md,s NdIdjnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/sGr13TG Pali.pdf · 01 mQcH f;ßmeye fïOxlr ysñ ^fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h&"...

i

md,s NdIdj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

13 fYa%‚h

^2018 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ'&

iïNdjH NdId yd úfoaY NdId wxYh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

YS% ,xldj

fjí wvúh : www.nie.lk

úoHq;a ;emE, : [email protected]

ii

md,s NdIdj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

13 fY%aKsh

m%:u uqøKh - 2018

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ISBN

iïNdjH NdId yd úfoaY NdId wxYh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

YS% ,xldj

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk

úoHq;a ;emE, ( [email protected]

uqøKh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iii

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;s wka;¾.;h mokï jQ úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dfjys m<uq wÈhr j¾I 2007 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska YS% ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd fok ,È'

m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾Yajhka bÈßm;a

l< fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsÍfï ls%hdj,shl m%;sM,hla f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks wÈhr wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd §u 2015 jif¾ isg wdrïN lr we;'

fuu ;d¾lSlrK ls%hdj,sfha § ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d" mokï uÜgfï isg Wiia

uÜgu olajd l%udkql+, j f.dvke.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isria ixl,kh Ndú; lr we;s w;r úúO úIhhkays § tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bÈßm;a ùu yels ;dla wju lsÍu" úIh wka;¾.;h iSud lsÍu iy ls%hd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;% úIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;'

.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu" bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfhys id¾:l j ksr;ùu"

mka;s ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mßÈ fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ud¾f.damfoaY ,nd §fï wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y÷kajd § we;' mka;s ldurh ;=< § jvd;a M,odhS .=rejrfhl= f,i lghq;= lsÍug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY WmldÍ jkq we;' isiqkaf.a ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï yd ls%hdldrlï f;dard .ekSug .=rejrekag wjYH ksoyi fuu.ska ,nd § ;sfí' tfuka u ks¾foaYs; mdG .%ka:j, we;=<;a jk úIh lreKq ms<sn| j jeä nr ;eîula fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYj, wka;¾.; fkdfõ' tu ksid fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhSùug kï wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iu. iu.dó j Ndú; lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'

;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j,

uQ,sl wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñ§ YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjla yd jvd;a ls%hdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu u.ska jev f,dalhg wjYH jkakd jQ ksmqK;d yd l=i,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh lsÍuhs'

kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsÍfï § cd;sl wOHdmk

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iv

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a m‚úvh

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01 mQcH f;ßmeye fïOxlr ysñ ^fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h&" rdclSh mKaä;" Ydia;%m;s ^úYsIag

mka;s& mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud ^úYsIag mka;s&" mYapdoa Wmdê WmfoaYk

ämaf,daud" wOHdmkm;s" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u'

ndysr f,aLl uKav,h

^1& uydpd¾h mQcH kdìß;a;kalvjr [dKr;k ysñ" rdclSh mKaä;" î' ta' ^f.!rj&"

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^3& mQcH nKavdrfj, r;kidr ysñ ^md,s úIh WmfoaYl - msßfjka& rdclSh mKaä;"

Ydia;%m;s" msrsfjka YdLdj" wOHdmk wud;HxYh" biqremdh'

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ljr ks¾udKh mQcH wE.,af,a Oïudkkao ysñ" Y%S ðkjxY wkqiaurK Ndjkd uOHia:dkh" kj.y we," kqjr.," fmdf,dkakrej'

vi

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh i|yd Wmfoia

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh" wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< 13 fY%aKshg wod< md,s úIh" ksmqK;d mdol j mdi,a yd msßfjka ;=< ls%hd;aul lsÍu iòyd Tng u`. fmkajhs' mka;s ldur bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha § .=rejrhd ;=< Okd;aul jQ;a m%fndaOd;aul jQ;a is;=ú,s yd ls%hdldrlï fkdue;s kï zW,am;g by<ska .`. fkd .,kakdla fuka Z wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska wfmaCIs; m%;sM, ,nd .; fkdyel' ta wkqj wOHdmk fCIa;%fha jákdu iïm; jQ .=re iïm;g wh;a Tnf.a Wfµda.h u; fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfha Wmfoia m%dfhda.sl jkq we;' ta wkqj fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh uq, isg ^wOHCI ckrd,af.a mKsúvfha isg& ie,ls,af,ka lshjd fyd`Èka wjfndaO lr .ekSu w;HjYH fõ'

2007 j¾Ifha isg YS% ,xldj ;=< ls%hd;aul jk ksmqK;d mdol bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ms<snò .=rejrfhl= f,i Tn we;eïúg fydò wjfndaOhla ,nd we;' hï úIhhla ms<snò isiqka ksmqKhska ùug kï weiSu" ±lSu yd lsÍu hk wxY ;=fkys u ls%hdldÍ j fhÈh hq;= h' W.;a foaj,a m%dfhda.sl Ôú;fha § iqixfhda.S j fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj we;akï Tyq ksmqKfhls'

2018 j¾Ifha isg ls%hd;aul lsÍu iòyd Tn w;g ,nd fok fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lr" orejka úNd.fhka iu;a lrùu u muKla tl u wruqK fkdúh hq;= h' Tnf.a bf.kqï b.ekaùï ld¾hfhka fY%aIaG .Kfha mqrjeisfhl= ìys lsÍu m%Odk wruqK úh hq;= w;r úYsIag f,i úNd. iu;a ùu isiqka ,nk w;sf¾l m%;s,dNhla jkq we;' wOHdmkfhka úNd. iu;a ùfï ksmqK;dj fkdj Od¾ñl Ôú;hla .; lsßfï ksmqK;dj we;s l< hq;= h'

md,s úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< 13 fY%aKsh i|yd ksmqK;d 10la olajd we;s w;r mka;s ldur bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha myiqj iòyd tajd ksmqK;d uÜgï ^mshjr& 26lg fnod we;' fuu uÜgï 26 iòyd .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfha mdvï tall 27la olajd we;' iEu wdo¾Y mdvï tallhla u bf.kqï m, .Kkdjlska iukaú; jk w;r tu bf.kqï m, w;a lr .; yels wdldrhg bf.kqï b.ekaùï ld¾hh mka;s ldurh ;=< isÿ l< hq;= h' .=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú; lrñka fhdað; ld,h ;=< wod< úIh lreKq .%yKh lr.ekSfuka miq isiqkag bf.kqï m, w;a lr .ekSug yels jQ m%udKh ;lafiarelr ne,Su o mdvï tallh wjidkfha isÿ úh hq;= h'

mka;s ldur bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha È isiqkag yd mka;shg WÑ; mßÈ jvd;a ks¾udKYS,S l%uhla Ndú; lsÍug .=reNj;dg ksoyi we;s w;r isiqkaf.a ksmqK;d ;j ÿrg;a ixj¾Okh ùu iòyd jeä ÿr .fõIKhg fhduq l< hq;= h' fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ;=< ld,Éfþo .Kkh lr we;af;a úIh wka;¾.;h ms<snò ie,ls,su;a fjñks' j¾Ihg kshñ; ld,Éfþo ixLHdj fkdhslaujk mßÈ mdvï tallj,g fhdod we;s ld,Éfþo ixfYdaOkh lr .ekSug yd mka;s ld,igykg wkqj mdvï tall l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSug Tng wjldY we;' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh wjidkfha olajd we;s ;lafiare yd we.hSï ls%hdj,shg wod< kso¾Yl wdOdrlh .=re fldg ksmqK;d 10 wdjrKh jk mßÈ 13 fYa%Ksfha § we.hSï 06la isÿ l< hq;= h' ta iòyd úia;r mdi, mokï lr .;a ;lafiarelrKh fldgfia olajd we;'

rdclSh mKaä;" wOHdmkm;s mQcH f;ßmeye fïOxlr ysñ' ^jHdmD;s m%Odk yd wOHhk wxY m%Odk&

vii

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msgq wxlh

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsúvh ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsúvh úIhud,d lñgqj .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh iòyd Wmfoia mgqk úIh yeòskaùu cd;sl wruqKq uQ,sl ksmqK;d úIh wOHhkfha wruqKq úIh ks¾foaYh mdi,a jdr jYfhka fnod.ekSug fhdacs; ie,eiau úIh ks¾foaYh mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ixúOdkh ;lafiarej yd we.hSu bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh 1' tallh - iqúfYAIS kdu jrke.Su 2' tallh - ixLHd kdu jrke.Su 3' tallh - i¾jkdu jrke.Su 4' tallh - ;oaê; mo idOkh 5' tallh - ls;l mo idOkh 6' tallh - Od;= .K yd wdLHd; jrke.Su 7' tallh - m%fhdacH l%shd Ndú;h 8' tallh - w;sf¾l mo Ndú;h 9' tallh - rpkd ,sùu 10' tallh - idïm%odhsl NdId m%fhda. Ndú;h 11' tallh - idóÑ l:d 12' tallh - iñ;s l:d 13' tallh - WÉpdrKh yd iaurKh 14' tallh - uydj.a.h ûydLJOl& 15' tallh - wmodkmd<s ^jlal,sfF:rdmodk& 16' tallh - uydjxih 17' tallh - wks¾ÈIag mßj¾;k 18' tallh - w¾:djfndaOh 19' tallh - yrO¾u pß;dhkh 20' tallh - riúkaokh ye|skaùu 21' tallh - ldfjHdala;s 22' tallh - idys;Hd;aul jdlH rpkh 23' tallh - fn!oaO ixialD;sh 24' tallh - jxil:d 25' tallh - nqoaOpß; ldjHh 26' tallh - O¾ud¾: újrKh 27' tallh - jHdlrK újrKh ;lafiarej yd we.hSu - ye|skaùu bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï kso¾Yl wdOdrlh

iii iv v vi vii ix x xi xiii xiv xv xxii xxiii xxiv 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 41 42 43 45 46 47 49 52 54

