Raport - "Rola wzornictwa w strategii rozwoju polskich miast i regionów"

7/23/2019 Raport - "Rola wzornictwa w strategii rozwoju polskich miast i regionów"

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Wyaw srmŚga

[wsđy 66

Kŏ÷{lm {la`wja ~ ofcfŃ 67

6, [~`rlags{` damnwjam f wsrfsmkam r`~{`n} dafws 67

?, Yrfjsqja { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` 67

7, Yr`d`gnf {~`rlags{f { rfdfge r`~{anflaf c~afŏfbl`Śga jrmfsq{lmn { sjflgm damnwjamn 63

3, Y`wsr~mkflam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { y`bwjage dafwsfge 6=

=, Oframrq { r`~{`n} cmwakl} damnwjamk` 6=

_mj`dmlcfgnm yr~qk`s`{flm { Alwsqs}gam [~`rlags{f Yr~mdqwŏ`{mk` 6;

6, _mj`dmlcfgnm cbf alwsqs}gna y}obag~lqge y`cmnd}nčgqge c~afŏflaf { ~fjrmwam r`~{`n}{~`rlags{f { dafwsfge 6;

?, _mj`dmlcfgnm cbf yr~mcwađoa`rws{ a c`wsf{g÷{ }wŏ}k yr`nmjs`{qge 65

@yaw dms`c`b`kag~lq 61

6, Gmbm ofcflaf 61

?, _mfba~fgnf ofcflaf 616, [~`rlags{` damnwjam f wsrfsmkaf r`~{`n} dafws ??

6,6, Gmbm wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafws a rmka`l÷{ ??

6,?, Y`cda`sq ~fflkfŲ`{flm { s{`r~mlam wsrfsmkaa dafws ??

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6,3, Y`cda`sq ~fflkfŲ`{flm { s{`r~mlam wsrfsmkaa {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` ?;

6,=, Y`basqjf { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` ?5

6,8, Yr`gmw {qo`r} yr`nmjs÷{ a {qj`lf{g÷{" `rf~ rmfba~fgna ~fcfŃ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{fdamnwjamk` 7?

?, Wj}smg~lf yr`d`gnf {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` a nmk` r`bf { r`~{`n} b`jfblmn k`wy`cfrja 75

?,6, [wyamrflam a yr`d`{flam {~`rlags{f { dafwsfge 75

?,?, lfg~mlam {wyamrflaf {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` 39

?,7, _mfba~fgnf yr`nmjs÷{ c`sqg~čgqge yr`obmdfsqja wy`ŏmg~lmn 36



7, Ws`w`{flam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` f c~afŏfbl`Śċ yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ { dafwsfge 33

7,6, J`lsfjs dafwsf ~ yr~mcwađoa`rgfda 33

7,?, [wyamrflam a yr`d`{flam yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ 3;

7,7, Jrqsmr af cmgqc}nčgm ` {qo`r~m damnwgf cbf rdq 31

7,3, Dafwsf { `yalaa yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ =9

3, Ws`w`{flam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` f nfj`Śċ Ųqgaf damw~jfŃg÷{ =3

3,6, Dafwsf { `yalaa damw~jfŃg÷{ =3

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3,7, Ofcflam y`sr~mo a wfsqwhfjgna damw~jfŃg÷{ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` =1=, [fr}lja c` r`~{`n} {~`rlags{f { dafwsfge 83

=,6, Kŏ÷{lm oframrq a sr}cl`Śga { ~fjrmwam {crfŲflaf {~`rlags{f" yr`nmjs`{flaf a rmfba~fgnayr`nmjs÷{ 83

=,?, Y`sr~moq }r~đclaj÷{ `rf~ `g~mja{flm c~afŏflaf }r~đc÷{ { gmb} mhmjsq{lamnw~mk`{qj`r~qwsq{flaf r`~{ač~fŃ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f 88

=,7, @gmlf y`bwjage dafws y`c {~kbđcmd {~`rlags{f 85

=,3, Yr~qjŏfcq dafws { Y`bwgm a M}r`yam" {~`rg`{qge y`c {~kbđcmd cmwakl} 85

=,=, [a~nf r`~{`n} dafws 81

8, Flmjw ‗ c`orm yrfjsqja> yr~qjŏfcq yr`nmjs÷{/yr`krfd÷{ ~ ~fjrmw} {qj`r~qwsflaf {~`rlags{f{ wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafws y`c j`ljrmslm gmbm %ofcflam nfj`Śga`{m! ;?



Wyaw {qjrmw÷{

[qjrmw 6 Y`wafcflam yr~m~ dafwsf wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq! ?7

[qjrmw ? _`~jŏfc ofcflmn yr÷oq }r~đclaj÷{" ~m {~kbđc} lf }g~mwslags{` { s{`r~mla}wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafwsf %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq! ?7

[qjrmw 7 Kr}yq" js÷rm orfŏq }c~afŏ { `yrfg`{fla} wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafwsf %rmwy`lcmlga>}r~đclagq damnwgq! ?3

[qjrmw 3 @yalam lf smdfs {yŏq{} y`basqja dafwsf" ~{ač~flmn ~ frflŲfgnč a `yrf{čyr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn" lf r`~{÷n dafws %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq! ?8

[qjrmw = Kr}yq dfnčgm lfn{ađjw~q {yŏq{ lf y`basqjđ dafwsf" { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f%rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq! ?;

[qjrmw 8 @yalam lf smdfs lfn{fŲlamnw~qge gmge ~fk`wy`cfr`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn%rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq" }r~đclagq" yr~mcwađoa`rgq! 76

[qjrmw ; @yalam lf smdfs }{~kbđclamlaf om~yamg~mŃws{f { ~fk`wy`cfr`{fla} yr~mwsr ~mlay}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq" }r~đclagq" yr~mcwađoa`rgq! 76

[qjrmw 5 @yalam lf smdfs }{~kbđclamlaf }Ųqsmg~l`Śga { ~fk`wy`cfr`{fla} yr~mwsr ~mlay}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq" }r~đclagq" yr~mcwađoa`rgq! 7?

[qjrmw 1 @yalam lf smdfs }{~kbđclamlaf mwsmsqja { ~fk`wy`cfr`{fla} yr~mwsr~mlay}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq" }r~đclagq" yr~mcwađoa`rgq! 7?

[qjrmw 69 @yalam lf smdfs }{~kbđclamlaf c`wsđyl`Śga cbf `w÷o lamymŏl`wyrf{lqge{ ~fk`wy`cfr`{fla} yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq"}r~đclagq" yr~mcwađoa`rgq! 7?

[qjrmw 66 J`r~qwsflam ~ }wŏ}k yr`nmjsfls÷{ yr~m~ }r~đcq dafws %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagqdamnwgq! 78

[qjrmw 6? H`rdq j`r~qwsflaf ~ }wŏ}k yr`nmjsfls÷{ yr~m~ }r~đcq dafws %rmwy`lcmlga>}r~đclagq damnwgq! 78

[qjrmw 67 @yalam lf smdfs {qyŏq{} {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ dafwsfcbf al{mws`r÷{ %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq! 33

[qjrmw 63 @yalam lf smdfs ws`ylaf {yŏq{} {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ dafwsf

cbf al{mws`r÷{ %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq! 33

[qjrmw 6= @yalam lf smdfs {fka yr~mdqŚbflmn `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr ~mla damnwjamn"~ y}ljs} {ac~mlaf yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq! 3=

[qjrmw 68 @yalam lf smdfs {yŏq{} {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` lf h}ljgn`l`{flam rdrmwy`lcmls÷{ 3=

[qjrmw 6; @gmlf w{`nmk` dafwsf" y`c {~kbđcmd ~`rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn%rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq! 3=

[qjrmw 65 @yalam lf smdfs ~falsmrmw`{flaf {ŏfc~ dafwsf yr`obmdfda a y`sr~mofdayr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" { j`lsmjŚgam ~fyr`nmjs`{flaf a `rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr ~mladamnwjamn %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq! 38



[qjrmw 61 @yalam lf smdfs y`sr~mo j`lw}bsfgna ~ yr~mcwađoa`rgfda" c`sqg~čgqge~fyr`nmjs`{flaf a `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr ~mla damnwjamn %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq! 38

[qjrmw ?9 ^lfn`d`Śċ h`rd {wyamrflaf yr~mcwađoa`rg~`Śga" `rkfla~`{flmk` yr~m~ {ŏfc~mdafwsf %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq! 35

[qjrmw ?6 @yalam lf smdfs {yŏq{} {wyfrgaf yr~mcwađoa`rg~`Śga" `rkfla~`{flmk`yr~m~ {ŏfc~m dafwsf" lf rdq rmwy`lcmls÷{ 35

[qjrmw ?? @gmlf {yŏq{} {wyfrgaf yr~mcwađoa`rg~`Śga" `rkfla~ {flmk` yr~m~ {ŏfc~mdafwsf" lf rdq rmwy`lcmls÷{ %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq! 31

[qjrmw ?7 @gmlf rmfba~fgna ~fŏ`ŲmŃ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { damŚgam c~afŏfbl`Śgarmwy`lcmlsf %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq! =6

[qjrmw ?3 @gmlf {fka rmfba~fgna ~fŏ`ŲmŃ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { damŚgam c~afŏfbl`Śga

rmwy`lcmlsf %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq! =6[qjrmw ?= @yalam lf smdfs ~cflaf> “Dafws`" { js÷rqd damw~jfd" s` còrm dafws`

c` g`c~amllmk` Ųqgaf— %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq! =3

[qjrmw ?8 @gmlf {fka còrmn `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr ~mla damnwjamn %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq! =3

[qjrmw ?; @gmlf {fka mbmdmls÷{ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`" ~ y}ljs} {ac~mlaf damw~jfŃg÷{%rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq! ==

[qjrmw ?5 @gmlf dafwsf rmwy`lcmls÷{" y`c {~kbđcmd ~`rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn%rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq! ==

[qjrmw ?1 @gmlf dafwsf rmwy`lcmls÷{" y`c {~kbđcmd ~`rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn%rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq! ==

[qjrmw 79 @gmlf {fka rmfba~fgna ~fŏ`ŲmŃ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { damŚgam ~fdamw~jflafrmwy`lcmlsf %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq! =8

[qjrmw 76 @yalam lf smdfs ~fwy`j`nmlaf y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{" js÷rm c`sqg~č {~`rlags{fdamnwjamk` %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq! =5

[qjrmw 7? @yalam lf smdfs {qwsfrg~fbl`Śga mbmdmls÷{ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { yr~mwsr~mlay}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq! =5

[qjrmw 77 @yalam lf smdfs nfj`Śga mbmdmls÷{ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { yr~mwsr~mlay}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq! =5

[qjrmw 73 Y`~lf{flam y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{ { ~fjrmwam yr`nmjs`{flaf a rkfla~fgna

yr~mwsr ~mla y}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq! =1[qjrmw 7= H`rdq y`~lf{flaf y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{" { ~fjrmwam yr`nmjs`{flaf a rkfla~fgna

yr~mwsr ~mla y}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq! =1

[qjrmw 78 @yalam lf smdfs ~falsmrmw`{flaf {ŏfc~ dafwsf yròbmdfda a y`sr~mofdadamw~jfŃg÷{" { ~fjrmwam yr`nmjs`{flaf a rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn%rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq! 89

[qjrmw 7; @gmlf }Ųqsmg~l`Śga j`lw}bsfgna }r~đc÷{ damnwjage ~ damw~jfŃgfda %rmwy`lcmlga>damw~jfŃgq! 89

[qjrmw 75 Y`~lf{flam yr~m~ }r~đcq dafws `yalaa damw~jfŃg÷{" js÷rm c`sqg~č `gmlq{yr`{fc~flqge ~dafl { yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq! 86



5

Yr~mcd`{f

Omfsf O`geaŃwjf" Yrm~mw Alwsqs}s} [~`rlags{f Yr~mdqwŏ`{mk`

[~`rlags{` nmws y`wsr~mkflm nfj` j{mwsaf ofrc~` {fŲlf cbf r`~{`n} k`wy`$

cfrg~mk` dafws a y`yrf{q nfj`Śga Ųqgaf nmk` damw~jfŃg÷{" orfj}nm nmclfj

j`dymsmlgna a rmk}bfgna c` nmk` {qj`r~qwsflaf,

Ofcflam A[Y yr~myr`{fc~`lm {Śr÷c damw~jfŃg÷{" yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ a }r~đclaj÷{ ‗ {a`w¤lf ?966 r,

[frs`Śċ c`cflf {~`rlags{f { wsrfsmkafge rqlj`{qge yr~mcwađoa`rws{ nmws c`wqċ

còr~m ~ofcflf a y`{w~mgelam {qj`r~qwsq{flf yr~m~ bacmr÷{ rqlj}" fbm Ś{afc`¤

d`Śċ ~lfg~mlaf {~`rlags{f cbf r`~{`n} k`wy`cfrg~mk` dafws a y`yrf{q nfj`Śga

Ųqgaf age damw~jfŃg÷{ nmws c~amc~alč l`{č" {qdfkfnčgč bmyw~mk` ~r`~}damlaf,

]damnđslm {qj`r~qwsflam {~`rlags{f { dafwsfge {yŏq{f d,al, lf> còrč `rkf¤

la~fgnđ yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn" c`wsr~mkfblč y`yrf{đ nfj`Śga Ųqgaf damw~jfŃ¤

g÷{" f sfjŲm r`~{÷n orflŲ jrmfsq{lqge" g` ~ j`bma yr~qg~qlaf wađ c` {ađjw~mk`

r`~{`n} k`wy`cfrg~mk`,

Sfjam {la`wja yŏqlč ~ ofcflaf yr~myr`{fc~`lmk` lf ~bmgmlam Alwsqs}s} [~`r¤

lags{f Yr~mdqwŏ`{mk`" òmnd}nčgmk` obawj` y÷ŏsqwađg~lč kr}yđ damw~jfŃg÷{"yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ a }r~đclaj÷{ damnwjage ~ gfŏmn Y`bwja,

@yalam rmwy`lcmls÷{ {wjf~}nč lf {qw`ja y`smlgnfŏ y`~qsq{lmk` {yŏq{}

{~`rlags{f" f nmcl`g~mŚlam lawj` `gmlafnč nmk` òmglm {qj`r~qwsflam>

;3- }r~đclaj÷{ a fŲ 5;- yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ w}kmr}nm ofrc~` c}Ųm a c}Ųm ~lf¤º

g~mlam cmwakl} damnwjamk` cbf fsrfjgqnl`Śga dafwsf cbf al{mws`r÷{" f nmcl`¤

g~mŚlam sqbj` 75- yr~mcwađoa rg÷{ y`~qsq{lam gmlaf { sqd j`lsmjŚgam w{`¤

nm dafws`, Nmw~g~m dlamn" o` sqbj` ?7-" }{fŲf" Ųm wfd`r~čc damnwja alsmrmw}nm

wađ y`sr~mofda a yròbmdfda yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ { sqd ~fjrmwam"

yr~mcwađoa`rgq lfn{qŲmn `gmlafnč> yrfjsqg~l`Śċ %h}ljgn`lfbl`Śċ! r`~{ač~fŃº

~fws`w`{flqge { yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn %5=-!" {qwaŏja rm{asfba~fgna ~flamcof¤

lqge o}cqlj÷{ a smrml÷{ %57-!" f sfjŲm `hmrsđ j}bs}rfblč dafwsf cbf yrfg`{¤

laj÷{ rdq %;9-!"

51- damw~jfŃg÷{ y`wsr~mkf nfj`Śċ rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn nfj` {fŲ¤º

lč a ofrc~` {fŲlč cbf lage" ~ g~mk` =;- y`~qsq{lam `gmlaf wsfl c~awamnw~q"

lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ dafwsf cbf damw~jfŃg÷{ lfnofrc~amn {yŏq{fnč sfjam g~qllaja"º

nfj> `rkfla~fgnf yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %=?-!" {qcfr~mlaf j}bs}rfblm ~{ač~flm



1

~ mwsmsqjč yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn %35-!" srflwy`rs y}obag~lq %7;-! `rf~ ‗ { dlamn¤

w~qd ws`yla} ‗ wqwsmd alh`rdfgna damnwjamn %73-! a dmobm damnwjam %??-!"~fr÷{l` }r~đclagq" nfj a damw~jfŃgq y`còlam `gmlafnč yra`rqsmsq y`sr~moº

{ ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`> damnwgf c`wsđylm cbf {w~qwsjage %699-

}r~đclaj÷{ a 1;- damw~jfŃg÷{!" dmobm damnwjam %11- a 1;-!" }ŏfs{amlaf cbf

`w÷o lamymŏl`wyrf{lqge %18- a 13-! `rf~ wqwsmd alh`rdfgna damnwjamn %1=-

òqc{am kr}yq!"

damw~jfŃgq wč ofrc~amn {wsr~mdađžba{a { y`~qsq{lqge `gmlfge wsfl} òmg¤º

lmk`> y`còlam `gmlaflm nmws nmcqlam {cr`Ųmlam wqwsmd} alh`rdfgna damnwjamn

%y`{qŲmn 59- { òqc{} kr}yfge!" { allqge jfsmk`rafge r÷Ųlagf {ql`wa `c

?=- %`rkfla~fgnf damnwg y}obag~lqge! c` fŲ 7=- %dmobm damnwjam!,

Kŏ÷{lqda oframrfda {cr`Ųmlaf {~`rlags{f { dafwsfge wč>

`krflag~mlaf lflw`{m" {qlajfnčgm ~ allqge yra`rqsms÷{ al{mwsqgqnlqgeº

dafws %alhrfwsr}js}rf cr`k`{f" dmcaf!" js÷rm lam ~f{w~m ~lfnc}nč y`s{amr¤

c~mlam { `yalafge damw~jfŃg÷{"

`krflag~mlaf c`sqg~čgm {qo`r} {qj`lf{g÷{ a yr`nmjs÷{" {qlajfnčgm ~º ]wsf$

{q ` ~fd÷{amlafge y}obag~lqge" wj}sj}nčgm yr~qnđgamd lam`cy`{amclage

jrqsmra÷{ `gmlq %lfnlaŲw~f gmlf!"

orfj {amc~q a Ś{afc`d`Śga y` wsr`lam g~đŚga ~fflkfŲ`{flqge { sđ wyrf{đº

}r~đclaj÷{" lf smdfs d`Ųba{`Śga {qj`r~qwsflaf {~`rlags{f a ~fr~čc~flaf

yr`nmjsfda { sqd òw~fr~m"

orfj nfwlmn wsrfsmkaa {qj`r~qwsflaf {~`rlags{f c` y`yrf{q fsrfjgqnl`Śgaº

dafwsf cbf damw~jfŃg÷{ a yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" f sfjŲm rmk}bfgna }ŏfs{afnčgqge

yr`hmwn`lfba~fgnđ ~fr~čc~flaf dafwsmd { sqd òw~fr~m,

[ wjfba m}r`ymnwjamn a kbòfblmn awslamnm {ambm yr`krfd÷{ {wyamrfnčgqge a y`¤

y}bfrq~}nčgqge r`~{÷n dafws ~ {qj`r~qwsflamd {~`rlags{f" nfj lf yr~qjŏfc>

]LMWG@ Gasq `h Cmwakl" Grmfsaxm Gasq { [ambjamn Orqsflaa" Wdfrs Gasq cbf df¤

ŏqge a Śrmclage dafws { M}r`yam,

Alwsqs}s [~`rlags{f Yr~mdqwŏ`{mk` df {amb`bmslam c`Ś{afcg~mlam {m {wy÷ŏ¤

yrfgq ~ wfd`r~čcfda" { ~fjrmwam {qj`r~qwsflaf {~`rlags{f c` o}c`{q wsrfsm¤

kaa r`~{`n} dafws a yrfjsqg~lmn fybajfgna {~`rlags{f cbf r`~{`n} yr~mcwađoa`r¤

g~`Śga" { sqd w~g~mk÷blam orflŲ jrmfsq{lqge" nfj r÷{lamŲ }y`{w~mgelaflaf

{~`rlags{f {Śr÷c damw~jfŃg÷{,



69

C`orč rmhmrmlgnđ wsfl`{a {wy÷ŏyrfgf ~ dafwsmd Kcqlaf" ~fy`g~čsj`{flf

{ ?99; r`j} yr~qk`s`{flamd wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} orflŲ jrmfsq{lqge" `rf~ rmfba¤~`{flm `c ?995 r`j} g`r`g~lm yr~mcwađ{~ađgam ‗ Kcqlaf Cmwakl Cfqw" }y`¤

{w~mgelafnčgm {~`rlags{` {Śr÷c damw~jfŃg÷{" y`yr~m~ {qcfr~mlaf { yr~m¤

wsr~mla y}obag~lmn a rdfge" { y`wsfga {frw~sfs÷{ jrmfsq{lqge,

Yr~myr`{fc~`lm ofcflaf y`smlgnfŏ} {~`rlags{f a oframr nmk` {cr`Ųmlaf { wsrf¤

smkafge r`~{`n`{qge y`bwjage dafws }d`Ųba{afnč wfd`r~čc`d `ysqdfba~fgnđ

lfjŏfc÷{ al{mwsqgqnlqge dafws" f { {amb} {qyfcjfge sfjŲm ~daflđ yra`rqsm¤

s÷{" ~m {wjf~flamd lf {~`rlags{`" cbf `wačklađgaf {qw`jamn `gmlq damw~jfŃ¤

g÷{ a yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{,



66

[wsđy

Lalamnw~m ofcflam j`dymsmlgna" y`sr~mo a mhmjsq{l`Śga { ~fjrmwam {qj`r~qwsf¤

laf {~`rlags{f { ybfl`{fla} wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafwsf a rmka`l} ~`wsfŏ` yr~m¤

yr`{fc~`lm lf ~bmgmlam Alwsqs}s} [~`rlags{f Yr~mdqwŏ`{mk` %A[Y!" { rfdfge

rmfba~fgna ~fcfŃ yr`nmjs} “^fyr`nmjs}n W{÷n ^qwj—,

“^fyr`nmjs}n W{÷n ^qwj— nmws yr`krfdmd sr~qbmslad %96/91/?995‗79/6?/?966!, _m¤

fba~`{flq nmws ~k`clam ~ `wač yra`rqsms`{č = ‗ Cqh}~nf all`{fgna" ~k`clam ~ C~af¤

ŏflamd =,?," dfnčgqd lf gmb} {wyamrflam alwsqs}gna s`g~mlaf oa~lmw} %A[Y!" Ś{afc¤

g~čgmn }wŏ}ka yràll`{fgqnlm" rf~ age wamga ~lfg~mla} y`lfcrmka`lfblqd,

Yr`krfd @ymrfgqnlq All`{fgqnlf K`wy`cfrjf ?99;‗?967 %Y@ AK! s` nmcml~ w~mŚga} yr`krfd÷{ jrfn`{qge Lfr`c`{qge Wsrfsmkag~lqge _fd @clamwamlaf"

js÷rq lflw`{flq nmws ~m Śr`cj÷{ m}r`ymnwjage, Nmws s` yr`krfd wjamr`{flq

yr~mcm {w~qwsjad c` yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" js÷r~q ~fdamr~fnč rmfba~`{fċ all`{f¤

gqnlm yr`nmjsq ~{ač~flm ~ ofcflafda a r`~{`nmd" l`{`g~mwlqda smgel`b`kafda"

al{mwsqgnfda c}Ųqd ~lfg~mla} cbf k`wy`cfrja b}o {crfŲflamd a ws`w`{flamd

smgel`b`kaa alh`rdfgqnlqge a j`d}lajfgqnlqge,

Yròbmdmd" ~ js÷rqd dafŏ` ~damr~qċ wađ ofcflam" oqŏf j{mwsaf" g~q a lf abm

yr~mcwsf{agambm }r~đc÷{ dafws { Y`bwgm {wyamrfnč r`~{÷n {~`rlags{f nfj`

g~đŚċ yr~mdqwŏ} jrmfsq{lmk` `rf~ {qj`r~qws}nč {~`rlags{` %yr`nmjs`{flam! { s{`r~mla} a rmfba~fgna wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} wy`ŏmg~l`¤k`wy`cfrg~mk` dafws, S`

{wyfrgam nmws ofrc~` {fŲlm" kcqŲ `cy`{amcla` ~ffrflŲ`{flf a {qy`wfŲ`lf

yr~mwsr~mŃ y}obag~lf df {yŏq{ lf r`~{÷n dafwsf a yr`{fc~a c` y`yrf{q nfj`¤

Śga Ųqgaf damw~jfŃg÷{, C~ađja ~fws`w`{fla} cy`{amclamk` {~`rlags{f dafws`

lam sqbj` ~qwj}nm y`~qsq{lč fsd`whmrđ a h}ljgn`lfblč yr~mwsr~mŃ" fbm smŲ o}c}nm

wy÷nlq {a~mr}lmj" g` d`Ųm {yŏq{fċ lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ s}rqwsqg~lč" j`lj}rmlgqn¤

l`Śċ" {~r`ws al{mwsqgna a ‗ g` wađ ~ sqd {ačŲm ‗ yr~mjŏfcfċ wađ lf r`~{÷n k`wy`¤

cfrg~q damnwg`{`Śga,

[ lalamnw~qd rfy`rgam ođcč g~đws` yr~q{`ŏq{flm y`nđgaf" js÷rm {qdfkfnč

}yr~mclamk` ~cmla`{flaf,

Yr~mwsr~mŃ y}obag~lf ‗ lfbmŲq yr~m~ s` r`~}damċ òw~fr ` w~g~mk÷blqd ~lfg~m¤

la} cbf ~fwy`j`nmlaf y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{" y`yrf{q nfj`Śga age Ųqgaf a wyr~qnf¤

nčgq lf{ač~q{fla} j`lsfjs÷{ wy`ŏmg~lqge ~m {~kbđc} lf nmk` y`ŏ`Ųmlam `rf~

gmgeq h}ljgn`lfbl`¤yr~mwsr~mllm" `jrmŚb`lq { ws}ca}d }{fr}lj`{fŃ a jamr}l¤

j÷{ ~fk`wy`cfr`{flaf yr~mwsr~mllmk` kdalq6!,

6! ]wsf{f ~ claf ?; dfrgf ?997 r, ` ybfl`{fla} a ~fk`wy`cfr`{fla} yr~mwsr~mllqd,



6?

Yr~mdqwŏq jrmfsq{lm ‗ nmcl`~lfg~lm ~cmla`{flam smk` y`nđgaf nmws ofrc~`

sr}clm" {mcŏ}k Grmfsaxm Alc}wsramw Sfwj H`rgm" d`Ųlf nm `jrmŚbaċ nfj` c~af¤ŏfbl`Śċ" js÷rf df žr÷cŏ` { alcq{ac}fblmn jrmfsq{l`Śga" }damnđsl`Śgafge `rf~

sfbmlgam a {qjf~}nm y`smlgnfŏ c` s{`r~mlaf yr`c}js} a damnwg yrfgq y`yr~m~ km¤

lmr`{flam a {qj`r~qwsq{flam {ŏfwl`Śga alsmbmjs}fblmn?!, C` yr~mdqwŏ÷{ jrm¤

fsq{lqge d`Ųlf ~fbag~qċ> oaoba`smja" smfsr" d}~mf" c~amc~ags{` j}bs}r`{m" basm¤

rfs}rđ" d}~qjđ" h`s`krfđ" c~afŏfbl`Śċ {qcf{lag~č" yrfwđ" smbm{a~nđ" rmjbfdđ"

cmwakl" krq a l`{m dmcaf" oaŲ}smrađ" gmrfdajđ `rf~ r~mžođ7!,

[~`rlags{` damnwjam ‗ alsmrcqwgqybalfrlf c~amc~alf" js÷rf c`sqg~q sr÷n{q¤

dafr`{mk` yr`nmjs`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn a nmcl`g~mlaf {w~qwsjage wjŏf¤

cfnčgqge wađ lf lač mbmdmls÷{" ŏčg~čg { w`oam c~afŏflaf d,al,> frgeasmjs÷{"}roflaws÷{" frgeasmjs÷{ jrfn`orf~}" yr`nmjsfls÷{ {~`rlags{f" krfj÷{" j`l¤

wmr{fs`r÷{ ~foqsj÷{" frsqws÷{" wymgnfbaws÷{ `c srflwy`rs}" yrf{laj÷{ a {ŏfc~

wfd`r~čc`{qge, C~afŏflaf sm d}w~č oqċ ybfl`{flm a rmfba~`{flm ~ }{~kbđc¤

lamlamd y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{" ~fwfc mrk`l`daa" l`rd yrf{lqge a `krflag~mŃ

lflw`{qge `rf~ h}ljgn`lfbl`Śga" fsrfjgqnl`Śga" c`wsđyl`Śga a nfwl`Śga yr~mjf¤

~} %“j`d}lajfsq{l`Śga—! mbmdmls÷{ yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn3!,

?! ]lasmc Jalkc`d> Cmyfr sdmls h`r G}bs}rm" Dmcaf flc Wy`rs" ?996,

7! M}r`ymfl Gb}wsmr @owmrxfs`rq %?969!,

3! Y`r, E, Jflafwsf" Yr`nmjs`{flam yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn" essy>//{{{,cmwakl¤wabmwaf,yb/yr`nmjs`{flam¤yr~mwsr~mla¤

y}obag~lmn¤efllf¤jflafwsf,yey" `wsfslaf `cwŏ`lf ?;,9=,?966 r,



67

Kŏ÷{lm {la`wja ~ ofcfŃ

6, [~`rlags{` damnwjam f wsrfsmkam r`~{`n} dafws

Lfng~đŚgamn lf y`sr~moq s{`r~mlaf wsrfsmkaa y`{`ŏq{flm wč alsmrcqwgqybalfr¤f!

lm ~mwy`ŏq rò`g~m cbf jfŲcmn c~amc~alq %ly, c` wyrf{ `ger`lq Śr`c`{awjf"

k`wy`cfrja" j}bs}rq" frgeasmjs}rq" yamja ~cr`{`slmn" w~j`blags{f!, [ srfjgam

yrfg `rkfla~`{flm wč sfjŲm j`lw}bsfgnm/wy`sjflaf/{frw~sfsq b}o ofcflaf nf¤

j`Śga`{m ~ }c~afŏmd yr~mcwsf{agamba r÷Ųlqge Śr`c`{awj a alwsqs}gna" { sqd

yr~mcwsf{agamba yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ a ~ damw~jfŃgfda dafws,

Fljams`{fla yrfg`{lagq }r~đc÷{ dafws cmjbfr}nč" Ųm {~`rlags{` nmws {fŲ¤o! lqd lfr~đc~amd r`~{`n} k`wy`cfrg~mk " om~ js÷rmk` rmfba~fgnf g~đŚga ~fŏ`¤

Ų`lqge gmb÷{ wsrfsmkag~lqge nmws lamd`Ųba{f,

^ ofcfŃ {qlajf" Ųm smdfs {~`rlags{f lam nmws ~f~{qg~fn basmrfblam }nd`{flqg!

{ wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafwsf" g` d`Ųm wsfl`{aċ c`{÷c orfj} wsrfsmkag~lmk`

dqŚbmlaf ` {~`rlags{am damnwjad, Y`nf{afnč wađ `yalam" Ųm wsrfsmkaf dafwsf

nfj` c`j}dmls lam nmws lf sqbm w~g~mk÷ŏ`{f" foq ~f{r~mċ { lamn ~fkfclamlaf

c`sqg~čgm r`~{`n} {~`rlags{f ‗ }{~kbđclaf nmcqlam `k÷blm jamr}lja r`~{`¤

n} a y`cy`r~čcj`{flm ad gmbm" f lam `jrmŚb`lm c~afŏflaf,

Lam}{~kbđclaflam smdfs} {~`rlags{f { wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafws g~đws` wj}s¤c!j}nm orfjamd {qsqg~lqge rmk}b}nčgqge c~afŏflaf y`cmnd`{flm { sqd ow~f¤

r~m a ‗ g` wađ ~ sqd {ačŲm ‗ orfjamd j`ljrmslqge c~afŏfŃ { sqd ~fjrmwam,

[ {ađjw~`Śga }r~đc÷{ lam df {q`crđola`lmn nmcl`wsja" js÷rf oqŏfoq `cy`{am¤m!

c~afblf ~f gfŏ`jw~sfŏs {~`rlags{f { damŚgam" wyfnfŏf c~afŏflaf y`w~g~mk÷blqge

{qc~afŏ÷{ a cofŏf ` wy÷nl`Śċ cmwakl} { yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn, Lfng~đŚgamn

r÷Ųlm `wòq wč `cy`{amc~afblm ~f r÷Ųlm c~afŏflaf { òw~fr~m {~`rlags{f,

?, Yrfjsqja { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`^cflamd ofcflqge yr~mcwsf{agamba }r~đc÷{" lfn{ađjw~q {yŏq{ lf y`basqjđf!

c`sqg~čgč {~`rlags{f { dafwsfge dfnč òmglam {ŏfc~m b`jfblm/}r~đclagq

y`yr~m~ `cy`{amclam wsr}js}rq { }r~đc~am dafwsf" s~l, {qc~afŏq frgeasmjs`¤

lag~lm" }roflawsqg~lm" ybflawsqg~lm" r`~{`n} dafwsf" m{mls}fblam wsfl`{a¤

wj` ybfwsqjf damnwjamk`,

Frgeasmjga a yr`nmjsflga ònđga ofcflamd s{amrc~č" Ųm {yŏq{ }r~đclaj÷{ ~f¤o!

~{qg~fn lamy`wafcfnčgqge {qjw~sfŏgmlaf jamr}lj`{mk` nmws ~oqs c}Ųq a d`Ųm

lamj`r~qwslam `coanfċ wađ lf cmwaklam" wj}sj}nčg {qo`rmd lammwsmsqg~lqge"



63

lamh}ljgn`lfblqge" yr~qyfcj`{qge a lamc`ws`w`{flqge c` ò`{ač~}nčgmn

wsqbawsqja g~q gefrfjsmr} cflmk` òw~fr} mbmdmls÷{ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`,Hardq rmfba~}nčgm ~fd÷{amlaf ~ c~amc~alq {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` wč lfng~đ¤g!

Śgamn {qoamrflm { rfdfge yr~msfrk÷{ očcž j`lj}rw÷{,

^ {qy`{amc~a ofcflqge }r~đclaj÷{ {qlajf" Ųm h`rdč {qo`r} yr`nmjs÷{ a {q¤c!

j`lf{g÷{" js÷rf lfnbmyamn wŏ}Ųq r`~{`n`{a {~`rlags{f damnwjamk " wč j`lj}rwq,

Yr~msfrka" g~đws` `yamrfnčgm wađ lf jrqsmra}d lfnlaŲw~mn gmlq" wč `gmlaflm lm¤m!

kfsq{lam" nfj` wj}sj}nčgm {qo`rmd `hmrsq lfndlamn {frs`Śga`{mn y`c {~kbđ¤

cmd nfj`Śga,

Yfrslmrws{` y}obag~l`¤yrq{fslm nmws lamc`gmlaflqd a r~fcj` ws`w`{flqdh!

r`~{ač~flamd { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`" ge`ċ ~cflamd rmwy`lcml¤

s÷{ d`kŏòq ~fym{laċ mhmjsq{lč rmfba~fgnđ yr`nmjs÷{ yr~q `cgačŲmla} o}¤

cŲms÷{ dafws, C~afŏflam lf y`cwsf{am yfrslmrws{f y}obag~l`¤yrq{fslmk`

o}c~a nmclfj òf{q ~fr÷{l` ofcflqge }r~đclaj÷{" nfj a g~đŚga yr~mcwađ¤

oa`rg÷{" g` {qlajf ~ lamyrmgq~qnl`Śga rmk}bfgna yrf{lqge a lamc`wsfsmg~lmn

{amc~q sm`rmsqg~lmn a yrfjsqg~lmn { sqd smdfgam,

]r~đclagq cmjbfr`{fba" Ųm j`r~qwsfnč { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f ~ }wŏ}k yr`nmj¤k!

sfls÷{" f {qcfnčg `yalađ lf smdfs yr~mcwsf{a`lqge r`~{ač~fŃ" wsfrfnč wađ j`¤

r~qwsfċ ~ {amc~q a c`Ś{afcg~mlaf wymgnfbaws÷{ ~ c~amc~alq frgeasmjs}rq" }rof¤

lawsqja" ybfl`{flaf yr~mwsr~mllmk` a yr`nmjs`{flaf, [qsqy`{flm sč cr`kč

yr`nmjsq wč lfwsđylam ~fs{amrc~flm h`rdfblam lf j`bmnlqge w~g~mobfge {ŏfc~

damnwjage" g` ~lfg~lam wy`{fblaf yr`gmw yr`nmjs`{q,

7, Yr`d`gnf {~`rlags{f { rfdfge r`~{anflaf c~afŏfbl`Śga jrmfsq{lmn

{ sjflgm damnwjamn

[~`rlags{` nmws y`wsr~mkflm nfj` {fŲlq mbmdmls r`~{`n} orflŲ jrmfsq{lqgef!

{ dafwsfge ònđsqge ofcflamd" { ~{ač~j} ~ sqd }r~đcq y`cmnd}nč r÷Ųlmk`

r`c~fn} c~afŏflaf dfnčgm lf gmb} ~fym{lamlam wj}smg~lmk` {wyfrgaf cbf smn

c~amc~alq %ly, y`yr~m~ `rkfla~`{flam j`lj}rw÷{" {frw~sfs÷{" {qwsf{" mxml¤

s÷{ j}bs}rfblqge a wy`sjfŃ c`sqg~čgqge smdfsqja {~`rlags{f g~q ~fym{laf¤

lam rd`d {~`rlag~qd damnwg { yfrjfge smgel`b`kag~lqge!,

C~afŏflaf yr`d`gqnlm }r~đc÷{ wč gmlaflm y`~qsq{lam" nmclfj ~cflamd yr~mc¤o!

wađoa rg÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{ onđsqge ofcflamd ‗ {qdfkfnč ~alsmlwqj`{flaf,

[mcŏ}k yr~mcwsf{agamba Śr`c`{awj yr`nmjs`{qge" {ŏčg~flam mjwymrs÷{ c` yrfgg!

~mwy`ŏ÷{ }r~đclag~qge" yr~myr`{fc~flam w~j`bmŃ cbf }r~đclaj÷{ ~ ~fjrmw}

{~`rlags{f" alsmlwqjfgnf {wy÷ŏyrfgq ~ damnwg`{qda }g~mblafda {qŲw~qda



6=

`rf~ {q`crđolaflam alwsqs}gna `cy`{amc~afblqge ~f {~`rlags{` damnwjam

{yŏqlđŏòq lf ~{ađjw~mlam mhmjsq{l`Śga yr`d`{flaf smn c~amc~alq,

3, Y`wsr~mkflam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { y`bwjage dafwsfge

@gmlq damw~jfŃg÷{ a yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ { ~fjrmwam om~yamg~mŃws{f" c`wsđy¤f!

l`Śga cbf `w÷o lamymŏl`wyrf{lqge" }Ųqsmg~l`Śga g~q mwsmsqja yr~mwsr~mla

y}obag~lmn ~lfg~lam r÷Ųlaŏq wađ `c `gml }r~đclaj÷{" js÷r~q ~cmgqc`{flam

bmyamn `gmlafba w{`nm dafwsf y`c sqda {~kbđcfda, Ş{afcg~q s` ` sqd" Ųm y`da¤

d` cmjbfrfgna { {ađjw~`Śga }r~đc÷{ damnwjage lam ofcf wađ `yalaa a y`sr~mo

damw~jfŃg÷{ { mhmjsq{lq wy`w÷o,Ofcflaf `g~mja{fŃ damw~jfŃg÷{ yr`{fc~`lm yr~m~ }r~đcq damnwjam lam wčo!

nmw~g~m {qwsfrg~fnčgm" c`sqg~č {~`rlags{f { ~oqs `krflag~`lqd ~fjrmwam b}o

nmws age ~oqs dfŏ` %orfj ~falsmrmw`{flaf {ŏfc~ dafwsf yròbmdfda a y`sr~m¤

ofda damw~jfŃg÷{ a yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` cm¤

jbfr}nm g` sr~mga damw~jflamg dafwsf a g` cr}ka yr~mcwađoa`rgf" f lf y`sr~mođ

j`lw}bsfgna {wjf~}nm fŲ 13- ofcflqge { ò} kr}yfge!,

=, Oframrq { r`~{`n} cmwakl} damnwjamk`

@krflag~mlaf lflw`{m }r~đc÷{ dafws,f!

ôqs g~đwsm ws`w`{flam { `clamwamla} c` yr`nmjs÷{ y}obag~lqge yr~msfrk÷{"o!

{ js÷rqge kŏ÷{lqd jrqsmra}d nmws gmlf" `rf~ žbm ~`rkfla~`{flqge j`lj}r¤

w÷{ %g~đws` `s{frsqge!,

Orfj nfwlqge ~fwfc a {qsqg~lqge" c`sqg~čgqge {wy÷blmk` rmfba~`{flaf wsrfsmkaag!

r`~{`n} dafws yr~m~ }r~đcq" yr~mcwađoa`rws{f a wymgnfbaws÷{ ~ orflŲq {~`rlag~mn,

Orfj wqwsmdfsqg~lqge ofcfŃ y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{ a yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ { ~f¤c!

jrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`,

Orfj c~afŏfŃ dfnčgqge lf gmb} c`yrfg`{flam jrqsmra÷{ {qo`r} yr`nmjs÷{m!

a yr~myŏq{} alh`rdfgna { sqd ~fjrmwam,

Orfj rmk}bfgna yrf{lqge c`sqg~čgqge {~`rlags{f { yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmnh!

%js÷rm o`{ač~q{fŏqoq sfjŲm yrq{fslqge al{mws`r÷{/rmjbfd`cf{g÷{!,

Orfj Ś{afc`d`Śga lf smdfs j`r~qŚga {qlajfnčgqge ~ ~fws`w`{flaf cmwakl}k!

a {qlajfnčgmn wsčc y`sr~moq mc}j`{flaf wy`ŏmg~l`Śga b`jfblqge a }r~đcla¤

j÷{ { gmb} yr~qobaŲmlaf ~fkfclamlaf cmwakl} damnwjamk` a nmk` ~lfg~mlaf cbf

r`~{`n} dafws,



68

Y`cw}d`{}nčg" {Śr÷c damw~jfŃg÷{ a }r~đclaj÷{ d`Ųlf ~f}{fŲqċ r`$

wlčgm ~falsmrmw`{flam ~fr÷{l` smdfsmd {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`" nfj

a {~`rlags{f { `k÷bm, G`rf~ g~đŚgamn { y`bwjage dafwsfge d`Ųlf smŲ

c`wsr~mg ym{lm y`~qsq{lm ~daflq {a~mr}lj`{m a h}ljgn`lfblm" g~mk`

c`orqd yr~qjŏfcmd d`Ųm oqċ rm{asfba~fgnf Jrfj`{wjamk` Yr~mcdamŚgaf

{ [frw~f{am g~q {yr`{fc~mlam wy÷nlmk` wqwsmd} alh`rdfgna damnwjamn

{ Oambwj}$Oafŏmn, [frs` nmclfj ~f~lfg~qċ" Ųm { }r~đcfge damnwjage lf$

cfb orfj}nm j`d÷rmj `cy`{amc~afblqge ~f gfŏ`Śċ c~afŏfŃ c`sqg~čgqge

{~`rlags{f" yr~m~ g` yr~mcwađ{~ađgaf { sqd ~fjrmwam wč g~đws` hrfkdml$

sfrqg~lm" lamwy÷nlm" yr~qyfcj`{m a lam }{~kbđclafnč hfjsqg~lqge y`sr~mo

damw~jfŃg÷{, Y`sr~molm nmws {yr`{fc~mlam `cy`{amclage ~dafl yrf{$

lqge" js÷rm y`~{`bč lf }rmk}b`{flam c~afŏfŃ c`sqg~čgqge jw~sfŏs`{flaf

yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn, [fŲlm nmws smŲ }l`rd`{flam ~fwfc c`sqg~čgqge

yfrslmrws{f y}obag~l`$yrq{fslmk` { ~fjrmwam yr~mcwađ{~ađċ c`sqg~č$

gqge {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`,



6;

_mj`dmlcfgnm yr~qk`s`{flm { Alwsqs}gam [~`rlags{f

Yr~mdqwŏ`{mk`

6, _mj`dmlcfgnm cbf alwsqs}gna y}obag~lqge y`cmnd}nčgqge c~afŏflaf

{ ~fjrmwam r`~{`n} {~`rlags{f { dafwsfge

[yr`{fc~mlam wsrfsmkag~lqge ~fwfc a {qsqg~lqge c`sqg~čgqge jw~sfŏs`{flaff!

yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn ~ {qj`r~qwsflamd {~`rlags{f, Y`sr~molq nmws ~mwsf{

l`rd" js÷rq rmk}b`{fŏoq fjsq{l`Śċ }r~đc÷{ `rf~ `krflag~fŏoq c`{`bl`Śċ c~af¤

ŏfŃ yr~mcwađoa rg÷{ { sqd ~fjrmwam %fjs}fblam }r~đcq lam dfnč lfr~đc~a" c~ađja

js÷rqd d`Ųlf oq {yŏq{fċ lf cmwakl mbmdmls÷{ {qoamrflqge yr~m~ yrq{fslqge

al{mws`r÷{ g~q smŲ h`rdđ ~fdamw~g~flqge { yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn rmjbfd!,

[yr`{fc~mlam { }r~đcfge ~dafl c`sqg~čgqge jrqsmra÷{ yr~myr`{fc~flafo!

yr~msfrk÷{ a j`lj}rw÷{ {qo`r} {qj`lf{g÷{ ~bmgmŃ ~{ač~flqge o}c`{f¤

lamd w~mr`j` y`nđsmk` {a~mr}lj} dafwsf, Yr~msfrka y`{allq ~f{amrfċ {ađgmn

jrqsmra÷{ y`~fgml`{qge %nfj`Śċ" wy÷nl`Śċ" mrk`l`daf yr~mwsr~mla" h}ljgn`¤

lfbl`Śċ asy,!" j`lj}rwq ~fŚ d`kŏqoq oqċ `rkfla~`{flm { h`rdam ~fdjlađsmn

~f y`Śrmclags{md yr`hmwn`lfblqge alwsqs}gna ~fnd}nčgqge wađ c`rfc~s{md

{ ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f,

[yr`{fc~mlam rmk}bfgna yrf{lqge c`sqg~čgqge yfr slmrws{f y}obag~l`¤yrq¤g! {fslmk` { rfdfge c~afŏfŃ c`sqg~čgqge jw~sfŏs`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla damnwj amn,

D`kŏòq s` {yŏqlčċ lf òlaŲmlam j`w~s÷{ sfjage yr~mcwađ{~ađċ a {~r`ws

mhmjsq{l`Śga,

Yr~myr`{fc~flam wqwsmdfsqg~lqge ofcfŃ y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{ dafws %~{rf¤c!

gfnčg }{fkđ lf y`w~g~mk÷blm kr}yq" sfjam nfj> c~amga" wsfrwa" `wòq lamymŏl`¤

wyrf{lm asy,! { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`,

_`~y`g~đgam yr~m~ }r~đcq {wy÷ŏyrfgq ~ mjwymrgjada nmcl`wsjfda c`rfcg~q¤m!

da yr~q `yrfg`{q{fla} wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafws %{ sqd {~`rlags{f damnwjam¤

k` a yr~mdqwŏ÷{ jrmfsq{lqge!" yr~myr`{fc~fla} yr~msfrk÷{" j`lj}rw÷{`rf~ {w~qwsjage allqge c~afŏfŃ ~{ač~flqge ~ jw~sfŏs`{flamd yr~mwsr~mla

damnwjamn, [yŏqlam s` y`~qsq{lam lf yr`hmwn`lfba~fgnđ c~afŏfŃ }r~đc÷{ damn¤

wjage { sqd ~fjrmwam,

[ŏčg~mlam yr`hmwn`lfblqge yr`nmjsfls÷{ c` yrfg }r~đc÷{ lfc ybflfda r`~¤h!

{`n} {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`,

S{`r~mlam { }r~đcfge damnwjage crđolqge j`d÷rmj cy`{amc~afblqge ~f gfŏ`Śċk!

{~`rlags{f damnwjamk`" g` {yŏqlam lf efrd`la~fgnđ c~afŏfŃ { sqd ~fjrmwam,



65

_`~y`g~đgam {wy÷ŏyrfgq }r~đc÷{ damnwjage ~ }g~mblafda {qŲw~qda" w~g~m¤e!

k÷blam ~m ws}cmlsfda jamr}lj÷{ sfjage" nfj> frgeasmjs}rf" frgeasmjs}rf jrf¤ nòrf~} a {~`rlags{` yr~mdqwŏ`{m, [fŲlm ođc~am sfjŲm ~{rfgflam {ađjw~mn

}{fka lf smdfsq c`sqg~čgm {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` y`cg~fw s{`r~mlaf yr`¤

krfd÷{ ws}ca÷{ lf sqge jamr}ljfge,

Mc}j`{flam damw~jfŃg÷{ dafws { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` a {~`r¤a!

lags{f { `k÷bm y`yr~m~ `rkfla~fgnđ r÷Ųlmk` r`c~fn} {qwsf{" j`lhmrmlgna"

{frw~sfs÷{ a sfrk÷{,

@rkfla~`{flam w~j`bmŃ ~ c~amc~alq {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` cbf yrfg`{laj÷{ n!

}r~đc÷{ dafws" g` {yŏqlam lf ~{ađjw~mlam age Ś{afc`d`Śga { sqd ~fjrmwam

`rf~ yr`hmwn`lfba~fgnđ c~afŏfŃ,

?, _mj`dmlcfgnm cbf yr~mcwađoa`rws{ a c`wsf{g÷{ }wŏ}k yr`nmjs`{qge

J`r~qwsflam ~ c`rfc~s{f yr`hmwn`lfblqge alwsqs}gna `rf~ ~fsr}claflam yr`nmjsfl¤f!

s÷{ yr~q rmfba~fgna ~fd÷{amŃ y}obag~lqge" {yŏq{fnčgqge lf {a~mr}lmj dafwsf,

]{~kbđclaflam y`sr~mo r÷Ųlqge kr}y }Ųqsj`{laj÷{ %c~amga" `wòq wsfrw~m"o!

`wòq lamymŏl`wyrf{lm asy,! yr~q yr`nmjs`{fla} a `yrfg`{q{fla} mbmdmls÷{

yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn,

Orflam y`c }{fkđ gefrfjsmr} `s`g~mlaf y`cg~fw rmfba~fgna ~fd÷{amŃ c`sq¤g!

g~čgqge y`nmcqlg~qge mbmdmls÷{ yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn,

^{rfgflam }{fka lf wy÷nl`Śċ ~ yr~mwsr~mlač y}obag~lč yr~q rmfba~fgna al{m¤c!

wsqgna yrq{fslqge %{ sqd rmjbfd`{qge!,

W~g~mk÷blm }{~kbđclaflam sfjage {ŏfŚga{`Śga" nfj> h}ljgn`lfbl`Śċ" mrk`l`¤m!

daf a j`d}lajfsq{l`Śċ { yr`nmjsfge mbmdmls÷{ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`,

C`jw~sfŏgflam wađ { ~fjrmwam cmwakl} damnwjamk` y`yr~m~ }g~mwslags{` { `c¤h!

y`{amclage {qwsf{fge" sfrkfge" {frw~sfsfge asy,



61

@yaw dms`c`b`kag~lq

6, Gmbm ofcflaf

Kŏ÷{lqd gmbmd ofcflaf oqŏ` }~qwjflam alh`rdfgna c`sqg~čgqge lfwsđy}nčgqge

j{mwsaa>

{wyamrflam r`~{`n} {~`rlags{f nfj` g~qllajf dfnčgmk` {yŏq{ lf r`~{÷nº

k`wy`cfrg~q dafwsf"

ws`w`{flam {~`rlags{f nfj` g~qllajf y`cl`w~čgmk` nfj`Śċ Ųqgaf damw~jfŃ¤º

g÷{ dafws" y`yr~m~ j`r~qwsflam ~ }wŏ}k yr`nmjsfls÷{ yr~q rmfba~fgna ~fd÷¤

{amŃ }wŏ}k y}obag~lqge %ly, yr`nmjs`{flaf wqwsmd} alh`rdfgna" dmoba damn¤wjage" ~fk`wy`cfr`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla asc,!,

?, _mfba~fgnf ofcflaf

Ofcflam wjŏfcfŏ` wađ ~ c{÷ge g~đŚga> nfj`Śga`{mn a ab`Śga`{mn, ^`wsfŏ` yr~myr`¤

{fc~`lm `c 5 b}smk` c` 79 dfrgf ?966 r`j},

G~đŚċ nfj`Śga`{f ofcflaf ~`wsfŏf ~rmfba~`{flf dms`cč alcq{ac}fblqge {q¤º

{afc÷{ y`kŏđoa`lqge %ACA! lf ŏčg~lmn yr÷oam L478 a `onđŏf lfwsđy}nčgm sr~qkr}yq rmwy`lcmls÷{>

yr~mcwsf{agamba {qorflqge }r~đc÷{ dafws" `cy`{amc~afblqge ~f {~`rlag¤  

s{` %L468 ACA!"

frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{ dfnčgqge c`Ś{afcg~mlam { ~fjrmwam yr`nmj¤  

s`{flaf cbf }r~đc÷{ dafws %L469 ACA!: { {ađjw~`Śga oqba s` {ŏfŚgagambm

a {wy÷ŏ{ŏfŚgagambm yrfg`{la/oa}r yr`nmjs`{qge"

cmgq~qnlqge yr~mcwsf{agamba yr~mcwađoa`rws{" js÷rqge rdq Ś{afcg~qŏq  

}wŏ}ka cbf dafwsf a nmk` damw~jfŃg÷{ { c~amc~alam {~`rlags{f" { ~fjrmwam`s{frsqge yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lqge" dmoba damnwjage `rf~ wqwsmd÷{ alh`r¤

dfgna damnwjamn %L469 ACA!,

[q{afcq oqŏq yr~myr`{fc~flm lf smrmlam gfŏmn Y`bwja,

G~đŚċ ab`Śga`{f ofcflaf ~`wsfŏf ~rmfba~`{flf dms`cč {q{afc÷{ smbmh`lag~¤º

lqge {wy`dfkflqge j`dy}smr`{` %GFSA! lf ŏčg~lmn yr÷oam L439? a `onđŏf

lfwsđy}nčgm sr~q kr}yq rmwy`lcmls÷{>



?9

yr~mcwsf{agamba {qb`w`{flqge }r~đc÷{ dafws `cy`{amc~afblqge ~f {~`rlag¤  

s{` %L41; GFSA!: { nmclqd }r~đc~am rmfba~`{fl` nmcml {q{afc: y`c~afŏ lf {ambj`Śga damnwg`{`Śga damr~`lm bag~oč damw~jfŃg÷{> c` ?9 sqw, damw~jfŃg÷{

L47?" ?9‗=9 sqw, damw~jfŃg÷{ L435 rf~ y`{, =9 sqw, damw~jfŃg÷{ L46;"

ymŏl`bmslage damw~jfŃg÷{ dafws %L4?63 GFSA!: yr÷of oqŏf j`lsr`b`{flf  

y`c {~kbđcmd {ambj`Śga damnwg`{`Śga damr~`lmn bag~oč damw~jfŃg÷{ %c`

699 sqw, damw~jfŃg÷{ L481" 696‗=99 sqw, damw~jfŃg÷{ L4;5 `rf~ y`{,

=99 sqw, damw~jfŃg÷{ L48;!"

cmgq~qnlqge yr~mcwsf{agamba yr~mcwađoa rws{" js÷rm Ś{afcg~qŏq }wŏ}ka { ~f¤  

jrmwam {~`rlags{f cbf dafwsf %L416 GFSA!: yr÷of oqŏf j`lsr`b`{flf ~m

{~kbđc} lf orflŲđ %yr~mdqwŏ" eflcmb" }wŏ}ka! `rf~ {ambj`Śċ rdq" damr~`lč

bag~oč ~fsr}cla`lqge yrfg`{laj÷{ %y`{, 699 yrfg`{laj÷{ L4??" =6‗699

yrfg`{laj÷{ L4?9" 66‗=9 yrfg`{laj÷{ L4?=" c` 69 yrfg`{laj÷{ L4?3!,

Yr÷of { g~đŚga ab`Śga`{mn ofcflaf òmnd`{fŏf gfŏč Y`bwjđ a oqŏf j`lsr`b`{flf

or~mk`{` ~m {~kbđc} lf {`nm{÷c~s{f,

Lf msfyam rmfba~fgna ofcflaf { }r~đcfge lfy`sjfl` yròbmdq rmjr}sfgqnlm" wy`¤

{`c`{flm y`c~afŏmd j`dymsmlgna { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f { dafwsfge, Kŏ÷{¤

lqd jrqsmra}d rmjr}sfgqnlqd { smn kr}yam ofcflqge oqŏ` ~fnd`{flam wađ { lfn¤

{ađjw~qd ws`yla} {~`rlags{md { damŚgam, Y`cg~fw rmjr}sfgna `jf~fŏ` wađ" Ųm~fflkfŲ`{flam r÷Ųlqge j`d÷rmj `rkfla~fgqnlqge }r~đc÷{ { c~afŏflaf ~{ač¤

~flm ~m wsrfsmkač dafwsf `rf~ {~`rlags{md wyrf{af" aŲ { }r~đcfge lam df lf

`k÷ŏ nmclmn `wòq dfnčgmn j`dybmjw`{č {amc~đ { ò} smdfsfge, Y`lfcs` {ađj¤

w~`Śċ rmwy`lcmls÷{ cmjbfr`{fŏf" Ųm nmws `cy`{amc~afblf nmcqlam ~f {qorflm

c~afŏflaf { òw~fr~m {~`rlags{f,

[ rm~}bsfgam" { ofcfla} {~ađba }c~afŏ lfg~mblagq a cqrmjs`r~q {qc~afŏ÷{ a oa}r"

jamr`{lagq rmhmrfs÷{ `rf~ ybfwsqgq damnwgq" ~fsr}clamla { nmcl`wsjfge }r~đc÷{

~{ač~flqge ~ lfwsđy}nčgqda jamr}ljfda> mwsmsqjf" yr~mwsr~mŃ y}obag~lf" fr¤

geasmjs}rf" }roflawsqjf" o}c`{lags{`" ybfl`{flam yr~mwsr~mllm" ybfl`{flamwsrfsmkag~lm" wsrfsmkaf dafwsf" r`~{÷n dafwsf" yr`nmjsq wsr}js}rfblm" j}bs}rf"

yr`d`gnf" alh`rdfgnf,

[q{afcq ACA ~`wsfŏq yr~myr`{fc~`lm { lfwsđy}nčgqge 68 dafwsfge> Oafŏqws`j"

KcfŃwj" Kcqlaf" K`r~÷{ [ambj`y`bwja" Jfs`{agm" Jambgm" Jrfj÷{" ņ`dŲf" ņ÷cž"

@y`bm" Y`~lfŃ" _~mw~÷{" W~g~mgal" S`r}Ń" [frw~f{f" [r`gŏf{,



[~`rlags{` damnwjam f wsrfsmkaf r`~{`n} dafws

6,



??

