Miguel & Sunga-Vargas_RSA

8/9/2019 Miguel & Sunga-Vargas_RSA

1/47

Development of theDevelopment of the

Resilience Scale for AdolescentsResilience Scale for Adolescents(RSA)(RSA)

Marian M. Miguel, MAMarian M. Miguel, MA 1,31,3 and Marie Ann S. Vargas, PhDand Marie Ann S. Vargas, PhD2,32,3

11College of Rehabilitation Sciences,College of Rehabilitation Sciences, 22Graduate School,Graduate School, 33University of Santo TomasUniversity of Santo Tomas


2/47

Page 2

resilienceresilience: the ability to cope effectively

with stress and adversity and the positivegrowth following homeostatic disruption

Richardson, 2002

A Filipino is pliant as a bamboo. Neither typhoons nor monsoons could

break the Filipino spirit; like the bamboo, it sways and bends with

natures relentless onslaughts, but it refuses to yield or die.

I. V. Mallari


3/47

Page 3

adolescentsadolescents: individuals from 12 to 18

years old

Plotnik, 2005

adolescenceadolescence: phase when individuals are

exposed to more risks as they experiment

with alternative roles and lifestyles

before forming a relatively stable identity

Alampay & Nisperos-Puente, 2007


4/47

Objectives of the StudyObjectives of the Study


5/47

Page 5

Objectives of the studyObjectives of the study

1. Determine the item composition of the Resilience

Scale for Adolescents (RSA) in its preliminary form

2. Establish the psychometric properties of the

preliminary form of RSA


6/47

Page 6

3. Determine the item composition of the Resilience

Scale for Adolescents (RSA) in its final form

4. Establish the psychometric properties of the final

form of RSA

5. Identify the normative structure of the ResilienceScale for Adolescents in terms of percentile


7/47

To develop an instrument thatTo develop an instrument that

would assess the resilience levelswould assess the resilience levelsof adolescentsof adolescents


8/47

Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical Framework


9/47

Page 9

Richardson's Resiliency ModelRichardson's Resiliency Model

Homeostasis: point where the

person has finally adapted to

challenges

Protective factors:shield the

person fromstressors

If

the

stre

ssor d

isrup

tsthebalance, reintegration follows but

itmay be a healthy or unhealthy

one


10/47

Page 10

Bronfenbrenner'sBronfenbrenner'sEcology of Human Development ModelEcology of Human Development Model

The individual issurrounded by

five interdependentsocial

structures called the Circlesof

Influe

nce

The levelsofinteractioninthese

systems are very essential tothe

developmentofthe person


11/47

Conceptual FrameworkConceptual Framework


12/47

Page 12

Ecology of Human

Developmentof Bronfenbrenner

Resiliency Model

of RichardsonResilience

&

%

*INTERNAL PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Personal qualities that are innate or developed

EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Relationsofthe individual with the environment, perceived

sincerity of environment

ADVERSITIES

Variables referring totrialsthat are commonly experienced by the public


13/47

Research MethodologyResearch Methodology


14/47

Page 14

Research MethodologyResearch Methodology

RESEARCH DESIGN:

Instrument Development Project

Item pooling

First and final runs

Reliability and validity testing

Item analysisNorm construction


15/47

Page 15

RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS:

Purposive sampling

Government and private high schools in

Manila City

Enrolled high school students

Based on the availability of the class as

permitted by school administrators


16/47

Page 16

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

Survey questionnaire (essay)

RSA Preliminary Form (210 items)

RSA Final Form (68 items)

RSA is answerable using Likert scale:1 strongly disagree

2 disagree

3 agree

4 strongly agree


17/47

Page 17

Research ProcedureResearch Procedure

First runRSA PreliminaryForm was administered to the first group of HS students

N=692

Reliability testing: Internal consistency using Cronbachs and Standard Error of Measurement

Validity testing: Contrasted-group method using t-test for Independent SamplesItem analysis using Item Endorsement and Discrimination Indices

Final run

RSAFinal form was administered to the second group of HS studentsN=652


Validity testing: Contrasted-group method using t-test for Independent SamplesComparison of Preliminary andFinal reliability coefficients usingFishers Z

