Piotr Jonathan Consciousness

8/14/2019 Piotr Jonathan Consciousness

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49

3Ucscus, Cscus, d

Mcscus Sc CgPiotr WinkielMan d Jonathan W. SChooler

IntroductIon

Sc cg xps mcsms sc bv usg ccpsd mds sd w d ds cgv psycgy d cg-v scc s w s w ds suc s cgv, sc, d cv

uscc. ts ppc d mb pgss udsdg scpcp, mmy, sg, m, d judgm d d sgs -wd sc ssus, suc s pm dcs mg, sypg, d cu-u dcs (s cps). W csd cscusss vy sc cg pm. W s w pp cscus ,d cscus , dug pcp, mmy, m, d dcs mgd w s ms sc c. W vw sv dgs, bu m

mp, w s c pspcv cscusss dsm cuy dm vws sc cg. ou pspcv s md byc dvpms cgv psycgy, pcuy mcg-, d dws w dscvs usccs.

W s w w sc ms, msy gg , v ys,psycgy scd m vwg cscusss s dspsb cmg sucssy. W dscuss w d cscusss d s pssb uc-s d mcsms. ts gvs us ppuy cmm sm cu- dbs sc cg, cudg umcy pupsv bvd spsc ucscus pcp, g, d dcs mg. W

m dsc cc md u cp mg vs wss d vw sc dsscs mg m vs ucscus, cscus, d m-w. rfcg bs ms, ugu

Mention specific

chapters.


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SocIal cognItIon: the BaSIS o human InteractIon50

w dscuss mcsms cscusss css d vs xp dcud pm m d sgs sc cg, cudg pcp,ps, mmy, judgms, d dcss.

hIStory

rfcg s pspc s, y scc psycgy ws scd wcscusss. i c, mj g ws ccuy ccz cscus c-s, wc wud sbs cgu bsc m ms smbs pcs Mdyv pdc b (Bg, 1953). t md -spc ssumd cc ms m (ugs, gs, vs) pcp cscusy ccssb. ty mg y scp xpc -, bu w pp g cus d pg, scs c cpu ms

ss m ms d dscv wu s bw m. a mp- ssump ws psycgy sud b udmy sd m- vs (.., c-bg, ss) bu s muc mvs (.g., sscv cs, fxs, pysgc pcsss, c.). S, v y psycgss dmd sm ucscus pcsss. F xm-p, hmz musy ppsd vs s mdd by ucscus -cs, ws Jms dbd bs d subcscus (ksm,2007). Bvsm, d mb m psycgy bjcv d qu u sccs, bug dsv spc d msc c-cps cscusss. ag w s cm b bv s umyud c vm, d smw pvdg mcscxps bv wud m ccps cscusss vsupfuus (ksm, pss). t su sd cg md-1970s

w cgv psycgss vvd bc bx d bg c ssus cd d umc pcssg (S & Scd, 1977), sc (km, 1973; Ps & Syd, 1975), d ucscus pcp(Mc, 1983). aug w dd sp s m, ws gwg c-g cscusss mg b spcb, usu, d pbby cssy (Md, 1975). S, gmcy pc ws uy sbsd d

w vy w s cscus, s sudyg cscusss (Cucd, 2005).Psycgc jus uy cy cs cscusss, s d g ju-s suc s Science dNature, d ju us (.g., Consciousnessand Cognition) d sus u ccs (Association or Scientifc Studyo Consciousness) xcusvy ddcd s pc. t ussm s ymd psycgy. t cdscv Dna, Fcs Cc, gcs uscc d dcd cscusss gs puzz cmpy sc-c. Subsquy, v cd pssby bgc ccu c-scusss The Astonishing Hypothesis (Cc, 1994). idd, sm mssg c dscvs uscc cm m cscusss sc-

s (edm, 1989; Sg, 2000; t, 2004). t s s xcg w cmpu scc mcsc, bu mv, xps cscus-ss d cc (.g., Cms, 2005; hzy, F, & ory, 2007). ad,psps y bwc d uw c w b s suc

Page number ofquotation.

Page number of

quotation?

Correct to change to1994 (per references

and publication datefor the title)?