6, [~`rlags{` damnwjam f wsrfsmkaf r`~{`n} dafws

6,6, Gmbm wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafws a rmka`l÷{

Wsrfsmkaf nmws `k÷blqd ~fyawmd cmla}nčgqd {a~nđ" dawnđ a jamr}lja r`~{`n}

dafwsf,

Kŏ÷{lm gmbm wsrfsmkaa dafws" {qdamlaflm yr~m~ }r~đclaj÷{" j`lgmlsr}nč wađ lfn¤

g~đŚgamn lf jabj} òw~frfge> {~r`Śgam fsrfjgqnl`Śga k`wy`cfrg~mn dafws ‗ yr~m~

g` ofcfla r`~}damnč {~r`ws fsrfjgqnl`Śga al{mwsqgqnlmn a s}rqwsqg~lmn ‗ w~mr`j`

r`~}daflqd r`~{`n} wy`ŏmg~lqd a y`yrf{am nfj`Śga Ųqgaf damw~jfŃg÷{ `rf~

jw~sfŏs`{fla} yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn, Gmbm sm wč srfjs`{flm r÷{l`r~đclam" nfj`}~}ymŏlafnčgm wađ,

“_`~{÷n k`wy`cfrja all`{fgqnlmn" y`cl`w~mlam fsrfjgqnl`Śga al{mwsqgqnlmn" ~{ađjw~mlam

~lfg~mlaf dafwsf nfj` `Śr`cjf {amc~q" j}bs}rq" s}rqwsqja a wy`rs}, Y`yrf{f nfj`Śga Ųqgaf

`rf~ fsrfjgqnl`Śga yr~mwsr~mla a frgeasmjs}rq dafwsf ‗ s` nmws s`" g` dlam lfnofrc~amn alsm¤

rmw}nm—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

“Lfw~ y`c~afŏ lf sr~q yra`rqsmsq oqŏ ~lfg~lam {qyr~mc~fnčgq sđ c~awafn c`wqċ y`{w~mgelč

dflamrđ lf gfŏqd òw~fr~m ]laa M}r`ymnwjamn" o` c~awafn yrfjsqg~lam {w~qwsjam }lanlm

wsrfsmkam r`~{`n} `yamrfnč wađ {ŏfŚlam lf sqge sr~mge j`dy`lmlsfge> k`wy`cfrjf" wy`ŏm¤

g~mŃws{` a yr~mwsr~mŃ, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

Awslamnč r÷Ųlagm { wsrfsmkafge dafws a rmka`l÷{" js÷rm {qlajfnč ~ r÷Ųlqge y`¤

sr~mo `rf~ d`Ųba{`Śga lflw`{qge" lamdlamn nmclfj g~qla`lm wč wsfrflaf" foq

gmbm wsrfsmkaa dafws a wsrfsmkaa b`jfblqge oqŏq d`Ųba{am nfj lfnofrc~amn ~obaŲ`lm

a }~}ymŏlafŏq wađ" ge`gafŲ lam nmws s` {qdfkflm yr~myawfda,

“Wč g~smrq y`crmka`lq" js÷rm gefrfjsmrq~}nč wađ g~qdŚ ~}ymŏlam allqd" {ađg yr~qnđs`

‗ nfj` còrč yrfjsqjđ ‗ Ųmoq sm wsrfsmkam laŲw~mk` r~đc}" g~qba wsrfsmkam b`jfblm" oqŏq

~k`clm ~m wsrfsmkafda {qŲw~mk` r~đc}—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

^m {~kbđc} lf y`~a`d `k÷bl`Śga smk` c`j}dmls}" wsrfsmkam r`~{`n} dafws lfn¤

g~đŚgamn lam }{~kbđclafnč y`w~g~mk÷blqge òw~fr÷{ ‗ { sqd {~`rlags{f ‗ a j`l¤

jrmslqge ~fcfŃ" yr~m~ js÷rm gmbm wsrfsmkag~lm dfnč oqċ `wačklađsm,

6,?, Y`cda`sq ~fflkfŲ`{flm { s{`r~mlam wsrfsmkaa dafws

Ofcfla yr~mcwsf{agambm }r~đc÷{ ~f~lfg~fnč" Ųm wsrfsmkaf dafwsf c`sqg~q {amb}

c~amc~al Ųqgaf" { ~{ač~j} ~ g~qd { nmn s{`r~mla} }c~afŏ oa`rč yr~mcwsf{agambm

r÷Ųlqge orflŲ a wymgnfba~fgna `rf~ bacmr~q kr}y wy`ŏmg~lqge,



?7

[ađjw~`Śċ }r~đclaj÷{ `cy`{amc~afblqge ~f {~`rlags{` cmjbfr}nm" Ųm cbf age

dafwsf smk` sqy} c`j}dmls h}ljgn`l}nm" nmclfj y`ŏ`{f ofcflqge lam orfŏf om~¤y`Śrmclamk` }c~afŏ} { yrfgfge yr~q nmk` `yrfg`{q{fla},

Lam

Sfj

Lam

Sfj;-

=9- =9-

17-

űr÷cŏ`> Ofcflam {ŏfwlm

Lfng~đŚgamn lf y`sr~moq s{`r~mlaf wsrfsmkaa y`{`ŏq{flm wč c}Ųm alsmrcqwgqyba¤

lfrlm ~mwy`ŏq rò`g~m cbf jfŲcmn c~amc~alq %ly, cw, `ger`lq Śr`c`{awjf" k`¤

wy`cfrja" j}bs}rq" `yamja ~cr`{`slmn" w~j`blags{f!" { srfjgam ~fŚ yrfg `rkfla¤

~`{flm wč j`lw}bsfgnm/wy`sjflaf/{frw~sfsq b}o ofcflaf nfj`Śga`{m ~ }c~afŏmd

yr~mcwsf{agamba r÷Ųlqge Śr`c`{awj a alwsqs}gna" { sqd yr~mcwsf{agamba yr~mcwađ¤

oa`rg÷{ a ~ damw~jfŃgfda dafws,

@yrfg`{}nčg wsrfsmkađ" }r~đcq ws`w}lj`{` g~đws` j`r~qwsfnč sfjŲm ~ {amc~q

mjwymrs÷{ ~m{lđsr~lqge %ly, yr~mcwsf{agamba nmcl`wsmj lf}j`{qge" `rkfla¤

~fgna ~r~mw~fnčgqge kr}yq ~f{`c`{m asy,!, ^cfr~f wađ" Ųm ws{`r~mlam wsrfsmkaa

r`~{`n} dafwsf y`{amr~f wađ {qwymgnfba~`{flqd rd`d ~m{lđsr~lqd" js÷rm

{wy÷ŏyrfg}nč ~ {q~lfg~`lqda kr}yfda rò`g~qda" { sqd ~ }r~đclajfda, Y`¤

~{fbf s` lf ~f`w~g~đc~mlam g~fw} }r~đclaj÷{" js÷r~q lam wč yr~qk`s`{fla c`

wyrf{lmk` yr~qk`s`{flaf wj`dybaj`{flmk` ‗ ~cflamd lamjs÷rqge ‗ c`j}dml¤

s}, ^f}{fŲ`l` nmclfj" Ųm mhmjsmd yrfg rdq ~m{lđsr~lmn d`Ųm oqċ c`j}dmls

lam}{~kbđclafnčgq r~mg~q{awsqge y`sr~mo b`jfblqge wy`ŏmg~l`Śga" g` {qlajf

~ orfj} c`wsfsmg~lmn {amc~q lf smdfs wymgqja dafwsf,

@omgl`Śċ allqge" y`~f frgeasmjsfda a yr`nmjsflsfda" yr~mcwsf{agamba yr~mdqwŏ}

jrmfsq{lmk` nmws ws`w}lj`{` lam{ambjf, OrflŲf sf rfg~mn lam oqŏf {qdamlaf¤

lf yr~m~ rmwy`lcmls÷{ {q{afc÷{ alcq{ac}fblqge wy`lsflag~lam" ge`ċ ~cfr~f

[qjrmw 6

Y`wafcflam yr~m~ dafwsf wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} %rm$wy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!

G~q cbf Yflf/Yfla dafwsf nmws `yrfg`{flf wsrfsmkaf r`~$

{`n}0 %L41;!

[qjrmw ?

_`~jŏfc ofcflmn yr÷oq }r~đclaj÷{" ~m {~kbđc}lf }g~mwslags{` { s{`r~mla} wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n}dafwsf %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!

G~q orfŏ/f Yfl/Yfla }c~afŏ { yrfgfge lfc wsrfsmkač r`~{` $

n} dafwsf0 %`wòq" js÷rm { y`yr~mclad yqsfla} `cy`{afcf$

ŏq s{amrc~čg`: L419!



?3

wađ" Ųm { `yrfg`{q{fla} wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafwsf oa`rč }c~afŏ yr~mcwsf{agambm

j}bs}rq a w~s}ja %cqrmjs`r~q smfsr÷{" oaoba`smj" `oamjs÷{ ~foqsj`{qge g~q smŲyrfg`{lagq fkmlgna rmjbfd`{qge" ly, { ~mwy`bm `cy`{amc~afblqd ~f yr`d`gnđ

dafwsf!, Lamjs÷r~q ofcfla }r~đclagq cmjbfr`{fba" Ųm lam{ambja }c~afŏ yr~mcwsf¤

{agamba yr~mdqwŏ} jrmfsq{lmk` { `yrfg`{q{fla} wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafws nmws

wy`{`c`{flq orfjamd j`lw`bacfgna smk` Śr`c`{awjf ‗ orflŲm jrmfsq{lm oqŏq

`omglm yr~mcm {w~qwsjad ~f y`Śrmclags{md ~r~mw~fnčgqge nm alwsqs}gna" sfjage

nfj> Y`bwja ^{ač~mj Frsqws÷{ Ybfwsqj÷{" Ws`{fr~qw~mlam Frgeasmjs÷{ Y`bwjage

b}o {ŏfc~ }g~mbla fr sqwsqg~lqge %Fjfcmdaf W~s}j Yađjlqge!,

Lfnwŏfow~č r`bđ { s{`r~mla} wsrfsmkaa dafws {w~qwgq rmwy`lcmlga yr~qyawfba

damw~jfŃg`d `rf~ yr~mcwađoa`rg`d b`jfblqd, Kr}yq sm lam lfbmŲč c` ~mwy`ŏ÷{yr`nmjs`{qge" bmg~ wč ~fyrfw~flm c` j`lw}bsfgna wy`ŏmg~lqge lf msfyam yrfg lfc

wsrfsmkač, LfbmŲq ~f}{fŲqċ" Ųm { g~đŚga nfj`Śga`{mn ofcflaf" js÷rf }d`Ųba{a¤

ŏf y`~lflam wy`lsflag~lqge `cy`{amc~a" damw~jfŃgq a yr~mcwađoa`rgq lam oqba

{qdamlafla { yamr{w~mn j`bmnl`Śga nfj` y`cda`sq ~fflkfŲ`{flm { s{`r~mlam

wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n},

[qjrmw 7

Kr}yq" js÷rm orfŏq }c~afŏ { `yrfg`{fla} wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafwsf %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!

G~q y`w~g~mk÷blm kr}yq orfŏq }c~afŏ { `yrfg`{fla} wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafwsf0 %`cy`{afcfba }r~đclagq" js÷r~q orfba }c~afŏ{ yrfgfge lfc wsrfsmkač r`~{`n} dafwsf" `cg~qs q{flf jfhmsmraf `cy`{amc~a: L43=!


[mcŏ}k cmjbfrfgna }r~đclaj÷{ oa`rčgqge }c~afŏ { ab`Śga`{mn g~đŚga ofcflaf"

b`jfbla yr~mcwađoa`rgq a damw~jfŃgq { {ađjw~`Śga yr~qyfcj÷{ }g~mwslag~qba

{ `yrfg`{q{fla} wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafwsf, LfbmŲq nmclfj damċ lf }{fc~m" Ųm

c` sfj r`~}daflmk` }g~mwslags{f }r~đclagq d`kba ~fbag~fċ ly, r÷Ųlmk` r`c~fn}

j`lw}bsfgnm wy`ŏmg~lm" f lam fjsq{lm yrfgm yr~q `yrfg`{q{fla} wfdmn wsrfsmkaa,

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Lam {amdLamSfj

Alla yr~mcwsf{agambm yr~mdqwŏ÷{ jrmfsq{lqge

Frgeasmjga/yr`nmjsflga

Mjwymrga/~m{lđsr~la j`lw}bsflga

Damw~jfŃgq

B`jfbla yr~mcwađoa`rgq

[ŏfc~m b`jfblm/}r~đclagq 699-

5;- ;- ;-

53- 1- ;-

;8- ?9- 3-

;6- ?9- 1-

39- 31- 66-



?=

6,7, [~`rlags{` damnwjam { wsrfsmkaa dafws a rmka`l÷{" a {yŏq{ {~`rlag$

s{f lf dafwsf]g~mwslagq ofcflaf nfj`Śga`{mk` rmyrm~mls}nčgq yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ a }r~đclaj÷{

r`~}damnč {~`rlags{` damnwjam nfj` ~fk`wy`cfr`{flam yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn

a frflŲfgnđ dafwsf y`yr~m~ {qy`wfŲmlam k` { sr{fŏm a fsrfjgqnlm h`rdq }Ųqsj`¤

{m" c`yfw`{flm c` gefrfjsmr} dafwsf a y`cjrmŚbfnčgm nmk` s`Ųwfd`Śċ, Yr~mnf¤

{af wađ `l` { {amb} c~amc~alfge" s~l,> dfŏmn frgeasmjs}r~m" dmobfge damnwjage"

alhrfwsr}js}r~m cr`k`{mn a srflwy`rs`{mn" damnwgfge ~amb`lqge { damŚgam" gač¤

kfge j`d}lajfgqnlqge cbf yamw~qge" wqwsmdam alh`rdfgna damnwjamn asy,

“Gfŏ`jw~sfŏs c~afŏfŃ df lf gmb} c`yfw`{flam {~fnmdlqge wjŏfc`{qge mbmdmls÷{ { nmc¤

lč gfŏ`Śċ lf òw~fr~m j`ljrmslmn" {qorflmn yr~mwsr~mla—, %yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

“Nmws s` yr`gmw s{÷rg~q ‗ jrm`{flaf" ~fk`wy`cfr`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla { sfja wy`w÷o" Ųmoq

oqŏf fsrfjgqnlf" wymŏlafŏf w{`nč h}ljgnđ" Ųmoq damw~jfŃgq gegamba a }damba ~ lamn j`r~q¤

wsfċ—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

^cflamd {ađjw~`Śga ofcflqge }r~đclaj÷{" {~`rlags{` nmws òmglm { wsrfsmkaa

dafws y`Śrmcla`" nfj` mbmdmls" om~ js÷rmk` lam nmws d`Ųba{f j`dybmslf rmfba¤

~fgnf wsrfsmkag~lqge gmb÷{" sfjage nfj> y`yrf{f wsfl} yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn

g~q nfj`Śga Ųqgaf damw~jfŃg÷{" nmclfj lam nmws }{~kbđcla`lm nfj` `wòlq ~fyaw

{ c`j}dmlgam, Y`nf{afnč wađ `yalam" Ųm wsrfsmkaf dafwsf nfj` c`j}dmls lam nmws

lf sqbm w~g~mk÷ŏ`{f" foq ~f{r~mċ { lamn ~fkfclamlaf c`sqg~čgm r`~{`n} {~`r¤lags{f ‗ }{~kbđclaf nmcqlam `k÷blm jamr}lja r`~{`n} a y`cy`r~čcj`{flm ad

gmbm, ]r~đclaj`d {qcfnm wađ `g~q{awsm" Ųm cmwakl damnwja d}wa oqċ orflq y`c

}{fkđ yr~q jw~sfŏs`{fla} w~mr`j` r`~}daflmn `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~¤

lmn" y`lam{fŲ y`yrf{af nfj`Śċ h}ljgn`l`{flaf { `s`g~mla}" f sfjŲm o}c}nm {a¤

~mr}lmj dafwsf a rmka`l}" cmgqc}nčg ` nmk` gefrfjsmr~m" mwsmsqgm a }lajfbl`Śga,

^ {qy`{amc~a yrfg`{laj÷{ }r~đc÷{ dafws d`Ųlf {q{la`wj`{fċ" Ųm cmwakl

damnwja nmws y`wsr~mkflq ofrc~` {čwj`" sn, nmcqlam { jfsmk`rafge mwsmsqg~lqge"

f lam nfj` wsrfsmkaf wŏ}Ųčgf y`cl`w~mla} h}ljgn`lfbl`Śga" j`lj}rmlgqnl`Śga g~q

all`{fgqnl`Śga smrml÷{ damnwjage { fwymjsfge sfjage" nfj ly,> ~fk`wy`cfr`{f¤lam yr~mwsr~mla" `hmrsf j}bs}rfblf" alhrfwsr}js}rf cbf yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ asy,

“[ wsrfsmkaa nmws {yawflm sqbj` s`" Ųm lfw~m dafws` y`{all` `rkfla~`{fċ adyrm~đ ~{ač~f¤

lč ~ cmwaklmd dafwsf" df s` oqċ {qcfr~mlam j}bs}rfblm" js÷rm oqŏòq sfjad bfo`rfs`ra}d

l`{`g~mwlqge a all`{fgqnlqge r`~{ač~fŃ }roflawsqg~lqge—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

[ `yalaa lamjs÷rqge }r~đclaj÷{ ~fnd}nčgqge wađ {~`rlags{md damnwjad" lam¤

}{~kbđclamlam { wsrfsmkaa ~fyaw} c`sqg~čgmk` {~`rlags{f wj}sj}nm orfjamd

{qsqg~lqge g` c` c~afŏfŃ { sqd òw~fr~m" f g` wađ ~ sqd {ačŲm ‗ orfjamd j`l¤

jrmslqge c~afŏfŃ, ]nđgam smn smdfsqja { c`j}dmlgam wsrfsmkag~lqd lam sqbj`



?8

}ŏfs{aŏòq yrfgđ }r~đclaj÷{" fbm smŲ {yŏqlđŏòq j`r~qwslam lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ

a r`~{÷n dafwsf" h}ljgn`lfbl`Śċ yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn `rf~ y`~a`d Ųqgaf damw~¤jfŃg÷{" c~ađja {yr`{fc~mla} c` yr~mwsr~mla yr~mdqŚbflqge mbmdmls÷{ s{`r~č¤

gqge wy÷nlq wqwsmd, G~fwfda {wjf~÷{ja c`sqg~čgm {~`rlags{f wč yrfg`{q{f¤

lm yr~m~ }r~đclaj÷{ b}o }ge{fbflm yr~m~ rfcđ dafwsf a ~fyawq{flm { ybflfge

al{mwsqgqnlqge b}o wsrfsmkafge {qj`lf{g~qge a `ymrfgqnlqge,

[qlaja ofcflaf ab`Śga`{mk` {wjf~}nč" Ųm ~lfg~lf {ađjw~`Śċ yrfg`{laj÷{

`cy`{amc~afblqge ~f {~`rlags{` { }r~đcfge dafws nmws ~k`clf g` c` smk`" aŲ

frflŲfgnf a `yrf{f yr~mwsr~mla df rmfblq {yŏq{ lf r`~{÷n dafwsf" ge`ċ lamdfb

6/= lam c`wsr~mkf sfjamk` ~{ač~j},

[qjrmw 3

@yalam lf smdfs {yŏq{} y`basqja dafwsf" ~{ač~flmn ~ frflŲfgnč a `yrf{č yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn" lfr`~{÷n dafws %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!

G~q mbmdmlsq y`basqj a dafwsf" ~{ač~flmn ~ frflŲfgnč a `yrf{č yr~mwsr~mla damnwjage" dfnč Yflf/Yfla ~cflamd rmfblq {yŏq{

lf r`~{÷n dafwsf0 %`cy`{afcfba }r~đclagq dafws" cbf j s÷rqge nmws yrfg`{flf wsrfsmkaf r`~{`n}: L419!


_÷{lamŲ { `gmlam frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{ r`~{÷n {~`rlags{f df ~lfg~čgq

{yŏq{ lf dafwsf, Age ~cflamd" c~ađja ~fws`w`{fla} h}ljgn`lfblqge a mwsmsqg~¤

lqge h`rd }Ųqsj`{qge a ~fym{lamla} damnwg c` cy`g~qlj} { yr~qnmdlqd s`¤

g~mla}" dafwsf o}c}nč y`~qsq{lq jbadfs" wsfnč wađ yr~qnf~lm damw~jfŃg`d, Y`¤

lfcs` mbmdmlsq {~`rlags{f lam sqbj` y`dfkfnč { `ramlsfgna { damŚgam" ymŏlačgh}ljgnđ }Ųqsj`{č" fbm ~frf~md jw~sfŏs}nč {a~mr}lmj dafwsf a d`kč {yŏq{fċ lf

nmk` fsrfjgqnl`Śċ s}rqwsqg~lč,

[ `yalaa lamjs÷rqge frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{" { Y`bwgm {yŏq{ r`~{`n} {~`r¤

lags{f lf dafwsf nmws nmclfj nmw~g~m ~oqs dfŏq, D`Ųm s` {qlajfċ ~ orfj} `cy`¤

{amclamn nmcl`wsja { wsr}js}rfge dafws" js÷rf oqŏfoq yr~qk`s`{flf dmrqs`rqg~¤

lam c` `gmlq yr`nmjs÷{,

“Yr~mwsr~mŃ" { js÷rmn Ųqnmdq" `cc~afŏ}nm lf lfw ofrc~` wablam, NmwsmŚdq { g~đŚga sfgq"

nfjf nmws yr~mwsr~mŃ" js÷rf lfw `sfg~f, G~q `lf nmws còrf" yr~qnf~lf" {qk`clf" {mw`ŏf"

Lam

Sfj65-

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?;

s` sfgq smŲ nmwsmŚdq cbf allqge a wamoam, Fow`b}slam df s` ~lfg~mlam, Còrm {qy`wfŲflam

yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn df ~lfg~mlam lfn{fŲlamnw~m—, %frgeasmjs/yr`nmjsfls!

Yr~mcwađoa`rgq { nfj`Śga`{mn g~đŚga ofcflaf y`cjrmŚbfba y`lfcs` {yŏq{ lf

dafwsf rd c~afŏfnčgqge { ow~fr~m {~`rlags{f, Age ~cflamd" yr~mcwađoa`rws{f

c`wsfrg~fnčgm r`~{ač~flaf {~`rlag~m" c~ađja {yr`{fc~fla} lf rqlmj l`{qge

y`dqwŏ÷{" ~ js÷rqge d`kč j`r~qwsfċ y`cda`sq cmgqc}nčgm ` frflŲfgna yr~m¤

wsr~mla %d,al, }r~đcq!" yr~qg~qlafnč wađ c` r`~{`n} dafws,

“Oqŏoqd rfg~mn ~f sqd" Ųm s` dq" nfj` rdq" dfdq s}sfn w~mr`jam y`bm c` c~afŏflaf, C~afŏf¤

dq ~f y`Śrmclags{md alŲqlamr÷{" frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{" js÷r~q rf~md ~ lfda s{`¤

r~č sđ wsr}js}rđ" ~fk`wy`cfr`{}nč yr~mwsr~mŃ—, %yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

6,3, Y`cda`sq ~fflkfŲ`{flm { s{`r~mlam wsrfsmkaa {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`

[qjrmw =

Kr}yq dfnčgm lfn{ađjw~q {yŏq{ lf y`bas qjđ dafwsf" { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagqdamnwgq!

Js` df lfn{ađjw~q {yŏq { lf y`basqjđ dafwsf { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f0 %L41;!


^cflamd yr~mcwsf{agamba }r~đc÷{" lfn{ađjw~q {yŏq{ lf y`basqjđ c`sqg~čgč

{~`rlags{f { dafwsfge dfnč òmglam {ŏfc~m b`jfblm/}r~đclagq y`yr~m~ `cy`¤

{amclam wsr}js}rq { }r~đc~am dafwsf" s~l, {qc~afŏq frgeasmjs`lag~lm" }rofla¤

wsqg~lm" ybflawsqg~lm" r`~{`n} dafwsf" m{mls}fblam wsfl`{awj` ybfwsqjf damn¤wjamk`, LfbmŲq yr~q sqd ~f~lfg~qċ" Ųm awslamnč wqs}fgnm" { js÷rqge }r~đclagq

{wyamrfnč wađ { ~fjrmwam cmwakl} damnwjamk` `yalafda wymgnfbaws÷{ ~m{lđsr~¤

lqge %frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{!,

“Lfn{ađjw~m ~lfg~mlam dfnč nmclfj `wòq {qjw~sfŏg`lm { sqd jamr}lj}" g~qba y`{am¤

c~afŏoqd kŏ÷{lam yr`nmjsflga, Dfdq ofrc~` còrč Fjfcmdađ W~s}j Yađjlqge" ~ lač

{wy÷ŏyrfg}nđ nfj` frgeasmjs" lf y`g~čsj} dafŏmd s} j`bmk÷{ ~ FWY, ^{ač~ja dađc~q lf¤

w~qd FWY f [qc~afŏmd Frgeasmjs}rq wč ofrc~` obawjam" a s` nmws jb}g~ c` {~fnmdlmk`

~r`~}damlaf ‗ sm {ŏfŚlam j`lsfjsq, Dàd ~cflamd" r`~}damnč s` `wòq ~fflkfŲ`{flm

{ dfrjmsalk a rmj bfdđ, Age w~j`bmlaf wč bmyw~m" `la n}Ų {ac~č a g~}nč sđ y`sr~mođ, OrflŲm

[ŏfc~m b`jfblm/}r~đclagq

Frgeasmjga/yr`nmjsflga

B`jfbla yr~mcwađoa`rgq

Damw~jfŃgq

Mjwymrga/~m{lđsr~la j`lw}bsflga

Alla yr~mcwsf{agambm yr~mdqwŏ÷{ jrmfsq{lqge

Alla

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6;-6-

6-

6-

6-

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?5

rmjbfd`{m dfnč c}Ųm ~lfg~mlam" f lf wfdqd j`Ńg} y`nf{afnč wađ yr`c}gmlga" yr~mdq¤

wŏ`{gq" js÷r~q wyr~mcfnč w{÷n yr`c}js—, % yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

^cflamd frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{ ònđsqge ofcflamd nfj`Śga`{qd" {yŏq{

}r~đclaj÷{ ~f~{qg~fn lamy`wafcfnčgqge {qjw~sfŏgmlaf jamr}lj`{mk` nmws ~oqs

c}Ųq a d`Ųm lamj`r~qwslam `coanfċ wađ lf cmwaklam" wj}sj}nčg {qo`rmd lammwsm¤

sqg~lqge" yr~qyfcj`{qge" lamc`ws`w`{flqge c` ò`{ač~}nčgmn wsqbawsqja g~q

gefrfjsmr} cflmk` òw~fr} mbmdmls÷{ {qwsr`n} dafwsf %ly, dmoba damnwjage!,

C~afŏflaf y`cmnd`{flm yr~m~ }r~đcq { sqd ~fjrmwam wč ‗ { `yalaa smn kr}yq

‗ yr`{fc~`lm hrfkdmlsfrqg~lam %rmfba~}nm wađ {qorflm ~fcflaf ~ ~fjrmw} {~`r¤

lags{f" ly, ws{`r~mlam wqwsmd} alh`rdfgna damnwjamn" ~ y`dalađgamd j`dybmjw`¤

{mk` ybfl`{flaf c~afŏfŃ { allqge òw~frfge!" g` d`Ųm wj}sj`{fċ lamwy÷nlqd {qwsr`nmd yr~mwsr~mla" y`cmnd`{flamd yr~mcm {w~qwsj ad c~afŏfŃ ` dlamnw~qd

~lfg~mla} b}o lamj`Ńg~mlamd rmfba~fgna,

Lamjs÷r~q frgeasmjga ~{rfgfba }{fkđ" Ųm lam s{`r~q wađ ~mwy`ŏ÷{" c` js÷rqge

y`{`ŏq{fŏòq wađ wymgnfbaws÷{ { c~amc~alam yr`nmjs`{flaf, D`kbaoq `la cmgq¤

c`{fċ ` sqd" nfjam c~afŏflaf { yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn y`{allq ~`wsfċ y`srfjs`¤

{flm yra`rqsms`{` a nfj nm rmfba~`{fċ, ^cfr~f wađ nmclfj" Ųm frgeasmjga a yr`nmj¤

sflga" yr~qwsđy}nčg c` yr`nmjs}" }Ś{afcfdafnč }r~đclaj`d y`sr~mođ ws{`r~mlaf

w~mrw~mn wsrfsmkaa" { rfdfge js÷rmn yr`nmjs d÷kŏoq oqċ rmfba~`{flq,

“DqŚdq age Z}r~đclaj÷{ damnwjageT yr~mj`lfba" Ųm {frs` y`dqŚbmċ sr`geđ w~mr~mn ` sqd‗ Ųm alh`rdfgnf damnwjf nmws mbmdmlsmd jrm`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla, F lf{ms ym{lmn acmlsq¤

jfgna dafwsf, źm ò`j sfobag~mj wč r÷Ųlm allm mbmdmlsq" js÷rm s` dafws` jrm}nč, źm sqd

mbmdmls`d" js÷rm {qwsđy}nč { yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn" y`{allq s`{fr~qw~qċ r÷Ųlmk` sqy}

c~afŏflaf `rkfla~fgqnlm a yr`d`gqnlm, źm s` nmws ym{lf gfŏ`Śċ" js÷rč còr~m nmws `kfrlčċ

lf y`g~čsj}" `yawfċ { gfŏ`Śga, Y`smd m{mls}fblam {qnčċ ~ smk` y`w~g~mk÷blm ~fcflaf a nm

rmfba~`{fċ, L` a yr~q~lfba lfd rfgnđ, DqŚdq lfyawfba ad sfjam `yrfg`{flam" js÷rm c`sq¤

g~qŏ` lam sqbj` alh`rdfgna damnwjamn" fbm { `k÷bm y`r~čcj`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn

a r÷Ųlqge c~afŏfŃ `rkfla~fgqnlqge—, %frgeasmjs/yr`nmjsfls!

Ws`w}lj`{` lam{ambja {yŏq{ lf y`basqjđ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f dfnč damw~¤

jfŃgq `rf~ yr~mcwađoa`rgq ‗ ~f~{qg~fn d`kč `la ~kŏfw~fċ w{`nm }{fka c`sq¤

g~čgm yr`y`l`{flqge r`~{ač~fŃ g~q smŲ" kŏ÷{lam ~f y`Śrmclags{md dmca÷{"

{qy`{amc~amċ wađ lf smdfs n}Ų {yr`{fc~`lqge ~dafl,

6,=, Y`basqjf { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`

^cflamd {ađjw~`Śga }r~đclaj÷{" y`basqjf { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`

lam nmws {qwsfrg~fnčg` wy÷nlf, D`Ųm s` {qlajfċ ~ orfj} yr~myaw÷{" js÷rm òba¤

k`{fŏqoq {ŏfc~m dafwsf c` cofŏ`Śga ` nmk` mwsmsqjđ" g` yr~mjŏfcf wađ lf orfj



?1

c~afŏfŃ { sqd ~fjrmwam, Orfj}nm smŲ `ck÷rlqge {qsqg~lqge { ~fjrmwam {~`r¤

lags{f" js÷rqda d`Ųlf oq wađ jamr`{fċ ‗ awslamnč nmcqlam `k÷blm jrqsmraf `gmlq"sfjam nfj> h}ljgn`lfbl`Śċ" mwsmsqjf" {yawq{flam wađ { frgeasmjs}rđ dafwsf" g`

{ r~mg~q{aws`Śga d`Ųm `~lfg~fċ jamr`{flam wađ yr~q {qo`r~m {ŏfwlqd k}wsmd

`w÷o `gmlafnčgqge yr`y`~qgnm, Y`nf{aŏf wađ nmclfj }{fkf" Ųm }nđgam { yr~mya¤

wfge òamjsq{lqge jrqsmra÷{ `gmlq cbf {qs{`r÷{ {~`rlag~qge d`Ųm oqċ sr}c¤

lm ~m {~kbđc} lf wymgqjđ smk` smdfs},

Lmkfsq{lq {yŏq{ lf c~afŏflaf { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f d`Ųm damċ sfjŲm ~daflf

{ŏfc~ b`jfblqge ‗ nmws s` j`nfr~`lm ~ yr÷ofda d`cqjfgna n}Ų rmfba~`{flmn wsrf¤

smkaa" g~mk` mhmjsmd d`Ųm oqċ ~flamgeflam y`cnđsqge c~afŏfŃ b}o yr~qnđgam l`¤

{qge wsflcfrc÷{" lam~k`clqge ~ c`sqgeg~fw {yr`{fc~`lqda r`~{ač~flafda,Orfj}nm smŲ h`rdfblqge rmk}bfgna" js÷rm krflag~qŏqoq c`{`bl`Śċ { ow~fr~m al¤

{mwsqgna yrq{fslqge, Y`cjrmŚbfl`" Ųm }r~đclagq d`kč cmgqc`{fċ ` y`nf{amla}

wađ { yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn mbmdmls÷{" js÷rm wč lflw`{flm yr~m~ dafws`" fbm

lam dfnč lfr~đc~a" c~ađja js÷rqd d`kbaoq {yŏqlčċ lf cmwakl mbmdmls÷{ {q¤

oamrflqge yr~m~ yrq{fslqge al{mws`r÷{ g~q smŲ h`rdđ ~fdamw~g~flqge { yr~m¤

wsr~mla y}obag~lmn rmjbfd, [ ~lfg~lqd ws`yla} cmsmrdal}nm s` nfj`Śċ {~`rlag¤

s{f a {yŏq{f lf mwsmsqjđ yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn,

“JfŲcq yr~mcwađoa`rgf d`Ųm wòam {q{amwaċ c`{`blq w~qbc g~q rmjbfdđ" {qo}c`{fċ ~r÷Ų¤

lag`{flq ~m{lđsr~lam frgeasmjs`lag~lam c`d" jr~qjba{am k` y`dfb`{fċ, A dfdq c~af¤ŏflaf lamdfnčgm wy÷nl`Śga" y`{`c}nčgm lamj`r~qwslq `coa÷r gfŏ`jw~sfŏs} yr~mwsr~mla y}¤

obag~lmn, Dq wsfrfdq wađ n}Ų c~afŏfċ lf ~fwfc~am ŏfk`clqge j`lsrfws÷{ b}o wy÷nl`Śga, Fbm

lam nmws s` nmw~g~m h`rdfblam }rmk}b`{flm—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

Lf y`cwsf{am {qy`{amc~a }r~đclaj÷{ d`Ųlf {q{la`wj`{fċ" Ųm { fwymjgam

{qo`r÷{ c`j`lq{flqge yr~m~ }r~đcq ~f}{fŲfblq nmws srmlc j} }lajfgna mbm¤

dmls÷{ {~`rlags{f lf cflqd òw~fr~m, C~afŏflaf }r~đclaj÷{ ~damr~fnč c`

smk`" foq al{mwsqgnm damnwjam oqŏq }sr~qdflm { y`còlqd gefrfjsmr~m %ly,

yr~m~ {yr`{fc~flam ò`{ač~}nčgmk` { damŚgam jfsfb`k} dmoba damnwjage!,

^ yr~myr`{fc~`lqge {q{afc÷{ {qlajf sfjŲm" Ųm dafwsf" js÷rm jrm}nč w{`nmdfrja b}o wsfrfnč wađ dafl` ws`bagq m}r`ymnwjamn" { {ađjw~qd ws`yla} y`cmnd}nč

yr~mdqŚbflm c~afŏflaf { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f, Ws{`r~mla} wy÷nlmk` {a~mr}lj}

df wŏ}Ųqċ {qo÷r yr`nmjsfls÷{" js÷rqge yrfgm lfnbmyamn `ccfnč gefrfjsmr dafwsf

a ws`w`{flam }lajfs`{qge {qs{`r÷{ {~`rlag~qge cmcqj`{flqge dafws} %nfj

ly, wymgnfblam ~fyr`nmjs`{flm y`jrq{q ws}c~amlmj jflfba~fgqnlqge!,

“C`yamr` Zwsqbawsqjf ‗ rmc,T ~fg~qlf oqċ wy÷nlf, [ ~mw~ŏqd r`j} ~`wsfŏf `yrfg`{flf l`{f

dfrjf dafwsf %…!" js÷rf `c y`g~čsj} smk` r`j} nmws w}jgmwq{lam {yr`{fc~flf a js÷rf

smŲ `jrmŚbaŏf lfd wsqb Ųqgaf { damŚgam a nfjaŚ jamr}lmj {qkbčc} a mwsmsqja" js÷rč y`{al¤

laŚdq }sr~qdq{fċ { damŚgam, A c`yamr` `c lamcf{lf sr~qdfdq wađ smk` a ac~amdq { sqd



79

jamr}lj}" o` {g~mŚlamn { ym{lmn g~đŚga dafwsf oqŏf wsqbawsqjf rmsr`" { allmn ~}ymŏlam

l`{`g~mŚlam" a lam dafŏ` s` ~m wòč ~f {ambm {wy÷blmk`" a oqŏ` sr`geđ gef`sqg~lm—, %yrf$

g`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

Y`cda`sq" js÷rqd ~fbmŲq lf sqd" oq y`basqjf { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f { yr~m¤

wsr~mla dafwsf oqŏf wy÷nlf" s` ~cflamd yr~mcwsf{agamba }r~đc÷{> {ŏfc~m b`jfblm/

}r~đclagq %{ sqd wymgnfbaŚga { c~amc~alam frgeasmjs}rq a yr`nmjs`{flaf ~fsr}c¤

lamla { nmk` wsr}js}rfge!" Ś{afc`da damw~jfŃgq %w~g~mk÷blam yr~mcwsf{agambm

dŏ`cmk` y`j`bmlaf" wy`ŏmg~lagq" daŏ`Ślagq dafwsf!" js÷r~q `gmlafnč mhmjsq sqge

c~afŏfŃ yr~m~ yrq~dfs w{àge y`sr~mo" `rf~ b`jfbla yr~mcwađoa`rgq }yfsr}nčgq

{ sqd w~flwq lf r`~{÷n w{`nmn c~afŏfbl`Śga,

“Lf ym{l` ~fbmŲq Zlf wy÷nlmn y`basqgm { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{fT damw~jfŃg`d a dŏ`cw~m¤d} y`j`bmla}" o` `la y`wsfl`{aba" Ųm s} ~`wsfnč" lam }gamjfnč lf ws}caf c` allqge dafws

a gegambaoq" Ųmoq Ųqŏ` wađ ad yr~qnmdlamn, DqŚbđ" Ųm b`jfbla yr~mcwađoa`rgq smŲ wsfrfnč wađ"

o` nmws s` aws`slm cbf r`~{`n} age rd" Ųmoq dafws` r`~{anfŏ` wađ ~ lada" s{`r~qŏ` ad kr}ls

y`c c~afŏfbl`Śċ—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} damnwjamk`!

[qlaja ab`Śga`{mn g~đŚga ofcflaf {wjf~}nč" Ųm cbf {w~qwsjage kr}y lfn{fŲlamn¤

w~qd fsrqo}smd yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn nmws nmn om~yamg~mŃws{` a s` yr~mcm {w~qws¤

jad sqd jrqsmra}d y`{allq wađ jamr`{fċ `wòq `cy`{amc~afblm ~f ~fk`wy`cf¤

r`{flam yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn { damŚgam %~{ŏfw~g~f ~cflamd damw~jfŃg÷{!,J`bmnlqda fwymjsfda aws`slqd yr~q ybfl`{fla} yr~mwsr~mla wč }Ųqsmg~l`Śċ a mw¤

smsqjf ‗ nfj` {fŲlm {wjf~}nm nm g` sr~mga damw~jflamg a g` sr~mga yr~mcwađoa`rgf

`rf~ lamdfb y`ŏ`{f yr~mcwsf{agamba }r~đc÷{ dafws, C`wsđyl`Śċ cbf w÷o lamymŏ¤

l`wyrf{lqge nmws {fŲlf cbf `j, 39- damw~jfŃg÷{ a yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" lfs`dafws

fsrqo}s sml nfj` lfn{fŲlamnw~q {wjf~fŏ nmcqlam g` c~amwačsq }r~đclaj damnwja,

Wy`Śr÷c y`~`wsfŏqge mbmdmls÷{ damw~jfŃgq lfnofrc~amn gmlač wòam {qk`cđ"

yr~mcwađoa`rgq ‗ l`{`g~mwl`Śċ a y`~qsq{lm {rfŲmlam" lfs`dafws }r~đclagq

‗ j`w~sq ~fj}y} a }sr~qdflaf mbmdmls÷{ yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn,

Cbf {w~qwsjage y`{qŲw~qge fsrqo}s÷{ o}c}nčgqge yr~mwsr~mŃ y}obag~lč d`Ų¤lf ~f}{fŲqċ ~lfg~lm r`~oamŲl`Śga { `gmlam age }{~kbđclamlaf { dafwsfge

‗ }r~đclagq wč ~cmgqc`{flam ofrc~amn laŲ damw~jfŃgq a yr~mcwađoa`rgq yr~mj`¤

lfla" Ųm wč `lm {~ađsm y`c }{fkđ,



76

[qjrmw 8

@yalam lf smdfs lfn{fŲlamnw~qge gmge ~fk`wy`cfr`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga>damw~jfŃgq" }r~đclagq" yr~mcwađoa`rgq!

Yr`w~đ {wjf~fċ c{f lfn{fŲlamnw~m mbmdmlsq" js÷r qda y`{allq wađ Yflf/Yfla ~cflamd jamr`{fċ `w`oq `cy`{amc~afblm ~f

~fk`wy`cfr`{flam yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn { Yflf/Yfla damŚgam %`cg~ qsq{flf bawsf mbmdmls÷{: damw~jfŃgq L4?63: yr~mc$

wađoa`rgq L416" }r~đclagq damnwgq L41;!


[qjrmw ;

@yalam lf smdfs }{~kbđclamlaf om~yamg~mŃws{f { ~fk`wy`cfr`{fla} yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %rm$wy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq" }r~đclagq" yr~mcwađoa`rgq!

F { nfjad ws`yla} sm m bmdmls q" g~q ba,,, %`cg~qsflm ~ `w`olf c{f mbmdmlsq {wjf~flm { y`yr~mclad yqsfla}! wč }{~kbđcla`lm"

nmŚba ge`c~a ` ~fk`wy`cfr`{flam yr~mwsr~mla { Yflf/Yfla damŚgam0 %`cg~q sq{flm mbmdmls q {wjf~flm nfj` lfn{fŲlamnw~m:

damw~jfŃgq L4?63" yr~mcwađoa`rgq L416" }r~đclagq damnwgq L41;!


9 69 ?9 79 39 =9 89

]r~đcq dafwsYr~mcwađoa`rgq Damw~jfŃgq

J`w~sq }sr~qdflaf%yqsfla sqbj` }r~đclagq!

J`w~sq ~fj}y}%yqsfla sqbj` }r~đclagq!

Y`~qsq{lm {rfŲmlam

L`{`g~mwl`Śċ

[qk`cf

C`wsđyl`Śċ cbf w÷olamymŏl`wyrf{lqge

[qkbčc/Mwsmsqjf

]Ųqsmg~l`Śċ

Om~yamg~mŃws{` =5-

=?-=9-

78-78-

33-

7?-7?-

33-3?-

39-66-

65-1-

5-

69-6=-

;-

8-68-

5-

6?-

63-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Lam {amd/sr}cl` y`{amc~amċ ^cmgqc`{flam lam}{~kbđcla`lm

_fg~mn lam}{~kbđcla`lm Fla }{~kbđcla`lm" fla lam}{~kbđcla`lm

_fg~mn }{~kbđcla`lm ^cmgqc`{flam }{~kbđcla`lm

]r~đcq dafws %L437!

Yr~mcwađoa`rgq %L4?1!

Damw~jfŃgq %L485! ;- 7?- 3?- 6=- ?- 7-

3- ?7- 37- ?7- 3- 7-

38- 33- 69-



7?

[qjrmw 5

@yalam lf smdfs }{~kbđclamlaf }Ųqsmg~l`Śga { ~fk`wy`cfr`{fla} yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %rmwy`l$cmlga> damw~jfŃgq" }r~đclagq" yr~mcwađoa`rgq!


[qjrmw 1

@yalam lf smdfs }{~kbđclamlaf mwsmsqja { ~fk`wy`cfr`{fla} yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga>damw~jfŃgq" }r~đclagq" yr~mcwađoa`rgq!


[qjrmw 69

@yalam lf smdfs }{~kbđclamlaf c`wsđyl`Śga cbf `w÷o lamymŏl`wyrf{lqge { ~fk`wy`cfr`{fla}yr~mwsr ~mla y}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq" }r~đclagq" yr~mcwađoa`rgq!


6,8, Yr`gmw {qo`r} yr`nmjs÷{ a {qj`lf{g÷{" `rf~ rmfba~fgna ~fcfŃ { ~f$

jrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`

^ {qy`{amc~a rmwy`lcmls÷{ ~m {w~qwsjage ofcflqge nfj`Śga`{` kr}y {qlajf"

Ųm }r~đcq dafws yr~myr`{fc~fnč lfng~đŚgamn {qo÷r yr`nmjs÷{ a {qj`lf{g÷{ { ~f¤

jrmwam {~`rlags{f { cr`c~m yr~msfrk÷{ a j`lj}rw÷{ `hmrs, [ yr~qyfcj} yr`nmj¤

s÷{ ` dlamnw~mn {frs`Śga %c` 63 sqw, m}r`! ws`w}nm wađ sfjŲm {qo÷r ~ {`blmn rđja,

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Lam {amd/sr}cl` y`{amc~amċ ^cmgqc`{flam lam}{~kbđcla`lf

_fg~mn lam}{~kbđcla`lf Fla }{~kbđcla`lf" fla lam}{~kbđcla lf

_fg~mn }{~kbđcla`lf ^cmgqc`{flam }{~kbđcla`lf



Damw~jfŃgq %L485! =- 3?- 73- 6=- 3-

77- 71- ?3- 7-

77- 3;- ?6-

9?9 39 89 59 699






Damw~jfŃgq %L485! 69- 38- ?1- 6=-

;- 75- ?6- ?3- 69-

77- =5- 1-

9?9 39 89 59 699






Damw~jfŃgq %L485! ?- ?3- 37- 61- 69- ?-

8- 6;- ??- 77- ??-

==- 78- 1-



77

Yfrslmrws{` yrq{fsl`¤y}obag~lm" y`bmkfnčgm lf lflw`{fla} rmfba~fgna al{m¤

wsqgna damnwjage yr~m~ yrq{fslmk` al{mws`rf" ~ g~mk` òam wsr`lq g~mryač j`r~q¤Śga" }{fŲflm nmws ~f l`{`Śċ" js÷rf lam nmws { Y`bwgm" { yr~mga{amŃws{am c` jrfn÷{

M}r`yq ^fge`clamn" ws`w`{flf y`{w~mgelam, ^cmgqc`{flf {ađjw~`Śċ ofcf¤

lqge yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ lam dafŏf `jf~na orfċ }c~afŏ} { yr`nmjsfge `yfrsqge lf

yfrslmrws{am y}obag~l`¤yrq{fslqd" nmŚba ge`c~a {wy÷ŏyrfgđ ~ dafwsmd ‗ sfjam

c`Ś{afcg~mlaf wč òmglam }c~afŏmd rd ~fnd}nčgqge wađ rmjbfdč ~m{lđsr~lč,

[ `yalaa yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" yfr slmrws{` yrq{fsl`¤y}obag~lm nmws lamc`gmlaflm"

f d`kŏòq ~f`{`g`{fċ gamjf{qda yr`nmjsfda `rf~ ~fym{laċ mhmjsq{lč rmfba¤

~fgnđ yr`nmjs÷{ a `w~g~đcl`Śga cbf o}cŲms÷{ damnwjage, Sqd" g` y`{wsr~qd}nm

yr~mc ws`w`{flamd sfjamn h`rdq" nmws orfj nfwlqge ~fwfc %ly, { j`lsmjŚgam j`w~¤

s÷{! ‗ oqċ d`Ųm yr~myawq yrf{f lam `jrmŚbfnč { {qwsfrg~fnčgqd ws`yla}" { nfja

wy`w÷o sfjf {wy÷ŏyrfgf y`{allf yr~moamkfċ, ^cflamd yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" }r~đcq

dafws lam wč yr~qk`s`{flm c` sfjamn h`rdq {wy÷ŏyrfgq, [ađjw~`Śċ }r~đclaj÷{"

cbf js÷rqge sml d`cmb {qo`r} yr`nmjs÷{ a {qj`lf{g÷{ nmws l`{`Śgač" r÷{lamŲ

df òf{q ~{ač~flm ~m ws`w`{flamd sfjamn h`rdq ‗ age ~cflamd o`{amd yfrs¤

lmrws{` y}obag~l`¤yrq{fslm d`Ųm oqċ y`wsr~mkflm yr~m~ `yalađ y}obag~lč nfj`

y`bm c` lfc}Ųqċ { yr`gmwam {qo`r} yr`nmjs÷{ a {qj`lf{g÷{,

“Lam dambaŚdq nmw~g~m yr~qnmdl`Śga }g~mwslag~qċ { al{mwsqgna lf ~fwfcfge YYY ZYfrslmr¤

ws{f Y}obag~l`¤Yrq{fslmk`T, ^ smk`" g` da {afc`d`" s` nmw~g~m lam{ambm còrmk` d`Ųlf

y`{amc~amċ ` sqd }jŏfc~am al{mwsqgna, Lf ^fge`c~am s` c~afŏf" fbm lam } lfw, [amd" Ųm wč

yròbmdq lfs}rq yrf{lmn" ò{fr`{flaf" lam nmws s` smŲ nfwl` wyrmgq~`{flm" nmŚba ge`c~a

` j`w~sq al{mwsqgna a y÷žlamnw~q y`c~afŏ ~qwj÷{, Yròbmd ~ sqd r`c~fnmd {wy÷ŏyrfgq c`¤

sqg~q smŲ }damnđsl`Śga" {amc~q a yr~qk`s`{flaf }r~đclaj÷{ c` YYY, ^f}{fŲf wađ ~laj`¤

dč {amc~đ { ~fjrmwam smk` smdfs}—, %yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

“Cbf lage Z}r~đc÷{ dafwsT nmws s` l`{`Śċ, Lam dfnč lfr~đc~a a {amc~q, Lamy`rfclam" lam¤

wyrf{lam a lammhmjsq{lam {qj`r~qws}nč sfjam lfr~đc~af fbo` { `k÷bm age lam {qj`r~q¤

ws}nč" f y`{all` s` oqċ ofrc~` fsrfjgqnlm cbf wfd`r~čc÷{ a dafws, Lf ym{l` nmws s}sfn

oframrf }damnđsl`Śga y`wŏ}ka{flaf wađ sqd—, %yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

“Nfj lfnofrc~amn s` nmws còrq wy`w÷o ZYYYT" o` g~mryač c{am wsr`lq ‗ dq cfnmdq g`Ś dafws}"dafws` { ~fdafl cfnm g`Ś yr~mcwađoa`rgq, ]{fŲfd" Ųm s` nmws ofrc~` hfnlq wy`w÷o, S` nmws

yr~qw~ŏ`Śċ a rfs}lmj cbf o}cŲms÷{ damnwjage—, %yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

Yr~msfrka" js÷rqge lfn{fŲlamnw~qd jrqsmra}d nmws gmlf a m{mls}fblam w~qoja smr¤

dal {qj`lflaf" wč y`wsr~mkflm lmkfsq{lam ‗ w~g~mk÷blam yr~m~ yrfg`{laj÷{

}r~đc÷{ damnwjage `rf~ frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{ ‗ nfj` c~afŏflaf wj}sj}nčgm

{qo`rmd lfnsfŃw~mn `hmrsq" f g` wađ ~ sqd {ačŲm" yr`nmjs÷{ dfŏ` {frs`Śga`{qge,

[frs` `cl`s`{fċ" Ųm yr~mcwađoa`rgq ~f}{fŲfnč ym{lm ~daflq { }wsfbfla} jrq¤

smra÷{ yr~msfrk`{qge" y`bmkfnčgm lf wy`r~čc~fla} ofrc~amn yrmgq~qnlqge `ya¤

w÷{ yr~mcda`s÷{ ~fd÷{amŃ,



73

^cflamd {ađjw~`Śga rmwy`lcmls÷{ rmyrm~mls}nčgqge {w~qwsjam ofcflm Śr`c`¤

{awjf" yr~msfrka ođcčgm w~qow~č a ŏfs{amnw~č h`rdč {qo`r} y`{allq oqċ ws`w`¤ {flm lf msfyam ~fj}y} mbmdmls÷{ {qwsr`n} dafwsf očcž { wqs}fgnfge" jamcq

~fcflam {qdfkf smgelag~lmn yrfgq om~ {jŏfc} j`lgmygqnlmk`" { y`~`wsfŏqge

~fŚ yr~qyfcjfge" y`bmkfnčgqge lf {qo`r~m yr`nmjs}" lfnbmyw~qd r`~{ač~flamd

wč j`lj}rwq,

“Dàd ~cflamd" s` nmws jfsfwsr`hf cbf yr~mwsr~mlla y}obag~lqge { Y`bwgm, Yr~msfrka y}¤

obag~lm }{fr}lj`{flm wč { 19- jrqsmra}d gml`{qd, F nmŲmba lfnsfŃw~q yr`nmjs {qkrq¤

{f" s` { qkrq{f fow`b}slam js`Ś lamj`dymsmlslq" js`Ś" js` { `k÷bm lam {am" c` g~mk` wsfr¤

s}nm, Y`smd wč bfsfda {qcf{flm y}obag~lm yamlačc~m" s` wađ gačklam ‗ dfdq {÷{g~fw sfja

cmwakl" nfja dfdq c``j`ŏf ‗ s` jfŲcq {ac~a—, %frgeasmjs/yr`nmjsfls!

“Smrf~ nmws n}Ų bmyamn" o` lf y`g~čsj} cmgqc`{fŏf kŏ÷{lam gmlf a ~f{w~m oqŏq {qoamrflm lfn¤

sfŃw~m yr`c}jsq a {qkrq{fŏq { yr~msfrkfge, @c nfjamk`Ś g~fw}" lam {amd" g~q s` wađ {ačŲm

~ g~qdŚ allqd" g~q ~m Ś{afc`d`Śgač" {ŏfŚlam dafwsf wsf{afnč lf s`" Ųmoq oqŏ` gamjf{am"

ŏfclam a Ųmoq nfjaŚ cmwakl oqŏ, [qoamrfnč wfda" lam d`kč {wjf~fċ yr`c}gmlsf" fbm {wjf~}nč"

nfj s` df {qkbčcfċ ‗ sfjam fbo` r÷{l`{fŲlm b}o y`còlm" {ađg ofrc~` còr~m `yaw}nč df¤

smrafŏq" jamcqŚ smk` { `k÷bm lam ròaba, JamcqŚ oqŏ` sfj" Ųm s` df oqċ ŏf{jf a j`lamg, Nfj js`Ś

{qkrq{fŏ" s` ~ròaŏ ŏf{jđ" f smrf~ wč c`jŏfclm {qsqg~lm" Ųm df oqċ ~ sfjamk` dfsmrafŏ}"

sfjamn kr}o`Śga" y`cflq nmws kfs}lmj dfsmrafŏ}" kfs}lmj crm{lf" nfj df oqċ bfjamr`{flm,,,

[smcq lam{fŲlm" js` {qkrf" o` y`{all` oqċ ~ròa`lm y`r~čclam—, %yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

^ {qy`{amc~a ofcflqge }r~đclaj÷{ {qlajf" Ųm { ~fjrmwam dfŏmn frgeasmjs}¤rq %bfsfrlam" j`w~m lf Śdamga" ŏf{ja!" g~đws` lf msfyam `yrfg`{flaf {fr}lj÷{

yr~msfrk} {qoamrf wađ mbmdmlsq c`wsđylm lf rqlj} ~ yr~qnđsmk` yr~m~ }r~čc jf¤

sfb`k}, ^fbmsč sfjamk` r`~{ač~flaf nmws `krflag~mlam {qo`r} c` r`~{ač~fŃ ~f¤

fjgmys`{flqge yr~m~ `wòq y`wafcfnčgm cy`{amclam j{fbajfgnm, Nmws s` sfjŲm

r`~{ač~flam sfŃw~m a w~qow~m" y`lam{fŲ ~cflamd ofcflqge `hmrsf rqlj`{f nmws

o`kfsf" f }r~čc lam d}wa yr~myr`{fc~fċ yr`gmc}rq {qo`r} l`{mk` yr`nmjs},

“Nmws s` ~{qjbm còamrflm" fbm ~ jfsfb`k}, G~qba sm mbmdmlsq lam~ođclm> bfsfrlam" j`w~m"

ŏf{ja wč còamrflm ~ smk`" g` nmws lf rqlj}, Lf rqlj} dfdq dl÷ws{` r÷Ųlqge r`~{ač~fŃ

a ~ sqgeŲm wč {qoamrflm lfn{ŏfŚga{w~m c` ~fws`w`{flaf, NmŲmba nmws {qŏ`la`lq {qj`lf{gfcflmn yr~mwsr~mla" s` sml {qj`lf{gf df ~fcflam {qj`lflaf yr`nmjs}" fbm s` dq" lf msfyam

`yala`{flaf" d`Ųmdq {wjf~fċ ym{lm r`~{ač~flaf" js÷rm lfw alsmrmw}nč a js÷rm c`gmb`{`

y`{allq oqċ rmfba~`{flm" Ųmoq sf yr~mwsr~mŃ {qkbčcfŏf" {mcŏ}k lfw~mk` dlamdflaf

a Ś{afc`d`Śga" nfj lfnbmyamn—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

^f~lfg~`l` nmclfj" Ųm {yr`{fc~mlam mbmdmls÷{ ~fyr`nmjs`{flqge wymgnfblam

c` cflmn yr~mwsr~mla %ly, yr`nmjs`{flam dmoba damnwjage { rfdfge rmfba~fgna

gfŏ`Śga`{mk` yr`nmjs}! cfnm mhmjs gamjf{w~q a bmyw~q nfj`Śga`{`" y`~{fbf lf

c`yfw`{flam {w~qwsjage mbmdmls÷{ c` nmclmn j`lgmygna, Wsčc smŲ h`rdč lfnbm¤

yamn gmlaflč yr~m~ ~cmgqc`{flč {ađjw~`Śċ }g~mwslaj÷{ ofcflaf a {yŏq{fnčgč



7=

age ~cflamd lf y`yrf{đ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` wč j`lj}rwq ‗ c`y}w~g~fnč `lm

}c~afŏ r÷Ųlqge {qj`lf{g÷{ a k{frfls}nč {qo÷r bmyw~mk` {frafls} yr`nmjs}"kcqŲ gmlam y`cbmkf {frs`Śċ dmrqs`rqg~lf j`lgmygna %mwsmsqjf" h}ljgn`lfbl`Śċ"

c`yfw`{flam c` wsqb} damnwjamk`!,

“[ dàd `cg~}ga} s` y`{alaml oqċ ~f{w~m j`lj}rw, ]wsfb`lm ~fwfcq j`lj}rw} y`{allq

oqċ yr~mwsr~mkflm lam sqbj` yr~m~ }r~đclaj÷{" o` lam ~f{w~m wađ lf sqd ~lfnč" lam ~f¤

{w~m dfnč ` sqd y`nđgam" f gegč wyrf{đ w~qoj` ~fŏfs{aċ, Fbm lf yr~qjŏfc { y`r`~}damla}

~ a~oč frgeasmjs÷{" ~ a~oč yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ fbo` d`Ųm nfjčŚ allč nmw~g~m alwsqs}gnč ‗ Al¤

wsqs}smd [~`rlags{f ‗ js÷rf df ` sqd y`nđgam—, %frgeasmjs/yr`nmjsfls!