viii

13 fY%AKsh

md,s

úIh ks¾foaYh

ix

úIh ye¢kaùu

md,s NdIdj nqÿiuh;a iuÕ YS % ,xldjg ,enqKq odhdohls' YS % ,dxflah wkkH;dj f.dvke.Sug nqÿ iufhka ie,iS we;af;a udyeÕs fiajhls' YS % ,xldj wog;a f,dalfha iïNdjkdjg md;% jkafka uq,a nqÿiuh hehs ie,flk md,s ;s %m sglh iqrCIs; j mj;akd foaYhla jYfhks' f,dalfha wka rglg fkdfojeks wmf.a b;sydih;a" iïNdjH idys;Hh;a ,shù we;af;a o md,s NdIdfjks' hful=g md,s NdId{dkh fkd wvqj ;sfí kï Tyq fyda weh nqÿiuh ms<sn| yi, ±kqula we;af;lehs fkd wkqudk j u f.!rjdorhg md;% fjhs' md,s NdIdfjka ,sheù we;s m%Odk;u f,aLk iuqodh jkafka md,s ;s %m sglhhs' th wd.ñl idys;Hhla muKla u fkdj iduldó iodpdr iïmkak csjk ud¾.hla o fjhs' nqÿka jykafia we;=¿ wd¾hhka jykafia,df.a csjk pß; yd wNsiudpdrhka ;;a jQ mßoafoka ckjyßka u ,shejqKq md,s ;s %m sglh ;rï wka lsisÿ f,aLkhla fj;ehs is;sh fkdyel' ls %ia;= mQ¾j hq.h ;rï wE;g Èfjk md,s wÜGl:d idys;Hh ,xld b;sydifha §¾> ld,mßÉfPaohla wdjrKh lrkakls' O¾uh;a b;sydih;a ixialD;sh;a fïjdfhys lÈug iksgqyka j we;' flfkl=g nqÿiuh uekúka f;areï .ekSug yels jkafka fulS md,s wÜGl:d lshjd wjfndaO lr .; yels kï muKs' ,xld b;sydih fmdaIKh l< md,s wÜGl:d ,shd we;af;a úúO NdId yd iuh iïm%odhhka ms<sn| m%ùK;ajhla ±rE uydm%d{hka úiska jk neúka Tjqkaf.a ±kqï iïNdrh biau;= lr .; yels jkafka o md,s NdIdj okafka kï muKs' isxy, NdIdfõ uõnila f,i md,sh y÷kajkq ,nhs' mqrd;k ,xld b;sydifha hula f,aLk.; ù kï th fndfyda úg isÿ ù we;af;a md,s fyda m%dlD; NdIdj,sks' merKs bkaÿ wd¾h NdIdjla jk ixialD; NdIdj yd kQ;k wd¾h NdIdjla jk isxy, w;r iïnJëldrl NdIdj jkafka md,shhs' wo wm jHjydr lrk fndfyduhla jpk md,s fyda Bg wdikak tajd h' tneúka md,s bf.kSfuka myiqfjka u isxy, NdIdj ms<sn| m%ùK;ajhla ,nd .; yels nj fkdryils' md,s NdIdj wmf.a ixialD;sl Wreuhla o fjhs' cd;sl wkkH;dj muKla fkdj foaYudul;ajh f.dv ke.+ furg jxil:d ,shd ;sfnkafka o md,s NdIdfjks' tajd yqÿ b;sydihla olajk .%ka: muKla fkdj iïNdjH idys;Hhla f,i o jeo.;a fjhs' YDx.dr wdÈ f,!lsl idys;H ri ckkfhys ,d jeä ie,ls,a,la fkdolajd h:d¾:jd§ f,i cSú;h foi n,kakg md,s rpkd W;aidy fldg we;' f,dalfha fuf;la jHjydrhg m;a .S;j;a NdId w;r md,shg ysñjkafka m%uqLia:dkhls' md,s msß;a yd .d:d iÊCOdhkdjkag ijka §fuka ta nj jgyd .; yels h' md,s NdIdjg jHdlrK idys;Hhla o we;' ixialD; Yío Ydia;% mßYS,kfhka md,s jHdlrKh f.dvk.d we;;a md,shg u wdfõKsl jQ wkkH;djla o we;' tys nqo aOfoaYkd mokï fldg f.k ieliS we;s md,s jHdlrKh fjk;a jHdlrK iïm%odhka fuka fkdj Ndú; jHjydrhg b;du;a ióm fjhs' óg w;sf¾l jYfhka jk PfJoda,xldr fCIa;%h o i,ld n,k úg wjYH lrk wx. ,CIK ish,a,lska iukaú; jQjla f,i md,s NdIdj ye¢kaúh yels h'

x

cd;sl wruqKq

mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg wod< jk m%Odk cd;sl wruqKq lrd <`.d ùu iòyd mqoa.,hkag iy lKavdhïj,g cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg iydh úh hq;= h' jir .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wOHdmk jd¾;d iy f,aLk u.ska mqoa., yd cd;sl wjYH;djka imqrd,Su iòyd wruqKq kshu lrkq ,eî h' iuld,Sk wOHdmk jHqyhka yd l%shdj,Sska ;=< oelsh yels ÿ¾j,;d ksid OrKSh udkj ixj¾Ok ixl,am rduqj we;=<; wOHdmkh ;=<ska <``.d lr.; hq;= my; oelafjk wruqKq cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska y÷kdf.k we;' fuu wruqKq imqrd.ekSu" wOHdmk moaO;sh iòyd jQ ;u bÈß oelau f,ig cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska m%;HlaI fldg f.k we;' I udkj wNsudkhg .re lsrSfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúO iudcfha

ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr.ksñka cd;sl taldnoaO;dj" cd;sl iDcq .=Kh" cd;sl iu.sh" tluq;=lu iy iduh m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;+<ska cd;sh f.dvke.Su iy Y%S ,dxflah wkkH;dj ;yjqre lsÍu

II fjkia jk f,dalhl wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl Wreufha udye.s

odhdohka y`ÿkd.ekSu iy ixrlaIKh lsÍu III udkj whs;sjdislï .re lsÍu" hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<snò oekqj;a ùu" yDohx.u

ne`§ulska hq;= j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu hk .=Kdx. m%j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iïu;hka iy m%cd;ka;%sl Ôjk rgdjla .eí jQ mßirhla ks¾udK lsÍu iy mj;ajd f.k hdug iydh ùu

IV mqoa.,hkaf.a udkisl yd YdÍßl iqj iïm;a iy udkj w.hhkag .re lsÍu u;

mokï jQ ;sridr Ôjk l%uhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu V iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla iòyd ks¾udK yelshdj" wdrïNl Yla;sh" úpdrYS,S

Ñka;kh" j.lSu yd j.ùu we;=¿ fjk;a Okd;aul wx.,laIK ixj¾Okh lsÍu VI mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha Ôj.=Kh jeäÈhqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól

ixj¾Okh iòyd odhl jk M,odhs ld¾hhka iòyd wOHdmkh ;=<ska udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍuh

VII YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< isÿ jk fjkialï wkqj yev.eiSug yd tajd

md,kh lr.ekSug mqoa.,hska iqodkï lsÍu iy ixlS¾K yd wkfmalaIs; wjia:djkag id¾:lj uqyqK §fï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu

VIII cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;r f.!rjKSh ia:dkhla ysñ lr.ekSug odhl jk hqla;sh"

iudk;ajh iy wfkHdakH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ wdl,am yd l=i,;d fmdaIKh lsÍu ^ Wmqgd .ekSu 2003 wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj &

xi

uQ,sl ksmqK;d

wOHdmkh ;=<ska j¾Okh flfrk my; oelafjk uQ,sl ksmqK;d by; iòyka cd;sl wruqKq uqÿkam;a lr.ekSug odhl jkq we;'

(I) ikaksfõok ksmqK;d idlaIr;dj" ixLHd ms<snò oekqu" rEml Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh hk wkqldKav 4la u; ikaksfõok ksmqK;d mokï fõ' idlaIr;dj : idjOdk j weyqïlka §u" meyeÈ,s j l:d lsÍu"

f;areï .ekSu iòyd lsshùu" ksjerÈ j iy ksrjq,a j ,sùu" M,odhs whqßka woyia yqjudre lr.ekSu

ixLHd ms<snò oekqu : NdKav" wjldYh yd ld,h" .Kka lsÍu" .Kkh iy ñkqï iòyd l%udkql+, b,lalï Ndú;h

rEml Ndú;h : f¾Ld iy wdlD;s Ndú;fhka woyia ms<sìUq lsÍu

iy f¾Ld" wdlD;s iy j¾K .<mñka úia;r" Wmfoia yd woyia m%ldYkh yd jd¾;d lsÍu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh : mß.Kl oekqu iy bf.kSfï§ o fiajd mßY%hla

;=< § o fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha § o f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu

(II) fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;d

- ks¾udKYS,S nj" wmidÍ Ñka;kh" wdrïNl Yla;Ska" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu" úpdrYS,S yd ú.%yd;aul Ñka;kh" lKavdhï ye`.Sfuka lghq;= lsÍu" mqoa.,dka;r inò;d" kj fidhd.ekSï iy .fõIKh jeks j¾.Sh l=Y,;d:

- iDcq .=Kh" bjid ord isáfï Yla;sh iy udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍu jeks w.hhka

- Ñ;a;fõ.S nqoaêh' (III) mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d fuu ksmqK;d idudðl" ffcj iy fN!;sl mßirhg wod< fõ'

iudc mßirh : cd;sl Wreuhka ms<snò wjfndaOh" nyqjd¾.sl iudchl idudðlhka ùu yd iïnkaO ixfõ§;dj yd l=Y,;d" idOdrK hqla;sh ms<snò ye`.Su" iudc iïnkaO;d" mqoa.,sl p¾hdj" idudkH yd ffk;sl iïm%odhka" whs;sjdislï" j.lSï" hq;=lï iy ne`§ï

ffcj mßirh : iÔù f,dalhl" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .ia je,a" jkdka;r" uqyqÿ" c,h" jd;h iy cSjh - Ydl" i;a;aj yd ñksia Ôú;hg iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõ§ nj yd l=Y,;d

fN!;sl mßirh : wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksia Ôú;hg tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj" wdydr" we`ÿï" ksjdi" fi!LH" iqj myiqj" Yajikh" kskao" ksial,xlh" úfõlh" wmøjH iy u,my lsÍu hkdÈh yd iïnkaO

xii

jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõÈ;dj yd l=Y,;dj b.ekSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu iòyd fuj,ï iy ;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï l=Y,;d fuys wvx.= fõ'

(IV) jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu"

;u jD;a;Sh ,eÈhd iy wNsfhda.H;d y`ÿkd.ekSu yelshdjkag iß,k whqßka ?lshdjla f;dard.ekSu" iy jdisodhl yd ;sridr Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu hk yelshdjka Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug wod< fiajd kshqla;sh yd iïnkaO l=Y,;d

(V) wd.u iy iodpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

mqoa.,hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdr O¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+, yeisßï rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;a WÑ; foa f;dard thg iß,k fia lghq;= lsÍu iòyd w.hhka Wlyd.ekSu yd iaùhlrKh

(VI) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

fi!kao¾hh" idys;Hh" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdjka ;=<ska m%ldY jk úfkdaoh" i;=g" wdfõ. iy tjka udkqIsl w;aoelSï

(VII) bf.kSug bf.kqu ms<snò ksmqK;d

YS>%fhka fjkia jk ixlS¾K yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mßj¾;k l%shdj,shla yryd fjkia ùï yiqrejd .ekSfï § yd Bg ixfõ§ j yd id¾:l j m%;spdr oelaùu;a iajdëk j b.ek.ekSu;a iòyd mqoa.,hka yg Yla;sh ,nd §u'

^Wmqgd .ekSu 2003 wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj&

xiii

md,s úIh wOHhkfha wruqKq • md,s NdIdj yd ;okqnoaO NdId idys;Hh y÷kd .ekSu • md,s NdIdfõ jHdlrKdx. ms<sn| ±kqula ,nd .ekSu • ;s%msgl idys;Hfha ixj¾Okh iy úldih ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu • NdId idys;Hh yeoEÍfuka ,nk w;a±lSï mokï lrf.k iudchg wjYH hym;a fm!reIhla f.dvk.d .ekSu idys;H yeoEÍfuka ,nk w;a±lS • lreKdj" ffu;s%h" ohdj" mß;Hd.YS,S;ajh" w,afmaÉP;dj jeks i;amqreI .=Kdx. ÈhqKq lr .ekSu • cd;sl yd wd.ñl jákdlï ms<sn| Okd;aul wdl,am ckkh lsÍu • fn!oaO wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl pdß;%jdß;% úê md,s NdId udOHfhka isÿjk neúka ta ms<sn| l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu • cd;sl b;sydih yd wkkH;dj ;yjqre lr .ekSug wjYH md,s uQ,dY%h lshjd f;areï .ekSu • ks¾udKlrKhg yd Ydia;S%h rpkdlrKhg wjYH jHdlrK {dkh yd jdåud,dj fmdaIKh lr .ekSu • w¾:l:d" àld yd m%lrK lshjd O¾ud¾: újrKh lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd .ekSu • md,s idys;H ridiajdohg uÕ fmkaùu • Y%jKh" l:kh" NdIKh" f,aLkh yd wjfndaOh hk NdId l=i,;d ixj¾Okh

lr .ekSu

xiv

w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<& md,s úIh úIh ks¾foaYh mdi,a jdr jYfhkaa fnod.ekSug fhdað; ie,eiau

fY%aKsh

jdrh

ksmqK;d uÜgï

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

13

I

1'1" 1'2" 1'3" 2'1" 2'2" 2'3" 3'1" 3'2" 3'3" 4'1" 4'2

100

II

4'3" 4'4" 5'1" 5'2" 6'1" 6'2" 7'1" 7'2" 7'3

100

III

8'1" 8'2" 9'1" 9'2" 10'1" 10'2

100

tl;=j 300

xv

13 fY%aKsh w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& md,s úIh ks¾foaYh - 2018