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unconScIouS, conScIouS, and metaconScIouS In SocIal cognItIon 51

s Mystery o Consciousness, Consciousness Reconsidered, Reclaimed, d vExplained (Zm, 2002).

i s cugg sc cg scs v wys b

gm, v pvg sm y mpus wd vv s c-scusss. tus, fu sudy swd smuus vu c b cd

v ucscus m xpsu (kus-Ws & Zjc, 1980). a p-g sudy swd pps cscus bs bu cuss wbv c b dds w cu cuss (nsb & Ws, 1977). Sc , v b my fu suds ucscus fucs sc p-cp, c, sg, judgm, d bv. icy, muc sccg w cscusss s wys b md swg s ms, umpc (Bg, 1989). ts mpss cus (Djsus & ndg,2006; Wg, 2002; Ws, 2002), v s dscps pgssvy cus

udsdg cscusss s. ag w cms sc sccg w gs mpcpcp, g, uds, s-sm,s-ccps, syps, pssp, gs, d s (Gwd ., 2002).1hwv, v s b mps xp ms ucscusmd (Bums, pss; Gwd, 1992).

deInItIon and dIStInctIonS

Bu, w s consciousness? t m s s qu sppy. t Concise OxordEnglish Dictionary ss w mj mgs: (1) s bg cscus d(2) s wss pcp smg. hwv, Wbss dcysss my s v d ds, d bs cscusss dv pgs u-cdg d mgs (.g., Zm, 2002). tus, s usu gg d- sss wc m pps psycgc u. ts w sw us bfy cmm sm dbs sc cg.

Conscious as Awake and Mindful

t wd conscious c gb s dvdu. o us s wd

s sm w vg s ppsd sp cms. t spy-vg dms s ypcy vsgd by ugss, ug sm s-g sc cg suds swd szd ps m mpc, bu xpc, mmy vs dug sugy (ksm, Scc, C, hu,& B, 1990). Pps, m v mg cscus s dscp gb s s mdu s ppsd b- dms. i ss, bg cscus s by v subjcv xpcs, wss, dss,d cmpx ugs d pm fxb, s-d, pupsu bv-s. F xmp, ps pvsv vgv s (PVS) m gusp-w cycs, spd smp smu (.g., wdw d m

sp bjcs), y csdd cscus d pssssg psdbcus by m ccs, pcss cmpx m, sw fx-b bv, d pupsv cs (luys ., 2002).2 i s cuyusu cs bv mdc d g vw cscusss s ss

Which one?

Should this bepersistent?


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psd w sc cg vw mmzs cscusss cmpx ug, cc, d pupsv bv. Dsp smdc cscusss dcs ( smps, s ksm, pss), w

cuy dub sc cg scs susy bv s dsc bw pp d bs d wud dy ccd ysomegs dcss ucscus, d ysometimes ss vuyc s usy. W u s ssu s cp.

Conscious as Subjectively Experienced

t scd mj mg wd conscious s c subjcvsus pcu m c (pcp, ug, g). Bg c-

scus ms bg psd subjcv xpc d, s su, p-y vb p d us c bv. i s ss psycgss sd w ucscus pcp-s, mms, gs, uds, ms (Bg, 1989; Gwd, 1992;

Wm & Bdg, 2004).t s w ms c m c cscus d w ms

vb p d c bds g sc cscusssw sc m-cg, wc c s ucv bw pps m ss d bs bu s m ss(k, 2006). t m-cgv pspcv, wc guds muc u vw s cp, ggs m c c sd s cscusss. Fs, m c c b guy ucscus. o cs-sc xmp cms m sc s-cd bd-sg ps w dmgdpmy vsu cx ( V1 s cx) bu c subcc vsupwys. ts ps c dscm smp vsu m (.g., c- sp) d us m pg bv wu bg b

vby p dscm (Wsz, 1986). i cs, mps (.g., x s squ) s guy ucscus p uyds w s ws w sp ws psd. Scd, m-

c cud b xpy cscus, xsg gg xpcwu bg fcd . F xmp, pvb s ypcy ssumd v cscus xpcs (.g., cgz d b ppy s m; p, ug, d psu) bu md m-wss. a ss-spcuvxmp cms m cssc xpms cc mmy, wc swd pp mpy w muc g mu m psd vsu mx y c spusy p (Spg, 1960). td, mc c b m-cscus ( m-w) d b xpcy psds c s w cscusss (Sc, 2001, 2002; Sc, ay, &

lws, 2003; Sc & Scb, 2004). i s s yp cscusss s ypcy ssssd w xpm ss pcps quss ,hw ppy d yu w? Dd yu c y bfy psd wds? ,Dd yu pusu g X yu bv?


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unctIonS o conScIouSneSS

a c ssump sc cg s m m s psd

sv vs. accdgy, muc sc cuss udsd-g w s d vs, pps sysms, c (Sc &Dusc, 2004; Sm & DCs, 2000). S, w dsguss ucscus,cscus, d mcscus ps? ts qus ucs mg pbm pups cscusss pbm cvd v-y uc d mcsc sws psycgc u. i g-, scs v mpszd d cscusss s sscd w ()spc ccss m c d (b) spc ucs c b pmd s c.