^cflamd }r~đclaj÷{" ` {qo`r~m mbmdmls÷{ yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn cmgqc}nč

`cy`{amclam {qc~afŏq }r~đc} dafwsf" {yr`{fc~fnčgm j`ljrmslm al{mwsqgnm b}o~mwy`ŏq" js÷rm wč c` smk` y`{`ŏflm, Lfng~đŚgamn y`cda`smd `gmlafnčgqd yr`y`¤

~qgnm nmws" { ~fbmŲl`Śga `c wsr}js}rq `rkfla~fgqnlmn }r~đc}" frgeasmjs damnwja"

ybfwsqj damnwja b}o ly, yrfg`{lagq [qc~afŏ} Ybfl`{flaf Yr~mwsr~mllmk`" js÷¤

r~q `gmlafnčg yr`nmjsq" jamr}nč wađ lam sqbj` y`g~}gamd mwsmsqja" fbm sfjŲm {amc~č

~còqsč y`cg~fw ws}ca÷{ jamr}lj`{qge a c`Ś{afcg~mlamd,

“NmŲmba ge`c~a ` ŏf{mg~ja" s` oqŏf cmgq~nf { cqwy`~qgna `wòq ~fr~čc~fnčgmn dfrjč" yr~q

y`~qsq{lmn `yalaa a wsfl`{awj} Frgeasmjsf Dafwsf a [qc~afŏ} Ybfl`{flaf Yr~mwsr~ml¤

lmk`, Lfs`dafws { yr~qyfcj} c}Ųqge r`~{ač~fŃ s` nmws d`nf rmj`dmlcfgnf, @g~q{aŚgam"

d}w~đ ~morfċ `yalam lf yr~qjŏfc %…! ~ ^fr~čc} Cr÷k a Srflwy`rs} Damnwjamk`" [qc~afŏ}

K`wy`cfrja J`d}lfblmn a @ger`lq Şr`c`{awjf a `c Frgeasmjsf Dafwsf" a d}w~đ s` {yr`¤

{fc~aċ lf j`bmka}d yrm~qcmlgjam" a kcq cmgq~nf ~fyfcf ‗ nmws cmgq~nč Yflf Yrm~qcmlsf

Dafwsf—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

_`~{ač~flaf ~ffjgmys`{flm yr~m~ wymgnfbaws÷{ wč ~fs{amrc~flm h`rdfblam

lf j`bmnlqge w~g~mobfge {ŏfc~ dafwsf" g` ~lfg~lam {qcŏ}Ųf yr`gmw cmgq~qnlq,

]r~đclagq cmjbfr}nč" Ųm yr~q {qo`r~m jamr}nč wađ `g~mja{flqd mhmjsmd ‗ ws{`¤

r~mlamd j`lwmj{mlslmn a efrd`lanlmn yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn, Cmgqc}nčg wađ lf

j`ljrmslm r`~{ač~flam" oa`rč y`c }{fkđ nmk` c`ws`w`{flam c` {a~mr}lj} daf¤

wsf b}o òw~fr}" lf js÷rqd df oqċ ~fws`w`{flm" `rf~ rmfblm d`Ųba{`Śga {yr`¤

{fc~mlaf k` { Ųqgam ‗ ~fr÷{l` smgelag~lm" nfj a mj`l`dag~lm,

“Fcdalawsrfgnf" }r~čc fcdalawsrfgna y}obag~lmn" s` nmws alwsqs}gnf ~eamrfrgea~`{flf ‗ s}

nmws ym{aml wgemdfs w~sfo`{q, Sfj h}ljgn`l}nm fcdalawsrfgnf lf gfŏqd Ś{amgam, [ ~{ač~¤

j} ~ sqd s`" g` kc~amŚ y`{wsfnm lf wsfl`{awj} }r~đclag~qd" y÷žlamn d}wa yr~mnŚċ cr`kđ

c` jamr`{lajf sfjamn dfŏmn j`d÷rja" js÷rč nmws rmhmrfs" y÷žlamn jamr`{lajf {qc~afŏ}" y÷ž¤

lamn {agmyrm~qcmlsf a { j`Ńg} yrm~qcmlsf" a g~fwfda rfcq damnwjamn, Sfj {qkbčcf sf cr`kf,

@g~q{aŚgam" `lf g~fwmd df r÷Ųlm dmflcrq" g~fwfda ~fsfg~f j`ŏf" o` g`Ś lam ~`wsflam

~ffjgmys`{flm yr~m~ jamr`{lajf {qc~afŏ}" {ađg {rfgf a nmws }~}ymŏlaflm" }c`wj`lfb`lm

a y÷žlamn {rfgf, SfjŲm s` lam ac~am sfj wyrf{lam a w~qoj`—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!



78

Yr`nmjs`{flam y`{amr~f wađ ~f~{qg~fn {qj`lf{g`d ~m{lđsr~lqd, Ge`gafŲ

{ wsr}js}rfge lamjs÷rqge }r~đc÷{ h}ljgn`l}nč yrfg`{lam yr`nmjs`{m" bag~č `lm~oqs dfŏ` yrfg`{laj÷{ b}o ~fsr}clafnč lam{qwsfrg~fnčg` c`Ś{afcg~`lč jfcrđ"

oq d÷g y`{amr~qċ nmn {fŲlm a c}Ųm yr~mcwađ{~ađgaf { sqd ~fjrmwam,

[qlaja ofcflaf ab`Śga`{mk` y`s{amrc~fnč sđ smlcmlgnđ ‗ y`lfc 7/3 }r~đclaj÷{

~fcmjbfr`{fŏf" Ųm }r~čc { òw~fr~m {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` j`r~qwsf ~ }wŏ}k

yr`nmjsfls÷{" yr~q g~qd lamdfb 19- }r~đc÷{ j`r~qwsf ~ }wŏ}k yr`nmjsfls÷{

~m{lđsr~lqge" lam~fsr}cla`lqge lf wsfŏm { }r~đc~am,

[qjrmw 66

J`r~qwsflam ~ }wŏ}k yr`nmjsfls÷{ yr~m~ }r~đcq dafws %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!G~q }r~čc dafwsf j`r~qwsf ~ }wŏ}k yr`nmjsfls÷{ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`0 %L41;!


[qjrmw 6?

H`rdq j`r~qwsflaf ~ }wŏ}k yr`nmjsfls÷{ yr~m~ }r ~đcq dafws %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!

G~q yr`nmjsflga ~ ~fjrmw} {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` s`…0 %`cy`{afcfba }r~đclagq" js÷rqge }r~đcq j`r~qwsfnč ~ }wŏ}k yr`nmjsfl$

s÷{ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`: L4;=!


NmŚba nmcl`wsjf b}o rdf {qŏ`la`lf { cr`c~m j`lj}rw} b}o yr~msfrk} wymŏlaf

`g~mja{flaf ~fdf{afnčgmk`" y`{amr~f wađ nmn j`bmnlm yrfgm { rfdfge srqo} ~f¤

d÷{amlaf ~ {`blmn rđja %` abm ~fd÷{amlam lam yr~mjrfg~f c`~{`b`lmn { ]wsf{am

` ~fd÷{amlafge y}obag~lqge j{`sq!, Ws`w}nčg sđ h`rdđ {qo`r}" lamjs÷r~q }r~đc¤

lagq ~{rfgfnč wađ sfjŲm c` `rkfla~fgna ~r~mw~fnčgqge frgeasmjs÷{/yr`nmjsfls÷{

~ yr`Śoč ` rmj`dmlcfgnđ j`dymsmlslmk` y`cda`s}" js÷rq d÷kŏoq ~`wsfċ ~fyr`¤

w~`lq c` {wy÷ŏyrfgq ~ }r~đcmd,

“Wađkfdq y` ~fwòq ~m{lđsr~lm" a nmws s` ym{lmk` r`c~fn} rmk}ŏf, Wađkfdq y` lam" y`lam¤

{fŲ dq" `yala}nčg" lam d`Ųmdq nmcl`g~mŚlam yr`nmjs`{fċ, Lam dfdq yrfg`{la yr`nmjs`¤ {qge—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

Lam

Sfj

??-

;5-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Yr`nmjsflga ~m{lđsr~la@wòq ~fsr}cla`lm { }r~đc~am damnwjad lf wsfŏm

66- 51-



Wj}smg~lf yr`d`gnf {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`

a nmk` r`bf { r`~{`n} b`jfblmn k`wy`cfrja ?,



75

?, Wj}smg~lf yr`d`gnf {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` a nmk` r`bf { r`~{`n}

b`jfblmn k`wy`cfrja

?,6, [wyamrflam a yr`d`{flam {~`rlags{f { dafwsfge

[w~qwgq rmwy`lcmlga y`cjrmŚbfb a {fkđ yr`d`gna {~`rlags{f { rfdfge {wyamrf¤

laf w~mr`j` y`nđsqge orflŲ jrmfsq{lqge { fwymjgam r`~{`n} dafws" yr~q g~qd

}r~đclagq {qŲmn laŲ ofcfla yr`nmjsflga a frgeasmjga `gmlaba }c~afŏ {ŏfc~ dafws

{ sqge c~afŏflafge,

[ `yalaa {ađjw~`Śga ofcflqge }r~đclaj÷{" dafwsf lfng~đŚgamn {wyamrfnč a yr`¤

d}nč c~afŏfbl`Śċ jrmfsq{lč y`yr~m~ `cy`{amclam j`d÷rja `rkfla~fgqnlm }r~đ¤c÷{ %ly, [qc~afŏ J}bs}rq!, Nfj {qlajf ~ yr~myr`{fc~`lqge {q{afc÷{" lam¤

js÷rm }r~đcq {yaw}nč }y`{w~mgelaflam {~`rlags{f { b`~`đ dafwsf a srfjs}nč

yr`d`{flam cmwakl} nfj` aws`slm ~fcflam" js÷rm df wŏ}Ųqċ `wačkfla} gmb÷{

wsrfsmkag~lqge,

[qdamlaflm yr~m~ }r~đclaj÷{ c~afŏflaf" yr~m~ js÷rm { dafwsfge {wyamrflm nmws

{~`rlags{`" s`>

`rkfla~`{flam j`lj}rw÷{ cbf frsqws÷{" ws}cmls÷{" yr`nmjsfls÷{ %ly, j`l¤º

j}rw lf ~fk`wy`cfr`{flam smrml}" dmomb damnwja" sjflalđ damnwjč!"

`rkfla~`{flam wy`sjfŃ ~ yr`nmjsflsfda"º

{qcfr~mlaf j}bs}rfblm a frsqwsqg~lm" js÷rm dfnč ~f ~fcflam yr~qobaŲmlam ~f¤º

kfclamlaf {~`rlags{f òq{fsmb`d" { sqd ly,> ybmlmrq cbf r~mžoafr~q" efyym¤

lalka" {qwsf{q yr`nmjs÷{" j`lgmrsq" hmwsa{fbm cmwakl}"

{qjŏfcq lf smdfs ws`w`{flaf {~`rlags{f a nmk` r`ba" yr`{fc~`lm yr~m~ gmla`¤º

lqge wymgnfbaws÷{ { smn c~amc~alam"

{wy÷ŏyrfgf dafwsf ~ kfbmrafda w~s}ja { gmb} {qwsf{aflaf {qrò÷{ a yr`nmj¤º

s÷{ ~ c~amc~alq {~`rlags{f" {frw~sfsq cbf ws}cmls÷{ {qc~afŏ} {~`rlags{f a krfja }Ųqsj`{mn" frgeasmj¤º

s}rq a jamr}lj÷{ y`jrm{lqge"

c`lflw`{flaf" ly, c`sfgnm ~ o}cŲms} dafwsf cbf {qŲw~qge }g~mbla"º

s{`r~mlam `cy`{amclage kr}y b}o wsfl`{awj { rfdfge }r~đc÷{ `cy`{am¤º

c~afblqge ~f yr`d`gnđ {~`rlags{f"

~bmgflam b`jfblqd frsqws`d cròlqge yrfg { ~{ač~j} ~ yr`d`gnč dafwsf,º



71

“^fg~qlf wađ s` c~afċ ~ rfgna smk`" Ųm dfdq `yrfg`{flč l`{č dfrjđ a gfŏč b`~`đ dafwsf"

a nmws s` sfjf b`~`f" Ųm dafws` nmws cbf b}c~a" cbf s~{, {`blqge c}ge÷{" s{÷rg~qge `w÷o" cbf

jrmfsq{lqge" a cbf lamsqy`{qge r`~{ač~fŃ g~q yr~mcwađ{~ađċ—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

“^ alagnfsq{q `cc`blmn dŏ`cqge b}c~a yrfg}nčgqge { }r~đc~am damnwjad a Fkmlgna _`~{`n}

Fkb`dmrfgna y`{wsfŏ Z,,,T" g~qba sfjf alagnfsq{f dŏ`cqge ws{`r~`lf y` s`" Ųmoq c` ZdafwsfT Śgač¤

kfċ lf yr~qjŏfc ~lflqge cmwaklmr÷{, A dambaŚdq c{÷ge k`Śga ~ [ŏ`ge" js÷r~q d÷{aba ` y`sr~m¤

oam yr`nmjs`{flaf cmwaklmrwjamk` yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lqge—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

[ `yalaa {ađjw~`Śga ofcflqge frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{" {ŏfc~m dafws {wyam¤

rfnč a yr`d}nč c~afŏfbl`Śċ jrmfsq{lč `rf~ o}c}nč Śr`c`{awj` c` r`~{`n} {~`r¤

lags{f damnwjamk`" fbm lf rf~am { lamc`wsfsmg~lam ~fc`{fbfnčgqd ws`yla},

[mcŏ}k rmwy`lcmls÷{ ~ smn kr}yq" dafwsf lam {qge`c~č {qwsfrg~fnčg` g~đws`

~ sfjč alagnfsq{č" bmŲq s` rfg~mn { kmwsaa nmcl`wsmj¤wy`ŏmg~laj÷{ b}o alwsqs}gna

a `rkfla~fgna" ly, d}~m÷{ g~q ws`{fr~qw~mŃ, Yr~qjŏfcmd d`Ųm oqċ alagnfsq{f

“Ybflmsfra}d— flkfŲ}nčgf Śr`c`{awj` frgeasmjs÷{ a ws}cmls÷{ c` cafb`k} y`c¤

g~fw rkfla~`{flqge wy`sjfŃ" {qwsf{aflaf w{`age yrfg { yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn

a ~oamrflaf lf age smdfs `yalaa damw~jfŃg÷{,

^cflamd ofcflqge frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{" {wyfrgam a yr`d`gnf c~afŏfbl`¤

Śga {~`rlag~mn lfwsđy}nm yr~m~>

`rkfla~`{flam j`lj}rw÷{ lf yr`nmjsq"º

{qwsf{q yr`d}nčgm {~`rlags{` %D}~m}d Lfr`c`{m ‗ {qwsf{f y`bwjam¤º

k` cmwakl} bfs =9," Alwsqs}s [~`rlags{f Yr~mdqwŏ`{mk`" Gmlsr}d W~s}ja

[wy÷ŏg~mwlmn!"

c~afŏflaf `rkfl÷{ sfjage nfj [qc~afŏ Mwsmsqja Dafwsf" ~fsr}clafnčgqge wym¤º

gnfbaws÷{ { smn c~amc~alam"

~{ađjw~flam o}cŲms÷{ { jfwam damnwjamn lf c~afŏfbl`Śċ {~`rlag~č,º

[w~mbjam c~afŏflaf dafwsf" dfnčgm lf gmb} o}c`{flam Śr`c`{awjf c` r`~{`n}

cmwakl}" wč `gmlaflm y`~qsq{lam" yr~q g~qd rmwy`lcmlga rmyrm~mls}nčgq Śr`c`¤

{awj` frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{ }{fŲfnč" Ųm y`{allq oqċ ~alsmlwqj`{flm,

Yr~mcwsf{agambm Śr`c`{awj yr`nmjs`{qge {qdamlaba lfwsđy}nčgm c~afŏflaf

{wyamrfnčgm {~`rlags{`" js÷rqge {mcŏ}k lage orfj}nm>

{ŏčg~mlam c` yrfg wymgnfbaws÷{ %`omglam nmws s` c`dmlf }r~đclaj÷{" js÷r~q"º

~cflamd ofcflqge" lam dfnč `cy`{amclamn {amc~q a/b}o c`Ś{afcg~mlaf!"

yr`d`gnf cmwakl}" ly, yr~m~ {wy÷ŏyrfgđ ~ yfŃws{`{qda ybfg÷{jfda %kfbm¤º

ram" d}~mf!"



39

~fgeđgflam dŏ`cqge b}c~a c` {qoamrflaf jamr}lj÷{ jrmfsq{lqge yr~m~º

}c~ambflam {wyfrgaf ws}cmls`d frgeasmjs}rq" {~`rlags{f yr~mdqwŏ`{mkà jamr}lj÷{ y`jrm{lqge %d`Ųba{`Śċ yr`nmjs`{flaf cbf j`ljrmslqge rd

yr~m~ lfnbmyw~qge ws}cmls÷{" {qwsf{q/j`lj}rwq cbf yr`nmjsfls÷{!"

{wy÷ŏyrfgf }r~đc÷{ ~m ws}cmlsfda fcmj{fslqge jamr}lj÷{ { òw~fr~m yr`¤º

nmjs`{flaf cròlqge h`rd `rf~ `gmlq yr`nmjs÷{" g` d`kŏòq cfċ j`r~qŚga

òqc{} wsr`l`d %l`{m yr`nmjsq cbf dafwsf" yrfjsqg~lf {amc~f cbf ws}cmls÷{

c`sqg~čgf yr`gmc}r a yr`nmjs`{flaf lf r~mg~ dafwsf!"

`rkfla~`{flam {ađjw~mn bag~oq j`lj}rw÷{ ~fdafws yr~msfrk÷{"º

w~j`bmlaf ~ c~amc~alq {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` cbf }r~đclaj÷{"º

ws{`r~mlam alwsqs}gna `cy`{amc~afblmn ~f cmwakl dafwsf ‗ nmk` r`~{÷n" yr`d`¤º

gnđ" ~fwfcq ws`w`{flaf"

~cmla`{flam" g` d`Ųm wađ y`nf{afċ { cflmn yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn a nfjam jrq¤º

smraf y`{all` wymŏlafċ"

}c`wsđylamlam damnwg { yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn frsqws`d a }wyrf{lamlam yr`gm¤º

w} }~qwja{flaf ~k`cq lf c~afŏfbl`Śċ frsqwsqg~lč { yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn,

“Alwsqs}s Z[~`rlags{f Yr~mdqwŏ`{mk`T y`{alaml ymŏlaċ sfjč h}ljgnđ ŏčg~lajf dađc~q

sqda" js÷r~q gegč g`Ś ~ròaċ cbf dafwsf" cbf wy`ŏmg~mŃws{f" cbf b}c~a" js÷r~q `g~mj}nč

nfjageŚ còrqge yr`c}js÷{" f rdfda" js÷rm d`kč sfjam ~bmgmlaf {qj`lfċ a {yr`{fc~aċ

c` dfw`{mn yr`c}jgna, Y`ŏčg~qċ sr~mof `g~mja{flaf jbamlsf c`sqg~čgm yr`c}js} ~ sqda"

js÷r~q ~f sml yr`c}js `cy`{afcfnč `c wfdmk` y`g~čsj}" g~qba yr`c}gmlsfda, Yr`c}gmlga

r~fcj` cmgqc}nč wađ lf {wy÷ŏyrfgđ ~ cmwaklmrfda ~ smk` {~kbđc}" Ųm s` j`w~s}nm" fbm sml

j`w~s { wy`ŏmg~mŃws{am wađ ~{rfgf" o` còrq yr`c}js lf rqlj} lf ym{l` bmyamn wađ wyr~m¤

cfnm a }{rfŲba{af j`lw}dmls÷{—, %frgeasmjs/yr`nmjsfls!

^cflamd }r~đclaj÷{" c~afŏflaf }r~đc÷{ damnwjage }{~kbđclafnč s{`r~mlam

alhrfwsr}js}rq cbf h}ljgn`l`{flaf orflŲ jrmfsq{lqge" ge`gafŲ lam nmws s` ~f¤

yawflm { wsrfsmkaa, ^ alagnfsq{q dafws y`{wsfnč b}o dfnč y`{wsfċ yfrja smgel`¤b`kag~lm" js÷rm wč lfny`y}bfrlamnw~č h`rdč {wyfrgaf alhrfwsr}js}rfblmk` %sfjŲm

cbf rd ~ orflŲq jrmfsq{lmn!, Lamjamcq dafwsf }c`wsđylafnč sfjŲm ly, ~rm{asf¤

ba~`{flm b`jfbm" fbm lam nmws s` nmw~g~m y`{w~mgelm c~afŏflam,

?,?, ^lfg~mlam {wyamrflaf {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`

^ y}ljs} {ac~mlaf frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{ `rf~ }r~đclaj÷{ {wyamrflam r`~¤

{`n} {~`rlags{f df aws`slm ~lfg~mlam cbf dafwsf,



36

[ ymrgmygna yr`nmjsfls÷{ a frgeasmjs÷{ {wyamrflam r`~{`n} {~`rlags{f"

f ~{ŏfw~g~f dŏ`cqge wymgnfbaws÷{ c~afŏfnčgqge { sqd òw~fr~m" wj}sj}nm rmfba¤~fgnč gamjf{qge yr`nmjs÷{ { yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn, Yr~mdqŚbflq cmwakl damnwja

a {yr`{fc~flam l`{qge h`rd y`{`c}nm" Ųm dafws` wsfnm wađ gamjf{m" ofrc~amn mw¤

smsqg~lm a j`lj}rmlgqnlm, Cmwakl `Ųq{af a o}c}nm damnwja jbadfs" f sqd wfdqd

y`cl`wa y`~a`d ~fc`{`bmlaf,

]r~đclagq y`cjrmŚbfba r`bđ sqge c~afŏfŃ cbf jw~sfŏs`{flaf {a~mr}lj} dafwsf

`rf~ {wyamrflaf b`jfblmn k`wy`cfrja" g~mk` mhmjsmd nmws {ađjw~m ~falsmrmw`{f¤

lam dafwsmd nfj` fsrfjgnč s}rqwsqg~lč" f sfjŲm damnwgmd al{mwsqgna a c~afŏfb¤

l`Śga jrmfsq{lmn, Yr~ql`wa s` dafws} sfjŲm {qdamrlm ~qwja ‗ c~ađja y`cfsj`d

~{ađjw~fnč wađ h}lc}w~m lf j`bmnlm al{mwsqgnm,

?,7, _mfba~fgnf yr`nmjs÷{ c`sqg~čgqge yròbmdfsqja wy`ŏmg~lmn

^ {q{afc÷{ yr~myr`{fc~`lqge ~ rmwy`lcmlsfda ~ }r~đc÷{ damnwjage {qlajf" Ųm

{ađjw~`Śċ l`{qge yr`nmjs÷{ rmfba~`{flqge yr~m~ dafwsf df dađc~q allqda lf

gmb} r`~{ač~q{flam yròbmd÷{ wy`ŏmg~lqge `rf~ y`yrf{đ nfj`Śga Ųqgaf damw~¤

jfŃg÷{ ‗ mbmdmlsq r`~{ač~q{flaf yròbmd÷{ wy`ŏmg~lqge { damŚgam a rmka`lam

wč ~f{frsm { wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} cbf dafwsf a rmka`l}, Wč s` yr`nmjsq c`sqg~čgm>

~fge`{fŃ yr`mj b`kag~lqge y`yr~m~ c~afŏflaf lf r~mg~ srflwy`rs} damnwjam¤º

k` %o}c`{flam cr÷k" f}s`wsrfc" ò{`clag!" r`~{`n} srflwy`rs} r`{mr`{mk`"

`ger`lq ~fwò÷{ ~ambmla a {÷c {qwsđy}nčgqge lf cflqd smrmlam"

rm{asfba~fgna òamjs÷{> o}c`{lags{` damw~jfla`{m" jfdamlagm j`d}lfblmº

a y`c{÷rjf" b`slawjf" fbm smŲ damnwgf wŏ}Ųčgm j}bs}r~m a r`~rq{gm %gmlsr}d

dafwsf nfj` `Śr`cmj Ųqgaf wy`ŏmg~l`¤j}bs}rfblmk`" y`rs!"

~fyòamkflaf wy`ŏmg~lmd} {qjb}g~mla}" ly, c~afŏflaf ~{ač~flm ~m w~s}jčº

{ yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn" fcrmw`{flm c` damw~jfŃg÷{ ~ rmn`l÷{ {qjb}g~`¤

lqge %ly, Yrfkf Y÷ŏl`g { [frw~f{am!"

`w~g~đcl`Śga ~fwò÷{ ‗ `krflag~flam ~}Ųqgaf mlmrkaa yr~m~ rmd`ls`{flamº

o}cqlj÷{"

o}c`{q l`{qge oamjs÷{ }Ųqsj} y}obag~lmk`" nfj> befrd`lam" smfsrq" fsrfj¤º

gqnlm `wamcbf o}cqlj÷{ j`d}lfblqge" j`dybmjwq rmjrmfgqnlm,

[ `yalaa ofcflqge frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{" còrq yr`nmjs { yr~mwsr~mla damn¤

wjamn d`Ųm y`Śrmcla` yr~qg~qlaċ wađ c` r`~{ač~flaf yròbmd÷{ wy`ŏmg~lqge,

Y`yr~m~ ~fym{lamlam damw~jfŃg`d k`clqge {fr}lj÷{ c` h}ljgn`l`{flaf



3?

lf g` c~amŃ `rf~ c` wyđc~flaf g~fw} {`blmk` %ly, yr~m~ s{`r~mlam damnwg wy`¤

sjfŃ! d`Ųlf {yŏq{fċ lf y`yrf{đ rmbfgna dađc~qb}c~jage a alsmkrfgnđ wy`ŏm¤g~mŃws{f, _mwy`lcmls`d {qcfnm wađ nmclfj" Ųm {~`rlags{` df ~laj`dq {yŏq{

lf r`~{ač~q{flam kŏđow~qge yròbmd÷{ wy`ŏmg~lqge" sfjage nfj> oamcf" om~¤

rò`gam" lfrj`dflaf" fbjè`ba~d, D`Ųm s` {qlajfċ ~ orfj} Ś{afc`d`Śga w~m¤

r`jage ~fws`w`{fŃ smgelaj yr`nmjs`{qge { sfjamn c~amc~alam, C`Ś{afcg~mlaf

orqsqnwjamk` Cmwakl G`}lgab g~q rd yr`nmjs`{`¤c`rfcg~qge" sfjage nfj ACM@"

y`jf~}nč" Ųm jrmfsq{l`Śċ yr`nmjsfls÷{ d`Ųm oqċ wj}smg~lam {qj`r~qwsq{flf

{ r`~{ač~q{fla} sfjage j{mwsaa" nfj ly,> `krflag~flam b`jfblmn yr~mwsđyg~`Śga

g~q ~{ađjw~flam y`g~}gaf k`cl`Śga yfgnmls÷{ w~yasfba,

“JfŲcm yr~mcwađ{~ađgam { damŚgam" nmŲmba nmws" s` yr~mcwađ{~ađgam alhrfwsr}js}rfblm" {q¤lajf ~ smk`" Ųm damw~jfŃgq dfnč sfjam" f lam allm y`sr~moq, Nmws smŲ kr}yf yr~mcwađ{~ađċ

dađjjage" js÷rm rmfba~`{flm wč ~ c~afŏ} y`basqja wy`ŏmg~lmn, Wč sfd yr~mga{c~afŏflaf yr`¤

obmd`{a fbjè`ba~d}" {wy÷ŏyrfgf ~ `rkfla~fgnfda y`~fr~čc`{qda, Yrfg}nmdq lfc ~alsm¤

kr`{flqd yr`krfdmd rm{asfba~fgna cbf nmclmn ~ c~amblag—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

“Wŏqw~fŏmd ` sfjad yr`nmjgam" oq { dmsr~m y`~oqċ wađ krfhsa ‗ { `cbmkŏ`Śga 69 gd ~falwsf¤

b`{fl` wafsjđ ~ `g~jfda" ~fŏ÷Ųdq ? u ? gd g~q = u = gd, @wòf" js÷rf gegafŏf g`Ś lfyawfċ

wyrfqmd" lam d`kŏf smk` ~ròaċ" o` nfj ~ 69 gd yrqwjfŏf" s` lag lam {qge`c~aŏ`" lam oqŏ`

Ųfclmk` mhmjs}, S` wađ wyrf{c~aŏ` { dmsr~m—, %frgeasmjs/yr`nmjsfls!

[mcŏ}k {amc~q {ađjw~`Śga ofcflqge frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{" { yr`gmwfge

s{`r~mlaf fkb`dmrfgna damnwjage }{~kbđclafnčgqge wy`ŏmg~lm a alcq{ac}fblm

y`sr~moq damw~jfŃg÷{ }g~mwslag~č yr~mcwsf{agambm yr~mdqwŏ÷{ jrmfsq{lqge,

@coq{f wađ s` lf y`b} rmjrmfgna" j}bs}rq" }w}{flaf oframr cbf `w÷o ~ lamymŏl`¤

wyrf{l`Śgač `rf~ fjsq{a~fgna r÷Ųlqge kr}y, Age r`bf y`bmkf lfng~đŚgamn lf `yrf¤

g`{fla} j`lgmygna fbo` `gmlam yr`nmjs÷{ ~kŏ`w~`lqge c` j`lj}rw}, G~fwfda

yr~mcwsf{agambm orflŲ jrmfsq{lqge lfc~`r}nč smŲ rmfba~fgnđ, [ ~fbmŲl`Śga `c

wymgqja yr`nmjs} wč s` r÷Ųlm kr}yq ‗ frgeasmjga" yr`nmjsflga" krfgq" frsqŚga"

ybfwsqgq" dfbfr~m,

Lamjs÷r~q ~{rfgfba }{fkđ" Ųm dad` aŲ yr~mcwsf{agambm yr~mdqwŏ÷{ jrmfsq{¤

lqge y`{alla orfċ }c~afŏ { sqge yr`gmwfge" {qwsđy}nm `krflag~mlam wy`{`c`¤

{flm o}cŲmsmd }r~đc÷{, ^cflamd ofcflqge" orfj ~r`~}damlaf yr~m~ }r~đc¤

laj÷{ h}ljgna ymŏla`lmn yr~m~ wymgnfbaws÷{ { sqge yr`gmwfge y`{`c}nm" Ųm

lam df `cy`{amclage {fr}lj÷{ c` {wy÷ŏyrfgq dađc~q }r~đcfda f orflŲfda

jrmfsq{lqda,



Ws`w`{flam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` f c~afŏfbl`Śċ

yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ { dafwsfge 7,



33

7, Ws`w`{flam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` f c~afŏfbl`Śċ yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{

{ dafwsfge

7,6, J`lsfjs dafwsf ~ yr~mcwađoa`rgfda

Wy`Śr÷c }r~đclaj÷{ ~fnd}nčgqge wađ {~`rlags{md" y`lfc 6/3 ofcflqge }~lfnm"

Ųm {~`rlags{` lam wsf{`{a mbmdmls} d`kčgmk` {yŏq{fċ lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ daf¤

wsf cbf al{mws`r÷{,

[qjrmw 67

@yalam lf smdfs {qyŏq{} {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ dafwsf cbf al{mws`r÷{ %rmwy`l$

cmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!G~q Yflf/Yfla ~cflamd {~`rlags{` damnwjam d`Ųm {y ŏq{fċ lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ dafwsf cbf al{mws`r÷{0 %L41;!


[qjrmw 63

@yalam lf smdfs ws`ylaf {yŏq{} {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ dafwsf cbf al{mws`r÷{%rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!

[ nfj ad w s`yla} { ~`rlags{` damnwj am d`Ųm {yŏq{fċ lf fsrfjgq nl`Śċ dafw sf cbf al{mws`r÷{0 %`cy`{amc~a `w÷o" j s÷rm { y` $

yr~mclad yqsfla} `cy`{amc~afŏq s{amrc~čg`: L4;?!


Sqdg~fwmd fŲ 5;- yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ }~lfnm cmwakl damnwja ~f wyrf{đ cbf lage

aws`slč" f y`lfc 3=- `gmlaf" Ųm j{mwsam ~{ač~flm ~ {~`rlags{md dfnč rmfblq

{yŏq{ lf h}ljgn`l`{flam age rdq,

Lam

Sfj

?8-

;3-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

_fg~mn { lawjad ws`yla}

Fla { lawjad" fla { {qw`jad ws`yla}

_fg~mn { {qw`jad ws`yla} ^cmgqc`{flam { {qw jad ws`yla}

??- =5- 6=- 3-



3=

[qjrmw 6=

@yalam lf smdfs {fka yr~mdqŚbflmn `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn" ~ y}ljs} {ac~mlaf yr~mcwađ$oa`rg÷{ %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq!

Yr`w~đ y`{amc~amċ" lf abm aws`slm nmws ~ y}ljs} {ac~mlaf yr~mcwađoa`rgq" foq yr~mwsr~mŃ damnwjf oqŏf ~`rkfla~`{flf { yr~m$

dqŚbflq wy`w÷o0 %L416!


[qjrmw 68

@yalam lf smdfs {yŏq{} {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` lf h}ljgn`l`{flam rd rmwy`lcmls÷{

G~q whmrf {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`" g~qba j{mwsam ~{ač~flm ~ `rkfla~fgnč a {qy`wfŲmlamd yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn dfnč rmfblq

{yŏq{ lf h}ljgn`l`{flam Yflf/Yfla rdq0 %L416!


Ge`gafŲ `gmlf dafws y`c {~kbđcmd ~`rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn"

{Śr÷c yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ ~ g~đŚga ab`Śga`{mn ofcflaf" lam nmws {qw`jf ‗ y`nf{aŏ` wađ

~fbmc{am 75- `gml y`~qsq{lqge %~cmgqc`{flam a rfg~mn còr~m! a fŲ ?5- `gml

lmkfsq{lqge %~cmgqc`{flam a rfg~mn žbm! ‗ lamdfb y`ŏ`{f ofcflqge yr~mcwsf¤

{agamba rd nmws ~cflaf" Ųm {ŏfc~m dafwsf lam wč ~falsmrmw`{flm age yròbmdfda

a y`sr~mofda" nmŚba ge`c~a ` yr~mwsr~mŃ damnwjč,

[qjrmw 6;

@gmlf w{`nmk` dafwsf y`c {~kbđcmd ~`rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mc$wađoa`rgq!

Nfj Yfl/Yfla gmlaf w{`nm dafws` y`c {~kbđcmd ~`rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn0 %L416!


9 ?9 39 89 59 699

^cmgqc`{flam lamaws slm

_fg~mn lamaws`slm

Fla aws`slm" fla lamaws slm_fg~mn aws`slm ^cmgqc`{flam aws`slm

;6"37- 68"35- ="31- 7"79- 7"79-

Lam

Sfj

38"6=-=7"5=-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Lam {amd/sr}cl` y`{amc~amċ ^cmgqc`{flam žbm

_fg~mn žbm

Fla còr~m" fla žbm

_fg~mn còr~m

^cmgqc`{flam còr~m

;"81- ?1"8;- 7?"1;- ?7"95- ="31- 6"69-



38

[qjrmw 65

@yalam lf smdfs ~falsmrmw`{flaf {ŏfc~ dafwsf yròbmdfda a y`sr~mofda yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" { j`l$smjŚgam ~fyr`nmjs`{flaf a rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq!

G~q Yflf/Yfla ~cflamd {ŏfc~m dafwsf alsmrmw}nč wađ yròbmdfda a y`sr~mofda yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" nmŚba ge`c~a ~fyr`nmjs`{f$

lam a `rkfla~fgnđ yr~mwsr~mla damnwjage" g~q smŲ lam0 %L416!


Sqdg~fwmd { `yalaa fŲ 18- yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" j`lw}bsfgnm ~ lada { ~fjrmwam

{~`rlags{f damnwjamk` wč y`sr~molm,

[qjrmw 61

@yalam lf smdfs y`sr~mo j`lw}bsfgna ~ yr~mcwađoa`rgfda" c`sqg~čgqge ~fyr`nmjs`{flaf a rkfla~fgnayr~mwsr ~mla damnwjamn %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq!

G~q { Yflf/Yfla `yalaa j`lw}bsfgnm ~ yr~mcwađoa`rgfda c`sqg~čgm ~fyr`nmjs`{flaf a `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr~mla damnwjage wč

y`sr~molm" g~q smŲ ~ođclm0 %L416!


Yr~mcwađoa`rgq {qj`l}nčgq mbmdmlsq {~`rlag~m {wjf~}nč" Ųm }r~đcq dafws

yrmhmr}nč rfg~mn {ađjw~m rdq" nmŚba ge`c~a ` yr`nmjs`{flam a `rkfla~fgnđ yr~m¤

wsr~mla damnwjamn, Nfj ~f}{fŲqŏf g~đŚċ ofcflqge" c` j`lw}bsfgna" wmdalfra÷{

g~q wy`sjfŃ c`ge`c~a rfg~mn ~ alagnfsq{q yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{, Smk` sqy} wy`sjflaf

c`sqg~č g~đws` yrm~mlsfgna `jrmŚb`lqge yr`c}js÷{ b}o r`~{ač~fŃ `hmr`{flqge

yr~m~ rdđ" f y`lfcs` wj}yafnč wađ lf {qyrfg`{fla} ~fwfc {wy÷ŏyrfgq a y`¤

~lfla} {~fnmdlqge `g~mja{fŃ, Lamjs÷r~q ~f}{fŲfnč" Ųm g~fwfda }r~đclagq

~{rfgfnč wađ ~ yrq{fslč yr`Śoč ` y`d`g { r`~{ač~fla} wqs}fgna yròbmd`{mnlf msfyam yr~qk`s`{q{flaf ~fyqsflaf `hmrs`{mk` ‗ y`lam{fŲ nmclfj lam df

d`Ųba{`Śga" foq }r~čc `gnfblam d÷kŏ ~{r÷gaċ wađ ` y`d`g c` yr~mcwađoa`rgq" wč

s` y`nmcqlg~m yr~qyfcja,

^cflamd ofcflqge" j`lsfjs dafwsf ~ yr~mcwađoa`rgfda nmws y`sr~molq" y`lam{fŲ

{ cr`c~m j`lw}bsfgna yr~mcwađoa`rgq d`kč `sr~qdfċ {wjf~÷{ja c`sqg~čgm }Ųq¤

gaf dfsmrafŏ÷{" ws`w`{flqge yfrfdmsr÷{ yr`c}js÷{" l`{qge r`~{ač~fŃ, ^ cr}¤

kamn wsr`lq" gmbmd j`lw}bsfgna oq{f sfjŲm y`d`g }r~đclaj`d { `yrfg`{fla}

j`lgmygna yr~mc wfdqd r`~yawflamd j`lj}rw} ‗ `jrmŚbmlam y`sr~mo a c`rfc~s{`

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

_fg~mn lamy`sr~molm_fg~mn y`sr~molm ^cmgqc`{flam y`sr~molm

=6"8=- 36";8- 8"=1-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Lam {amd/sr}cl` y`{amc~amċ ^cmgqc`{flam lam

_fg~mn lam

Fla sfj" fla lam_fg~mn sfj

^cmgqc`{flam sfj

=- 65- 61- 7=- 65- =-



3;

{ {qo`r~m lfnbmyw~mn h`rdq yr~myr`{fc~mlaf gfŏmk` yr`nmjs}, ^cfr~f wađ" Ųm

yr~mcwađoa`rgq wč ~fsr}clafla nfj` mjwymrga { yr`gmwam ybfl`{flaf ~fcfŃ a `gm¤lq yr`nmjs÷{,

“NfjamŚ j`lw}bsfgnm wč, F g~mk` dafws` `g~mj}nm `c lfw0 Nmws wsrfsmkaf r`~{`n} dafwsf

a dafws` gegm" ŲmoqŚdq sfd {yawfba w{`nm yr`nmjsq, S` nmws ofrc~amn lf ~fwfc~am a y`~a`dam

j`lw}bsfgna" g~qba c`sqg~q yr`nmjs} }roflawsqg~lmk` dafwsf ‗ dq wađ d`Ųmdq {yawfċ { sđ

wsrfsmkađ r`~{`n} dafwsf" sfjamk` frgeasmjs`lag~l`¤yr~mwsr~mllmk`—, %yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

“S` wađ g~fwmd ~cfr~f" Ųm yr~mcwsf{agambm rd yaw~č c` lfw" o` { sqd r`j} ođcč ~fdf{afba

nfjaŚ j`w~ a gegambaoq wađ c`{amc~amċ" nfjam {qwsđy}nč { wsflcfrc~am" js÷rq ođc~am {q¤

sr~qdfŏq" nfjč df y`nmdl`Śċ" wy`wòq {qnd`{flaf" `yr÷Ųlaflaf a sr{fŏ`Śċ ly, crm{lf—,

%yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

7,?, [wyamrflam a yr`d`{flam yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{

[ađjw~`Śċ ofcflqge yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ rmfba~}nčgqge ~bmgmlaf }r~đc÷{ dafws

{ ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f nmws ~cflaf" Ųm lam `sr~qd}nm {wyfrgaf `c dafwsf" ge`¤

gafŲ ~lflm wč ad sfjam nmk` h`rdq" nfj ly, j`lj}rwq,

Lamjs÷r~q rmwy`lcmlga {qrfŲfnč `yalađ" Ųm y`basqjf { {ađjw~qge dafwsfge

{ {ađjw~qd ws`yla} }{~kbđclaf s{`r~mlam Śr`c`{awjf cbf h}ljgn`l`{f¤

laf yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ laŲ { dfŏqge damnwg`{`Śgafge, ^cmgqc`{flf {ađjw~`Śċ

yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ }g~mwslag~čgqge { ofcfla} nfj`Śga`{qd lam ~msjlđŏf wađ nmc¤

lfj ~ c~afŏflafda y`bmkfnčgqda lf s{`r~mla} alj}ofs`r÷{ yr~mcwađoa`rg~`Śga

g~q gmlsr÷{ {amc~q" lam oa`rč smŲ }c~afŏ} { w~j`bmlafge b}o {frw~sfsfge cbf

yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" `rkfla~`{flqge yr~m~ dafwsf, D`Ųm s` {qlajfċ ~ orfj} sf¤

jage c~afŏfŃ b}o orfj} alh`rdfgna lf sml smdfs" jamr`{flqge yr~m~ }r~đcq c`

yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{, Lambag~la }{fŲfnč r÷{lamŲ" Ųm `hmrsf w~j`bmla`{f lam nmws wf¤

sqwhfjgn`l}nčgf { fwymjgam yr`y`l`{flqge smdfs÷{, Y`nf{afnč wađ smŲ yalam" Ųm

yr~mcwađoa`rgq lam wč srfjs`{fla nfj yfrslmr~q" js÷r~q d`kč c`wsfrg~qċ dafws}

còrqge a y`sr~molqge yr`c}js÷{ b}o r`~{ač~fŃ, Yr~mw~jfc~f orfj nfwlqge ~f¤

wfc a {qsqg~lqge" orfj yr~myaw÷{ `rf~ {qg~mry}nčgmn alh`rdfgna" ly, c`sqg~čgmn

rmfba~`{flaf wsrfsmkaa" g` d`kŏqoq ~f`{`g`{fċ còrč {wy÷ŏyrfgč ~ }r~đcfda,

“[qwsfrg~q y`{amc~amċ nfwl`" nfjam wađ df `g~mja{flaf { ws`w}lj} c` yfrslmrf, A nfwl`

mk~mj{`{fċ {w~mbjam ~fwfcq a {w~mbjam rmk}ŏq, F rmk}ŏq y`{allq oqċ wsfŏm, NmŚba sfj

ođc~am" s` d`Ųlf y`{amc~amċ ` fjgna {wyamrflaf yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ yr~m~ dafwsf, S` nmws

ofrc~` {fŲlm" o` dq smŲ c~afŏfdq { dafwsfge" { g~đŚga yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn" a {ŏfŚlam

dq nmwsmŚdq sč g~đŚgač, Cbf lfw { sfjad ~fjrmwam" ` nfjad y`{amc~afŏfd" ofrc~` {fŲlm

wč nfwlm ~fwfcq {wy÷ŏyrfgq" geđċ c`kfcflaf wađ a y`r`~}damlaf, Cbf lfw sml r`c~fn {wyfr¤

gaf nmws ofrc~` {fŲlq, Lf rf~am nmws" nfj nmws, [wyfrgaf nmclfj lam {acfċ { sqd ~fjrmwam—,

%yr~mcwađoa`rgf!



35

Nmclf sr~mgaf ofcflqge yr~mcwsf{agamba rd { `k÷bm lam c`wsr~mkfŏf Ųfclqge

c~afŏfŃ {ŏfc~ w{àge dafws { ~fjrmwam {wyamrflaf r`~{`n} b`jfblmn yr~mcwađ¤oa`rg~`Śga, 37- ofcflqge cmjbfr`{fŏ`" Ųm alagnfsq{q sfjam nfj {qwsf{q/sfrka/

wy`sjflaf orflŲ`{m g~q smŲ s{`r~mlam alhrfwsr}js}rq sqy}> yfrja smgel`b`kag~¤

lm b}o gmlsrf ofcfŃ a r`~{`n} lam dfnč {yŏq{} lf c~afŏfbl`Śċ age rd" nmclfj

{Śr÷c y`~`wsfŏqge =;- yrf{am {w~qwgq `gmlaba {yŏq{ sqge c~afŏfŃ nfj` y`~q¤

sq{lq, S` y`jf~}nm" nfj {fŲlf nmws wj}smg~lf yr`d`gnf sfjage yr~mcwađ{~ađċ

a nfj {fŲlm nmws }Ś{afcfdaflam yr~mcwađoa rg÷{ { ~fjrmwam y`~qsq{lqge wj}s¤

j÷{ yfrsqgqyfgna { lage,

[qjrmw ?9

^lfn`d`Śċ h`rd {wyamrflaf yr~mcwađoa`rg~`Śga" `rkfla~`{flmk` yr~m~ {ŏfc~m dafwsf %rmwy`lcml$ga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq!

G~q {mcŏ}k Yflf/Yfla {amc~q {ŏfc~m dafwsf y`cmnd}nč c~afŏflaf" { sfjage òw~frfge nfj>,,,0 %L416!


[qjrmw ?6

@yalam lf smdfs {yŏq{} {wyfrgaf yr~mcwađoa`rg~`Śga" `rkfla~`{flmk` yr~m~ {ŏfc~m dafwsf" lfrdq rmwy`lcmls÷{

G~q smk` s qy} alagnfsq{q dfnč {yŏq{ lf c~afŏfbl`Śċ Yflf/Yfla rdq0 % cy`{afcfŏq `wòq" ~cflamd js÷rqge {ŏfc~m dafwsf

y`cmnd}nč nfjamj`b{amj {wjf~flm c~afŏflaf: L416!


9 69 ?9 79 39 =9 89

źfclm ~ y`{qŲw~qge

S{`r~mlam gmlsr÷{ ofcfŃ a r`~{`n}

S{`r~mlam yfrj÷{ smgel`b`kag~lqge

S{`r~mlam alj}ofs`r÷{ yr~mcwađoa`rg~`Śga

[qwsf{q" sfrka" wy`sjflaf orflŲ`{m =9"==-

37"18-

71"=8-

61";5-

7?"1;-

Lam

Sfj

37-

=;-



31

[qjrmw ??

@gmlf {yŏq{} {wyfrgaf yr~mcwađoa`rg~`Śga" `rkfla~`{flmk` yr~m~ {ŏfc~m dafwsf" lf rdq rm$wy`lcmls÷{ %rmwy`lcmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq!

G~q {yŏq{ sml nmws y`~qsq{lq" g~q lmkfsq{lq0 %`cy`{amc~a yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" js÷r~q `gmlaba" Ųm smk` sqy} alagnfsq{q dfnč

{yŏq{ lf c~afŏfbl`Śċ age rd: L47=!


_mwy`lcmlga { g~đŚga nfj`Śga`{mn ofcflaf" d÷{ačg ` y`~qsq{lqd “w~}dam—

{`j÷ŏ dafwsf %ly, ~{ač~flqd ~ cčŲmlamd c` }~qwjflaf yr~m~ dafws` daflfws`bagq m}r`ymnwjamn!" `gmlafba" Ųm nmws `l w{mk` r`c~fn} yr`d`gnč" o}c`{flamd

{a~mr}lj}" g` {yŏq{f j`r~qwslam lf y`cmnd`{flam c~afŏfŃ ~m wsr`lq }r~đc÷{

{ jamr}lj} r`~{`n} dafwsf" sfjŲm { òw~fr~m {~`rlags{f, @{`g}nm s` ~frf¤

~md lfyŏq{md ~bmgmŃ cbf yr~mcwađoa`rws{" g` yr~mjŏfcf wađ lf {~r`ws ~qwj} cbf

rd, Nmcl`g~mŚlam {ađjw~f j`lj}rmlgnf lf rqlj} d`sq{}nm yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{

c` al{mws`{flaf { yfrja dfw~ql`{m a l`{m smgel`b`kam" c~ađja g~md} { cfb¤

w~mn ymrwymjsq{am y`{wsfnč bmyw~m {qròq" js÷rm d`kč ~`wsfċ {yr`{fc~`lm c`

yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn,

7,7, Jrqsmraf cmgqc}nčgm ` {qo`r~m damnwgf cbf rdq

Lfn{fŲlamnw~m jrqsmraf" nfjada jamr}nč wađ yr~mcwađoa`rgq" cmgqc}nčg ` {qo`¤

r~m damnwgf cbf w{`nmn rdq %{qdamla`lm wy`lsflag~lam yr~m~ yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{

{ g~đŚga nfj`Śga`{mn ofcflaf!" s`>

còrf b`jfba~fgnf %còrf j`d}lajfgnf" om~yamg~mŃws{`" lam}gačŲba{`Śċ cbfº

wčwafc÷{" d`Ųba{`Śċ r`~o}c`{q ~fjŏfc} yr`c}jgqnlmk`!"

c`k`clm y`ŏ`Ųmlam lf dađc~qlfr`c`{qge w~bfjfge j`d}lajfgqnlqge ‗ cr`¤º

k`{qd a j`bmn`{qd ‗ ~fym{lafnčgm srflwy`rs w}r`{g÷{ a {qs{`r~`lqge

yr`c}js÷{"

d`Ųba{`Śċ ~fsr}clamlaf hfge`{g÷{ a yrfg`{laj÷{ {qj{fbaj`{flqge"º

còrm ymrwymjsq{q r`~{`n} k`wy`cfrg~mk` `rf~ còrq jbadfs cbf oa~lmw}º

%yr~qnf~lf y`basqjf dafwsf" lawjam j`w~sq yr`{fc~mlaf c~afŏfbl`Śga" dfŏf

j`lj}rmlgnf!"

rqlmj ~oqs},º

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

_fg~mn lmkfsq{lq _fg~mn y`~qsq{lq ^cmgqc`{flam y`~qsq{lm

73- 87- 7-



=9

Yr~qgačkfnč sfjŲm al{mwsqgnm rmfba~`{flm yr~m~ dafws`" f age orfj d`Ųm `cyq¤

gefċ yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" w~g~mk÷blam nmŚba yr`{fc~č c~afŏfbl`Śċ b`jfblam,“G~q al{mwsqgnm yr~qgačkfnč0 Lf ym{l` sfj, [qw`jam {wyfrgam alhrfwsr}js}rfblm cbf

yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" sfj, DqŚdq wađ {ŏfŚlam sč alhrfwsr}js}rč jamr`{fba" `wfc~fnčg rdđ s}¤

sfn, %,,,!, Al{mwsqgnm {wyamrfnč r`~{÷n yr~mcwađoa`rg~`Śga, Orfj al{mwsqgna { nfjaŚ wy`w÷o

smŲ d`Ųm `cyqgefċ, Nmws s` ofrc~` {ac`g~lm ‗ wč yròbmdq ~ c`nf~cmd" j`d}lajfgnč" ~f¤

wađkamd ‗ g~qba smgel`b`kač j`d}lajfgna, Dafwsf ~fgeđgfnč w{àda c~afŏflafda allqge

yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{" ga ~fŚ lamh`rdfblam ~fgeđgfnč allm rdq, Lf ym{l` sfj, Df s` {yŏq{

lf r`~{÷n yr~mcwađoa`rg~`Śga lf smrmlam cflmk` dafwsf—, %yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

Jrqsmraf sfjam" nfj> alh`rd`{flam yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ ` wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafwsf

g~q smŲ ybfl`{flqge c~afŏflafge { ~fjrmwam r`~{`n} {~`rlags{f { damŚgam wč

{fŲlm" fbm lamcmsmrdal}nčgm, ]ŏfs{afnč c~afŏfbl`Śċ rd" o` alh`rd}nč ` y`sr~m¤

ofge dafwsf a d`kč y`d÷g { ybfl`{fla},

_`~{÷n {~`rlags{f df ~lfg~mlam cbf rd" js÷rm c~afŏfnč { smn c~amc~alam" y`¤

lam{fŲ ~fym{laf ~bmgmlaf a yr~qge`cq" nmclfj ~f~{qg~fn rdq lam `krflag~fnč

wađ c` c~afŏfŃ lf `jrmŚb`lqd smrmlam" fbm w~}jfnč rqlj} ~oqs} cbf w{àge s`{f¤

r÷{ a }wŏ}k { gfŏqd jrfn},

^f}{fŲ`l`" Ųm j`ry`rfgnm" {qoamrfnčg b`jfba~fgnm lf w{`nm oa}rf" ~{rfgfnč {ađj¤

w~č }{fkđ lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ dafwsf { fwymjgam frgeasmjs`lag~lqd g~q {~`rla¤

g~qd, Dafwsf ~fym{lafnčgm c`wsđy c` rmjrmfgna a j}bs}rq d`kč oqċ o`{amd cbfyr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ ofrc~amn fsrfjgqnlm y`c jčsmd omlms÷{ y`~fyrfg`{lag~qge,

Y`lfcs` yr~mcwađoa`rgq ~fym{lafnč" Ųm yrq{fslam yrmhmr}nč yr~moq{flam { mw¤

smsqg~lqd a còr~m ~fyr nmjs`{flqd" h}ljgn`lfblqd Śr`c`{awj}" js÷rm {q{`¤

ŏ}nm y`sr~mođ y`~`wsflaf { cflqd damnwg} lf cŏ}Ųmn,

“Daŏ` nmws a yr~qnmdlam" nmŚba {ac~adq" Ųm dafws` r`~j{asf ~qg~lam, Ge`c~a s} ` ~fcoflč

~ambmŃ" {qrmd`ls`{flm o}cqlja" }bagm" l`{m ŏf{ja" ŚgamŲja r`{mr`{m, Y`csr~qdq{flf

nmws eaws`raf damnwgf" mjwy`l`{flm ~foqsja" ~f}{fŲfblq nmws smŲ r`~{÷n smgel`b`kaa al¤

h`rdfgqnlqge, Daŏ` nmws" kcq `sfg~fdq wađ yađjlmd" w~s}jč" j`b`rmd a smgel`b`kač" js÷¤

rf }ŏfs{af Ųqgam, Còr~m nmws" nmŚba dfdq kc~am {qnŚċ a wòam y`kfcfċ" kcq kc~amŚ d`¤

Ųmdq yòamkfċ" y`yŏq{fċ g~q òmnr~mċ dmg~ lf Ųq{`" y÷nŚċ lf {qwsf{đ b}o {mrlawfŲ—,

%yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

7,3, Dafwsf { `yalaa yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{

[qlaja ab`Śga`{mn g~đŚga ofcflaf y`jf~}nč" Ųm yr~mcwađoa`rgq c`Śċ w}r`{`

`gmlafnč dafwsf" { js÷rqge yr`{fc~č c~afŏfbl`Śċ k`wy`cfrg~č" y`c {~kbđcmd

mbmdmls÷{ wjŏfcfnčgqge wađ lf {~`rlags{`, W~g~mk÷blam lmkfsq{lam `gmla`l`

rm{asfba~fgnđ ~flamcoflqge o}cqlj÷{ a smrml÷{ %75- lmkfsq{lqge {wjf~fŃ!



=6

`rf~ `hmrsđ j}bs}rfblč dafwsf %?7- `gml lmkfsq{lqge!, Bmyamn `gmla`l` mbmdml¤

sq c`sqg~čgm ~fws`w`{flaf alsmrmw}nčgqge r`~{ač~fŃ c`sqg~čgqge yr~mwsr~mladamnwjamn a nmn {qy`wfŲmlaf `rf~ age yrfjsqg~l`Śċ,

[qjrmw ?7

@gmlf rmfba~fgna ~fŏ`ŲmŃ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { damŚgam c~afŏfbl`Śga rmwy`lcmlsf %rmwy`lcmlga>yr~mcwađoa`rgq!