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d uÜgu

úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

1'0 md,s

NdIdfõ uQ,sl úhrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksjerÈj Ndú; lrhs'

1'1 uQ,sl jHdlrK

úêj,g wkql+, j f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs'

1'2 idïm%odhsl fhÿï

yd jdÙud,dj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrñka NdIdj Ndú; lrhs'

1'3 md,s NdId

jHjydrhg wkql+, j rpkh yqre lr ,shhs'

• iqúfYaI kdu jrke.Su • ixLHd kdu jrke.Su • i¾jkdu jrke.Su • ;oaê; mo idOkh • lDoka; mo idOkh • Od;=.K yd wdLHd;

jrke.Su • m%fhdacH ls %hd • m%Yakjdpl ksmd; • úê ls %hd • wduka;%K mo • úiauhjdÖ fhÿï • hq., mo • fÄod¾:jdÖ mo

• md,s NdIdfõ Wmhqla; jdlH rgd wjfndaO lr f.k rpkd ,sùu

• iqúfYaIS kdu jrk.hs" w¾: .kajhs'

• ;oaê; yd lDoka; kdu jrk.hs'

• ixLHd Yío jrk.d úúO ixLHd

md,sfhka ,shd olajhs'

• i¾jkdu jrk.d w¾: .kajhs'

• ;oaê; yd iudi mo y÷kdf.k

fjkialï olajhs'

• lDoka; mo Ndú; lrhs'

• Od;=.K yd úlrK m%;H f.kyer

olajhs'

• Od;=jla wdLHd; úNla;sj, jrk.d

olajhs'

• m%fhdacH l% shdj y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs'

• idïm%odhsl md,s fhÿï Ndú; lrhs'

• úúO ud;Dld wkqj md,s NdIdfjka rpkd

,shhs'

40

xvi

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d uÜgu

úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

2'0 ksjerÈ

jdÑl ixksfõokfha fhfohs'

2'1 ksjerÈ j ni

yiqrejñka ikaksfõok ld¾hfha fhfoa'

2'2 md,s NdId udOHfhka

±k.;a NdIK m%fhda. jdÑl ikaksfõokfhys WÑ; mßÈ Ndú; lrhs'

2'3 ksjerÈ j ni

yiqrejñka ikaksfõok ld¾hfha fhfohs'

• ud;Dldkql+, j lreKq /ialsÍu yd f.dkq lsÍu

• iQ;% mdG Wmfhda.S lr f.k

foaYk meje;aùu

• cd;l l:djla weiqfrka ixjdohla f.dvke.Su

• WoaOD; mdG f.kyer olajñka NdIdj yd O¾uh ms<sn| woyia m< lsÍu

• md,s NdId udOHfhka iñ;shla meje;aùu

• md,s NdId Èk ieurefï§ md,s NdId udOHfhka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu

• ud;Dld hgf;a idïm%odhsl NdId Ndú;hg wod< ks¾ÈIag .%ka:d.; fhÿï tla /ia lrhs'

• NdId m%fhda. yd ud;Dldjg wod< úfYaI mo fjka lrhs'

• tu m%fhda. yd mo fhdod ud;Dldjg wod< lreKq jdlH yd fþo jYfhka m%;sks¾udKh lrhs'

• l:d ffY,shg ióm iQ;% mdG yd cd;l l:dj, fldgia f;darhs'

• f;dard.;a tu iQ;% mdG yd cd;l l:d fldgia ixjdo jYfhka bÈßm;a lrhs'

• úfYaI moj,g yd fhÿïj,g wod< iudkd¾: yd úreoaOd¾: mo bosßm;a lrhs'

• tu jdlH WÉpdrKh lrñka jdÑl ikaksfõokfha fhfohs'

• O¾u lreKq úia;r flfrk fm< yd wgqjd mdG fidhd ,shhs'

• tu mdG iaurKfhka WÉpdrKh lrhs'

30

xvii

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d uÜgu

úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

3'0 ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag

.oH moH mdG lshjd Ndú;hg yqre fjhs'

4'0 ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag .oH moH mdG mßj¾;kh lsÍfï l=Y,;dj m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

3'1 moHhla ksjerÈ úß;g yd

h;shg wkqj <hdkaú; j .dhkd lrhs'

3'2 iQ;% mdG Y%e;s f.dapr

rgdfjka y~ k.d iÊCOdhkd lrhs'

3'3 Wmfhda.s;dfjka hq;=

md,s .oH moH mdG jkfmd;a lrhs'

4'1 wkajh yd l% shdldrl mo

iïnkaO;dj ksjerÈ j ilia lsÍfï mßph ,nhs'

4'2 md,s WoaOD; i|yd

mo.;d¾: imhhs' 4'3 md,s WoaOD; mdG udOH

NdIdjg mrsj¾;kh lrhs'

4'4 udOH NdId.; fþo md,s

Í;shg wkqj mßj¾;kh lrhs'

• kuialdrh" ;sirK iys; m[apiS,h" foajdrdOkh wdÈh ßoauhdkql+, j bÈßm;a lsÍu

• msß;a iÊaCOdhkd lsÍu

• iqúfYaIS mdG jdfpdao a.; lsÍu

• wod< mdGhkays

mo.;d¾: ,sùu • ir, jdlH md,shg

yd udOH NdIdjg ke.Su

• kuialdr .d:d <hdkaú; j y~k.d lshjhs'

• w,amm%dK" uydm%dK yd ixhqla;dlaIr meyeÈ,s j WÉpdrKh lrhs'

• .d:dj, úúO jD;a; yd h;sh flfrys ie,ls,su;a j iÊCOdhkd lrhs'

• kshñ; .oH yd moH j.ka;s u;lfhka lshjhs'

• kshñ; .oH yd moH j.ka;s u;lfhka ksjerÈ j ,shhs'

• mo fn§ï ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;=j iÊCOdhkd lrhs'

• ksjeros jdlH rpkfha mßph ,nhs'

• md,s .oH moH mdG ksjeros j w¾: .kajhs'

• udOH NdId.; fþo ksjerÈ j md,shg k.hs'

10

55

xviii

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d uÜgu

úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

5'0 md,s .oH moH mdG lshjd w¾:h wjfndaO lr .kshs'

6'0 md,s NdId

idys;Hfhys wka;¾.; idrO¾u p¾hdfjka m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

5'1 md,s .oH moH mdG lshjd wik ,o m%Yakj,g udOH NdIdfjka ms<s;=re imhhs'

5'2 md,s WoaOD; lshjd

tajdfha idrdxYh udOH NdIdfjka olajhs'

6'1 md,s idys;Hd.;

idrO¾u ye¢kf.k tajd p¾hdfjka m%lg lrhs'

6'2 idrO¾u iudc.;

lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'

• WoaOD; mdGhkays wre;a wjfndaO lr .ekSu

• m%dfhda.sl jákdlula we;s

md,s NdIduh fhÿï Ndú; lsÍu

• wd.ud,h" cd;sldNsudkh

wdÈh ;u cSú;hg fhdod .ekSu

• wdrdóh j;a ms< sfj;aj, fh§u

• Ydikslj;a" NslaIq wdl,am" m%;Hh mßfNdackh" wdrdñlj;a wdÈh ±k .ekSu i|yd lD;s lshùu

• wd¾h.=K" j;a" ms< sfj;a" Y%o aOdj" ldud§kj yd l=Y, O¾u ms< sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu

• O¾u foaYkd meje;aùu Ndjkd mqyqKqj wdÈ lghq;=j, ksh,Su

• md,s .oH moH mdG ksjerÈ j lshjd .ekSug iu;a fjhs'

• tu mdGj, o< woyi jgyd .kshs' • tys we;s ikaê" iudi" ;oaê; wd§ ixlS¾K

mo úYaf,aIKh lr .kshs' • wgqjdj wdY%fhka O¾u lreKq úu¾Ykh

lrhs' • NdId ffY,sh fiiq md,s .%ka:j, NdId

ffY,sh iuÕ ixikaokh lrhs' • ldjH ,laIK yÿkajd fohs' • wod< fþohla wdY%fhka wik m%Yakj,g

ms<s;=re fohs' • md,s mdG iaurKfhka msgm;a lrhs' • wod< fþofha èjks;d¾: udOH NdIdfjka

bÈßm;a lrhs'

• ks¾ÈIag .%ka: lshjd tajdfha idrO¾u yeisÍfuka m%lg lrhs'

• hq;=lï yd j.lSï y`ÿkdf.k bÈßm;a lrhs'

• hym;a iudc iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .kshs '

• iodpdr iïmkak iudchla f.dvke.Sug wjYH cSjk rgdj ilid .kshs'

• mqo a., mßydkshg ;=vq fok fya;=j,ska j<lshs'

• Okd;aul pß; ,laIK m%lg lrhs'

• wd¾h .=K w.hhs'

• mßir ys;ldó j yeisfrhs'

25

15

xix

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d uÜgu

úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

7'0 md,s idys;H ridiajdofha fhfohs'

8'0 md,s NdId

idys;Hd.; fn!oaO

ixialD;sh jgydf.k l% shd lrhs'

7'2 .oH moH mdG lshjd ri ú¢hs'

7'2 .oH moH mdGhkays

wka;¾.; ldfjHdala;s ms<sn| we.hSul fhfohs'

7'3 idys;Hd;aul fþo yd

jdlH md,sfhka ,shd olajhs'

8'1 fn!oaO ixl,amhkays

ixialD;sl jeo.;alu yodrhs'

8'2 md,s idys;Hd.;

fn!oaO ixl,am fjk;a wd.ñl ixl,am yd ;=,kh lrhs'

• wod< WoaOD; lshùu

• WoaOD;hkays ldjH ,laIK" idys;Huh miqìu yeoEÍu

• idys;Hd;aul fþo yd jdlH md,sfhka ,shd olajhs

• mQcd¾y mqo a.,hka yd jia;= ms<sn| ls %hd l< hq;= wdldrh

• wdpdr iudpdr úê" iycSjkh" wdrdu mQcd wdÈ ixialD;sldx.