Conscious Access

Sv s ps cscusss s ps sysm cczdby spc ccss m c. o usu mw s gb wspcy, wc ppss cscusss ucs w cmmuc,spcy, d cd bw my sd, p subpcsss um md (Bs, 1988). Cscusss csus gb wspc wc vus c pcsss c bdcs ucms d c cmm gug (m gug ug, cugug). as su, pvusy dpd d sd c pcsss

c cd, squc, d sucu cs, us pg gsmcvg s gs. F xmp, by psg c, vsu, d udy p-csss cmm mx, gb wspc ws v css-md d css-mp ccs (.g., t squc musc s i jus d s sm d s squc cd gs i sw b.). i s psumbyps us udsd xpsss suc s bu md, b cd, sp cs, ud (rmcd, 2004).3 Bu, m mp, s gb ccssb-y cscus pss ms m vb vb p d g-v pcsss suc s cscus judgms, sg, d pg dgudg c.

Bu, w gvs pss cscus gb ccss? Cgvscs mpsz sg (Cms, 2005). t sg cpus d pss qu c sby dquy b y c wg mmy, w y c b cvy m-d, d bcm ccssb p p. o dm sgs cv, wc u s dmd by my cs, suc s smuus gy(g psd ms m y cscus bfy psd ms);my ( gs qu, m m ms bcm cscus s ss-m ms); ccy (m c ms m y b cscus

d ms); d s . rps sg s s fucd by cusd pcpu mp d sc vs (cscus d c-scus) s scp. tus, bjcvy vy w smuus c ccscusss cvs pcssg, d s pcpu


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cmp (Bmy & ogm, 2006). isgy, c sc sws,smw pdxcy, cusd cscus my b cssy sm ucscus pcsss (kc & tsucy, 2007). F xmp, subm

pmg s cd by cug c (Sum, ts, Yu, & ncv,2006), d mbc spss sg b cv smu scp cusd (Pss, Mck, Guz, & Ugd, 2002). tsbsvs my xp wy s my succssu subm pmg pdgms sc cg qu subjc s pyg spcc sc (v pm ms vsb). i my s xp wy my sccgv suds ucscus pcsss us ubusv subm- pmg. i s suds, pcps xpsd smu dy c-scus, dd, d pgd s (.g., s p sc-uscmbgs csswd puzz), w ucscus m vc

s subsqu judgm mpc pcu smuus dms.i s, cusd mg b pcd my ucscus cs.

a c mdus w m c s cscus s d w mc d uc dscc. tus, vsu ps pvusy md bd-sg ps c b sg ( c dv pgbv) bu ms ucscus bcus s scd w vsu pwys(Wsz, 1986). Smy, bs (.g., bg) my vv pss vy bus, bu ucscus, bcus y y sd msysm (Cms, 2005). a uc dscc my ccu w pus c w cuy pcssd m. F xmp, dsc,pgd, uusu, d dymc v (.g., g swy wg ug m pp pssg bs c ) c m ucscus, v wpcps sc (Sms & Cbs, 1999). o xp sbdss s v s cmpb w cu m md (..,gzd scm) su pcps cu pcpu gs.

Fy, s sm xcg uscc sc mcsms cscus ccss. Sm vdc suggss cscusss pss m mug cv s pps gd by scy cvy (Sg,2000; t, 2004). F xmp, cscus pcp smuus s ssc-

d w sycus cv g sscv ccs, pcuy p-, p, d cgu s, ws ucscus pcp ssscd y w c cv (D, Cgux, nccc, Scu, &Sg, 2006). Css w s ds, cc w s sw p-

vusy md ps PVS (w bu ucscus) sw y czd,mdy-spcc spss smu, ws ps mmy cscuss sw c spss css mup ssy d sscv sysms(luys ., 2002).

Conscious Thinking

Sm gu cscusss bs g-d, mg-bsd, u-vu-psvg pcssg m (Bc, 1995; S, 1997). i cs, ucscus s scd smp, sscv yp pcssg. ts


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dsc smbs, ug ds cmpy vp, w du-pcsss sc cg. F xmp, Sc d Dusc (2004) suggsd sc cg s cd u by w sysms: fcv sysm s

wdg bu cs d vus d mpusv sysm bsd sscvs d mv s. t d m bs wc w sysms y dms yps spss y gd. t fc-v sysm, dwg ppss bu wd, ds spss bsd csds. i cs, mpusv sysm, dwg sscsd mpuss, ds sd cs.