Nfj Yfl/Yfla gmlaf dafws`" { js÷rqd c~afŏf Yflf/Yfla rdf" y`c {~kbđcmd… %L416!


Lawjam `gmlq yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ wč sqd ofrc~amn aws`slm" Ųm `gmlaflm òw~frq dfnč

{mcŏ}k cmjbfrfgna smn kr}yq rmwy`lcmls÷{ c}Ųm ~lfg~mlam,

[qjrmw ?3

@gmlf {fka rmfba~fgna ~fŏ`ŲmŃ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { damŚgam c~afŏfbl`Śga rmwy`lcmlsf %rmwy`l$cmlga> yr~mcwađoa`rgq!

Yr`w~đ y`{amc~amċ" lf abm {fŲlf cbf Yflf/Yfla nfj` yr~mcwsf{agambf rdq nmws… %L416!


9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Lam {amd/sr}cl` y`{amc~amċ

^cmgqc`{flam žbm

_fg~mn žbm

Fla žbm" fla còr~m

_fg~mn còr~m

^cmgqc`{flam còr~m

_m{asfba~fgnf/yr~q{r÷gmlam c` Ųqgaf ~flamcoflqge"lam}Ųqsj`{flqge o}cqlj÷{/smrml÷{

Alsmrmw}nčgm r`~{ač~flaf/yr`nmjsq c`sqg~čgmyr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn a nmn {qy`wfŲmlaf

Yrfjsqg~l`Śċ r`~{ač~fŃ/yr`nmjs÷{~fws`w`{flqge { yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn

@hmrsf j}bs}rfblf dafwsf =- 7=- 77- 65- =- 7-

5- 36- 79- ?6- 6-

=- ?3- 31- 68- 3-

69- 61- 77- ?1- 1- 6-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Lam {amd/sr}cl` y`{amc~amċ ^cmgqc`{flam lam{fŲlq

_fg~mn lam{fŲlq Fla {fŲlq" fla lam{fŲlq

_fg~mn {fŲlq ^cmgqc`{flam {fŲlq



Yrfjsqg~l`Śċ r`~{ač~fŃ/yr`nmjs÷{~fws`w`{flqge { yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn

@hmrsf j}bs}rfblf dafwsf 7;- 77- 6?- 67- 3-

=3- 76- 3- =- =-

35- 78- ;- =-?-6-

=1- ?3- 7- 69- ?- 6-



Ws`w`{flam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` f nfj`Śċ Ųqgaf damw~jfŃg÷{

3,



=3

3, Ws`w`{flam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` f nfj`Śċ Ųqgaf damw~jfŃg÷{

3,6, Dafwsf { `yalaa damw~jfŃg÷{

Damw~jfŃgq }g~mwslag~qba nmcqlam { g~đŚga ab`Śga`{mn yr`nmjs},

[ađjw~`Śċ ofcflqge cmjbfr`{fŏf" Ųm age dafws` nmws còrqd dafwsmd c` g`c~aml¤

lmk` Ųqgaf, Nmcqlam g` c~amwačsq rmwy`lcmls `gmlafŏ w{`nm dafws` lmkfsq{lam,

[qjrmw ?=

@yalam lf smdfs ~cflaf> “Dafws`" { js÷rqd damw~jfd" s` còrm dafws` c` g`c~amllmk` Ųqgaf—%rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq!

Yr`w~đ y`{amc~amċ" lf abm ~kfc~f wađ Yfl/Yfla ~ `cg~qsflqd ws{amrc~mlamd, Yr`w~đ y`wŏ}Ųqċ wađ wjfbč `c 6 c` ;" kc~am

6 `~lfg~f “~cmgqc`{flam wađ lam ~kfc~fd—" f ; “~cmgqc`{flam wađ ~kfc~fd—, “Dafws`" { js÷rqd damw~jfd" s` còrm dafws`

c` g`c~amllmk` Ųqgaf—,


[qlaja ofcflaf {wjf~}nč" Ųm damw~jfŃgq gmlač wòam yr~mdqŚbflq wy`w÷o ~`r¤

kfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn, Wy`Śr÷c ~fyqsflqge `w÷o c~am{ađċ lf c~am¤wađċ `gmlafŏ` sml mbmdmls nfj` ~cmgqc`{flam b}o rfg~mn aws`slq,

[qjrmw ?8

@gmlf {fka còrmn `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq!

Lf abm aws`slm nmws Yflf/Yfla ~cflamd" foq yr~mwsr~mŃ damnwjf oqŏf ~`rkfla~`{flf { yr~mdqŚbflq wy`w÷o0 %L4?63!


63- damw~jfŃg÷{ s{amrc~aŏ`" Ųm yr~mwsr~mŃ { age dafwsfge nmws ~`rkfla~`{flf

~cmgqc`{flam còr~m" 37- {wjf~q{fŏ` ~fŚ" Ųm nmws `lf ~`rkfla~`{flf rfg~mn

còr~m %ŏčg~lam =;- y`~qsq{lqge `gml!,

Y`lfcs` c{`df mbmdmlsfda %wy`Śr÷c yađga}!" js÷rm oqŏq lfng~đŚgamn {qoamrflm

yr~m~ rmwy`lcmls÷{ ‗ nfj` dfnčgm lfn{ađjw~q {yŏq{ lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ dafwsf

~ y}ljs} {ac~mlaf damw~jfŃg÷{ ‗ wč> `rkfla~fgnf yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn `rf~

{qcfr~mlaf j}bs}rfblm,

9?9 39 89 59 699

; ~cmgqc`{flam wađ lam ~kfc~fd8=37?6 ~cmgqc`{flam wađ ~kfc~fd

79- 6;- 7?- 69- 5- 6- ?-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699


^cmgqc`{flam lamaws`slm

_fg~mn lamaws`slm

Fla aws`slm" fla lamaws slm_fg~mn aws`slm ^cmgqc`{flam aws`slm

88"3- ?7"3- ;- 6"1- 6"3-



==

[qjrmw ?;

@gmlf {fka mbmdmls÷{ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk`" ~ y}ljs} {ac~mlaf damw~jfŃg÷{ %rmwy`lcmlga>damw~jfŃgq!

Wy`Śr÷c `cg~qsflqge ~ bawsq yr`w~đ {wjf~fċ c{f mbmdmlsq" js÷rm Yflf/Yfla ~cflamd lfnofrc~amn {yŏq{fnč lf fsrfjgqnl`Śċ

Yflf/Yfla dafwsf ~ y}ljs} {ac~mlaf nmk` damw~jfŃg÷{ %L4?63!


[qjrmw ?5

@gmlf dafwsf rmwy`lcmls÷{" y`c {~kbđcmd ~`rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn %rmwy`lcmlga>damw~jfŃgq!

Nfj Yfl/Yfla gmlaf w{`nm dafws` y`c {~kbđcmd ~`rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn0 %L4?63!


[ sqd j`lsmjŚgam {frs` yr~qnr~mċ wađ {qlaj`d ab`Śga`{mn g~đŚga ofcflaf

{ }r~đcfge dafws %y`laŲmn! ‗ lamdfb 6/= wy`Śr÷c ofcflqge }r~đclaj÷{ `gm¤

lafŏf ~`rkfla~`{flam yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn { w{àge dafwsfge ofrc~` còr~m"

f y`lfc y`ŏ`{f s{amrc~aŏf" Ųm nmws `lf ~`rkfla~`{flf rfg~mn còr~m %ŏčg~lam

;6- y`~qsq{lqge `gml!,

[qjrmw ?1

@gmlf dafwsf rmwy`lcmls÷{" y`c {~kbđcmd ~`rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn %rmwy`lcmlga>}r~đclagq damnwgq!

Nfj Yfl/Yfla gmlaf w{`nm dafws` y`c {~kbđcmd ~`rkfla~`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn0 %L41;!


9 69 ?9 79 39 =9 89

Dmobm damnwjam

Wqwsmd alh`rdfgna damnwjamn

Srflwy`rs y}obag~lq

[qcfr~mlaf j}bs}rfblm ~{ač~flm ~ mwsmsqjčyr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn

@rkfla~fgnf yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn =?-

35-

7;-

73-

??-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699


^cmgqc`{flam žbm_fg~mn žbm


_fg~mn còr~m

^cmgqc`{flam còr~m

63- 37- ?5- 66- ?- 6-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

_fg~mn žbm


_fg~mn còr~m

^cmgqc`{flam còr~m

61- =?- ?7- ;-



=8

Damw~jfŃgq w~g~mk÷blam {qw`j` `gmlafnč w{`nm dafwsf y`c {~kbđcmd yr`y`l`¤

{flmn `hmrsq j}bs}rfblmn %y`lfc y`ŏ`{f {wjf~fŃ y`~qsq{lqge!, _÷{lamŲ yrfj¤sqg~l`Śċ r`~{ač~fŃ ~fws`w`{flqge { yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn %ly, yfrj÷{" ybfg÷{

~fof{" dmoba damnwjage" wqwsmd} alh`rdfgna damnwjamn! nmws còr~m yr~m~ lage y`¤

wsr~mkflf %lamdfb y`ŏ`{f {wjf~fŃ y`~qsq{lqge!, Lfnwŏfoamn `gmlafl` mbmdmlsq

c`sqg~čgm ~fws`w`{flaf alsmrmw}nčgqge r`~{ač~fŃ c`sqg~čgqge yr~mwsr~mla damn¤

wjamn a nmn {qy`wfŲmlaf `rf~ rm{asfba~fgna ~flamcoflqge o}cqlj÷{ a smrml÷{,

[qjrmw 79

@gmlf {fka rmfba~fgna ~fŏ`ŲmŃ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { damŚgam ~fdamw~jflaf rmwy`lcmlsf %rmwy`l$cmlga> damw~jfŃgq!

Yr`w~đ y`{amc~amċ" nfj Yfl/Yfla `gmlaf w{`nm dafws` y`c {~kbđcmd,,, %L4?63!


3,?, ^{ač~mj dađc~q y`~a`dmd Ųqgaf damw~jfŃg÷{ f wsflmd `hmrsq

{~`rlag~mn dafwsf

^cflamd {w~qwsjage frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{" awslamnm ~{ač~mj dađc~q wsf¤

lmd `hmrsq {~`rlag~mn dafwsf f y`~a`dmd Ųqgaf damw~jfŃg÷{, ^{ač~mj sml y`¤

bmkf lf c~afŏflafge wŏ}Ųčgqge y`yrf{am nfj`Śga Ųqgaf damw~jfŃg÷{ `rf~ rmbfgna

wy`ŏmg~lqge yr~m~ ws{`r~mlam mwsmsqg~lmk`" }Ųqsmg~lmk` a {qk`clmk` Śr`c`¤

{awjf, _`bč wmjs`rf yr`nmjs`{mk` { r`~{`n} y`~a`d} Ųqgaf damw~jfŃg÷{ dafws

nmws c`wsfrg~flam yr`nmjs÷{ ws{`r~`lqge ~ dqŚbč ` y`sr~mofge yr~qw~ŏqge }Ųqs¤

j`{laj÷{ %h}ljgnm }Ųqsj`{m a mwsmsqg~lm!, [fŲlqd" y`r}w~flqd { sqd j`l¤

smjŚgam smdfsmd nmws y÷r lamjs÷rqge damw~jfŃg÷{ {òmg lflw`{flaf c~afŏfŃ

smk` wmjs`rf a `g~mja{flam rfg~mn yr~m~lfg~flaf Śr`cj÷{ o}cŲms`{qge lf allm

al{mwsqgnm wŏ}Ųčgm damw~jfŃg`d %ly, y`yrf{đ wsfl} alhrfwsr}js}rq cr`k`{mn!,

^fcflaf" nfjam y`{alaml ymŏlaċ wmjs`r yr`nmjs`{q" oq r÷wŏ y`~a`d Ųqgaf damw~¤

jfŃg÷{ dafws" s`>

9 ?9 39 89 59 699


^cmgqc`{flam žbm

_fg~mn žbm


_fg~mn còr~m

^cmgqc`{flam còr~m



Yrfjsqg~l`Śċ r`~{ač~fŃ/yr`nmjs÷{ ~fws`w`{flqge{ yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn

@hmrsf j}bs}rfblf dafwsf ?8- 7;- ??- 5- 7- 3-

6?- 36- 73- 69- ?- ?-

1- 73- 75- 1- 3-8-

69- ?1- 79- ?6- 5- 7-



=;

[mcŏ}k frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmj sfls÷{ [mcŏ}k yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{

‗ mc}jfgnf wy`ŏmg~mŃws{f { c~amc~alam {~`rlags{f"‗ }c~afŏ yr~mcwsf{agamba wmjs`rf yr`nmjs`{mk`

{ cafb`k} wy`ŏmg~lqd a o}c`{flam Ś{afc`d`Śgawy`ŏmg~lmn"

‗ jrm`{flam còrqge {~`rg÷{ yr~m~ y`jf~q{flama yr`d`{flam còrqge yr~qj ŏfc÷{"

‗ {wy÷ŏyrfgf wmj s`rf yr`nmjs`{mk` ~ wmjs`rmd y}$obag~lqd { gmb} {yr`{fc~flaf { Ųqgam l`{qgey`dqwŏ÷{,

‗ {yŏq{flam lf y`yrf{đ alhrfwsr}js}rq damnwjamn" ly,`Ś{amsbmlam dafwsf" bmyw~f nfj`Śċ o}c`{lags{f"

‗ c~afŏflaf lf r~mg~ wqwsmd} alh`rdfgna damnwjamn"‗ yr`nmjs`{flam ~ }{~kbđclamlamd rmfba÷{ lflw`$

{qge `rf~ y`w~}ja{flam žr÷cmŏ c`lflw`{flafw{àge c~afŏfŃ"

‗ }{~kbđclaflam l`{qge smgel`b`kaa { yr`gmwamyr`nmjs`{flaf"

‗ {wy÷ŏyrfgf ~ dafwsmd { gmb} {yr`{fc~flaf{ Ųqgam w{àge y`dqwŏ÷{,

Ofcflam ab`Śga`{m y`jf~fŏ`" Ųm `gmlq {ŏfc~ dafwsf a damw~jfŃg÷{ { ~fjrmwam

aws`slqge mbmdmls÷{ {~`rlags{f wč wy÷nlm, @oam kr}yq yqsfl` ` {fŲl`Śċ sqge

wfdqge mbmdmls÷{ ‗ sfombf ~f{amrf y`r÷{lflam yr`gmls`{m bag~oq {wjf~fŃ lf>

“~cmgqc`{flam {fŲlm— a “rfg~mn {fŲlm—,

]r~đcq dafws Nfj {fŲlm nmws cbf {ŏfc~ dafwsf" oq

{ Yflf/Yfla damŚgam oqŏ/q,,,

Damw~jfŃgq Nfj {fŲlm nmws" oq { damŚgam oqŏq…

Dmobm damnwjam 11- %;=- ~cmgqc`{flam a ?3- rfg~mn! 1;- %;=- ~cmgqc`{flam a ??- rfg~mn!

]ŏfs{amlaf cbf w÷olamymŏl`wyrf{lqge

18- %;7- ~cmgqc`{flam a ?7- rfg~mn! 13- %59- ~cmgqc`{flam a 63- rfg~mn!

Wqwsmd alh`rdfgnadamnwjamn

1=- %;3- ~cmgqc`{flam a ?6- rfg~mn! 1=- %;3- ~cmgqc`{flam a ?6- rfg~mn!

Nmcl`g~mŚlam nmclfj d`Ųlf ~fòwmr{`{fċ ~lfg~lč r`~oamŲl`Śċ ws`ylaf ~fwy`¤

j`nmlaf y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{ { sqd ~fjrmwam { `yalaa }r~đclaj÷{ a wfdqge

damw~jfŃg÷{ dafws, ]r~đclagq g~đŚgamn oqba yr~mj`lfla" Ųm y`sr~moq damw~jfŃ¤

g÷{ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f ~`wsfŏq n}Ų ~fwy`j`n`lm, ^ j`bma {qlaja ofcflaf

damw~jfŃg÷{ dafws {wjf~}nč" Ųm {ambm òw~fr÷{ {qdfkf nmw~g~m ~fflkfŲ`¤

{flaf {ŏfc~ dafwsf { y`yrf{đ {~`rlags{f ~fr÷{l` y`c {~kbđcmd bag~oq y`¤

w~g~mk÷blqge mbmdmls÷{ { yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn" nfj a age y`~a`d},

=!

=! C`sqg~q sfjŲm {qjrmw÷{ 7?‗77

C`jŏfclf srmŚċ yqsflaf ~fcf{flmk` damw~jfŃg`d or~dafŏf>

Nfj {fŲlm nmws oq { d amŚgam oqŏ/¤q,,,

r~mg~q yr~m~lfg~`lm c` g`c~amllmk` }Ųqsj} damw~jfŃg÷{ %sfjam nfj> ŏf{ja" bfsfrlam" j`w~m lf Śdamga" {afsq6,

yr~qwsflj`{m!

wqwsmd alh`rdfgna damnwjamn %ly, sfobagm jamr}lj`{m a fcrmw`{m" alh`rdfgnm ` yfsr`lfge }bag" {fŲlqge?,

damnwgfge!

}ŏfs{amlaf cbf w÷o dfnčgqge sr}cl`Śga ~ yr~mdamw~g~flamd wađ %ly, w÷o lamymŏl`wyrf{lqge" dfsmj ~ dfŏqda7,

c~amċda!

`s{frsm cbf {w~qwsjage damw~jfŃg÷{ yr~mwsr~mlam y}obag~lm %ly, yfrja" ybfgm ~fof{!3,

Yqsflam oq ŏ` r`s`{flm,



=5

[qjrmw 76

@yalam lf smdfs ~fwy`j`nmlaf y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{" js÷rm c`sqg~č {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` %rmwy`l$cmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!

Lf abm Yflf/Yfla ~cflamd y`sr~moq damw~jfŃg÷{ { sqd ~fjrmwam ~`wsfŏq n}Ų { Yflf/Yfla damŚgam ~fwy`j`n`lm,,, %L41;!


[qjrmw 7?

@yalam lf smdfs {qwsfrg~fbl`Śga mbmdmls÷{ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %rmw$y`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq!

G~q Yflf/Yfla ~cflamd { damŚgam nmws { qwsfrg~fnčgf bag~of… %y`w~g~mk÷blm mbmdmlsq!" g~q smŲ lam0 %L4?63!


[qjrmw 77

@yalam lf smdfs nfj`Śga mbmdmls÷{ {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` { yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga>damw~jfŃgq!

G~q… %y`w~g~mk÷blm mbmdmlsq! wč yr~qnf~lm damw~jfŃg`d" c`or~m ~fyr`nmjs`{flm a ~`rkfla~`{flm" g~q smŲ lam0 %L4?63!


9 ?9 39 89 59 699


^cmgqc`{flam lam

_fg~mn lam

Fla sfj" fla lam

_fg~mn sfj

^cmgqc`{flm sfj


]ŏfs{amlaf cbf `w÷o lamymŏl`wyrf{lqge

Dmobm damnwjam

Damnwgf c`wsđylm cbf {w~qwsjage ?6- 71- 65- 68- =- 6-

1- 73- 65- ?8- 67- 6-

=- ?3- ?5- ?=- 68- ?-

?7- =?- 67- 1- ?- 6-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699


^cmgqc`{flam lam

_fg~mn lam

Fla sfj" fla lam

_fg~mn sfj

^cmgqc`{flm sfj



Dmobm damnwjam

Damnwgf c`wsđylm cbf {w~qwsjage 6;- 31- 65- 6?- 7- 6-

6=- 33- ??- 68- 3- 6-

6?- 38- ??- 69- =- =-

68- =?- ?6- ;- 6- 3-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699


^cmgqc`{flam lam~fwy`j`n`lm

_fg~mn lam~fwy`j`n`lm

Fla ~fwy`j`n`lm" fla lam~fwy`j`n`lm

_fg~mn ~fwy`j`n`lm

^cmgqc`{flam ~fwy`j`n`lm



Dmobm damnwjam

Damnwgf c`wsđylm cbf {w~qwsjage 77- =6- 67- ?- 6-

?=- =7- ?6- 6- 6-

3- =9- 71- =-6- 6-

?7- =8- 67- 8- 6- 6-



=1

3,7, Ofcflam y`sr~mo a wfsqwhfjgna damw~jfŃg÷{ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f

damnwjamk` [qlaja g~đŚga nfj`Śga`{mn yr`nmjs} {wjf~}nč" Ųm cmcqj`{flm ofcflaf y`sr~mo

damw~jfŃg÷{ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f damnwjamk` wč r~fcj`Śgač, ^cfr~f wađ lam¤

jamcq" Ųm yqsflaf ` r`~{ač~flaf ~ smk` òw~fr} y`nf{afnč wađ yr~q `jf~na ofcfŃ

y`Ś{ađg`lqge allqd ~fkfclamla`d" fbm wč s` algqcmlsfblm yr~qyfcja c`sqg~č¤

gm yr`nmjs÷{ w~g~mk÷blam {fŲlqge" js÷rm d`kč flkfŲ`{fċ wy`ŏmg~l`Śċ b`jfblč

%ly, ybfgm y}obag~lm" dmobm damnwjam ~{ač~flm ~ r}gemd r`{mr`{qd asy,!, NmŚba

s` d`Ųba{m" }r~đcq j`r~qwsfnč ~ {qlaj÷{ ofcfŃ yr~myr`{fc~flqge yr~m~ allm

alwsqs}gnm" ly, yr~m~ ybfg÷{ja lf}j`{m, Ofcflaf y`sr~mo" ` abm wč yr~myr`{fc~f¤

lm" wč rmfba~`{flm yr~m~ wfdm }r~đcq b}o ~bmgflm {qwymgnfba~`{flqd rd`d,Sqdg~fwmd {qlaja g~đŚga ab`Śga`{mn yr`nmjs} {wjf~}nč" Ųm fŲ 57- }r~đc÷{ yr÷¤

o}nm lf r÷Ųlm wy`wòq y`~lfċ y`sr~moq damw~jfŃg÷{ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f,

]r~đcq `rkfla~}nč { sqd gmb} wy`sjflaf ~ damw~jfŃgfda %81-!" yr~mwqŏfnč fl¤

jamsq %79-!" f sfjŲm y`wŏ}k}nč wađ allqda dms`cfda y`~qwja{flaf alh`rdfgna

%;=-!" wy`Śr÷c js÷rqge lfng~đŚgamn {qdamlaflm wč> Alsmrlms %?3 {wjf~flaf!" yrf¤

wf %6? {wjf~fŃ!" rfcq/j`dasmsq `wamcb`{m %69!" j`lw}bsfgnm wy`ŏmg~lm %1! `rf~

{qŏ`Ųmlam ybfl÷{ %; {wjf~fŃ!,

[qjrmw 73Y`~lf{flam y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{ { ~fjrmwam yr`nmjs`{flaf a `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %rm$wy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!

G~q }r~čc dafwsf wsfrf wađ y`~lfċ y`sr~moq damw~jfŃg÷{ { ~fjrmwam yr`nmjs`{flaf a `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn" g~q

smŲ lam0 %L41;!


[qjrmw 7=

H`rdq y`~lf{flaf y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{" { ~fjrmwam yr`nmjs`{flaf a `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr~mla y}$obag~lmn %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!

[ nfj a wy`w÷o0 Y r`w~đ {qd amlaċ {w~ qwsjam wy`wòq ws`w`{flm yr~m~ }r~čc dafwsf %`cy`{afcfŏ q `wòq" js÷rm { y`yr~mclad

yqsfla} `cy`{amc~afŏq s{amrc~čg`: L459!


9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Lam {amdLamSfj

57- 66- 8-

9 69 ?9 79 39 =9 89 ;9 59

Allm

Fljamsq { h`rdam yfyamr`{mn

Wy`sjflaf ~ damw~jfŃgfda 81-

79-

;=-



89

[ `yalaa 83- ofcflqge damw~jfŃg÷{" {ŏfc~m dafws {qjf~}nč ~falsmrmw`{flam

age yròbmdfda a y`sr~mofda { ~fjrmwam yr`nmjs`{flaf a `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr~m¤la damnwjage" nmclfj lamdfb 6/7 rmwy`lcmls÷{ lam `cg~}{f ~falsmrmw`{flaf ~m

wsr`lq {ŏfc~ dafwsf, Sqdg~fwmd fŲ 13- damw~jfŃg÷{ `gmlaf" Ųm smk` sqy} j`l¤

w}bsfgnm wč y`sr~molm,

[qjrmw 78

@yalam lf smdfs ~falsmrmw`{flaf {ŏfc~ dafwsf yròbmdfda a y`sr~mofda damw~jfŃg÷{" { ~fjrmwamyr`nmjs`{flaf a rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr ~mla damnwjamn %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq!

G~q Yflf/Yfla ~cflamd {ŏfc~m dafwsf alsmrmw}nč wađ yròbmdfda a y`sr~mofda damw~jfŃg÷{ { ~fjrmwam yr`nmjs`{flaf

a `rkfla~fgna yr~mwsr~mla damnwjage" g~q smŲ lam0 %L4?63!


[qjrmw 7;

@gmlf }Ųqsmg~l`Śga j`lw}bsfgna }r~đc÷{ damnwjage ~ damw~jfŃgfda %rmwy`lcmlga> damw~jfŃgq!

G~q { Yflf/Yfla `yalaa j`lw}bsfgnm }r~đc÷{ damnwjage ~ damw~jfŃgfda wč y`sr~molm" g~ q smŲ wč ~ođclm0 Yr`w~đ `gmlaċ lf

wjfba `c 6 c` 3" kc~am 6 `~lfg~f “wč ~cmgqc`{flam lamy`sr~molm—" ~fŚ 3 “wč ~cmgqc`{flam y`sr~molm— %L4?63!


^ j`bma y`dafrq wfsqwhfjgna ~ Ųqgaf { damŚgam %ly, ofr`dmsrq! wč yr~myr`{fc~f¤

lm yr~m~ }r~đcq lamg` g~đŚgamn" fbm { lam{ambjad ws`yla} ~`wsfnč y`Ś{ađg`lm

r`~{ač~fla`d { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f, [mcŏ}k rmwy`lcmls÷{ yr~qg~qlfda sf¤

jamk` wsfl} r~mg~q wč>orfj g~fw} lf yr`{fc~mlam ofcfŃ yr~m~ }r~đclaj÷{"º

orfj {qdaflq alh`rdfgna dađc~q }r~đclajfda lf smdfs c~afŏfŃ { sqd òw~f¤º

r~m rf~ orfj j`d÷rja rkfla~fgqnlmn cy`{amc~afblmn ~f sml òw~fr"

orfj d`Ųba{`Śga c`ws`w`{flaf c~afŏfŃ j`rqk}nčgqge c` ~kŏ`w~`lqge y`sr~moº

damw~jfŃg÷{" g` ~cflamd lamjs÷rqge cmgqc}nm ` lamyr~qcfsl`Śga ofcfŃ,

G~đws` y`cjrmŚbfl`" Ųm }r~đcq d`las`r}nč wj}smg~l`Śċ w{àge c~afŏfŃ { c~am¤

c~alam {crfŲflaf r`~{ač~fŃ {~`rlag~qge" flfba~}nčg c`lamwamlaf ~ dmca÷{"

js÷rm `gmlafnč mhmjsq yrfg }r~đclaj÷{ damnwjage,

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Lam {amd/sr}cl` y`{amc~amċ ^cmgqc`{flam lamy sr~molm

_fg~mn lamy`sr~molm

_fg~mn y`sr~molm ^cmgqc`{flam y`sr~molm

8?"8- 79"5- ?"5- 6"3- ?"7-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699


^cmgqc`{flam lam

_fg~mn lam

_fg~mn sfj

^cmgqc`{flam sfj

6;"5- 38"7- ?7"5- ;"=- 3";-



86

“]r~čc yr`{fc~a ofcflaf y`sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{" fbm dfd {rfŲmlam" Ųm nmŚba ge`c~a ` {~`r¤

lags{` s` geqof lam, Smk` da orfj}nm" o` c~afŏfnčg lf r~mg~ ~fwy`jfnflaf y`sr~mo damw~¤

jfŃg÷{" y`{allaŚdq ws{`r~qċ dmgefla~d wŏ}Ųčgq y`~lf{fla} smk`" g` dqŚbč damw~¤

jfŃgq { {amb} wyrf{fge, Y`cmnd`{flm cmgq~nm y`{allq { nfjadŚ ~fjrmwam }{~kbđclafċ

yrmhmrmlgnm damw~jfŃg÷{—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

“_òadq gqjbag~lm ofcflaf w`lcfŲ`{m nfj`Śga Ųqgaf { damŚgam, C`sqg~č {amb} smdfs÷{

‗ om~yamg~mŃws{f" nfj`Śga Ųqgaf" nfj`Śga srflwy`rs}" fbm lam wč s` ofcflaf cmcqj`{flm

{~`rlags{} damnwjamd}—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

“^f{w~m lfw~m c~afŏflaf d`las`r}nm kf~msf b`jfblf, @yawflm nmws sfjam g~q allm r`~{ač~f¤

lam, ^f{w~m {amdq" lf oamŲčg`" g~q wađ g`Ś damw~jfŃg`d y`còf" g~q lamj`lamg~lam, %…!

NmŚba sqj` wč `rkfla~`{flm fbo` {qge`c~č l`{m yr`nmjsq ~fdf{aflm yr~m~ }r~čc damnwja"

s` nmws s` `yala`{flm a j`dmls`{flm yr~m~ c~amllajfr~q, Y`smd d`Ųlf lf wsr`lam alsmrlm¤s`{mn yr~mg~qsfċ" g` b}c~am dqŚbč lf sml smdfs—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

“Wsfrfdq wađ y`cčŲfċ ~f sqda {qsqg~lqda { krflagfge r`~wčcj} a d`Ųba{`Śga, NmŚba g`Ś

danf wađ ~}ymŏlam ~ gmbmd" s` wsfrfdq wađ ofcfċ yròbmd a ~r`~}damċ" g` oqŏ` `cmorflm lm¤

kfsq{lam" f g` y`~qsq{lam" a {qgačkfċ ~ smk` nfjamŚ {la`wja—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

_÷{lamŲ {qlaja ab`Śga`{mn g~đŚga yr`nmjs} {wjf~}nč lf dlamnw~m ~falsmrmw`¤

{flam }r~đc÷{ y`~lflamd wfsqwhfjgna damw~jfŃg÷{ ~ {yr`{fc~`lqge { yr~m¤

wsr~mla damnwjamn ~dafl ‗ nmcml lf g~smrq }r~đcq lam y`cmnd}nm c~afŏfŃ ~damr~f¤

nčgqge c` ~fy`~lflaf wađ ~ `yalač damw~jfŃg÷{ { sqd ~fjrmwam,

[qjrmw 75

Y`~lf{flam yr~m~ }r~đcq dafws `yalaa damw~jfŃg÷{" js÷rm c`sqg~č `gmlq {yr`{fc~flqge ~dafl{ yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn %rmwy`lcmlga> }r~đclagq damnwgq!

G~q }r~čc dafwsf wsfrf wađ y`~lfċ `yalam damw~jfŃg÷{ lf smdfs `gmlq {yr`{fc~flqge ~dafl { yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn0 %L41;!


9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Lam {amd/sr}cl` y`{amc~amċLamSfj

89- ?8- 63-



[fr}lja c` r`~{`n} {~`rlags{f { dafwsfge

=,



83

=, [fr}lja c` r`~{`n} {~`rlags{f { dafwsfge

=,6, Kŏ÷{lm oframrq a sr}cl`Śga { ~fjrmwam {crfŲflaf {~`rlags{f" yr`$

nmjs`{flaf a rmfba~fgna yr`nmjs÷{

^ {qy`{amc~a yr~mofcflqge yr`nmjsfls÷{" yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ `rf~ }r~đclaj÷{

damnwjage {qlajf" Ųm c` kŏ÷{lqge oframr a sr}cl`Śga lfy`sqjflqge { ~fjrmwam

{crfŲflaf wsrfsmkaa {~`rlags{f" yr`nmjs`{flaf a rmfba~fgna yr`nmjs÷{ lfbmŲč>

`krflag~mlaf lflw`{m y` wsr`lam }r~đc÷{ dafws" js÷rm wj}sj}nč lamy`cmn¤º

d`{flamd c~afŏfŃ"

`krflag~mlaf c`sqg~čgm {qo`r} {qj`lf{g÷{ a yr`nmjs÷{ {qlajfnčgm ~º ]wsf$

{q ` ~fd÷{amlafge y}obag~lqge" wj}sj}nčgm yr~qnđgamd lam`cy`{amclage

jrqsmra÷{ `gmlq %lfnlaŲw~f gmlf! a žbm yr~qk`s`{flqda j`lj}rwfda b}o yr~m¤

sfrkfda" g` ~lamgeđgf y`smlgnfblqge {qj`lf{g÷{ c` orflaf { lage }c~afŏ}"

orfj {amc~q a Ś{afc`d`Śga y` wsr`lam g~đŚga ~fflkfŲ`{flqge }r~đclaj÷{º

lf smdfs {~`rlags{f a d`Ųba{`Śga {qlajfnčgqge ~ nmk` ws`w`{flaf" f g` wađ

~ sqd {ačŲm" y`sr~moq jŏfc~mlaf lfgawj} lf {~`rlags{` a wsfŏmn {wy÷ŏyrfgq

~ yr`nmjsflsfda" frgeasmjsfda" ly, { fwymjgam `jrmŚbflaf {fr}lj÷{ j`lj}r¤

w`{qge" ybfl`{flaf yr~mcwađ{~ađċ" gmlq r`~{ač~fŃ,

Frgeasmjga a yr`nmjsflga `rf~ yr~mcwađoa`rgq y`cjrmŚbfnč r÷{lamŲ>

lamc`yrfg`{flam {fr}lj÷{ j`lj}rw÷{ b}o yr~msfrk÷{ ‗ ~oqs jr÷sjam smrdalqº

rmfba~fgna a lamrmfblm `g~mja{flaf lf msfyam j`lj}rw} %ly, yr~qk`s`{flam ymŏ¤

lmn j`lgmygna ~ dfsmrafŏfda! b}o rmfba~fgna ‗ lamyr~mdqŚbflm mhmjsq j`Ńg`{m"

wj}yamlam wađ }r~đclaj÷{ lf h`rdfbl`Śgafge" oa}r`jrfgnf {qdfkfnčgf `cº

yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{ yr~qk`s`{q{flaf a yr~mcwsf{aflaf c}Ųmn bag~oq c`j}dmls÷{"

~ŏf j`d}lajfgnf ~ }r~đcfda/orfj yr~myŏq{} alh`rdfgna" ly, lf smdfs jrqsm¤º

ra÷{" nfjam wč orflm y`c }{fkđ yr~m~ j`dawnđ yr~msfrk`{č"

orfj {amc~q lf smdfs y`sr~mo wy`ŏmg~mŃws{f { ~fjrmwam al{mwsqgna" { sqdº

{~`rlags{f %orfj ofcfŃ!,

^fr÷{l` }r~đclagq" nfj a frgeasmjga/yr`nmjsflga ~{rfgfnč smŲ }{fkđ lf lam¤

~k`clč ~ `g~mja{flafda nfj`Śċ {qj`lflaf b}o {yr`{fc~flam d`cqjfgna

yr~m~ {qj`lf{g÷{ om~ }~k`clamlaf ~ }r~đcmd a yr`nmjsflsmd `cy`{afcfnč¤

gqd ~f j`lgmygnđ,



8=

Allm {qdamla`lm oframrq a sr}cl`Śga s`>

[mcŏ}k }r~đclaj÷{ [mcŏ}k frgeasmjs÷{a yr`nmjsfls÷{

[mcŏ}k yr~mcwađoa`rg÷{

‗ ym{lf lamgeđċ wy`ŏmg~mŃws{f {òmgc~afŏfŃ y`cmnd`{flqge { ~fjrmwam {~`r$lags{f a lflw`{flqge ~m Śr`cj÷{ y}$obag~lqge %{qlajfnčgf ~ orfj} {amc~q lfsmdfs nmk` r`ba a j`r~qŚga cbf }Ųqsj`{la$j÷{! ‗ nmws s` wyr~mg~lm ~ {qlajfda of$cflaf ab`Śga`{mk`" r÷Ųlagf d`Ųm {qlajfċ~ orfj} {amc~q }r~đclaj÷{ lf smdfs y`$sr~mo damw~jfŃg÷{:

‗ orfj w~mr`jamn of~q `hmr sq rqlj`{mn %orfjof~q y`cda`s÷{ c~afŏfnčgqge { ~fjrmwam

{~`rlags{f!:‗ lamc`wsfsmg~lam {qjw~sfŏg`lq rqlmj %rm$bfsq{lam }o`kf `hmrsf" orfj j`lw`bacfgnaŚr`c`{awjf!:

‗ yròbmd ~ {qo`rmd {qj`lf{g÷{ %lam{w~qwsjam `kŏ`w~`lm j`lj}rwq gamw~č wađ~falsmrmw`{flamd y`smlgnfblqge {qj`$lf{g÷{" g` {yŏq{f lf yr~mw}lađgaf smr$dal÷{ rmfba~fgna b}o ~d}w~f c` ~fsr}c$laflaf y`cda`s÷{" js÷rm lamj`lamg~lamd`kč ~fyr`y`l`{fċ lfngamjf{w~q {f$rafls wymŏlafnčgq `g~mja{flaf ~fdf{af$nčgmk` ‗ y`{`cmd sfjamk` wsfl} r~mg~q d`Ųm oqċ lam{ŏfŚga{m `yrfg`{flam ~fwfc

j`lj}rw} y` wsr`lam }r~đc}" ly, lf msfyamh`rd}ŏ`{flaf `kŏ`w~mlaf!:‗ orfj {q sqg~lqge a j rqsmra÷{ h`rdfblqge"

js÷rm }ŏfs{aŏqoq y`cmnd`{flam cmgq~na` {yr`{fc~fla} c` yr~mwsr~mla j`ljrms$lqge r`~{ač~fŃ" ly, { fwymjgam ŏčg~mlafl`{`g~mwlqge h`rd ~ ~foqsj`{qda:

‗ wjŏfcflam yr~m~ {qj`lf{g÷{ žbm yr~qk`$s`{flqge `hmrs" g` {yŏq{f lf yr~mcŏ}Ųf$lam wađ wy`c~am{flqge smrdal÷{ yr`gmc}ra `y÷žlaf rmfba~fgnđ,

‗ ~oqŏ dfŏ` j`lj}rw÷{{ ws`w}lj} c` yr~msfr$k÷{" { js÷rqge kŏ÷{lqdjrqsmra}d nmws lfnlaŲw~fgmlf" f orfj}nm jrqsmra}dj`dymsmlgna a jrmfsq{$l`Śga:

‗ lamorflam y`c }{fkđ~cflaf wymgnfbaws÷{" ly,A~oq Frgeasmjs÷{ g~q A[Y"{ yr~qyfcj} `yr`smws`$

{q{flaf žbm wh`rd}ŏ`{f$lqge yr~msfrk÷{:‗ orfj wsrfsmkag~lmk`"

yr~mdqŚbflmk`" wy÷nlmk`c~afŏflaf %c~afŏflam {q $rq{j`{m!:

‗ orfj wj}smg~lmn yr`gmc}rq yfsmls`{flaf y`dqwŏ÷{"cbfsmk` bmyamn c~afŏfċ lfr~mg~ yrq{fslqge al{m$ws`r÷{" g` cfnm k{frflgnđger`lamlaf y`dqwŏ}:

‗ lamws`w`{flam wađ { qj`$lf{g÷{ c` {qsqg~lqge

yr`nmjs÷{,

‗ orfj wy÷nlqge ~fwfc{wy÷ŏyrfgq ~ nmcl`wsjfda~fr~čc~fnčgqda o}cŲmsf$da y}obag~lqda,

“DqŚbđ" Ųm kŏ÷{lf nmws oframrf lflw`{f" y`bmkfnčgf lf sqd" Ųm y` yr`ws} {amb} yr`nmjs÷{

lam df nfj {cr`Ųqċ" o` lam df lf lam yamlađc~q, Ym{lm yr`nmjsq dfnč {yŏq{ j}bs}r`¤s{÷rg~q a y`cl`w~č y`~a`d Ś{afc`d`Śga a cmgqcmls÷{" a {qj`lf{g÷{" a }Ųqsj`{laj÷{,

A d`kč oqċ {~`rmd yr~q rmfba~fgna j`bmnlqge damnwg" nfj lf yr~qjŏfc" rm{asfba~fgnf Ybfg}

Kr~qo`{wjamk` { [frw~f{am" kc~am nmws ofrc~` c}Ų` cmwaklmrwjage" wymgnfblam ~fyr`nmj¤

s`{flqge mbmdmls÷{ {qy`wfŲmlaf—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

“D`Ųm nmcl`wsja ~{ač~flm ~ {~`rlags{md y`{allq ofrc~amn wj}smg~lam c`gamrfċ c`

damw~jfŃg÷{ g~q smŲ yr~mcwsf{agamba dafwsf, Lam ge`c~a ` b}c~a dŏ`cqge" o` `la wč n}Ų

{qmc}j`{fla a r`~{alađga lf sqbm" Ųm {amc~č" aŲ sfjam r~mg~q nfj {~`rlags{` nmcl`basm cbf

dafwsf nmws g~qdŚ `g~mja{flqd { còam r`~{`n}, Ş{afc`d`Śċ {Śr÷c lamjs÷rqge {ŏfc~



88

dafwsf smk`" Ųm sfjam c~afŏflaf y`cla`wč nfj`Śċ Ųqgaf damw~jfŃg÷{" nmws s}sfn ~f dfŏf—,

%yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

“S` wč {w~qwsj` nfjamŚ sfjam damnwg`{m" {qrq{j`{m c~afŏflaf, S`" g` wađ c~amnm { }r~đ¤

cfge dafws" ~fbmŲq { c}Ųmn damr~m `c fjsq{l`Śga damnwg`{qge yr`hmwn`lfbaws÷{ a geđga

y`w~g~mk÷blqge }r~đclaj÷{" f lam `c nfjamnŚ wmlw`{lam rmfba~`{flmn y`basqja {ŏfwlmn—,

%yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

“Lf y`~a`dam cqwj}wna a cafb`k} ~ sqda }r~đclajfda" js÷r~q lam c` j`Ńgf r`~}damnč aws`sđ

smk`" nfj {fŲlm nmws {ŏfŚlam {~`rlags{` a nfj`Śċ rmfba~`{flmk` yr`nmjs}" nfj {fŲlm nmws

s` cbf gfŏmk` wy`ŏmg~mŃws{f" o` dqŚbč yr~m~ yrq~dfs w~sq{lqge rmk}ŏ" js÷rqda wađ jamr}¤

nč" o` sfj nfj {g~mŚlamn {wy`dlafŏmd ‗ }r~đclaj df ~fcflam {qj`lfċ ybfl yr~q nfj lfn¤

laŲw~qd {qcfsj`{fla}" a s` nmws yr`obmd, Yr`nmjsq wč" sqbj` `lm {w~qwsjam wč rmfba~`{flm"

lamwsmsq" lfnlaŲw~qda Śr`cjfda—, %frgeasmjs/yr`nmjsfls!

“Lam{amc~f" ~ y`{`c} orfj} Ś{afc`d`Śga" g~qd nmws yr`nmjs`{flam" orfj Ś{afc`d`Śga

c`sqg~čgmn gfŏmn yr`gmc}rq yr`nmjs`{flaf" sm j`lj}rwq" nmŲmba n}Ų lf{ms wađ y`nf{afnč"

wč `rkfla~`{flm lam{ŏfŚga{am g~đws`, Ws{fr~f wađ sfjam jrqsmraf }c~afŏ} { sqge j`l¤

j}rwfge" js÷rm y`{`c}nč" Ųm g~đŚċ b}c~a" js÷r~q wađ ~lfnč lf sqd" js÷r~q oqba { r÷Ųlqge

yr~mcwađ{~ađgafge" lam oamr~m { lage }c~afŏ}" o` {ac~a" Ųm s` yr~mcwađ{~ađgam lam df

w~flw, %…! Nfj n}Ų ~r`oač yr~msfrk lf alh`rdfgnđ damnwjč" s` jfŲč ~fyr`nmjs`{fċ {w~qws¤

j`, %…! Laj`k` lf s` y` yr`ws} lam wsfċ, Lajs" js` gađŲj` yrfg}nm { ~f{`c~am" df ~bmgmlaf"

g~qba ~lf wađ lf r~mg~q" lam {mždam { sqd }c~afŏ}" o` lam nmws { wsflam ~f s` ~fyŏfgaċ

‗ ~{qg~fnlam, [ ~{ač~j} ~ g~qd {ambm sqge j`lj}rw÷{ `danfdq, @lm wč žbm ~`rkfla~`¤

{flm, Fbo` wč y`cflm ly, nfjamŚ {fr afgjam smrdalq" fbo` sr~mof y`jf~fċ jabjf j`lgmygna—,

%frgeasmjs/yr`nmjsfls!

=,?, Y`sr~moq }r~đclaj÷{ `rf~ `g~mja{flm c~afŏflaf }r~đc÷{ { gmb}

mhmjsq{lamnw~mk` {qj`r~qwsq{flaf r`~{ač~fŃ { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f

[qdamlaflm yr~m~ rmwy`lcmls÷{ c~afŏflaf" c~ađja js÷rqd }r~đcq dafws d`kŏq¤

oq mhmjsq{lamn {qj`r~qwsq{fċ r`~{ač~flaf { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f" s`>

mc}j`{flam a fjsq{a~fgnf wy`ŏmg~mŃws{f { c~amc~alam {~`rlags{f yr~m~ ly,º

`rkfla~`{flam {qwsf{/{frw~sfs÷{" y`cmnd`{flam c~afŏfŃ lfwsf{a`lqge lf

~daflđ y`wsr~mkflaf {~`rlags{f yr~m~ damw~jfŃg÷{"

mc}jfgnf }r~đclaj÷{ { c~amc~alam {~`rlags{f %{ h`rdam w~j`bmŃ a {frw~sf¤º

s÷{! a cčŲmlam c` ~{ađjw~mlaf age Ś{afc`d`Śga" Ųm y`{alla {wy÷ŏyrfg`{fċ

a j`lw}bs`{fċ wađ ~m wymgnfbawsfda { c~amc~alam yr`nmjs`{flaf a yr~mcwađoa`r¤

gfda c~afŏfnčgqda { smn orflŲq"

{qdaflf alh`rdfgna dađc~q y`cda`sfda ~fflkfŲ`{flqda { c~afŏflafº

lf r~mg~ {~`rlags{f" ly, `rkfla~`{flam wmdalfra÷{" { js÷rqge d`kbaoq



8;

}g~mwslag~qċ b}c~am ~falsmrmw`{fla {yr`{fc~mlamd còrqge r`~{ač~fŃ wŏ}¤

Ųčgqge nfj`Śga Ųqgaf wy`ŏmg~lmk` %cmgqcmlga a yr`nmjsflga!"yr~myr`{fc~flam {ađjw~mn bag~oq j`lj}rw÷{ {qj`r~qws}nčgqge { yr~qyfcj}º

yr`nmjs÷{ ` {frs`Śga mwsmsqg~lmn allm jrqsmraf `gmlq laŲ gmlf"

ws{`r~mlam j`dymsmlslmn" {qy`wfŲ`lmn { lfr~đc~af yrf{lm nmcl`wsja `cy`¤º

{amc~afblmn ~f cmwakl damnwja" js÷rf `yala`{fŏfoq ybflq }r~đc÷{ a orfŏfoq

}c~afŏ { `gmlam yr`nmjs÷{" }{~kbđclafnčg mwsmsqjđ a y`sr~moq dafws,

Yr~mcwsf{agambm }r~đc÷{ damnwjage rf~ Śr`c`{awjf frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{

~{rfgfnč smŲ w~g~mk÷blč }{fkđ lf ~lfg~mlam {wy÷ŏyrfgq }r~đc÷{ ~ }g~mblaf¤

da a ws}cmlsfda jamr}lj÷{ ~{ač~flqge ~ yr`nmjs`{flamd, ^fr÷{l` }r~đclagq" nfj a yr~mcwađoa`rgq y`cjrmŚbfnč y`lfcs` j`lamg~l`Śċ yrmgq~qnlmk` `jrmŚbflaf

`g~mja{fŃ }r~đc÷{ { ws`w}lj} c` `hmrmls÷{ a mhmjs} j`Ńg`{mk`" ly, `jrmŚbm¤

lam" { nfjad wsqb} df oqċ {qj`lflq yr`nmjs,

Allm yr`y`~qgnm s`>

[mcŏ}k }r~đclaj÷{ [mcŏ}k frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmj sfls÷{ [mcŏ}k yr ~mcwađoa`rg÷{

‗ }rmk}b`{flam yrf{md {q$sqg~lqge { ~fjrmwam c~afŏfŃ{ yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn,

‗ cčŲmlam c` ws{`r~mlaf ~fyaw}yrf{lmk`" js÷rq ~ò`{ač~fŏoq al{mws`rf c` wj`r~qwsflaf ~ }wŏ}kyr`hmwn`lfblmk` yr`nmjsflsf" nmŚba

ge`c~a cròlm h`rdq g~q frgeasmj$s}rđ jrfnòrf~} %sfj nfj nmws { yr~q $yfcj} }wŏ}k frgeasmjs`lag~lqge!:

‗ ~fym{lamlam cafb`k} orflŲ" al$wsqs}gna a ~mwy`ŏ÷{ y`{`ŏq{flqgeyr~m~ dafws`" js÷rq d÷kŏoq y`$d÷g { }wsfbmla} jrqsmra÷{ {qo`$r} yr`nmjs÷{ a ~fym{laċ bmyw~myr~myr`{fc~mlam yr`gmw},

‗ `jrmŚbmlam {a~na c~afŏflaf dafws{ ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f a rmfba~`${flam nmn j`lwmj{mlslam" y`~f{yŏq{fda y`basqg~lqda:

‗ }wsfbflam rmfblqge o}cŲms÷{ lfal{mwsqgnm:‗ c`jŏfclm yrmgq~`{flam `g~mja$

{fŃ { ws`w}lj} c` `hmrmls÷{:‗ yr~myr`{fc~flam ofcfŃ y`sr~mo

{ ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f %foq yr`c}$gmls d÷kŏ lf lam `cy`{amc~amċ!:

‗ {yr`{fc~mlam mbmjsr`lag~lmk`òamk} c`j}dmls÷{,

“Yr~myr`{fc~flam r`~d÷{ lf ~fwfc~am {`blmn cqwj}wna ~ rdfda wymgnfbawsqg~lqda d`¤

kŏòq y`{ađjw~qċ Ś{afc`d`Śċ `w÷o" js÷rm oa`rč }c~afŏ { {qo`r~m sqge r`~{ač~fŃ ‗ y`¤

yrf{aċ cafb`k a y`ŏčg~qċ j`dymsmlgnm r÷Ųlqge wymgnfbawsqg~lqge rd ~ ~mwy`ŏfda" js÷rm

{qoamrfnč r`~{ač~flaf sqge yr~mcwađ{~ađċ" a sfjam {wy÷blm w~}jflam r`~{ač~fŃ" nfj d`Ų¤

lf s` ~ròaċ { lfnbmyw~q wy`w÷o, Fbm s` y`{all` oqċ nf{lm a lf ~fwfc~am {qo`r} jrqsm¤

ra÷{" js÷rm { r~msmblq wy`w÷o {wjf~}nč lf s`" js÷rm r`~{ač~flam nmws lfnofrc~amn j`r~qwslm,

F lamj`lamg~lam lfnofrc~amn j`r~qwslm wč sm" js÷rm wč lfnsfŃw~m—, %frgeasmjs/yr`nmjsfls!

“Sr~mof yrmgq~qnlam h`rd`{fċ smdfs, Nmws ~f{w~m ofrc~` dfŏ` g~fw} a s` y`{all` oqċ

ofrc~amn yr~mdqŚbflm ~m wsr`lq }r~đc}, @cy`{amclam c` ~fcflaf" `cy`{amcla` còrflm

a wh`rd}ŏ`{flm rmfblm {fr}lja, Sfj" Ųmoq sf yrfgf" js÷rf {r÷ga c` lage { h`rdam j`lgmy¤

gna/yr`y`~qgna" oqŏf hfjsqg~lam r~msmblam {qj`lflf, Oq sf alh`rdfgnf oqŏf ymŏlamnw~f ~m

wsr`lq }r~đc} ‗ g~mk` `g~mj}nm a g` gegm `sr~qdfċ—, %frgeasmjs/yr`nmjsfls!



85

“^fg~čċ sr~mof `c `jrmŚbmlaf y`basqja" g~qba `g~mja{fŃ Śr`c`{awjf { ws`w}lj} c` yr~m¤

wsr~mla damnwjage ‗ {qnŚgaf c` damw~jfŃg÷{, Sr~mof {qnŚċ c` {amb} Śr`c`{awj" o` damw~¤

jfŃgfda wč smŲ> }g~mblam" alwsqs}sq" yr~mcwađoa`rgq" Śr`c`{awjf s{÷rg~m" allm alwsqs}gnm"

js÷rm wč { wsflam yr`hmwn`lfblam y`c~ambaċ wađ {amc~č mjwymrgjč a {wjf~fċ jamr}lmj, Lf¤

~{andq s` wy`ŏmg~lm j`lw}bsfgnm ‗ `g~mja{flaf g` c` ~fk`wy`cfr`{flaf yr~mwsr~mla y}¤

obag~lmn, Lf of~am sfjamn {amc~q d`Ųlf ~o}c`{fċ còrč y`basqjđ r`~{`n}, @lf y`{allf

oqċ lamj`la}ljs}rfblf" `cl`waċ wađ c` yr~mwsr~mla" c` gefrfjsmr} dafwsf, S` ođc~am rmfba¤

~`{flm lam~fbmŲlam `c smk`" js`" kc~am" jamcq a nfj ~fr~čc~a—, %yr~mcwađoa`rgf!

=,7, @gmlf y`bwjage dafws y`c {~kbđcmd {~`rlags{f

[w~qwgq ofcfla yr~mcwsf{agambm }r~đc÷{ ~f~lfg~fba" Ųm ge`ċ { age dafwsfgeawslamnč òw~frq c` y`yrf{q { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f" s` {ac`g~lm wč y`~qsq{¤

lm ~daflq c~ađja c`sqgeg~fw`{qd c~afŏfla`d" ly, {yr`{fc~mla} wqwsmd} al¤

h`rdfgna damnwjamn" ws`w`{fla} bmyw~mn nfj`Śga a l`{`g~mwlqge dmoba damnwjage"

}damw~g~flqge { yr~mwsr~mla yr~m~lfg~`lmn c` g`c~amllmk` }Ųqsj}" rm{asfba¤

~fgna wsfrqge òamjs÷{" }c`wsđylafla} damnwg rmjrmfgna a `cy`g~qlj}" {qj`r~q¤

ws}nčgqge fsrfjgqnlm h`rdq {~`rlag~m,

^f yr~qjŏfc dafwsf" js÷rm ws`w}nm s` ~ y`{`c~mlamd" y`cf{fl` [frw~f{đ a nmn

wqwsmd alh`rdfgna damnwjamn rf~ rm{asfb a~fgnđ Jrfj`{wjamk` Yr~mcdamŚgaf,

=,3, Yr~qjŏfcq dafws { Y`bwgm a M}r`yam" {~`rg`{qge y`c {~kbđcmd cmwakl}

Dafwsf" js÷rm d`kč wsfl`{aċ {~÷r { ~fjrmwam {~`rlags{f {qdamlaflm yr~m~

rmwy`lcmls÷{ rmyrm~mls}nčgqge }r~đcq" {qr÷Ųlafnč wađ ~m {~kbđc} lf ŏfc fr¤

geasmjs`lag~lq a yr~mwsr~mllq" mhmjs`{lm ŏčg~mlam wsfrqge" ~foqsj`{qge h`rd

~m {wy÷ŏg~mwlqda r`~{ač~flafda" }nmcl`bagmlam h`rd }Ųqsj`{qge a mbmdmls÷{

cmj`rfgqnlqge o}cqlj÷{" j`b`rqwsqja ‗ y`cy`r~čcj`{flam c}Ųmn a dfŏmn frgea¤

smjs}rq `rf~ cmsfba {~`rlag~qge, C` sfjage dafws ~cflamd rmwy`lcmls÷{ lfbm¤

Ųč> YfrqŲ" Fdwsmrcfd" Oardalkefd" Ofrgmb`lf" dafwsf lamdamgjam" w~{fngfr¤wjam a wjflcqlf{wjam, Y`bwjam dafwsf" js÷rm y`cf{fl` nfj` yr~qjŏfcq" s` ‗ y`~f

[frw~f{č ‗ Jrfj÷{ a [r`gŏf{,

“[~`rmd cbf lfw" c`Śċ y`{w~mgelam srfjs`{flqd nfj` yr~qjŏfc y`~qsq{lq" oqŏf d`cmr¤

la~fgnf Jrfj`{wjamk` Yr~mcdamŚgaf { [frw~f{am—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

“S` wč r`~{ač~flaf ~{ač~flm ~ acmlsqjfgnč {a~}fblč smk` dafwsf ZFdwsmrcfdT, S nmws s`"

g` wađ c~amnm { yr~mwsr~mla damnwjamn ‗ gefrfjsmr a cmsfbm, Fbm lf{ms cmsfbm" js÷rm y`nf{afnč

wađ" ly, lf eqcrflsfge g~q jrfsjfge Śgamj`{qge" g~q kc~amj`b{amj" wč wy÷nlm" {qge`c~č



81

~ nmclmn dqŚba orflcalk`{mn, A s` nmws om~ c{÷ge ~cfŃ cbf dlam {~÷r" c` js÷rmk` gegafŏ¤

oqd cčŲqċ—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

=,=, [a~nf r`~{`n} dafws

Ofcfla }r~đclagq {qrf~aba lfc~amnđ" Ųm lf yr~mwsr~mla jabj} lfwsđylqge bfs age

dafwsf ođcč gfŏ`Śga`{` ofrc~amn }y`r~čcj`{flm y`c {~kbđcmd frgeasmjs`lag~¤

lqd `rf~ {~`rlag~qd" lam sqbj` { òw~fr~m {q~lfg~`lqge c~amblag b}o }bag,

Gegambaoq" Ųmoq gamjf{q a yr~mdqŚbflq cmwakl { y`wsfga yr`nmjs÷{ f}s`rwjage

oqŏ nmclqd ~ mbmdmls÷{ ~alsmkr`{flmk` r`~{`n} dafws" {yaw}nčg wađ { yr~m¤

wsr~mŃ a cmgqc}nčg ` nmn mwsmsqgm `rf~ s{`r~čg wy÷nlq {a~mr}lmj dafwsf,

C~afŏflaf" js÷rm y`{allq oqċ ~rmfba~`{flm" s`>

rm{asfba~fgnf a d`cmrla~fgnf {fŲlqge òamjs÷{ }Ųqsj} y}obag~lmk` %ly,º

c{`rg÷{!"