Norm structure identification using Percentile

Item Pooling for RSA PreliminaryFormBased on readings and survey questionnaire

N=131

23

4

5


18/47

Page 18

StageAdministered

questionnairesValid questionnaires Invalid questionnaires

Item pooling: urvey questionnaire 13 13 100% 0 0%

First run: RSA Preliminary Form 692 607 88% 85 12%

Final run: RSA Final Form 652 609 93% 43 7%

Total 1357 1229 91% 128 9%


19/47

Page 19



N=692



Final run






N=131

23

4

5


20/47

Page 20

StageAdministered


Item pooling: Survey questionnaire 13 13 100% 0 0%



Total 1357 1229 91% 128 9%

Invalid questionnaires:

Obvious patterns of answers

Incomplete

No answer

Same answer for all items


21/47

Page 21



N=692



Final run






N=131

23

4

5


22/47

Page 22

StageAdministered


Item pooling: Survey questionnaire 13 13 100% 0 0%



Total 1357 1229 91% 128 9%

Invalid questionnaires:

Not within the age range

Obvious patterns of answers

Incomplete

No answer

Same answer for all items


23/47

Page 23

Demographic Profile

N=609

Frequency Percentage

Ge

nder

Male 331 54%

Female 278 46%

Age

18 39 7%

17 107 18%

16 125 20%

15 138 23%

14 125 20%

13 74 12%

12 1 0%

Religion

Catholic 456 75%

Christian 53 9%

Other religions 66 11%

No answer 34 5%

Perceived Monthly

Family Income

Below PhP 5000 119 19%

PhP 5000 to 9999 81 13%

PhP 10000 to 39999 161 26%

PhP 40000 to 69999 90 15%

PhP 70000 to 99999 40 7%

PhP 100000 to above PhP 200000 90 15%

No answer 28 5%


24/47

Page 24



N=692



Final run



Validity testing: Contrasted-group method using t-test for Independent Samples



N=131

23

4

5


25/47

Results and discussionResults and discussion


26/47

Page 26

1. Determine the item composition of the ResilienceScale for Adolescents (RSA) in its preliminary form

INTERNALINTERNAL

PROTECTIVE FACTORSPROTECTIVE FACTORS

Personal nature ofthe individual

May be innate or developed overtime and

experience

EXTERNALEXTERNAL

PROTECTIVE FACTORSPROTECTIVE FACTORS

Perceived good or unhealthy associationsthe

individual has built around the self

Belief aboutthe sincerity and trustworthiness

ofother people

RESILIENCERESILIENCE


27/47

Page 27

Number of items Percentage

Internal Protective Factors 90 42.86%

Positively-stated items

Ite

mc

onsiste

ncy check

(78)

(12)

(37.15%)

(5.71%)

External Protective Factors 120 57.14%


Item consistency check

(108)

(12)

(51.43%)

(5.71%)

Total 210 100%

RSA Preliminary Form: 210-item questionnaire answerable using the Likertscale:

1 strongly disagree 2 disagree 3 agree 4 strongly agree

1. Determine the item composition of the ResilienceScale for Adolescents (RSA) in its preliminary form


28/47

Page 28

Reliability testing

Internal Protective Factors External Protective Factors Total Resilience

Cronbachs 0.92 0.94 0.96

SEM 6.59 7.97 10.63

Internal consistency: consistency of results acrossitemsonthe same test

If an adolescent was to be given the RSA twice after a time interval, it is highly

possible that he will obtain scores that are more or less close to each other.

RELIABILITY TESTING: measuresthe consistency ofitems and stability ofthe testStandard error of measurement:indicatesthe dispersionofthe measurement errors when

trying to estimate the respondents true scores fromthe observed scores


possible that they will attain if not exactly the same score, at least a mark within these

ranges.

Cohen & Swerdlik, 2007

2. Establish the psychometric properties of thepreliminary form of RSA


29/47

Page 29

2. Establish the psychometric properties of thepreliminary form of RSA

Validity testing


Group Mean tvalue Decision Mean tvalue Decision Mean tvalue Decision

Higher

27%

n=164

301.65

29.9 Significant

401.58

32.3 Significant

699.43

29.8 SignificantLower

27%

n=164

248.71 326.30 578.89

*Significant at .01= 2.60

VALIDITY TESTING: checksifthe testmeasures whatitissupposed tomeasureContrasted-group method: distinguishes high-scorers from low-scorers based onscoresofthe higher and lower 27% ofthe respondents

Test items ofRSA Preliminary Form can distinguish more-resilient students from less-

resilient ones.



30/47

RSA Preliminary Form is a reliable andRSA Preliminary Form is a reliable and

valid instrument.valid instrument.