Ds pcssg mg qu cscusss? ts qus s sub-jc g db, wc ucs cy ssus bw sm-c cg d sscsm (McCd & rgs, 2003). i s w wdyccpd submy psd pcus d wds c cv d

smc d cv cgs (Gwd, D, & abms, 1996; Mc,1983). ev submy psd sg dgs c cv mgud m- (D ., 2006). tus, s dub cmpx c c bucscusy cvd css mg dms. hwv, vdc ucscus smcprocessing, umc activation, s sps. Fxmp, ucscus pmg spds p- w-wd -m, s ssv bsc ps gs (, u-, ds-),d c pcss w-dg umbs (abms & Gwd, 2000). o cud

wd s ms s bcus subm pss d vy wsmuus pu. hwv, sm sus d w pu s cscus, d ycscus pcssg cpcy s ducd. tus, pcssg msuc s g ( dss) cusy (sm cuss ) qus cscuscpcy, ws pcssg m bu ssc ds (Dusc,Gws, & Sc, 2006; humm & hy, 2003). i cu dms- s p, DW d Bums (ud vw) psd pcps

w sdd s Gdu rcd exm (Gre) yc pbmsd sd m sv m ud ypc cds ud cgv d. nsupsgy, dd pcps dd muc ws.

M gy, s dgs gg dc bw ps

my cmpx m pcsss c b md u umcy m ps s pcsss d qu cscusss (.., v qud ).t us xmp, ms dus c d bsc mupc b umcy

v sscv c (2 ms 2 s 4). hwv, bvs uc-scus cuy ds mupc. i smpy ms gy d psbcm umc v m d c vuy b pmd by dumb ssc-v v (lg, 1988; rcd, 2005; Sm & DCs, 2000).4

t mg dumb ucscus (lus & kg, 1992) s cyb cgd by cms ucscus g (Djsjus, Bs, ndg,& v B, 2006). F xmp, sudy, pcps w qucy (ug

cscusy) psd w s 12 psv d gv bus c buu d cs (.., 48 bus , w c vg 75% psv -bus, w vg 50% psv bus, d vg 25% psv bus).o gup pcps (md cscus s) md dcs

Is 1988 correct as

provided? If not,provide 1998 refer-

ence and mention1988 reference

in text.


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4 m db d gup (md ucscus s) 4m ggg dscg gm-svg s. isgy, uc-scus s gup ws ms y cs gd c, w cscus

gup mg cc. F us, s sus swd ucscusg y cs dcss bu s mg b b cscusg. hwv, ps pssb. Fs, s c wy ds-c by gms ms cscus ug smpy ducs smu. i s, pps dvgs dsc ccu bcus y p pv vg d cug c m cv smp uscs.i c, w bs su pbm s smpy cu umb ps-v bus, ggg dp pcssg cuss bu m-g mg d subpm dcs mg (Ggz & Gds, 1996).accdgy, bs ucscus ug my y ppy s-cd -

g pbms, wc bu c ds m c b cscusy sd bu wgs b ucscus ug.as, s sg gvg pp 4 m cscusy bu smp cc pducs y cc sps , s cmpcd gu u c w 12 (75%) psv bus s b c w 4(25%) psv bus. ts suggss pbm cud by cscuss my smpy cus bu g bus, pps bcusc s suscpb pmcy ccy cs d c by -md s (Ss, 2006). i s, w c vdc ds suggs smms xsv db, dg wc s sc mpcsuy g ucscus pcssg ms b dmd.

Conscious Control

Cscusss s sscd y w spc ccss m c bu sw spc ps c b pmd s c. Sv sps ud umb m c, us g cscusss

w cgv scss c xcuv ucs (nm & Sc, 1986).5o spc c s sc. tus, cscus c c b py

dd d md wg mmy dscdd dd.a spc c s y. ac c b dby sd dsppd c b dyd u ppp cds pp. Scdug c-fcs c b svd, d w cs c b sbsd. Fy, w ccms fxby. tus, m c c b usd dpv, u wys,d d sps cs c b b d gd. ts smp p wscy gy dmsd sudy wc pcps d cm up

w v s, musc mpvss, sg dwgs. n supsgy,pcps ud cgv d pducd pv, fxb, d uspg

ws (Bums, Scmc, DW, & Vs, ud vw).

o sg spc cscus c s s scd cpcy. tus,y w ms c b mpud m; ps mus b pmd s, p s; d sv bcs (Ps,1998). i c, s d b vwmd by pw ucscus