{yr`{fc~mlam wqwsmd÷{ alh`rdfgna damnwjamn"º

~fk`wy`cfr`{flam yr~mwsr~mla ~amb`lqge"º

{qy`wfŲmlam dafws fbo` age g~đŚga { dmobm damnwjam"º

{qyrfg`{flam ~fwfc }damw~g~flaf yr~mwsr~mla rmjbfd damnwjage { gmb} }y`¤º

r~čcj`{flaf dafwsf { sqd òw~fr~m,

“Gegafŏfoqd" foq dafws` oqŏ` {qy`wfŲ`lm { wyr~đsq a mbmdmlsq dfŏmn frgeasmjs}rq" a Ųmoq

s` dafŏ` lfn{qŲw~č nfj`Śċ" foq d÷{aŏ` ` lfw" Ųm dfdq ~fy`sr~mo`{flam lf smk` sqy} r`~¤

{ač~flaf, Foq krfjf" js÷rf lfw `sfg~f" oqŏf c`{`cmd j}lw~s} a lfn{qŲw~qge b}c~jage

}damnđsl`Śga { sqd ~fjrmwam—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!



Flmjw ‗ c`orm yrfjsqja> yr~qjŏfcq yr`nmjs÷{/yr`krfd÷{

~ ~fjrmw} {qj`r~qwsflaf {~`rlags{f { wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafws

y`c j`ljrmslm gmbm %ofcflam nfj`Śga`{m!8,



;?

8, Flmjw ‗ còrm yrfjsqja> yr~qjŏfcq yr`nmjs÷{/yr`krfd÷{

~ ~fjrmw} {qj`r~qwsflaf {~`rlags{f { wsrfsmkaa r`~{`n} dafwsy`c j`ljrmslm gmbm %ofcflam nfj`Śga`{m!

Yr~qjŏfcq yr`nmjs÷{/yr`krfd÷{ ~ ~fjrmw} {qj`r~qwsflaf {~`rlags{f { wsrfsm¤

kaa r`~{`n} dafws lf y`sr~moq rmjrmfgna ‗ {mcŏ}k }r~đclaj÷{>

~fk`wy`cfr`{flam òw~fr÷{ wŏ}Ųčgqge rmjrmfgna lfc ~oa`rlajfda {`clqdaº

‗ ~fk`wy`cfr`{flam smrml÷{ lfc r~mjfda" ly, o}b{frq" ybfŲm damnwjam" `Śr`c¤

ja {qy`g~qlj`{m ~fym{lafnčgm }yrf{aflam wy`rs÷{ {`clqge"

s{`r~mlam l`{qge `rf~ rm{asfba~fgnf awslamnčgqge yfrj÷{ damnwjage ‗ yr~m~º

{yr`{fc~mlam wymgnfblqge mbmdmls÷{ `Ś{amsbmla`{qge g~q mbmdmls÷{ {q¤

y`wfŲmlaf y`c{qŲw~`lqd wsflcfrc~am frgeasmjs`lag~lqd"

s{`r~mlam ŚgamŲmj r`{mr`{qge a alhrfwsr}js}rq ~{ač~flmn ~ r}gemd r`{mr`¤º

{qd %yr`nmjs`{flam ws`nfj÷{ r`{mr`{qge!"

s{`r~mlam damnwg c` }yrf{aflaf wy`rs÷{" ly, Śgaflmj {wyalfg~j`{qge"º

wjfsmyfrj÷{,

“Yr`nmjs yr~mjw~sfŏgmlaf o}b{fr÷{ lfc [awŏč" { js÷rqge wč mbmdmlsq rmjrmfgqnl`Śga" h`r¤

dq frgeasmjs`lag~lm" cmsfbm" dmobm }bag~lm" oqŏ ofrc~` aws`slq ~ y`{`c÷{ {qorflaf {ŏf¤

Ślam sfjamn" f lam allmn j`lgmygna { j`lj}rwam, Nmws s` yr`nmjs m{acmlslam wŏ}Ųčgq rmjrmfgna,

Yr~q rm{asfba~fgna awslamnčgqge yfrj÷{ damnwjage {yr`{fc~flm wč wymgnfblam mbmdmlsq

`Ś{amsbmla`{m a mbmdmlsq {qy`wfŲmlaf" js÷rm dfnč y`c{qŲw~`lq wsflcfrc frgeasmjs`¤

lag~lq a wsflcfrc yr`nmjs`{q, S` lam wč mbmdmlsq" js÷rm oqŏq lfnsfŃw~m a lfnofrc~amn mhmj¤

sq{lm" fbm sfjam" kc~am aws`slf oqŏf h`rdf—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

Yr~qjŏfcq còrqge r`~{ač~fŃ { ~fjrmwam {qj`r~qwsflaf {~`rlags{f { dafwsfge

lf r~mg~ rmjrmfgna ‗ {mcŏ}k frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{>

Hrflgnf> yfrja damnwjam ‗ smdfsqg~lm a ~r÷Ųlag`{flm ‗ ybfgm damnwjam" yr~m¤º

wsr~mlam ~ambmla" ly, Yfrj Bf Xa`bms" Yfrj Gasr`ml"

Eaw~yflaf %Ofrgmb`lf!> ybfgm damnwjam" wj{mrq" lfor~mŲf" yr`dmlfcq lfc¤º

d`rwjam {qj`r~qws}nčgm gamjf{m h`rdq frgeasmjs`lag~lm a {~`rlag~m" sfjam

nfj ly,> wge`cq" h`lsfllq"

O}cfymw~s> ybfg damnwja }wqs}`{flq y`laŲmn y`~a`d} }bagq" g` y`~{fbf lfº

Ųqgam l`glm"



;7

B`lcql> rm{asfba~fgnf lfor~mŲf" y`rs÷{" yfrja" ybfgm" gamjf{m r`~{ač~flafº

{ y`w~g~mk÷blqge c~amblagfge" ly, hrfkdmls dafwsf" js÷rq ~`wsfŏ y`dfb`{flq { nmclqd j`b`r~m"

D`lfgea}d> rmjrmfgnf { rfdfge wsr}js}rq damnwjamn { y`wsfga ~amblmk` jalf"º

damnwgf lf {w~mbjamk` r`c~fn} fjsq{l`Śga %wsrmhf wy`rs}" sfŃgf!, Y`cdamnwjf

wsrmhf rmjrmfgna" c~ađja g~md} lam sr~mof {qnmŲcŲfċ 699 jd ~ dafwsf" foq `c¤

y`g~čċ { fsrfjgqnlqd `s`g~mla}"

Jflfcf> yfrj r`~rq{ja [`lcmrbflc,º

Yr~qjŏfcq yr`nmjs÷{/yr`krfd÷{ ~ ~fjrmw} {qj`r~qwsflaf {~`rlags{f { wsrfsm¤kaa r`~{`n} dafws lf y`sr~moq j}bs}rq ‗ {mcŏ}k }r~đclaj÷{>

o}c`{flam b}o rm{asfba~fgnf `oamjs÷{ j}bs}rfblqge" sfjage nfj> wamc~aof `r¤º

jamwsrq" `ymrq" smfsrq a fdsmfsrq" d}~mf" oaoba`smja" jwačŲlagm" kfbmram w~s}ja"

`rkfla~`{flam hmwsa{fba" ly, w~s}j f}ca`{a~}fblqge"º

yr`nmjsq sqy}º wsrmms frs" ly, dfb`{flaf d}rfba y`c yfsr`lfsmd damnwjad,


lf r~mg~ j}bs}rq ‗ {mcŏ}k frgeasmjs÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{>

[frw~f{f> D}~m}d Y`{wsflaf [frw~f{wjamk`" ^fdmj Jr÷bm{wja"º

L`{q N`rj> d}~m}d D@DF ‗ nfj` yr~qjŏfc gamjf{mk` yr`nmjs} frgeasmjs`¤º

lag~lmk`"

[r`gŏf{> D}~m}d [wy÷ŏg~mwlm" wfbf j`lgmr s`{f"º

Wjflcqlf{af> ymrf b}o befrd`laf s{frsf ‗ nfj` oamjs cbf ~{amc~fnčgqge"º

{j`dy`l`{flf { `s`g~mlam" }wqs}`{flf lfc {`cč"

B`lcql" L`{q N`rj" YfrqŲ ‗ efyymlalka {qj`r~qws}nčgm gamjf{m h`rdqº

{~`rlag~m,


kaa r`~{`n} dafws lf y`sr~moq }w}{flaf oframr cbf `w÷o ~ lamymŏl`wyrf{l`Śgač

‗ {mcŏ}k }r~đclaj÷{>

{yr`{fc~flam mbmdmls÷{ lf{amr~gela }bag a ge`claj÷{ y`d`glqge cbf `w÷oº

~ cqwh}ljgnč {~r`j}"



;3

yr`nmjs`{flam dmoba damnwjage a allqge cròlqge mbmdmls÷{ %ly, wŏ}yj÷{º

ob`j}nčgqge! ~ dqŚbč ` om~yamg~mŃws{am a {qk`c~am `w÷o ~ cqwh}ljgnfda‗ yr~mcm {w~qwsjad r}ge`{qda a {~r`j`{qda ‗ { j`lw}bsfgna ~m Śr`c`{awjf¤

da `w÷o lamymŏl`wyrf{lqge"

{yr`{fc~flam y`nf~c÷{ j`d}lajfgna damnwjamn %f}sò}wq! c`ws`w`{flqge c`º

y`sr~mo `w÷o ~ lamymŏl`wyrf{l`Śgač %lawjam y`cŏ`ka" mbmdmlsq }ŏfs{afnčgm

{nmŲcŲflam {÷~jfda!"

{yr`{fc~flam wqwsmd} alh`rdfgna damnwjamn" js÷rq }{~kbđclaf y`sr~moq `w÷oº

lamymŏl`wyrf{lqge"

}c`wsđylaflam o}cqlj÷{ kŏ÷{lam }Ųqsmg~l`Śga y}obag~lmn yr~m~ la{mb`{f¤º

lam y`~a`d÷{" {qwsđy}nčgqge { yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %ws`w`{flam y`geqbla"

c`ws`w`{flqge wge`c÷{" y`cl`Ślaj÷{!,


lf y`sr~moq }w}{flaf oframr cbf `w÷o ~ lamymŏl`wyrf{l`Śgač" {mcŏ}k }r~đcla¤

j÷{ a yr`nmjsfls÷{ s`> l`{`g~mwlm y`cnf~cq" fsrfjgqnlm wge`cq a y`cnf~cq" js÷¤

rm {wy÷ŏkrfnč ~ frgeasmjs}rč dafwsf %W~{fngfraf" Lamdgq" B`lcql" L`{q N`rj"

Fdwsmrcfd" Efhhml Gasq { Efdo}rk}!,


kaa r`~{`n} dafwsf lf y`sr~moq fjsq{a~fgna `w÷o dŏ`cqge" wsfrw~qge" kr}y `w÷o

{qjb}g~`lqge wy`ŏmg~lam ‗ {mcŏ}k }r~đclaj÷{>

yr`nmjsq ybfg÷{ ~fof{ a yfrj÷{" js÷rm {qj`r~qws}nč l`{m {~`rlags{` a h`rdqº

yr~mwsr~mllm"

{alcq yr`{fc~čgm c` yr~mnŚċ y`c~amdlqge"º

`Śr`cja yr`d}nčgm s{`r~mlam w~s}ja a òmgl`Śga j}bs}rq { yr~mwsr~mlaº

y}obag~lmn,

“@wòq" js÷rm c` smn y`rq oqŏq {qjb}g~`lm" lf yr~qjŏfcq r`c~agm ~ dfŏqda c~amċda { {÷~¤

jfge g~q `wòq wsfrw~m" lam {w~đc~am d`kŏq c`sr~mċ, Mbmdmlsq srflwy`rs} y}obag~lmk`

a age yr`nmjs`{flam wč ~{r÷g`lm {ŏfŚlam { wsr`lđ smn kr}yq—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!

“[qd}wabaŚdq lf yr`nmjsflsfge" foq `yr÷g~ ~fym{lamlaf mbmdmls÷{ h}ljgn`lfblqge

a wyrf{lqge y`c {~kbđcmd smgelag~lqd" c`yrfg`{fba h`rdđ frgeasmjs`lag~lč a {~`rlag~č

w~qo÷{ {alc`{qge a ja`wj÷{" js÷rm wč {ac`g~lm lf ~m{lčsr~—, %yrfg`{laj }r~đc} dafwsf!



;=

Yr~qjŏfcq còrqge r`~{ač~fŃ { ~fjrmwam {qj`r~qwsflaf {~`rlags{f { daf¤

wsfge lf r~mg~ fjsq{a~fgna r÷Ųlqge kr}y wy`ŏmg~lqge ‗ {mcŏ}k frgeasmjs÷{a yr`nmjsfls÷{>

YfrqŲ" kc~am nmws c}Ų` òamjs÷{" js÷rm wč ~{ač~flm ~ c~afŏfbl`Śgač w`gnfblč,º

Yfrja smdfsqg~lm ođcčgm `cy`{amc~ač lf y`sr~moq b`jfblmn wy`ŏmg~l`Śga"

Còwwmbc`rh ‗ c{}y`~a`d`{q o}b{fr lfc r~mjč" js÷rq nmws damnwgmd `cy`¤º

g~qlj}" `rkfla~`{flaf fjgna"

[frw~f{f ‗ ~rm{asfba~`{flq yfrj lf Kr`ge`{am" kc~am nmws damnwgm cbf r÷Ų¤º

lqge kr}y {amj`{qge" {qy`wfŲ`lq ly, { wyr~đsq c` kadlfwsqja ~ dqŚbč

` wsfrw~qge `wòfge"Y`rs}kfbaf ‗ c}Ųq" lfor~mŲlq ybfg yfrj`{q ‗ yfrj lf}ja ~ oamjsfda cbf c~amgaº

`rf~ }r~čc~mlafda c` }yrf{aflaf wy`rs}" yr~m~lfg~`lq cbf wsfrw~qge `w÷o,



_MY@_S

Sem r`bm `h cmwakl al sem wsrfsmkq h`r semcmxmb`ydmls `h Y`bawe ga s amw flc rmka`lw



Sem r`bm `h cmwakl al sem wsrfsmkq h`r sem cmxmb`ydmls `h Y`bawe gasamw flc rmka`lw

Ws}cq _my`rs yrmyfrmc h`r sem Alwsas}sm `h Alc}wsrafb Cmwakl

F_G _qlmj a @yalaf" Fyrab ?966

‗

Smgelagfb flc balk}awsag mcas`r> Fklamw~jf Nđcr~mng~fj$Wyrqgef

¡ G`yqrakes oq Alwsqs}s [~`rlags{f Yr~mdqwŏ`{mk`" [frw~f{f ?966

‗

Alwsas}sm `h Alc}wsrafb Cmwakl g`, BscŞ{ađs`nmrwjf Wsrmms =/;

99$?78 [frwf{" Y`bflc

Smb, *35 ?? 589 99 88

hfu *35 ?? 576 83 ;5

m$dfab> a{yIa{y,g`d,yb

essy>//{{{,a{y,g`d,yb

AWOL 1;5$57$1799;;$5$7

‗

Krfyeag cmwakl" sqymwmssalk flc bfq`}s> ^cfl`{ag~ ( Yf{r`{wjaYrals flc oalcalk> Cfwjmr

‗

Sem rmy`rs y}obawemc {aseal sem ‒Cmwakl Q`}r Yr`s— yr`nmgs g`$h}lcmc oq sem M}r`ymfl _mka`lfb Cmxmb`y$

dmls H}lc {aseal sem All`xfsaxm Mg`l`dq @ymrfsa`lfb Yr`krfddm

Hrmm g`yq



_MY@_S

Sem r`bm `h cmwakl al sem

wsrfsmkq h`r sem cmxmb`ydmls `h

Y`bawe gasamw flc rmka`lw

[frwf{ ?966



Sfobm `h g`lsmlsw

Alsr`c}gsa`l 66

Dfal g`lgb}wa`lw hr`d sem ws}cq 67

6, Gasq cmwakl flc wsrfsmkamw h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls 67

?, Yrfgsagm al sem mbc `h gasq cmwakl 67

7, Cmwakl yr`d`sa`l al sem cmxmb`ydmls `h grmfsaxm fgsaxasq al sem gasq saww}m 63

3, Ymrgmysa`l `h gasq cmwakl al Y`bawe gasamw 6=

=, Ofrramrw s` sem cmxmb`ydmls h gasq cmwakl 6=

_mg`ddmlcfsa`lw yrmyfrmc oq sem Alwsas}sm `h Alc}wsrafb Cmwakl 6;

6, _mg`ddmlcfsa`lw h`r y}obag alwsas}sa`lw sfjalk fgsa`lw al sem frmf

`h cmwakl cmxmb`ydmls al gasamw 6;

?, _mg`ddmlcfsa`lw h`r g`dyflamw flc cmwakl wmrxagm yr`xacmrw 65

Dmse`c`b`kagfb cmwgraysa`l 61

6, Fadw `h sem ws}cq 61

?, Ymrh`rdflgm `h sem ws}cq 61

6, Gasq cmwakl flc f wsrfsmkq h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls ??

6,6, Sem `onmgsaxmw `h wsrfsmkamw h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls ??

6,?, Mlsasamw alx`bxmc al grmfsalk gasq wsrfsmkamw ??

6,7, Gasq cmwakl al sem wsrfsmkq `h gasamw flc rmka`lw flc sem al}mlgm `h cmwakl `l gasamw ?3

6,3, Mlsasamw alx`bxmc al grmfsalk gasq cmwakl wsrfsmkamw ?;

6,=, Y`bagq al sem mbc `h gasq cmwakl ?5

6,8, Sem yr`gmww `h cmwakl flc g`lsrfgs`r wmbmgsa`l flc sfwj adybmdmlsfsa`l

al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl 7?

?, Mhhmgsaxm yr`d`sa`l `h gasq cmwakl flc asw r`bm al sem cmxmb`ydmls `h b`gfb mg`l`dq 75

?,6, W}yy`r salk flc yr`d`salk cmwakl al gasamw 75

?,?, Sem ady`rsflgm `h w}yy`rsalk gasq cmwakl 39

?,7, Adybmdmlsfsa`l `h yr`nmgsw g`lgmrlalk w`gafb aww}mw 36



7, ]wm `h gasq cmwakl flc sem fgsaxasq `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw al gasamw 33

7,6, G`lsfgs `h sem gasq {ase mlsrmyrmlm}rw 33

7,?, W}yy`rsalk flc yr`d`salk mlsrmyrmlm}rw 3;

7,7, Grasmraf cmsmrdalalk sem wmbmgsa`l `h f ybfgm h`r sem g`dyflq 31

7,3, Gasamw fgg`rcalk s` mlsrmyrmlm}rw =9

3, ]wm `h gasq cmwakl flc sem v}fbasq `h bahm `h sem alefoasflsw =3

3,6, Gasamw fgg`rcalk s` alefoasflsw =3

3,?, _mbfsa`lweay oms{mml sem alefoasflsw‑ wsflcfrc h baxalk flc sem cmwakl g`lcasa`l

`h sem gasq =8

3,7, Semrm frm l` rmk}bfr w}rxmqw g`lgmrlalk sem lmmcw `h alefoasflsw flc mlsrmyrmlm}rw al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl, =1

=, G`lcasa`lw h`r cmxmb`yalk cmwakl al gasamw 83

=,6, Sem dfal ofrramrw flc cahg}bsamw al cmwakl adybmdmlsfsa`l" cmwaklalk flc yr`nmgsadybmdmlsfsa`l, 83

=,?, Sem gbmrjw‑ lmmcw flc muymgsfsa`lw `h gasq efbb fgsaxasq s` }wm cmwakl w`b}sa`lw al f d`rm mhhmgsaxm {fq 88

=,7, Fwwmwwdmls `h cmwakl al Y`bawe gasamw 85

=,3, Mufdybmw `h Y`bawe flc M}r`ymfl gasamw {emrm sem }wm `h cmwakl aw mumdybfrq 85

=,=, Gasq cmxmb`ydmls xawa`l 85

8, Fllmu ‗ k``c yrfgsagm> mufdybmw `h cmwaklw/yr`krfddmw al sem frmf `h cmwakl

}wm al sem wsrfsmkamw h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls h`r wymgag y}ry`wmw %v}fbasfsaxm ws}cq! ;?



Alcmu `h cafkrfdw

Cafkrfd 6 Muawsmlgm `h cmxmb`ydmlsfb wsrfsmkq al gasamw %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! ?7

Cafkrfd ? Cawsrao}sa`l `h sem wfdybm `h d}lagayfb gbmrjw fgg`rcalk s` semar yfrsagayfsa`l al

sem h`rdfsa`l `h gasq wsrfsmkq %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! ?7

Cafkrfd 7 Kr`}yw sefs s``j yfrs al sem yrmyfrfsa`l `h f cmxmb`ydmlsfb wsrfsmkq h`r f gasq%rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! ?3

Cafkrfd 3 @yala`lw `l sem al}mlgm `h sem gasq‑w y`bagq g`llmgsmc {ase sem frrflkmdmlsflc cmg`rfsa`l `h sem gasq wyfgm `l sem cmxmb`ydmls `h gasamw %rmwy`lcmlsw>d}lagayfb gbmrjw! ?8

Cafkrfd = Kr`}yw efxalk sem krmfsmws al}mlgm `l sem gasq‑w y`bagq al sem frmf `h cmwakl%rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! ?;

Cafkrfd 8 @yala`lw `l sem d`ws ady`rsfls hmfs}rmw `h y}obag wyfgm cmxmb`ydmls%rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw" d}lagayfb gbmrjw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw! 79

Cafkrfd ; @yala`lw `l sfjalk fgg`}ls `h wfhmsq al y}obag wyfgm cmxmb`ydmls %rmwy`lcmlsw>alefoasflsw" d}lagayfb gbmrjw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw! 76

Cafkrfd 5 @yala`lw `l sfjalk fgg`}ls `h sem }wfoabasq grasmra`l al y}obag wyfgm

cmxmb`ydmls %rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw" d}lagayfb gbmrjw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw! 76

Cafkrfd 1 @yala`lw `l sfjalk fgg`}ls `h fmwsemsagw al y}obag wyfgm cmxmb`ydmls

%rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw" d}lagayfb gbmrjw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw! 76Cafkrfd 69 @yala`lw `l sfjalk fgg`}ls `h sem fxfabfoabasq h`r cawfobmc ym`ybm al y}obag

wyfgm cmxmb`ydmls %rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw" d}lagayfb gbmrjw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw! 7?

Cafkrfd 66 ]wm `h cmwaklmr wmrxagmw oq gasq efbbw %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! 7=

Cafkrfd 6? H`rdw `h }walk cmwaklmr wmrxagmw oq gasq efbbw %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! 78

Cafkrfd 67 @yala`lw `l sem al}mlgm `h sem d}lagayfb cmwakl `l sem gasq‑w fssrfgsaxmlmww h`r alxmws`rw %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! 33

Cafkrfd 63 @yala`lw `l sem bmxmb `h al}mlgm `h sem d}lagayfb cmwakl `l sem gasq‑wfssrfgsaxmlmww h`r alxmws`rw %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! 33

Cafkrfd 6= @yala`lw `l sem ady`rsflgm `h {mbb$se`}kes$`}s `rkflawfsa`l `h y}obag wyfgmhr`d sem y`als `h xam{ `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw! 33

Cafkrfd 68 @yala`lw `l sem al}mlgm `h d}lagayfb cmwakl `l sem `ymrfsa`l `h rmwy`lcmlsw‑g`dyflamw 3=

Cafkrfd 6; Mxfb}fsa`l `h `lm‑w `{l gasq al smrdw `h sem `rkflawfsa`l `h y}obag wyfgm%rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw! 3=

Cafkrfd 65 @yala`lw `l sem gasq f}se`rasamw‑ alsmrmws al sem yr`obmdw flc lmmcw

`h mlsrmyrmlm}rw al sem g`lsmus `h cmwaklalk flc `rkfla~alk gasq wyfgm

%rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw! 3=

Cafkrfd 61 @yala`lw `l sem lmmc h`r g`lw}bsfsa`lw {ase mlsrmyrmlm}rw g`lgmrlalk cmwakl

flc `rkfla~fsa`l h gasq wyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw! 38



Cafkrfd ?9 Hfdabafrasq {ase sem h`rdw `h w}yy`r salk mlsrmyrmlm}rweay `rkflawmc oq gasq

f}se`rasamw %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw! 35

Cafkrfd ?6 @yala`lw `l sem al}mlgm `h mlsrmyrmlm}rweay w}yy`rs `rkflawmc oq gasqf}se`rasamw `l rmwy`lcmlsw‑ g`dyflamw 35

Cafkrfd ?? Mxfb}fsa`l `h sem al}mlgm `h mlsrmyrmlm}rweay w}yy`rs `rkflawmc oq gasqf}se`rasamw `l rmwy`lcmlsw‑ g`dyflamw %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw! 35

Cafkrfd ?7 Mxfb}fsa`l `h sem adybmdmlsfsa`l `h gasq cmwakl fww}dysa`lw al sem gasq `h semrmwy`lcmls‑w fgsaxasq %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw! =9

Cafkrfd ?3 Mxfb}fsa`l `h ady`rsflgm `h sem adybmdmlsfsa`l `h gasq cmwakl fww}dysa`lw al semgasq `h sem rmwy`lcmls‑w fgsaxasq %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw! =6

Cafkrfd ?= @yala`lw `l sem wmlsmlgm> ‒Sem gasq {emrm A baxm aw f k``c ybfgm h`r mxmrqcfq

bahm— %rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw! =3

Cafkrfd ?8 @yala`lw `l sem ady`rsflgm `h k``c `rkflawfsa`l `h y}obag wyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw>alefoasflsw! =3

Cafkrfd ?; Mxfb}fsa`l `h ady`rsflgm `h mbmdmlsw `h sem gasq cmwakl hr`d sem y`als `h xam{ `h sem alefoasflsw %rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw! ==

Cafkrfd ?5 Mxfb}fsa`l `h rmwy`lcmlsw‑ gasq al smrdw `h sem `rkflawfsa`l `h y}obag wyfgm%rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw! ==

Cafkrfd ?1 Mxfb}fsa`l `h rmwy`lcmlsw‑ gasq al smrdw `h sem `rkflawfsa`l `h y}obag wyfgm%rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! ==

Cafkrfd 79 Mxfb}fsa`l `h ady`rsflgm `h sem adybmdmlsfsa`l `h gasq cmwakl fww}dysa`lw al semgasq `h sem rmwy`lcmls‑w rmwacmlgm %rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw! =8

Cafkrfd 76 @yala`lw `l sem wfsawhfgsa`l `h alefoasflsw‑ lmmcw g`lgmrlalk gasq cmwakl

%rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! =5

Cafkrfd 7? @yala`lw `l sem w}hgamlgq `h mbmdmlsw `h gasq cmwakl al y}obag wyfgm%rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw! =5

Cafkrfd 77 @yala`lw `l sem v}fbasq `h mbmdmlsw `h gasq cmwakl al y}obag wyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw>alefoasflsw! =5

Cafkrfd 73 Omg`dalk hfdabafr {ase alefoasflsw‑ lmmcw fw rmkfrcw cmwakl flc rkflawfsa`l h

gasq wyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! =1

Cafkrfd 7= H`rdw `h omg`dalk hfdabafr {ase alefoasflsw‑ lmmcw fw rmkfrcw cmwakl flc`rkflawfsa`l h gasq wyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! =1

Cafkrfd 78 @yala`lw `l sem gasq f}se`rasamw‑ alsmrmws al sem yr`obmdw flc lmmcw `h

alefoasflsw al sem frmf `h cmwaklalk flc `rkflawalk gasq wyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw>alefoasflsw! 89

Cafkrfd 7; Mxfb}fsa`l `h sem }wmh}blmww `h g`lw}bsfsa`lw `h gasq efbbw {ase alefoasflsw%rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw! 89

Cafkrfd 75 Halcalk `}s alefoasflsw‑ `yala`lw g`lgmrlalk sem mxfb}fsa`l `h geflkmwalsr`c}gmc al gasq wyfgm oq gasq efbbw %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! 86



5

Yrmhfgm

Omfsf O`geaŃwjf" Yrmwacmls `h Alwsas}sm `h Alc}wsrafb Cmwakl

Cmwakl aw ymrgmaxmc fw f xmrq ady`rsfls aww}m h`r sem mg`l`dag cmxmb`ydmls `h

gasamw flc sem adyr`xmdmls h bahm v}fbasq `h semar alefoasflsw, E`{mxmr" semrm

frm l`s ml`}ke g`dymsmlgmw `r rmk}bfsa`lw s` }wm as,

Sem A[Y ws}cq g`lc}gsmc fd`lk alefoasflsw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw flc d}lagayfb

gbmrjw ‗ Wyralk ?966

Sem fccmc xfb}m `h cmwakl al dfrjms wsrfsmkamw `h g`dyflamw aw v}asm {mbb$$rmwmfrgemc flc g`dd`lbq }wmc oq dfrjms bmfcmrw, E`{mxmr" sem f{frmlmww `h

sem ady`rsflgm `h cmwakl h`r sem mg`l`dag cmxmb`ydmls `h gasamw flc adyr`xm$

dmls `h sem v}fbasq `h bahm `h semar alefoasflsw aw f lm{ mbc {eage rmv}armw

f omssmr }lcmrwsflcalk,

F wjabh}b }wm `h cmwakl al gasamw fhhmgsw" fd`lk `semr sealkw> k``c `rkfla~fsa`l `h

y}obag wyfgm" l`sagmfobm adyr`xmdmls `h sem alefoasflsw‑ v}fbasq `h bahm" fw {mbb

fw cmxmb`ydmls `h sem grmfsaxm wmgs`r" {eage" al s}rl" g`lsrao}smw s` f or`fcmr

mg`l`dag cmxmb`ydmls,

W}ge g`lgb}wa`lw gfl om crf{l hr`d f w}rxmq `rcmrmc oq sem Alwsas}sm `h Alc}wsrafbCmwakl %Alwsqs}s [~`rlags{f Yr~mdqwŏ`{mk ! {eage mlg`dyfwwmc lmfrbq xm e}l$

crmc alefoasflsw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw flc d}lagayfb gbmrjw hr`d fbb xmr sem g`}lsrq,

Sem rmwy`lcmlsw‑ `yala`lw we`{ f eake y`smlsafb `h sem y`wasaxm al}mlgm `h

cmwakl flc semar g}rrmls }wm rmgmaxmw b`{ rfsalkw>

;3- d}lagayfb gbmrjw flc fw dflq fw 5;- `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw w}kkmws xmrq eakeº

flc eake ady`rsflgm h gasq cmwakl h`r sem gasq‑w fssrfgsaxmlmww h`r alxmws`rw" flc"

fs sem wfdm sadm" `lbq 75- `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw efxm f y`wasaxm `yala`l `h semar gasq

al seaw rmwymgs, Mxml hm{mr `h semd $ `lbq ?7- sealj sefs sem b`gfb k`xmrldmls

aw alsmrmwsmc al sem lmmcw flc yr`obmdw `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw al seaw wg`ym:

Mlsrmyrmlm}rw rfsm eakebq sem yrfgsagfb xfb}m %h}lgsa`lfbasq! `h sem w`b}sa`lw }wmcº

al sem gasq wyfgm %5=-!" rmxasfba~fsa`l mhh`rsw rmkfrcalk wv}fbac o}abcalkw flc frmfw

%57-! fw {mbb fw sem gasq‑w g}bs}rfb `hhmr h`r semar g`dyflq‑w mdyb`qmmw %;9-!:

51- `h alefoasflsw ymrgmaxm sem v}fbasq `h sem gasq wyfgm `rkfla~fsa`l fwº

ady`r sfls flc xmrq ady`rsfls h`r semd" `h {eage =;- efw f y`wasaxm `yala`l

`h sem g}rrmls g`lcasa`l:



1

Hfgs`rw {eage efxm sem krmfsmws al}mlgm `l dfjalk sem gasq fssrfgsaxm h`r aswº

alefoasflsw frm sem h`bb`{alk> sem `rkfla~fsa`l `h sem y}obag wyfgm %=?-!" g}bs}r$fb mxmlsw g`llmgsmc {ase gasq wyfgm fmwsemsagw %35-!" y}obag srflwy`rs %7;-! flc

‗ s` f bmwwmr musmls $ f gasq alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmd %73-! flc gasq h}rlas}rm %??-!:

O`se d}lagayfb gbmrjw flc alefoasflsw efxm f wadabfr `yala`l `l yra`rasamwº

g`lgmrlalk sem lmmcw al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl> ybfgmw fxfabfobm h`r mxmrq$

o`cq %699- `h d}lagayfb gbmrjw flc 1;- `h alefoasflsw!" gasq h}rlas}rm %11-

flc 1;-!" hfgabasamw h`r cawfobmc ym`ybm %18- flc 13-! flc f gasq alh`rdfsa`l

wqwsmd %1=- al o`se kr`}yw!:

Alefoasflsw frm d`rm wyfralk al yrfawm `h sem g}rrmls g`lcasa`l> `lbq semº

adybmdmlsfsa`l `h sem gasq alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmd aw fwwmwwmc al f wadabfr {fq

%`xmr 59- al o`se kr`}yw!: al `semr gfsmk`ramw" sem cahhmrmlgm rflkmw hr`d ?=-

%`rkfla~fsa`l `h y}obag ybfgmw! s` fw d}ge fw 7=- %gasq h}rlas}rm!,

Sem dfn`r ofrramrw s` cmwakl adybmdmlsfsa`l al gasamw algb}cm>

Halflgafb badasfsa`lw rmw}bsalk hr`d sem gasq‑w semr alxmwsdmls yra`rasamw %r`fc al$º

hrfwsr}gs}rm" }sabasamw!" {eage frm l`s fb{fqw g`lrdmc oq alefoasflsw‑ yala`lw:

Badasfsa`lw g`lgmrlalk sem wmbmgsa`l `h g`lsrfgs`rw flc cmwaklw rmw}bsalkº

hr`d sem Y}obag Yr`g}rmdmls Fgs" fw f rmw}bs `h {eage alfyyr`yrafsm grasmraf `h

wmbmgsa`l frm fc`ysmc %sem b`{mws rfsalk!:

Bfgj `h jl`{bmckm flc f{frmlmww fd`lk w`dm gbmrjw alx`bxmc al seaw aww}m fwº

rmkfrcw sem y`wwaoabasq h sem }wm h cmwakl flc yr`nmgs dflfkmdmls al seaw frmf:

Semrm aw l` gbmfr wsrfsmkq h`r }walk sem cmwakl s` adyr`xm sem gasq‑w fssrfgsaxm$º

lmww h`r alefoasflsw flc mlsrmyrmlm}rw `r rmk}bfsa`lw {eage {`}bc hfgabasfsm

yr`hmwwa`lfb gasq dflfkmdmls al seaw frmf,

Semrm frm l}dmr`}w yr`krfddmw w}yy`rsalk flc y`y}bfra~alk sem cmxmb`ydmls

`h gasamw }walk cmwakl al M}r`ym flc al sem {`rbc" w}ge fw ]LMWG@ Gasq `h Cmwakl" Grmfsaxm Gasq al Krmfs Orasfal" Wdfrs Gasq h`r wdfbb flc dmca}d$wa~mc

gasamw al M}r`ym,

Sem Alwsas}sm `h Alc}wsrafb Cmwakl efw b`lk$wsflcalk muymramlgm al sem g``ymrf$

sa`l {ase b`gfb k`xmrldmlsw al sem frmf `h }walk cmwakl s` cmxmb`y gasamw‑

cmxmb`ydmlsfb wsrfsmkamw flc yrfgsagfb fyybagfsa`l `h cmwakl h`r sem cmxmb`y$

dmls `h mlsrmyrmlm}rweay" algb}calk mwymgafbbq sem grmfsaxm wmgs`rw fw {mbb fw

y`y}bfra~fsa`l `h cmwakl fd`lk alefoasflsw,



69

G``ymrfsa`l {ase sem gasq `h Kcqlaf aw f k``c rmhmrmlgm emrm $ as {fw wsfrsmc al

?99; oq yrmyfralk f wsrfsmkq h`r sem cmxmb`ydmls `h grmfsaxm wmgs`rw flc walgm?995 $ Kcqlaf Cmwakl Cfqw" {eage y`y}bfra~m cmwakl fd`lk alefoasflsw oq

mxmlsw `rkfla~mc al y}obag wyfgm flc fs g`dyflamw al sem h`rd `h grmfsaxm {`rj$

we`yw" efxm omml embc fll}fbbq,

Sem ws}cq `h sem cmwakl y`smlsafb flc ofrramrw s` asw adybmdmlsfsa`l al cmxmb`y$

dmlsfb wsrfsmkamw `h Y`bawe gasamw dfjmw as y`wwaobm h`r b`gfb k`xmrldmlsw s` `ysa$

da~m gasamw‑ alxmwsdmls muymlcas}rm flc" al dflq gfwmw" as fbw` fbb`{w h`r geflk$

alk yra`rasamw al hfx`}r `h cmwakl s` fgeamxm eake rfsalkw fd`lk alefoasflsw flc

mlsrmyrmlm}rw,



66

Alsr`c}gsa`l

Seaw ws}cq `h g`dymsmlgmw" lmmcw flc mhhmgsaxmlmww al sem frmf `h cmwakl }wm al

sem wsrfsmkamw h`r gasq flc rmka`l cmxmb`ydmls {fw `rcmrmc oq sem Alwsas}sm `h

Alc}wsrafb Cmwakl {aseal sem adybmdmlsfsa`l `h sem sfwjw `h ‒Cmwakl Q`}r Yr`s—

yr`nmgs,

‒Cmwakl Q`}r Yr`s— aw f sermm$qmfr yr`krfddm %96/91/?995‗79/6?/?966!, As

aw adybmdmlsmc al fgg`rcflgm {ase yra`rasq fuaw = ‗ Cahh}wa`l `h all`xfsa`lw" @y$

mrfsa`l =,?" fadmc fs w}yy`rsalk sem o}walmww mlxar`ldmls alwsas}sa`l %A[Y! yr`$

xacalk yr`$all`xfsaxm wmrxagmw flc semar lms{`rj {ase w}yrfrmka`lfb ady`rsflgm,

Sem ―@ymrfsa`lfb Yr`krfddm‑ All`xfsaxm Mg`l`dq ?99;$?967 %@Y AM! aw `lm sem

wau lfsa`lfb yr`krfddmw `h Lfsa`lfb Wsrfsmkag _mhmrmlgm Hrfdm{`rj lflgmc

hr`d M] h}lcw, As aw f yr`krfddm sfrkmsmc yradfrabq fs mlsrmyrmlm}rw {e` al$

smlc s` adybmdmls all`xfsaxm yr`nmgsw g`llmgsmc {ase rmwmfrge flc cmxmb`y$

dmls" d`cmrl smgel`b`kamw" alxmwsdmlsw `h eake mg`l`dag ady`rsflgm `r adybm$

dmlsfsa`l flc fyybagfsa`l `h AS flc g`dd}lagfsa`lw smgel`b`kamw,

Sem yr`obmd {eage sem ws}cq {fw w}yy`wmc s` dmfw}rm {fw sem v}mwsa`l {emse$

mr flc e`{ hfr rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h gasq efbbw al Y`bflc w}yy`rs sem cmxmb`ydmls

`h cmwakl fw yfrs `h sem grmfsaxm alc}wsrq flc }wm cmwakl %cmwaklalk! h`r cmxaw$

alk flc adybmdmlsalk wsrfsmkamw h`r semar gasq‑w w`gafb flc mg`l`dag cmxmb`y$

dmls, Seaw w}yy`rs aw xmrq ady`rsfls" fw yr`ymrbq frrflkmc flc mv}ayymc y}obag

wyfgmw fhhmgs sem gasq cmxmb`ydmls flc bmfc s` fl adyr`xmdmls al sem v}fbasq `h

bahm h`r sem gasq alefoasflsw, @{alk s` sem fyybagfsa`l `h fyyr`yrafsm cmwakl" sem

gasq c`mw l`s `lbq kfal f y`wasaxm fsd`wyemrm flc h}lgsa`lfb wyfgm" o}s as fbw`

cmxmb`yw f g`lwawsmls adfkm" {eage dfq al}mlgm asw fssrfgsaxmlmww h`r s`}rawsw"

g`dymsasaxmlmww" fl algrmfwm al alxmwsdmlsw flc" al g`lwmv}mlgm" srflwbfsm als`

sem gasq‑w mg`l`dag cmxmb`ydmls,

Sem l`sa`lw omb`{" {eage frm hrmv}mlsbq rmhmrrmc s` al seaw rmy`rs" rmv}arm

yrmxa`}w cmlasa`l,

Y}obag wyfgm ‗ aw s` om }lcmrws``c fw fl frmf {ase wymgafb ady`rsflgm h`r wfsawhq$

alk sem lmmcw `h sem alefoasflsw" adyr`xmdmls `h sem v}fbasq `h semar bahm" hfx`}r$

alk sem mwsfobawedmls `h w`gafb g`lsfgsw c}m s` asw b`gfsa`l fw {mbb fw h}lgsa`lfb

flc wyfsafb gefrfgsmrawsagw cmlmc al sem g`dd}lm‑w ws}cq `h bflc }wm g`lca$

sa`lw flc carmgsa`lw `h wyfsafb cmxmb`ydmls6!,

6! Fgs `h ?; Dfrge ?997 `l wyffb ybflalk flc cmxmb`ydmls



6?

Grmfsaxm alc}wsramw ‗ as aw xmrq cahg}bs s` cmlm seaw l`sa`l al fl }lfdoak}`}w

{fq, Fgg`rcalk s` sem Grmfsaxm Alc}wsramw Sfwj H`rgm" semq gfl om cmwgraomc fwfgsaxasq efxalk asw w`}rgm al alcaxac}fb grmfsaxasq" wjabbw flc sfbmls flc we`{alk

f y`smlsafb h`r grmfsalk yr`c}gsw flc n`ow oq kmlmrfsalk flc }walk alsmbbmgs}fb

yr`ymrsq?!, Grmfsaxm alc}wsramw algb}cm> baorframw" semfsrmw" d}wm}dw" g}bs}rfb

emrasfkm" basmrfs}rm" d}wag" ye`s`krfyeq" y}obawealk fgsaxasq" yrmww" smbmxawa`l"

fcxmrsawalk" cmwakl" kfdmw flc lm{ dmcaf" nm{mbbmrq" gmrfdagw flc wg}bys}rm 7!,

Gasq cmwakl ‗ fl alsmrcawgaybalfrq frmf g`lgmrlalk sermm$cadmlwa`lfb cmwakl h

gasq wyfgmw flc }lasalk fbb `h semar g`dy`lmlsw" g`doalalk sem fgsa`lw `h frgea$

smgsw" }rofl ybfllmrw" bflcwgfym ybfllmrw" cmwaklmrw" krfyeag frs awsw" srflwy`rs

wymgafbawsw" bf{qmrw flc b`gfb k`xmrldmlsw, Semwm fgsa`lw d}ws om ybfllmc flcadybmdmlsmc" sfjalk als` fgg`}ls sem alefoasflsw‑ lmmcw" yralgaybmw `h mrk`l`d$

agw" bmkfb wsflcfrcw flc lflgafb badasfsa`lw fw {mbb fw h}lgsa`lfbasq" fssrfgsaxm$

lmww" fxfabfoabasq flc gbmfrlmww `h sem dmwwfkm %‒g`dd}lagfsaxmlmww—! `h sem

mbmdmlsw `h gasq wyfgmw3!,

?! ]lasmc Jalkc`d> Cmyfrsdmls h`r G}bs}rm" Dmcaf flc Wy`rs" ?996

7! M}r`ymfl Gb}wsmr @owmrxfs`rq %?969!

3! Gh, E, Jflafwsf" Yr`nmjs`{flam yr~mwsr~mla y}obag~lmn %Y}obag Wyfgm Cmwakl!" essy>//{{{,cmwakl$wabmwaf,yb/yr`$

nmjs`{flam$yr~mws r~mla$y}obag~lmn$efllf$jflafwsf ,yey " bfws rmxawmc ?;,9=,?966



67

Dfal g`lgb}wa`lw hr`d sem ws}cq

6, Gasq cmwakl flc wsrfsmkamw h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls

]w}fbbq" alsmrcawgaybalfrq {`rjalk smfdw frm fyyàlsmc h`r sem lmmcw `h f,

wsrfsmkq cmxmb`ydmls h`r mfge frmf %m,k, mlxar`ldmlsfb yr`smgsa`l" mg`l`dq"

g}bs}rm" frgeasmgs}rm" emfbse gfrm" mc}gfsa`l!, C}ralk sem {`rj" g`lw}bsfsa`lw/

dmmsalkw/{`rjwe`yw `r v}fbasfsaxm ws}camw frm fbw` `rkfla~mc {ase sem yfr$

sagayfsa`l `h rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h xfra`}w mlxar`ldmlsw flc alwsas}sa`lw" algb}c$

alk rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw flc gasq alefoasflsw,

Sem mdyb`qmmw `h gasq efbbw sfjalk yfrs al sem w}rxmq cmgbfrm sefs cmwakl aw flo,ady`rsfls s``b h`r mg`l`dag cmxmb`ydmls" {ase`}s {eage sem adybmdmlsfsa`l

`h w`dm `h sem fww}dmc wsrfsmkag k`fbw aw ady`wwaobm,

As rmw}bsw hr`d sem ws}cq sefs cmwakl aw l`s }w}fbbq algb}cmc basmrfbbq al semg,

cmxmb`ydmlsfb wsrfsmkq `h sem gasq" {eage dfq om rmkfrcmc fw mxacmlgm h`r

f bfgj `h wsrfsmkag sealjalk al gasq cmwakl, Semrm fyymfr `yala`lw sefs sem

gasq‑w wsrfsmkq" fw f c`g}dmls" aw l`s cmsfabmc ml`}ke s` algb}cm aww}mw g`l$

gmrlalk sem cmxmb`ydmls `h cmwakl ‗ algb}calk `lbq kmlmrfb carmgsa`lw `h

cmxmb`ydmls flc semar ònmgsaxmw flc l`s wymgag fgsa`lw,

Hfab}rm s` algb}cm cmwakl al sem cmxmb`ydmls" {eage `hsml rmw}bsw al f bfgjc,`h k}acmbalmw rmk}bfsalk sem fgsa`lw }lcmrsfjml al seaw frmf flc" al g`lwm$

v}mlgm ‗ bfgj `h wymgag fgsa`lw al seaw frmf,

Al sem dfn`rasq `h gasq efbbw" semrm aw l` wmyfrfsm mlsasq {eage {`}bc om rmwy`l$m,

waobm h`r mlsarm cmwakl al sem gasq" }lasm sem fgsa`lw `h alcaxac}fb cmyfrsdmlsw

flc sfjm gfrm `h sem gèmrmlgm `h sem y}obag wyfgm cmwakl, ]w}fbbq" xfra`}w

ymrw`lw frm rmwy`lwaobm h`r xfra`}w fgsa`lw al sem mbc `h cmwakl,

?, Yrfgsagm al sem mbc `h gasq cmwaklAl sem `yala`l `h sem rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h gasq efbbw sfjalk yfrs al sem w}rxmq" b`gfbf,

f}se`rasamw/gbmrjw efxm sem krmfsmws al}mlgm `l sem cmwakl y`bagq al gasamw

ser`}ke fyyr`yrafsm wsr}gs}rmw al sem gasq efbb" a,m, frgeasmgs}rm" }rofl ybfllalk"

gasq cmxmb`ydmls cmyfrsdmlsw flc" y`wwaobq" sem y`wasa`l h sem gasq xaw}fb frsaws,

Frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq gbfad sefs sem al}mlgm `h o,

gasq gbmrjw" {e` }w}fbbq c` l`s efxm h`rdfb mc}gfsa`l al seaw frmf" aw s`` oak

flc as dfq efxm }lhfx`}rfobm mhhmgs `l sem cmwakl" rmw}bsalk al sem wmbmgsa`l

`h gasq cmwakl mbmdmlsw" {eage frm }lfmwsemsag" l`l$h}lgsa`lfb" fggacmlsfb `r

c` l`s g`lh`rd s` sem wsqbm `h gefrfgsmr `h f kaxml frmf,



63

G`dyflamw yr`xacalk gasq cmwakl wmrxagmw frm }w}fbbq wmbmgsmc al y}obagg,

yr`g}rmdmls `r g`lsmws yr`gmc}rmw,As rmw}bsw hr`d sem wsfsmdmlsw `h sem gbmrjw w}rxmqmc sefs g`lsmwsw frm sem h`rdc,

`h wmbmgsalk cmwaklw flc g`lsrfgs`rw {eage omws wmrxmw sem cmxmb`ydmls `h

gasq cmwakl,

Smlcmr yr`gmc}rmw" hrmv}mlsbq ofwmc `l sem b`{mws$yragm grasmra`l" rmgmaxmm,

y``r rfsalkw fw semq rmw}bs al sem wmbmgsa`l `h sem b`{mws$v}fbasq oac,

Y}obag$yraxfsm yfrslmrweay aw fl }lcmrmwsadfsmc flc rfrmbq }wmc w`b}sa`lh,

al gasq cmwakl" fbse`}ke" fgg`rcalk s` rmwy`lcmlsw" as g`}bc mlw}rm mhhmgsaxm

yr`nmgs adybmdmlsfsa`l rmc}galk sem g`wsw h`r gasq o}ckmsw, Fgsaxasq `l sem

ofwaw `h y}obag flc yraxfsm fgsaxasq rfawmw g`lgmrl fd`lk o`se gbmrjw flc

w`dm mlsrmyrmlm}rw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq rmw}bsalk hr`d adyrmgawm bmkfb

rmk}bfsa`lw flc alw}hgamls sem`rmsagfb flc yrfgsagfb jl`{bmckm al seaw frmf,

Sem gbmrjw cmgbfrmc sefs semq }wm cmwaklmrw‑ wmrxagmw al sem mbc `h cmwakl flck,

aww}alk `yala`lw `l sem w`b}sa`lw yrmwmlsmc, Semq srq s` }wm sem jl`{bmckm

flc muymramlgm `h wymgafbawsw al sem mbc `h frgeasmgs}rm" }rofl ybfllalk"

wyfsafb ybfllalk flc cmwakl, Cmwaklw wmbmgsmc al seaw {fq frm seml h`rdfbbq

fyyr`xmc `l eakemr bmxmbw `h gasq f}se`rasamw" {eage g`lwacmrfobq wb`{w c`{l

sem cmwakl yr`gmww,

7, Cmwakl yr`d`sa`l al sem cmxmb`ydmls `h grmfsaxm fgsaxasq al sem gasq

saww}m

Cmwakl aw ymrgmaxmc fw fl ady`rsfls mbmdmls `h sem cmxmb`ydmls `h grmfsaxmf,

wmgs`rw al sem gasamw }lcmr flfbqwaw" flc semrmh`rm" gasq efbbw sfjm xfra`}w

fgsa`lw fadmc fs mlw}ralk mhhmgsaxm w}yy`rs h`r seaw frmf %m,k, oq `rkfla~alk

g`dymsasa`lw" {`rjwe`yw" mueaoasa`lw" g}bs}rfb mxmlsw flc dmmsalkw g`lgmrl$

alk cmwakl flc mlw}ralk f ybfgm al smgel`b`kq yfrjw s` cmwakl g`dyflamw!,

Yr`d`sa`lfb fgsa`lw `h gasq efbbw frm mxfb}fsmc y`wasaxmbq" e`{mxmr" fgg`rc$o,

alk s` mlsrmyrmlm}rw flc cmwaklmrw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq ‗ semq rmv}arm

alsmlwagfsa`l,

Al sem `yala`l `h cmwakl mlxar`ldmls rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw" sem algb}wa`l `h muymrswg,

al sem {`rj `h smfdw `h gbmrjw yr`xacalk cmwakl srfalalk s` gbmrjw" alsmlwa$

gfsa`l `h g``ymrfsa`l {ase b`gfb }laxmrwasamw flc cmwaklfsalk alwsas}sa`lw

rmwy`lwaobm h`r gasq cmwakl {`}bc rmw}bs al fl algrmfwm al sem mhhmgsaxmlmww `h

sem yr`d`sa`l `h seaw frmf,



6=

3, Ymrgmysa`l `h gasq cmwakl al Y`bawe gasamw

Sem n}ckmdmlsw `h alefoasflsw flc mlsrmyrmlm}rw fw rmkfrcw wfhmsq" fxfabfoab$f,asq h`r cawfobmc ym`ybm" }wfoabasq `r fmwsemsagw `h y}obag wyfgmw cahhmrmc g`lwac$

mrfobq hr`d sem gbmrjw‑ yala`lw" {e` kfxm semar gasamw cmlasmbq eakemr rfsalkw

al semwm rmwymgsw, Seaw we`{w sefs" cmwyasm cmgbfrfsa`lw" sem dfn`rasq `h gasq

efbbw c` l`s w}rxmq sem alefoasflsw‑ `yala`lw flc lmmcw al fl mhhmgsaxm {fq,

W}rxmqw `h alefoasfls muymgsfsa`lw g`lc}gsmc oq gasq efbbw frm alw}hgamls"o,

semq g`lgmrl cmwakl al s`` badasmc f wg`ym `r semrm frm s`` hm{ `h semd %bfgj

`h sem f}se`rasamw‑ alsmrmws al sem yr`obmdw flc lmmcw `h alefoasflsw flc mlsrm$

yrmlm}rw al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl aw cmgbfrmc oq mxmrq searc alefoasfls flc

mxmrq wmg`lc mlsrmyrmlm}r" {eabm sem lmmc h`r g`lw}bsfsa`lw aw rmg`kla~mc oqfw dflq fw 13- `h se`wm w}rxmqmc al o`se kr`}yw!,

=, Ofrramrw s` sem cmxmb`ydmls `h gasq cmwakl

Halflgafb badasfsa`lw `h gasq efbbw,f,

Y}obag yr`g}rmdmls yr`gmc}rmw al {eage sem yragm aw sem d`ws ady`rsflso,

grasmra`l flc ofcbq `rkfla~mc g`lsmwsw %`hsml `yml `lmw! frm s`` hrmv}mlsbq

}wmc h`r yr`nmgsw,

Semrm frm l` gbmfr r}bmw `r k}acmbalmw g`lgmrlalk g`dd`l adybmdmlsfsa`lg,

`h gasq cmxmb`ydmls wsrfsmkamw oq gasq efbbw" g`dyflamw flc cmwakl wmgs`r

wymgafbawsw,

Semrm frm l` rmk}bfr w}rxmqw g`lgmrlalk sem lmmcw `h alefoasflsw flc mlsrm$c,

yrmlm}rw al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl,

Semrm frm l` fgsa`lw fadmc fs rmlalk sem grasmraf h`r sem wmbmgsa`l `h cmwaklwm,

flc alh`rdfsa`l `{ al seaw frmf,

Semrm frm l` bmkfb rmk}bfsa`lw g`lgmrlalk cmwakl al y}obag wyfgmw %{eageh,

{`}bc om fyybagfobm fbw` s` yraxfsm alxmws`rw/fcxmrsawmrw!,

Semrm aw l` f{frmlmww `h omlmsw rmw}bsalk hr`d sem fyybagfsa`l `h cmwakl flck,

`h sem lmmc s` mc}gfsm b`gfb g`dd}lasamw flc gbmrjw s` alsr`c}gm sem aww}m `h

gasq cmwakl flc asw ady`rsflgm h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls,



68

Al w}ddfrq" f kr`{alk alsmrmws al o`se gasq cmwakl flc cmwakl al kmlmrfb

gfl om òwmrxmc fd`lk alefoasflsw flc gbmrjw, W`dm y`wasaxm adfkm

flc h}lgsa`lfb geflkmw gfl om d`rm flc d`rm `hsml òwmrxmc al Y`bawe

gasamw, W}ge geflkmw frm mumdybamc oq sem rmxasfba~fsa`l `h Jrfj`{wjam

Yr~mcdamŚgam al [frwf{ r sem alsr`c}gsa`l h f gèmrmls gasq alh`rdfsa`l

wqwsmd al Oambwj`$Oafŏf, E`{mxmr" as aw {`rse l`salk sefs semrm frm wsabb s``

hm{ }lasw rmwy`lwaobm h`r fbb cmwakl$rmbfsmc fgsa`lw al gasq efbbw" {eage aw

{eq }lcmrsfjalkw al seaw frmf frm wsabb hrfkdmlsfrq" alg`lwawsmls" fggacmlsfb

flc semq c` l`s sfjm als` fgg`}ls sem fgs}fb lmmcw `h alefoasflsw, As aw

wsabb lmgmwwfrq s` alsr`c}gm fyyr`yrafsm bmkfb geflkmw" {eage {abb dfjm

as y`wwaobm s` rmk}bfsm fgsa`lw g`lgmrlalk sem wefyalk `h y}obag wyfgmw,

As aw fbw` ady`rsfls s` rmk}bfsm sem yralgaybmw g`lgmrlalk y}obag$yraxfsm

yfrslmrweay al sem frmf `h }lcmrsfjalkw al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl,



6;

_mg`ddmlcfsa`lw yrmyfrmc oq sem Alwsas}sm h Alc}wsrafb Cmwakl

6, _mg`ddmlcfsa`lw h`r y}obag alwsas}sa`lw sfjalk fgsa`lw al sem frmf `h

cmwakl cmxmb`ydmls al gasamw

Sem alsr`c}gsa`l `h wsrfsmkag yralgaybmw flc k}acmbalmw g`lgmrlalk semf,

wefyalk `h y}obag wyfgmw oq dmflw `h cmwakl, As aw lmgmwwfrq s` alsr`c}gm f wms

`h wsflcfrcw {eage {`}bc rmk}bfsm sem fgsaxasq `h gasq efbbw flc badas sem hrmm$

c`d `h fgsa`lw sfjml oq mlsrmyrmlm}rw %fs yrmwmls" gasq efbbw c` l`s efxm s``bw

fbb`{alk semd s` al}mlgm sem cmwakl `h mbmdmlsw wmbmgsmc oq yraxfsm alxmw$

s`rw `r sem h`rd `h fcxmrsawmdmlsw ybfgmc al y}obag wyfgmw!,

Sem alsr`c}gsa`l `h geflkmw al sem grasmraf h`r y}obag yr`g}rmdmls flc g`lsmwswo,

fadmc fs wmbmgsalk g`lsrfgs`rw h`r `rcmrw g`llmgsmc {ase sem cmxmb`ydmls `h

f or`fcbq }lcmrws``c gasq adfkm, Y}obag yr`g}rmdmls yr`gmc}rmw we`}bc algb}cm

d`rm grasmraf `semr sefl sem yragm %v}fbasq" g`emrmlgm" wyfgm mrk`l`dagw" h}lg$

sa`lfbasq" msg,!" {eabm g`lsmwsw g`}bc om `rkfla~mc al sem gb`wmc h`rd ser`}ke yr`$

hmwwa`lfb alwsas}sa`lw wymgafba~alk al g`lw}bsalk wmrxagmw al sem frmf `h cmwakl,

Sem alsr`c}gsa`l `h bmkfb rmk}bfsa`lw g`lgmrlalk y}obag$yraxfsm yfrslmrweayg,

{aseal sem hrfdm{`rj `h fgsaxasamw g`lgmrlalk sem wefyalk `h gasq wyfgmw, Seaw

g`}bc rmw}bs al sem rmc}gsa`l `h g`wsw `h w}ge }lcmrsfjalkw flc fl algrmfwmal mhhmgsaxmlmww,

_mk}bfr w}rxmqw `h sem lmmcw `h gasq alefoasflsw %yfqalk fssmlsa`l s` alca$c,

xac}fb kr`}yw" w}ge fw> geabcrml" mbcmrbq ym`ybm" cawfobmc ym`ybm" msg,! al sem

frmf `h gasq cmwakl,

Wsfrsalk g``ymrfsa`l oms{mml gasq efbbw flc muymrs g`lw}bsalk mlsasamw alm,

cmxawalk cmxmb`ydmlsfb wsrfsmkamw `h gasq cmxmb`ydmls %algb}calk gasq cmwakl

flc grmfsaxm alc}wsramw!" `rkfla~alk y}obag yr`g}rmdmls yr`gmc}rmw" g`dym$

sasa`lw flc `semr fgsa`lw g`llmgsmc {ase sem wefyalk `h gasq wyfgmw, Seaw {abb

efxm f y`wasaxm mhhmgs `l sem yr`hmwwa`lfba~fsa`l `h sem fgsaxasq `h gasq efbbw alseaw frmf,

Algb}wa`l `h yr`hmwwa`lfb cmwaklmrw al sem {`rj `h gasq efbbw `l sem gasq cmwaklh,

cmxmb`ydmls ybflw,

Grmfsalk wmyfrfsm }lasw rmwy`lwaobm h`r fbb cmwakl$rmbfsmc fgsa`lw al gasq efbbw"k,

{eage {ab b efxm f hfx`}rfobm al}mlgm `l sem efrd`la~fsa`l `h fgsa`lw al seaw

frmf,

Wsfrsalk g``ymrfsa`l oms{mml gasq efbbw flc }laxmrwasamw" mwymgafbbq {ase ws}$e,

cmlsw dfn`ralk al frgeasmgs}rm" bflcwgfym frgeasmgs}rm flc alc}wsrafb cmwakl,



65

As {abb fbw` om ady`rsfls s` yfq krmfsmr fssmlsa`l s` sem s`yagw g`lgmrlalk gasq

cmwakl {eabm cmxmb`yalk g}rrag}bf h`r semwm wymgafba~fsa`lw,Mc}gfsalk gasq alefoasflsw al sem mbc `h gasq cmwakl flc cmwakl al kmlmrfb oqa,

`rkfla~alk xfra`}w mueaoasa`lw" {`rjwe`yw flc hfar mxmlsw,

@rkfla~alk srfalalk al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl h`r gasq efbb mdyb qmmw" {eage n,

{abb efxm f y`wasaxm mhhmgs `l algrmfwalk semar f{frmlmww al seaw mbc flc

yr`hmwwa`lfba~fsa`l `h semar fgsa`lw,

?, _mg`ddmlcfsa`lw h`r g`dyflamw flc cmwakl wmrxagm yr`xacmrw

Sem }wm `h g`lw}bsalk wmrxagmw `h yr`hmwwa`lfb alwsas}sa`lw flc mdyb`qalkf,cmwaklmrw al sem adybmdmlsfsa`l `h y}obag yr`g}rmdmls yr`gmc}rmw fhhmgsalk

sem adfkm `h sem gasq,

Sfjalk als` fgg`}ls sem lmmcw `h xfra`}w kr`}yw `h }wmrw %geabcrml" mbcmrbqo,

ym`ybm" cawfobmc ym`ybm" msg,! {eabm cmwaklalk flc yrmyfralk mbmdmlsw `h y}o$

bag wyfgmw,

Sfjalk als` fgg`}ls sem gefrfgsmr `h sem w}rr`}lcalk frmf c}ralk sem h}bb$g,

dmls `h `rcmrw g`lgmrlalk walkbm y}obag wyfgm mbmdmlsw,

Yfqalk fssmlsa`l s` sem g`emrmlgm {ase sem y}obag wyfgm al sem adybmdmlsfsa`lc,

`h yraxfsm yr`nmgsw %algb}calk fcxmrsawalk!,

Al yfrsag}bfr" sfjalk als` fgg`}ls yr`ymrsamw" w}ge fw> h}lgsa`lfbasq" mrk`l`dagw"m,

g`dd}lagfsaxmlmww al yr`nmgsw g`lgmrlalk gasq cmwakl mbmdmlsw,

Mc}gfsa`l al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl oq sfjalk yfrs al fyyr`yrafsm mueaoasa`lw"h,

hfar mxmlsw" {`rjwe`yw" msg,



61

Dmse`c`b`kagfb cmwgraysa`l

6, Fadw `h sem ws}cq

Sem dfal fad `h sem ws}cq {fw s` `osfal alh`rdfsa`l g`lgmrlalk sem h`bb`{alk

aww}mw>

W}yy`rsalk sem cmxmb`ydmls `h cmwakl fw f hfgs`r gfyfobm `h al}mlgalk semº

gasq‑w mg`l`dag cmxmb`ydmls:

Sem }wm `h cmwakl fw f hfgs`r algrmfwalk sem v}fbasq `h bahm `h gasq c{mbbmrwº

oq }walk cmwaklmr wmrxagmw al sem adybmdmlsfsa`l `h y}obag yr`g}rmdmls %m,k,

cmwaklalk fl alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmd" gasq h}rlas}rm" wyfsafb cmxmb`ydmls!,

?, Ymrh`rdflgm `h sem ws}cq

Sem ws}cq g`lwawsmc `h s{` yfrsw> f v}fbasfsaxm flc f v}flsasfsaxm `lm, As {fw

ymrh`rdmc hr`d 5 Hmor}frq s` 79 Dfrge ?966,

Sem v}fbasfsaxm yfrs {fw g`lc}gsmc }walk sem dmse`c `h alcaxac}fb cmyseº

alsmr xam{w %ACA! {ase sem s`sfb wfdybm l}domr L478" flc as algb}cmc sem h`b$

b`{alk sermm kr`}yw `h rmwy`lcmlsw>

_myrmwmlsfsaxmw `h wmbmgsmc gasq efbbw rmwy`lwaobm h`r cmwakl %L468 ACA!:  

Frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw muymramlgmc al cmwaklalk h`r gasq efbbw %L469 ACA!"  