• ks¾ÈIag idys;H fldgiaj, w¾: wjfndaO lr .kshs'

• Oïumofha ks¾ÈIag .d:d iaurKfhka lshhs'

• ldjHuh m%ldYk y÷kdf.k m%ldY lrhs' • idys;Huh rifhka hq;= m%fhda. biau;=

fldg olajhs' • idys;Huh rpkd" NdIKhka t<solajhs' • wdiaajdockl cSú;hla f.dvk.d .kshs' • ,;a ±kqu mokï fldgf.k ldfjHdala;s

w.hhs'

• md,s idys;Hd.; fn!oaO ixl,am y÷kajhs'

• fn!oaO ixl,amhkays ixialD;sl jeo.;alu y`ÿkdf.k l%shd lrhs'

• fn!oaO ixl,am fjk;a b.ekaùï yd ;=,kh lrhs'

• pß;h ;=<ska cd;sldNsudkh m%lg lrhs'

• foaYmd,ksl yd idudcsl lghq;=j, §

ixhufhka l%shd lrhs'

25

55

xx

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d uÜgu

úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

9'0 md,s jxil:d yd m%lrK idys;Hfha jHQyh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu i|yd md,s idys;H .%ka: mßYS,kh lrhs'

10'0w¾: újrK

yelshdj j¾Okh lr .kshs'

9'1 md,s jxil:d .%ka:j, ix{dÈ m[aplh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSug lshjhs'

9'2 md,s m%lrK idys;Hh

y÷kd.ekSu i|yd lshjhs'

10'1 ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,

we;=<;a iqúfYaI moj, O¾ud¾: újrKh lrhs'

10'2 ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,

WoaOD;hkays jHdlrK úNd. ^mo ú.%y& olajhs'

• md,s jxil:d ms<sn| ±kqu

• m%lrK .%ka: ms<sn| ±kqu

• O¾u lreKq wgqjd weiqßka ú.%y lsÍu

• f;dard.;a moj, jHdlrK úNd. ±laùu

• §mjxi" uydjxi" fndêjxi" :Qmjxi" odGdjxi"rijdyskS" iuka;l+gjKaKkd" idikjxi§m jeks .%ka:j, ix{d§ mxplh ,shd olajhs'

• md,s jxil:d yd m%lrK .%ka:

ieflúka yÿkajhs'

• kshñ; fldgia weiqfrka jd.a fldaIh mq¿,a lr .kshs'

• úúO jpk fhfok ikao¾Nh y÷kdf.k Ndú;fha fhfohs'

• jHdlrK úNd. wdY%fhka mo.;d¾: újrKh lrhs'

• moj, w¾:h yd O¾udkql+, ú.%yh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• O¾uh ms<sn| jerÈ w¾:l:kj,g ksjerÈ ms<s;=re imhhs'

• uQ,dY%h u.ska ±kqu ;yjqre lr .kshs'

• fm<" wgqjd lshùfuka ,efnk

O¾uuh yd úúO m%dfhda.sl m%;s,dN

fmkajd fohs'

25

20

xxi

ks¾ÈIag .%J:

^wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< úNd.hg kshñ;&

^2018 isg&

13 fY%aKsh

1' pq,a,j.a.md<s - WmÊCOdh" ioaêúydßlj;a;

2' wmodkmd<s - jlal,s;af:rdmodk

3' uydjxi - 11 mßÉfþoh

4' md,s idys;Hh - 8 iy 9 mßÉfþo ^fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; kdysñ&

w;sf¾l lshùï

1' OïumoÜGl:d - mKaä;j.a.

2' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; kdysñ" md,s idys;Hh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 2012

3' meKsfy< isßiïfndaê ysñ" md,s NdIdj yd rpkh" iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1999

4' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; kdysñ" md,s NdIdj;rKh" m<uq jk iy fojk fmd;a" iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1999

6' wfidal lreKdr;ak" md,s ix.%yh" weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1964 ^2015&

7' Ven. Polwatte Buddhadatta , New Pali Course 1 & 2, Buddhist Cultural Centre, Colombo

xxii

mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jev igyka

mx;s ldurfha taldldÍ l%shdj,sfhka neyer ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh i|yd YsIHhd ±kqu .fõIKh lrkafkl= njg m;a l< hq;= h' ta i|yd md,s NdIdj kï úIh YsIHhd ;=< wd;au.; lsÍug jevigyka l%shd;aul l< hq;= h' mx;s ldurfhka neyer my; i|yka jev igyka ixúOdkh lsÍu md,s NdIdj ms<sn| ksmqK;d j¾Okhg Wmhqla; fj;ehs is;uq'

• md,s ì;a;s mqj;am;la l%shd;aul lsÍu

• md,s NdId Èkhla kï lr lghq;= ixúOdkh lsÍu

• .d:d yd iQ;% .dhkd ;r. ixúOdkh lsÍu

• md,s lÓl ;r. ixúOdkh lsÍu

• md,s NdId idys;Hh ms<sn| .fõIKd;aul jHdmD;s lrùu

• md,s iñ;shla meje;aùu

mdif,a fyda msßfjfkys fyda miqìug yd ixialD;shg wod< jk mßÈ úoHdia:dkfha udkj yd fN!;sl iïm;aj,g wkql+, f,i fuu jevigyka ixúOdkh lr .ekSu fhda.H fõ'

xxiii

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jev ms<sfj< hgf;a tla tla jdrh i|yd kshñ; ksmqK;d yd

ksmqK;d uÜgï wdjrKh jk mßÈ bf.kqï b.ekaùï WmlrK ks¾udKd;aul j ms<sfh,

fldg ls%hd;aul lsÍug wfmaCIs; h'

bf.kqï ld¾hfha§ wfmaCIs; ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK w;am;a lrf.k we;s bf.kqï

m,j, .=Kd;aul nj fidhd ne,Sug ;lafiarej yd we.hSu wjYH fõ'

ksmqK;d uÜgï Tiafia wfmaCIs; bf.kqï m,j,g <Õd jk wdldrh y÷kd .ekSu

;lafiarefõ § isÿfõ' uq, § ;SrKh lr.;a ks¾Kdhl iuÕ ii|d n,ñka wod< ksmqK;d

ljr uÜgulska <uhd idCId;a lrf.k ;sfí oehs mÍCId l< hq;= fõ' ta wkqj m%n,;d"

ÿn,;d y÷kdf.k m%;sfmdaIK jev igyka ixúOdkh l< hq;= h' bf.kqï b.ekaùï

l%shdj,sh w;r;=r § lKavdhï .fõIKh" YsIH l%shdldrlï bÈßm;a lsÍu hk wjia:dj,

;lafiare ld¾hh uekúka l< yels h'

xxiv

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh

xxv

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%fudamdh

md,s NdIdj ms<sn| w'fmd'i' ^W' fm& kj úIh ks¾foaYh ilia fldg we;af;a ksmqK;d mdol lr f.kh' ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkfha § YsIH ld¾hh m%uqLia:dkhla .kS' wo jk úg úfYaIfhka w'fmd'i' ^W' fm& wOHdmk l%uh ilia ù we;af;a foaYk l%uh flakaø lr.;a iïfm%aIK N+ñldjl .=rejrhd isák wdldrfhks' tfy;a kj ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkfha § merKs iïfm%aIK N+ñldj yeroud .=rejrhd isiqka .fõIKhg fhduqlrk ud¾f.dmfoaYlfhl= úh hq;= h' fuys § md,s NdIdfõ iqúfYaIS wOHdmk l%u yd kùk l%u Ys,am lsysmhl=;a fhdod.; yels wdldrh ms<sn| fláfhka i|yka lruq'

nqÿrcdKka jykafia ud¾. o¾YlhdfKda h' .=rejrhd úiska md,s NdIdj b.ekaúfï § nqÿrÿka wkq.ukh l< l%ufõoh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu jvd;a iqÿiq h' tneúka kQ;k .=rejrhd ufkda uQ,sl yd úIh uQ,sl idOl Tiafia mQ¾j úksYaphkag fkd t<U YsIHhd .fõIlfhl= yd kfjda;amdolfhl= lsÍug u¾f.damfoaY iemhSu uekú'

1 l%uh

—fid Oïïx fofi;s wdÈl,HdKx uÊfCO l,HdKx mßfhdidkl,HdKx idF:x inH[ackx flj,mßmqKaKx mßiqoaOx˜ ^uydj.a.md,s&

wdÈl,HdKx - mdvul wdrïNh YsIHhd fmd<Ujk" is;a.kakd iq̈ pu;aldr ckl w;a±lSï weiqßka bÈßm;a úh hq;= h'

uÊfCO l,HdKx - mdvfuys ueo idrj;a lreKq wka;¾.; úh hq;= w;r meyeÈ,s yd ksrjq,a úh hq;= h' ;j ÿrg;a YsIHhd ud;Dldjg fmd<Ujk" .fõIlfhl= lrjk ls%hdj,shla úh hq;= h'

mßfhdidkl,HdKx - mdvfï wjidkh YsIHhd m%dma;s uÜgulg muqKqjd YsIHhdf.a p¾hd;aul fjkila we;s lsÍug iu;a úh hq;= h'

id;a:x - mdvu ir, iq.u yd w¾:j;a lreKqj,ska iukaú; úh hq;= h'

inH[ackx - fhdod.kakd jdÙud,dj wre;a m%lg lrjk woyia ksjerÈ j ikaksfõokh lrjkakla úh hq;= h'

mßiqoaOx - mdvu wiNH yd .%duH jHjydrfhka f;dr úh hq;=h'

flj,mßmqKaKx - mdvu W!k;dj,ska f;dr j NdIKh" f,aLkh" Ñka;kh" pß;dhkh lr .ekSug yels jk wx.hkaf.ka iuqm,laIs; úh hq;= h'

fuu ,laIKj,skaa hq;= j mdvula fufyhùfuka YsIHhd ksmqK;djg <x jk w;r YsIHhdf.a p¾hd;aul fjkila o we;s l< yels h'

2 l%uh

zzwdÑlaLkd foikd m[a[mkd mÜGmkd újrKd úNckd W;a;dkslïux ZZ ^iÉpúNx. iq;a; - ucaCêuksldh&

YsIH idOkh Tma kexùug WÑ; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uhla iÉpúNx. iQ;%fha wka;¾.;h'

wdÑlaLkd - mdvug wod< j wfmalaIs; lreKq fláfhka lSu

xxvi

foikd - WÑ; NdIdj fhdod .ksñka fláfhka lS lreKq .=rejrhd flfrys m%dudKsl úYajdihla we;sjk mßÈ O¾udkql+,j úia;r lsÍu

m[a[mkd - YsIHhdf.a nqoaêhg yd m%{djg fhda.H f,i lreKq fm< .eiaùu

mÜGmkd - wfmalaIs; wruqfKys YsIHhd msysgqùu

újrKd - jid ;snQjla újD; lrkakdla fia fya;=M,jd§ j lreKq újrKh lsÍu

úNckd - lreKq úYaf,aIKh fldg l=vd wkql=vd fldgiaj,g fnod ú.%y lsÍu

W;a;dkslïux - ixhqla; ixl,am ksoiqka jYfhka f.kyer olajñka Y%djl nqoaêhg f.dapr jk f,i u;=lr ±laùu yd YsIHhd .eg¨fjka ksoyia lsÍu

fuu l%u wkq.ukh lsÍfuka o YsIH ksmqK;dj by< kexúh yels h'

3 l%uh

YsIHhdf.a wjfndaOh ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh l< yels l%uh wkqmQ¾j m%;smodjhs' YsIHhdg w¨;a w;aoelSï ,nd fok úg th Tyqf.a w;S; w;a±lSïj,g iïnkaO fohla ùu jeo.;a fõ' YsIHhd wdiajdÈ; fofhys isg fkdokakd i;Hh lrd fhduqlrùu fuu wOHdmk l%ufha ms<sfj<hs' ^my; ±lafjkafka uÊCêu ksldfha lSgd.sß iQ;%h weiqfrka fhdod .kakd ,oaols'&

ioaOdcdf;d Wmixlu;s - Y%oaOdj we;slr .ekSuhs' .=rejrhd flf¾ YsIHhdf.a úYajdih f.dvk.d .ekSuhs' tfia úYajdih f.dvke.Su ksid YsIHhd .=rejrhd fj; t<fUhs' mhsremdi;s - úYajdih f.dvke.Su ksid YsIHhd .=re weiqr ,eîug m%shlrhs' fid;x Toy;s - mdvug idjOdk j yd wúlaIsma; j weyqïlka fohss'

iq;ajd Odfr;s - weiQ mdvu isf;a ord .kshs'

w;a:x WmmßlaL;s - ord.;a lreKqj, w¾:h kqjKska mÍlaId lr n,hs'