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gv w my ccds cusd by pp mpg mus (.g.,g c p w dvg; lvy, Ps, & B, 2006), m- vus sc d pysc dsss cusd ud fuc vus

cscusss-mpg subscs. Cscus ps s qu d s mbcy csy. as us s p, c ss suds s sw mpug dvdus bd gucs v csm c bsc ss Sp s, ug suppss, mgu, c, m sc ss cpg pg (G ., 2007). ts s, cus, by supsg gv msus u- ucg, suc s ps mss mgpc (Pet) scg, wby msug gucs csump b, wc s cd mycgg ss (Wd, 2006).

o cus, ms c cscus. t wd s d w

mcc dvcs, y mss, umcy cc cd- subd pcss d djus s p (Ssy, 1992). t umbdy s my sysms cmpx c ps (.g., msc mpud bd sug mcsms). Fu, sv m pcsss umcydjus p bsd cxu cds (Cv & Sc, 1990).tus, pp ucscusy gu y mvms c x pcssg(rc, Ps, Fs, & ry, 1998) d ucscusy djus d mv-ms cpu dsd bjc (tsc, Bd, hy, & Suv, 2003).Fy, pp ypcy uw sv spcs c qud c spg d wg.

i dm sc cg, my ppss dvdusgg ds umc c (Fzsms & Bg, 2004). o cs s pusu ucscus gs. t vdc s cms m suds

wc dvdus pmd submy ubusvy w g-d wds(.g., cp, cv, mmz) sw cspdg djusm bv (.g., sw m pu bv, sv m pbms, mmbm ds). Fu, y pp b ssv cds ud wc g s ppp d c succss g pusu. ts dgs s-g, bu c xpd s suds s vy d m c

sc xcuv ucs. Fs, ucscus g pdgms y ubusv cv pmud, sdd gs, mu v gs. Scd, s gs d qu pcps vcm s-g v bv (.g., g gs pp dcy), bu p wbv ccs dy pdmd (pcps c cp cmp, w d c vy qu). td, ucms y ump d d qu pcps fc mg csqucs cs. accdgy, w suspc my cs b-ud ucscus gs smpy fc fuc pms p vgu xpm su, cudg gvg pcps d w d

w muc y suppsd d (s Fs, lbm, & Fdm, 2007, dscuss).6 Fy, w ucscus g cv cy ps ud smcds, ucscus gs v y b sw pssss yg ppc-g pcy fxby cscus gs.7

Provide 1992reference. Or should

this be 1979, asprovided?


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idd, dd g swd pspcv cscus-ss mdg bvs, ps d wd bug bu um c ucscus mcsms my py v udsb cs

pps s-guy by. a sudy (Vs & Sc, 2008) xpsd smpcps xcp m Fcs Ccs The Astonishing Hypothesis cus vw cscus c s ppm, s, ppc y mgu s w. Cmpd cs, pcps xpsd mssg cscus c s usy bvd m mmy ps-sv cg s. Mv, csd cg ws mdd by dcsdb w. i scd xpm, xpsu dmsc smsd pcps vpy msvs cgv s v pcps

w w xpsd sms dsg w. o cus, suc dgs d sp cu ccy cscus c. nvss, y d s

ccs bu mpc scc dsmss cscus c mgv ppu g d us u gg mpc vsg dg wc scc s sw cscusss b mp(S, Sc, & Vs, pss).

Metaconscious Monitoring

as w dscussd, sm ms c mg b umzd d ucscus,bu s cy vv cscusss. i c, m c my quxpcy cug c cscus s bg mc-scusss. a gd xmp s md wdg ( zg u) dug dg.aug w p ds v mgd p mds u cps y v b dg , w suspc ds v d xpc suddy zg , dsp bs s d c ysv cud mv css pg, y d d w y d bdg. Md wdg suggss c mg sysms d cc mds dg d sd qu g-v xpc mg pcss sc spcc cs ug d c yv wdd s. Sc d cgus v usd md-wdg

pm xm uc m-wss dm wcmd wdg s c succss (s Smwd & Sc, 2006, vw). Spccy, Sc, rc, d hp (2005) dvpd pdgm dy mp pss m-wss dug y dmdgs dg. i s sc, pcps d pssgs x d dcdvy m y cug mds zg u. ty w sd wy d b w y d b zg u p pg . i scd cd, pcps w s pbd my d sd d-c w y d b zg u mm. t sus vd pcps () quy cug msvs zg u dug dg, (b) w

s cug zg u by pbs, d (c) quy pd yd b uw y d b zg u, pcuy w y wcug by pbs. ts dgs dms dvdus quy cm-wss dg s, v w y sudy wc y

Order of namescorrect as in refer-

ences? Update hereand in references.