`{lmrw flc g`$`{lmrw `h cmwakl ws}ca`w/ybfllalk flc cmwakl g`dyflamw

g`lwsas}smc sem dfn`rasq `h sem rmwy`lcmlsw:

Cmgawa`l$dfjalk rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h g`dyflamw {eage yr`xacmc cmwakl  

wmrxagmw s` sem gasq flc asw alefoasflsw al sem frmfw `h `yml y}obag wyfgmw"

gasq h}rlas}rm flc gasq alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmdw %L469!,

Alsmrxam{w {mrm ymrh`rdmc lfsa`l{acm,

Sem v}flsasfsaxm yfrs {fw g`lc}gsmc }walk sem dmse`c `h g`dy}smr$fwwawsmcº

smbmye`lm alsmrxam{w %GFSA! {ase sem s`sfb wfdybm l}domr L439?" flc as

algb}cmc sem h`bb`{alk sermm kr`}yw `h rmwy`lcmlsw>

_myrmwmlsfsaxmw `h rflc`dbq wmbmgsmc gasq efbbw rmwy`lwaobm h`r cmwakl  

%L41; GFSA!: `lm alsmrxam{ {fw ymrh`rdmc al `lm gasq efbb: gfsmk`ra~fsa`l

fgg`rcalk s` sem wa~m `h sem gasq dmfw}rmc oq sem l}domr `h alefoasflsw>



?9

}y s` ?9 se`}wflc alefoasflsw %L476!" ?9$=9 se`}wflc alefoasflsw %L435!

flc fo`xm =9 se`}wflc alefoasflsw %L46;!:

Fc}bs gasq alefoasflsw %L4?63 GFSA!: sem wfdybm {fw g`lsr`bbmc al smrdw  

`h sem wa~m `h sem gasq dmfw}rmc oq sem l}domr `h alefoasflsw %}y s` 699

se`}wflc alefoasflsw %L481!" 696$=99 se`}wflc alefoasflsw %L4;5! flc

fo`xm =99 se`}wflc alefoasflsw %L48;!:

Cmgawa`l$dfjalk rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h g`dyflamw" {eage yr`xacmc cmwakl  

wmrxagmw s` sem gasq %L416 GFSA!: sem wfdybm {fw g`lsr`bbmc al smrdw `h sem

wmgs`r %alc}wsrq" g`ddmrgm" wmrxagmw! flc sem wa~m `h sem g`dyflq" dmfw$

}rmc oq sem l}domr `h mdyb`qmmw %fo`xm 699 mdyb`qmmw %L4??!" =6$699

mdyb`qmmw %L4?9!" 66$=9 mdyb`qmmw %L4?=!" }y s` 69 mdyb`qmmw %L4?3!!,

Sem wfdybm al sem v}flsasfsaxm yfrs `h sem ws}cq mlg`dyfwwmc sem mlsarm g`}lsrq

flc as {fw g`lsr`bbmc al smrdw `h yr`xalgm o`}lcframw,

Sem ws}cq mlg`}lsmrmc yr`obmdw fs sem rmgr}asdmls wsfkm gf}wmc oq caxawa`l `h

g`dymsmlgmw al sem frmf `h cmwakl al gasamw, Sem bfrkmws cmkrmm `h rmwy`lwaoabasq

al sem gasq‑w cmwakl g`lwsas}smc sem dfal rmgr}asdmls grasmra`l al sem kr`}y

`h rmwy`lcmlsw, C}ralk sem rmgr}asdmls yr`gmww" as s}rlmc `}s sefs semrm aw

}w}fbbq l` walkbm ymrw`l efxalk g`dyrmemlwaxm jl`{bmckm fo`}s o`se w}onmgs

frmfw" c}m s` sem alx`bxmdmls `h xfra`}w `rkfla~fsa`lfb }lasw `h gasq efbbw alfgsa`lw g`llmgsmc {ase sem gasq‑w wsrfsmkq flc cmwakl, D`rm`xmr" sem dfn`rasq `h

rmwy`lcmlsw cmgbfrmc sefs semq {mrm rmwy`lwaobm `lbq h`r wmbmgsmc fgsa`lw al sem

frmf `h cmwakl,

Fw f rmw}bs" sem ws}cq mlg`dyfwwmc emfc `hgmrw flc carmgs`rw `h cmyfrsdmlsw

flc hgmw" }las emfcw flc gasq xaw}fb frsawsw mdyb`qmc al cmyfrsdmlsw g`llmgsmc

{ase sem h`bb`{alk frmfw> fmwsemsagw" y}obag wyfgmw" frgeasmgs}rm" }rofl ybfllalk"

g`lwsr}gsa`l" wyfsafb ybfllalk" wsrfsmkag ybfllalk" }rofl wsrfsmkq" gasq cmxmb`y$

dmls" wsr}gs}rfb yr`nmgsw" g}bs}rm yr`d`sa`l" alh`rdfsa`l,

ACAw {mrm g`lc}gsmc al sem h`bb`{alk 68 gasamw> Oafŏqws`j" KcfŃwj" Kcqlaf"

K`r~÷{ [ambj`y`bwja" Jfs`{agm" Jambgm" Jrfj÷{" ņ`dŲf" ņ÷cž" @y`bm" Y`~lfŃ"

_~mw~÷{" W~g~mgal" S`r}Ń" [frw~f{f" [r`gŏf{,



Gasq cmwakl flc f wsrfsmkq h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls

6,



??

6, Gasq cmwakl flc f wsrfsmkq h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls

6,6, Sem ònmgsaxmw `h wsrfsmkamw h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls

F wsrfsmkq aw f kmlmrfb rmg`rc cmlalk sem xawa`l" dawwa`l flc carmgsa`lw h`r

f gasq‑w cmxmb`ydmls,

Sem dfal ònmgsaxmw `h gasamw‑ wsrfsmkamw bawsmc oq gbmrjw }w}fbbq h`g}w `l f hm{

frmfw> fl algrmfwm al sem gasq‑w mg`l`dag fssrfgsaxmlmww ‗ }lcmrws``c oq sem

rmwy`lcmlsw fw fl algrmfwm al sem alxmwsdmls flc s`}raws fgsaxasq" or`fcbq }lcmr$

ws``c w`gafb cmxmb`ydmls flc adyr`xmdmls al sem v}fbasq h b ahm h alefoasflsw flc

wefyalk y}obag wyfgmw, Semwm ònmgsaxmw frm srmfsmc fw mv}fb `r g`dybmdmlsfrq,‒Sem cmxmb`ydmls `h all`xfsaxm mg`l`dq" rfawalk sem alxmwsdmls fssrfgsaxmlmww" algrmfw$

alk sem gasq‑w ady`rsflgm fw f gmlsrm `h jl`{bmckm" g}bs}rm" s`}rawd flc wy`rs, Adyr`xm$

dmls al sem v}fbasq `h bahm flc fssrfgsaxmlmww `h sem gasq‑w wyfgm flc frgeasmgs}rm ‗ seaw aw

{efs alsmrmwsw dm sem d`ws,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

‒@}r caxawa`l als` sermm yra`rasamw {fw g`lwacmrfobq femfc `h seaw srmlc" {eage aw l`{ v}asm

g`dd`l fbb `xmr sem M]" omgf}wm s`cfq" xars}fbbq fbb M] cmxmb`ydmlsfb wsrfsmkamw frm

ofwmc `l semwm sermm g`dy`lmlsw> mg`l`dq" w`gamsq flc wyfgm, %Gasq efb b mdyb`qmm!

Semrm frm cahhmrmlgmw al sem wsrfsmkamw `h gasamw flc semar rmka`lw rmw}bsalk hr`d

xfra`}w lmmcw flc lflgafb y`wwaoabasamw: lmxmrsembmww" fssmdysw frm omalk dfcms` dfjm sem ònmgsaxmw `h gasq wsrfsmkamw flc b`gfb wsrfsmkamw fw gb`wm fw y`wwaobm

flc g`dybmdmlsfrq s` mfge `semr" fbse`}ke seaw aw l`s rmv}armc oq bf{,

‒Semrm frm h`}r w}ormka`lw {eage frm gefrfgsmra~mc oq w`dmsealk v}asm cahhmrmls" w` as efw

omml fc`ysmc ‗ fw f k``c yrfgsagm ‗ s` dfjm semwm b`{mr$`rcmr wsrfsmkamw" a,m, b`gfb wsrfsm$

kamw g`lwawsmls {ase sem eakemr `rcmr wsrfsmkamw,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

C}m s` sem bmxmb `h kmlmrfbasq `h seaw c`g}dmls" gasq cmxmb`ydmls wsrfsmkamw }w}$

fbbq c` l`s mlg`dyfww sem alcaxac}fb frmfw ‗ algb}calk cmwakl ‗ flc wymgag

sfwjw ser`}ke {eage wsrfsmkag ònmgsaxmw frm s` om fgeamxmc,

6,?, Mlsasamw alx`bxmc al grmfsalk gasq wsrfsmkamw

_myrmwmlsfsaxmw h gasq efbbw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq mdyefwa~m sefs f gasq wsrfsmkq

g`lgmrlw l}dmr`}w frmfw `h bahm flc semrmh`rm" rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h xfra`}w wmgs`rw

flc wymgafba~fsa`l fw {mbb fw w`gafb kr`}y bmfcmrw sfjm yfrs al asw cmxmb`ydmls,

Sem dfn`rasq `h gbmrjw rmwy`lwaobm h`r cmwakl cmgbfrm sefs w}ge f c`g}dmls aw al

`ymrfsa`l h`r semar gasq: e`{mxmr" f efbh `h sem rmwy`lcmlsw cac l`s sfjm fl fgsaxm

yfrs al asw cmxmb`ydmls,



?7

Cafkrfd 6

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

]w}fbbq" h`r sem lmmcw `h wsrfsmkq cmxmb`ydmls" bfrkm alsmrcawgaybalfrq {`rjalk

smfdw frm fyy`alsmc h`r mfge mbc %m,k, mlxar`ldmlsfb yr`smgsa`l" mg`l`dq" g}bs}rm"

emfbse gfrm" mc}gfsa`l! flc g`lw}bsfsa`lw/dmmsalkw/{`rjwe`yw r v}fbasfsaxm ws}camw

frm rkfla~mc c}ralk w}ge {`rj {ase sem yfrsagayfsa`l h xfra`}w mlxar`ldmlsw flc

alwsas}sa`lw" algb}calk rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw h mlsrmyrmlm}rw flc gasq alefoasflsw,

Gasq efbbw cmxawalk f wsrfsmkq rmbfsaxmbq rfrmbq }wm sem jl`{bmckm `h musmrlfb muymrsw

%m,k, rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw h rmwmfrge mlsasamw" yr`hmwwa`lfb rkfla~fsa`lw" msg,!, As w`dmsadmw

efyymlw sefs sem sfwj `h yrmyfralk f gasq‑w cmxmb`ydmlsfb wsrfsmkq aw mlsr}wsmc s`

wymgafba~mc musmrlfb g`dyflamw {eage g``ymrfsm {ase cmwaklfsmc {`rjalk kr`}yw"

algb}calk gbmrjw, Seaw dfjmw as y`wwaobm s` wfxm sem gbmrjw‑ sadm" fw semq frm l`s

yrmyfrmc h`r mhgamls yrmyfrfsa`l `h f g`dybagfsmc ‗ fgg`rcalk s` w`dm rmwy`lcmlsw

‗ c`g}dmls, As {fw l`sagmc" e`{mxmr" sefs fl musmrlfb g`dyflq dfq cmbaxmr f c`g}dmls

{eage c`mw l`s sfjm als` fgg`}ls sem fgs}fb lmmcw h b`gfb g`dd}lasamw" fw f rmw}bs h

sem bfgj `h w}hgamls jl`{bmckm fo`}s sem wymgagasq `h sem gasq,

Sem yrmwmlgm `h `semr rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h sem grmfsaxm alc}wsrq" fyfrs hr`d frgea$

smgsw flc cmwaklmrw" aw rmbfsaxmbq wdfbb, Seaw wmgs`r {fw l`s bawsmc oq rmwy`lcmlsw

`h alcaxac}fb alsmrxam{w wy`lsflm`}wbq" fbse`}ke as efyymlw sefs rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw

`h frsw flc g}bs}rm sfjm yfrs al sem yrmyfrfsa`l `h gasq cmxmb`ydmls wsrfsmkamw

%carmgs`rw h semfsrmw" baorframw" d`l}dmlsw r fcxmrsawalk fkmlgq mdyb`qmmw" m,k,

`l f smfd rmwy`lwaobm h`r yr`d`sa`l `h sem gasq!, W`dm gbmrjw w}rxmqmc cmgbfrmc

sefs sem wdfbb yfrsagayfsa`l `h rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h sem grmfsaxm alc}wsrq al sem

yrmyfrfsa`l h sem gasq cmxmb`ydmls wsrfsmkq aw gf}wmc oq sem bfgj h g`lw`bacfsa`l

al seaw mlxar`ldmls ‗ grmfsaxm wmgs`rw {mrm yrmwmls d`wsbq ser`}ke alwsas}sa`lw

Muawsmlgm h cmxmb`ydmlsfb wsrfsmkq al gasamw %rm$wy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw!

Efw f cmxmb`ydmls wsrfsmkq omml cmxawmc h`r q`}r gasq0

%L41;!

Cawsrao}sa`l `h sem wfdybm `h d}lagayfb gbmrjwfgg`rcalk s` semar yfrsagayfsa`l al sem h`rdfsa`l`h gasq wsrfsmkq %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw!

Cac q`} yfrsagayfsm al sem {`rj `l sem gasq‑w cmxmb`ydmls

wsrfsmkq0 %ymrw`lw {e` flw{mrmc qmw s` sem yrmxa`}w v}mw$

sa`l: L419!

L`

Qmw

L`

Qmw;-

=9- =9-

17-

Cafkrfd ?



?3

h`r frsawsw" w}ge fw> sem Fww`gafsa`l `h Y`bawe Frsawsw flc Cmwaklmrw" sem ]la`l `h

Y`bawe Frgeasmgsw `r sem f}se`rasamw `h frsawsag wge``bw %Fgfcmdq `h Halm Frsw!,Sem {mfjmws r`bm al sem yrmyfrfsa`l `h gasq wsrfsmkamw {fw fssrao}smc s` sem

alefoasflsw flc b`gfb mlsrmyrmlm}rw, Semwm kr`}yw c` l`s omb`lk s` cmwakl smfdw"

o}s semq frm alxasmc h`r w`gafb g`lw}bsfsa`lw fs sem wsrfsmkq cmxmb`ydmls wsfkm, As

we`}bc om l`smc sefs al sem v}fbasfsaxm yfrs `h sem ws}cq" {eage dfcm as y`wwaobm

s` omg`dm hfdabafr {ase wy`lsflm`}w flw{mrw" alefoasflsw flc mlsrmyrmlm}rw

{mrm l`s dmlsa`lmc fw mlsasamw alx`bxmc al sem yrmyfrfsa`l `h sem cmxmb`ydmls

wsrfsmkq al sem rws ybfgm,

Cafkrfd 7

Kr`}yw sefs s``j yfrs al sem yrmyfrfsa`l `h f cmxmb`ydmlsfb wsrfsmkq h`r f gasq %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}$lagayfb gbmrjw!

Cac sem alcaxac}fb kr`}yw sfjm yfrs al sem yrmyfrfsa`l h sem gasq cmxmb`ydmls wsrfsmkq0 %Sem v}mwsa`l {fw flw{mrmc oq gbmrjw

sfjalk yfrs al {`rj `l sem gasq cmxmb`ydmls wsrfsmkq" f gfhmsmraf$wsqbm gemgjbaws {fw rmfc" L43=!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

Fgg`rcalk s` cmgbfrfsa`lw `h gbmrjw yfrsagayfsalk al sem v}flsasfsaxm yfrs `h

sem ws}cq" b`gfb mlsrmyrmlm}rw flc alefoasflsw al sem dfn`rasq `h sem gfwmw s``j

yfrs al sem yrmyfrfsa`l `h sem gasq cmxmb`ydmls wsrfsmkq, E`{mxmr" as we`}bc om

rmdmdomrmc sefs sem yfrsagayfsa`l g`}bc om }lcmrws``c oq sem gbmrjw fw" h`r

mufdybm" xfra`}w w`gafb g`lw}bsfsa`lw flc l`s fgsaxm {`rj `l sem wsrfsmkq aswmbh,

6,7, Gasq cmwakl al sem wsrfsmkq `h gasamw flc rmka`lw flc sem al}mlgm `h

cmwakl `l gasamw

Yfrsagayflsw h sem v}fbasfsaxm ws}cq rmyrmwmlsalk g`dyflamw flc gbmrjw }lcmrwsflc

gasq cmwakl fw sem cmxmb`ydmls flc frrflkmdmls `h y}obag wyfgmw oq yr`xacalk as

{ase ymrdflmls flc fssrfgsaxm h}lgsa`lfb frs h`rdw {eage frm fcn}wsmc s` sem gefr$

fgsmr `h sem gasq flc mdyefwa~m asw acmlsasq, Gasq cmwakl aw dflahmwsmc al l}dmr$

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l+s jl`{L`Qmw

@semr rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h grmfsaxm alc}wsramw

Frgeasmgsw/cmwaklmrw

Muymrsw/musmrlfb g`lw}bsflsw

Alefoasflsw

B`gfb mlsrmyrmlm}rw

B`gfb f}se`rasamw/gbmrjw 699-

5;- ;- ;-

53- 1- ;-

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39- 31- 66-



?=

`}w frmfw" a,m, wdfbb frgeasmgs}rm" gasq h}rlas}rm" r`fc flc srflwy`rs alhrfwsr}gs}rm"

krmml wyfgmw al sem gasq" ymcmwsrafl ~`lmw" gasq alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmd" msg,‒Fbb fgsa`lw frm fadmc fs g`doalalk sem alcaxac}fb mbmdmlsw s` omg`dm f {e`bm al sem frmf

`h f wymgag" wmbmgsmc wyfgm,— %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!

‒As aw f grmfsaxm yr`gmww `h wyfsafb cmxmb`ydmls flc frrflkmdmls al f {fq sefs dfjmw as fs$

srfgsaxm" dfjmw as h}bb asw h}lgsa`l flc dfjmw sem alefoasflsw {fls flc jl`{ e`{ s` }wm

as,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

Al sem `yala`l `h sem dfn`rasq `h gbmrjw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq" cmwakl aw

g}rrmlsbq yrmwmls al sem gasq wsrfsmkq alcarmgsbq" fw fl mbmdmls {ase`}s {eage

as aw l`s y`wwaobm s` h}bbq adybmdmls wsrfsmkag ònmgsaxmw" w}ge fw adyr`xmdmls

al sem y}obag wyfgm g`lcasa`lw `r al sem v}fbasq `h bahm `h sem alefoasflsw, E`{$mxmr" seaw aw l`s algb}cmc fw f wmyfrfsm yr`xawa`l al sem c`g}dmls, Semrm fy$

ymfr `yala`lw sefs sem gasq‑w wsrfsmkq" fw f c`g}dmls" aw l`s cmsfabmc ml`}ke s`

algb}cm aww}mw g`lgmrlalk sem cmxmb`ydmls `h cmwakl ‗ as algb}cmw `lbq kmlmrfb

carmgsa`lw `h cmxmb`ydmls flc semar ònmgsaxmw, As wmmdw òxa`}w s` gbmrjw sefs

gasq cmwakl d}ws om g`lwacmrmc al sem yr`gmww `h wefyalk sem or`fcbq }lcmrws``c

y}obag wyfgmw fw as adyr`xmw sem v}fbasq `h asw h}lgsa`l flc fbw` o}abcw sem adfkm

`h sem gasq flc rmka`l oq cmsmrdalalk asw gefrfgsmr" fmwsemsagw flc }lav}mlmww,

As gfl om g`lgb}cmc hr`d sem wsfsmdmlsw `h gasq efbb mdyb`qmmw sefs gasq cmwakl

aw ymrgmaxmc al f xmrq lfrr`{ {fq" a,m, `lbq al fmwsemsag gfsmk`ramw flc l`s fwf wsrfsmkq }wmc s` rfawm sem h}lgsa`lfbasq" g`dymsasaxmlmww `r all`xfsaxmlmww `h

}rofl frmfw al fwymgsw w}ge fw wyfsafb cmxmb`ydmls" g}bs}rfb `hhmr" o}walmww al$

hrfwsr}gs}rm" msg,

‒Sem wsrfsmkq `lbq algb}cmw alh`rdfsa`l sefs `}r gasq we`}bc `rkfla~m fl mxmls g`llmgsmc

{ase gasq cmwakl sefs as aw w}yy`wmc s` om f g}bs}rfb mxmls {eage {`}bc om f bfo`rfs`rq `h

d`cmrl flc all`xfsaxm }rofl w`b}sa`lw,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

Al sem `yala`l `h w`dm `h sem gbmrjw cmfbalk {ase gasq cmwakl" hfab}rm s` algb}cm

cmwakl al sem cmxmb`ydmls hsml rmw}bsw al f bfgj `h k}acmbalmw rmk}bfsalk sem fg$

sa`lw }lcmrsfjml al seaw frmf flc" al g`lwmv}mlgm" bfgj `h wymgag fgsa`lw, Semalgb}wa`l `h seaw w}onmgs frmf al sem wsrfsmkq c`g}dmls {`}bc l`s `lbq dfjm sem

gbmrjw‑ {`rj mfwamr" o}s as {`}bc fbw` efxm f omlmgafb mhhmgs `l sem fssrfgsaxm$

lmww flc cmxmb`ydmls `h sem gasq wyfgm flc sem wsflcfrc `h baxalk `h sem alefoas$

flsw `{alk s` sem alsr`c}gsa`l `h {mbb$se`}kes$`}s mbmdmlsw grmfsalk f gèmrmls

wqwsmd als` sem wyfgm, W`dmsadmw" k}acmbalmw g`lgmrlalk cmwakl frm cmxawmc oq

gbmrjw `r fc`ysmc oq sem gasq g`}lgab flc algb}cmc al alxmwsdmls ybflw `r mumg}$

saxm flc `ymrfsa`lfb wsrfsmkamw,



?8

Sem rmw}bsw `h sem v}fbasfsaxm ws}cq we`{ sefs f xfws dfn`rasq `h mdyb`qmmw

rmwy`lwaobm h`r cmwakl fs gasq efbbw fkrmm sefs sem frrflkmdmls flc wmssalk `h wyfgmefw f rmfb al}mlgm `l sem cmxmb`ydmls `h sem gasq" fbse`}ke lmfrbq ?9- `h semd c`

l`s l`sagm w}ge fl rmbfsa`lweay,

Cafkrfd 3

@yala`lw l sem al}mlgm h sem gasq‑w y`bagq g`llmgsmc {ase sem frrflkmdmls flc cmg`rfsa`l h semgasq wyfgm `l sem cmxmb`ydmls `h gasamw %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw!

Al q`}r `yala`l" c` mbmdmlsw `h sem gasq ‑w y`bagq g`llmgsmc {ase sem frrflkmdmls flc wms salk `h y}obag wyfgmw efxm f rmfb al}$

mlgm `l sem cmxmb`ydmls `h sem ga sq0 %flw{mrmc oq gbmrjw al gasamw h`r {eage f cmxmb`ydmls wsrfsmkq efw omml cmxawmc: L419!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

Fbw`" al sem `yala`l `h frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw" sem cmxmb`ydmls `h cmwakl efw

f waklagfls al}mlgm `l gasamw, Semq sealj sefs" `{alk s` sem fyybagfsa`l `h

h}lgsa`lfb flc fmwsemsag frs h`rdw flc mlw}ralk rmws frmfw al lagm w}rr`}lcalkw"

gasamw o}abc f y`wasaxm gbadfsm flc omg`dm alefoasfls$hramlcbq, D`rm`xmr" cmwakl

mbmdmlsw l`s `lbq emby al sem `ramlsfsa`l al sem gasq" {eabm omalk h}lgsa`lfb" o}s

fs sem wfdm sadm" semq fbw` wefym sem adfkm `h sem gasq flc dfq al}mlgm asw

s`}raws fssrfgsaxmlmww,

W`dm frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw frm `h sem `yala`l sefs sem al}mlgm `h cmwakl

`l gasamw aw wsabb s`` wdfbb al Y`bflc, Seaw dfq rmw}bs hr`d sem bfgj `h fyyr`yra$

fsm mlsasq al sem gasq wsr}gs}rmw {eage {`}bc om yrmyfrmc s` fwwmww yr`nmgsw al

f g`lsmls$rmbfsmc {fq,

‒Sem wyfgm al {eage {m baxm efw f xmrq wsr`lk al}mlgm `l }w, Al yfrs" {m frm sem wfdm fw

sem wyfgm w}rr`}lcalk }w, Ah as aw k``c" hramlcbq" g`dh`rsfobm flc gemmrh}b" {m fgs al sem

wfdm {fq s`{frcw `}rwmbxmw flc `semrw, As aw fow`b}smbq ady`rsfls, K``c mv}aydmls `h sem

y}oag wyfgm aw sem d`ws ady`rsfls—, %Frgeasmgs/cmwaklmr!

Sem mlsrmyrmlm}rw sfjalk yfrs al sem v}fbasfsaxm yfrs `h sem ws}cq fbw` }lcmr$

balmc sem al}mlgm `h cmwakl g`dyflamw, Al semar `yala`l" mlsmryrawmw yr`xacalk

cmwakl w`b}sa`lw" `{alk s` sem alsr`c}gsa`l `h lm{ acmfw s` sem dfrjms" {eage

gfl om }wmc oq mlsasamw sefs cmgacm `l wyfgm frrflkmdmls %gasq efbbw" fd`lk

`semr sealkw!" g`lsrao}sm s` sem cmxmb`ydmls `h gasamw,

L`

Qmw65-

5?-



?;

‒A {`}bc om al hfx`}r `h f w`b}sa`l fbb`{alk }w" g`dyflamw" s` efxm f hrmm eflc, [m fgs

s`kmsemr {ase mlkalmmrw" frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw {e` g`$grmfsm seaw wsr}gs}rm flc

cmxmb`y sem wyfgm {ase }w,— %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!

6,3, Mlsasamw alx`bxmc al grmfsalk gasq cmwakl wsrfsmkamw

Cafkrfd =

Kr`}yw efxalk sem krmfsmws al}mlgm `l sem gasq‑w y`bagq al sem frmf `h cmwakl %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}$lagayfb gbmrjw!

[e` efw sem krmfsmws al}mlgm `l sem gas q‑w y`b agq al sem frmf `h cm wakl0 %L41;!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

Al sem `yala`l `h sem rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h gasq efbbw" b`gfb f}se`rasamw/gbmrjw efxm

sem krmfsmws al}mlgm `l sem cmwakl y`bagq al gasamw ser`}ke fyyr`yrafsm wsr}g$

s}rmw al sem gasq efbb" a,m, frgeasmgs}rm" }rofl ybfllalk" gasq cmxmb`ydmls cmyfrs$

dmlsw flc" y`wwaobq" sem y`wasa`l `h sem gasq xaw}fb frsaws, As we`}bc om dmlsa`lmc

emrm sefs semrm muaws was}fsa`lw al {eage gbmrjw sfjm fcxflsfkm `h sem `yala`lw `h

musmrlfb wymgafbawsw %frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw!,

‒E`{mxmr" ymrw`lw mc}gfsmc al seaw frmf frm `h sem krmfsmws ady`rsflgm" a,m, A {`}bc wfq

d`wsbq cmwaklmrw, @}r Fgfcmdq `h Halm Frsw aw xmrq k``c flc A g``ymrfsm {ase as fw fl

frgeasmgs" fs sem omkallalk A efc hramlcw hr`d sem Fgfcmdq h Halm Frsw emrm, _mbfsa`lweayw

oms{mml `}r Fgfcmdq `h Halm Frsw flc sem Frgeasmgs}rm Cmyfrsdmls frm xmrq gb`wm flcseaw aw sem jmq s` d}s}fb }lcmrwsflcalk ‗ semwm g`lsfgsw, Al dq `yala`l" ym`ybm alx`bxmc

al dfrjmsalk flc fcxmrsawalk }lcmrwsflc as, Semar srfalalk aw omssmr flc semq fbrmfcq

wmm flc hmmb seaw lmmc, Sem fcxmrsawalk wmgs`r aw xmrq ady`rsfls flc fs sem xmrq mlc"

dfl}hfgs}rmrw" alc}wsrafbawsw {e` wmbb semar yr`c}gs fyymfr,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

Frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw sfjalk yfrs al sem v}fbasfsaxm ws}cq gbfad sefs sem

al}mlgm h gasq gbmrjw {e` }w}fbbq c` l`s efxm h`rdfb mc}gfsa`l al seaw frmf aw s``

oak flc as dfq efxm }lhfx`}rfobm mhhmgsw `l sem cmwakl" rmw}bsalk al sem wmbmgsa`l

`h gasq cmwakl mbmdmlsw {eage frm }lfmwsemsag" l`l$h}lgsa`lfb" fggacmlsfb `r c`

l`s g`lh`rd s` sem wsqbm `r gefrfgsmr `h f kaxml frmf %m,k, gasq h}rlas}rm!, Fgsa`lw

B`gfb f}se`rasamw/gbmrjw

Frgeasmgsw/cmwaklmrw

B`gfb mlsrmyrmlm}rw

Alefoasflsw

Muymrsw/musmrlfb g`lw}bsflsw

@semr rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h grmfsaxm alc}wsramw

@semrw

6;-

6;-6-

6-

6-

6-

56-



?5

sfjml oq gasq efbbw al seaw frmf" frm" al sem `yala`l `h seaw kr`}y" ymrh`rdmc

al f hrfkdmlsfrq dfllmr %wmbmgsmc cmwakl sfwjw frm adybmdmlsmc" m,k, grmfsalkf gasq alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmd {ase`}s g`dyrmemlwaxm ybfllalk `h fgsa`lw al `semr

frmfw!" {eage gfl rmw}bs al alg`lwawsmls frrflkmdmls `h sem gasq wyfgm" flc rws

`h fbb" sfjalk fgsa`lw `h bmwwmr ady`rsflgm flc }llawemc adybmdmlsfsa`l,

W`dm frgeasmgsw crm{ fssmlsa`l s` sem hfgs sefs l` smfdw algb}calk cmwakl wymgafb$

awsw frm grmfsmc, Semq g`}bc cmgacm {eage fgsa`lw al sem y}obag wyfgm we`}bc om

srmfsmc fw f yra`rasq flc e`{ s` adybmdmls semd, E`{mxmr" as efyymlw sefs frgea$

smgsw flc cmwaklmrw" {eabm wsfrsalk sem yr`nmgs" dfjm sem gbmrjw f{frm `h sem lmmc

`h grmfsalk f or`fcmr wsrfsmkq {aseal {eage sem yr`nmgs g`}bc om adybmdmlsmc,

‒[m g`lxalgmc semd Zd}lagayfb gbmrjwT sefs as aw {`rse sealjalk fo`}s al f oas or`fcmr dfllmr ‗ sefs gasq alh`rdfsa`l aw fl mbmdmls `h grmfsalk y}obag wyfgmw, Flc mxml w`dm

gasq acmlsagfsa`l, Sefs semrm frm xfra`}w `semr mbmdmlsw" fyfrs hr`d ybfsmw" {eage grmfsm

seaw gasq, Sefs semwm mbmdmlsw `gg}rralk al sem y}obag wyfgm we`}bc om fgg`dyflamc oq

xfra`}w `rkfla~fsa`lfb flc yr`d`sa`lfb fgsa`lw, Sefs seaw aw f gmrsfal {e`bm {eage we`}bc

om g`dyrmemlcmc flc h}bbq cmwgraomc fs sem omkallalk, Lmus" as aw y`wwaobm s` musrfgs alca$

xac}fb sfwjw hr`d as flc adybmdmlsmc semd, Flc semq fkrmmc sefs {m {mrm rakes, [m {r`sm

f ws}cq h`r semd {eage algb}cmc l`s `lbq gasq alh`rdfsa`l o}s" al kmlmrfb" sem `rcmralk `h

y}obag wyfgmw flc xfra`}w `rkfla~fsa`lfb fgsa`lw,— %Frgeasmgs/cmwaklmr!

Alefoasflsw flc mlsrmyrmlm}rw efxm f rmbfsaxmbq wdfbb al}mlgm `l sem cmwakl

y`bagq ‗ semq gfl }w}fbbq w}odas semar rmdfrjw g`lgmrlalk ybfllmc w`b}sa`lw `r

muyrmww `yala`lw fo`}s geflkmw {eage efxm fbrmfcq omml yrmwmlsmc al sem dmcaf,

6,=, Y`bagq al sem mbc `h gasq cmwakl

Al sem `yala`l `h sem dfn`rasq `h gbmrjw" sem gasq cmwakl y`bagq aw l`s g`lwawsmls

ml`}ke, Seaw dfq rmw}bs hr`d sem bfgj `h yr`xawa`lw {eage {`}bc `obakm gasq

f}se`rasamw s` sfjm gfrm fo`}s sem gasq‑w fmwsemsagw" {eage srflwbfsmw als` bfgj

`h fgsa`lw al seaw frmf, Semrm frm l` s`y$c`{l cmwakl k}acmbalmw masemr" {eage

g`}bc om }wmc ‗ semrm frm `lbq kmlmrfb mxfb}fsa`l grasmraf" w}ge fw> h}lgsa`lfb$

asq" fmwsemsagw" ssalk al sem kmlmrfb frgeasmgs}rm `h sem gasq" {eage gfl dmfl

‗ cmymlcalk `l sem `{l sfwsm `h sem ymrw`lw ‗ mxfb}fsalk sem yr`y`wfbw, E`{mxmr"

as dfq om cahg}bs s` algb}cm `onmgsaxm mxfb}fsa`l grasmraf h`r cmwakl yr`c}gsw al

rmk}bfsa`lw c}m s` sem wymgagasq `h seaw w}onmgs frmf,

F geflkm `h sem b`gfb f}se`rasamw gfl efxm f lmkfsaxm mhhmgs `l fgsa`l al sem frmf

`h cmwakl ‗ seaw aw fww`gafsmc {ase fssmdysw s` d`cahq f wsrfsmkq {eage aw fbrmfcq

omalk adybmdmlsmc" flc seaw gfl rmw}bs al foflc`lalk w`dm `h sem fgsa`lw sfjml

`r fc`ysalk lm{ wsflcfrcw" alg`lwawsmls {ase sem w`b}sa`lw alsr`c}gmc w` hfr,



?1

Semrm frm l` h`rdfb rmk}bfsa`lw" masemr" {eage {`}bc badas sem hrmmc`d al sem frmf

`h yraxfsm alxmwsdmlsw, As {fw mdyefwa~mc sefs gbmrjw gfl cmgacm fo`}s sem fyymfr$flgm `h mbmdmlsw h}lcmc oq sem gasq" o}s semq c` l`s efxm flq s``bw {eage {`}bc

fbb`{ semd s` fhhmgs sem cmwakl h mbmdmlsw wmbmgsmc oq yraxfsm alxmws`rw r sem h`rd

`h fcxmrsawmdmlsw ybfgmc al y}obag wyfgmw, Seaw cmsmrdalmw sem v}fbasq `h cmwakl

flc fhhmgsw sem fmwsemsag `h y}obag wyfgmw flc sem `rkfla~fsa`l `h y}obag wyfgmw,

‒Mxmrq mlsrmyrmlm}r gfl eflk flq waklo`frcw `r fcxmrsawmdmlsw" o}abc f e`}wm {ase caxmr$

wamc musmrlfb frgeasmgs}rm" flc yfals as orakes, Flc {m efxm alg`lwawsmls fgsa`lw gf}walk

f lmkfsaxm rmgmysa`l h sem mlsarm y}obag wyfgm, [m srq s` fgs fgg`rcalk s` sem yralgaybm h w`hs

g`lsrfwsw `r gèmrmlgm, O}s as efw l`s omml h`rdfbbq rmk}bfsmc qms,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

As gfl om g`lgb}cmc hr`d sem gbmrjw‑ wsfsmdmlsw sefs al sem fwymgs `h geàgmwdfcm oq gasq efbbw" f srmlc s`{frcw }lagfsa`l h cmwakl mbmdmlsw al f kaxml frmf

gfl om òwmrxmc, Sem fgsa`lw `h gbmrjw frm fadmc fs jmmyalk f wadabfr gefrfgsmr

`h }rofl alxmwsdmlsw %m,k, oq alsr`c}galk f dflcfs`rq gfsfb`k}m `h gasq h}rla$

s}rm!, Sem alsmrxam{w we`{ sefs gasamw {eage grmfsm semar orflcw `r srq s` omg`dm

f M}r`ymfl gfyasfb sfjm cmwakl fgsa`lw {eage frm {mbb se`}kes `}s s` f krmfsmr

musmls, Sem wmbmgsa`l `h cmwaklmrw {e`wm {`rjw omws cmyags sem gefrfgsmr `h sem

gasq flc sem }wm `h }lav}m cmwakl yr`c}gsw cmcagfsmc s` sem gasq %m,k, wymgafbbq

cmwaklmc crfal g`xmrw! wmrxm sem y}ry`wm `h grmfsalk f g`lwawsmls adfkm,

‒ZSem wsqbm ‗ mc,T aw `lbq omkallalk s` om g`lwawsmls, Bfws qmfr" sem gasq‑w lm{ orflc {fwcmxawmc %,,,! {eage efw omml krfc}fbbq alsr`c}gmc walgm sem omkallalk `h seaw qmfr flc

{eage efw cmlmc sem gasq bahmwsqbm h`r }w flc w`dm carmgsa`l h`r sem b``jw flc fmwsemsagw

{eage we`}bc om dfalsfalmc al sem gasq, Flc {m efxm jmys s` as `lbq walgm rmgmls bq flc {m

frm kàlk al seaw carmgsa`l omgf}wm yrmxa`}wbq" semrm {fw f rmsr` wsqbm al `lm yfrs `h sem

gasq flc f v}asm d`cmrl wsqbm al fl`semr yfrs flc as fbb cac l`s efxm d}ge al g`dd`l flc

sem mhhmgs {fw f oas gef`sag,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

Fgg`rcalk s` rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h gasq efbbw" mlsasamw gfralk fo`}s g`lwawsmls cmwakl

y`bagq al sem gasq algb}cm b`gfb f}se`rasamw/gbmrjw %algb}calk frgeasmgs}rm flc

cmwakl wymgafbawsw mdyb`qmc al sem gasq efbb wsr}gs}rmw!" alefoasflsw dfcm f{frm

%mwymgafbbq rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h sem q`}lk kmlmrfsa`l" w`gafb fgsaxawsw" gasq hflw!"

{e` fwwmww sem rmw}bsw `h semwm fgsa`lw hr`d sem ymrwymgsaxm `h semar `{l lmmcw

flc b`gfb mlsrmyrmlm}rw g`lwacmralk as fl `yy`rs}lasq s` cmxmb`y semar fgsaxasq,

‒Alefoasflsw flc sem q`}lkmr kmlmrfsa`l gmrsfalbq gfrm Zfo`}s sem g`lwawsmls y`bagqT

omgf}wm semq efxm cmgacmc s` wsfq emrm flc l`s s` mwgfym s` `semr gasamw s` ws}cq flc semq

{`}bc b ajm s` efxm d`rm ybmfwfls baxmw emrm, A sealj sefs b`gfb mlsrmyrmlm}rw fbw` srq efrc

omgf}wm h`r sem cmxmb`ydmls h semar g`dyflamw" sem wad}bsflm`}w cmxmb`ydmls `h sem gasq

aw xmrq ady`rsfls" fw as grmfsmw sem ofwaw h`r semar fgsaxasq,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!



79

Sem rmw}bsw `h sem v}flsasfsaxm yfrs `h sem rmwmfrge we`{ sefs wfhmsq aw sem d`ws

ady`rsfls gefrfgsmrawsag `h gasq wyfgmw flc ym`ybm rmwy`lwaobm h`r sem cmxmb`y$dmls `h y}obag wyfgmw al sem gasq we`}bc yradfrabq }wm seaw grasmra`l %mwymgafbbq

al sem `yala`l `h sem alefoasflsw!, @semr fwymgsw {eage frm waklagfls h`r y}obag

wyfgm ybfllalk algb}cm h}lgsa`lfbasq flc fmwsemsagw ‗ semq frm acmlsamc fw

ady`rsfls oq mxmrq searc alefoasfls flc mxmrq searc mlsrmyrmlm}r flc lmfrbq

f efbh `h sem rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h gasq efbbw, Fggmwwaoabasq h`r cawfobmc ym`ybm aw ad$

y`rsfls h`r fyyr`uadfsmbq 39- `h alefoasflsw" {eabm seaw gefrfgsmrawsag {fw acml$

samc fw sem d`ws ady`rsfls oq `lbq mxmrq smlse d}lagayfb gbmrj, Hr`d fd`lk

`semr mbmdmlsw" alefoasflsw xfb}m g`dh`rs sem d`ws eakebq" mlsrmyrmlm}rw ‗ d`$

cmrlasq flc y`wasaxm adyrmwwa`l" {eabm gbmrjw xfb}m sem g`wsw `h y}rgefwm flc

dfalsmlflgm `h gasq wyfgm mbmdmlsw,

G`lwacmrfobm cawgrmyflgamw gfl om l`sagmc al sem mxfb}fsa`l `h semar ady`rsflgm

al gasamw h`r fbb `h sem fh`rmdmlsa`lmc mbmdmlsw dfjalk }y f y}obag wyfgm ‗ sem

gbmrjw frm d}ge d`rm g`lxalgmc sefs semq efxm omml sfjml als` fgg`}ls sefl

alefoasflsw flc mlsrmyrmlm}rw,

Cafkrfd 8

@yala`lw `l sem d`ws ady`rsfls hmfs}rmw `h y}obag wyfgm cmxmb`ydmls %rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw"d}lagayfb gbmrjw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

Ybmfwm we`{ sem s{` d`ws ady`r sfls mbmdmlsw" {eage" al q`}r `yala`l" sem ymrw`lw rmwy`lwaobm h`r y}obag wyfgm cmxmb`ydmls we`}bc

sfjm als` fgg`}ls al q`}r gasq, %f baws `h mbmdmlsw {fw rmfc" alefoasflsw %L4?63!: mlsrmyrmlm}rw %L416!: d}lagayfb gbmrjw %L41;!!

9 69 ?9 79 39 =9 89

Gasq efbbwMlsrmyrmlm}rwAlefoasflsw

Dfalsmlflgm g`wsw%`lbq gbmrjw {mrm fwjmc!

Y}rgefwm g`wsw%`lbq gbmrjw {mrm fwjmc!

Y`wasaxm adyrmwwa`l

D`cmrlasq

G`dh`rs

Fggmwwaoabasq s` sem cawfobmc

Fyymfrmlgm/fmwsemsagw

H}lgsa`lfbasq

Wfhmsq =5-

=?-=9-

78-78-

33-

7?-7?-

33-

3?-39-

66-

65-1-

5-

69-6=-

;-

8-68-

5-

6?-

63-



76

Cafkrfd ;

@yala`lw `l sfjalk fgg`}ls `h wfhmsq al y}obag wyfgm cmxmb`ydmls %rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw" d}$lagayfb gbmrjw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

Flc s` {efs mu smls c` semwm mbmdmlsw" a,m, ,,, %s{` mbmdmlsw acml samc al sem yrmx a`}w v}mwsa`l {mrm rmfc wmyfrfsm bq! frm

sfjml als` fgg`}ls fw rmkfrcw y}obag wyfgm cmxmb`ydmls al q`}r gasq0 %mbmdmlsw acmlsamc fw sem d`ws ady`rsfls {mrm rmfc"

alefoasflsw %L4?63!: mlsrmyrmlm}rw %L416!: d}lagayfb gbmrjw %L41;!!

Cafkrfd 5

@yala`lw `l sfjalk fgg`}ls `h sem }wfoabasq grasmra`l al y}obag wyfgm cmxmb`ydmls %rmwy`lcmlsw>alefoasflsw" d}lagayfb gbmrjw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

Cafkrfd 1

@yala`lw `l sfjalk fgg`}ls `h fmwsemsagw al y}obag wyfgm cmxmb`ydmls %rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw"d}lagayfb gbmrjw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l‑s jl`{/cahstg}bs s` wfq Cmstlasmbq l`s sfjml als` fgg`}ls

_fsemr l`s sfjml als` fgg`}lsLmasemr sfjml als` fgg`}ls l`r l`s sfjml

_fsemr sfjml als` fgg`}lsCmstlasmbq sfjml als` fgg`}ls

Gasq Efbbw %L437!

Mlsrmyrmlm}rw %L4?1!

Alefoasflsw %L485! ;- 7?- 3?- 6=- ?- 7-

3- ?7- 37- ?7- 3- 7-

38- 33- 69-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l‑s jl`{/cahstg}bs s` wfq

Cmstlasmbq l`s sfjml als` fgg`}ls

_fsemr l`s sfjml als` fgg`}ls

Lmasemr sfjml als` fgg`}ls l`r l`s sfjml

_fsemr sfjml als` fgg`}ls

Cmstlasmbq sfjml als` fgg`}ls

Gasq Efbbw %L437!


Alefoasflsw %L485! =- 3?- 73- 6=- 3-

77- 71- ?3- 7-

77- 3;- ?6-

9?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l‑s jl`{/cahstg}bs s` wfq Cmstlasmbq l`s sfjml als` fgg`}ls_fsemr l`s sfjml als` fgg`}lsLmasemr sfjml als` fgg`}ls" l`r l`s sfjml_fsemr sfjml als` fgg`}lsCmstlasmbq sfjml als` fgg`}ls

Gasq Efbbw %L437!


Alefoasflsw %L485! 69- 38- ?1- 6=-

;- 75- ?6- ?3- 69-

77- =5- 1-



7?

Cafkrfd 69

@yala`lw `l sfjalk fgg`}ls `h sem fxfabfoabasq h`r cawfobmc ym`ybm al y}obag wyfgm cmxmb`ydmls%rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw" d}lagayfb gbmrjw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

6,8, Sem yr`gmww h cmwakl flc g`lsrfgs`r wmbmgsa`l flc sfwj adybmdmlsfsa`l

al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl

As rmw}bsw hr`d sem wsfsmdmlsw `h fbb kr`}yw `h rmwy`lcmlsw sfjalk yfrs al sem

v}fbasfsaxm ws}cq sefs gasq efbbw }w}fbbq wmbmgs cmwaklw flc g`lsrfgs`rw oq dmflw

`h y}obag yr`g}rmdmls yr`gmc}rmw flc omf}sq g`lsmwsw, H`r b`{mr xfb}m yr`nmgsw

%}y s` 63 se`}wflc m}r`w!" l`l$smlcmrmc `rcmrw frm fbw` }wmc,

Y}obag$yraxfsm yfrslmrweay g`lwawsalk al h}lcalk alxmwsdmlsw oq yraxfsm alxmws`rw"

hr`d {eage o`se yfrsamw crf{ omlmsw" aw g`lwacmrmc f l`xmbsq" {eage aw l`s g`d$

d`lbq }wmc al Y`bflc" fw `yy`wmc s` [mwsmrl M}r`ymfl g`}lsramw, F xfws dfn`rasq`h mlsrmyrmlm}rw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq efc l`s efc fl yy`rs}lasq s` yfrsagayfsm

al yr`nmgsw ofwmc `l y}obag$yraxfsm yfrslmrweay fw rmkfrcw g``ymrfsa`l {ase gasamw

‗ lbq g`dyflamw wymgafba~alk al musmrlfb fcxmrsawalk efc efc w`dm muymramlgm al

seaw frmf, Fgg`rcalk s` sem mlsrmyrmlm}rw" y}obag$yraxfsm yfrslmrweay aw }lcmrmw$

sadfsmc cmwyasm sem hfgs sefs as g`}bc rmw}bs al alsmrmwsalk yr`nmgsw flc mlw}rm mh$

hmgsaxm yr`nmgs adybmdmlsfsa`l mlw}ralk wfxalkw s` gasq o}ckmsw, Sem bfgj `h gbmfr

r}bmw %m,k, al sem g`lsmus `h g`wsw! yrmxmlsw sem fyybagfsa`l `h w}ge f h`rd ‗ ymrefyw

bmkfb rmk}bfsa`lw c` l`s w}hgamlsbq cmlm e`{ w}ge g``ymrfsa`l we`}bc b``j, Al

sem mlsrmyrmlm}rw‑ `yala`l" gasq efbbw frm l`s yrmyfrmc h`r seaw h`rd `h g``ymrfsa`l,

Sem dfn`rasq `h gbmrjw h`r {e`d seaw d`cmb `h cmwakl flc g`lsrfgs`r wmbmgsa`l aw

lm{ fbw` efxm w`dm g`lgmrlw g`llmgsmc {ase sem fyybagfsa`l `h w}ge f h`rd ‗ al

semar `yala`l y}obag$yraxfsm yfrslmrweay gfl om ymrgmaxmc oq sem y}obag `yala`l fw

fl `yy`rs}lasq h`r fo}wm al sem yr`gmww `h cmwakl flc g`lsrfgs`r wmbmgsa`l,

‒[m efxml‑s efc sem ybmfw}rm `h yfrsagayfsalk al YYY alxmwsdmlsw %Y}obag$Yraxfsm Yfrslmr$

weay!, H r fbb A jl`{" semrm aw l`s d}ge k``c s` wfq fo`}s seaw jalc h alasafsaxm, As {`rjw al sem

[mws o}s l`s al Y`bflc, A jl`{ semrm frm w`dm bmkfb aww}mw" rmwsragsa`lw flc seaw aw l`s cmlmc

gbmfrbq fw hfr fw g`wsw `h sem alxmwsdmls flc sem w}owmv}mls caxawa`l `h yr`sw frm g`lgmrlmc,

9?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l‑s jl`{/cahstg}bs s` wfq Cmstlasmbq l`s sfjml als` fgg`}ls

_fsemr l`s sfjml als` fgg`}lsLmasemr sfjml als` fgg`}ls l`r l`s sfjml

_fsemr sfjml als` fgg`}lsCmstlasmbq sfjml als` fgg`}ls

Gasq Efbbw %L437!


Alefoasflsw %L485! ?- ?3- 37- 61- 69- ?-

8- 6;- ??- 77- ??-

==- 78- 1-



77

Sem yr`obmd {ase seaw jalc `h g``ymrfsa`l fbw` g`lgmrlw sem gbmrjw‑ wjabbw" jl`{bmckm flc

yrmyfrfsa`l h`r YYY, Wgfls jl`{bmckm fo`}s seaw s`yag gfl om `owmrxmc,— %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!

‒As aw lm{ h`r semd ZGasq efb bwT, Semq c` l`s efxm s``bw r jl`{bmckm, Semq }wm w}ge s``bw al

fl f{j{frc" almhgamls flc almhhmgsaxm dfllmr `r c` l`s }wm semd fs fbb flc as we`}bc om

xmrq fssrfgsaxm h`r b`gfb k`xmrldmlsw flc gasamw, Semrm aw gmrsfalbq f ofrramr `h l`s omalk

fobm s` }wm as,— %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!

