm
{]m[m\yw A\p-I-cW Bfl-l-Xybv°v \nZm-\-am-Im-a-t{X. sSen-hn-j≥ ImWn°p∂
Bfl-lXym hm¿Ø-Ifpw Zriy-ßfpw teme-a-\-kvI¿°v t{]c-W-bm-tb-°mw.
Bfll-Xysb efnXkwK-Xn-bmbpw Pohn-X-{]-iv\-߃°v {]Xn-hn-[n-bmbpw
ImWm\n-S-bm-tb-°mw. Irjns°-SpØ hmbv] IpSn®p \in∏n®n´v Bfl-lXy
sNbvXmepw IS-s°-Wn-bn-em-b-hs‚ BfllXy-bmIpw am[yahm¿Ø-bn¬.
sSenhnj\v sk≥kn-_n-en-‰n-bn-s√∂v \ap°p Nn¥nt°≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kq\man
Zpcn-X-ß-tfm-sSm∏w PU-߃ BZ-c-hn-√msX sNmcn-bp∂ cwK-ßfpw \ap°p
ImtW≠n h∂p. BflmlqXn sNbvX-h-cp-sSbpw A]-I-S-Øn¬ NX-™-h-cp-sSbpw
Zriyßfpw h¿Ko-b-I-em-]-cw-K-ßfpw \sΩ Uosk≥kn-ss‰kv sNøp∂p.
a\pjys‚ B`y-¥-chpw _mly-hp-amb hym]m-c-ßsf Sn.-hn. KWyambn \nb-{¥n-
°p-∂p. Sn.-hn. ImgvNIƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ at\m-̀ m-h-tØmsS hy‡n Adnt™m
Adn-bm-sXtbm kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠v. Sn.-hn.-bnse Bjv]pjv PohnX
ssien°v CW-ßm-\p≈ B{Klw Ah-\-dn-bmsX Ah-\n¬ apf-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. Xm≥
AXn\v A{]m-]vX-\m-sW∂ Nn¥ hy‡na\- ns\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂p. Hcp-Xcw
AkwXr-]vXn-bpsS \ng¬ CXv Ah-\n¬ krjvSn-°p-∂p.
`qtKm-f-Øns‚ hyXykvX {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Pohn-X-amWv hy‡n-bpsS Ccn∏p
apdn-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I. BtKm-f-{Kmaw F∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øn-te°v CXp \bn°p
sa¶nepw CXn-eqsS {]mtZ-in-I-Xbpw X\n-abpw lnwkm-fl-I-amb B{I-a-W-Øn\p
hnt[-b-am-hp-∂p. Sn.-hn.°p apºn¬ kzbw ka¿∏n-°p∂ Xe-apd {]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw
Im¿jnI Pohn-X-tØmSpw AI-ep-∂p. aX-Po-hn-Xhpw `‡y\pjvTm\-ßfpw a[y-a-
Øn-eqsS Ah≥ BtLmjn°p∂p. aIveql≥ ]d™Xpt]mse IÆpIfpsS
NyqbnwKambn sSen-hn-j≥ amdn-bm¬ F√mw amdn-a-dn-bp∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-Ipw.
21
dnbm-en-‰ntjm
\m\m-ta-J-e-I-fnse {]Xn-̀ -Isf ]cn-t]m-jn∏n°¬ F∂ e£yw dnbm-en‰n
tjmbpsS e£y-am-Wv. Hcp ]cn[nhsc AXp km[n-X-am-hp-∂p-ap-≠v. Km\w,
A`n\bw, Um≥kv, lmkyw Cßs\ \m\m-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ {]Xn-̀ -Isf Is≠Øn
t{]m’mln∏n°m≥ Cu ]cn-]mSn hgn Xpd-∂p. F∂m¬ t{]£-Isc ]nSn-®ncpØm≥
Nm\-ep-Im¿ kzoIcn-°p∂ X{¥-߃ Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw a’-cm¿∞nIsf ]ncn-
apdp-°-Øn-em-°p-∂p. dnbmen‰ntjmbnse a’-c-C-\-߃ h¿≤n® kmº-ØnI
taml-߃ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]c-ky-h-cp-am\w e£-ßfpw tImSn-Ifpw
kΩm\w \evIm≥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ°v XpW-bm-Ip-∂p. hn]-Wn-sbbpw t{]£-I-scbpw
Iq´n-bn-W-°p∂ IÆn-bmbn dnbm-en-‰ntjm amdp-∂p. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ dnbm-en-‰n-bn-
√mØ CØcw tjmIƒ D]-t`mK {]h-W-X-I-sf-bmWv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.8
dnbm-en-‰n-tjmsb hyXy-kvXXcw hn\n-a-b-am-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Im¿ a’-cn-°p-∂p.
\mSIobXbpw akm-ebpw tbmPn-∏n®v cwKw sImgp-∏n-°m-\p≈ {ia-am-Wv. k`y-X-
bpsS B`y-¥-c-Øn¬ \n∂p shfn°pNm-Sp∂ kw`m-j-Whpw ImgvN-Ifpw tImaUn
cwK-ß-fn¬ kpe-`-am-Wv. Xd Xd XØd F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-t°-≠-h-bmWv t\c-
tºm°ns‚ t]cn¬ ]S®p≠m-°p∂ ]e-Xpw.
dnbm-en-‰ntjm Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´ ImeØv AXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ \qX\
XbpsS apJ-amWv t{]£Isc AXn-te°v BI¿jn®Xv. I≠paSpØ ]e ]cn]mSn-
I-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ hnSp-X-embn AXp amdn. {ItaW AXn-\p-Xs∂ sNSn-∏p-≠m-Im-
Xncn°m≥ sshNn-{Xyhpw sshhn-[y-hp-am¿∂ hgn-Iƒ Nm\-ep-Im¿ ]co-£n-®p.
\mS-Io-b-Xbpw •madpw Ie¿∂ Bjv]pjv ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-te°p≈ hyXn-N-e-\-Øn\v
CXp hgnXpd-∂p. km[m-cW t{]£-Isc B\-μn-∏n-°m\pw A¿amZn∏n-°m-\p-ap≈
tNcp-h-Iƒ°mbn Nm\-ep-Im¿ a’-cn-®p. IebpsS auen-I-X-Øz-߃ _enIgn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-sXm∂pw Ah¿ KWy-am-°n-bn-√. ]m›m-Xy-co-Xn-IfpsS hy¿∞m-\p-I-c-
W-ß-fmbn ]e-Xpw.
22
Nm\-ep-I-fpsS A‘-amb ]m›m-Xy-h¬°-cW {ia-ßfpw I®-h-S-Xm-Xv]-cy-
ßfpw Iem-sIm-e-]m-X-I-Øn-emWv Iem-in-°p-∂-sX∂p ]d-bmw. [m¿an-I-aq-ey
߃°v sSen-hn-j≥ henb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Db¿Øp∂Xv C∂sØ auen-I-{]iv\
amWv. Zqc-Z¿is‚ ̀ mcXob-aq-eym-[n-jvTnX {]t£-]-W-ß-fn¬ BZyImeØp apgpIn
bncp∂ \ΩpsS kaqlw {ItaW kzImcy Nm\-ep-I-fn-te°pw sshtZ-inI Nm\ep
Ifn-te°pw \oßnbXv [m¿an-I-X-bpsS taJ-e-bn¬ henb ssiYn-ey-am-bn. amZI
\rØ-ßfpw tlmfn-hpUv D∑m-Z-ßfpw C∂p t{]£-Isc {Xkn-∏n-°p-∂p. t{]£-
I¿°v C∂v CsXms° A\p-Zn\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C¥y≥ sSen-
hnj-\nse hntZiNm-\-ep-I-fpsS X≈n-°-b-‰hpw \ΩpsS Nm\-ep-Iƒ hntZi
A\pIc-W-ß-fpsS IqØ-c-ßm-bXpw kZm-Nm-c-t_m-[-Ønepw [m¿an-I-Nn-¥-bnepw
hgpXepIƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. dnbm-en‰ntjmbp-sSbpw a‰pw kzm[o\w aqew
^vfqdsk‚ v h¿W߃, {^o°≥ apSn, temthÃv ]m‚ vkv, IqfnMv •m v, lm^v
jq BZn-bm-bh \yqsP-\-tdj\p lc-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-Øn¬ KWy-amb kzm[o-\-ambn dnbm-en-‰ntjm amdp∂p.
CXn-s\mcp {]Xyu-j-[-ambn \ΩpsS Nne Nm\-ep-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ `‡n-
am¿§ßsf thW-sa-¶n¬ hymJym-\n-°mw. `‡n-hn-j-b-߃ am{Xw {]t£]Ww
sNøp∂ Nm\-ep-Iƒ \ap-°p-≠v. {]`m-j-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ [m¿Ωn-I-{]-t_m-[-\-
ßfpw D¬t_m-[-\-ßfpw Ah-bn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS hymJym\hpw
Ahsb Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ D]-tZ-i-ßfpw Ch-bn¬ Z¿in-°mw. ]e-bn-SØpw
kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ aXm-fl-Ikz`m-hap≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS {]t£-]-Whpw Ch
\n¿Δln-°p-∂p-≠v. Ch Bflo-bhpw [m¿ΩnIhpamb t_m[w t{]£-I-cn¬
Dfhm°m≥ DX-Ip-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwiban√.
]pcm-W-I-Y-IfpsS kocn-b¬ cq]-Øn-ep≈ Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v an° Nm\-epIfpw
cwK-Øp-≠v. ]pcmWIYm-]m{Xßfpw kμ¿ -̀ßfpw ssZhn-I-—m-b-bnepw A\p-jvTm\
cq]-Ønepw cwK-sØ-Øp-∂p. t{]£-Isc aXm-fl-I-ambn Bth-i-̀ -cn-X-cm-°m\pw
`‡n-bn¬ Bdm-Sn-°m\pw CØcw {]t£-]-W-߃ hgn Xpd-°p-∂p. hyXykvX
23
Xe-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øns‚ aX-Nn-¥sb CXp kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. as‰mcp IÆn-eqsS
t\m°p-tºmƒ h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS hnØp-hn-X-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw CXp \nZm-\-am-Ip-∂nt√
F∂p kwi-bn-°-Ww. PmXo-bhpw h¿Ko-b-hp-amb hntZzjßfpw tN-cn-Xn-cn-hp-Ifpw
hn`m-Ko-b-X-Ifpw krjvSn-°m≥ Ch Imc-Wam-bm¬ KpWØn\p ]Icw tZmjw
`hn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kaq-lsØ \n¿Wm-b-I-ambn _m[n-°m-hp∂ hnj-b-amWv
ssIImcyw sNøp∂sX∂ Nn¥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ°v C√m-sX-t]m-bm¬ h¿Ko-b-Xbv°pw
hn`m-Ko-Xbv°pw hgn-a-cp-∂n-S-embn CXp hyXn-N-en-°mw. Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw Imepjy
߃-°pw Iem]߃°pw Imc-W-ambn CØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ amdp-∂p. ""\nc-£ccpw
A¿[-km-£-ccpw aXm-‘-cp-amb Hcp henb hn`mKw P\-ßsf h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS
D∑m-Z-Øn-te°v X≈n-bn-Sp-∂-Xn¬ sSen-hn-j≥ kmc-amb ]¶p-h-ln-°p∂p''9s≠∂v
Jpjvh¥v knwKv ]d™Xv Hm¿an-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
kocnb¬
P\-{]nb am[y-a-am°n sSen-hn-js\ am‰n-b-Xn¬ apJy]¶v kocn-b-ep-Iƒ°p≠v.
hmWn-Py-kn-\n-a°mcpsS BJym\X{¥-ß-fmWv kocn-b-ep-Ifpw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂Xv. AXn-\m-S-Io-b-X, sdmam≥kv, kwKo-Xw, \rØw, kwL-́ -\w, sIme Ch
kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ tNcp-h-I-fm-bXv Aß-s\-bm-Wv. a\p-jys‚ arZp-e-hn-Im-c-ßsf
kv]¿in-°m\pw kzm[o-\n-°m-\p-ap-X-Ip∂ IY-I-fmWv kocn-b-epIm¿°p ]Yyw.
Bscbpw Cf-°m\pw C°n-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw DXIp∂ ]eXpw IY-bn-ep≠mIpw.
A\-¥-ambn \ofp∂ kocn-b-ep-Iƒ C∂v Nm\-ep-I-fpsS {]mW-hm-bp-hm-Wv. tkm∏p
Iº\n-I-fm-Wv Cu ]c-º-c-Iƒ°v BZyw ]ckyw \evIn-bn-cp-∂-sX-∂-Xn-\m¬
"tkm∏v Hm∏-d-Iƒ' F∂nh Adn-b-s∏-́ p. A`n-t\-Xm-°-fpsS {]mbw amdp∂X-\p-k-
cn®pam{Xw IYm-]m-{X-ßfpsS {]mbhpw amdp-∂-Xcw IYm-]-c-amb aμ-KXn Chbn¬
ImWp∂p. Nne-Xns‚ t]m°p-I-≠m¬ temIm-h-km-\-Ønepw Xocn√ F∂ coXn-
bm-Wv. IYbpw D]-I-Y-bp-ambn XpS-cp∂ Ch-bn¬ hen-®p-\o-́ m≥ [mcmfw LSI
ßfp-≠m-Ipw. ae-bm-fn-bpsS k‘y-Isf C∂p `cn-°p-∂Xv CØcw ]c-º-c-I-fm-
sW∂XmWv hkvXpX.
24
kv{XobpsS bYm¿∞-apJw kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ Bhn-jv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂
XmWv \·kXyw. AΩ As√¶n¬ A`n-km-cn-Wn, I\yI As√¶n¬ sskzcnWn,
bmYm-ÿn-XnI As√¶n¬ FSpØpNm -́°mcn F∂ \ne-bn-emWv Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww.
kocnb-ep-I-fnse apJy {]Xn-]mZyw AΩm-bn-b-Ω-t∏m-cpw, `mcybv°pw AΩbv°p
anS-bn¬ \n -lm-b-cm-Ip∂ ]pcpj IYm-]m-{X-ß-fp-am-Wv. kocn-b-ense kv{Xo IYm
]m{X-ß-fn¬ ap°mte Ac-bv°mepw hnImc [mcmfnIfpw A‘hnizmkn-Ifpw
B{in-X-cp-sams°bm-Wv. arZp-e-hn-Im-c-ßsf C°n-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ImgvNIƒ°p
apºn¬ kv{Xot{]-£-I¿ _en-bmbpw Xocp-∂p.
s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øntem sXmgn¬cw-KtØm {]ap-J-amb ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ kv{Xo
Isfm∂pw kocn-b-ep-Ifnen√. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmbn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ h\n-X-I-fn¬
\men-sem-∂n\p am{Xta Fs¥-¶nepw Imcy-amb tPmen-bp-≈-h-cm-bp≈p F∂v
Kthj-W-]-T-\-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. `h-\-Øn¬ ]pcp-js‚ A\p-_‘ ÿm\ta
kv{Xo°v Ft∏mgpw \evInt∏mcp∂p≈p. hy‡n-]-c-amb hnjbß-fn¬ t]mepw
]pcp-js‚ \n¿t±im\pkrXw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kv{XoI-sf-bmWv ImWp-I.
am[y-a-ß-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ tdmƒ tamU-ep-Iƒ kv{XoZp¿_-e-X-Ifn¬
Du∂nbp-≈-h-bm-Wv. hnth-N-\-_p-≤n-bn-√mØ kv{XoIƒ°v CXv A\p-I-c-W-km[yX
Xpd∂psIm-Sp°p∂p. hnem-]hpw Ic-®n-ep-ambn kv{Xosb ASbmf-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬
kocn-b-ep-Iƒ a’-cn-°p-∂p. {]Xn-I-c-W-ap≈ kv{Xosb Xt‚-Sn-bmbn AhXcn∏n
°pIhgn IpSpw-_-Øn\pw kaq-l-Øn\pw Ahƒ A[n-I-∏-s‰∂ ktμ-i-amWv
]IcpI.
kocn-b-ep-I-fpsS `mj-bn¬ hnhmlw kv{XobpsS BXy-¥n-I-e-£y-am-Wv.