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spccy sucd b vg suc pss. i sum, xpc m-g v (mcscusss) cs c p p. aug up sysm c d md djusms du m ss wd d

cds, w yg mj ccus, p s s dd d su. ts scd v gu s my m sucs vb , bu bcus dws cscus pcssg, s suc dmdg d,s gud s cp, c v w cyg u ccu ss.tus, s mp cv y w dd s ms cvpmc my ccu w dvdus c smy p wu vg dby fc w y dg.

dISSocIatIonS Between levelS o awareneSS

t dscuss s suggss y gv mm dvdus bvfcs vy fucs. t s ucscus m, cudg v-us c mg pcsss m u djusms. t s s -m sm cscusss (xp cscusss). Pdcy,wv, md cus sus qu m suc-dpdcscus mg pcss. i c, ccus ym xpcy mps sw qus, W m i g g? Gv s swpss dscp s s, s s, s dvdu-s ppuy sp u su, wc my b cc my vv bvs wc dvdus cpb. hwv, s ss pssby -dscp pcss dvdus mg g wg.

M spccy, ds dsscs bw vs mps. t access dissociations, wc m s ccus ds fuc bv bu s v dcy ccssd by cscusss. t s w dd dsscs w m cm mcscus-ss vvs m ps cs cscusss(Sc, 2002). Temporal dissociations ccu w mcscusss mp-y s sc cu cs ug (.g., g c s md wdg dug dg). Translation dissociations ccu

m-ps pcss mspss g xpc. Suc dssc-s pcuy y w vby fcs vb xpcs mps sc mbguus xpcs. Sv sg sc cg-v pm us s d dsscs.

Access Dissociations

a sg dssc ccus w ps s cv s (s dm-sd by s mpc bv, pysgy, d cg) wu vgcscus ccss s (s Wm, Bdg, & Wbg, 2005,

cmpsv dscuss). ts d ucscus c my sm ysg, bu , vuy spg, cscus ps cs cvm cmpd w by spd cvy vsmu, wc s psd ms s smp s s d ps. accdgy,

Should this be2005a or 2005b?


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bsc cv uccuy s cd subcc b d cp v bsc cx (Bdg, 2003). hwv, vuyd uscc csds c y b suggsv ucscus c

ypc ums. accdgy, Wm . (2005) v sd s p-ps psycgc suds md dsscg mpc smp cvsmu bv m mpc cscus gs. F xmp, sudy pcps w submy psd w ss ppy, u, gy m c xpsss. immdy subm c duc-, pcps d cscus gs d pud d csumd vd. t sus swd gs cscus gs w ucd bycv cs, v ug cs fucd csump bv, spcy

w pcps w sy. impy, pcps s suds d ccss cv c v w dg - gs

v w y w d s gs cud bs judgm (Wm,Zjc, & Scwz, 1997). Smy, Fs (2003) ud mpus bsc cv dcs, v m fx vsus m xs, fuc d wu fucg cscus xpc mds. i sum, s d-gs suggs c b gu ccss dssc bw udy-g cv pcss d s cscus wss.8

Temporal Dissociations

Smms, m c s cscusy xpcd wu bg xpcyppsd mcscusss. tmp dsscs usd by css

wc duc mcscusss cuss ssss spcs xp-c d pvusy udd xpc pps. Sv pm pssuc dsscs.

w-Bi appiss W xpcy c u w mss (.g., suss, cuss) u sm ps m u us. i wcmmy c mcscusss cv ss, ws duc-g cuus mcscusss c my xpc. Sc

. (2003) xpd s ssu by sg pcps p - ppssw sg dcy mbguus musc (Svsy). t sus swd cuus dc mg ducd dvdus psmusc gs p-pss v cd wc pcps sd musc wu m-g. t c dc mg d pcps xpc suggss by du dvdus , ms, y my mcscus cv s.

aii aumc bvs ssumd b ucscus(Bg, 1997; Jcby, Ys, & Jgs, 1997; Wd, Qu, & ksy, 2002).

hwv, s pcuy s dsg. Csd ps dvg u-mcy w ggg sm scdy s (.g., g). aug sucdvg s cmpmsd, s xpcs d sm v. tus, mppp ccz cscusss umc bvs my b

Should this be2005a or 2005b?