‒Seaw aw gmrsfalbq f k``c dmse`c ZYYYT omgf}wm o`se yfr samw omlms hr`d as ‗ {m kaxm w`dm$

sealk s` sem gasq flc sem gasq kaxmw w`dmsealk s` sem mlsrmyrmlm}r al rms}rl, A sealj seaw aw

f xmrq k``c {fq, Seaw aw sem h}s}rm flc f e`ym h`r gasq o}ckmsw,— %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!

Y}obag yr`g}rmdmls yr`gmc}rmw al {eage sem yragm aw sem d`ws ady`rsfls grasmra`l

flc y`wwaobq sem v}agj cmbaxmrq cfsm frm ymrgmaxmc al f lmkfsaxm {fq ‗ mwym$

gafbbq oq gasq efbb mdyb`qmmw flc frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw" fw fgsa`lw rmw}bsalk al

sem wmbmgsa`l `h sem gemfymws oac flc" fw f rmw}bs" b`{$xfb}m yr`c}gsw, As aw {`rse

l`salk sefs mlsrmyrmlm}rw l`sagm gmrsfal geflkmw al sem mwsfobawedmls `h smlcmr

grasmraf g`lwawsalk al sem yrmyfrfsa`l `h d`rm yrmgawm cmwgraysa`lw `h `rcmrw,

Al sem `yala`l `h sem dfn`rasq `h sem rmwy`lcmlsw rmyrmwmlsalk fbb kr`}yw sfjalk

yfrs al sem w}rxmq" smlcmrw" g`lwsas}salk f hfwsmr flc mfwamr h rd `h wmbmgsa`l we`}bc

om }wmc fs sem wsfkm `h y}rgefwalk gasq cmg`rfsa`l mbmdmlsw `r al was}fsa`lw {eml

sem sfwj rmv}armw smgelagfb {`rj {ase`}s g`lgmys}fb g`lsrao}sa`l" {eabm al fbb

`semr gfwmw g`lwawsalk al sem wmbmgsa`l `h f cmwakl" g`lsmwsw frm sem omws w`b}sa`l,‒Al dq `yala`l" seaw aw f cawfwsmr h`r y}obag wyfgmw al Y`bflc, Y}obag yr`g}rmdmls yr`gm$

c}rmw cmymlc `l sem yragm grasmra`l al 19-, Flc ah sem gemfymws cmwakl {alw" as dmflw

w`dmo`cq alg`dymsmls {alw" w`dmo`cq sefs efw l` acmf {efs semq frm mdofrjalk `l,

Seml" y}obag d`lmq aw wymls h`r qmfrw ‗ as bfwsw flc seml sem cmwakl fr`}lc }w b``jw sem

{fq as b``jw ‗ mxmrqo`cq gfl wmm as,— %Frgeasmgs /cmwaklmr!

‒As aw omssmr l`{" omgf}wm fs sem omkallalk `lbq sem yragm {fw cmgawaxm flc sem gemfymws

yr`c}gsw {mrm fb{fqw wmbmgsmc flc semq {`l smlcmrw, H`r w`dm sadm" A c`l‑s jl`{ ah as aw

g`llmgsmc {ase w`dmsealk mbwm `r n}ws sem f{frmlmww" as aw gasamw sefs y}s mdyefwaw `l lagm

flc alsmrmwsalk fyymfrflgm flc sem yrmwmlgm `h w`dm jalc `h cmwakl, Semq ge``wm semd$

wmbxmw" semq gfll`s wmbmgs sem dfl}hfgs}rmr" o}s semq cmlm e`{ seaw we`}bc b``j ‗ bajm sefs r

mv}axfbmls r wadabfr" w` semq cmwgraom dfsmrafbw xmrq {mbb, Semq cacl‑s }wm s` c` as, Semq }wmc

s` wfq sefs semq {flsmc f omlge flc sefs {fw as, W`dmo`cq {`l omgf}wm semq dfcm f omlge"

flc l`{ semrm frm cmsfabmc k}acmbalmw {efs dfsmrafb as we`}bc om dfcm `h" e`{ seagj" sem df$

smrafb aw wymgamc" sem jalc `h {``c" sem dmse`c `h xfrlawealk ‗ fbb seaw aw cmlmc,,, Seml as aw

l`s ady`rsfls {e` {abb {al omgf}wm as we`}bc om dfcm yr`ymrbq,— %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!

As rmw}bsw hr`d sem gbmrjw‑ wsfsmdmlsw sefs fw rmkfrcw wdfbb frgeasmgs}rm %wsrmms

bfdyw" {fwsm oalw" omlgemw!" mbmdmlsw fxfabfobm `l sem dfrjms hr`d sem gfsf$

b`k}m fc`ysmc oq sem gasq efbb frm hsml wmbmgsmc fs sem yrmyfrfs`rq wsfkm h smlcmr



73

g`lcasa`lw, Badasalk sem geàgm s` w b}sa`lw fyyr`xmc oq ym`ybm {ase fyyr`yrafsm

v}fbagfsa`lw aw fl fcxflsfkm `h seaw w`b}sa`l, Seaw aw fbw` f gemfymr flc hfwsmr w`b}sa`l" fw" fgg`rcalk s` sem rmwy`lcmlsw" sem dfrjms `hhmr aw rage flc sem gasq

efbb c`mw l`s efxm s` g`lc}gs sem yr`gmc}rm `h wmbmgsalk f lm{ yr`nmgs,

‒Seaw aw }w}fbbq wmbmgsmc" o}s hr`d sem gfsfb`k}m, Seaw dmflw sem lmgmwwfrq mbmdmlsw> wsrmms

bfdyw" {fwsm oalw flc omlgemw frm wmbmgsmc hr`d {efs aw fxfabfobm `l sem dfrjms, Semrm

frm b`sw `h xfra`}w w`b}sa`lw `l sem dfrjms flc sem d`ws fyyr`yrafsm `lmw frm wmbmgsmc `}s `h

semd, Ah f g`lsrfgs`r h`r f kaxml wyfgm aw wmbmgsmc" seaw g`lsrfgs`r‑w sfwj aw s` adybmdmls seaw

yr`nmgs" o}s {m ‗ fs sem `yala`l$kaxalk wsfkm ‗ gfl we`{ semd gmrsfal w`b}sa`lw {eage {m

frm alsmrmwsmc al flc {eage we`}bc om adybmdmlsmc al sem yr`nmgs s` dfjm seaw wyfgm b``j fw

k``c fw y`wwaobm al `}r `yala`l flc s` sem omws `h `}r jl`{bmckm,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

E`{mxmr" as {fw alcagfsmc sefs sem alsr`c}gsa`l `h mbmdmlsw cmwaklmc mwymgafbbq

h`r f kaxml wyfgm %m,k, cmwaklalk gasq h}rlas}rm {aseal sem adybmdmlsfsa`l `h sem

mlsarm yr`nmgs! rmw}bsw al f d`rm alsmrmwsalk flc omssmr$v}fbasq mhhmgs" dfjalk

as y`wwaobm s` fc`ys fbb mbmdmlsw s` `lm g`lgmys, Emlgm" g`lsmwsw frm sem h`rd

{eage rmgmaxmw sem eakemws rfsalkw oq sem xfws dfn`rasq `h sem yfrsagayflsw `h

sem ws}cq flc efw f y`wasaxm mhhmgs" al semar `yala`l" `l sem adyr`xmdmls al gasq

cmwakl ‗ semq fbb`{ sem yfrsagayfsa`l `h xfra`}w g`lsrfgs`rw flc k}frflsmm sem

omws xmrwa`l h sem cmwakl fw sem g`lsmls$rmbfsmc xfb}m h sem g`lgmys aw mxfb}fsmc

%fmwsemsagw" h}lgsa`lfbasq" fcn}wsdmls s` sem gasq wsqbm!,

‒A hmmb sefs as we`}bc fb{fqw om f g`lsmws, Sem mwsfobawemc r}bmw `h sem g`lsmws we`}bc om

òwmrxmc l`s `lbq oq sem gbmrjw" omgf}wm semq frm l`s fb{fqw muymrsw al seaw frmf" semq

c`l‑s jl`{ d}ge fo`}s as flc {fls s` cmfb {ase sem aww}m v}agjbq, O}s" h`r mufdybm" al

g``ymrfsa`l {ase sem gefdomr `h frgeasmgsw" gefdomr `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw `r ymrefyw fl`semr

alwsas}sa`l ‗ sem Alwsas}sm `h Cmwakl ‗ {eage jl`{w {efs as aw fo`}s,— %Frgeasmgs/cmwaklmr!

Fgg`rcalk s` sem gbmrjw" fyyr`yrafsm cmyfrsdmlsw `h sem gasq efbb cmgacm fo`}s

sem wmbmgsa`l `h sem mbmdmlsw `h y}obag wyfgmw" alsr`c}galk wymgag alxmwsdmlsw

`r smfdw {eage efxm omml fyyàlsmc h`r seaw y}ry`wm, As aw }w}fbbq sem gasq frgea$

smgs" xaw}fb frsaws `r mdyb`qmmw `h sem Wyfsafb Ybfllalk Cmyfrsdmls" cmymlcalk

`l sem gasq efbb‑w `rkfla~fsa`lfb wsr}gs}rm" sefs fwwmww sem yr`nmgs" }walk l`s `lbq

semar wmlwm `h fmwsemsagw" o}s fbw` semar jl`{bmckm kfalmc c}ralk fyyr`yrafsm

ws}camw flc w}owmv}mls muymramlgm,

‒Fw hfr fw sem omlgemw frm g`lgmrlmc" seaw {fw sem cmgawa`l `h sem ymrw`l dflfkalk

sem orflc {ase sem y`wasaxm `yala`l flc fyyr`xfb `h sem Gasq Frgeasmgs flc sem Wyfsafb

Ybfllalk Cmyfrsdmls, Flc as aw dq rmg`ddmlcfsa`l fw hfr fw oak w`b}sa`lw frm g`lgmrlmc,

@h g`}rwm" A lmmc s` g`bbmgs w`dm yala`lw" h`r mufdybm" %…! hr`d sem D}lagayfb _`fcw flc

Srflwy`rs F}se`rasq" D}lagayfb Wmrxagmw flc Mlxar`ldmlsfb Yr`smgsa`l Cmyfrsdmlsw flc

sem Gasq Frgeasmgs flc A efxm s` oralk seaw aww}m }y fs sem yrmwacmlsafb dmmsalk flc {eml

sem cmgawa`l aw sfjml" seaw aw f cmgawa`l `h sem Yrmwacmls `h sem Gasq,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!



7=

W`b}sa`lw fyyr`xmc oq wymgafbawsw frm seml h`rdfbbq fyyr`xmc `l eakemr bmxmbw

`h gasq f}se`rasamw" {eage g`lwacmrfobq wb`{w c`{l sem cmgawa`l$dfjalk yr`gmww,Gbmrjw cmgbfrm sefs semq }wm sem muymgsmc mhhmgs fw sem grasmra`l h`r sem wmbmgsa`l

‗ grmfsalk f g`emrmls flc efrd`la`}w gasq wyfgm, Cmgacalk s` fc`ys f wymgag

w`b}sa`l" semq sfjm als` fgg`}ls asw fcn}wsdmls s` sem adfkm `h sem gasq `r sem

frmf al {eage as aw s` om fyybamc flc sem fgs}fb y`wwaoabasamw `h asw adybmdmlsfsa`l

‗ o`se smgelagfb flc mg`l`dag,

‒Fcdalawsrfsa`l" y}obag fcdalawsrfsa`l `hgm aw f eamrfrgeagfb alwsas}sa`l ‗ semrm aw f gmr$

sfal yfssmrl s` om h`bb`{mc, Seaw aw e`{ fcdalawsrfsa`l `ymrfsmw fbb `xmr sem {`rbc, W`

w`dmsealk grmfsmc oq f gbmrj d}ws k` ser`}ke sem dflfkmr `h w}ge f wdfbb }las" seml sem

emfc `h sem cmyfrsdmls" seml sem xagm$yrmwacmls flc lfbbq sem yrmwacmls flc w`dmsadmw"

sem gasq g`}lgab, Seaw aw e`{ seaw r`fc b``jw, @h g`}rwm" as aw w`dmsadmw {alcalk flc as

w`dmsadmw k`mw al gargbmw omgf}wm w`dmsealk aw l`s fyyr`xmc oq sem emfc `h sem cmyfrs$

dmls" w` as g`dmw ofgj flc aw g`dybmsmc" adyr`xmc flc seml as k`mw ofgj, W` as c`mwl‑s k`

w` v}agjbq flc wd``sebq,— %Gasq efb b mdyb`qmm!

Cmwaklalk aw }w}fbbq mlsr}wsmc s` musmrlfb g`lsrfgs`rw, Fbse`}ke cmwakl ws}ca`w

`ymrfsmc sem wsr}gs}rmw `h w`dm gasq efbbw" semq efxm s`` hm{ mdyb`qmmw `r md$

yb`q wsfhh sefs frm l`s muymr amlgmc ml`}ke s` om fobm s` mlsr}ws oak flc ady`rsfls

}lcmrsfjalkw s` semd,

Sem rmw}bsw `h sem v}fbasfsaxm ws}cq g`lrd seaw smlcmlgq ‗ `xmr ¼ `h sem gbmrjw

cmgbfrmc sefs sem gasq efbb }wmc cmwaklmr wmrxagmw al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl flc

lmfrbq 19- `h gasq efbbw }wm sem wmrxagmw `h musmrlfb cmwaklmrw {eage frm l`s

mdyb`qmc oq sem gasq efbb,

Cafkrfd 66

]wm `h cmwaklmr wmrxagmw oq gasq efbbw %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw!

C`mw sem gasq efbb }wm wmrxagmw `h cmwaklmrw al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl0 %L41;!

L`

Qmw

??-

;5-



78

Cafkrfd 6?

H`rdw `h }walk cmwaklmr wmrxagmw oq gasq efbbw %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw! Frm sem cmwaklmrw rmwy`lwaobm h`r gasq cmwakl,,,0 %gbmrjw {e`wm gasq efbbw }wm wmr xagmw `h cmwaklmrw al sem frmf `h gas q cmwakl: L4;=!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

Ah fl mlsasq `r g`dyflq wmbmgsmc al f g`lsmws `r f smlcmr dmmsw sem `rcmralk

yfrsq‑w muymgsfsa`lw" as rmgmaxmw w}owmv}mls l`l$smlcmrmc `rcmrw %fw b`lk fw sem

xfb}m `h sem `rcmr c`mw l s mugmmc sem fd`}ls fbb`{mc oq sem Y}obag Yr`g}rmdmls

Fgs!, ]walk seaw h`rd `h wmbmgsa`l" w`dm gbmrjw fbw` s}rl s` `rkfla~fsa`lw `h frgea$

smgsw/cmwaklmrw {ase f rmv}mws s` rmg`ddmlc f g`dymsmls mlsasq {eage g`}bc om

alxasmc s` g``ymrfsm {ase sem gasq efbb,

‒[m }wm musmrlfb rmw`}rgmw flc as aw f jalc `h r}bm, [m }wm semd omgf}wm {m" fw sem fwwmwwalk

mlsasq" gfll`s cmwakl fs sem wfdm sadm, [m c` l`s efxm cmwakl ws}ca`w,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Musmrlfb cmwaklmrwYmrw`lw {ase ymrdflmls mdyb`qdmls fs sem gasq efbb

66- 51-



Mhhmgsaxm yr`d`sa`l `h gasq cmwakl flc asw r`bm

al sem cmxmb`ydmls `h b`gfb mg`l`dq ?,



75

?, Mhhmgsaxm yr`d`sa`l h gasq cmwakl flc asw r`bm al sem cmxmb`ydmls

`h b`gfb mg`l`dq

?,6, W}yy`rsalk flc yr`d`salk cmwakl al gasamw

Fbb rmwy`lcmlsw mdyefwa~mc sem ady`rsflgm `h cmwakl yr`d`sa`l al sem frmf `h

or`fcbq }lcmrws``c grmfsaxm wmgs`rw al sem fwymgs `h gasq cmxmb`ydmls" o}s sem

gbmrjw rfsmc sem yfrsagayfsa`l `h gasq f}se`rasamw al semwm fgsa`lw eakemr sefl sem

cmwaklmrw flc frgeasmgsw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq,

Al sem `yala`l `h sem dfn rasq `h sem gbmrjw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq" gasamw }w}fbbq

w}yy`rsmc flc yr`d`smc grmfsaxm fgsaxasq oq fyyr`yrafsm `rkfla~fsa`lfb }lasw `h gasq efbbw %m,k, sem Cmyfrsdmls `h G}bs}rm!, As gfl om g`lgb}cmc hr`d sem alsmr$

xam{w sefs sem yr`yfkfsa`l `h cmwakl aw yfrs `h sem gasq‑w yeab`w`yeq h`r w`dm gasq

efbbw flc semq srmfs sem yr`d`sa`l h sem cmwakl fw fl ady`rsfls sfwj wmrxalk sem

fgeamxmdmls `h wsrfsmkag y}ry`wmw,

Fgsa`lw dmlsa`lmc oq sem gbmrjw }wmc oq sem gasamw s` w}yy`rs cmwakl algb}cm>

@rkfla~fsa`l `h g`lsmwsw h`r frsawsw" ws}cmlsw flc cmwaklmrw %m,k, fl frmf cm$º

xmb`ydmls g`lsmws" f yamgm `h gasq h}rlas}rm" gasq hforag!:

@rkfla~fsa`l `h dmmsalkw {ase cmwaklmrw:º

G}bs}rfb flc frsawsag mxmlsw fadmc fs dfjalk alefoasflsw hfdabafr {ase semº

cmwakl" algb}calk" h`r mufdybm" ybmal$far {`rjwe`yw h`r wg}bys`rw" efyymlalkw"

mueaoasa`lw `h cmwaklw" g`lgmrsw" cmwakl hmwsaxfbw:

Bmgs}rmw `l cmwakl fyybagfsa`l flc asw r`bm cmbaxmrmc oq rml`{lmc wymgafbawswº

al seaw frmf:

Sem gasq‑w g``ymrfsa`l {ase frs kfbbmramw s` cawybfq cmwakl yr`c}gsw flcº

yr`nmgsw:

[`rjwe`yw h`r ws}cmlsw `h cmwakl flc h}lgsa`lfb frs" frgeasmgs}rm flc rmbfsmcº

dfn`rw:

G`$h}lcalk" m,k, w}owacamw h`r }laxmrwasamw hr`d sem gasq o}ckms:º

Mwsfobawealk fyyr`yrafsm kr`}yw `r y`wasa`lw {aseal `hgmw rmwy`lwaobm h`r º

cmwakl yr`d`sa`l:

@rcmralk wdfbb n`ow al g`llmgsa`l {ase gasq yr`d`sa`l s` b`gfb frsawsw,º



71

‒As aw omkallalk s` efyyml omgf}wm {m efxm cmxawmc f lm{ orflc flc f {e`bm yeab`w`yeq

`h sem gasq flc seaw yeab`w`yeq fww}dmw sefs sem gasq aw h`r ym`ybm" h`r sem w`$gfbbmc hrmm

wyarasw" grmfsaxm ym`ybm flc h`r fsqyagfb w`b}sa`lw `r }lcmrsfjalkw,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

‒As {fw grmfsmc fw f rmw}bs `h sem o`ss`d$}y alasafsaxm `h q`}lk ym`ybm {`rjalk fs sem Gasq

efbb flc sem Fkkb`dmrfsa`l Cmxmb`ydmls Fkmlgq Z,,,T" a,m, w}ge fl alasafsaxm grmfsmc s`

fssrfgs {mbb$jl`{l cmwaklmrw s` sem ZgasqT, [m efc s{` k}mwsw hr`d Asfbq {e` sfbjmc fo`}s

sem lmmc s` cmwakl y}obag wyfgmw al fl mugb}waxm dfllmr,— %Gasq efb b mdyb`qmm!

Al sem yala`l h sem dfn`rasq h frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw" sem gasq f}se`rasamw w}yy`rs

flc yr`d`sm grmfsaxm fgsaxasq flc o}abc fl mlxar`ldmls h`r sem cmxmb`ydmls `h

gasq cmwakl" o}s w` hfr" seaw efw omml }lwfsawhfgs`rq, Fgg`rcalk s` sem rmwy`lcmlsw

hr`d seaw kr`}y" gasamw c` l`s sfjm w}ge alasafsaxmw hrmv}mlsbq ml`}ke flc as

cmymlcw d`rm `l alcaxac}fb alx`bxmc gasa~mlw `r alwsas}sa`lw flc `rkfla~fsa`lw"

m,k, d}wm}dw `r fww`gafsa`lw, Sem ‒Ybflmsfra}d— alasafsaxm gfl om fl mufdybm

emrm" {eage alx`bxmw frgeasmgsw flc ws}cmlsw s` cawg}ww semar {`rjw cawybfqmc al

sem gasq wyfgm c}ralk rkfla~mc dmmsalkw flc g`bbmgsalk alefoasflsw‑ yala`lw,

Fgg`rcalk s` sem frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw" w}yy`rs flc yr`d`sa`l `h sem cmwakl$

alk fgsaxasq `gg}rw oq>

@rkfla~fsa`l `h g`lsmwsw h`r sem omws cmwaklw:º

Cmwakl$yr`d`salk mueaoasa`lw %sem Lfsa`lfb D}wm}d ‗ mueaoasa`l h sem Y`baweº

61=9w cmwakl" Alwsas}sm `h Alc}wsrafb Cmwakl" G`lsmdy`rfrq Frs Gmlsrm!:

Fgsa`lw `h f}se`rasamw" w}ge fw sem Gasq Fmwsemsagw Cmyfrsdmls mdyb`qalk wym$º

gafbawsw al seaw frmf:

Algrmfwalk sem gasq o}ckms h`r cmwakl fgsaxasq,º

Fbb fgsa`lw `h sem gasq fadmc fs grmfsalk fl mlxar`ldmls h`r cmwakl cmxmb`ydmls

frm mxfb}fsmc al f y`wasaxm {fq: e`{mxmr" sem rmwy`lcmlsw rmyrmwmlsalk frgea$

smgsw flc cmwaklmrw sealj sefs semq we`}bc om alsmlwamc,

_myrmwmlsfsaxmw `h cmwakl mlxar`ldmlsw dmlsa`lmc sem h`bb`{alk fgsa`lww}yy`rsalk sem cmwakl" {eage" al semar `yala`l" frm dawwalk>

Algb}wa`l `h wymgafbawsw al sem {`rjw %fs yrmwmls" as aw sem c`dfal `h gbmrjw"º

{e`" al sem rmwy`lcmlsw‑ `yala`l" c` l`s efxm fyyr`yrafsm jl`{bmckm flc/`r

muymramlgm!:

Cmwakl yr`d`sa`l" m,k, oq g``ymrfsa`l {ase wsfsm hfgabasamw %kfbbmramw" d}wm}dw!:º

Mlg`}rfkalk q`}lk ym`ybm s` ge``wm grmfsaxm ws}camw oq krflsalk w}yy`rs s`º

ws}cmlsw `h frgeasmgs}rm" alc}wsrafb cmwakl flc rmbfsmc dfn`rw %sem y`wwaoabasq



39

`h cmwaklalk h`r wymgag g`dyflamw oq sem omws ws}cmlsw" mueaoasa`lw/g`lsmwsw

h`r cmwaklmrw!:

G``ymrfsa`l `h gasq efbbw {ase ws}cmlsw `h fyyr`yrafsm dfn`rw al sem frmf `h º

wdfbb h`rd cmwakl flc fwwmwwdmls `h cmwaklw" {eage g`}bc om omlmgafb h`r

o`se yfrsamw %lm{ cmwaklw h`r sem gasq" yrfgsagfb jl`{bmckm h`r ws}cmlsw g`l$

gmrlalk sem yr`gmc}rmw flc cmwaklalk h`r sem gasq!:

@rkfla~fsa`l `h f bfrkmr l}domr `h g`lsmwsw alwsmfc `h smlcmrw:º

Srfalalk al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl h`r d}lagayfb gbmrjw:º

Mwsfobawealk fl alwsas}sa`l rmwy`lwaobm h`r gasq cmwakl ‗ asw cmxmb`ydmls" yr`$º

d`sa`l flc r}bmw `h fyybagfsa`l:

Cmlalk {efs gfl fyymfr al f kaxml gasq wyfgm flc {efs grasmraf as we`}bc dmms:º

Dfjalk ybfgmw {aseal y}obag wyfgmw fxfabfobm s` frsawsw flc hfgabasfsalk semº

yr`gmww `h kfalalk fyyr`xfb h`r frsawsag fgsaxasq al y}obag wyfgmw,

‒Sem Alwsas}sm `h Alc}wsrafb Cmwakl we`}bc h}bb sem h}lgsa`l `h fl alsmrdmcafrq oms{mml

se`wm {e` {fls s` c` w`dmsealk h`r sem gasq" h`r sem w`gamsq" h`r ym`ybm {e` muymgs w`dm

wdfbb yr`c}gsw flc g`dyflamw {eage gfl h}bb w}ge fl `rcmr flc dfww yr`c}gm as, Sem

gbamls‑w muymgsfsa`lw g`lgmrlalk sem yr`c}gs {ase sem muymgsfsa`lw `h se`wm {e` frm

rmwy`lwaobm h`r as hr`d sem xmrq omkallalk" a,m, sem dfl}hfgs}rmrw, Dfl}hfgs}rmrw rfrmbq

cmgacm s` g``ymrfsm {ase cmwaklmrw c}m s` sem hfgs sefs as g`wsw d`lmq" o}s q`} kms f rms}rl

`l seaw alxmwsdmls omgf}wm f k``c yr`c}gs l sem dfrjms gmrsfalbq wmbbw omssmr flc dfjmw

g`lw}dmrw d`rm wmlwasaxm,— %Frgeasmgs/cmwaklmr!

Al sem gbmrjw‑ `yala`l" sem fgsaxasq `h gasq efbbw sfjmw als` fgg`}ls sem grmfsa`l

`h alhrfwsr}gs}rm h`r sem `ymrfsa`l `h grmfsaxm wmgs`rw" fbse`}ke as efw l`s omml

algb}cmc al sem wsrfsmkq, Smgel`b`kagfb yfrjw frm grmfsmc `r frm k`alk s` om

grmfsmc" {eage frm sem d`ws y`y}bfr h`rd `h alhrfwsr}gs}rfb w}yy`rs %fbw` h`r

g`dyflamw hr`d sem grmfsaxm wmgs`r!, W`dm s`{lw fbw` dfjm fxfabfobm rmxasfba~mc

hfgabasamw" h`r mufdybm" o}s seaw fgsa`l aw l`s g`dd`l qms,

?,?, Sem ady`rsflgm `h w}yy`rsalk gasq cmwakl

Hr`d sem y`als `h xam{ `h frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw fw {mbb fw gbmrjw" w}yy`rsalk

sem cmxmb`ydmls `h cmwakl ybfqw fl ady`rsfls r`bm h`r sem gasq,

Al sem ymrgmysa`l `h cmwaklmrw flc frgeasmgsw" sem w}yy`rs `h sem cmxmb`ydmls

`h cmwakl flc mwymgafbbq `h q`}lk wymgafbawsw fgsaxm al seaw frmf mlfobmw sem

adybmdmlsfsa`l `h alsmrmwsalk yr`nmgsw al sem gasq wyfgm, [mbb$se`}kes$`}s gasq



36

cmwakl flc sem alsr`c}gsa`l `h lm{ h`rdw dfjmw sem gasq d`rm alsmrmwsalk" d`rm

fmwsemsag flc d`rm g`dymsasaxm, Cmwakl mlbaxmlw flc grmfsmw sem gasq gbadfsm"se}w algrmfwalk sem bmxmb `h wfsawhfgsa`l,

Sem gbmrjw mdyefwa~mc sem r`bm `h semwm fgsaxasamw al sem wefyalk `h sem gasq‑w

adfkm flc w}yy`rsalk b`gfb mg`l`dq" {eage rmw}bsw al f krmfsmr alsmrmws al sem

gasq fw f s`}raws fssrfgsa`l fw {mbb fw f ybfgm h`r alxmwsdmls flc grmfsaxm fgsaxasq,

Seaw oralkw dmfw}rfobm yr`sw s` sem gasq ‗ `{alk s` sem sfumw" semrm frm krmfsmr

h}lcw h`r w}owmv}mls yr`nmgsw,

?,7, Adybmdmlsfsa`l `h yr`nmgsw g`lgmrlalk w`gafb aww}mwAs rmw}bsw hr`d alsmrxam{w {ase sem gasq efbb rmwy`lcmlsw sefs sem dfn`rasq `h lm{

yr`nmgsw adybmdmlsmc oq gasamw frm fadmc" fd`lk `semr sealkw" fs w`bxalk w`gafb

yròbmdw flc adyr`xalk sem v}fbasq `h bahm `h sem alefoasflsw ‗ sem mbmdmlsw `h

sem wsrfsmkamw `h yròbmd$w`bxalk al sem gasq flc sem rmka`l frm algb}cmc al sem

cmxmb`ydmlsfb wsrfsmkq h`r sem gasq flc sem rmka`l, Semwm yr`nmgsw g`lgmrl>

Yr`$mg`b`kagfb omefxa`}r oq fgsaxasamw yr`d`salk y}obag srflwy`rs %g`lwsr}g$º

sa`l `h r`fcw" d`s`r{fqw" ralk r`fcw!" cmxmb`ydmls `h oajm srflwy`rs" yr`smg$

sa`l `h krmml frmfw flc {fsmrw `gg}rralk al f kaxml frmf:

_mxasfba~fsa`l `h xfra`}w hfgabasamw> rmwacmlsafb o}abcalkw" d}lagayfb smlmdmlsº

e`}wmw flc qfrcw" fary`rsw fw {mbb fw g}bs}rfb flc mlsmrsfaldmls ybfgmw %gasq

gmlsrm fw sem gmlsrm `h sem w`gafb flc g}bs}rfb bahm" y`rs!:

Yrmxmlsa`l `h w`gafb mugb}wa`l" m,k, fgsa`lw g`llmgsmc {ase y}obag wyfgm frsº

fccrmwwmc s` alefoasflsw `h mugb}cmc frmfw %m,k, Yrfkf Y÷ŏl`g al [frwf{!:

_mw`}rgm wfxalk ‗ badasalk sem mbmgsrag y`{mr g`lw}dysa`l oq rml`xfsa`l `h º

o}abcalkw:

g`lwsr}gsa`l `h lm{ y}obag }sabasq o}abcalkw ‗ g`lgmrs efbbw" semfsrmw" fssrfg$º

saxm y}obag e`}walk mwsfsmw" rmgrmfsa`lfb kr`}lcw,

Al sem `yala`l `h frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq" f k``c gasq

wyfgm yr`nmgs gfl alcarmgsbq g`lsrao}sm s` w`dm w`bxalk w`gafb yròbmdw, Mlw}r$

alk alefoasflsw k``c wsflcfrcw `h baxalk flc {fqw `h wymlcalk semar bmaw}rm sadm

%m,k, oq grmfsalk dmmsalk ybfgmw! dfq adyr`xm alsmrymrw`lfb rmbfsa`lw flc alsm$

krfsa`l `h sem g`dd}lasq, E`{mxmr" sem rmwy`lcmlsw sealj sefs sem cmwakl efw

f badasmc al}mlgm `l sem w`b}sa`l `h cmmymr w`gafb yròbmdw" w}ge fw> y`xmrsq"

}lmdyb`qdmls" cr}k fccagsa`l" fbgè`bawd, Seaw dfq rmw}bs hr`d sem bfgj `h



3?

f{frmlmww `h sem or`fc fyybagfsa`lw `h cmwaklmr smgelav}mw al w}ge fl frmf, Sem

muymramlgm `h sem Orasawe Cmwakl G`}lgab `r cmwakl flc g`lw}bsalk g`dyflamw"w}ge fw ACM@" we`{ sefs grmfsaxasq `h cmwaklmrw gfl om }wmc mhhmgsaxmbq al w`bx$

alk w}ge aww}mw fw" h`r mufdybm" sem rmc}gsa`l al b`gfb gradm rfsmw `r algrmfwalk

sem wmlwm `h caklasq `h e`wyasfb yfsamlsw,

‒Mfge }lcmrsfjalk al sem gasq" ah as aw fl alhrfwsr}gs}rfb }lcmrsfjalk rmw}bsw hr`d sem

alefoasflsw‑ lmmcw, Semrm aw fbw` f kr`}y `h w`hs }lcmrsfjalkw {eage frm adybmdmlsmc

oq sem w`gafb y`bagq cmyfrsdmls, Semq algb}cm fgsa`lw fadmc fs fbg`e`bawd yrmxmlsa`l"

g``ymrfsa`l {ase l`l$k`xmrldmlsfb `rkfla~fsa`lw, [m frm {`rjalk `l fl alsmkrfsmc

yr`krfddm `h rmxasfba~fsa`l `h `lm `h `}r cawsragsw,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

‒A emfrc fo`}s f yr`nmgs fadmc fs kmssalk rac `h krfhsa al sem }lcmrkr`}lc ‗ f lms {fw al$

wsfbbmc 69 gd f{fq hr`d sem {fbb" wfq ? u ? gd `r = u = gd, F ymrw`l {e` {flsmc s` wyrfq

yfals w`dmsealk g`}bc l`s c` w` omgf}wm ah semq wyrfqmc hr`d sem cawsflgm `h 69 gd" as

cacl‑s {`rj, Seaw {`rjmc {mb b h`r sem }lcmrkr`}lc,— %Frgeasmgs/cmwaklmr!

Fgg`rcalk s` sem jl`{bmckm `h sem dfn`rasq `h frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw sfjalk yfrs

al sem ws}cq" rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h grmfsalk alc}wsramw yfrsagayfsm al sem yr`gmwwmw

`h grmfsalk }rofl fkkb`dmrfsa`lw sfjalk als` fgg`}ls alcaxac}fb lmmcw `h

alefoasflsw, Seaw sfjmw ybfgm al sem frmf h rmgrmfsa`l" g}bs}rm" rmd`xalk ofrramrw

s` cawfobmc ym`ybm flc fgsaxfsa`l h xfra`}w kr`}yw, Semar r`bm }w}fbbq g`lwawsw al

cmxawalk f g`lgmys `r fwwmwwalk cmwaklw w}odassmc h`r f g`lsmws, _myrmwmlsfsaxmw

`h grmfsaxm wmgs`rw w`dmsadmw fbw` w}ymrxawm semar adybmdmlsfsa`l, Cmymlcalk

`l sem wymgagasq `h sem yr`nmgs" semwm frm xfra`}w kr`}yw ‗ frgeasmgsw" cmwaklmrw"

krfyeag cmwaklmrw" frsawsw" xaw}fb frsawsw" yfalsmrw,

W`dm rmwy`lcmlsw }lcmrbalmc sefs fbse`}ke rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h grmfsaxm alc}w$

sramw we`}bc sfjm yfrs al semwm yr`gmwwmw" semrm frm w`dm badasfsa`lw gf}wmc oq

sem gasq efbb o}ckms, Al sem rmwy`lcmlsw‑ `yala`l" sem bfgj `h }lcmrwsflcalk `h

sem h}lgsa`l h}bbbmc oq wymgafbawsw al semwm yr`gmwwmw rmw}bsw al f was}fsa`l al

{eage semrm frm l` fyyr`yrafsm g`lcasa`lw h`r sem g``ymrfsa`l oms{mml gasq efbbw

flc grmfsaxm wmgs`rw,



]wm `h gasq cmwakl flc sem fgsaxasq `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw al gasamw

7,



33

7, ]wm `h gasq cmwakl flc sem fgsaxasq `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw al gasamw

7,6, G`lsfgs `h sem gasq {ase mlsrmyrmlm}rw

Hr`d fd`lk sem gbmrjw cmfbalk {ase cmwakl" `xmr ² `h sem rmwy`lcmlsw sealj sefs

cmwakl aw l`s fl mbmdmls {eage g`}bc fhhmgs sem fssrfgsaxmlmww h sem gasq s` alxmws`rw,

Cafkrfd 67

@yala`lw l sem al}mlgm h sem d}lagayfb cmwakl l sem gasq‑w fssrfgsaxmlmww h`r alxmws`rw %rmwy`lc$mlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw!

Al q`}r `yala`l" gfl gasq cmwakl al}mlgm sem fssrfgsaxmlmww `h sem gasq s` alxmws`rw0 %L41;!

Cafkrfd 63

@yala`lw `l sem bmxmb `h al}mlgm `h sem d}lagayfb cmwakl `l sem gasq‑w fssrfgsaxmlmww h`r alxmws`rw%rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw!

S` {efs musmls gfl gas q cmwakl al}mlgm sem fs srfgsaxmlmww h sem gasq s` alxmws`rw0 %flw{mrw h rmwy`lcmlsw {e` flw{mrmc qmw

s` sem yrmxa`}w v}mwsa`l: L4;?!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

Fs sem wfdm sadm" fw dflq fw 5;- `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw g`lwacmr gasq cmwakl s` om

waklagfls h`r semd flc `xmr 3=- sealj sefs aww}mw g`llmgsmc {ase sem cmwakl

efxm f rmfb al}mlgm `l sem `ymrfsa`l `h semar g`dyflq,

Cafkrfd 6=

@yala`lw l sem ady`rsflgm h {mbb$se`}kes$`}s rkflawfsa`l h y}obag wyfgm hr`d sem y`als h xam{`h mlsrmyrmlm}rw %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

Ybmfwm wfq" e`{ waklagfls" hr`d fl mlsrmyrmlm}r‑w y`als `h xam{" as aw h`r gasq wyfgmw s` om `rkfla~mc al f {mbb$se`}kes$`}s

dfllmr0 %L416!

L`

Qmw

?8-

;3-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

_fsemr s` f wdfbb musmls

Lmasemr s` f bfrkm musmls l`r s` f wdfbb musmls

_fsemr s` f bfrkm musmlsCmstlasmbq s` f bfrkm musmls

??- =5- 6=- 3-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

Cmstlasmbq alwaklastgfls

_fsemr alwaklastgfls

Lmasemr waklastgfls" l`r alwaklastgfls_fsemr waklastgflsCmstlasmbq waklastgfls

;6"37- 68"35- ="31- 7"79- 7"79-



3=

Cafkrfd 68

@yala`lw `l sem al}mlgm `h d}lagayfb cmwakl `l sem `ymrfsa`l `h rmwy`lcmlsw‑ g`dyflamwC` sem frmf h gas q cmwakl r aww}mw g`llmgsmc {ase `rkfla~alk flc mv}ayyalk gasq wyfgmw efxm f rmfb al}mlgm l se m ymrf$

sa`l `h q`}r g`dyflq0 %L416!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

Fbse`}ke sem mxfb}fsa`l `h sem gasamw al smrdw `h sem `rkfla~fsa`l `h sem y}o$

bag wyfgm aw l`s eake fd`lk mlsrmyrmlm}rw al sem v}flsasfsaxm yfrs `h sem ws}cq

‗ semrm {mrm n}ws 75- `h y`wasaxm `yala`lw %cmlasmbq flc rfsemr {mbb! flc fw

dflq fw ?5- `h lmkfsaxm rfsalkw %cmlasmbq flc rfsemr ofcbq! ‗ fbd`ws efbh `h sem

g`dyflq `{lmrw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq sealj sefs sem gasq f}se`rasamw frm l`s

alsmrmwsmc al semar lmmcw flc yròbmdw fw hfr fw gasq wyfgmw frm g`lgmrlmc,

Cafkrfd 6;

Mxfb}fsa`l `h `lm‑w `{l gasq al smrdw `h sem `rkflawfsa`l `h y}obag wyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrm$lm}rw!

E`{ c` q`} mxfb}fsm q`}r gasq fw rmkfrcw gasq wyfgm `rkfla~fsa`l0 %L416!

Cafkrfd 65

@yala`lw `l sem gasq f}se`rasamw‑ alsmrmws al sem yròbmdw flc lmmcw `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw al sem g`lsmus`h cmwaklalk flc rkfla~alk gasq wyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

Al q`}r `yala`l" frm sem gasq f}se`rasamw alsmrmwsmc al mlsrmyrmlm}rw lmmcw flc yròbmdw fw rmkfrcw sem cmwakl flc `rkfla~f $

sa`l `h gasq wyfgmw `r l`s0 %L416!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

L`

Qmw

=7"5=-38"6=-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l+s jl`{/cahstg}bs s` wfq Cmstlasmbq ofcbq

_fsemr ofcbq

Lmasemr {mbb" l`r ofcbq

_fsemr {mbb

Cmstlasmbq {mbb

;,81- ?1,8;- 7?,1;- ?7,95- =,31- 6,69-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l+s jl`{/cahstg}bs s` wfq Cmstlasmbq l`s

_fsemr l`s

Lmasemr qmw" l`r l`_fsemr qmw

Cmstlasmbq qmw

=- 65- 61- 7=- 65- =-



38

Fs sem wfdm sadm" fw dflq fw 18- `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw sealj sefs g`lw}bsfsa`lw {ase

semd al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl frm lmmcmc,

Cafkrfd 61

@yala`lw `l sem lmmc h`r g`lw}bsfsa`lw {ase mlsrmyrmlm}rw g`lgmrlalk cmwakl flc `rkfla~fsa`l `h gasq wyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

Al q`}r `yala`l" frm g`lw}bsfsa`lw {ase mlsrmyrmlm}rw fw rmkfrcw sem cmwakl flc `rkfla~fsa`l `h y}obag wyfgmw lmmcmc `r frm

semq }llmgmwwfrq0 %L416!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

Mlsrmyrmlm}rw yrmyfralk cmwakl mbmdmlsw we`{ sefs gasq efbbw yrmhmr bfrkmr

g`dyflamw fw hfr fw gasq wyfgm cmwakl flc adybmdmlsfsa`l aw g`lgmrlmc, Fw

w`dm `h sem rmwy`lcmlsw `owmrxmc" g`lw}bsfsa`lw" wmdalfrw `r dmmsalkw frm

}w}fbbq embc `l sem alasafsaxm `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw, W}ge dmmsalkw `hsml g`lgmrl sem

yrmwmlsfsa`l `h wymgag yr`c}gsw `r w`b}sa`lw `hhmrmc oq f g`dyflq flc semq fbw`

h`g}w `l mwsfobawealk r}bmw `h g``ymrfsa`l flc omg`dalk hfdabafr {ase d}s}fb

muymgsfsa`lw, W`dm rmwy`lcmlsw l`sagm sefs w`dmsadmw gbmrjw fwj semd yraxfsmbq

h`r emby al w`bxalk w`dm yr`obmdfsag was}fsa`l fs sem yrmyfrfs`rq wsfkm `h flalv}arq" o}s walgm as aw l`s y`wwaobm h`r sem gasq efbb s` fwj fl mlsrmyrmlm}r h`r

emby al fl `hgafb {fq" semwm frm walkbm gfwmw,

Fgg`rcalk s` sem rmwy`lcmlsw" g`lsfgsw oms{mml gasamw flc mlsrmyrmlm}rw frm

lmmcmc oq dmflw `h g`lw}bsfsa`lw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw gfl rmgmaxm k}acmbalmw g`l$

gmrlalk sem }wm h dfsmrafbw" yr`c}gs yfrfdmsmrw flc lm{ w`b}sa`lw, @l sem semr

eflc" g`lw}bsfsa`lw frm w`dmsadmw fadmc fs embyalk gbmrjw s` cmxawm g`lgmysw

omh`rm fll`}lgalk f g`lsmws ‗ cmsmrdalalk sem lmmcw" g`lw}bsalk g`lgmrlalk

sem wmbmgsa`l `h sem omws h`rd `h sem yr`nmgs, As efyymlw sefs mlsrmyrmlm}rw frm

mdyb`qmc fw muymrsw al sem yr`gmww `h ybfllalk sfwjw flc yr`nmgs mxfb}fsa`l,‒Semrm frm w`dm g`lw}bsfsa`lw, Flc {efs c`mw sem gasq muymgs `h }w0 Semrm aw f wsrfsmkq h`r

sem gasq cmxmb`ydmls flc sem gasq {flsw }w s` mlsmr `}r yr`nmgsw semrm, Seaw aw d`rm fs sem

g`lw}bsfsa`l bmxmb" a,m, as g`lgmrlw sem gasq‑w s`{l cmwakl ‗ {m gfl sfjm yfrs al seaw wsrfsmkq

h`r sem cmxmb`ydmls `h sem gasq" al smrdw `h frgeasmgs}rm flc wyfgm,— %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!

‒As w`dmsadmw efyymlw sefs rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h g`dyflamw {rasm s` }w omgf}wm semq {abb om

`rcmralk w`dm oal seaw qmfr flc semq {`}bc bajm s` jl`{ {efs oalw frm fxfabfobm al sem

wsflcfrc" {eage `lm {abb om d`rm c}rfobm" {efs gfyfgasq semq efxm" dmse`cw `h rmd`xalk

semd" mdysqalk semd" sem rmwawsflgm `h sem dfsmrafb" m,k, {``c,— %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

_fsemr }llmgmwwfrq _fsemr lmmcmcCmstlasmbq lmmcmc

=6"8=- 36";8- 8"=1-



3;

7,?, W}yy`rsalk flc yr`d`salk mlsrmyrmlm}rw

Sem dfn`rasq `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw h}baalk gasq efbb `rcmrw al sem frmf `h cmwaklsealj sefs semq c` l`s rmgmaxm w}yy`rs hr`d sem gasq" fbse`}ke xfra`}w h`rdw `h

w}yy`rs frm jl`{l" m,k, g`lsmwsw,

W`dm rmwy`lcmlsw muyrmww fl `yala`l sefs sem y`bagq al oak gasamw alx`bxmw sem

grmfsa`l `h f hfx`}rfobm mlxar`ldmls h`r mlsrmyrmlm}rw d`rm sefl al wdfbb

s`{lw, F xfws dfn`rasq `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw sfjalk yfrs al sem v}fbasfsaxm ws}cq

cac l`s mlg`}lsmr fgsaxasamw alx`bxalk sem grmfsa`l `h mlsrmyrmlm}rweay alg}of$

s`rw `r gmlsrmw `h jl`{bmckm" semq c` l`s sfjm yfrs al srfalalk `r {`rjwe`yw

h`r mlsrmyrmlm}rw `rkfla~mc oq gasamw, Seaw gfl rmw}bs hr`d sem bfgj `h w}ge

fgsaxasamw `r bfgj `h alh`rdfsa`l fo`}s semar omalk fccrmwwmc s` mlsrmyrmlm}rwoq gasq efbbw, Hm{ rmwy`lcmlsw sealj sefs sem srfalalk `hhmr aw l`s wfsawhfgs`rq

fw rmkfrcw sem yr`y`wmc s`yagw, Semrm frm fbw` `yala`lw sefs mlsrmyrmlm}rw frm

l`s srmfsmc bajm yfrslmrw gfyfobm `h yr`xacalk sem gasq {ase k``c flc lmmcmc

yr`c}gsw `r w`b}sa`lw, Yr`obmdw algb}cm sem bfgj `h gbmfr r}bmw flc k}acmbalmw"

bfgj `h rmk}bfsa`lw flc muef}wsaxm alh`rdfsa`l" m,k, g`lgmrlalk sem adybmdmlsf$

sa`l `h wsrfsmkq {eage g`}bc rmw}bs al k``c g``ymrfsa`l {ase gasq efbbw,

‒As aw ml`}ke s` wfq gbmfrbq {efs muymgsfsa`lw q`} efxm `h q`}r yfrslmr, Flc s` `owmrxm fbb

r}bmw flc yralgaybmw, Flc sem r}bmw we`}bcl‑s geflkm, Ah sem was}fsa`l omg`dmw bajm sefs" as

{abb om y`wwaobm s` sfbj fo`}s mlsrmyrmlm}rw omalk w}yy`rsmc oq gasamw, As aw xmrq ady`rsflsomgf}wm {m fbw` `ymrfsm al gasamw" al f yfrs `h sem gasq wyfgm flc {m frm yfrs `h as, _}bmw `h

g``ymrfsa`l" sem {abbalklmww s` g`dm s` fl fkrmmdmls flc }lcmrwsflcalk frm xmrq ady`r$

sfls h`r }w {aseal sem wg`ym A‑xm dmlsa`lmc fo`xm, Seaw jalc `h w}yy`rs aw xmrq ady`rsfls

h`r }w, Fs yrmwmls" as aw sem {fq as aw, Q`} gfl‑s wmm flq w}yy`rs al seaw frmf,— %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!

@lm$searc `h g`dyflq rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq cac l`s l`sagm flq

fgsaxasq fs fbb `l sem yfrs `h sem f}se`rasamw `h semar gasamw {eage {`}bc w}yy`rs

sem cmxmb`ydmls `h b`gfb mlsrmyrmlm}rweay, 37- `h sem rmwy`lcmlsw cmgbfrmc sefs

w}ge alasafsaxmw fw mueaoasa`lw/hfar mxmlsw/dmmsalkw {aseal sem wmgs`r `r grmfsalk

alhrfwsr}gs}rm" w}ge fw> smgel`b kq yfrjw flc rmwmfrge flc cmxmb`ydmls gmlsrmwc` l`s fhhmgs sem fgsaxasq h semar g`dyflamw, E`{mxmr" fd`lk sem rmdfalalk =;-"

fbd`ws mxmrqo`cq rmkfrcmc sem mhhmgs `h semwm fgsaxasamw fw y`wasaxm, Seaw we`{w

e`{ ady`rsfls mhhmgsaxm yr`d`sa`l `h w}ge }lcmrsfjalkw aw flc e`{ ady`rsfls as

aw s` dfjm mlsrmyrmlm}rw f{frm `h sem y`wasaxm mhhmgsw `h yfrsagayfsalk al semd,



35

Cafkrfd ?9

Hfdabafrasq {ase sem h`rdw `h w}yy`rsalk mlsrmyrmlm}rweay rkflawmc oq gasq f}se`rasamw %rmwy`lcmlsw>mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

C`" fgg`rcalk s` q`}r jl`{bmckm" sem gasq f}se`rasamw sfjm flq fgsa`lw al frmfw w}ge fw,,,0 %L416!

Cafkrfd ?6

@yala`lw l sem al}mlgm h mlsrmyrmlm}rweay w}yy`rs rkflawmc oq gasq f}se`rasamw l rmwy`lcmlsw‑g`dyflamw

C` w}ge alasafsaxmw al}mlgm q`}r g`dyflq‑w fgsaxasq0 %seaw v}mwsa`l {fw flw{mrmc oq ymrw`lw fgg`rcalk s` {e`d gasq f}se`ra$

samw }lcmrsfjm flq `h sem fgsaxasamw bawsmc fo`xm: L416!

Cafkrfd ??

Mxfb}fsa`l h sem al}mlgm h mlsrmyrmlm}rweay w}yy`rs rkflawmc oq gasq f}se`rasamw l rmwy`lcmlsw‑g`dyflamw %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

Aw seaw al}mlgm y`wasaxm `r lmkfsaxm0 %flw{mrw `h mlsrmyrmlm}rw {e` sealj sefs w}ge alasafsaxmw efxm hfx`}rfobm al}mlgm `l

sem fgsaxasq `h semar g`dyflamw: L47=!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

Sem rmwy`lcmlsw al sem v}fbasfsaxm yfrs `h sem ws}cq" {eabm sfbjalk fo`}s sem y`w$

asaxm ‒l`awm— fr`}lc sem gasq %m,k, g`llmgsmc {ase sem gasq‑w wsraxalk s` omg`dm

f M}r`ymfl gfyasfb!" se`}kes sefs as aw f jalc `h yr`d`sa`l" o}abcalk fl adfkm"

{eage efw f hfx`}rfobm al}mlgm `l sfjalk fgsa`lw oq gasq efbbw fadmc fs sem cm$

xmb`ydmls `h sem gasq" fbw` al sem frmf `h cmwakl, Seaw rmw}bsw al f bfrkmr l}domr

L`

Qmw

37-

=;-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

_fsemr lmkfsaxm_fsemr y`wasaxmCmstlasmbq y`wasaxm

73- 87- 7-

9 69 ?9 79 39 =9 89

L`lm `h sem fo`xm

Grmfsalk rmwmfrge flc cmxmb`ydmls gmlsrmw

Grmfsalk smgel`b`kq yfrjw

Grmfsalk mlsrmyrmlm}rweay alg}ofs`rw

Mueaoasa`lw" hfar mxmlsw" dmmsalk {aseal wmgs`r =9"==-

37"18-

71"=8-

61";5-

7?"1;-



31

`h `rcmrw h`r g`dyflamw" {eage srflwbfsmw als` eakemr yr`sw h`r g`dyflamw, Fs

sem wfdm sadm" krmfsmr g`dybmsa`l al sem dfrjms d`saxfsmw mlsrmyrmlm}rw s` al$xmws al semar dfgealmrq ws`gj flc lm{ smgel`b`kamw" `{alk s` {eage omssmr yr`c$

}gsw frm grmfsmc" {eage gfl om alsr`c}gmc als` y}obag wyfgmw al sem b`lk r}l,

7,7, Grasmraf cmsmrdalalk sem wmbmgsa`l `h f ybfgm h`r sem g`dyflq

Sem d`ws ady`rsfls grasmraf mdyb`qmc oq mlsrmyrmlm}rw {eabm cmgacalk `l

f ybfgm h`r semar g`dyflq %ml}dmrfsmc wy`lsflm`}wbq oq mlsrmyrmlm}rw al sem

v}fbasfsaxm yfrs `h sem ws}cq! algb}cm>

K``c b`gfsa`l %k``c srflwy`rs" wfhmsq" l` l}awflgm h`r lmakeo`}rw" y`wwaoabasqº

`h musmlcalk sem dfl}hfgs}ralk ybfls!:

G`lxmlamls b`gfsa`l fs alsmrlfsa`lfb srfhg r`}smw ‗ o`se r`fc flc rfab{fqº

‗ mlw}ralk srflwy`rs `h rf{ dfsmrafbw flc dfl}hfgs}rmc yr`c}gsw:

Y`wwaoabasq `h mdyb`qalk yr`hmwwa`lfbw flc wjabbmc {`rjmrw:º

K``c yr`wymgsw h`r mg`l`dag cmxmb`ydmls flc f k``c gbadfsm h`r o}walmwwº

%o}walmww$hramlcbq y`bagq `h sem gasq" b`{ `ymrfsa`lfb g`wsw" bassbm g`dymsasa`l!:

_mfcq dfrjms,º

Fbw`" yr`nmgs adybmdmlsmc oq sem gasq fssrfgs mlsrmyrmlm}rw flc bfgj `h semd gfl

cawg`}rfkm mlsrmyrmlm}rw" mwymgafbbq ah semq g`lc}gs semar fgsaxasq b`gfbbq,

‒C` alxmwsdmls yr nmgsw fssrfgs g`dyflamw0 Semq gmrsfalbq c`, Eake alhrfwsr}gs}rfb w}yy`rs h`r

mlsrmyrmlm}rw" qmw, [m cmgacmc s` mwsfobawe `}r g`dyflq emrm omgf}wm `h seaw alhrfwsr}gs}rm,

%,,,!, Alxmwsdmls yr`nmgsw frm w}yy`rsmc oq sem cmxmb`ydmls `h mlsrmyrmlm}rweay, Bfgj `h

alxmwsdmlsw gfl cawg`}rfkm al f {fq, As gfl om wmml xmrq gbmfrbq ‗ semrm frm yr`obmdw {ase

fggmww" srflwy`rs" rflkm ‗ a,m, {ase smgel`b`kq flc g`dd}lagfsa`lw, Gasamw mlg`}rfkm `semr

mlsrmyrmlm}rw {ase semar fgsa`lw" flc semq" al s}rl" alh`rdfbbq mlg`}rfkm `semr g`dyflamw,

Semq gmrsfalbq c`, As al}mlgmw o}walmww cmxmb`ydmls al f kaxml gasq—, %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!Grasmraf" w}ge fw> alh`rdalk mlsrmyrmlm}rw fo`}s sem gasq cmxmb`ydmls wsrfsmkq `r

ybfllmc fgsaxasamw al sem frmf `h cmwakl cmxmb`ydmls al sem gasq aw ady`rsfls" o}s

as c`mw l`s cmsmrdalm sem lfb rmw}bsw, Gasamw hfgabasfsm sem fgsaxasq `h g`dyflamw

omgf}wm semq alh`rd fo`}s sem lmmcw h sem gasq flc gfl emby semd {ase ybfllalk,

Sem cmxmb`ydmls `h cmwakl aw ady`rsfls h`r g`dyflamw `ymrfsalk al seaw frmf

omgf}wm as mlw}rmw `rcmrw flc rmxml}mw: e`{mxmr" sem fgsaxasq `h g`dyflamw aw

l`s }w}fbbq badasmc s` fgsa`lw al f kaxml frmf" o}s semq b``j h`r dfrjmsw h`r semar

yr`c}gsw flc wmrxagmw fbb `xmr sem g`}lsrq,



=9

As {fw l`sagmc sefs g`ry`rfsa`lw yfq d`rm fssmlsa`l s` sem fssrfgsaxmlmww `h sem

gasq al sem frgeasmgs}rfb flc cmwakl fwymgsw" {eabm wmbmgsalk b`gfsa`lw h`r semar `hgmw, Gasamw mlw}rm fggmww s` rmgrmfsa`l flc g}bs}rm" semq gfl om d`rm fssrfgsaxm

h`r mlsrmyrmlm}rw al smrdw `h musrf$mdyb`qmm omlmsw, D`rm`xmr" mlsrmyrmlm}rw

fww}rm sefs semq yrmhmr s` wsfq al fl fmwsemsag" {mbb$cmwaklmc flc h}lgsa`lfb

mlxar`ldmls yraxfsmbq" {eage dfjmw semd {fls s` wsfq fs f kaxml ybfgm h`r b`lkmr,

‒As aw lagm s` wmm sem gasq `}rawe, As aw fo`}s {mbb$smlcmc krmml frmfw" rml`xfsmc o}abcalkw"

wsrmmsw" lm{ omlgemw" oagqgbm yfsew, Sem eaws`rq `h f ybfgm aw rmdmdomrmc" d`l}dmlsw frm

we`{l hh" sem cmxmb`ydmls h AS aw fbw` l`sagmfobm, As aw lagm s` om w}rr`}lcmc oq omf}sah}b

sealkw" frs" g`b`}r flc smgel`b`kq" {eage dfjm bahm mfwamr, As aw k``c s` efxm w`dm{emrm

s` k` s` efxm f gefs" f ybfgm s` r}l" s` k` h`r f w{ad `r s` wmm f h``sofbb dfsge" s` k` s` fl

mueaoasa`l `r xmrlawwfkm—, %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!