Oïud kscaCOdkx Luka;s - lreKq kqjKska i,ld n,d jgyd .kshs'

Pkafod cdh;s - lreKq jgyd .ekSu ksid .=rejrhdf.a mdvug reÑhla we;s fjhs'

Wiaiy;s - mdvfï lreKqj, m%dma;s uÜgug <`.dùug W;aidy lrhs'

;=f,;s - fjk;a lreKq yd ;=,kh lr n,hs'

moy;s - ikaikaokh fldg ksmqK;d uÜgug hdug ù¾h lrhs'

iÉpx iÉPslfrd;s - i;H jQ ;;a;ajh wjfndaO lr .kshs'

ir, wjia:dfõ isg wkql%ufhka .eUqrg hk wdldrfha ms<sfj<la fuys olakg we;' md,s NdIdj úIhfhys YsIH ksmqK;dj we;s lsÍfï § fuu b.ekaùï l%u Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h' fun÷ bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%u rdYshla md,s idys;Hfha wvx.= h'

md,s NdIdfõ kj úIh ks¾foaYh b.ekaùug ir, iq.u l%ufõohla fuys,d olajuq'

^wdY%h¦ md,s NdIdj 9 - 10 wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1984&

i mshjr - ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag md,s mdG yd fþo Wia yçka .=rejrhd úiska lshjkq ,eîu" md,s úIfha wdrïNl YsIH YsIHdjkag tu NdIdj lkg yqre lrùu

xxvii

fuhska wfmalaId flf¾' md,s NdId jHjydrh orejkaf.a weig" lkg yqre lrùug fuu l%uh fhda.H fõ'

ii mshjr - wk;=rej .=rejrhd úiska l< hq;af;a tlS fldgi w¾:j;a f,i Ndjd¾: meyeÈ,s jk mßÈ bÈßm;a lsÍu hs' tu`.ska md,s NdId jHjydrh yd Í;sh YsIHhdf.a bkaøshhkag yqrejkq we;'

iii mshjr - ld,fõ,dj wkqj md,s WoaOD;h YsIHhka ,jd iduQysl j fyda fjka fjka fyda ksjerÈ WÉpdrKh lrùu m%fhdackj;a h'

iv mshjr - md,s WoaOD;hkays w¾:h wjfndaO lr .ekSug .=rejrhd isiqkag Wojq l< hq;= h'

v mshjr - WoaOD; fþoj, jdlH yd jdlHdxY l¨,E,af,a ,shd tu fhÿï rgdj YsIHhdg meyeÈ,s l< hq;= h'

vi mshjr -WoaOD; fþoj, we;=<;a mo yd jdlHj, jHdlrK ,laIK meyeÈ,s l< hq;= h' fuh ir, l%ufõoj,ska mgka f.k ixlS¾K l%u olajd jeä lsÍu iqÿiq h'

vii mshjr - jeo.;a .d:d yd fþo jkfmd;a lsÍfï wjYH;dj YsIHhkag ta;a;= .ekaùu wjYH fjhs'

fuu l%ufõoh wkq.ukh lsÍu u.ska wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d uÜgug YsIHhka <Õdjkq we;' isiqka lreKq yd f;dr;=re .fõIKhg fhduq l< hq;= h' .fõIs; lreKq wëlaIKh .=rejrhd úiska l< hq;= h' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh mka;s ldurhg muKla iSud fkdfldg ndysr l%shdldrlï flfrys o fhduq lsÍu .=rejrhdf.a hq;=luls' isiq orejkaf.a l%shdldrlï ms<sn| ksr;=re wjOdkfhka isàfuka we.hSu yd ;lafiarej o úksúo Ndjhlska hq;= j lsÍug .=rejrhdg bvlv ie,fia' fuu kj úIhud,d ixfYdaOkfha wfmalaIdj .=rejrhd;a YsIHhd;a w;r jQ iïfm%aIK wOHdmk l%uh ixj¾Okh lr l%shdldÍ .fõIKd;aul wOHdmk l%ufõohlg fhduq lsÍu yd tu.ska isiqkaf.a ksmqK;dj by< kxjd iudchg" rgg fhda.H mqrjeishka ìys lsÍuhs'

1

01' tallh - iqúfYAIS kdu jrke.Su ksmqK;dj 1'0 md,s NdIdfõ uQ,sl úhrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 uQ,sl jHdlrK úêj,g wkql+, j f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs' ld,Éfþo 04 hs bf.kqï m,

fjkia j jrkef.k iqúfYAI kdu y÷kdf.k kï lrhs' wldrdka; mq,a,sx. iqúfYAI kdumo jrke.Su j.=.; lrhs' idudkH wdldrka; mq,a,sx. kduhlg jvd iqúfYaI mq,a,sx. kdu jrke.Sfï fjki meyeÈ,s lrñka ,shhs' ks¾ÈIag lD;s weiqßka iqúfYAI kdumo WoaOD; lr olajhs wldrka; mq,a,sx. kdu jrke.Su bÈßm;a lrhs' iqúfYAI kdu mohkays ksjerÈ Ndú;h ye¢kf.k tajdfha m%lD;s" úNla;s yd jpk kï lrhs' ika;" Njka;" f.d" id jeks kdu jrkef.k whqre fmkajd fohs' ;oaê; yd lDoka; kdu jrk.d olajhs'

mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia

fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßos mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr.kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'

ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixCIsma;h

nqoaO Yíoh yd iudk j jrkef.k foj" hlaL jeks Yío we;s nj w;a;" rdc" n%yau wdÈ Yío iqúfYAI kdu f,i ye¢kafjk nj idudkH wldrdka; Yíoj,g jvd iqúfYAI wldrdka; kdu jrke`.Sfï oS olakg

,efnk fjkialï y÷kd.; hq;= nj iqúfYAIS wldrdka; kdu ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska Wmqgd oelaùu hq;= nj id" mÉplaLOïud" o<ayOïud jeks wdldrdka; Yío jrk.d w¾: .ekaúh hq;= nj iqúfYAIS kdu mohkays m%lD;sh" m%;Hh" úNla;sh yd jpkh fjkalr oelaúh hq;=

nj ika;" Njka;" f.d jeks Yío jrk.d oelaúh hq;= nj ;oaê; yd lDoka; kdu jrkef.k wdldrh ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj

fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh md,s wldrdka; mq,a,sx. iqúfYAI kduhkays f,aLkhla mqjrefõ ,shd oelaùu idudkH wldrdka; Yíohla iqúfYAI wldrdka; Yíohla iu. ish¨ úNla;sj, jrk.d fjkialï fmkajd §u iqúfYAI kdu mohkays m%lD;sh" m%;Hh" úNla;sh yd jpkh fjkalr oelaùu ks¾ÈIag .%ka:j, tk f;dard.;a kdumoj, m%lD;s" m%;Hh" úNla;s yd jpk fjka fldg j.=.; lsÍug isiqka fhduq lsÍu ika;" Njka;" f.d jeks Yío ks¾ÈIag .%ka:j, fh§ we;akï ta nj fmkajd §u ;oaê; yd lDoka; kdu ks¾ÈIag .%ka:j,ska Wmqgd oelaùug isiqka fhduq lsÍu

2

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

iqúfYAI wldrdka; kdu ,shd olajhs' idudkH kdu mo yd iqúfYAI kdu mo ixikaokh lr fjkialï fmkajd fohs' iqúfYAI wldrdka; kdu mo ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska Wmqgd olajhs' wldrdka; mq,a,sx. kdu mo fidhd ,shhs' kdu mohkays m%lD;sh m%;Hh" úNla;sh yd jpkh ,shd olajhs' ika;" Njka;" f.d jeks Yío fh§ we;s ;eka fmkajd fohs' ;oaê; kdu yd lDoka; kdu fidhd j.=.; lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

md,s jHdlrK újrKh" isßksjdi ysñ" uhs,Efõ¦ iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1966' jeä ÿr .fõIKh

md,s NdIdj;rKh 1' 2' 3' nqoaOo;a; kdysñ" fmd,aj;af;a¦ iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1999'

3

02' tallh - ixLHd kdu jrke.Su ksmqK;dj 1'0 md,s NdIdfõ uQ,sl úhrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 uQ,sl jHdlrK úêj,g wkql+, j f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs' ld,Éfþo 04 hs bf.kqï m,

ixLHd kdu y÷kajhs' ixLHd kdu jrk.d olajhs' ixLHd kdu jrke.Sfï § ,sx. fNaoh yd jpk fNAoh y÷kdf.k j.=.; lrhs' ks¾ÈIag wks¾ÈIag lD;s lshjd ixLHd kdu mo Wmqgd olajhs' ixLHd kdu Ndú;fha iqúfYAI ,CIK y÷kajd fohs' ixLHd kdu fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lrhs' úúO ixLHd md,sfhka ,shd olajhs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr.kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


kdu jYfhka ixLHd Ndú; jk nj tl" oaú" ;s" p;=" iyiai" fldá wdÈh ixLHdkdu jYfhka fhfok nj tl" tl+kùi;s" fldá wdÈ ixLHd tal jpkfha muKla jrkef.k nj ;s" p;=" m[ap wdÈ ixLHd nyqjpkfha muKla jrkef.k nj tl" ;s" p;= ixLHd ;%s,sx.fha fjkiaj jrkef.k nj oaú" m[ap" P wdÈ ixLHd ;%s,sx.fha iudkj jrkef.k nj tl+kùi;s isg wÜGkjq;s olajd ixLHd ia;S%,sx.fha muKla jrkef.k nj tl+ki; isg ,laL olajd ixLHd kmqxil,sx.fha muKla jrkef.k nj ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag lD;sj, ixLHdjdÖ mo Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj ixLHd kdu jrke.Sfï iqúfYAI ,CIK y÷kd.; hq;= nj md,sfhka ixLHd ,súh hq;= nj ixLHd kdu fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj

fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

ixLHd kdu ,shd oelaùu ta ta ixLHd kdu ,sx. yd jpk jYfhka j.=.; lsÍu ks¾ÈIag lD;Skays tk ixLHd Yío Wmqgd oelaùu ixLHd kdu Ndú;fha iqúfYAI ,CIK fmkajd §u ixLHd kdu fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lsÍu md,sfhka ixLHd ,shd oelaùu ixLHd kdu úfYAIK jYfhka fh§ we;s ;eka fmkajd §u

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

ixLHd kdu y÷kajhs' ixLHd ,shd olajhs' ta ta ixLHd kdu fhfok ,sx. yd jpk ,shd olajhs' ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag lD;sj, ixLHdjdÖ kdumo Wmqgd olajhs'

4

ixLHd Yío jrke.Sfï iqúfYAI ,CIK fmkajd fohs' ixLHd Yío fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

md,s jHdlrK újrKh" isßksjdi ysñ" uhs,Efõ¦ iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1966' jeäÿr .fõIKh

md,s NdIdj;rKh 1" nqoaOo;a; kdysñ" fmd,aj;af;a¦ iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1999'