""Ahƒs°mcp PohnXw sImSp°q'' F∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ kw`m-jWw Fhn-sSbpw
tIƒ°mw. kv{XobpsS Pohn-X-sa-∂m¬ hnhmlwXs∂. hnhm-l-e-£y-Øn\v
A\p_-‘-ambn kv{Xo[-\hpw kv{Xo]o-U-\-hp-sa√mw hcp-∂p.
am[y-a-߃ BtLm-jn-°p∂ hnhmlw BUw-_-c-Øn-s‚bpw B¿`m-S-Øn-
s‚bpw ]cym-b-am-Wv. BS-bm-̀ cW-ßtfmSp≈ hºn® Iºhpw hnhm-l-th-f-bn¬
25
AXn-\mbn shº¬sIm-≈m\p≈ ktμ-i-hp-amWv h[p-hn\pw ho´p-Im¿°pw AXp
]I-cpI. kv{XoNm]-ey-߃°v \ndw ]nSn-∏n-°pIhgn Ahsc Aim‡o-I-cn-°p-
IbmWv am[y-a-߃. hnhm-l-tØmsS IS-s°-Wn-bnepw XZzmcm Bfl-l-Xy-bnepw
Iem-in-°p∂ IpSpw_߃ F{X-tb-sd. ]e IpSpw-_-ßfpw ISw-tIdn apSn-bp-I-
bmWv hnhm-l-tØm-sS.
kv{Xosb kw_-‘n-°p∂ auenI {]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnj-b-߃ am[y-a-߃°v
{][m-\-a-s√-∂-XmWv \·-k-Xyw. h\n-Xm-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS apt∂-‰-ßtfm kmaqlnI
]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p _oPm-hm]w sNbvX h\n-Xm-c-Xv\-ß-fpsS IY-Itfm am[y-a-ß-
ƒ°v ]Yy-a-√. kv{Xo°p Iq®phne-ßn-Sp∂ kmaq-ln-I-hn-e-°p-Isf \ymbo-I-cn°p∂
Nn{XoIc-W-amWv kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ s]mXp-th. \ne-hn-ep≈ kv{Xohn-cp≤aq-ey-ßsf
A]-{K-Yn-°mt\m \ncmIcn-°mt\m k∂-≤-a√ Hcp kocn-b-epw tImaUn kocnb-
ep-I-fn¬ kv{Xo shdpw A«oe hkvXp-hm-Wv. kv{XoIsf \·-bm°n ckn°p∂Xp
t]mse ]pcpj≥ kv{Xothjw sI´n-bmepw DZ-chpw a‰pw hnkvXr-X-ambn {]Z¿in
∏n®v Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-emWv hy{K-X.
Nm\-ep-I-fpsS FÆw Zn\w-{]Xn h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]nSn-®p-\n-ev]n-\mbn
F¥pw Im´m≥ a’-cn-°p-∂p. A«o-e-X-bpsS tXtcm-´-ambn ]e Nm\-ep-Ifpw
amdp∂p. bmsXmcp AXn-cp-an-√msX kam-¥-c-kulrZ-߃ kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ Nn{Xo-
I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ̀ ¿Øm-hn-t\m-Sp-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ ASp-∏hpw Xpd-hnbpw ]c-]pcpj∑m-
tcm-SmWv ]e kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-߃°pw. `mcy-tbm-Sp-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ kulrZw
]ckv{XoItfm-Sp≈ ]pcp-j-I-Ym]m{X-ßfpw [mcm-fw. kocn-b-ep-I-fnse sIme-
]mXI߃°v ssIbpw IW-°p-an-√. hn√-∑m-cp-sSbpw hn√-Øn-am-cp-sSbpw
{]IS\߃°p apºn¬ \ΩpsS k¿Δ-aq-eyßfpw _en-I-gn-°-s∏Sp∂p. D]-t`mK
kwkvImcw Bfl-l-Xym-]-c-amb coXn-bn¬ km[m-c-W-Ip-Spw-_n-\n-Isft∏mepw
_m[n-°p-∂p. kocn-b-ep-I-fnse Krl-\m-bn-I-I-sf-t∏mse hoSn-\p-≈nepw AWn-
s™mcpßm≥ Hcp-sº-Sp∂ \nc-h[n IpSpw-_n-\n-I-fp-≠v. B -̀c-W-{ -̀ahpw kam¥c
kulr-Z-߃°m-bp≈ shºepw Ah-cn¬ [mcm-f-am-Wv. hn]-co-X-aq-ey߃
26
Nn{XoIcn®v t{]£-Isc ]nSn-®n-cpØp∂-Xn-\p≈ bXv\w henb `hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ
krjvSn°p-∂p. A{I-ahpw sImebpw el-cnbpw ^mj-\mbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv
henb kmaq-ln-I-hn-]-ØmWv Df-hm-°p-∂-Xv. IS-a-‰-Øp-I-Ø-\m-cmbn kocn-b¬
thjan´ {]Imiv t]mƒ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-amb Hc\p`hw ]d-™Xv Hm¿°p-∂p. Hcp
thZnbnencn-°th Hcp kv{Xo IS-∂p-h∂v Imen¬ kmjvSmwKw {]W-an-®p. ISa‰Øp
IØ-\mcmbn A`n-\-bn® Bƒ BƒssZ-h-am-sb-∂¿∞w. kocn-b-ens‚ kzm[o-
\sØ \mw F{X sNdp-Xm-°n-bmepw sNdp-Xm-In-√.
eLp-a-\- p-Isf cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ kc-f-hn-jb-ßtf kocn-b-en\v
Bhiyap≈p F∂ Nn¥-bmWv kocn-b¬ \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ°v. ss\an-jn-Im-kzm-Z\hpw
A¿am-Zn-°-ep-a-√msX as‰m∂pw Ah¿ e£yam°p∂n√. t{]£-Isc t{]cn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw {]tem-`n-∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂ Hcp Pohn-X-ssien-bmWv kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬
Bhn-jv°-cn-°pI. AXv Atßb‰w Ab-Ym¿∞-sa-¶nepw bYm¿∞-sa∂p
t{]£I¿ sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂p. Ab-Ym¿∞w bYm¿∞sa∂ hy¿∞hn-Nm-c-Øn¬
ImgvN-°m¿ Adn-bmsX AI-s∏´p-t]m-Ip∂p. kocn-b-ense PohnXw hn]-Wn-bn¬
A`n-c-an-°m-hp∂ \yq\-]-£-Øn-\p-am{Xw km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. alm-`q-cn-]-£sØ
Ch bYm¿∞-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ A[-a-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-cm-°p-I-bm-Wv. ̀ qcn-]£w hcp∂
h\nXmt{]£-Isc Cu am[y-a-Øn\p apºn¬ ]nSn-®p-sI-́ n-bn-Sp-tºmƒ Xß-fpsS
I®-h-S-Xm-Xv]-cy-ß-fmWv kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v CXn\p ]n∂nse i‡n-°
dnbmw.10
ho´-Ω-am-cpsS lrZbw Iog-S-°m≥ G‰hpw ]‰nb D]m[n F∂ \ne-bn¬
Nm\-ep-Im¿ kocn-b-ens\ ImWp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ Bk‡n P\n-∏n-°pw-hn-[-ap≈
Bhn-jv°mcw IpSpw-_n-\n-Isf kocn-b-ep-I-fpsS ÿnc-Im-gvN-°m-cm°n am‰p-∂p.
ImgvN-°m-cmbn amdp-∂-h¿ Hcn-°epw hn´p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]pXnb t^m¿ap-eIfpw
ck-°q-´p-Ifpw Is≠-Øp-∂p. Cßs\ Xøm-dm-°-s∏-Sp∂ Dev]-∂-߃ \ΩpsS
`h\ßsf Gsd-°psd Iog-S-°n-°-gn-™p.
27
s]¨t{]-£-I-cpsS sshIm-cn-IX NqjWw sNøm≥ ]‰nb IY-Iƒ
]S®p≠m°pI F∂-Xn¬ henb hnP-b-amWv kocn-b-ep-Im¿ t\Sp-∂-Xv. Iem-
]cXtbm D¬t_m-[\]cXtbm bmsXm∂pw Ch-bn-en-s√-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. kv{Xo
{][m\ IY-I-fmWv Bcw-`-Øn¬ {]t£-]Ww sNbvXn-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw Ip™p-
ßfpsS IY-Ifpw t{]X-IYIfpw ]pcm-W-I-Y-Ifpw `‡-I-Y-Ifpw ]n∂oSv cwK
sØØn. F¶nepw s]¨IY-Iƒ°mWv Ft∏mgpw kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ {]map-Jyw.
an° kocn-b-ep-I-fp-sSbpw \ma-t[bw Xs∂ s]¨t]-cp-Itfm s]¨]cm-a¿i
\maßtfm BWv. AΩ, AΩ-am-\-kw, AΩ-°n-fn, kv{Xo, kv{Xo[-\w, kv{XoP∑w,
h[p, A\n-b-Øn, Aa-e, kcbp, `mKye£van Cßs\ t]mIp∂p Ah-bpsS
t]cpIƒ. kaq-l-Ønse A-[x-ÿnX kv{XoI-fpsS {]bm-kßfn-te°p shfn®w
hoimt\m Ahsc im‡o-I-cn-°mt\m DX-Ip∂ bmsXm∂pw Ch-bn-en-√. a[yh¿Øn
kaq-l-Ønse kv{XoI-fpsS Xf¿®-Ifpw XI¿®-Ifpw IÆocpw DtZz-K-ßfpw
{IqcXbpw BUw-_-c-hp-sa-√m-amWv apJy-hn-j-b߃. amXm-°-tfm-sSm∏w Ch-bpsS
t{]£-IcmIp∂ Ip´nIƒ Ch-bnse sdmam≥kpw {Iqc-Xbpw sIme-]m-X-I-ßfpw
ssiYn-ey-ßfpw Z¿in®v a\- p-sIm≠v Ah-bp-ambn XmZmflys∏Sp∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-
≠mIp∂p. Ip´n-I-fpsS _mey-Iu-am-c-߃ \jvS-s∏-S-emWv CXns‚ ]cn-WX-̂ ew.
a[y-h¿K-Øns‚ Km¿ln-I-\n-e-bpsS angn-thmsSbp≈ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amWv an°
kocn-b-ep-I-fp-sSbpw ̀ qan-I. IpSpw-_-ssh-cp-[y-ßsf \nKq-l\w sNbvI¬ a[yh¿K
kaql-Øns‚ s]mXp-{]-h-W-X-bm-Wv. CXns\ hnhr-X-am-°p∂p kocn-b-ep-Iƒ F∂p
]d-bmw. sIm®p-h¿Ø-am-\-ß-fp-sSbpw tKmkn-∏p-I-fp-sSbpw ÿqeo-Ir-X-cq-]-amWv
kocn-b-ep-I-fnse `mj-W-߃. sshIm-cnI `mj-W-߃°mIpw {]map-Jyw.
hnkvXrX-amb Iym≥hm-kn¬ A\n-›n-Xhpw A\p-kyq-X-hp-ambn hnI-kn-®p-t]mIp∂
NneXv saKm-ko-cn-b-ep-I-fm-Ip-∂p. ̀ mcym-̀ ¿Ør-{]-iv\-߃, AΩm-bn-b-Ω-t∏m-cv, ]nXr-
]p{X kwL¿jw, kzØp-X¿°w, AK-ay-K-a-\w, cl-ky-K¿`w Chsbms° kocnb
epI-fnse ÿnc hnj-b-ßfpw t^m¿apeI-fp-am-Wv. CØcw hnj-b-ß-sfm∂pw
IpSpw_Øns‚ Ipfw-tXm-≠p-∂n-S-tØmfw kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ FØp∂n√. kocn-b-
ense kwL¿jhpw kwL-́ -\hpw `h-\sØ ]q¿W-ambn XI¿°p-∂n-SØv FØp-
28
∂n-s√-∂-XmWv t\c-tºm-°v. F√m AXn-{I-a-߃°pw Acm-P-I-Xz-Øn\pw HcpXcw
kuayX krjvSn-®n-cn°pw. sIme-]m-XIØn\pw Bfl-l-Xybv°pw t]mepw CXp-
s≠-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. ]pdta hyXn-cn-‡-sa∂v tXm∂m-sa¶nepw Bh¿Øn-°p∂
{]ta-b-ß-fmWv kocn-b-ep-I-fn-ep-≈Xv F∂Xv as‰mcp bmYm¿∞yw.
kv{Xok-aq-lsØ apJy-ambpw e£yanSp∂ kocn-b-ep-Im¿ Ahsc Sn.-hn.
kv{Io\n\p apºn¬ am{¥nI-ambn ]nSn-®n-cpØm≥ DX-Ipw-hn[w ktΩm-l-\-am-bmWv
AhbpsS kwhn-[m-\w. Iem-kv]¿itam aqey-kv]¿itam Aev]-hp-an-√msX
kv{XobpsS IÆpw IÆo¿°-Whpw em°m-°p-∂p. Ch-bnse {]W-b-_-‘-߃°pw
AK-ay-K-a-\-߃°pw sIme-]m-X-I-߃°pw ssIbpw IW-°p-an-√. sIme-]m-XIw,
AKayK-a\w Ch kmc-an-√m-ØXpw km[m-c-W-hp-amb Ip‰-am-bmWv Chbn¬ AhX-
cn-∏n-°-s∏-SpI. AK-ay-K-a\w A\p-kyqXw Nn{Xo-I-cn®v AsXmcp ^mj-\msW∂
hnNmcwt]mepw t{]£-I-cn-ep-f-hm-°p-∂p. CØcw IrXy-߃s°m∂pw bmsXmcp
Xncn-®-Sn-bp-an-√mØ a´n-emWv IYm-K-Xnbpw ]cn-Wm-ahpw. amXm-]n-XmKpcp-ssZh
߃°v bmsXmcp al-Xzhpw Iev]n-°p∂ coXnbpw Ah-bn-en-√. Bhn-jv°-c-W-
Ønse •madpw BI¿j-Wo-b-Xbpwaqew tPmenbpw IpSpw-_-Im-cy-ß-fp-sa√mw
AhK-Wn®v Sn.-hn.°p apºn¬ NS-™p-Iq-Sm≥ IpSpw-_n-\n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-Ip∂p.