31/47

Page 31

3. Determine the item composition of the ResilienceScale for Adolescents (RSA) in its final form

ITEM ENDORSEMENTITEM ENDORSEMENT

INDEXINDEXUsed as an appraisal ofthe English

language tomake sure thatstatements

were not difficultto understand

ITEM DISCRIMINATIONITEM DISCRIMINATION

INDEXINDEXUsed to distinguish very good items from

those thatneeded improvement and

are considered poor

ITEM ANALYSISITEM ANALYSIS


32/47

Page 32

Index ofItem

endorsement

Qualitative

description

N % Item number

.81 and above Easy 0 0%

.20 to .80 Moderate 171 81%

1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24,

25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,

42, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61,62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,

76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93,

95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,

111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122,

123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133,

134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143,

144, 145, 146 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 159,

160, 161 162 163 164 165 167, 169, 170, 171, 173,

175, 176, 177, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,

187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197,201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 210

.19 and below Difficult 39 19%

3, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 23, 28, 29, 35, 43, 44, 45, 52, 53, 59,

78, 82, 83, 91, 94, 100, 108, 109, 110, 113, 120, 125,

148, 149, 154, 155, 156, 166, 168, 172, 174, 178,

179, 188, 198, 199, 200, 206, 207

Total 210 100%



33/47

Page 33

Index of

Discrimination

Qualitative

description

N % Item number

.40 and above Very good 119 56%

7, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 31, 32, 36, 38, 42, 46, 48, 49, 50,

51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74,

75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97,

99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116,

118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130,

131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141,

142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153,

157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169,

170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 184, 185,

186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201,

202, 203, 204, 205, 208, 209

.30 to .39 Reasonably good 35 17%

1, 2, 5, 9, 12, 16, 17, 18, 25, 33, 34, 37, 40, 41, 55, 61,

64, 65, 68, 71, 76, 86, 88, 98, 102, 117, 124, 137,

160, 174, 180, 183, 191, 197, 210

.20 to .29 Marginal 20 10%4, 6, 10, 11, 15, 20, 26, 30, 39, 47, 78, 82, 87, 89, 100,

101, 110, 168, 172

.19 and below Poor 36 17%

3, 8, 13, 14, 23, 28, 29, 35, 43, 44, 45, 52, 53, 59, 69, 83,

94,108, 109, 113, 120, 125, 148, 149, 154, 155, 156,

166, 178, 179, 188, 198, 199, 200, 206, 207

Total 210 100%



34/47

Page

34

Items with 0.40 to 0.80 values for

both item endorsement and item discrimination indices

were accepted.



35/47

Page

35

Number of items Percentage

Internal Protective Factors 34 50%



(34)

(0)

(50%)

(0%)

External Protective Factors 34 50%



(34)

(0)

(50%)

(0%)

Total 68 100%

RSA Final Form: 68-item questionnaire answerable using the Likertscale:

1 strongly disagree 2 disagree 3 agree 4 strongly agree



36/47

Page

36

4. Establish the psychometric properties of the finalform of RSA

Reliability testing


Cronbachs 0.92 0.91 0.95

SEM 3.51 3.74 5.23

Standard error of measurement:indicatesthe dispersionofthe measurement errors when

trying to estimate the respondents true scores fromthe observed scores


possible that they will attain if not exactly the same score, at least a mark within these

ranges.

Internal consistency: consistency of results acrossitemsonthe same test


possible that he will obtain scores that are more or less close to each other.


37/47

Page

37

4. Establish the psychometric properties of the finalform of RSA

Validity testing


Group Mean tvalue Decision Mean tvalue Decision Mean tvalue Decision

Higher

27%

n=164

127.29

36.8 Significant

129.17

37.5 Significant

254.60

35.9 SignificantLower

27%

n=164

98.00 99.49 199.61

*Significant at .01= 2.60

Contrasted-group method: distinguishes high-scorers from low-scorers based onscoresofthe higher and lower 27% ofthe respondents

Test items ofRSA Final Form can distinguish more-resilient students from less-

resilient ones.


38/47

Page

38

Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (25-item questionnaire)

reliability property:=0.89 and test-retest reliability of 0.87

validity property: positively correlated with Kobasa Hardiness Measure (r=0.83)

and negatively correlated with Perceived Stress Scale (r=-0.76) and Sheehan

StressVulnerability Scale (r=-0.32)

Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-2 (2-item questionnaire)

reliability property:interclass correlationof 86.5%

validity property: positively correlated with Kobasa Hardiness Measure (r=0.30)

and CD-RISC (r=0.78) and negatively correlated with Perceived Stress Scale (r=-0.51) and Sheehan StressVulnerability Scale (r=-0.61)

Connor & Davidson, 2003; Connor, Davidson & Vaishnavi, 2007


39/47

RSA Final Form is a reliable and validRSA Final Form is a reliable and valid

instrument.instrument.