5

03' tallh - i¾jkdu jrke.Su

ksmqK;dj 1'0 md,s NdIdfõ uQ,sl úhrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 uQ,sl jHdlrK úêj,g wkql+, j f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs' ld,Éfþo 03 hs bf.kqï m,

md,s NdIdfõ i¾jkdu kï lrhs' i¾jkdu y÷kajhs' i¾jkdu jrke.Su m%.=K lrhs' i¾jkdu jrke.Sfï oS ,sx. yd jpk fNaoh y÷kdf.k ,shd olajhs' i¾jkdu úfYAIK mo f,i fhfok whqre y÷kdf.k jdlH ,shhs' ks¾ÈIag lD;s lshjd i¾jkdu mo iys; jdlH WoaOD; lr ,shhs' i¾jkdu mo fhfok iqúfYAIS m%fhda. y÷kd.ekSu i|yd lshjhs' i¾jkdu fjk;a kdu mo iu. jrk.d olajhs' wïy" ;=ïy Yíohkaf.ka wdfoaY rEm y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs' i¾jkdu mo Wmfhda.s lrf.k md,sfhka woyia m%ldY lrhs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr.kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


i¾jkdu hkq mqoa.," ia:dk wd§ fjk;a kduhla fjkqjg fhdod .kakd kdu nj úfYaIK mo jYfhka Ndú; jk nj ,sx.;%fhys jrkef.k nj iín" l;r" l;u" WNh" b;r" w[a[" w[a[;r" w[a[;u" mqín" mr" wmr" olaÅK" W;a;r" h" ;" t;" bu" wuq" lsx" ;=ïy" wïy hkdÈh i¾jkdu jk nj i¾jkdu" úfYAIK f,i fhfok úg ,sx.fhka" úNla;sfhka" jpkfhka iudk jk nj i¾jkdu jdlHj, ;ks j fhfok nj wïy" ;=ïy Yíoj, úfYAI rEm we;s nj m%Yak jdpl i¾jkdu ,sx.;%fha jrke.sh hq;= nj


ks¾ÈIag lD;shlska Wmqgd.;a fþohla isiqkag ,nd § tys we;s i¾jkdu mo Wmqgd oelaùu i¾jkdu Yío 27la we;s nj fmkajd §u i¾jkdu mo kdu mo f,i o úfYAIK mo f,i o fhfok wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍu i¾jkdu mohla ,sx.;%fhys jrk.d w¾: .ekaùu wïy" ;=ïy" Yíohkaf.a Ndú;h meyeÈ,s lr §u i¾jkdu mo fjk;a kduhla yd jrk.d oelaùu ks¾ÈIag mdGhkays tk i¾jkdu mo Wmqgd oelaùu m%Yak jdpl i¾jkdu mo fhdod jdlH ieliSu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

i¾jkdu y÷kajhs' i¾jkdu" kduhla fjkqjg Ndú; lrhs'

6

i¾jkdu fhdod jdlH ;khs' i¾jkdu" úfYAIK f,i ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs' ks¾ÈIAg lD;sj, i¾jkdu mo Wmqgd olajhs' i¾jkdu ,sx.;%fha jrk.hs' wïy" ;=ïy Yíohkaf.a Ndú;h meyeÈ,s lrhs' i¾jkdu mo fhdod jdlH ;khs' m%Yak jdpl i¾jkdu fhdod jdlH ilihs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

md,s jHdlrK újrKh" isßksjdi ysñ" uhs,Efõ'( iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1966' w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< - 13 fY%AKshg kshñ; .%ka:

jeä ÿr .fõIKhg

md,s NdIdj;rKh 1" 2" nqoaOo;a; kd ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 1999' md,s NdIdj yd rpkh" isß iïfndaê ysñ" meKsfy<'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 1999'

7

04' tallh - ;oaê; mo idOkh

ksmqK;djh 1'0 md,s NdIdfõ uQ,sl úhrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 uQ,sl jHdlrK úêj,g wkql+, j f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs' ld,Éfþo 05hs bf.kqï m,

;oaê; hkak y÷kajhs' ;oaê;j, m%fhdack kï lrhs' ;oaê; mohkays mo isoaê l%u meyeÈ,s lrhs' ;oaê; m%fNao kï lr ksoiqka olajhs' ;oaê; mo úfYAIK mo jYfhka o kdu mo jYfhka o Ndú; jk nj fmkajd fohs' ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk ;oaê; mo Wmqgd olajhs' iudi yd ;oaê; mohkays iu úIu;d fmkajd fohs'




;oaê; hkq ljf¾ ±hs ye¢kaúh hq;= nj ;oaê; m%;Hhd¾: kdu úfYaIhla nj ;oaê;hkays m%fhdack ,shd oelaúh hq;= nj ;oaê; mo idOkfha § fndfyda úg wdÈ iajrh jDoaê jk nj ;oaê; m%fNao ;=kla we;s nj idu[a[ ;oaê;h ;j;a m%fNao y;rlg fnfok nj kduj,g ;oaê; m%;Hh fhdod ;oaê; mo ielish hq;= nj ;oaê; kdu" úfYAIK yd ksmd; jYfhka fhfok nj ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk ;oaê; mo Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj iudi yd ;oaê; w;r we;s iu úIu;d oelaúh hq;= nj ;oaê; mo fhdod jdlH ielish hq;= nj


ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk ;oaê; mo lsysmhla Wmqgd olajd kduh yd ;oaê; m%;H fjkafldg oelaùu mo idOkh lrñka ;oaê; mo ilid ;oaê;j, m%fhdack fmkajd §u ;oaê; m%fNao kï fldg ta ta m%fNaohg ksoiqka oelaùu ;oaê;hla kdu" úfYAIK yd ksmd; jYfhka jdlHhkays fh§ we;s whqre fmkajd §u ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk ;oaê; mo Wmqgd oelaùu iudi yd ;oaê; w;r iu úIu;d oelaùu ;oaê; mo fhdod jdlH ieliSu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

;oaê; y÷kajd ksoiqka fohs' ;oaê;j, m%fhdack ,shd olajhs'

8

;oaê;hkays kduh yd m%;H fjka fldg olajhs' ;oaê; m%fNao kï lrhs' ;oaê; m%fNao y÷kajd ksoiqka fohs' ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, ;oaê; mo Wmqgd olajhs' ;oaê;hla kdu" úfYAIK yd ksmd; jYfhka fhfok njg ksoiqka imhhs' iudi yd ;oaê; w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs' ;oaê; mo fhdod jdlH ;khs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

md,s jHdlrK újrKh" isßksjdi ysñ" uhs,Efõ'( iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1966' ks¾ÈIag lD;s - 13 fY%AKshg wod<

jeäÿr .fõIKh

md,s NdIdj 5 uQ,sl msßfjk" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" iuhjO_k" 2013'

9

05' tallh - ls;l mo idOkh

ksmqK;dj 1'0 md,s NdIdfõ uQ,sl úhrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 uQ,sl jHdlrK úêj,g wkql+, j f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs' ld,Éfþo 05hs bf.kqïm,

ls;l y÷kajhs' ls;lj, mo idOkh meyeÈ,s lrhs' ls;l mo kdu" l%shd yd wjH jYfhka fhfok whqre meyeÈ,s lrhs' ls;l m%fNao ,shd olajhs' ls;lj, m%fhdack ,shd olajhs' ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, ls;l mo Wmqgd olajhs' ls;l mo fhdod jdlH ,shd olajhs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßos mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr.kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'

ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixCIma;h

ls;l mo ye¢kaúh hq;= nj ls;l mo idOkfha § Od;=jlg m%;Hhla fhdod .kakd nj ls;l" lsÉp yd ls;a jYfhka m%fNao jk nj lsÉp ls;l ff;%ld,sl jk nj ls;a m%;Hdka; ls;l m%fNao 5 la jk nj ls;l mo NdIdfõ nyq, j fhfok nj ls;l mo jdlHj, kdu" l%shd yd wjH jYfhka fhfok nj ls;l l%shd jYfhka fhfok úg mqreIfNaohla fkdue;s nj yd ,sx.fNaohla we;s nj ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska ls;l mo Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj ls;l mo fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj

fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh

ls;l mo iys; fþohla mqjrefõ ,shd ls;l mo fmkajd §u ls;l mo idOkh meyeÈ,s lsÍu ls;l mo kdu" l%shd yd wjH jYfhka fh§ we;s whqre fmkajd §u ls;l m%fNao fldg oelaùu ls;a yd lsÉp m%fNao meyeÈ,s lsÍu ls;a m%;Hh m%fNao olajd ksoiqka oelaùu ls;lj, m%fhdack ,shd oelaùu ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk ls;l mo Wmqgd oelaùu ls;l mo fhdod jdlH ieliSu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

ls;l hkq fudkjdoehs y÷kajd fohs' ls;l mo Wmqgd olajhs'

10

ls;lj, mo idOkh fmkajd fohs' ls;l m%fNao fldg olajhs' ta ta m%fNaohg wh;a m%;Hh olajd ksoiqka fohs' ls;l mo Ndú; jk úúO wdldr i`oyd ksoiqka imhhs' ls;l mo fhdod jdlH ,shhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

md,s jHdlrK újrKh" isßksjdi ysñ" uhs,Efõ'( iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1966' 13 fY%AKshg kshñ; ks¾ÈIag .%ka:

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

md,s NdIdj;rKh 1" 2" nqoaOo;a; kd ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 1999' md,s NdIdj yd rpkh" isß iïfndaê ysñ" meKsfy<'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 1999'

11

06' tallh - Od;= .K yd wdLHd; jrke.Su

ksmqK;dj 1'0 md,s NdIdfõ uQ,sl úhrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 uQ,sl jHdlrK úêj,g wkql+, j f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs' ld,Éfþo 06 hs bf.kqï m,

Od;= .K kï lrhs' Od;= .Kj,g wh;a úlrK m%;Hh ,shhs' wdLHd; mohkays moisoaêh olajhs' Od;= .K" úlrK m%;Hh" l%shdx.h yd wdLHd; moh m%lg jk mßos j.=jla

ms<sfh, lrhs' wdLHd; úNla;s 8 kï lrhs' wdLHd; úNla;sj,g wh;a m%;Hh ,shd olajhs' wdLHd; mohl úNla;sh" Od;= uQ,h" Od;= .Kh" moh" mqreIh yd jpkh fjka lr olajhs'




Od;= .K 7la jk nj Od;= .Kj,g wh;a úlrK m%;Hh we;s nj Od;=jg wod< úlrK m%;H fhdod l%shdx.h ilid .; hq;= nj wdLHd; m%;Hhla fhdod wdLHd; mohla ilid .; hq;= nj wdLHd; úNla;s 8la we;s nj wdLHd; úNla;sj,g wh;a m%;Hh we;s nj wdLHd; mohl úNla;sh" Od;= uQ,h" Od;= .Kh" moh" mqreIh yd jpkh ,shd oelaúh hq;= nj


Od;= .K 07 kï lsÍu Od;= .Kj,g wh;a úlrK m%;Hh oelaùu j¾;udk l%shdx.h ilid .ekSu m%;Hh fhdod wdLHd; mo ieliSu fþohl we;s wdLHd; mo Wmqgd oelaùu wdLHd; úNla;s ,shd olajd tajdg wh;a m%;Hh ud,dj ,sùu wdLHd;j, úfYAI m%fhda. oelaùu wdLHd; mohkays wdLHd;h" Od;=j" úlrKh" Od;= .Kh" moh" mqreIh yd jpkh oelaùu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

Od;= .K 7 ,shd olajhs' Od;= .Kj,g wh;a úlrK m%;Hh ,shhs' wdLHd; mohkays moisoaêh olajhs' wdLHd; úNla;s kï lrhs'

12

wdLHd; jrk.d olajhs' fþohl we;s wdLHd; mo Wmqgd olajd úNla;s kï lrhs' Od;= .K yd úlrK m%;Hh j.=.; lr olajhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

md,s jHdlrK újrKh" isßksjdi ysñ" uhs,Efõ'( iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1966'