`h-\-Øns‚ AI-Ø-f-ß-fmWv kocn-b-ep-I-fp-sS-sb√mw X´-Iw. C≥tUm¿
kz`m-hhpw kvss{XW-Xbpw ]c-º-c-I-fpsS apJap{Z-bm-Im≥ CXp-Xs∂ Imc-Ww.
IpSpw__‘-ßsf sI´p-d-∏n-√m-ØXpw inYn-e-hp-am°n Bhn-jv°-cn®v t{]£I
{i≤ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ch¿ {ian-°p-∂p. hnhm-l-Øp-S¿® kwL¿j-Ønepw
ssUthmgvknep-sa-Øp-∂Xv \nc-¥cw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂p. hnhmlPohnXw
Cßs\sbms°bmWv As√-¶n¬ Cßs\-sbm-s°-bm-Imw F∂ Nn¥ t{]£I
cn¬ cq]s∏SpI-bmhpw CXns‚ ^ew. Dt]£n°¬, ]p\¿hn-hmlw CsX√mw
kmZm kw`h-ß-fmbn Ch-bn¬ Ac-tß-dp-∂p. A\p-I-ºbpw Icp-W-bp-a-√, kzm¿∞
Xbpw {Iqc-Xbpw X≥{]-am-Wn-Xz-hp-amWv kocn-b-ep-Im¿ hnf-ºp-∂Xv. ]W-Øn\p
aosX ]cp¥pw ]d-°n√ F∂ XØzw Ch Db¿Øn∏nSn-°p-∂p.
29
kocn-b-ep-I-fnse IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS BS-bm-`-c-W-߃ Itºmfap-X-em-fn-Ø-
Øn\v {]mW-hm-bp-hm-Wv. D]-t`m-K-tI-{μ-ambn ̀ h-\-߃ ]cn-W-an-°m≥ apJy t{]cW-
bmbn C∂p kocn-b-ep-Iƒ amdp∂p. ]c-º-c-I-fnse IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw cwK]›m-
Ø-ehpw an\p-k-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xns‚ ]c-am-h-[n-bn¬ FØn-b-h-bm-Wv. kocn-b-ep-Ifnse
kv{XoI-fpsS \£-{X-Øn-f-°-Øn\v apJy Bkv]Zw tImkvsa-‰nIv Itºm-f-am-Wv.
kv{Xo kzb-samcp {]Z¿i-\-h-kvXpthm D]t`m-K-h-kvXpthm Bbn amdp-I-bmWv
kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬. kocnb-ep-I-fnse kv{XoI-fpsS IÆ-©n∏n-°p∂ kmcn-Ifpw
ss\‰nIfpw en]vÃn°pw knμq-chpw s]m´pw Nm¥pw B`-c-W-ßfpw Ahsf
A£cm¿∞Øn¬ ImgvN-h-kvXp-hm-°p-∂p. AhfpsS ico-c-h-Sn-hp-Ifpw Ag-I-f-
hp-Ifpw {]Xy-£-h¬°-cn-°pw-hn-[-amWv \S∏pw FSp∏pw A`n-\-b-hp-sa-√mw. ASp°
fbnse `mcybpw ap‰w-Xq-Øp-hm-cp∂ s]Æpw tcmKn-Wn-bm-bn sF.-kn.-bp.-hn¬
InS°p∂-hfpw BS-bm-̀ -c-W-ß-fn¬ Hcp-t]m-se. arX-tZ-lsØ Poh-\p-≈-h-sc-sb∂
t]mse an\p-°n-bn-cn-°pw. arX-tZ-l-Øn\p ]m¿iz-Øn-en-°p∂ ZpxJm¿ØcpsS thj-
hn[m\-߃ Ieym-W-ho-́ p-Im-scbpw e÷n-∏n-°pw. ChbpsS ÿncw t{]£-I-cm-
Ip∂-h¿°v CØcw Xnf-°-am¿∂h hmßn-°q´n kz¥w ]In´p h¿≤n∏n-°m≥
A`nhmRvObp≠mIp-∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-an-√. kocn-b-ep-I-fpsS ÿncw ImgvN-°m-cm-
Ip∂ kv{Xoa-\- p-I-fn¬ BS-bm-̀ -c-WßtfmSv AXn-cp-hn´ Bk‡n Ah-c-dn-bmsX
Xs∂ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xmc-߃ tXß-bp-Sbv°ptºmƒ X߃°v Nnc-´-sb-¶nepw
DS-bv°t≠ F∂ at\m-̀ mhw Ah-cn-ep-≠m-bn-s√-¶nte A¤p-X-ap-≈p.
t{]£-I-cpsS {i≤ ]nSns®Sp-°m≥ F¥pw kocn-bem-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Im¿
a’cn°p-∂p. ]pcm-W-I-Y, Ncn-{X-I-Y, am{¥n-I-IY, lmky-IY Cßs\ ]ehn[w
IY-Iƒ kocn-b-ep-I-fmbn AWn-\n-c-°p∂p. Ncn-{X-sØbpw ]pcm-W-sØ-bp-sa√mw
tXm∂pw-]Snbm°-emWv Ch-cpsS Ie. IY-bn¬ Igtºm kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬
sI´pdt∏m Ch-bn-en-√. IpSpw-_-ko-cn-b-ep-I-fn¬ IÆo¿km∂n[yw hcp-Øm≥
Ft∏mgpw \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ {i≤n-°p-∂p. D]-cnπ-h-ambn \oßp∂ IÆo¿°-Y-Ifmbn
Ah amdp-∂p. kv{XobpsS kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw hntZz-j-Øn-s‚bpw apJ߃ Ah
Nn{XoI-cn-°p-∂p. cmK-tZz-j-߃ amdn-amdn h∂p-sIm-≠ncn°pw. Ah-b-{Xbpw Ir{Xna
30
XzØn¬ Nmen-s®-SpØh-bm-sW-∂Xv km[m-cW t{]£-I¿ ad-°p-∂p. kv{Xo CXp
Xs‚ IY-b-s√∂p Xncn-®-dntb≠-Xn\p ]Icw AXp-ambn ]e-t∏mgpw XmZmflyw
{]m]n°p∂p. kzm¿∞-X, Akqb, IÆocv, t]mcm´w Ch-sb√mw amdn-amdn kocnb
epI-fn¬ hcp-∂p. CsXm∂pw ImgvN-°m-cmb kv{XoIsf H´pta _m[n-°p-∂n-√
F∂p hmZn-°p-∂Xv _men-i-am-Wv. `¿Øm-hns\ \nc-¥cw hcp-Xn°p \n¿Øp∂
`mcysb kocn-b-en¬ \nc-¥cw Z¿in-°p∂ ho -́Ω-bpsS at\m-̀ m-h-Øn¬ Ah-f-dn-
bmsX am‰w-h-s∂∂p hcmw. AXv IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Ak-am-[m-\-Øn\pw ssiYney
Øn\p-amIpw hgnXpd°pI. IpSpw-_-_-‘-ß-fn¬ Po¿W-kw-kvImcw IpØn-\ndbv
°m≥ Ch t{]c-I-am-Ip-∂p. \m´n¬ Ac-tß-dp∂ ]eXpw sX‰√ F∂ Nn¥-bn
te°v kocn-b-ens‚ XpS¿ImgvN-Iƒ a\p-jysc \bn-°p-∂p. hgn-hn´ Pohn-X-ßsf
]cn-N-bn-°p∂ ]pXp-X-e-apd ]et∏mgpw Ah-c-dn-bmsX A]Y-k-©m-cn-I-fm-Ip-∂p.
`bhpw A‘-hn-izm-khpw Bkzm-Z-I-cn¬ A[n-I-am°m≥ t{]c-W-bm-Ip∂ kocnb
epI-fp-ap-≠v. _me-a-\- p-Isf Gsd `bNInXam°p-∂-Xn\v Nne kocn-b-ep-Iƒ
Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. CXc `mj-I-fnse kocn-b-ep-I-fpsS A‘-amb A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw
ChnsS [mcm-f-am-Wv.
s^an-\n-k-Øns‚ Af-hp-tIm¬ h®p ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ kocn-b-ep-Isf AKWy
tImSn-bn-emWv Xt≈-≠-Xv. kv{XobpsS kn≤n-I-sf√mw ka¿∏n-®mte IpSpw_w
sFiz-cy-h-ØmIq F∂ ktμ-i-amWv Ch hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. kv{Xo F{X anSp°nsb
¶nepw `¿Øm-hns‚ sNmev]-Sn°p \n∂mte `mhn `mkp-c-am-Iq. `¿Ømhns‚
hf¿®bv°v _en-bm-SmtI≠-h-cmWv h\nXm-c-Xv\-߃. kv{Xosb GsX-¶n-epw-hn[w
t{]m’m-ln-∏n®m¬ ]n∂oSv Ah-fpsS Db¿®-bn¬ Akq-bm-ep-°-fm-Ip∂ `¿Øm-
°-∑m-cmWv Ch-bn-ep-≈-Xv. _me≥kv sX‰nb IpSpw-_-_‘ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Øn-emWv
kocn-b-ep-Iƒ A`n-c-an-°p-∂-Xv. BJym-\-Ønse k¥p-en-XXzan-√mbva kocn-b-ep-
I-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn C∂pw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-{]-iv\ßfm¬ t¢i
s∏Sp∂ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn\v ]c-º-cIfn¬ C∂pw CS-an-√. AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ßsf
am{Xw A\-h-cXw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew kaqlw \yq¢n-b¿ IpSpw-_-ß-fm¬
cq]s∏tS-≠-XmsW∂ hnNm-chpw t{]£-I-cn-ep-f-hm-°p-∂p.
31
C{μnbm-tam-Zhpw A\p-`q-Xnbpw apJy-aq-ey-ambn Icp-Xp∂ kocn-b-ep-Iƒ
D]t`mK{]h-W-X-Isf A\n-b-{¥nXam-°p-∂p. alm-̀ m-c-X, cmambW kocn-b-epI
fn¬ t]mepw CØcw {]h-W-X-Iƒ \mw I≠-Xm-Wv. DÆn-tKm-]m-e-∑msc •ma¿
t__n-I-fm-°nbpw B‰n¬ Ipfn-°p∂ tKm]n-I-am-cpsS amwk-f-̀ m-K-߃ Nn{Xo-I-
cn®pw Cu {]h-WX {]I-S-am-°n. ]pI-h-en, aZy-]m-\w, ab-°p-a-cp∂v Ch-bpsS
D]tbm-K-Øn¬ kocn-b-ep-I-fn¬ bmsXmcp \nb{¥Whpw ImWm\n√. \nc¥-camb
Ch-bpsS D]tbmKw ImWp-tºmƒ Ch kmaq-ln-I-Xn-∑-I-fm-sW∂ hnNmcw t{]£-
I-cn¬ eLps∏Sp-∂p. Ch Pohn-X-Øns‚ ̀ mK-am-sW∂pw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW-∂pap≈
Nn¥-t]mepw Icp∏nSn-°p-∂p. h©-\bpw NXn-bpw-hgn Fßs\ kzm¿∞ e£y߃
km£m-XvI-cn-°m-sa-∂-Xns‚ ]mTßfmbn Nne kocn-b-ep-Iƒ amdp∂p. `mcy-bpsS
kocn-b¬{`aw C∂p ]e `h-\-ß-fnepw `¿Øm-°-∑msc Akz-ÿ-cm-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.
Ip´n-I-fpsS {i≤-bntem k‘ym-{]m¿∞-\-bntem IpSpw-_-tPm-en-Ifntem hy{K-X-
bn-√m-Ø-h-cmbn kocn-b¬ ImgvN IpSpw-_n-\n-Isf am‰p-∂p. kocnb¬ kabw
Ign™p-am{Xw ho´nseØm≥ {i≤n-°p∂ `¿Øm-°-∑m-cp≠t{X. Nne¿ aZy-jm∏n-
et{X Cu kabw sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-Xv.
aq∂p "k'IfpsS ASn-a-I-fmbn C∂p kv{XoIƒ amdp∂p F∂p ]dbmdp-≠v.
kmcn, kz¿Ww, kocn-b¬ F∂n-h-bm-W-h. kv{XobpsS IÆocp em°m°n GXp
Iivae˛Ip-’nX am¿Khpw IY-bn¬ ssIs°m-≈p-∂p. Ic-bn-∏n®pw kl-X-]n-∏n®pw
DtZzKw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ahbv°p Ignbp∂p. P\-{]o-Xnbpw ]c-kyhpw em°m°n
ASnbpw sImebpw ssewKn-I-Xbpw AK-ay-K-a-\hpw ]cn-[n-bn-√msX tN¿°m≥
Ch¿ shº¬sIm≈p∂p. kocn-bn¬ IY-Iƒ IpSpw-_m-¥-co-£-Øn¬ krjvSn°p∂
ssiYn-ey-ßsf-∏‰n \man-\nbpw t_m[-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-´n-√. K¿`-—n-{Zw, A\mimky-
_-‘߃ Ch-sb-∏-‰n-sbms° F{X emLhtØmsS-bp≈ ̀ mj-W-ß-fmWv kocnb
epI-fnepw a‰p-ap-≈-Xv. Ahn-ln-X-_-‘-߃ A\p-kyqXw Nn{Xo-I-cn°s∏-Sp∂Xp
hgn AXp kaq-l-Øns‚ \S-∏p-co-Xn-bm-sW∂ Nn¥ t{]£-I-cn¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sp∂p.
IYm-]m-{X-ßsf apJy-sat∂m a‰p-≈-h-sbt∂m th¿Xn-cn-°m-\m-h-mØ-hn[w ]S¿∂p
hym]n°p∂hbmWv kocn-b-ep-I-fnse IY-Iƒ.