7,3, Gasamw fgg`rcalk s` mlsrmyrmlm}rw

Sem rmw}bsw `h sem v}flsasfsaxm yfrs `h sem ws}cq we`{ sefs mlsrmyrmlm}rw mxfb}$

fsm sem gasamw al {eage semq g`lc}gs semar o}walmww fgsaxasq v}asm efrwebq fw rm$

kfrcw mbmdmlsw dfjalk }y cmwakl, Semar fwwmwwdmls aw yfrsag}bfrbq lmkfsaxm fw

hfr fw rmxasfba~fsa`l `h wv}fbac o}abcalkw flc lmkbmgsmc frmfw aw g`lgmrlmc %75-

`h lmkfsaxm `yala`lw! flc sem gasq‑w g}bs}rfb `hhmr %?7- `h lmkfsaxm `yala`lw!, Mbm$

dmlsw g`lgmrlalk sem mdyb`qdmls `h alsmrmwsalk w`b}sa`lw g`lgmrlalk sem gasq

wyfgm flc asw mv}aydmls flc semar yrfgsagfbasq rmgmaxmc eakemr rfsalkw,

Cafkrfd ?7

Mxfb}fsa`l `h sem adybmdmlsfsa`l `h gasq cmwakl fww}dysa`lw al sem gasq `h sem rmwy`lcmls‑w fgsaxasq%rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

E`{ c` q`} mxfb}fsm sem gasq al {eage q`}r g`dyflq `ymrfsmw al rmwymgs `h,,,0 %L416!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

B`{ rfsalkw kaxml oq sem mlsrmyrmlm}rw frm fbb sem d`rm waklagfls fw sem mxfb}$

fsmc frmfw frm `h g`lwacmrfobm ady`rsflgm" fgg`rcalk s` sem cmgbfrfsa`l `h seaw

kr`}y `h rmwy`lcmlsw,

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l+s jl`{/cahstg}bs s` wfq

Cmstlasmbq ofcbq

_fsemr ofcbq

Lmasemr {mbb l`r ofcbq

_fsemr {mbb

Cmstlasmbq {mbb

_mxasfba~fsa`l/rmws`rfsa`l s` bahm`h wv}fbac/lmkbmgsmc/caw}wmc o}abcalkw/frmfw

Alsmrmwsalk w`b}sa`lw/yr`nmgswg`lgmrlalk gasq wyfgm flc asw mv}aydmls

Yrfgsagfbasq `h w`b}sa`lw/yr`nmgsw fyybamc al gasq wyfgm

Gasq+w g}bs}rfb `hhmr =- 7=- 77- 65- =- 7-

5- 36- 79- ?6- 6-

=- ?3- 31- 68- 3-

69- 61- 77- ?1- 1- 6-



=6

Cafkrfd ?3

Mxfb}fsa`l `h ady`rsflgm `h sem adybmdmlsfsa`l `h gasq cmwakl fww}dysa`lw al sem gasq `h sem rm$wy`lcmls‑w fgsaxasq %rmwy`lcmlsw> mlsrmyrmlm}rw!

Ybmfwm wfq e`{ ady`rsfls ,,, aw h`r q`} fw f g`dyflq‑w rmyrmwmlsfsaxm0 %L416!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

9 ?9 39 89 59 699


Cmstlasmbq }lady`rsfls

_fsemr }lady`rsfls

Lmasemr ady`rsfls l`r }lady`rsfls

_fsemr ady`rsfls

Cmstlasmbq ady`rsfls

_mxasfba~fsa`l/rmws`rfsa`l s` bahm`h wv}fbac/lmkbmgsmc/caw}wmc o}abcalkw/frmfw

Alsmrmwsalk w`b}sa`lw/yr`nmgswg`lgmrlalk gasq wyfgm flc asw mv}aydmls

Yrfgsagfbasq `h w`b}sa`lw/yr`nmgsw fyybamc al gasq wyfgm

Gasq+w g}bs}rfb `hhmr 7;- 77- 6?- 67- 3-

=3- 76- 3- =- =-

35- 78- ;- =-?-6-

=1- ?3- 7- 69- ?- 6-



]wm `h gasq cmwakl flc sem v}fbasq `h bahm `h sem alefoasflsw

3,



=3

3, ]wm `h gasq cmwakl flc sem v}fbasq `h bahm `h sem alefoasflsw

3,6, Gasamw fgg`rcalk s` alefoasflsw

Alefoasflsw yfrsagayfsmc `lbq al sem v}flsasfsaxm yfrs `h sem yr`nmgs,

Sem dfn`rasq h sem rmwy`lcmlsw cmgbfrmc sefs semar gasq {fw f k``c ybfgm h r mxmrqcfq

bahm, @lbq `lm smlse `h sem rmwy`lcmlsw efc f lmkfsaxm `yala`l `h semar gasq,

Cafkrfd ?=

@yala`lw `l sem wmlsmlgm> ‒Sem gasq {emrm A baxm aw f k``c ybfgm h`r mxmrqcfq bahm— %rmwy`lcmlsw>alefoasflsw!

Ybmfwm wfq s` {efs musmls q`} fkrmm {ase sem wsfsmdmls, Ybmfwm" }wm sem wgfbm hr`d 6 s` ;" {emrm 6 dmflw ‒A cmlasmbq fkrmm—

flc ; dmflw ‒A cmlasmbq cawfkrmm—,

‒Sem gasq {emrm A baxm aw f k``c ybfgm h`r mxmrqcfq bahm,—

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

Sem rmw}bsw `h sem ws}cq we`{ sefs alefoasflsw xfb}m f {mbb$se`}kes$`}s {fq `h

`rkfla~alk sem gasq wyfgm, Fd`lk se`wm w}rxmqmc" lalm `}s `h sml ymrw`lw wfacseaw mbmdmls {fw cmlasmbq `r rfsemr ady`rsfls,

Cafkrfd ?8

@yala`lw `l sem ady`rsflgm `h k``c `rkflawfsa`l `h y}obag wyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw!

Ybmfwm wfq" e`{ waklagfls as aw" al q`}r `yala`l" h`r gasq wyfgmw s` om `rkfla~mc al f {mbb$se`}kes$`}s dfllmr0 %L4?63!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

63- h sem alefoasflsw wfac sefs sem wyfgm al semar gasamw aw cmlasmbq {mbb$`rkfla~mc"

37- wfac sefs as aw `rkfla~mc v}asm {mbb %fbs`kmsemr =3- `h y`wasaxm `yala`lw!,

D`rm`xmr" s{` mbmdmlsw %`}s `h xm!" {eage {mrm sem d`ws hrmv}mlsbq wmbmgsmc oq

sem rmwy`lcmlsw fw efxalk sem krmfsmws al}mlgm `l sem fssrfgsaxmlmww `h sem gasq

hr`d sem alefoasflsw‑ y`als `h xam{" algb}cm sem `rkfla~fsa`l `h sem y}obag wyfgm

flc g}bs}rfb mxmlsw,

9?9 39 89 59 699

; dmflw /A cmstlasmbq cawfkrmm/8$=$3$7$?$6 /A cmstlasmbq fkrmm/

79- 6;- 7?- 69- 5- 6- ?-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699


Cmstlasmbq }lady`rsfls

_fsemr }lady`rsfls

Lmasemr ady`rsfls l`r }lady`rsfls_fsemr ady`rsflsCmstlasmbq ady`rsfls

88"3- ?7"3- ;- 6"1- 6"3-



=;

Sfwjw {eage we`}bc om ymrh`rdmc oq sem cmwakl wmgs`r h`r sem alefoasflsw‑ wsflc$

frc `h baxalk s` algrmfwm algb}cm>

Fgg`rcalk s` frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw Fgg`rcalk s` mlsrmyrmlm}rw

W`gamsq‑w mc}gfsa`l al sem frmf `h cmwakl:Yfrsagayfsa`l `h rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h sem cmwakl wmgs`ral sem w`gafb cafb`k}m flc o}abcalk w`gafb f{frm$lmww:Grmfsalk k``c d`cmbw oq we`{alk flc yr`d`salkk``c mufdybmw:G``ymrfsa`l `h sem cmwakl wmgs`r {ase sem y}obagwmgs`r al `rcmr s` alsr`c}gm lm{ acmfw,

Al}mlgalk sem adyr`xmdmls al sem }rofl alhrf$wsr}gs}rm" m,k, bakesalk `h sem gasq" omssmr v}fbasq `hg`lwsr}gsa`l alc}wsrq:

Fgsa`lw h`r sem ga sq alh`rdfsa`l wqw smd:cmwaklalk" sfjalk als` fgg`}ls sem lflgafb was}$fsa`l flc b``jalk h`r w`}rgmw `h h}lcalk h`r semarfgsa`lw:Sfjalk als` fgg`}ls lm{ smgel`b`kamw al sem cm$waklalk yr`gmww:G``ymrfsa`l {ase sem gasq s` alsr`c}gm semar acmfw,

Sem v}flsasfsaxm ws}cq we`{mc sefs sem rfsalkw kaxml oq sem gasq f}se`rasamw flc oq

alefoasflsw frm g`lwawsmls fw rmkfrcw waklagfls mbmdmlsw, O`se kr`}yw {mrm fwjmc

fo`}s sem ady`rsflgm `h sem wfdm mbmdmlsw ‗ sem sfobm g`lsfalw f g`dyfraw`l `h

sem ymrgmlsfkm xfb}mw `h flw{mrw> ‒cmlasmbq ady`rsfls— flc ‒rfsemr ady`rsfls—,

Gasq efbbwE`{ ady`rsfls aw as h`r sem gasq f}$

se`rasamw sefs semrm frm ,,, al q`}r gasq

AlefoasflswE`{ ady`rsfls aw as sefs semrm frm ,,,

Gasq h}rlas}rm 11- %;=- cmlasmbq flc ?3- rfsemr! 11- %;=- cmlasmbq flc ??- rfsemr!

Hfgabasamw h`r cawfobmc

ym`ybm 18- %;7- cmlasmbq flc ?7- rfsemr! 13- %59- cmlasmbq flc 63- rfsemr!

Gasq alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmd" 1=- %;3- cmlasmbq flc ?6- rfsemr! 1=- %;3- cmlasmbq flc ?6- rfsemr!

Fs sem wfdm sadm" f g`lwacmrfobm cawgrmyflgq gfl om `owmrxmc oms{mml sem

gbmrjw‑ flc alefoasflsw‑ `yala`lw fw rmkfrcw sem cmkrmm `h wfsawhqalk sem alefoas$

flsw‑ lmmcw, Sem gbmrjw {mrm d`rm `hsml g`lxalgmc sefs sem lmmcw `h sem alefoas$

flsw rmkfrcalk cmwakl efxm fbrmfcq omml wfsawmc, Sem rmw}bsw `h sem alefoasflsw‑

ws}cq we`{ sefs semrm frm l}dmr`}w frmfw rmv}aralk krmfsmr alx`bxmdmls `l sem

yfrs `h sem gasq f}se`rasamw al cmwakl adyr`xmdmls o`se fw rmkfrcw sem l}domr `h

sem alcaxac}fb mbmdmlsw al sem gasq wyfgm flc semar bmxmb,

=!

=! E`{ ady`rsfls aw as h`r sem gasq s` efxm,,,

`onmgsw alsmlcmc h`r mxmrqcfq }wm oq sem alefoasflsw %w}ge fw omlgemw" wsrmms bfdyw" {fwsm oalw" o}w wembsmrw!6,

f gasq alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmd %m,k, fccrmww flc carmgsa`l ybfsmw" alh`rdfsa`l fo`}s wsrmms yfsr`lw" ady`rsfls ybfgmw!?,

hfgabsamw h`r ym`ybm efxalk cahg}bsq d`xalk fr`}lc %m,k, cawfobmc ym`ybm" d`semrw {ase wdfbb geabcrml!7,

y}obag wyfgmw `yml s` fbb alefoasflsw %m,k, yfrjw" ybfqkr`}lcw!3,

Sem v}mwsa`lw {mrm r`sfsmc,



=1

3,7, Semrm frm l` rmk}bfr w}rxmqw g`lgmrlalk sem lmmcw `h alefoasflsw

flc mlsrmyrmlm}rw al sem frmf `h gasq cmwakl,Sem rmw}bsw `h sem v}fbasfsaxm yfrs `h sem yr`nmgs we`{ sefs cmcagfsmc rmwmfrge

`h sem alefoasflsw‑ lmmcw fw rmkfrcw cmwakl aw xmrq rfrm, ]lh`rs}lfsmbq" as w`dm$

sadmw efyymlw sefs v}mwsa`lw fo`}s w`b}sa`lw al seaw frmf fyymfr al ws}camw

cmx`smc s` `semr aww}mw" o}s semwm frm algacmlsfb gfwmw g`lgmrlalk yfrsag}bfr$

bq ady`rsfls yr`nmgsw al {eage sem b`gfb g`dd}lasq gfl omg`dm alx`bxmc %m,k,

y}obag wv}frmw" gasq h}rlas}rm g`llmgsmc {ase gqgbalk" msg,!, As aw y`wwaobm sefs

gasq efbbw }wm rmw}bsw `h rmwmfrge ymrh`rdmc oq `semr alwsas}sa`lw" m,k, oq rmwmfrge

gmlsrmw, _mwmfrge `h lmmcw" ah as aw g`lc}gsmc" aw ymrh`rdmc oq gasq efbbw semd$

wmbxmw `r `rcmrmc s` f wymgafba~mc g`dyflq, Fs sem wfdm sadm" sem rmw}bsw `h sem v}flsasfsaxm yfrs we`{ sefs fw dflq fw 57-

`h sem gasq efbbw srq s` omg`dm hfdabafr {ase sem alefoasflsw‑ lmmcw al sem frmf

`h cmwakl al xfra`}w {fqw, H`r seaw y}ry`wm" gasq efbbw `rkfla~m dmmsalkw {ase

alefoasflsw %81-!" wmlc w}rxmqw %79-! flc fbw` }wm `semr dmse`cw `h kmssalk

alh`rdfsa`l %;=-!" semwm }w}fbbq algb}cm> sem Alsmrlms %?3 `yala`lw!" sem yrmww

%6? `yala`lw!" e`}walk mwsfsm o`frcw/g`}lgabw %69!" w`gafb g`lw}bsfsa`lw %1! flc

rmbmfwalk ybflw h`r rmxam{ %; `yala`lw!,

Cafkrfd 73Omg`dalk hfdabafr {ase alefoasflsw‑ lmmcw fw rmkfrcw cmwakl flc `rkflawfsa`l `h gasq wyfgm %rm$wy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw!

C`mw sem gasq efbb srq s` omg`dm hfdabafr {ase sem alefoasflsw‑ lmmcw al sem frmf `h cmwaklalk flc `rkfla~alk sem gasq wyfgm

`r l`s0 %L41;!

Cafkrfd 7=

H`rdw `h omg`dalk hfdabafr {ase alefoasflsw‑ lmmcw fw rmkfrcw cmwakl flc `rkflawfsa`l `h gasqwyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw!

E`{0 Ybmfwm baws fbb dmse`cw }wmc oq sem gasq efbb, %flw{mrw `h rmwy`lcmlsw {e` flw{mrmc qmw s` sem yrmxa`}w v}mwsa`l: L459!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l‑s jl`{L`Qmw

57- 66- 8-

9 69 ?9 79 39 =9 89 ;9 59

@semr

Yfymr w}rxmqw

Dmmsalkw {ase alefoasflsw 81-

79-

;=-



89

Al sem `yala`l `h 83- `h sem alefoasflsw {e` s``j yfrs al sem ws}cq" sem gasq

f}se`rasamw we`{mc alsmrmws al semar yròbmdw flc lmmcw fw rmkfrcw cmwaklalkflc `rkfla~alk gasq wyfgmw" e`{mxmr" lmfrbq 6/7 `h sem rmwy`lcmlsw c`mw l`s

hmmb sem alsmrmws `h sem f}se`rasamw, Fs sem wfdm sadm" fw dflq fw 13- `h sem

alefoasflsw hmmb sefs w}ge g`lw}bsfsa`lw frm lmmcmc,

Cafkrfd 78

@yala`lw `l sem gasq f}se`rasamw‑ alsmrmws al sem yròbmdw flc lmmcw `h alefoasflsw al sem frmf `h cmwaklalk flc rkflawalk gasq wyfgm %rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw!

Al q`}r yala`l" frm sem gasq f}se`rasamw alsmrmwsmc al alefoasflsw‑ lmmcw flc yròbmdw fw rmkfrcw sem cmwakl flc `rkfla~fsa`l

`h gasq wyfgmw `r l`s0 %L4?63!

Cafkrfd 7;

Mxfb}fsa`l `h sem }wmh}blmww `h g`lw}bsfsa`lw `h gasq efbbw {ase alefoasflsw %rmwy`lcmlsw> alefoasflsw!

Al q`}r `yala`l" frm g`lw}bsfsa`lw `h gasq efbbw {ase alefoasflsw fw rmkfrcw sem cmwakl flc `rkfla~fsa`l `h y}obag wyfgmw

lmmcmc `r frm semq }llmgmwwfrq0 Ybmfwm" }wm sem wgfbm hr`d 6 s` 3" {emrm 6 dmflw ‒semq frm cmlasmbq }llmgmwwfrq— flc 3

dmflw ‒semq frm cmlasmbq lmmcmc—, %L4?63!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

@l sem semr eflc" sem dmfw}rmdmlsw h wfsawhfgsa`l hr`d bahm al sem gasq %m,k, ofr`$

dmsmrw! frm ymrh`rdmc f oas d`rm `hsml" o}s semq frm cmx`smc s` cmwakl w`b}sa`lw

`lbq s` f wdfbb cmkrmm, Fgg`rcalk s` sem rmwy`lcmlsw" seaw aw gf}wmc oq>

Sem gbmrjw‑ bfgj `h sadm s` ymrh`rd w}ge rmwmfrge:º

L` alh`rdfsa`l mugeflkm oms{mml gbmrjw fo`}s fgsa`lw al seaw frmf flc semº

bfgj `h fl `rkfla~fsa`lfb }las rmwy`lwaobm h`r seaw frmf:

Sem bfgj h y`wwaoabasq h fc`ysalk g`rrmgsaxm fgsa`lw s` sem w}odassmc lmmcw h semº

alefoasflsw" {eage" fgg`rcalk s` w`dm ym`ybm" dfjmw sem rmwmfrge rmc}lcfls,

As efw omml hrmv}mlsbq mdyefwa~mc sefs gasq efbbw d`las`r sem mhhmgsaxmlmww `h

semar fgsaxasq al sem frmf `h adybmdmlsalk cmwakl w`b}sa`lw" flfbq~alk rmy`rsw

hr`d sem dmcaf {eage flfbq~m sem mhhmgsw `h sem {`rj `h d}lagayfb gbmrjw,

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l+s jl`{/cahstg}bs s` wfq Cmstlasmbq l`s

_fsemr l`s

_fsemr qmw

Cmstlasmbq qmw

6;"5- 38"7- ?7"5- ;"=- 3";-

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l+s jl`{/cahstg}bs s` wfq Cmstlasmbq l`s lmmcmc

_fsemr l`s lmmcmc_fsemr lmmcmcCmstlasmbq lmmcmc

8?"8- 79"5- ?"5- 6"3- ?"7-



86

‒Sem gasq efbb flfbq~mc sem lmmcw `h sem alefoasflsw" o}s A efxm sem adyrmwwa`l sefs seaw

c`mw l`s fyybq s` cmwakl, A daww seaw omgf}wm {m we`}bc grmfsm f dmgeflawd fadmc fs

lcalk `}s {efs alefoasflsw sealj al dflq gfwmw al `}r fssmdysw s` dmms sem alefoasflsw‑

lmmcw, Cmgawa`lw dfcm we`}bc sfjm als` fgg`}ls sem yrmhmrmlgmw `h sem alefoasflsw,— %Gasq

efbb mdyb`qmm!

‒[m ymrh`rd gqgbagfb w}rxmqw `h sem v}fbasq `h bahm al sem gasq, Semq g`lgmrl l}dmr`}w w}o$

nmgsw ‗ wfhmsq" v}fbasq `h bahm" v}fbasq `h srflwy`rs" o}s semq frm l`s ws}camw cmx`smc s` }rofl

cmwakl,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

‒@}r fgsa`lw frm fb{fqw d`las`rmc oq sem b`gfb lm{wyfymr, W`dm w}kkmwsmc w`b}sa`lw frm

cmwgraomc, [m fb{fqw jl`{" `l fl `lk`alk ofwaw" {emsemr sem alefoasflsw bajm as `r l`s

rmfbbq, %…! Ah lm{ yr`nmgsw frm `rkfla~mc `r adybmdmlsmc {eage efxm omml `rcmrmc oq sem

gasq efbb" n`}rlfbawsw yrmwmls semar `yala`l flc g`ddmlsw, Flc seml q`} gfl rmfc `l sem

Alsmrlms {efs ym`ybm sealj fo`}s as,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

‒[m srq s` h`bb`{ semwm k}acmbalmw fw hfr fw as aw rmfw`lfobq y`wwaobm, Ah semrm aw w`dmsealk

{r`lk" {m srq s` alxmwsakfsm sem yr`obmd flc }lcmrwsflc {efs {fw lmkfsaxmbq rmgmaxmc

flc {efs {fw y`wasaxm flc s` crf{ w`dm g`lgb}wa`lw hr`d as,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

Fbw`" sem rmw}bsw `h sem v}fbasfsaxm yfrs `h sem yr`nmgs we`{ f bmwwmr alsmrmws `l sem

yfrs `h sem gasq efbbw al lcalk `}s sem alefoasflsw‑ wfsawhfgsa`l hr`d sem geflkmw

alsr`c}gmc al sem gasq wyfgm ‗ `lm al h`}r gasq efbbw c`mw l`s sfjm fgsa`lw fadmc

fs omg`dalk hfdabafr {ase sem `yala`l `h alefoasflsw `l seaw dfssmr,

Cafkrfd 75

Halcalk `}s alefoasflsw‑ `yala`lw g`lgmrlalk sem mxfb}fsa`l `h geflkmw alsr`c}gmc al gasq wyfgm oqgasq efbbw %rmwy`lcmlsw> d}lagayfb gbmrjw!

C`mw sem gasq efbb sr q s` omg`dm hfdabafr {ase sem alefoasflsw‑ `yala`lw `l sem geflkmw alsr`c}gmc al sem gasq wyfgm0 %L41;!

W`}rgm> @{l w}rxmq

9 ?9 39 89 59 699

A c`l+s jl`{/cahstg}bs s` wfq L`Qmw

89- ?8- 63-



G`lcasa`lw h`r cmxmb`yalk cmwakl al gasamw

=,



83

=, G`lcasa`lw h`r cmxmb`yalk cmwakl al gasamw

=,6, Sem dfal ofrramrw flc cahg}bsamw al cmwakl adybmdmlsfsa`l"

cmwaklalk flc yr`nmgs adybmdmlsfsa`l,

As rmw}bsw hr`d sem wsfsmdmlsw `h sem cmwaklmrw w}rxmqmc" mlsrmyrmlm}rw flc

d}lagayfb gbmrjw sefs dfal ofrramrw flc cahg}bsamw mlg`}lsmrmc al sem yr`gmww `h

cmwakl wsrfsmkq adybmdmlsfsa`l" cmwaklalk flc yr`nmgs adybmdmlsfsa`l algb}cm>

Halflgafb badasfsa`lw `l sem yfrs `h gasq efbbw" {eage rmw}bs al hfab}rm s` sfjmº

fgsa`l:

Badasfsa`lw g`lgmrlalk sem wmbmgsa`l `h g`lsrfgs`rw flc cmwaklw rmw}bsalkº

hr`d sem Y}obag Yr`g}rmdmls Fgs" fw f rmw}bs `h {eage alfyyr`yrafsm grasmraf `h

wmbmgsa`l frm fc`ysmc %sem b`{mws yragm! flc ofcbq `rkfla~mc g`lsmwsw `r sml$

cmrw cawg`}rfkalk y`smlsafb g`lsrfgs`rw hr`d sfjalk yfrs al semd:

Sem gbmrj‑w bfgj `h jl`{bmckm flc f{frmlmww fo`}s cmwakl flc y`wwaoabasamwº

rmw}bsalk hr`d asw fyybagfsa`l" flc" fw f rmw}bs" sem lmmc s` y}s mdyefwaw `l

cmwakl flc g`lwsfls g``ymrfsa`l {ase cmwaklmrw flc frgeasmgsw" m,k, al sem

fwymgs `h cmsmrdalalk g`lsmws g`lcasa`lw" ybfllalk `h }lcmrsfjalkw" fwwmww$

dmls `h w`b}sa`lw,

Frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw fw {mbb fw mlsrmyrmlm}rw fbw` mdyefwa~m>

Hfab}rm s` rmlm sem g`lcasa`lw `h g`lsmwsw `r smlcmrw ‗ s`` we`rs `rcmr h}bbdmlsº

sadmw flc }lrmfbawsag muymgsfsa`lw fs sem g`lsmws wsfkm %m,k, yrmyfrfsa`l `h sem

h}bb g`lgmys {ase dfsmrafbw! `r adybmdmlsfsa`l ‗ abb$g`lwacmrmc lfb mhhmgsw:

Sem gbmrjw‑ h`g}w `l h`rdfbasamw" o}rmf}grfgq rmv}aralk hr`d mlsrmyrmlm}rwº

yrmyfrfsa`l flc w}odawwa`l `h f bfrkm l}domr `h c`g}dmlsw:

Ofc g`dd}lagfsa`l {ase f}se`rasamw/bfgj `h alh`rdfsa`l `{" m,k, fo`}s grasm$º

raf sfjml als` fgg`}ls oq sem smlcmr g`ddassmm:

Bfgj `h jl`{bmckm fo`}s w`gamsq‑w lmmcw al sem frmf `h alxmwsdmls yr`nmgsw"º

algb}calk cmwakl %l` rmwmfrge!,

O`se gbmrjw flc frgeasmgsw/cmwaklmrw fbw` yfq fssmlsa`l s` sem v}fbasq `h grfhsw$

dflweay omb`{ sem muymgsfsa`lw `r alsr`c}gsa`l `h d`cagfsa`lw oq g`lsrfgs`rw

{ase`}s sem fyyr`xfb `h sem gasq efbb flc sem cmwaklmr rmwy`lwaobm h`r sem g`lgmys,

@semr ofrramrw flc cahg}bsamw algb}cm>



8=

Fgg`rcalk s` gbmrjw Fgg`rcalk s` frgeasmgsw

flc cmwaklmrw Fgg`rcalk s` mlsrmyrm$

lm}rw

‗ Gmrsfal cawbajm al w`gamsq h`r cmwakl fgsaxasq }lcmr sfjml hr`d y}obag h}lcw %rmw}bsalk hr`dbfgj h jl`{bmckm fo`}s asw r`bm flc omlmswh`r sem }wmrw! ‗ seaw aw fkfalws sem rmw}bsw `hv}flsasfsaxm ws}cq" sem cahhmrmlgm dfq rmw}bshr`d sem gbmrj‑w bfgj `h jl`{bmckm fo`}s semalefoasflsw‑ lmmcw:

‗ Bfgj `h f or`fc dfrjms `hhmr %l` ofwm g`l$wawsalk `h mlsasamw wymgafba~alk al cmwakl!:

‗ Alw}hgamlsbq mc}gfsmc dfrjms %rmbfsaxmbq y``r `hhmr" bfgj `h g`lw`bacfsa`l `h semmlxar`ldmls!:

‗ Yròbmd {ase wmbmgsalk g`lsrfgs`rw %g`l$srfgs`rw frm l`s alsmrmwsmc al fbb fll`}lgmcg`lsmwsw" {eage lmgmwwasfsmw geflkmw `hcmfcbalmw `r mdyb`qalk g`lsrfgs`rw {e`l`s lmgmwwfrabq frm gfyfobm `h yr`y`walksem d`ws alsmrmwsalk xfrafls sefs gfl dmmssem `rcmralk yfr sq‑w muymgsfsa`lw: adyr`ymryrmyfrfsa`l `h sem g`lsmws oq sem gasq efbbgfl om sem rmfw`l h`r w}ge f was}fsa`l" m,k,fs sem wsfkm `h fll`}lgmdmls yrmyfrfsa`l!:

‗ L` k}acmbalmw `r h`rdfb grasmraf {eage{`}bc hfgabasfsm sfjalk cmgawa`lw fo`}s semalsr`c}gsa`l `h w`dm w`b}sa`lw als` sem gasq wyfgm" m,k, al sem fwymgs `h g`doalalk d`c$mrl h`rdw {ase eaws`rag `lmw:

‗ W}odawwa`l `h y``rbq yrmyfrmc oacw oq g`l$srfgs`rw" {eage musmlcw sem cmfcbalmw h`r semyr`gmc}rmw flc cmbfqw g`dybmsa`l,

‗ S`` hm{ g`lsmw sw" g`d$yfrmc s` smlcmrw al {eagesem yragm aw sem d`ws ad$y`rsfls grasmra`l flcsemrm aw l` grmfsaxasq flcg`dymsmlgm grasmra`l:

‗ L`s sfjalk als` fgg`}ls`yala`lw `h wymgafbawsw"m,k, sem Gefdomr `h Fr$geasmgsw r sem Alwsas}sm hAlc}wsrafb Cmwakl" al semgfwm `h yr`smws al ofcbq h`rd}bfsmc smlcmrw:

‗ L` wsrfsmkag {mbb$se`}kes$`}s fgsa`l %rfl$c`d fgsa`lw!:

‗ L` mhhmgsaxm yr`gmc}rm`h yfsmlsalk acmfw" {eageaw {eq as aw omssmr s` {`rjh`r yraxfsm alxmws`rwk}frflsmmalk sem yr`smg$sa`l `h sem yr`nmgs:

‗ G`lsrfgs`r‑w hfab}rm s`g`dybq {ase yr`nmgsk}acmbalmw,

‗ Bfgj `h g`lwaw smls r}bmw`h g``ymrfsa`l {ase mlsa$samw fcdalawsrfsalk y}o$bag o}ckmsw,

‒A sealj sefs sem dfal yròbmd bamw al sem lflgafb ofrramr ‗ l}dmr`}w yr`nmgsw gfll`s om

adybmdmlsmc wadybq omgf}wm semrm aw l` d`lmq s` c` w`, W`dm yr`nmgsw efxm f g}bs}rfb

al}mlgm flc rfawm sem bmxmb `h f{frmlmww fd`lk cmgawa`l$dfjmrw" g`lsrfgs`rw flc }wmrw,

Flc semq gfl om f d`cmb h`r sem adybmdmlsfsa`l `h `semr yr`nmgsw" m,k, rmxasfba~fsa`l `h sem

Kr~qo`{wja Wv}frm {emrm semrm frm f b`s `h cmwaklmrw flc wymgafbbq yrmyfrmc mbmdmlsw `h

mv}aydmls,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

‒Ymrefyw mlsasamw g`llmgsmc {ase cmwakl we`}bc rmfge alefoasflsw `r gasq efbb rmyrmwmlsf$

saxmw al f d`rm mhhmgsaxm {fq, A c`l‑s dmfl q`}lk ym`ybm omgf}wm semq frm w}hgamlsbq

mc}gfsmc flc cmxmb`ymc s` jl`{ sefs w}ge sealkw fw }lah`rd cmwakl frm muymgsmc al f gasq

semwm cfqw, Sem f{frmlmww `h w`dm gasq f}se`rasamw sefs w}ge fgsa`lw {abb rfawm sem v}fbasq

`h bahm `h sem gasq alefoasflsw aw s`` b`{ emrm—, %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

‒Semwm frm fbb w`dm b`gfb" rflc`d fgsa`lw, [efs‑w kàlk `l fs gasq efb bw bfrkmbq cmymlcw `l

sem fgsaxasq `h b`gfb yr`hmwwa`lfbw flc sem {abbalklmww `h alcaxac}fb gbmrjw flc l`s `l w`dm

rmfw`lfobq adybmdmlsmc `{l y`bagq,— %Mlsrmyrmlm}r!

‒Fs sem bmxmb `h cawg}wwa`l flc cafb`k}m {ase semwm gbmrjw {e` c` l`s v}asm }lcmrwsflc

e`{ ady`rsfls sem cmwakl flc sem v}fbasq `h fl adybmdmlsmc yr`nmgs aw" e`{ ady`rsfls as



88

aw h`r sem mlsarm w`gamsq" omgf}wm semq wmm as hr`d sem flkbm `h rakac r}bmw {eage semq }wm"

omgf}wm" fw A wfac omh`rm" f gbmrj‑w sfwj aw s` mumg}sm f ybfl {ase sem b`{mws muymlwmw flc

sefs‑w sem yròbmd, Semrm frm cmwakl yr`nmgsw" o}s semq frm fbb adybmdmlsmc }walk sem b`{$

mws h}lcw" }lh`rs}lfsmbq,— %Frgeasmgs/cmwaklmr!

‒Bfgj `h wjab bw c}m s` bfgj `h f{frmlmww `h {efs cmwaklalk aw" bfgj `h f{frmlmww g`lgmrlalk

sem mlsarm cmwaklalk yr`gmc}rm" semwm g`lsmwsw ‗ mxml ah semq c` fyymfr ‗ semq frm rkfla~mc

{ase adyr`ymr h rmv}mlgq, Grasmr af h`r yfrsagayfsa`l al semwm g`lsmwsw frm grmfsmc al f {fq

yrmxmlsalk w`dm ym`ybm" {e` frm g`dymsmls flc efxm yfrsagayfsmc al xfra`}w yr`nmgsw" hr`d

sfjalk yfrs al semd" omgf}wm semq gfl wmm sefs seaw yr`nmgs gfll`s om w}ggmwwh}b, %,,,! Flc ah

semq `rkfla~m f gasq alh`rdfsa`l smlcmr" semq {fls q`} cmwakl mxmrqsealk, %,,,! Lò`cq gfl

fhh`rc as wadybq, Lò`cq {e` {`rjw efrc al seaw yr`hmwwa`l flc efw `rcmrw" {eage dmflw

sefs semq jl`{ {efs semq frm càlk" {abb sfjm yfrs al as" omgf}wm semq wadybq gfll`s yfqh`r as, Fw f rmw}bs" {m wsmmr gbmfr `h f b`s `h semwm g`lsmwsw, Semq frm ofcbq `rkfla~mc, Masemr

w`dm grf~q cmfcbalmw frm v}`smc `r q`} efxm s` yrmwmls wmxmrfb g`lgmysw,— %Frgeasmgs/

cmwaklmr!

=,?, Sem gbmrjw‑ lmmcw flc muymgsfsa`lw `h gasq efbb fgsaxasq s` }wm cmwakl

w`b}sa`lw al f d`rm mhhmgsaxm {fq

Fgsa`lw dmlsa`lmc oq sem rmwy`lcmlsw {eage {`}bc dfjm as y`wwaobm h`r gasq

efbbw s` }wm cmwakl w`b}sa`lw d`rm mhhmgsaxmbq algb}cm>

W`gamsq‑w mc}gfsa`l flc fgsaxfsa`l al sem frmf `h cmwakl oq" m,k, `rkfla~fsa`lº

`h mueaoasa`lw/{`rjwe`yw" sfjalk fgsa`lw fadmc fs geflkalk sem ymrgmysa`l `h

cmwakl oq alefoasflsw:

Mc}gfsa`l `h gbmrjw al sem frmf `h cmwakl %al sem h`rd `h srfalalk flc {`rj$º

we`yw! flc wsraxalk s` algrmfwm semar f{frmlmww sefs semq we`}bc g``ymrfsm

flc g`lw}bs wymgafbawsw flc mlsrmyrmlm}rw fgsaxm al seaw wmgs`r fo`}s cmwakl:

Mugeflkm `h alh`rdfsa`l oms{mml mlsasamw alx`bxmc al cmwakl$yr`d`salk fgsa$º

xasq" m,k, `rkfla~fsa`l `h wmdalfrw al {eage ym`ybm alsmrmwsmc al sem alsr`c}g$sa`l `h k``c w`b}sa`lw adyr`xalk sem v}fbasq `h w`gafb bahm g`}bc yfrsagayfsm

%cmgawa`l$dfjmrw flc cmwaklmrw!:

@rkfla~fsa`l h bfrkmr l}domr h g`lsmwsw {ase fwwmwwdmls grasmraf h`r yr`nmgswº

{ase fmwsemsag xfb}m ‗ l`s `lbq sem yragm:

Grmfsalk f g`dymsmls }las efxalk fyyr`yrafsm bmkfb s``bw rmwy`lwaobm h`r gasqº

cmwakl" {eage {`}bc kaxm asw `yala`l `l gasq efbb ybflw flc {`}bc yfrsagayfsm

al yr`nmgs fwwmwwdmls" sfjalk als` fgg`}ls sem fmwsemsagw flc lmmcw `h sem gasq,



8;

_myrmwmlsfsaxm `h gasq efbbw flc sem mlxar`ldmls `h frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw

crf{ yfrsag}bfr fssmlsa`l s` sem ady`rsflgm `h g``ymrfsa`l `h gasq efbbw {ase }la$xmrwasamw flc ws}cmlsw `h cmwakl$rmbfsmc dfn`rw, O`se gbmrjw flc mlsrmyrmlm}rw

mdyefwa~m sem lmgmwwasq `h yrmgawm wymgagfsa`l `h gasq efbb muymgsfsa`lw `h sem

oaccmrw flc sem lfb mhhmgs" m,k, cmlalk sem wsqbm `h sem cmwakl,

@semr w}kkmwsa`lw algb}cm>

Fgg`rcalk s` gbmrjw Fgg`rcalk s` frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw Fgg`rcalk s` mlsrmyrmlm}rw

‗ Bmkfb rmk}bfsa`lw `hk}acmbalmw `l y}obagwyfgm fgsaxasq,

‗ Wsraxalk s` grmfsm bmkfb rmk}bfsa`lw{eage {`}bc obakm sem alxmws`r s` }wmwmrxagmw `h f yr`hmwwa`lfb cmwaklmr"fw hfr fw wdfbb h`rdw `r bflcwgfym

frgeasmgs}rm frm g`lgmrlmc %sem {fq as aw h`r frgeasmgs}rfb wmrxagmw!:

‗ Mlw}ralk f cafb`k}m oms{mml wmg$s`rw" alwsas}sa`lw flc smfdw fyy`als$mc oq sem gasq s` emby s` cmsmrdalmgrasmraf h`r yr`nmgs wmbmgsa`l flcmlw}rm f d`rm mhhmgsaxm adybmdml$sfsa`l `h sem yr`gmww,

‗ Cmlalk sem xawa`l `h gasq fgsaxasq alsem frmf `h cmwakl flc asw g`lwawsmlsadybmdmlsfsa`l `}swacm y`basagfb al$}mlgmw:

‗ Cmsmrdalfsa`l `h rmfbawsag alxmwsdmlso}ckmsw:

‗ Fgg}rfsm h`rd}bfsa`l `h muymgsf$sa`lw `h oaccmrw:

‗ G`lc}gsalk ws}camw `h lmmcw al semfrmf `h cmwakl %w` sefs dfl}hfgs}r$mrw gfl rmwy`lc s` semd!:

‗ Alsr c}gsa`l `h mbmgsr`lag c`g}dmlsgarg}bfsa`l,

‒Sfbjw al sem h`rd `h hrmm cawg}wwa`l {ase wymgafbaws g`dyflamw g`}bc algrmfwm sem f{frm$

lmww `h ymrw`lw sefs sfjm yfrs al sem wmbmgsa`l `h semwm w`b}sa`lw ‗ adyr`xm sem cafb`k}m

flc g`doalm g`dymsmlgmw `h xfra`}w wymgafbaws g`dyflamw {ase smfdw wmbmgsalk sem w`b}$

sa`lw `h semwm yr`nmgsw flc b``jalk h`r w`b}sa`lw s`kmsemr s` lc `}s e`{ s` c` as sem omws

{fq, O}s seaw we`}bc om `yml flc fgg`rcalk s` sem wmbmgsa`l `h gr asmraf {eage gbmfrbq we`{

{eage w`b}sa`l aw sem d`ws omlmgafb, Flc sem gemfymws w`b}sa`lw frm l`s lmgmwwfrabq sem

omws,— %Frgeasmgs/cmwaklmr!

‒Sem w}onmgs efw s` om h`rd}bfsmc al f yrmgawm dfllmr, Semrm aw fb{fqw xmrq bassbm sadm flc

seaw we`}bc om omssmr se`}kes `}s oq sem gasq efbb, _mfbawsag g`lcasa`lw fyyr`yrafsm h`r sem

sfwj" frm fyyr`yrafsmbq wmbmgsmc flc h`rd}bfsmc, Seaw aw w` sefs sem {`rj g`dalk ofgj s`

semd al sem h`rd `h g`lgmysw/yr`y`wfbw aw fgs}fbbq {mbb c`lm, Sem gasq efbb we`}bc yrmwmls

h}bbmr alh`rdfsa`l ‗ {efs semq muymgs flc {efs semq {fls s` kms,— %Frgeasmgs/cmwaklmr!

‒@lm we`}bc wsfrs hr`d cmsmrdalalk sem y`bagq" a,m, sem muymgsfsa`lw `h sem mlxar`ldmls `h

gasq wyfgmw ‗ `ymlalk s` alefoasflsw, Q`} efxm s` `yml s` l}dmr`}w mlxar`ldmls omgf}wm

alefoasflsw fbw` algb}cm }laxmrwasamw" alwsas}smw" mlsrmyrmlm}rw" frsawsag gargbmw" `semr

alwsas}sa`lw" {eage frm gfyfobm `h wefralk semar muymrs jl`{bmckm al f yr`hmwwa`lfb {fq

flc we`{alk sem carmgsa`l, Bms‑w gfbb as w`gafb g`lw}bsfsa`lw ‗ muymgsfsa`lw `h w`gafb wyfgm

cmxmb`ydmls, As aw y`wwaobm s` o}abc k``c cmxmb`ydmlsfb y`bagq `l w}ge jl`{bmckm, As

we`}bc om b`lk$baxmc flc fyybq s` sem wyfgm" s` sem gefrfgsmr `h sem gasq, Flc as we`}bc

om adybmdmlsmc" rmkfrcbmww `h sem hfgs {e`" {emrm flc {eml flc e`{ {abb dflfkm as,—

%Mlsrmyrmlm}r!



85

=,7, Fwwmwwdmls `h cmwakl al Y`bawe gasamw

Fbb rmyrmwmlsfsaxmw `h gasq efbbw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq }lcmrbalmc sefs fbse`}kesemrm {mrm frmfw al semar gasamw {e`wm cmwakl rmv}armc adyr`xmdmls" y`wasaxm

geflkmw g`}bc om wmml" fw f rmw}bs `h fgsa`lw sfjml w` hfr" m,k, alsr`c}gsa`l `h sem

gasq alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmd" sem }wm h omssmr v}fbasq" d`cmrl gasq h}rlas}rm ybfgmc fs

ybfgmw alsmlcmc h`r mxmrqcfq }wm" rmxasfba~fsa`l `h bc hfgabasamw" dfjalk rmws flc

rmgrmfsa`l ybfgmw fxfabfobm {emrm fssrfgsaxm cmwaklw efxm omml }wmc,

[frwf{ flc asw gasq alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmd flc rmxasfb a~fsa`l `h Jrfj`{wjam

Yr~mcdamŚgam {mrm v}`smc fw fl mufdybm `h f gasq {eage }wmw cmwakl

w}ggmwwh}bbq,

=,3, Mufdybmw `h Y`bawe flc M}r`ymfl gasamw {emrm sem }wm `h cmwakl aw

mumdybfrq

Gasamw {eage gfl om f d`cmb al sem frmf `h cmwakl dmlsa`lmc oq rmwy`lcmlsw

rmyrmwmlsalk gasq efbbw frm cawsalk}awemc oq semar frgeasmgs}rfb flc wyfsafb rcmr"

mhhmgsaxm g`doalfsa`l `h `bc eaws`ragfb h`rdw {ase g`lsmdy`rfrq w`b}sa`lw" }la$

gfsa`l `h h}lgsa`lfb h`rdw flc cmg`rfsaxm mbmdmlsw `h o}abcalkw" g`b`}rw ‗ wdfbb

flc bfrkm frgeasmgs}rm fw {mbb fw cmwakl cmsfabw h`bb`{alk sem wfdm yfssmrlw, Al

sem rmwy`lcmlsw‑ `yala`l" w}ge gasamw algb}cm Yfraw" Fdwsmrcfd" Oardalkefd"Ofrgmb`lf" Kmrdfl" W{aww flc Wgflcalfxafl gasamw, Grfg`{ flc [r`gŏf{ frm

Y`bawe gasamw {eage {mrm kaxml fw mufdybmw" fyfrs hr`d [frwf{,

‒Sem d`cmrla~fsa`l `h Jrfj`{wjam Yr~mcdamŚgam al [frwf{ aw f d`cmb h`r }w, As aw v}asm

g`dd`lbq srmfsmc fw f y`wasaxm mufdybm, %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

‒Semwm frm w`b}sa`lw g`llmgsmc {ase xaw}fb acmlsagfsa`l `h seaw gasq ZFdwsmrcfdT,

Mxmrqsealk efyymlw al sem gasq wyfgm ‗ sem gefrfgsmr flc sem cmsfabw, O}s mxml cmsfabw

{eage fyymfr" h`r mufdybm" `l eqcrflsw `r crfal g`xmrw `r {emrmxmr frm g`lwawsmls flc

rmyrmwmls sem wfdm orflcalk se`}kes, Flc seaw aw cmlasmbq f d`cmb h`r dm {eage A {`}bc

bajm s` fgeamxm,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!

=,=, Gasq cmxmb`ydmls xawa`l

Gbmrjw sfjalk yfrs al sem ws}cq e`ymc sefs al f hm{ qmfrw semar gasamw {`}bc om

kmlmrfbbq d`rm `rcmrmc al smrdw `h frgeasmgs}rm flc cmwakl" l`s `lbq al sem frmf

`h w`dm cmwaklfsmc cawsragsw `r wsrmmsw, Semq {`}bc bajm alsmrmwsalk flc {mbb$

se`}kes$`}s cmwakl al sem h`rd `h `rakalfb yr`nmgsw s` om `lm `h sem mbmdmlsw `h

alsmkrfsmc gasq cmxmb`ydmls omg`dalk yfrs `h sem gasq wyfgm flc cmsmrdalalk asw

fmwsemsagw flc grmfsalk f g`lwawsmls adfkm `h sem gasq,



81

Fgsa`lw s` om sfjml algb}cm>

_mxasfba~fsa`l flc d`cmrla~fsa`l `h ady`rsfls y}obag }sabasq hfgabasamw %m,k,º

rfab{fq wsfsa`lw!:

Alsr`c}gsa`l `h gasq alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmdw:º

Cmxmb`ydmls `h krmml frmfw:º

Yr`xacalk gasq h}rlas}rm s` gasamw `r yfrsw `h semd:º

Cmlalk r}bmw `h gasq fcxmrsawmdmls ybfgmdmls s` `rcmr sem gasq al seaw frmf,º

‒A {`}bc bajm sem gasq s` efxm mv}aydmls flc wdfbb frgeasmgs}rm mbmdmlsw `h sem eakemws

v}fbasq flc A {`}bc bajm ym`ybm s` wfq sefs semrm aw f cmdflc h`r w}ge w`b}sa`lw al `}r gasq,

A {`}bc bajm sem krfyeagw sefs w}rr`}lc }w s` om f yr``h `h frsawsrq flc s`y e}dfl wjab bw al

seaw frmf,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!



Fllmu ‗ k``c yrfgsagm> mufdybmw `h cmwaklw/yr`krfddmw

al sem frmf `h cmwakl }wm al sem wsrfsmkamw h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls

h`r wymgag y}ry`wmw %v}fbasfsaxm ws}cq!8,



;?

8, Fllmu ‗ k``c yrfgsagm> mufdybmw `h cmwaklw/yr`krfddmw al

sem frmf `h cmwakl }wm al sem wsrfsmkamw h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls h`rwymgag y}ry`wmw %v}fbasfsaxm ws}cq!

Mufdybmw `h cmwaklw/yr`krfddmw al sem frmf `h cmwakl }wm al sem wsrfsmkamw h`r

gasq cmxmb`ydmls h`r rmgrmfsa`lfb y}ry`wmw ‗ fgg`rcalk s` gbmrjw>

Cmxmb`ydmls `h {fsmrhr`ls rmgrmfsa`lfb frmfw ‗ cmxmb`ydmls `h raxmrwacmº

frmfw" m,k, o`}bmxfrcw" gasq omfgemw" rmgrmfsa`lfb gmlsrmw {ase {fsmr wy`rsw

hfgabasamw:

Grmfsa`l `h lm{ flc rmxasfba~fsa`l `h muawsalk gasq yfrjw ‗ oq alsr`c}galkº

wymgafb bakesalk mbmdmlsw `r mbmdmlsw `h mv}aydmls {ase eakemr frgeasmgs}rfb

wsflcfrcw:

Grmfsalk oagqgbm yfsew flc alhrfwsr}gs}rm g`llmgsmc {ase oagqgbm srfhg %cm$º

waklalk oagqgbm wsflcw!:

Grmfsalk ybfgmw h`r c`alk wy`rsw" m,k, gbadoalk {fbbw" wjfsm yfrjw,º

‒Sem yr`nmgs `h srflwh`rdalk Xaws}bf o`}bmxfrcw" algb}calk rmgrmfsa`lfb mbmdmlsw" frgea$

smgs}rfb h`rdw" cmsfabw" gasq h}rlas}rm {fw xmrq ady`rsfls omgf}wm seaw g`lgmys {fw wmbmgsmc

al sem g`lsmws" flc l`s fl`semr `lm, Seaw cmwakl `oxa`}wbq wmrxmw rmgrmfsa`lfb y}ry`wmw,

Wymgafb bakesalk mbmdmlsw flc mv}aydmls mbmdmlsw frm alsr`c}gmc c}ralk rmxasfba~fsa`l

`h sem muawsalk gasq yfrjw {eage efxm eakemr frgeasmgs}rfb flc cmwakl wsflcfrcw, Semwm

frm l`s mbmdmlsw {eage {mrm sem gemfymws `r sem d`ws mhhmgsaxm" o}s w}ge {emrm sem h`rd

{fw waklagfls,— %Gasq efb b mdyb`qmm!

Mufdybmw `h cmwaklw/yr`krfddmw al sem frmf `h cmwakl }wm al sem wsrfsmkamw

h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls h`r rmgrmfsa`lfb y}ry`wmw ‗ fgg`rcalk s` frgeasmgsw flc

cmwaklmrw>

Hrflgm> gasq yfrjw ‗ semdfsag flc caxmrwamc ‗ gasq wv}frmw" krmml frmfw" m,k,º

Yfrj Bf Xa`bms" Yfrj Gasr`ml:

Wyfal %Ofrgmb`lf!> gasq wv}frmw" v}fqw" wmfwacm yr`dmlfcmw }walk alsmrmwsalkº

frgeasmgs}rfb flc cmwakl h`rdw" w}ge fw> wsmyw" h`}lsfalw:

O}cfymws> gasq wv}frm was}fsmc omb`{ sem wsrmms bmxmb fbb`{alk h`r lakes bahm:º

B`lc`l> rmxasfba~fsa`l `h mdofljdmlsw flc y`rsw" yfrjw" wv}frmw" alsmrmwsalkº

w`b}sa`lw al alcaxac}fb cawsragsw" m,k, fl frmf al sem gasq yfalsmc `lm g`b`}r:



;7

D}lage> rmgrmfsa`l {aseal gasq wsr}gs}rmw ‗ krmml galmdf" f ybfgm h`r fbbº

jalcw `h fgsaxasq %wy`rsw ~`lm" cflgm ~`lm!, W}o}rofl rmgrmfsa`lfb ~`lm"sefljw s` {eage alefoasflsw c` l`s efxm s` craxm 699 jd s` rmws al fssrfgsaxm

w}rr`}lcalkw:

Gflfcf> [`lcmrbflc Fd}wmdmls Yfrs,º


gasq cmxmb`ydmls h`r g}bs}rfb y}ry`wmw ‗ fgg`rcalk s` gbmrjw>

G`lwsr}gsa`l `r rmxasfba~fsa`l `h g}bs}rfb hfgabasamw" w}ge fw> hfgabasamw h`r `r$º

gemwsrfw" `ymrfw" semfsrmw flc fdyeasemfsrmw" d}wm}dw" baorframw" o``j g`b$bmgsa`lw" frs kfbbmramw:

@rkfla~fsa`l `h hmwsaxfbw" m,k, f}ca`xaw}fb frsw:º

Wsrmms frsº yr`nmgsw" m,k, yfalsalk d}rfbw }lcmr sem gasq‑w f}wyagmw,

Mufdybmw `h k``c w`b}sa`lw al sem frmf `h cmwakl }wm al sem wsrfsmkamw h`r gasq

cmxmb`ydmls h`r g}bs}rfb y}ry`wmw ‗ fgg`rcalk s` frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw>

[frwf{> [frwf{ _awalk D}wm}d" _`qfb Gfwsbm:º

Lm{ Q`rj> D@DF d}wm}d ‗ fw fl mufdybm `h fl alsmrmwsalk frgeasmgs}rfbº

cmwakl:

[r`gŏf{> G`lsmdy`rfrq D}wm}d" g`lgmrs efbb:º

Wgflcalfxaf> `yml$far `ymrf `r g`lgmrs efbb fw f hfgabasq h`r xawas`rw" {eageº

alsmkrfsmc als` sem bflcwgfym {ase {fsmrhr`ls b`gfsa`l:

B`lc`l" Lm{ Q`rj" Yfraw ‗ efyymlalkw }walk alsmrmwsalk cmwakl h`rdw,º


gasq cmxmb`ydmls h`r rmd`xalk ofrramrw s` cawfobmc ym`ybm ‗ fgg`rcalk s` gbmrjw>

Alsr`c}gsa`l `h wsrmms flc yfxmdmls w}rhfgm mbmdmlsw embyh}b h`r ym`ybm {aseº

xaw}fb adyfardmls:

Cmwaklalk gasq h}rlas}rm flc `semr wdfbb mbmdmlsw %m,k, ob`gjalk y`wsw!" ml$º

w}ralk wfhmsq flc g`dh`rs s` sem cawfobmc ‗ yradfrabq h`r sem xaw}fbbq adyfarmc

`r se`wm w}hhmralk hr`d d`s`r cqwh}lgsa`lw ‗ h`bb`{alk g`lw}bsfsa`lw {ase sem

mlxar`ldmls `h cawfobmc ym`ybm:



;3

Alsr`c}gsa`l `h y}obag srflwy`rs xmeagbmw %o}wmw! fcfysmc s` sem lmmcw `h º

{emmbgefar }wmrw %b`{ ``rw" mbmdmlsw hfgabasfsalk sem mlsrq `h {emmbgefarw!:

Alsr`c}gsa`l `h f gasq alh`rdfsa`l wqwsmd sfjalk als` fgg`}ls sem lmmcw `h º

cawfobmc ym`ybm:

Mlw}ralk fggmwwaoabasq `h y}obag }sabasq o}abcalkw oq fcn}wsalk sem bmxmbw alº

y}obag wyfgmw %alsr`c}gsa`l `h rfdyw" fcn}wsmc wsmyw" ba hsw!,

Mufdybmw `h k``c w`b}sa`lw al sem frmf `h cmwakl }wm al sem wsrfsmkamw h`r rmd`x$

alk ofrramrw s` cawfobmc ym`ybm ‗ fgg`rcalk s` frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw algb}cm>

d`cmrl rfdyw" fssrfgsaxm wsmyw flc rfdyw efrd`la~alk {ase sem gasq‑w frgea$smgs}rm %W{as~mrbflc" Kmrdflq" B`lc`l" Lm{ Q`rj" Fdwsmrcfd" Efhhml Gasq al

Efdo}rk!,

Mufdybmw `h cmwaklw/yr`krfddmw al sem frmf `h cmwakl }wm al sem wsrfsmkamw

h`r gasq cmxmb`ydmls h`r sem fgsaxfsa`l `h q`}lk ym`ybm" mbcmrbq ym`ybm" w`gafbbq

mugb}cmc kr`}yw fgg`rcalk s` gbmrjw>

Cmwakl yr`nmgsw `h ybfqkr`}lcw flc yfrjw }walk lm{ cmwakl flc wyfsafb h`rdw:º

Bahsw bmfcalk s` }lcmrkr`}lc yfwwfkmw:º

Gmlsrmw yr`d`salk grmfsa`l h frsw flc sem yrmwmlgm h g}bs}rm al y}obag wyfgmw,º

‒Ym`ybm {e` }wmc s` om mugb}cmc" h`r mufdybm yfrmlsw {ase wdfbb geabcrml al yrfdw `r

sem mbcmrbq" g`}bc l`s rmfge fbb ybfgmw, Mbmdmlsw `h y}obag srflwy`rs flc semar cmwakl frm

sfrkmsmc fs seaw kr`}y `h ym`ybm,— %Gasq efb b mdyb`qmm!

‒[m efxm dfcm cmwaklmrw rmlm sem frgeasmgs}rfb flc cmwakl h`rd `h bahs wefhsw flc ja`wjw

{eage gfl om wmml hr`d sem `}swacm" fyfrs hr`d mlw}ralk h}lgsa`lfb flc smgelagfbbq

mhgamls mbmdmlsw,— %Gasq efbb mdyb`qmm!


fgsaxfsa`l `h xfra`}w w`gafb kr`}yw ‗ fgg`rcalk s` frgeasmgsw flc cmwaklmrw>

Yfraw {ase f b`s `h hfgabasamw g`llmgsmc {ase w`gafb fgsaxasq, Semdm yfrjw fwº

f rmwy`lwm s` sem lmmcw `h sem b`gfb g`dd}lasq:

Còwwmbc`rh ‗ s{`$bmxmb raxmrwacm o`}bmxfrc" {eage aw f rmwsalk ybfgm flcº

f ybfgm h`r mxmls `rkfla~fsa`l:



;=

[frwf{ ‗ rmxasfba~mc yfrj al Kr`ge÷{ {ase r``d h`r xfra`}w fkm kr`}yw"º

mv}ayymc" h`r mufdybm" {ase kqdlfwsag mv}aydmls h`r sem mbcmrbq:

Y`rs}kfb ‗ f bfrkm" {fsmrhr`ls yfrj wv}frm ‗ f wgamlgm yfrj {ase hfgabasamw h`r º

geabcrml flc mv}aydmls h`r c alk wy`rsw alsmlcmc h`r sem mbcmrbq,

Raport - "Rola wzornictwa w strategii rozwoju polskich miast i regionów"

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Transcript of Raport - "Rola wzornictwa w strategii rozwoju polskich miast i regionów"