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

md,s NdIdj;rKh 1" 2" nqoaOo;a; kd ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a'( iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1999'

13

07' tallh - m%fhdacH l%shd Ndú;h

ksmqK;dj 1'0 md,s NdIdfõ uQ,sl úhrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2 idïm%odhsl fhÿï yd jdÙud,dj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrñka NdIdj Ndú;

lrhs' ld,Éfþo 04 hs bf.kqï m,

m%fhdacH l%shdj y÷kajhs' m%fhdacH l%shd m%;Hh kï lrhs' m%fhdacH l%shdjkays mo isoaêh meyeÈ,s lrhs' wl¾ul jdlH il¾ul jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs' il¾ul jdlH oaúl¾ul jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs' oaúl¾ul jdlH nyql¾ul jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs' mQ¾jl%shd yd ;=uka; l%shdjkays m%fhdacH rEm ,shd olajhs' ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk m%fhdacH l%shd Wmqgd olajhs' m%fhdacH l%shd fhdod jdlH ,shhs'




flfkl= ,jd" lrjk l%shd m%fhdacH l%shd nj m%fhdacH l%shd ^ldß;& m%;Hh 4la we;s nj mQ¾jl%shd yd ;=uka; l%shdjkays o ldß; m%;Hh fhfok nj m%fhdacH l%shd Ndú;fha § wl¾ul jdlH il¾ul jk nj o il¾ul jdlH oaúl¾ul jdlH jk nj iy oaúl¾ul jdlH nyql¾ul jdlH jk nj ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk m%fhdacH l%shd Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj m%fhdacH l%shd fhdod flá jdlH È.= l< yels nj


m%fhdacH l%shd m%;Hh 4 ,shd oelaùu m%fhdacH l%shd m%;Hh fhdod m%fhdacH l%shd mo ilid .ekSu mQ¾jl%shd yd ;=uka; l%shd iu. ldß; m%;Hh fhfok nj wkqnkaO —K˜ ldrh fya;=fjka wdÈ iajrh jDoaê jk nj m%fhdacH l%shd fhda.fha § wl¾ul jdlH il¾ul jk nj il¾ul jdlH oaúl¾ul jk nj yd oaúl¾ul jdlH nyql¾ul jk nj ks¾ÈIAg lD;Skays tk m%fhdacH l%shdmo Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj m%fhdacH l%shdmo fhdod jdlH È.=fldg ,súh hq;= nj

;lafiarej yd we.hSu m%fhdacH l%shdj y÷kajd fohs' m%fhdacH l%shd m%;Hh ^ldß; m%;Hh& ,shd olajhs' ldß; m%;Hh fhdod m%fhdacH l%shd mo idohs' wl¾ul jdlH il¾ul ùu" il¾ul jdlH oaúl¾ul jdlH ùu yd oaúl¾ul jdlH nyql¾ul jdlH ùu fmkajd fohs'

14

mQ¾jl%shd yd ;=uka; l%shdjkays ldß; m%;Hh fhdod m%fhdacH l%shd mo ilihs' ks¾ÈIAg lD;sj, m%fhdacH mo Wmqgd olajhs' m%fhdacH l%shd mo fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

md,s jHdlrK újrKh" isßksjdi ysñ" uhs,Efõ'( iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1966' jeä ÿr .fõIKh

md,s NdIdj 5 uQ,sl msßfjk" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" iuhjO_k" 2013'

15

08' tallh - w;sf¾l mo Ndú;h ksmqK;dj 1'0 md,s NdIdfõ uQ,sl úhrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2 idïm%odhsl fhÿï yd jdÙud,dj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrñka NdIdj Ndú;

lrhs' ld,Éfþo 06 hs bf.kqï m,

wK lsÍu" úOdkhla lsÍu úê l%shdj nj m%ldY lrhs' úê l%shdj i|yd m[apó wdLHd; úNla;sh fhdod .kshs' jdlHhkays we;s úê l%shd mo Wmqgd olajd udOH NdIdjg k.hs' úê l%shd mo fhdod jdlH ,shd olajhs' wduka;%Kh i|yd wd,mk úNla;sh Ndú; lrhs' wduka;%K jdÖ mo" jdlHj, uq," ueo" w. hk ljr ;ekl fyda fhfok nj fmkajd fohs' wduka;%Kd¾:fha fy" fNd" fr" NfK" fNd;s" Njkaf;d hk wduka;%K jdÖ mo Ndú; lrhs' wduka;%K jdÖ mo iys; jdlH udOH NdIdjg k.hs' wduka;%K jdÖ mo fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lrhs' úiauhd¾: jdÖ ksmd; yd fhÿï f.k yer olajhs' úiauhd¾: jdÖ mo fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lrhs' úiauhd¾: jdÖ mo iys; jdlH udOH NdIdjg k.hs' md,sfha hq., mo y÷kajhs' iÔù nj /l .ekSug hq., mo Ndú; lrk nj fmkajd fohs' ks¾ÈIag .%ka:j, hq., mo fh§ we;s ;eka Wmqgd olajhs' hq., mo /ia lrhs' hq., mo iys; jdlH ks¾udKh lr udOH NdIdjg k.hs' fÄod¾: jdÖ mo Wmqgd olajhs' fÄod¾: jdÖ mo iys; jdlH udOH NdIdjg k.hs'




úê l%shd hkq úOdkhla fyda ksfhda.hla nj úê l%shd i|yd m[apó wdLHd;h fhfok nj ^wdK;HdisÜfGkq;a;ldf, m[apó& úê l%shd i|yd i;a;ó wdLHd;h o úl,amfhka fhfok nj úê l%shd¾:fhys taljpk Wla; i|yd nyqjpk wdLHd; o fh§ we;s nj ^.Kay:djqfid m;a;Öjrx& úOdkd¾:fha ksmd; mo fhfok nj wd,mk úNla;sh yd wduka;%K mo y÷kd.; hq;= nj wduka;%K jdÖ mo j¾;udk ld, uOHu mqreIfhka fhfok nj wduka;%Kd¾:fha fy" fr" fc" fNd" fNd;s" NfK" wfr jeks ksmd; mo fhfok nj

16

úiauhd¾: jdÖ wfyd" wÉPßhx" wíN=;x jeks mo y÷kdf.k Ndú; l< hq;= nj hq., jYfhka fhfok m;a;Öjr" hq.kx.," mq;a;odr" midoixfõ. jeks mo hq., mo jk nj fÄod¾: mo hkq ixfõ.h" lk.dgqj okjk wfyda" yd" jeks mo nj


úê l%shd" wduka;%K mo" úiauh jdÖ fhÿï" hq., mo yd fÄod¾: mo fjk fjku fmkajd §u ta ta fhÿï i|yd WodyrK iemhSu ks¾ÈIAg lD;sj,ska Wmqgd .;a fhÿï ,shd oelaùu ta ta fhÿï iys; jdlH udOH NdIdjg ke`.Su úê l%shd" wduka;%KjdÖ mo" úiauh jdÑ fhÿï" hq., mo yd fÄod¾: mo fhdod .ksñka ikaksfõokfha fh§u by; lS mo iys; jdlH ;ekSu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu úê l%shd" wduka;%K mo" úiauh jdÖ fhÿï" hq., mo yd fÄod¾: mo" fjk fjk

u meyeÈ,s lrhs' ta ta fhÿï i|yd ksoiqka imhhs' ks¾ÈIAg lD;sj,ska Wmqgd .;a úê l%shd" wduka;%K jdÖ mo" úiauh jdÖ fhÿï" hq., mo yd fÄod¾: mo ,shd olajhs' by; lS mo iys; jdlH ks¾udKh lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIAg lD;s ^13 fY%aKshg wod<& md,s jHdlrK újrKh" isßksjdi ysñ" uhs,Efõ'( iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1966'

jeä ÿr .fõIKh md,s .µ mµ rpkd" nqoaOo;a; kdysñ" fmd,aj;af;a'( wïn,kaf.dv" 1960' md,s NdIdj;rKh 3" nqoaOo;a; kdysñ" fmd,aj;af;a'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 1999'

17

09' tallh - rpkd ,sùu

ksmqK;dj 1'0 md,s NdIdfõ uQ,sl úhrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3 md,s NdId jHjydrhg wkql+, j rpkh yqre lr ,shhs' ld,Éfþo 03 hs bf.kqï m,

l%shdldrl mo iïnkaOh y÷kdf.k jdlH ,shhs' flá jdlH È.= jdlH njg m;a lrhs' È.= jdlH flá jdlH njg yrjhs' ksmd;" Wmi¾. fuka u Wmud" rEml wdÈh fhdod w,xldrd;aul jdlH ,shhs' md,s NId Í;Hkql+, j jdlH f.dvk.hs' fm< idys;Hfha NdId ffY,sh fuka u m%fhda. o wod< lr.ksñka jdlH idohs' md,s NdIdfjka ,sheù we;s úúO .oH fldgia lshjhs' úúO ud;Dld wkqj .oH rpkd lrhs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr .kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


flá jdlH ,súh hq;= nj flá jdlHj,g úfYAIK" mQ¾j l%shd" ;=uka; l%shd" ksmd; yd Wmi¾. fhdod jdlH È.= fldg ,súh hq;= nj È.= jdlH iudi" ;oaê; wdÈh fhdod flá l< hq;= nj md,s Í;Hkql+, j jdlH ,súh hq;= nj md,s NdId m%fhda. Ndú; l< hq;= nj ffY,s.; yd w,xldrd;aul jdlH ,súh hq;= nj ud;Dldkql+, j .oH rpkd ,súh hq;= nj

fhdð; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh Wla;h l¾uh yd l%shdfjka hq;= jdlH ,shùu tu jdlHj,g úfYAIK mo tla lsÍu iudi" ;oaê; wdÈ mo fhdod jdlH flá lsÍu mQ¾j l%shd" ;=uka; l%shd" ksmd; yd Wmi¾. fhdod jdlH È.= lsÍu ksmd;" Wmi¾." Wmud" rEml wdÈh fhdod .ksñka jdlH w,xldr lsÍu fm< .%ka:j, we;s jdlH Wmqgdf.k tajdfha Í;sh f;areï .ekSu jdlH rpkfha § md,s NdId m%fhda. Ndú; lsÍu ud;Dldkql+, j flá rpkd ,sùu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

ksjerÈ j jdlH ,shhs' flá jdlH È.= jdlH njg yrjhs' È.= jdlH flá jdlH njg m;a lrhs' fm< idys;Hfha Í;sh f;areï .ksñka jdlH ,shd olajhs'

18

úúO ud;Dld hgf;a ir, rpkd ,shhs' md,s fþo idrdxY lr ,shhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIAg lD;s

jeä ÿr .fõIKh md,s rpkd I" úu,jxi ysñ" noafoa.u'( f.dvf.a" 1989' md,smdGu[acÍ I,II" mshr;k ysñ" ly|fudaor'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 2016' md,s .µ mµ rpkd" nqoaOo;a; kdysñ" fmd,aj;af;a'( wïn,kaf.dv" 1960'