32
kocn-b-ep-I-fnse cmPIob{]uVnbp≈ thj-hn-[m-\-߃ ImgvN-°m-cn¬
Bk‡n P\n-∏n-°p-∂p. kocn-b¬Xmc-ß-fpsS thj-hn-[m-\-߃ A\p-I-cn-°m\p≈
shº¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m Xpd-I-fnepw \ap°p ImWmw. kmaq-ln-I-I-Y-Iƒ
am{Xa√ `‡n-\n¿ -̀c-amb lnμp ss{IkvXh ap…owIYIfpw `qX-t{]-X-b£n°Y
Ifpw I≈-∑m-cpsSbpw sIm≈-°m-cp-sSbpw IY-Ifpw kocn-b¬ cq]-Øn¬ Nm\ep
Iƒ BtLm-jn-°p-∂p. kocn-b-ep-I-fmbn IY-Ifpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw hm¿∂p-ho-gp-∂-
Xn\m¬ IY, t\mh¬ CXymZn k¿KmflIcN-\-Iƒ°v hn]-Wntbm ]mcm-b-Wtam
C√mØ Ah-ÿbpw kwPm-X-am-Ip-∂p. anI® kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw IY-Ifpw
aebmf-Øn-ep-s≠-¶nepw Ah-sbm∂pw Nm\-ep-Im¿°p ]Yy-a-s√-∂Xp thsd
hnjbw. kocn-b-ep-I-fpsS X≈n°b‰w ae-bm-fn-bpsS hmb-\m-kw-kvIm-csØ
{]XnIq-e-ambn _m[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ C∂p Sn.-hn. ime-Ifmbn
amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ahn-sS hmb-\-sb-°mƒ ImgvN-bn¬ A`n-c-an-°p-∂-h-sc-bmWv \mw
ImWp-I. {KmaoW {KŸ-im-e-I-fn¬\n∂v ]pkvX-I-sa-Sp-°p∂hcpw hmbn-°p-∂hcpw
Xptemw Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂p. ho´n¬ B\p-Im-en-I-߃ hmbn-°p∂ Hcp ]mcºcyw
ae-bm-fn-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hmb\ ae-bm-fn-bpsS Nn¥-sbbpw `mh-\-sbbpw KWy-
ambn kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fp-sSbpw hmb-
\-bpsS ka-b-a-{Xbpw C∂p kocn-b-ep-Iƒ A]-l-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F√m-Ø-c-Ønepw
kmln-Xy-hp-ambpw hmb-\-bp-ambpw ae-bm-fnsb AI-‰p∂ am[ya-ambn Sn.-hn. amdp∂p.
hmb\ acn-°p∂p F∂ apd-hn-fn°v apJy Bkv]Zw Sn.-hn.bpw {]tXyIn®v Ah-
bnse kocn-b-ep-I-fpamsW-∂-Xn¬ ]£m-¥-c-an-√.
tI{μKh¨sa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ Sn.-hn. ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬
kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚n\v CS-s]-Sm-\m-hmØ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. ae-bmf kocnb
epI-fn¬ sk≥k-dnwKv thW-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ \nth-Z\w kwÿm\ Kh¨
sa‚pIƒ tI{μ-k¿°m-cn\v ]e XhW Ab®p Ign-™p. ae-bmf kocn-b-epIƒ°v
Nne hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-®n-́ p-≈Xv Ah¿ F{X `b-∏m-tSmsS
CXns\ I≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂Xn\p sXfn-hm-Wv.
33
t]mb h¿j-ß-fn-sem-∂n¬ anI® kocn-b-en\v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Ahm¿Uv
\evInbn√. Pqdn AXn\p \ymbw ]d-™Xv anI-®-sX∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ H∂p-an-s√-
∂m-Wv. Hcp h¿jw apgp-h≥ ]c-Xn-bn´pw anI-®-sX∂v ]d-bm-hp∂ Hcp kocn-b¬
t]mepw ImWm-\m-bn-√-t{X. FÆ-a‰ kocn-b-ep-Iƒ hnhn[ Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ Acßp
XI¿°p-tºm-gmWv CsX∂p \mtam¿°-Ww. ]eXns‚bpw \ne-hmcw s\√n∏eI
bv°pw Xmsg-bm-sW∂v Pqdn Xncn®dn™p.
kn\na
]ckyw In´m≥ Gsd klm-bn-°p∂ D]m-[n-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ kocn-b-en-s\m∏w
kn\n-abv°pw kn\n-am-]-cn-]m-SnIƒ°pw Sn.-hn.-bn¬ ap¥nb ]cn-K-W\ e`n-°p-∂p.
]t£ kn\nam {]t£]W-Øn¬ bmsXmcp XØzZo£bpw Nm\epIƒ ]p-e¿Øp-
∂n√. tamiw kn\n-a-sbbpw hoSns‚ AI-Ø-f-Øn-te°v CjvS-s∏-SmØ AXnYnsb
F∂t]mse Fgp∂≈n°p∂p. amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw Ip´n-Ifpw Hcp-an-®n-cp∂p ImWp∂
hbmWv Ch-sb∂ Nn¥ Nm\-ep-Imsc Aev]hpw kv]¿in-°p-∂n-√. \memwInS
`mjbpw \mW-t°-Sp-≠m-°p∂ cwK-ßfpw \nd™ kn\n-a-Iƒ I®-hS emt°msS
Nm\-ep-Iƒ {]t£-]Ww sNøp-∂p. Sn.-hn. {]t£-]Ww e£y-am°n kn\na
]nSn°p∂-h¿hsc D≠-t{X. CXn\p aq°p Ib-dn-Sm≥ bmsXmcp \nb-ahpw \nehnen-
s√-∂Xv Ch¿°p Icp-Ømbn amdp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
hncp-≤-aq-ey-߃ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw ]I-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-bmWv IpSpw_
kZ- n-\mbn sSen-hn-j-\n¬ {]t£-]Ww sNøp∂ kn\n-a-I-fn¬ Gdn-b-Iq-dpw.
Xe-Xn-cn™ Pohn-X-Z¿i\-amWv ]e-t∏mgpw Ah-bnse tI{μm-i-bw. A{I-ahpw
ASn-]n-Snbpw sIme-]m-X-Ihpw aZy-a-b-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw bmsXmcp
AXn-cp-an-√msX Acßp XI¿°p-∂p-≠m-hpw. Hcp Ip‰IrXyØn\pw {]Xym-Lm-X-
an-√mØ hn[-amWv IY-bpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww. Xn∑sb BsI-°qSn hnip-≤o-I-cn°p∂
{]hWXbmWv Ch-bn¬ {]I-S-am-hp-I. aZyhpw ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn°p∂
cwK߃ {]Z¿in-∏n°s∏Sp-tºmƒ Xmsg Ch A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fm-sW∂v Fgp-Xp-
∂p-s≠-∂-Xp icn. ]t£ F{X-t]¿ AXp hmbn-°p∂p; AX-\p-k-cn®v hym]-cn-
34
°p∂p. AXn-t\-°mƒ t{]£-Isc kzm[o-\n-°pI el-cn-bn¬ B\-μn-°p∂
IYm]m{XßfpsS IqØm-´-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. Ah-cpsS `mj-W-ß-fn-em-bn-cn°pw
t{]£-I¿ A`n-can°pI. AØcw B\μm\p`h-߃ B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw aZy-Øn
\p≈ hgn-Iƒ At\zjn°pI-bp-amhpw ]cn-W-X-̂ -e-߃. kv{Io\n¬ Xmsg FgpXn
ImWn-°p-∂Xv Fs¥-¶nepw ^ew sNøp-sa-∂Xv shdpw hymtam-l-am-Wv. IpSpw_
kZ- p-Iƒ ÿnc-ambn aZy-Øn-s‚bpw ]pI-h-en-bp-sSbpw cwK-߃°v km£n-bm-
Ip-∂-Xp-hgn Ah-tbmSv \n¿tZm-j-amb at\m`m-h-ap-f-hm-Ip-∂p. IpSpw-_-k-Z n¬
Xs∂ CsXms° BImsa∂ Nn¥ Ah-cn¬ Icp-∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. B`mk
Øns‚bpw A«oeØns‚bpw ISn-™m-Wn-√mØ Bhn-jv°-cWw ]e kn\n-aI
fnepw ImWmw. amXm]nXm-°fpw a°fpw Hcp-an-®n-cp∂v CsXms° ImWm≥ hn[n-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv Hcp-Xcw ss]imNnIm-\p-̀ hw Xs∂.
]ckyw
sSen-hn-j-\p-ambn hn]Wn ]pe¿Øp∂ Ahn-ln-X-_‘w Gsd ]Tn°s∏-tS
≠Xp≠v. t{SmP≥Ip-Xn-c-bp-ambn Cu _‘sØ Xpe\w sNømw. bh\ \K-cØns‚
tIm -́hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ XI¿Øv AI-Øp-I-b-dpI km[y-a-√m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ i{Xp-ssk\yw
Hcp ac°pXn-csb X{¥-]q¿Δw Dt]-£n®v ]n≥hm-ßn. `wKn-bp≈ ac-°p-Xn-csb
\Kchm-kn-Iƒ BtLm-j-ambn tIm´-bv°-IØp sIm≠p-h-∂p. ac-°p-Xn-c-bn¬
Hfn-®n-cp∂ i{Xp-ssk-\n-I≥ cm{Xn-bn¬ ]pd-Øn-dßn tIm -́hm-Xn¬ Xpd-∂p. \n{Zbn-
em-bn-cp∂ \-Kc-hm-kn-I-sf i{Xp-ssk\yw Iog-S-°n. t{SmP≥ bp≤Øn¬ Aßs\
i{Xp-ssk\yw hnP-bn-®p. BtKmfoIc-W-Øns‚ {]tW-Xm-°ƒ am[y-asØ
t{SmP≥IpXn-c-bm-°p-∂p. hn]WnbpsS ]S-bm-fn-sb-bmWv AIØv \nd-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv
F∂p-am-{Xw. kmwkvIm-cnI IS-∂m-{I-a-W-Øn\p hgn-Xp-d-°p∂ A`n\n-thiw
hf¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ am[yaw Pbn-°p-∂p. BtKmfh¬°-c-W-Øns‚ Dev]-∂-amb
hn]Wnhyh-ÿsb im‡o-I-cn-°p∂ ]c-kyßfn-eqsS Nm\-ep-Im¿ Ipt_-c-cp-am-
Ip∂p.
35
AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bp-sSbpw \ndw-]n-Sn-∏n-°-en-s‚bpw ]cym-b-amb ]c-ky-߃
Nm\ep-I-fpsS apJy-C-\-am-Wv. ]ckyßfpsS AXn-{]-kcwaqew Bkzm-Z-I≥,
t{]£-I≥ F∂o \ne-hn´v D]-t`m-‡m-hmbn hy‡n amdp∂p. hy‡n-bpsS
tkz—Iƒ \jvS-am-Ip∂p; hn]Wn Ahs\ th -́bm-Sp-∂p. tkm∏p, No∏p, IÆmSn
XpSßn-b-h-sb√mw teew hnfn-°p∂ cwK-ambn am[yaw amdp∂p. Imen-Øo-‰-bpsS
]c-ky-Ønepw A¿≤-\-·-bmb Hcp s]Æns\ \n¿Ønbncn°pw. Imen sh≈w
IpSn-°m≥ AXp thWambn-cn°pw!
C∂p {]t£-]-WsØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ {][m\ LSIw hn]Wn XmXv]-cyamWv.
t{]£-I¿ IqSp-X-ep≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-°mWv ]c-ky-Zm-Xm-°-fp-≈-Xv. X∑qew ImgvN-
°m¿°v CºtaIp∂h ]S-®p-≠m-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ X{X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Iem-aq-ey-Øn\√,
I®-h-S-aq-ey-Øn-\mWv {]Y-a-]-cn-K-W-\-sb∂p hcp-∂p. ]c-kyw-hgn ]Ww ]nSpßm
\p≈ shº¬ Nm\-ep-Im¿°pw Nc-°p-ev]m-Z-I¿°pw h¿≤n-°p-∂p. kp{]ow tImSXn
\ymbm-[n-]-I≥ am¿°-WvtUb ISvPp FgpXn: ""C∂v am[y-a-ß-fpsS bPam\∑mcmbn
hn]Wn amdp∂p''.
]c-ky-߃ C∂p Nm\epIfpsS {]mW-hm-bp-hm-Wv. Hmtcm Nm\-en-s‚bpw
kmºØnI ASn-Ø-dbv°v Bkv]Zw ]cky hcp-am-\-am-Wv. Nm\-ep-I-fpsS hyhlm-
c-ßsf kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv ]ckywhgn e`n-°p∂ kº-Øm-Wv.
]c-ky-ß-fpsS AXn-{]-kcw t_m[-t\m-]m[n F∂ \ne-bn¬ \n∂pw D]-t`m-tKm]m-
[n-bm°n sSen-hn-js\ am‰n. Itºmf i‡nIƒ Hcp D]-t`mtKm]m-[n-bm°n
Sn.hn.sb am‰n-sb∂p ]d-bmw. am¿°-‰ns‚ {]NmcWw ]camh[n hn\n-tbm-Kn-
°pIbmWv C∂p Sn.-hn.
]c-ky-߃ F√m-‰n\pw C∂p amXr-I-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ Ime-am-Wv. AXn¬
\n∂p ̀ n∂ambsX√mw A[-a-sa∂ t_m[w t{]£-I-cn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. N¿a-Im¥n,
`h\-\n¿Ωm-Ww, `£-Ww, hnt\m-Zw, bm{X F√mw hn]-Wn-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.
Nne tkm∏p Iº-\n-Iƒ ]c-ky-Øn¬ ImWn-°p∂ N¿a-̀ w-K-bn¬ a\w-a-b-ßmØh¿
Npcp-ßpw. N¿a-Im-¥n-bn-√m-Ø-hs\ A[-a-t_m-[-Øn-te°p X≈nhnSp∂ Ahÿ
36
CØcw ]c-ky-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS kuμ-cy-k-¶-ev]-Øn¬ henb Ne-\-
amWv ]c-ky-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. [h-f-h¿Ww, saen™ ta\n, \nd-hm¿∂ apSn,
arZp-hmb N¿Ωw Ch-bp-≈-h¿ am{Xw kpμ-co-c-Xv\-ßsf∂pw Ij-≠n-bn-√m-Øhcpw
apJØp ]mSn√m-Ø-hcpw \√ \nd-ap-≈-hcpw kpK-‘kvt{] ]qin-b-hcpw knIvkv
]mbv°p-≈-hcpw am{Xw kpμ-c-∑m¿ F∂pw \man∂p [cn-®p-h-im-Ip-∂p. tkm∏pIƒ,
FÆIƒ, kvt{]Iƒ, kz¿Wm`cW߃, hkv{X-߃ Ch-bpsS ]c-ky-߃
s°√mw ]n∂n¬ CØcw `mh-\-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. A[zm-\n-®p Idp-Ø-h\pw Ij-≠n-
bp-≈-h\pw kuμ-cy-cw-KØv A[n-I-∏-‰m-sW∂ Ahÿ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. kv{Xo]pcpj
∑m¿°v k¿Δ-X-{¥-kz-X-{¥-ambn CS-s]-Smsa∂ ktμ-i-amWv Nne ]c-ky-߃
\evIp-I. ISbn-em-bmepw en^v‰n-em-bmepw ssewKn-I-tN-jvS-Iƒ°v Fep-I-Iƒ
th≠t{X. eIvkv, t^mKv, Idn-]u-U¿ Ch-bp-sS-sbms° ]c-ky-Øn¬ Cu ImgvN-
∏mSv ImWp∂p.11
hnhm-l-I¿Ω-Øns‚ hnPbw Igp-Ønepw ssII-fnepw ImXp-I-fnepw
Bhp∂{X kz¿Ww AWnbp∂-Xn-em-sW∂v ]ckyw \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. Gsd
hne-bp-≈Xpw Unssk-\nw-Kn¬ anI-®-Xp-amb kmcnXs∂ hnhmlØn\p thW
sa∂ Nn¥bpw ]ckyw \Ωn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ BUw-_cw Acßp
XI¿Ømte hnhmlw hnhm-l-amIq F∂ Nn¥-bmWv ]ckyw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xv.