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y xpcd bu c mcscusss, y g dw dvdus u dcuy.

u ts Wg (1994) suggsd dvdus pssss mpc mg sysm cs uwd ugs (.g., w b) d v wy m m. Bu, w xcy s s sysm mg? Wgsuggss s mg cs pcscusss (.., ugs , bu bw, sd cscusss). hwv, , d p-ps m uv pssby, s sysm cuy ms cs c-scusss s. t s, pps dvdus c cscusy bu wb wu xpcy zg y dg s. i s cs, mgsysm c cc uwd ug d s v m-w-ss, c syg: t yu g g, g bu uwd ug.

rc vdc s ccu cms m sudy wc pcps wsd y bu pvus mc sp w dg

w smpy sg quy (Fsm, Smwd, & Sc, 2006). as s-dd uwd ug pdgms, pcps w sd s-p vym y cd uwd ug cmg md. i dd, wv, y

w pdcy dmy sd w pcu mm y wvg uwd ug. t sus vd pcps quyxpcd ucd uwd ugs bu pvus sp y xpcd bu d c u y w pbd. Fu, s u-cd uwd ugs w dm pcps pmc s dg m, suggsg g y w cscus. igugy,pcps wm uwd ugs cd m wg (.., ys wsd y w sp) w ss y pcps w g wd b sp c ugs msvs d my b cug vg ug. ts suggss cgv dss d bs dsubg ugs ucscus bu pv us m fc-g m (Sc, 2001).

Translation Dissociations

t d mcscusss qus psg cs cscus-ss suggss sm m my bcm s dsd s-, s w y cdg pcss. t d s g spcss my b pcuy g w dvdus () vby fc -y vb xpcs, (b) mvd msps xpc, (c) pssss y y s css w cu xpc.

vb rfi t sm xpcs y dcu pu wds: sucu c, s w, cmpx s

Svsy, us dg sgs. i dvdus mp vbzs y vb d sc xpcs, sug pssmy d jusc g xpc. Sc d egs-Sc(1990) xmd cs dscbg cs, wc, bcus sc


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u, usy dcu cmm wds. Pcps vwd c dsubsquy dscbd d ggd ud vb cvy.

W gv cg s cudd d pgp g

c, g w sm dscs, vbz pcps pmd subs-y ws cs. ts c vbz, mdverbal overshadow-

ing, s b ud vy dms vsu mmy (Sc, F,& Bdm (1997), cudg cs (Sc & egs-Sc, 1990) dsps (Bdm, Sc, & Gbb, 1997) s w s mds sucs ud (Sc ., 1997) d s (Mc & Sc, 1996). Smdsups sug m vb fc v s b bsvd vus dms ypszd y vb cg. tg ud dugpbm svg c dsup uv pcsss sscd w sg pbm

svg w vg c gc pcsss sscd w ycpbm svg (Sc, oss, & Bs, 1993). Vby fcg bss cv judgms c w quy cv dcs m-g, s ssssd b by ps xps (Ws & Sc, 1991) dby pscc ssc (Ws ., 1993). Vby cug bss mc bw gc ss c duc pps ssvy mg-u dp-sucu sps w csg mpss supcsuc-sucu sps (Sc, Qu, & Sc, 1999). o cus, my css vb yss c b pu. ts ccus w xpcs d-y sd wds, du u s (.g., gc pbm

svg, Sc ., 1993) dvdus uqu vb xps (.g., wxps, Mc & Sc, 1996). hwv, u p s smms vy pcss cug xpcs c su s dsscs,

w m-wss mspss cscus c.

mii i sm sus dvdus my w msps xp-cs msvs. F xmp, mpbc dvdus my w c-gz w y usd by dpcs msxu cs (adms, Wg,& l, 1996). t s, dvdus my cscusy xpc us bu,bcus mv, bcm m-w (s s lmb &

Mc, 2002). ou pspcv s suggss d vw pss. Fudgud pss pvd uwd gs m cmg cscus-ss, bu w wud sy pmy pvs suc gs m cg m-wss (Sc, 2002).

tis Fy, s dssc c ccu dvdus v uy y bu w y sud b g pcu su, wc cs pps cu xpc. a cmpg xmp s cms m pps ps xpc ccg b (Mcld,

rd, & Ds, 2003). Ms pp bv s y wc b, yss s d g dw wg jcy b. idd, s s cs w wcs sm s cc b. hwv, w pp cc b msvs, y cuy m b pcsy sm vsu g.


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nvss, w pp w jus cug b sd w y xpcd,y y y xpc w y cuy dd.

unconScIouS or not metaconScIouS?