40/47

Page

40

Level PercentilesInternal Protective

Factors

External Protective

FactorsTotal Resilience Score

High100th 129-136

126-128

131-136

128-130

257-270

250-25690th

Above Average80th 122-125

120-121

124-127

121-123

242-249

239-24170th

Average60th 117-119

113-116

118-120

115-117

232-238

227-23150th

Below Average40th 109-112

106-108

112-114

108-111

222-226

214-22130th

Low 20th

100-10534-99 100-10734-99 200-21368-19910th

Percentile: dividesthe range ofscoresintoten and set boundarieson high and low scores.


5. Identify the normative structure of the ResilienceScale for Adolescents in terms of percentile


41/47

Page

41

Level Percentiles

Internal

Protective

Factors

External

Protective

Factors

Total Resilience

Score

High

100th 129-136

126-128

131-136

128-130

257-270

250-25690th

Above

Average

80th 122-125

120-121

124-127

121-123

242-249

239-24170th

Average

60th 117-119

113-116

118-120

115-117

232-238

227-23150th

Below

Average

40th 109-112

106-108

112-114

108-111

222-226

214-22130th

Low

20th 100-105

34-99

100-107

34-99

200-213

68-19910th

Internal Protective Factors:individual is yetto develop moreresilient qualities, has difficultybelieving in himself and seeingsuccessin his future

External Protective Factors:individual is having difficulty intrustingpeople around him, needs affirmationthat he can believe inthe protection

provided by the environment

Total Resilience score:individual is less-resilient, easilybreaks down after a challenge, easy tolose hope and seesno brightopportunity, lackstrustinself and tothe people around them

Internal Protective Factors:individual already hasthe resilientqualitiesthat he needs butisstillencouraged tomaintain positiveoutlook

External Protective Factors:individual perceivesthat hisenvironment provides him with theright defense when facing adversities

Total Resilience score:individual has developed internalqualitiesthatmake a resilient person,believesthat he can counton hisenvironmentto guide him whenever hefaces challenges

Internal Protective Factors:individual has highly developedresilient qualities, findsit easiertolearn and move on after a challenge,grows even when having difficulties,

finds hope and sees a bright future

External Protective Factors:individual feelssecure and knowsthatthe environment canshield him fromharm, firmly believesthat hissurroundings can be source of

protection

Total Resilience score:individual ismore-resilient, cansurpass difficultiesshielded by hisint

ernal re

silie

ntqual

itie

sa

nd a

nenvironment he can depend on, has

developed positive characteristics andmaintained positive relations with otherpeople

BELOW AVERAGEBELOW AVERAGEAVERAGEAVERAGEABOVE AVERAGEABOVE AVERAGE


42/47

Page

42

The Resilience Scale for AdolescentsResilience Scale for Adolescents is aself-rated measure with sound psychometric

properties. On the account ofhigh reliabilitycoefficients and remarkable validity results, the

RSA has the makings to be valuable in school and

clinical settings.


43/47

RecommendationsRecommendations


44/47

Page

44

1. Since the final form of the RSA is both reliable and valid, it

is recommended that this be used in school and clinical

settings as guideline in conducting programs for

adolescents.

2. The RSA is standardized and can objectively measure

Internal and External Factors and assess a Total

Resilience score.

3. Translate the RSA to Filipino and other dialects to caterto more adolescents.


45/47

Page

45

4. Add more item consistency check to prevent faking of

answers.

5. Validate the RSA by comparing it to psychological tests

measuring resilience.

6. Administer to specific adolescent groups for the purpose

of establishing particular group norms.


46/47

Thank you very much!Thank you very much!


47/47

Development of theDevelopment of the

Resilience Scale for AdolescentsResilience Scale for Adolescents

(RSA)(RSA)

Marian M. Miguel, MAMarian M. Miguel, MA 1,31,3 and Marie Ann S. Vargas, PhDand Marie Ann S. Vargas, PhD2,32,3

11College of Rehabilitation Sciences,College of Rehabilitation Sciences, 22Graduate School,Graduate School, 33University of Santo TomasUniversity of Santo Tomas

Miguel & Sunga-Vargas_RSA

Documents

Transcript of Miguel & Sunga-Vargas_RSA