Chbvs°√mw h¿≤n® ]Ww thWsa-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]Wan√m-Ø-hs‚ IeymWw
Ieym-Wta A√ F∂ Ah-ÿ. C∂ s]bn‚p-sIm≠v C∂ coXnbn¬ ]qinbmte
hoSp hoSmIq F∂pt]mepw Nn¥n°m≥ \sΩ t{]cn∏n°p∂p s]bn‚ns‚ ]cky-
߃.
1976-̨ -emWv Zqc-Z¿i-\n¬ ]c-ky-߃ BZyw {]Xy-£-s∏-́ -Xv. hmWn-Py-i-‡n-
I-fpsS ]cn-{iaw hgn-bmWv Ch \pg-™p-I-b-dn-Øp-S-ßn-b-Xv. Fgp-]XpIfn¬
AXnthKw hf¿∂ Sn.-hn. irwJ-e-I-fpsS \ne-\n-ev]n\v Kh¨sa‚n\p [\w IqSpX¬
th≠ ka-b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. {]t£-]-W-k-abw Iq´n-bXpw hnt\m-Z-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
h¿≤n∏n-®Xpw kmº-Øn-I-kp-ÿnXn A\n-hm-cy-am-°n. hnt\mZw Iq´p∂Xv t_m[\
37
aqeyw Ipd-bv°p-sa∂ \ne-]mSv Kh¨sa‚n\v BZyw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂m¬ {ItaW
I®-h-S-i-‡nIƒ°v k¿°m¿ ASn-b-dhp ]d-™p. Sn.-hn.sb P\Iobamt°-≠Xv
Itºm-f-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. XZzmcm ]c-ky-ßfpw Dev]-∂-ßfpw P\-Io-b-ambn-
Øp-S-ßn. Sn.-hn.-bpsS an\nkv{Io\ns\ h¿Wm`am-°n-bXv hmWn-Py-i‡nIfm-sW∂p
]d-bmw. ]c-º-c-Ifpw kn\n-a-Ifpw tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Ifpw C°m-eØv Gsd Ne\m
flI-ambn. sSen-hn-js\ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv {]Xy-£-Øn¬ k¿°m-sc-¶nepw ]tcm£
ambn AßmSn-bm-Wv. DZm-c-h¬°-cWw BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ {]mh¿ØnIamb-tXmsS
]c-kykw_‘nbmb F√m \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw Ab-™p-Xp-S-ßn. bmsXm-cu-NnXy
hpan√msX IS-∂p-h-cp∂ ]c-ky-߃ C∂m¿°pw I√p-I-Sn-bm-Ip-∂n-√. A`n-e-jWo-
b-amb CS-th-f-I-fmbn t{]£-I¿ CXns\ AwKo-I-cn®p Ign-™p. I®-h-S-°m¿
em`w sImøm-\p≈ am[y-a-ambn Sn.-hn.sb C∂v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
\nc¶piamb D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-csØ Du´n-bp-d-∏n-°p∂p C∂p ]c-ky-߃.
]e A\mhiy-h-kvXp-°fpw Ipeo\ Pohn-X-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-sa∂ ktμ-i-amWv
]ckyw ]I-cp-I. a\p-jys‚ BhiyßfpsS FepI h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂p F∂p am{Xa√
Ah-tbmSv Bk‡nbp-ap-f-hm-°p-∂p ]c-ky-߃.
ae-bm-fn-bpsS `£-W-ioeØns‚ AeIpw ]nSnbpw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv C∂v
]c-ky-ß-fm-Wv. `£Ww ASp-°-f-bn¬\n-∂-√, shfn-bn¬\n-∂p-≈-Xm-I-W-sa∂
t_m[-ap-f-hm-°p∂p ]c-ky-߃. ASp-°-f-bp-s≠-¶n¬ AhnsS hn]WnhkvXp-°-
fpsS km{μ-km-∂n[yw \n¿_‘am°p-∂-Xn\v ]ckyw hgnXpd°p∂p. `£W
kw_-‘n-bmb \ΩpsS A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ C∂v C{X-am{Xw amdn-b-Xn\p ]n∂n¬ Sn.-hn.
]c-ky-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-ap-≠v. hcpw ImetØ°p≈ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fmbn ]c-ky°m¿
Ip´n-Isf ImWp-∂p. Ip´n-Isf X߃°p ]‰nb D]t`m‡m-°-fm°n Fßs\
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp°mw F∂Xn-emWv ]cky {i≤. \yqUn¬kn-s‚bpw a‰pw ]c-ky-
Øn-\-Sn-a-s∏´v Ip´n-Iƒ AXns‚ ÿnc D]-t`m-‡m-°-fm-Ip∂Xpw tcmKm-Xp-c-cm-Ip-
∂Xpw \mw I¨ap-ºn¬ ImWp∂p. ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bpsS Blm-c-io-eßfnepw ̀ mjW
coXnbn¬t∏mepw ]c-ky-kzm-[o\w {]I-S-am-Wv. ]nk-s_¿K¿, Nn°≥km≥Uvhn®v,
Nn°≥tdmƒ, sjbv°vIƒ Ch-sbms° ]ckyw hgn \yqsP-\-td-js‚ lrZ-bØn¬
38
ÿm\w ]nSn-°p-∂p. sk¬^n, {^o°≥, InSp^oev XpSßnb i_vZ-ßfpw ]pXp
Xe-ap-dbv°v lrZy-ß-fm-Wv. \mw ImWpIbpw \ap°p \√-sX∂p tXm∂n∏n°pIbpw
sNøp-∂h ]c-ky-kzm-[o-\w-hgn \mw hmßp∂p.12
"Ab¬°m-cs‚ Akq-b, DS-a-ÿs‚ A`n-am\w' `mc-X-Ønse Hcp Sn.-hn.
Iº-\n-bpsS ]ckyw Cß-s\-bm-Wv. sSen-hn-js\ ChnsS Hcp A`n-am-\-Nn-”am°n
am‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]c-ky-߃ Hcp-Xcw akvXn-jvI-{]-£m-f\w \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂p F∂p
]dbmw. KpW-t`m-‡m-hns‚ A`n-cp-Nn-Ifpw B`napJyßfpw \n¿Po-ham-°p-Ibpw
Dev]mZ-I-cpsS Dt±-iy-߃ ASnt®ev]n°m≥ X{¥w sa\-bpIbp-amWv ]c-ky߃.
Dev]-∂-Øn\p≈ KpW-ßfpw C√mØ KpW-ßfpw Db¿Øn-°m-́ m≥ A`n-t\-Xm-
hns‚ AXn-c‰ {]IS\-߃ D]-bp-‡-am-°p-∂p. ]ckysØ A‘ambn hnizkn-
°m≥ X°-hn[w t{]£Is‚ IÆn¬ s]mSnbnSm-\p≈ sshZKv≤yw ]c-ky-°m¿°p-
≠m-Ipw. Dev]-∂-tØmSv Hcp-Xcw Bk‡n D≠m°m≥t]mepw ]e ]cky߃°pw
Ign-bp-∂p. Dev]-∂-Øn\v C√mØ KpW-ßfpw ka¿∞-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂
]c-ky-߃ Ipd-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw X{¥-]q¿Δw Xa-kv°-cn-°p-∂Xv Bcp-sSbpw
{i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p-an-√. t{]£-I-cpsS B`napJy-ß-sfbpw A`n-cp-Nn-I-sfbpw hne-
bn-√m-Ø-Xm-°p-∂-Xn-emWv ]c-ky-ß-fpsS hnPbw IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.
]c-ky-°m-cpsS G‰hpw henb X{¥w Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn®v {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-
I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. t{]£-Is‚ a\- n¬ Bg-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØp∂-Xn\v Cu
Bh¿Ø\w hgn-Xp-d-°p-∂p. temIØnse-Xs∂ G‰hpw anI-®Xv F∂ coXn-bn
emWv Hmtcm Dev]∂hpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. G‰hpw anI-®Xv t\Sm-\p≈ a\p-jys‚
s\t´m-´-Øn¬ CØcw {]tbm-K-߃ Ahs\ Iog-S-°p-∂p. kn\n-amXmc-ßsf
Cd°nbp≈ hkvXp-h¿W\ t{]£-Isc Iog-S-°p∂ as‰m-∂mWv. Xmcw ]d-bp-∂-
Xm-I-bm¬ bmYm¿∞y-am-sW∂ sX‰n-≤m-cW ]e ImgvN°m¿°p-ap-≠v. Hmtcm
Dev]∂-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-ky-Øn\v Hmtcm Xmc Aw_mkUsd Cd-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv
\man∂p ImWp-∂p. C∂ Dev]∂w \n߃ hmßm-Xn-cp-∂m¬ kaq-l-Øn¬
H‰s∏Spw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv ]e ]-c-ky-ß-fpw. A¥- n\pw B`n-Pm-Xy-Øn\pw
henb hne Iev]n-°p∂ ae-bm-fn-k-aqlw thKw CØcw a[p-c-h-N-\-ß-fn¬ hoWp
39
t]mIp-∂p. Nne Dev]-∂-ß-tfm-sSm∏ap≈ Hm -̂dpIfpw KpW-t`m-‡m-°sf kzm[o-
\n-°p∂p. ]Xn\mbncw cq]bpsS kmcn hmßn-bm¬ Hcp πmÃnIv kv]q¨ kuP\yw
F∂ \ne-bn-emWv ]e Hm -̂dp-I-fpw. hkvXp-°sf ]c-ky-ambn teew hnfn-°p∂
Xcw I®hShpw Sn.-hn.-bnse Nne Nm\-ep-Iƒ C∂p kam-cw-̀ n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
am¿°‰n¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ k¿Δ hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw ]ckyw C∂p Sn.-hn.-bn¬
Zriy-am-Wv. hm¿Ø-I-fp-sSbpw kocn-b-ep-I-fp-sSbpw kn\n-a-I-fp-sSbpw dnbm-en‰n
tjmI-fp-sS-bp-sa√mw CS-th-f-Iƒ Ch¿°p-≈-Xm-Wv. AYhm ChcmWv CSthfIƒ
krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. ]cky-Øn\p Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ ka-bw, ka-b-ssZ¿Lyw BZn-
bm-bh ]c-ky-h-cp-am-\sØ \nb-{¥n°p∂p. ]ckyZmXm-°-tfmSp IÆn-tN¿°p∂
kph¿Æ-th-f-I-fmbn C∂v F√m ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw CS-th-f-Iƒ amdp-∂p. C∂p
]c-ky-Zm-Xm°fmWv {]t£-]-W-Øns‚ AP≥U \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xp Xs∂. ]cky
߃°mbn e£ßƒ apS-°m≥ k∂-≤-cm-Ip-∂-h¿ Fs¥mcp h≥em`amWv CXn-
eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂-sX∂v Duln°mhp∂tXbp≈p. hkvXp-°-fpsS hnesb At]-
£n®v Ah-bpsS KpW-\nehmcw Xptemw Ipd-hm-Im-\mWn-S-sb∂ bmYm¿∞y-amWv
CXn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv.
ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Hcp D]-t`m-K-k-aq-l-ambn amdn-b-Xn\p ]n∂n¬ Sn.-hn.-bpsS
KWyamb kzm[o\-ap-≠v. ]cky kzm[o\w hgn \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX aqey-߃
lnwkn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw `uXn-I-{]-[m\ Pohn-X-hy-hÿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
`mj, `£-Ww, Ie, BS-bm-̀ -c-W-߃, hml\߃, BNm-c-߃ F√mw C∂v
]c-ky-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn-em-Wv. Dev]-∂-߃ hn‰-gn®v ]W-ap-≠m-°p-I-sb∂ GI
e£yw ]c-ky-hn-]-Wnsb im‡o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
\√ ]ckyßsf-°mƒ tami-am-b-h-bmWv _lpP-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°pIsb-
∂-Xn-\m¬ ]c-ky-Zm-Xm-°ƒ B am¿§w Bcm-bp-∂p. \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øn\p
\nc-°mØ ]ckyw \mw ImWp-tºmƒ \ma-dn-bmsX AXns‚ `mK-am-Ip-I-bm-Wv.
Dev]∂w hn‰-gn-°pI F∂-Xp-am{Xw e£y-am-Ip-tºmƒ [m¿an-I-Xbpw aqey-ßfpw
40
Im‰n¬ ]d-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS Nn¥bpw {]hr-Ønbpw bm{X-bp-sa√mw ]c-ky-ß-fm¬
\n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
kv{Xoi-co-csØ G‰hpw hj-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]c-ky-°m¿ Ft∏mgpw
{ian-°p-∂p. F¥ns‚ ]c-ky-am-bmepw •madp≈ Hcp bph-Xn-bp-≠m-I-Ww. kv{Xo
bpsS Pohn-Xhpw AWn-s™m-cp-ß-ep-sa√mw ]pcp-j-\p-th≠n F∂ ̀ mh-\-bn-emWv
]e ]ckyßfpw. tkm∏n-s‚bpw ]uU-dn-s‚bpw ASn-h-kv{X-ß-fp-sSbpw ]cky
߃ ]e-t∏mgpw k`y-X-bn¬\n∂pw Gsd hyXn-N-en-°p-∂p.
Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS kXy-k-‘-amb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-emWv ]c-ky-߃ \n¿Δln
°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ kaq-l-Øn\v AtXsd KpW-I-c-am-Ip-sa-∂-Xn¬ B¿°pw kwi-b-
an-√. F∂m¬ \ndw]nSn-∏n-°epw AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bp-an-√mØ Hcp ]c-kyhpw \ap°p
sSen-hn-j-\n¬ Z¿in-°m-\n-√. GXp ]c-ky-Øn\pw F{X-tbsd AXn-i-tbm‡n
Ie¿Øp-∂-Xnepw Xc-t°-Sn-√m-Ø-hn-[-amWv CXp kw_-‘n® \nb-a-߃ \ne-hn-
ep-≈-sX∂Xv ]c-ky-°m¿°v [oc-Xbpw ]I-cp-∂p.