S, w c w mpcy dsgus bw pcsss guyucscus cscus bu m-w? ts s cy s u vbp cud su m b bsc xpc d bsc m-wss. Dsgusg bw s vs s sy s vy smdgs c b sby csud m pspcv. F xmp,

Wm d Bdg (2004) pd dgs dc msus v-g upd cv ss s vdc ucscus m, wsSc d Scb (2004) pd sm yps d s suggsg

cv xpc wu m-wss. a ps, s vy dcu ds-gus bw s w ccus; wv, uu suds my p dju-dc bw m. F xmp, upd ss dd psd cscusss, pcp y sud b fucd by mpusgg cscusss, suc s cgv d xpc mg.

expcs bsc m-wss c s b vd -spcvy. F xmp, s pssb cc cscus bu m-w ss

w x pb pcdu, wc, s dscbd, ws succssuy usd sc zg u d ucd uwd ugs. i pcp, smsgs cud b usd pdgms. F xmp, pps dvdus w spusy p g (.g., cmp) cud b cug cscusyxpcg suc g ss pbd g m. i my s b pssb dvdus by cuy scuz p s. F xmp, dvdus xpcg smg wu m-wss m, pcp my b pssb v pp c d s w gvsm dd suc s-sg (.g., mduss g) by mvgbss du mv. F xmp, dvdus gg ug bup mc sp my spcvy cgz ps xpcs jusy g d pvusy scpd m-wss. o cus, spcv

yss v w ps s s pssb ss my vcuy b xpcd m (Jsy & Sc, 2006). hwv, d-vdus cpb spcvy pg ss wc y c bss c (.g., dmg w y w subjc submy psdmd mpus), ccus s ws xpcd smssb. Umy, dm w upd ss guyucscus xpcd bu m-w w cm dw ssssm ppdc vdc c cs.

Summary and concluSIonS

ou g s cp ws s pspcv cscusss sccg. W s ggd cscusss s cuy s s ypcs cmpy scc d csd s vw ccs dsmsss


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cscusss sc cg. W dscussd w ms m vscscus d ggd cscusss cmpx ug d c.Fy, w dsgusd mg ucscus, cscus, d m-w vs

d dscussd dsscs bw d vs pss, gg-g smgy ucscus vs my smpy b cg m-wss.i ccus, cy, s muc ( ms) scc s ds ud-sd bu cscusss. i c, sm bv sm s cc us, subjcvy, w wys scp scc scuy (S, 1997). o d, s s b mb pgss psycgy, cgv scc,d uscc. W d s s sc s swg cscusss sump bu s pvdg m cmpsv udsdg s w w , , d c. i s cugg d sc cg-

sc s muc cbu s bjcv.

acknowledgment

W b ds sp, gus dbc, d cdbpc. Supp ws pvdd by n Scc Fud (nSF) g P. W. (BCS-0350687) d ShrCC g J. S. ts cp gy pdm dscusss s ssus w ry Bums, k Bdg, PcCucd, Z Ds, h Ps, V. S. rmscd, Dvd Ss,J Ssy, d pcps Cd Spg hb 2007 cc,nw Fs Suds ncscus Pcssg.

noteS

1. Sm psycgss sv s mpc d c pc m dmcbs bud ucscus (ksm, 2007; M & rgd, 1998;Ss, 2005, 2006)

2. n amc ds w mmb t Scv, w dd 2005. as su g sv ugc ssssms, cudg ss pupsv bv, s

ws dcd ucscus, d dg ub ws mvd (Cp, McCy, &Ss, 2006).

3. n css-md g c b umzd ucscus, suggsg ccss gb wspc mg b y dd y cc vsss d spss. t mus McGu c uss y u-mc fuc vs spc pcp bu s vu css-md -g uy cscus xpc (McGu & McDd, 1976).

4. a bv sm ucscus sud mp sv v mmcpbm, mupyg 87*65, ud cgv d xps msvs s

pbm b gg sp s ucscus pvds sw mg.

5. as Bg (1989) pd u, s smms pssb dssc cscusss dc.

Spell out SHRCC.


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6. i sm ucscus g pdgms, pcps cud cuy b cscus g bu jus cusd bu s suc. as w dscuss, s mup wys wc gs cud b cscus bu vby pd bcus mp d

s dsscs.7. img wg xpm: Pcps m w b d dd. Pcps s d c, cscusy, g s . nx, p-cps gv ucscus pmg pcdu w mup wds d g dg. W pdc vy w, y pcps, wud bv ccdc w m c, bu ucscus g d.

8. t d ucscus m ds mpy cscus gs ucssy cg m c (lDux, 1996). Cscus ppss,xy, g, gu, d sdss cc pps . n y d y m w vg (w wud py muc subsc ms us ucscusyppy), bu s y usu judgms d dcss (Wm, kus,

Puus, & tuj, 2007). as w cscus d ucscus gs, uu scmy dcy cs pw cscus d ucscus ms.

reerenceS

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