]c-ky-Øn¬ A\p-Zn\w CS-X-S-hn-√msX ImWp∂ Zriy-߃ hy‡nsb KWy-
ambn kzm[o-\n-°psa∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. _mey-Iu-am-c-°msc kw_‘n®v Cu
kzm[o\w Gsd I\-Ø-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. thj-hn-[m-\-߃, ̀ £y-h-kvXp-°ƒ, ]m\ob
߃ Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw ]ckyw hf¿∂p-h-cp∂ Xe-ap-d-bpsS Pohn-X-ssi-ensb
Xs∂ am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂p. ]c-ky-Øn¬ ImWp∂sX√mw hmßn-°q-́ m\pw Bkz-Zn-°m-
\p-ap≈ hy{KX Ip´n-Iƒ°p-≠v. Ah Ic-ÿ-am-°m≥ Ign-bmsX t]mbm¬ HcpXcw
C—m`wKhpw ]nSn-Iq-Sp-∂p. {]mtZ-inI Dev]-∂-ß-sf-°mƒ sshtZ-inI hkvXp-°-
fmWv A`n-am-\-ta-Ip-∂-sX∂ Nn¥ hf-cm\pw ]ckytemIw Imc-W-am-Ip∂p.
]m›mXy ^mj-t\mSpw BUw-_-c-h-kvXp-°-tfm-Sp-ap-≈ {`aw ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bn¬
F{X-am-{X-sa-∂Xv ]d-™-dn-bn-t°-≠Xn√t√m.
Nm\-ep-I-fnse ]c-ky-ß-fn-eqsS krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ D]t`mKmk‡n C∂p
hen-sbmcp {]iv\-amWv. tkm{I-́ okv \nXy-ambn N¥bv°p t]mbn-cp-∂p. F¥n-\m-
WnsX∂v Btcm At\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw ]d-™p: "F\n-°m-h-iy-an-√mØ
41
Fs¥ms° N¥-bn¬ hcp-s∂∂v Adn-bm-\mWv'. C∂p Sn.-hn. ImgvN-bn-eqsS
N¥bnse ]pXnb ]pXnb km[-\-߃ \mw Adn-bp-Ibpw Ah hmßn-°q-´m≥
hy{K-X-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]pXp-Xcw hml\߃, t^mWpIƒ, Php-fn-Iƒ,
B -̀c-W-߃ Ch-sb√mw Nm\¬Zzmcm \mw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp∂p; AXns‚ ]n∂mte
]mbp-∂p. ]c-ky-I-e-bnse AXn-Im-b-∑m¿ a\p-jy-cn¬ Ir{Xn-am-h-iy-߃ krjvSn
°m≥ hy{K-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]c-ky-ß-fn-eqsS Ir{Xn-am-h-iy-߃ km£m¬°-cn-°m≥
Ahsc {]tem-̀ n-∏n-°p-∂p. hmcn-°q-́ p-∂-Xn¬ B\μw Is≠-Øp-∂-hsc krjvSn
°m≥ ]cky°mcpsS ambm-Pmew hnP-bn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-cpsS IÆn¬ s]mSn-bnSp∂
]c-ky-°m-cpsS X{¥-ßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw kaqlw Xncn®dn-bmsX t]mIp-∂p.
`mj
aebmf`mjbv°v \√ ]cn-K-W\ sSen-hn-j≥ Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂p-
s≠∂Xv AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww. apgp-\of hm¿Øm-Nm-\-epIƒ `mjbv°v Gsd im‡o
Ic-W-amWv. \√ {]`m-j-W-ßfpw `mjm-ip≤ntbmsS-bp≈ Ah-X-c-W-ß-fpw
Nm\epI-fn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. hm¿Ø-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-apJw Gsd {i≤n-°-s∏-Sp∂p.
i_vZ-Øn-s‚bpw Zriy-Øn-s‚bpw A]q¿Δ-amb CgtNcepw km{μo-I-c-Whpw
AhnsSbp≠v. Hcp kzc-Nn-{X-cm-K-kp[ F∂p thWsa¶n¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. hm¿Ø
Ifnse `mj Ae-¶m-c-c-ln-Xhpw bmYm¿∞ysØ _lpP\-a-\- n-te°v hn\nabw
sNøp-∂-Xn-\v klm-b-I-hp-am-Wv. BtLm-j-߃, D’h߃ F∂n-h-bp-ambn
_‘s∏´ {]t£-]-W-ß-fn¬ Be-¶m-cn-I-̀ mj ImWmw. A]-I-S-ßfpw Zpc-¥ßfpw
Ah-bv°n-W-ßnb `mj-bn¬ {]Xy-£-h¬°-cn-°p-∂p. cmjv{So-b-hn-hm-Z-߃°v
NqSpwNqcp-ap≈ `mj D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. hm¿Ø X’abw AXns‚ X´IØp-\n∂v
BJym\w sNøp-∂Xpw ZrIvkm£n-sam-gn-Iƒ dnt∏m¿´p sNøp∂Xpw HuNn-Xy
]q¿Δw Xs∂.
sSen-hn-j-\nse `mj ]e Xe-ß-fn¬ ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn¬
kzm[o-\-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Nne hm°pIƒ°v \Ωp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw kn≤n®Xv
Sn.-hn. hgn-bm-Wv. Fs¥-¶nepw NS-ßp-Iƒ {Iao-I-cn-°ptºmƒ C∂ C\w Rm≥
42
kvt]m¨k¿ sNømw F∂ ]d-®n¬ C∂p k¿Δ-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. AXn-\p≈
]Ww Abmƒ apS°mw F∂¿∞w. Cu {]tbmKw sSen-hn-j-\n¬\n∂v `mj-bn¬
IS-∂p-IqSn sImSn-∏Sw Db¿Øn-b-XmWv. Nmbbpw DuWp-sa√mw kvt]m¨k¿
sNøm≥ \nc-£-c-Ip-£n-Iƒ°p-t]mepw C∂p Ign-bp-∂p. X’-ab kwt{]-jWw
hm¿Ø-Iƒ°nSbn¬ am{X-a√ CXc ka-b-ß-fnepw sSen-hn-j-\n-ep-≠v. ssehv
t{_mUvImÃnßv F∂mWv AXn\p {]tbm-Kw. CXns‚ kzm[o-\-amImw Bsc-sb-
¶nepw t\cn´p ImWp-∂-Xn\v ssehmbn ImWpI F∂v C∂v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xn\p
]n∂n¬. Nne hoSp-I-fnse ̀ ¿Øm-°-∑msc∏‰n Ah≥ ̀ mcy-bpsS dntam¿´v I¨t{Sm-
fn-emWv F∂p ]d-bm-dp-≠v. Cu ssien-bpsS Cd-ßn-h-chpw FhnsS \n∂m-sW∂p
hy‡w. sSen-hn-j≥ImgvNm-t_m[w F{X AKm-[-X-bn¬ kv]¿in-°p∂p F∂Xn\v
sXfn-hmbn Gjym-s\-‰ns‚ ap{Zbv°v ae-_m-dn¬ kaqk F∂p t]cp-h-∂-Xns\
Fw.F≥. Imc-t»cn hymJym-\n-°p-∂p.13 Sn.-hn.-bnse ]c-ky-߃ ]e ]Z-ßfpw
aebmfØn¬ cqV-aq-e-am-°n. eKn≥kv, em®, InUvkvshb¿ Ch ]c-ky-h-gn-bn-eq-
sS-bmWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ thcp-d-®-Xv.
C∏-d-™-sXms° ̀ mhm-flI kzm[o-\-am-bn hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp∂XmWv. F∂m¬
CXv sSen-hn-j≥ `mj-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp-hiw am{Xw. as‰m-cp-hiw IqSn \mw
ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v. `mj-bnse icn-sX-‰p-Iƒ A`n-{]mb hyXymkap≈ Imcy-am-sW
∂Xv \ntj[n°p-∂n-√. Bibhn-\n-abw km[n-°p-sa-¶n¬ thsdsbm∂pw {]iv\-
a-s√∂mWv NnecpsS hmZw. F∂m¬ Acm-P-IXzw GXp cwKØpw ssiYneyw
krjvSn°psa∂Xv ad-∂p-Iq-Sm. ae-bmfw Hcp A£-tcm-®m-cI `mj (Phonetic
language) bmI-bm¬ tXm∂pw]Snbp≈ D®m-cWw ssiYn-ey-߃ hcp-Øn-h-bv°pw.
AwKoIrX-amb D®m-c-W-coXn A\p-h¿Øn-°m≥ F√mh¿°pw _m[y-X-bp-≠v.
Nn´Ifpw hyhÿ-Ifpw as‰-hn-sS-bp-sa-∂-t]mse `mj-bnepw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Hcp
hyh-ÿbpw sh≈nbmgvNbpan-√mØ t]m°v `mjbv°v s]mXp-hn¬ KpW-I-c-a-√.
Aayqkvsa‚ v ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS Ah-Xm-c-I¿ G‰hpw tamtU-Wm-Ip-hm\pw
t{]£-Isc Nm\-en-te°v BI¿jn-°m-\p-ap≈ F√m X{¥-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.
D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ coXn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xn-emWv `mj-bpsS kuμcyw. AhXm-
43
c-I¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]pXnb aWn{]hmfw (Cw-•ojpw ae-bm-fhpw Ie¿Øn-b-Xv)
ae-bm-f-Øns‚ F√m kuμ-cyhpw \in-∏n-°p-∂Xpw Atem-k-chpw I√p-I-Snbpw
krjvSn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. `mjm-sIm-e-]mXIw Fßs\ \n¿Δ-ln-°m-sa∂v Ch¿
]et∏mgpw ImWn-®p-X-cp∂p. ae-bm-f-]-Z߃ Adn-bn-s√∂pw Cw•ojv ]Z-߃
Adnbmsa∂pw t{imXm-°sf tXm∂n-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿ t_m[-]q¿Δw {ian-°p-∂p.
Ah-Xm-c-I-bpsS "ssÃenjv kv]o°nwKv' ae-bm-f-Øns‚ "k¿Δ ssÃepw' XI¿
°p∂p. `mj-bpsS Bflm-hn\pw A¥- n\pw Ah¿ Gev]n-°p∂ ]cp°v Ch¿
H´pta Xncn-®-dn-bp∂n√. t{]£Isc {Xkn-∏n-°m≥ Ch¿ X´n-°q-́ p∂ `mjbmWv
C∂sØ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ am\-I-cq-]-sa∂v ]pXp-X-e-apd [cn-°p-∂Xv Gsd `hnjy
ØpIƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p.
_mey-Iu-amc ImeØv F√m-Ø-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ A\p-I-cWw a\pjycn¬
ImWmdp≠v. ̀ mj-Whpw CXn\v A]-hm-Z-a-√. kn\n-a, kocn-b¬, ]ckyw Chbnse
Ub-tem-Kp-Iƒ ]ecpw Dcp-hn-Sp∂Xp km[mcWamWv. amXm-]n-Xm°fpw a‰p-≈hcpw
]d-bp∂ ̀ mj tI´mWv inip-°ƒ ̀ mj ]cnioen-°p-∂-Xv. am[y-a-ß-fnse ̀ mjbpw
Ahsc KWy-ambn kzm[o\n-°p-∂p. sSen-hn-j-\n¬ \nXyhpw \nc-¥-chpw Ip´nIƒ
{ihn-°p∂ `mj hnI-e-sa-¶n¬ AX-h-cpsS `mjmt_m[sØ KWy-ambn kzm[o-
\n°pw. Nm\-ep-I-fnse Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS D®m-c-W-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ̀ mjm-ip-≤n-sb-∏-‰nbpw
Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ t_Pm-dm-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ hø. `mjsb D®m-c-W-Øn-eqsS aen-\-
am°p∂Xn¬ Nne Nm\epIƒ ap≥]-¥n-bn-em-Wv. Nne ]Z-ß-fpsS D®m-c-W-Øn¬
hntijn®pw. A[ym-]-I≥, hnZym¿∞n, kwhn-[m-\w, IY, {]hrØn Ch-sbms°
D®mcW sshIey߃°p hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p. AZym]I≥, hn[ym¿∞n, kwhnZm\w,
IX, {]h¿Øn Fs∂m-s°-bmWv D®mc-Ww. ipt`m-X¿°w, \n¿±-\≥, sFI-WvtTy\,
Nn”w BZn-bm-b-hbpw sX‰mbn D®-cn-°s∏Sp-∂p.
dnbm-en-‰n-tjm-bnepw a‰pap≈ Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS `mj Itºm-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-
t‚-Xm-Wv. BI¿jn-°m\pw hio-I-cn-°m\pw DX-Ip∂ `mj. Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS
Agn™m-Snbpw Ipg™mSnbpw \o´nbpw Ipdp-°nbpw IpWp-ßn-bp-ap≈ `mj
44
CjvSs∏-Sp∂ t{imXm-°-fp-≠m-Imw. ]t£ `mjbpsS D®m-c-W-ip-≤n°pw hfcp∂
Xe-ap-d-bpsS ̀ mjm-h-t_m-[-Øn\pw CXp henb sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. dnbm-en-‰n-tjmsb
P\Iob-am-°nb apJy-L-SIw ̀ mj-W-co-Xn-bm-Wv. dnbm-en-‰n-tjm-°m¿ tIc-fobcpsS
ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ ske-£≥, Fen-an-t\j≥ XpSßnb ]Z-߃ thcp
]nSn∏n®p. ]e A]q¿Δ Cw•ojv ]Zßfpw ae-bm-f-hm-°p-Iƒs°m∏w tN¿Øp
]tbm-Kn°m\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w dnbm-en-‰ntjm ae-bm-fn°p \evIns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS kzm[o-\-Øn¬s∏´v ]Z߃ hj-fm-°nbpw h{IoIcn®pw
D®cn°p-∂-Xn¬ ]pXp-X-e-apd B\μw Is≠-Øp-∂p. CXmWv B[p-\nI ssì
F∂ hnNmcw. F’-Ω, tPmk^v F∂-sXms° F¬j-Ω, tPmj∏v F∂m-°p
tºmƒ FSp-∏mbn! Cw•ojv ]Z-ßfpw ae-bm-f-]-Z-ßfpw amwk-f-am°n D®-cn-°m\pw
hjfmbn Iq´n-t®¿°m\pw \mw X{Xs∏-Sp-∂p. C∂sØ aw•ojv ]gb aw•oj√;
Nm\ep-Im¿ {]tXy-In®v Ah-Xm-c-I¿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]pXnb aw•o-jm-Wv. Hmtcm
Znhkhpw ]pXnb ]pXnb aw•o-jns\ AhXcn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-Xm-c-I¿ a’-cn-
°pIbpw sNøp∂p.
ae-bm-f-Ønse Hcp Nm\-en¬ \o≠-Imew D≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bmWv
"anSp°n'. anSp°n F∂ aebmf]ZØns‚ A¿∞sØ am‰n-a-dn-°p∂ coXn-bn-embn-
cp∂p AXns‚ Bhn-jv°m-cw. \√-hÆw ]Tn-°p∂hscbpw {]Xn`mhnem-k-ap-≈-
h-sc-bp-amWv \mw anSp-°n-sb∂p hnh-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hkv{X-[m-c-W-Øn¬ Xnf-°-ap-
≈-h-scbpw \√ ta\n-an-\p-∏p-≈-h-scbpw •ma-dp-≈-h-sc-bp-amWv "anSp°n'Isf∂
t]cn¬ Nm\¬ {]Xy£s∏-Sp-ØnbXv. _u≤n-I-Xsb°mƒ imco-cn-I-X-bmWv
anSp°n\v Bkv]Zw F∂ A¿∞I-ev]\ AXp-hgn Nm\¬ cq]s∏-Sp-Øn.
D]-kw-lmcw
sSen-hn-js‚ kzm[o\w B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn¬ KWy-ambn h¿≤n-®n-cn°p∂p.
Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ temIw sNdp-{Km-a-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
1982-˛¬ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw 1985˛¬ hn]p-e-ambn {]t£]Ww XpS-ßp-Ibpw
sNbvX Zq¿Z¿i-\mWv tIc-f-Øn¬ sSen-hn-j≥ Ncn-{X-Øn\v \mμn Ipdn-®-Xv. 1993˛se
45
Gjyms\-‰ns‚ cwK-{]-th-ihpw 2003-̨ se C¥ym-hn-js‚ hchpw Sn.-hn.sb ho´nse
hnin-jvSm-Xn-Yn-bm-°n. Nm\-ep-Iƒ C∂p Sn.-hn.-bnse \nd-km-∂n-[yhpw Sn.-hn. C∂v
hoSp-I-fnse \nd-km-∂n-≤y-hp-am-Wv. Cu am[y-a-Øns‚ km∂n[y-Øn-em-ImØ
a\pjycmcp-an-√. CØ-c-samcp ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv ae-bm-fnbpsS Pohn-X-Ønepw
kwkvIm-c-Ønepw `mj-bn-ep-ap≈ Sn.-hn.-bpsS kzm[o-\sØ At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-
am°n-bXv. sSen-hn-js\ hnUvVn-s∏-´n-bmbn ImWp-∂hcp-s≠-¶nepw s\t©‰n
emfn°p∂-h-cmWv alm-̀ q-cn-]-£-hpw. hm¿Ø, kwKo-Xw, kvt]m¿Svkv, {]ivt\mØcn,
tSmIvtjm, dnbm-en-‰ntjm XpSßn D≈-S-°-Ønse sshhn[yw am[y-asØ _lp
P\-Øn\p {]nb-¶-c-am-°n. saKm-tjm, Ahm¿Uv\ni, F‚¿sS-bn≥sa‚ v sKbnapIƒ,
kocn-b-ep-Iƒ, kn\naIƒ Chbpw [mcm-fw. ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnse hyXy-kvX-X-bm-IWw
Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI cq]-ambn sSen-hn-js\ am‰n-b-Xv. C¥y-bn¬Øs∂ 850-̨ -Hmfw
Nm\-ep-I-fmWv kpk-÷-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. Ccp-]-Øn-\mep aWn-°qdpw
P\sØ hnt\mZn∏n-°m-\p≈ hn -̀h-ß-fp-ambn Nm\-ep-Iƒ a’-cn-°p-∂p.
aebmfnbpsS Hgn-hp-k-a-bsØ A∏msS {Kkn-°p∂ Hcp am[y-a-amWv C∂p
sSen-hn-j≥. hnZym¿∞ntbm A[ym]It\m A`n-̀ m-j-It\m tUmIvStdm Bcpambn
s°m-≈-s´, Hgn-hp-k-abw D]-cn-hn-⁄m\ kam¿P-\-Øn-\v DX-Ipsa¶n¬ AXXp-
cw-KsØ Xnf-°-Øn\v AXv D]m-[n-bm-Ipw. C∂v GXp taJe-bn-ep-≈-h-cpsSbpw
Hgn-hp-k-a-bsØ IqSp-Xepw A]-l-cn-°p-∂Xv sSen-hn-j-s\∂ am[y-a-am-Wv. aebmfn-
bpsS hmb\ acn-°m\pw Zriy-ß-fn¬ A`n-c-an-°p∂ a\ p cq]-s∏-Sm\pw Sn.-hn.
hgn-sbm-cp-°n. hmb-\-bpsS A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂v a\pjy a\- ns\ AI‰pIhgn
am\-kn-I-amb ]cn]mIw Ah\v A`mh-s∏-Sp-∂p. {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ AXn-ssh-Im-
cn-IX ]pe¿Øp∂ Zp¿∫-e-a-\- p-I-fmbn a\p-jy≥ amdp∂p.
sSen-hn-js‚ apJy[¿Ω-ß-fn-sem∂mbn KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hm¿Ø Adnbn
°emWv. hm¿ØIƒ°p am{X-am-bp≈ Nm\-ep-Iƒhsc sSen-hn-j-\n-ep-≠v.
A∂∂sØ hm¿ØIƒ A∏t∏mƒ P\-ßsf Adn-bn-°m≥ sSen-hn-j\p
Ignbp∂p. a‰p-≈-h-sc-°mƒ t\ctØ hm¿Ø \evIm-\p≈ shº¬ Nne-t∏mƒ
46
A¿≤-k-Xy-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Øn¬ FØm-dp-ap-≠v. hm¿ØIƒ°p \evIp∂
hymJym\w Nm\-ep-I-fpsS \n£n]vX XmXv]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v hf-s®m-Sn-°m-dp-ap-≠v.
hm¿Øsb hmKzm-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn-emWv Nm\-ep-Im¿°v an°-t∏mgpw Iºw. PmXn-bp-
sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw cmjv{So-b-Øn-s‚bpw \ndw-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw hy{KXs∏Sp∂p.
hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°v Xpc-∂p-I-b-dn-bp≈ B{I-a-Whpw Ah-tl-f-\hpw hm¿Øm
`mK-am°n am‰p∂p. hm¿Ø-I-fpsS `mK-am-bp≈ {Kq∏pN¿®-Ifpw a‰pw Nm\-ep-Im
cpsS XmXv]-cy-ßsf Dd-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn-em-°m-dp-≠v. Nm\-ens‚ \ne-]m-Sn\p \nc-
°p∂ tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°epw DØ-cw-tX-Sepw X{¥-]-c-ambn Ch¿ \n¿Δ-ln°p∂p.
k-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂pw [¿a-Øn¬ \n∂pw hm¿Ø AI-ep∂ AhÿbmWnXv.
hm¿Øm-\n-th-Z\w Sn.hn.bpsS apJy-am-sbmcp [¿Ω-am-Wv. cm]-I-en-√msX
{]h¿Øn°p∂ Bdp {][m\ hm¿Øm-Nm-\-epIƒ Xs∂ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v.
km[mcW hm¿Ø-IƒsIm≠v Ch¿°p kabw t]m°m-\m-hn√ F∂Xp
bmYm¿∞yw. X∑qew kmZm-hm¿Ø-Isf Akm-[m-cWam°m\pw ]g-bXp ]eXpw
IpØns∏m°m-\p-sa√mw Ch¿ {ian-°p-∂p. hm¿Ø-bnepw Bhn-jv°-c-W-Øn-ep-
sa√mw CXp ]e-t∏mgpw Acm-P-IXzw krjvSn-°p-∂p. hm¿Øm-Nm-\-ep-Im-cpsS hb‰p
]ng-∏ns‚ {]iv\wIqSn CXn\p ]n∂n-ep-≠v. Nm\-ep-Im¿ henb hm¿Ø-bmbn
s]m°ns°m≠ph∂p N¿® sNøp∂ ]eXpw ASpØZnhkw Pe-tc-J-bmbn amdp-
∂Xpw \mw ImWp-∂p. hm¿Ø-bpsS taJ-e-bn¬ Nm\-ep-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ CØcw
ssiYn-ey-߃ Cu ]T\w At\z-jW hnt[-b-am-°n-bn´p≠v.
IpSpw_am-[y-a-ambn KWn-°-s∏-Sp∂ sSenhnj≥ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS
A`n{]mb-ß-sfbpw A`n-cp-NnI-sfbpw Fßs\ _m[n-°p∂psh∂Xv hne-bn-cp-
Ønbn´p-≠v. IpSpw-_-Po-hnXØns‚ AP≠ Xocp-am-\n°p∂ LS-I-ambn sSen-hn-
j≥ amdn-°-gn-™p. {]m¿∞-\m-k-abw \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mepw am[y-a-sa∂p h∂n-
cn-°p-∂p. hymbm-aw, `£-W-{Iaw BZn-bm-b-h-sb√mw am[y-a-Øm¬ \n›-bn-°-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ.
47
hnZym¿∞n-Isf sSen-hn-j≥ Fßs\ _m[n°p∂p-sh-∂Xv {]tXyIw ]T\
hnt[-b-am-°n-bn-́ p-≠v. hnZym¿∞n-bpsS ]T-\-sØbpw A[n-I-hm-b-\sbbpw am[yaw
Ae-t¶m-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. sSen-hn-j≥ Aev]-amb Adnhv hnZym¿∞n°p ]I-cp-sa
¶nepw hmb-\-bn¬\n∂p e`n°p∂ hn⁄m-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw AXp hyXy-kvX-amWv.
I≠-h≥ ad°pw, hmbn-®-h≥ Hm¿Ωn°pw F∂ XØz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-
emWv hnZym¿∞nbpsS Sn.-hn. ImgvN-sbbpw hmb-\-sbbpw hnebncp-Øn-bn-́ p-≈Xv.
_mey-Iu-am-c-Im-eßfnse Sn.-hn. hgn-bp≈ ssewKn-I-Xbpw A{I-a-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ AS-bm-fs∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ BPo-h-\m¥w hy‡nsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂p.
hm¿Ø-sbbpw hnt\mZ]-cn-]m-Snsbbpw Hcp-t]mse ImWp∂ ssii-h-°m-cn¬ Sn.hn.
Df-hm-°p∂ kzm[o\w Gsd AKm-[-am-Wv. ssiih Iuam-c-co-Xn-I-sfbpw A`ncpNn-
I-sfbpw sSen-hn-j≥ F{X-am{Xw A\m-im-ky-am-°p-∂p-sh∂v hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ {ian-
®n-´p-≠v. Iuam-c-°p-‰-hm-fn-Ifpw A{I-an-I-fpw kaq-l-Øn¬ h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn\p ]n∂n-
ep≈ am[y-a-kzm-[o\w {]_‘w Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p-≠v.
_mly-tem-IsØ hy‡n-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Isf sSen-hn-j≥ F{Xam{Xw
kzm[o\n°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv At\z-jW hnt[-b-am-°n-bn-́ p≠v. am[yaw ]ucs\ Ccp∏p-
ap-dn-bn-te°v HXp-°p-∂Xphgn kwPm-X-am-Ip∂ kmaq-ln-I ssiYn-ey-߃ Is≠-
Øp-∂p-≠v. hy‡n-bpsS B¥-cnI Pohn-X-sØ-sb∂t]mse kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-
sØbpw am[yaw \n¿Kp-W-am-°p-∂Xv Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
Nm\-ep-I-fnse Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS thj-hn-[m-\-߃ ]pXp-X-e-ap-dsb F{X-am{Xw
kzm[o\n°p∂psh∂pw Agn-™mSnbpw Ipg-™m-Sn-bp-ap≈ Ah-Xm-c-I-cpsS `mj
Fßs\ ]pXp-X-e-ap-dsb _m[n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw {]_-‘-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p≠v.
s]mXp-t_m-[-tØmSv adp-X-en-°p∂ ̀ mjm-cm-jv{So-b-amWv Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ Ah-XmcI¿
]e-t∏mgpw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v hy‡am°n-bn-́ p-≠v.
ae-bm-fnbpsS ]mc-º-cy-aq-eyßsf Sn.-hn. ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ inYneam-°p-∂-Xns‚
hnhn[ apJ߃ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian®n´p-≠v. kaq-l-Ønse A]-Nyp-Xn-Ifpw NXn-
48
°p-gn-Ifpw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ am[yaw AØcw ]mX kzoI-cn-°m≥ Nne¿s°-¶nepw
t{]c-W-bm-Ip-∂p-sh-∂Xv hkvXp-XbmWv. Bfl-lXym dnt∏m¿´n-ßn¬ ]Xn-bn-cn-
°p∂ A]-I-S-]-c-Xbpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p-≠v.
]c-ky-߃ kaq-l-Øn¬ Df-hm-°p∂ hnhn-[-Xcw kzm[o-\-߃ {]_-‘
Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p-≠v. ]c-ky-ß-fpsS AXn{]kcwaqew Bkzm-Z-I≥
F∂ \ne-hn´v D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v hy‡n amdp-∂p. t{]£-I¿
IqSp-X-ep≈ ]cn-]m-Snt° ]c-ky-°msc In´q F∂-Xn-\m¬ {]t£-]W ]cn-]mSnIƒ
P\-Io-b-am-°m≥ Nm\-ep-Iƒ bXv\n-°p-∂p. CØcw A\-`n-e-j-Wob I®-hS
{]hWXIsf Cu {]_‘w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. hy‡n-bnepw IpSpw-_-Ønepw
kaq-l-Ønepw CØcw {]h-W-X-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ ssiYneyßsf hne-bn-cp
Øm\pw {ian®n-́ p-≠v.
B\μØn-\p≈ At\I hmXn-ep-Iƒ Xpd∂nSp∂ sSen-hn-j≥ Ie-bpsS
DØ-amw-i-ßsf ]e-t∏mgpw ad-∂p-I-f-bp-∂p. B\-μn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v a\- ns\
kwkvIcn∏n°p-I-sb∂ auen-I-e£yw ssIhn-Sptºmƒ Iem-`m-k-amIpw ^ew.
a\p-jy-a-\- nse ]mc-º-cy-aq-ey-ßsf IS-]p-g-°p∂ hm°pw Zriyhpw C∂p Sn.-hn.-
bpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn amdp∂p. Ipt_-chpw amwk-f-hp-amb Zriy-߃°v Sn.-hn. hncpt∂-
Ip-∂p. Iemwiw AØcw ImgvN-I-fn¬ Imen-bmbn amdp-∂p. IptN-eXzsØ hnkva-
cn®v Ipt_cXz-Øn¬ A`n-c-an-°m-\mWv am[yaw ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂Xv. X∑qew Hcp
Nm\¬ ImWp-tºmƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bmØ Im°sØm≈m-bncw Nm\-ep-I-fn¬
FhnsS-sb¶nepw "CXnepw ck-Ic'amb-Xpt≠m F∂ Nn¥-bmWv t{]£-I-\n¬
DtZzKw P\n∏n°p∂Xv. kaqlw t`mKm-k-‡-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬ Sn.-hn. sNep-Øp∂
kzm[o\w Gsd ]Tn-°-s∏-tS≠Xm-Wv.
ae-bmfw kocn-b-ep-IfpsS IY-bn-√m-bvabpw AXp IpSpw-_t{]£Icn-epfhm
°p∂ kzm[o\hpamWv At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-am-°nb as‰m-∂v. a\p-jy-a-\- n¬
AcmPIXzw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw s\K‰ohv F\¿Pn Df-hm-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ch
IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ krjvSn°mhp∂ Xmf-∏n-g-I-sf-∏‰n hnebncpØnbn´p-≠v.
49
`mjbpsS taJ-e-bn¬ sSen-hn-j≥ krjvSn-°p∂ `mhm-fl-Ihpw \ntj-[m-fl-I-hp-
amb kzm[o-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ {ian®n-́ p-≠v.
sSen-hn-j≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ P\sØ DW¿Øm\pw DZv_p≤cm-°m\pw DX-Ip∂
coXn-bn¬ {]t£-]Ww sNbvXm¬ hen-sbmcp kmaq-ln-I-tk-h\w BIp-am-bn-
cp∂p. tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\w, imkv{Xo-b-t_m-[w, hnZym-̀ ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn, Im¿jnI
]ptcm-K-Xn, ]cn-ÿnXn k¥p-en-XXzw Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ KWy-amb kw`m-h\ Cu
am[y-a-Øn\p \n¿Δln-°m\mhpw. IpSpw-_-t£-aw, kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw
A[x-ÿnXcp-sSbpw ]ptcm-K-Xn, Iem-kmw-kvIm-cn-I ]-cn-t]mjWw, A\m-Nm-c-ß-
fpsSbpw A‘hnizmkßfp-sSbpw ZqcoIcWw CXymZn taJ-e-I-fnepw KWy-amb
kzm[o-\-am-Im≥ am[y-a-Øn\p ]gp-Xp-≈-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ hmWn-Py-Xm-Xv]-cy-߃°p
ap≥Xq°w \evIp-I-bm¬ CsX√mw am[yaw ad°p∂p.
t_mZnemZv \nco-£n-°pwt]mse PohnXw sSen-hn-j-\nepw sSen-hn-j≥ PohnX-
Ønepw Aen™p-tN-cp∂ ÿnXn ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ kw -̀hn-°p-∂p. AXns‚
hnhn[ Xe-ßfpw am\-ßfpw At\z-jn-°p∂ Cu {]_‘w {]mXn-kznI {]k‡n-
bp-≈-sX∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. inem-bp-Kw, teml-bpKw F∂-Xp-t]mse kv{Io≥ GPnt‚
Xmb C°m-eØv Cu At\z-j-W-Øn\v ÿm\-ap-s≠∂p hnizkn-°p∂p. sSen
hnj≥ Nm\-ep-I-fpsS X≈n-°-b‰w ]pXp-bp-KsØ am{X-a√ Rc-ºp-tcmKw _m[n®
Xe-ap-d-sb°qSn krjvSn-°p∂p. ab°p-a-cp-∂p-I-sf-t∏mse Sn.-hn. Hcphs\ Ab
Ym¿∞ temI-tØ°p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p-sh∂pw ab-°p-a-cp-∂ns‚ AtX
{]`mhamWv sSen-hn-j≥ ImgvN-°m-cn¬ krjvSn-°p-∂-sX∂pw B[p-\n-I-]-T-\-߃
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.14 Bƒ°q´w sSenhnjs‚ ab-°p-a-cp-∂m-sW∂pw ]T\ß
fp≠v.15
50
Foot Notes
1. kp\n¬ tPmkv, "sSen-hn-j≥ kwkvImcØns‚ P\-{]n-b-am-\߃', \h-am[ya
߃ (F-Un. tUm. tPmkv sI. am\p-h¬), 2014, Fkv.-]n.kn.-Fkv., tIm -́bw,
]p. 143.
2. H.-sI. tPmWn, am[yahr-Øm-¥w, 2006, ]q¿Wm ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, tImgn-t°mSv,
]pdw. 108.
3. tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]p-cw, hm¿Ø, hmeyw 2, 2014, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v,
Xncph\¥-]pcw, ]p. 245.
4. Dev Vrat Sing, Indian Television, 2012, HARANAND Publications Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi, P. 213.
5. McLuhan, Understanding Media, 2008, Routledge, London and Newyork,P-336.
6. "ImWpI a¿Xy-\-∑-bpsS Zr-iy`mjy߃', Zo-]nI Zn\]{Xw, Pqsse 12, 2012,
]p. 4.
7. {]`m-h¿a, Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpw kwkvIm-c-hpw, sdbn≥t_m _pIvkv, 2005,
Xncph\¥-]p-cw, ]p. 26.
8. kn. CμpNqV≥, "dnbm-en-‰n-bn-√msX ae-bm-fn-s°-¥m-tLmjw', Z ÃpU‚ vkv
thmbvkv, P\p-hcn 2012, ]p. 13.
9. D≤-c-Wn, H.-sI. tPmWn, am[y-a-hr-Øm-¥w, ]p. 93.
10. s{]m^. sIm®p-t{Xkym tXma-kv, kv{Xoi-‡n-bpsS a\ximkv{Xw, 2009,
\mjW¬ _pIv Ãmƒ, tIm´bw, ]p. 57.
11. sUbvkn F{_-lmw, "]c-ky-߃ kaq-l-Øn¬ sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w',
am[ya kao£ (F-Un. tUm. kpa kndn-b-Iv), 2015, ae-bm-f-hn-̀ mKw Akw]vj≥
tImf-Pv, Nß-\m-t»-cn, ]p. 314.
12. Sumit Navula, Mass Communications, 2011, Regal Publications, New Delhi,P.273.
13. Fw.-F≥. Imc-t»-cn, sXfn-a-e-bm-fw, 2011, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw, ]p. 98.
14. www.mathrubhumi.com/health/files/print.php?.id=8545
15. Toby Miller, Television Studies, 2010, Rouledge, London and Newyork, P-11.
51
d^d≥kv
1. kn.-F-kv. sh¶ntSiz-c≥, sSenhnj≥ ]T\߃, 2014, amXr-`q-an _pIvkv,
tImgnt°mSv.
2. tUm. tP°_v {kmºn-°¬ (F-Un.), am[y-a-ß-fp-sS a\ximkv{Xw, 2000, aoUnbm
lukv, U¬ln.
3. tUm. tPmkv sI am-\p-h¬ (F-Un.), \h-am-[y-a-߃, 2014, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.,
tIm´-bw.
4. Fw.-hn. tXma-kv, am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hpw, 2004, kmwkvIm-cnI
{]kn≤o-I-cW hIp-∏v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw.
5. {^m≥knkv Imc-bv°mSv (F-Un.), am[y-a-ß-fpsS A[n-\n-th-iw, 2005, tUm¨
t_mkvtIm tImfPv tP¿W-enkw Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v, IÆq¿.
6. sI. Ip-™n-Ir-jvW≥, am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hpw, 2000, tIc-f-`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
7. sNdp-Ic kÆn eqt°mkv (F-Un.), am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw k¿Km-fl-I-X-bpw,
2014, tIcf {]kv A°m-Z-an, sIm®n.
8. H.-sI. tPmWn, am[y-a-hr-Øm¥w, 2016, ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, tImgn-t°m-Sv.
9. jn_p Al-Ω-Zv, sSen-hn-j≥ Ncn-{Xhpw cmjv{So-bhpw, Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
10. F≥.]n. cmtP{μ≥, amdp∂temIw amdp∂ am[y-a-temIw, 2009, amXr-`qan
_pIvkv, tImgn-t°m-Sv.
11. sI.F¬. taml-\-h¿Ω, Hcp t\mh-en-Ãns‚ am[y-a-Nn-¥-Iƒ, 2014, tIcf
{]kv A°m-Z-an, sIm®n.
12. F≥.-F≥. kXy{]Im-i≥, hm¿Ø-bpsS inev]ime, 2014, tIcf {]kv
A°mZan, sIm®n.
13. hnPbIrjvW≥, Zriyam-[y-a߃, 2003, tIc-f-̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw.
52
14. `mkp-tc-{μ-_m-_p, ae-bm-fn-bpsS am[y-a-tem-Iw, 2009, knØmc _pIvkv,
ImbwIpfw.
15. tUm. Fw.Fw. {io[c≥, am[yaw auen-I-Xbpw \ncm-I-c-W-hpw, 2011, Fkv.-]n.
kn.-F-kv., tIm´-bw.
16. F.-hn. s_∂n, aXw, am[y-aw, A[nImcw, 2011, Fkv.-]n. kn.-F-kv., tIm -́bw.
17. s{]m^. ]∑\ cma-N-{μ≥ (F-Un.), am[y-a-]-T-\-߃, Id‚ v _pIvkv, tIm´bw.
18. Fw.-sI. inh-i-¶-c≥, {]t£-]W Iem-N-cn{Xw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v,
Xncph\-¥-]p-cw.
19. Sn.ssI. kt¥mjvIpam¿, ae-bmf sSen-hn-j≥Ncn-{Xw 1985-˛2013, 2014, {]kv
A°mZan, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw.
20. tUm. Achnμ≥ h√-®n-d, Ggmw Ie-bpsS aXn-hn-{ -̀aw, tIcf-̀ mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
21. {]`m-h¿Ω, Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpw kwkvIm-c-hpw, sdbv≥t_m _pIvkv, sNß∂q¿.
22. hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬, sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw, 2000, I-d‚ v _pIvkv, tIm´bw.
23. tPm¨ {_n´m-kv, Nn√p-Pm-e-I-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv, Id‚ v _p-Ivkv, tIm -́bw.
24. tUm. sP.-hn. hnf-\n-ew, Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥, 1985, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw.
25. t]mƒ aW-en¬ (FUn.), am[y-a-ßfpw kaq-l-hpw, 2000, kn.-F-kv.-F-kv., Xncph√.
26. hn.-sI. \mcm-b-W≥, am[y-ahpw `mj-bpw, `mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw.
27. sI. Ip™n-Ir-jvW≥, am{¥nIs∏´n, 1995, an\nkv{Sn Hm^v C≥^¿ta-j≥
B≥Uv t{_mUvImÃnw-Kv, Xncph\-¥-]p-cw.
28. am[y-a-\n-L-≠p, 2003, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw.
29. The Television Hand Book – Patricia, 1997, Routledge, London.
30. The Communication Revolutions – Narayan Menon, 1997, National Book Trust
of India, Delhi.
53
31. K.M. Shrivastava, Radeo and Television Journalism, Sterling Publishers.
32. Masterman L, Teaching About Television, Macmillan, 1980.
33. Gebriel Solomon, The use of Visual MediaBoyd Baret, Knowledge and Powercroomeltome, London.
34. Beckingham D, Young People and the Media, Master University Press, 1993.
35. P.N. Malhan, Communication Media: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow, Publication Division,Govt. of India, 1985.
36. Kewal J Kumar, Mass Communication in India, Jaico, Bombay, 1987.
37. R.J. Chatterjee, Mass Communication, NBT, New Delhi, 1973.
38. P.C. Joshy, Communication and Nation Building: Perspective and Policy, PublicationDivision, 1986.
39. S. Raydu, Media and Communication Management, Himalaya Publishing House,Bombay, 1993.
40. Retheesh Kaliyadan, Principles of Mass Communication, Journalism AcademiciansInstitutte, Kozhikode, 2003.
41. Narayan Menon, The Communications Revolutions, National Book Trust of India, 1976.
42. I.P. Tewari, Communication Technology and Development, Publications Division, 1987.
43. James Watson & Anne Hill, A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies, IndianEdition, New Delhi, 1991.
44. The Televison Hand Book, Patricia, 1997, Routledge, London, New Fetter lane LondonEcaptee.
45. Kees Brants, Joke Hermes and Liesbet Van Zoomen (ed.), The Media in question –Popular Cultures and Public Interests Sage Publications, 1998.
46. Fiske John, Telvision Culture, 1987, Routledge, London.
47. Kottak Convad, Prime Time Society: An Anthropological Analysis of Television andCulture, 1990, Wadsworth, Belmont.
48. Mankeker, Purnima, Screening, Culture, Viewing Politics, 1993, Duke University Press,Durban, USA.
49. Mitra Ananda, Television and Popular Culture in India : A Study of Mahabharat, 1993,Sage Publications.
50. Rajagopal Aravind, Politics after Television, 2001, Cambridge University Press, UK.
51. Willams, Raymond, 1983, Keywords Fontanna.
54
52. Williams Reymond, Television Technology and Cultural Form, 1990, Routledge,London.
53. Anderson, Robin, Gray, Jonathan Alan, Battle Ground, The Media, Green Wood Press,2008.
54. Andrew Edgard and Peter Sedgwick (Eds.), Key Concepts in Cultural Theory, Routledge,1999.
55. Bagdikian, Bent, The New Media Monopoly, Beacon Press, 2004.
56. Benjamin, Walter, Illuminations, Pinco, 1999.
57. Bignell, Jonathan, Post Modern Media Culture, Edinburgh, 2000.
58. Carrol, Noet, A Philosophy of Mass Art, Clavendon, Press, 1998.
59. Chomsky, Noam, Media Control, The Spectacular Achivements of Propaganda, OpenMedia, 1997.
60. L Lee Harington & Denise D Bielby (Eds.), Popular Culture; Production andConsumption, Blackwell, 2001.
61. Duncambe, Stephen, Cultural Resistance, Reder Verso, 2002.
62. Hall Staurt,. Dorothy Hobsion, Andrew Lowe and Paul Willis (Eds.) Culture, Media,Language Roultedge, 1990.
63. Herman, Edwards & Chomsky, Noam, Manufacturing Consent, The Political Economyof Mass Media, Wintage Books, 1994.
64. Killner Douglas, Media Culture, Routledge, 1996.
65. MC Chensney Robert, Corporate Media and The Threat to Democracy, Seven StoriesPress, 1998.
66. Ninan Sevanti, Through The Magic Window; Television and Change of India,l PenguinBooks, India, 1995.
67. Perenti, Michael, Inventing Reality, The Politics of New Media, St. Martins (Ltd.),1993.
68. Singhal, Aravind & Roggers Evertton, Indias Communication Revolution : FromBullockert to Cyberh Mart Sage Publication, 2001.
69. Storey John, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction, Pearson, 2001.
55
B\p-Im-en-I-߃
1. temN\w ˛ ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tP¿W¬, hmeyw II, e°w 1, 2008, De-l-∂≥
am∏nf Kth-j-W-tI-{μw, Fkv.-_n. tImf-Pv, Nß-\m-t»-cn.
2. {]Xn-—mb hmcn-I, 2012, Pq¨ 6, tIm -́bw.
3. \h-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS kzm[o-\w, ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tP¿W¬, hmeyw IV, \º¿
11, 2011.
4. kwkvImc tI-fw, G{]n¬-˛-Pq¨, 2003, kmwkvIm-cnIhIp∏v {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
5. ae-bmfw hmcnI, sk]v‰w-_¿, 2000.
6. `mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, \hw-_¿, 2001.