19

10' tallh - idïm%odhsl NdId m%fhda. Ndú;h ksmqK;dj 2'0 ksjerÈ jdÑl ikaksfõokfha fhfohs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 ksjerÈ j ni yiqrejñka ikaksfõok ld¾hfha fhfohs' ld,Éfþo 10 hs bf.kqï m,

l:d jHjydrhg wjYH jpk ud,djla fhdod .kshs' tÈfkod woyia yqjudre lr .ekSug ir, md,s NdId m%fhda. wjfndaOfhka Ndú; lrhs' ks¾osIag .%ka:d.; fþo yd .d:d wdY%fhka m%Yafkda;a;r ilid ,shhs' Tjqfkdjqka pls;hlska f;dr j ixjdofha fhfohs' f;dard .;a cd;l l:d yd fldgia ixjdo jYfhka bosßm;a lrhs' jdÑl ikaksfõokhg wjYH fhÿï ks¾osIag .%ka:j,ska Wmqgd olajhs' mka;s ldurh ;=< oS idïm%odhsl md,s NdId m%fhda. fhdod .ksñka woyia m%ldY lrhs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" oS we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha oS YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr .kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


md,s NdId udOHfhka woyia m%ldY l< yels nj ixjdohg iqÿiq fhÿï yd jdlH f;dard .; hq;= nj tlS fhÿï yd jdlH udOH NdIdjg ke.sh hq;= nj ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska f;dard .;a f;aud hgf;a woyia f.dkq lr bÈßm;a l< hq;= nj oS¾> jdlH flá jdlH f,i idïm%odhsl NdId m%fhda. hgf;a iïmdokh l< yels nj ixjdohg iqÿiq fhÿï yd jdlH" ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj mka;s ldurh ;=< md,sfhka woyia m%ldY l< hq;= nj


ixjdoh u.ska NdIdfõ Ôj.=Kh wdrlaId jk nj fmkajd oSu ixjdo iajrEmfha fþo y÷kajd oSu idïm%odhsl md,s fonia Wmqgd f.k m%o¾Ykh lsÍu ks¾osIag .%ka:d.; fþo m%Yafkda;a;r f,i f.dkq lr ,Su flá jdlH §¾> jdlH f,i ilia lr §u' oS¾> jdlH flá jdlH f,i ilia lr oSu mka;s ldurh ;=< oS md,s NdId udOHfhka ixjdod;aul joka Ndú;fhka isiqka m%fndaOj;a lsÍu mka;s ldurh ;=< oS isiqka fofokd ne.ska ixjdo lsÍug fhduq lsÍu jdÑl ikaksfõokhg iqÿiq f,i idïm%odhsl jdlH ;ekùu iñ;s iïNdIK wdoshg fhda.H idïm%odhsl fonia iïmdokh lrùu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu ixjdo iajrEmfha fþo y÷kajd fohs'

20

oS¾> jdlH flá jdlH f,i ilia lrhs' ks¾osIag .%ka:d.; fþo m%Yafkda;a;r f,i f.dkqlr ,shhs' jdÑl ikaksfõokhg iqÿiq idïm%odhsl jdlH ;khs' iñ;s iïNdIK wdoshg fhda.H idïm%odhsl fonia iïmdokh lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIag mdG .%ka: md,s jrke.s,a," mshr;k ysñ" jE.u'( f.dvf.a" fld<U" 2008' md,s NdIdj yd rpkh" isß iïfndaê ysñ" meKsfy<'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 1999'

jeä ÿr .fõIKh md,s .µ mµ rpkd" nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a'( wïn,kaf.dv" 1960'

21

11' tallh - idóÑl:d

ksmqK;dj 2'0 ksjerÈ jdÑl ikaksfõokfha fhfohs' ksmqK;d uÜgu

2'2 md,s NdId udOHfhka ±k.;a NdIK m%fhda. jdÑl ikaksfõokfhys WÑ; mßÈ Ndú; lrhs'

ld,Éfþo 10 hs bf.kqï m,

ixjdo iajrEmfha md,s .oH moH mdG lshjhs' .oH yd moH ixjdo fldgia tla/ia lrhs' tÈfkod jHjydrhg wod< j ixjdo f.dvk.hs' m%Yakjdpl i¾jkdu yd ksmd; fhdod .ksñka m%Yak wihs' m%Yak lsÍu yd W;a;r oSu ms<sn| j md,ss iïm%odh wkq.ukh lrñka ixjdo lrhs' md,s ixjdoj, ir, yd rij;a nj w.hñka ;u ñ;=rka iu. idlÉPd lrhs'

woyia m< lrhs' tÈfkod f;dr;=re oek.ekSug m%Yak wihs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" oS we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha oS YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr .kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


ir, yd rij;a ixjdod;aul jdlH ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj m%Yak weiSu i|yd m%Yakjdpl i¾jkdu yd ksmd; Ndú; jk nj kso¾Yk ixjdo weiqßka ixjdo f.dvke.sh hq;= nj tajd wkqj idóÑl:d meje;aúh hq;= nj ixjdo iajrEmS nqoaO foaYkd tla/ia l< hq;= nj my; i|yka wdldrfha ixjdo kso¾Yk lr .; hq;= nj

l:d i,a,dfmd I Ñf;%d (- iïu" uydkd." Fjx l=ysx .ÉPis@ uydkdf.d (- fNd" ñ;a; wyx fld<ïnk.rx .ÉPdñ' Ñf;%d (- lsuF:dh ;;% .ÉPis@ uydkdf.d (- uu fcÜGNd;d ;ysx ji;s' wyx ;iai iqLÿlaLx cdks;=x .ÉPdñ' Ñf;%d (- ;j Nd;d fld<ïnk.fr lsx lfrd;s@ uydkdf.d (- fid tliañx úÊcd,fh W.a.Kaydfm;s' Ñf;%d (- iïu" f;k wyums Fjhd ioaêx wd.ÉPdñ' uydkdf.d (- tjxæ tjxæ wd.ÉP;=' Ñf;%d (- lod Fjx mqkrd.Éýiaiis@ uydkdf.d (- ;x j;a;=x k ilafld' ifp Tldix ,fNhH wyx m[apÈjidíNka;fr mqkrd.Éýiaidñ' Ñf;%d (- iïu" uydkd." fld fy;= ;j .ukiai@ uydkdf.d (- uhd fld<ïnk.rx k ÈÜGmqínx' ;iaud wyx ;iai k.riai

úN+;sx miais;=x bÉPdñ' ;oF:dh .Éýiaidñ' kd[a[ldrKx' Ñf;%d (- kkq fld<ïn k.rx iïm;s ,xldhx mOdkx k.rx w.a.

22

k.rx@ ;iaud ;x k.rx oiaikShx p ufkdyrx p Nj;s' ;f:j ;iañx k.fr oiaikShÜGdkdks nyQks fydka;s' uydkdf.d (- lsx iïu" ;dks iíndks Gdkdks Fjhd Tf,dls;mqíndkS;s u[af[@ Ñf;%d (- kys" kys" wyx l;smhÜGdkdks wmiaisx" f;kys wd.ÉP;=æ bodks .ukldf,d' uydkdf.d (- wyx uu ud;dms;=kakx Tldix k ,Nsx" ;iaud f.yx .kaFjd wÑfrk OQurÜGdkx wd.ñiaidñ" ;dj Fjx .ÉPdys' Ñf;%d (- ud Ñrdh;=' uydkdf.d (- fyd;= wyx oi úkd<sldh mqkrd.ñiaidñ'

l:d i,a,dfmd II

ñ;af;d (- iajd.;x md," l:x iqLÿlaLx@ mdf,d (- iqkaorx k ÿlaLrx' ñ;af;d (- fNd md," l=ysx ;j iydhfld@ mdf,d (- fid wÊc .dux w.udis' ñ;af;d (- lsx Fjx tlfld'j wd.f;d'is@ mdf,d (- kys" kys" tfld uu iydhfldms uhd ioaêx wd.ñ' fidZodks wx.fK ;sÜG;s' ñ;af;d (- tfid uydifhd ;j ñ;af;dZ;s u[af[' mdf,d (- wdu' ñ;af;d (- fld kdfudZis Fjx@ wd.ka;=fld (- wyx fldif,dZiañ' ñ;af;d (- iqkaorx" wd.kaFjd wiañx mSfG ksiSodys' ñ;af;d (- ÑrÈÜfGdZis Fjx md,' mdf,d (- tjx" wyx .;udfi urïurÜGx w.udisx' ñ;af;d (- lsuF:dh@ mdf,d (- uu lksÜGNd;d ;iañx rÜfG jdKsfcd' fidZodks nd<ay.s,dfkd" wd;=rd,fh fNiÊcF:dh Ñrdh;s' ñ;af;d (- Fjx kdjdh .f;diSZ;s u[af[' mdf,d (- kys wyx wdldihdfkk w.ñx' ñ;af;d (- wFÓ kqfLd ;iañx rÜfG oiaikShdks Gdkdks@ mdf,d (- wFÓ tj" PÜGix.dhkdN+ñ w;sruKShd oiaikShd p Nj;s' ñ;af;d (- l;sÈjidks Fjx ;F: ÑrdhsF:@ mdf,d (- k oS>ldf,d" i;a;Èjiu;a;x ;iañx úpßx' ^md,s rpkd&


kso¾Yl ixjdohla bosßm;a lsÍu ixjdo f.dvke.Su ixjdo bÈßm;a lsÍu m%Yakjdpl i¾jkdu mo yd ksmd; fhdod .ksñka ixjdo we;s lsÍu iQ;%d.; ixjdo iajrEmS fldgia tla/ia fldg ixjdo f.dv ke.Su

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

23

úfYAI NdIK Í;Ska ,shd olajhs' ir, yd rij;a nj ms<sn| w.h lrñka ixjdo lrhs' m%Yak lsÍufï § yd W;a;r oSfï oS md,s iïm%odh wkq.ukh lrhs' ixjdod;aul jdlH LKav fidhd ta wkqj id¾:l j l:kfha fhfohs' md,s NdId udOH iñ;sfha oS rij;a j ixjdohla bÈßm;a lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIag mdG .%ka: md,s rpkd I, II" úu,jxi ysñ" noafoa.u'( f.dvf.a" 1989'

jeä ÿr .fõIKh md,s NdIdj yd rpkh" isß iïfndaê ysñ" meKsfy<'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 1999' md,smdG u[acÍ I" mshr;k ysñ" ly|dfudaor'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 2016'

24

12' tallh - iñ;s l:d

ksmqK;dj 2'0 ksjerÈ jdÑl ikaksfõokfha fhfohs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3 ksjerÈ j ni yiqrejñka ikaksfõok ld¾hfha fhfohs' ld,Éfþo 10 hs' bf.kqï m,

md,s l:djla f.dvk.k wdldrh ms<sn| ñ;%hka iu. idlÉPd lrhs' md,s l:d mqyqKqj i|yd wkHhka iu. iyfhda.fhka l%shd lrhs' ksjerÈ l:djla f.dvk.hs' inflda,fhka f;dr j md,s NdId udOHfhka id¾:l l:djla mj;ajhs' md,s NdId udOH iñ;sh id¾:l lr .ekSug ;u yelshdj Wmßufhka ,nd fohs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;"a oS we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha oS YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr .kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


md,s NdId udOHfhka l;d meje;aùu wjYH nj;a th ir, nj;a wjfndaO lrùu md,s l:djl ikao¾Nh

iqnme;Sï wduka;%K úê lreKq fm< .eiaùu l:dj f.dvke.Su uq, ueo w. ukd j iïnkaO lsÍu idrdxYh wjika lsÍu wdos jYfhka wjYH oE iajks¾udK l:d bÈßm;a lsÍu


md,s NdId udOH iñ;shla ixúOdkh lsÍu bÈßm;a lsÍï ieliSu fhdackd yd idlÉPd ieliSu yd bÈßm;a lsÍu jd¾;d ,sùu" bÈßm;a lsÍu yd iNd iïu; lsÍu wh jeh jd¾;dj ieliSu yd bÈßm;a lsÍu .d:d yd l:d bÈßm;a lsÍu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

md,s NdId udOHfhka l:djla f.dvke.Sug wjYH uQ,sl lreKq kï lrhs' ksjerÈ j iïm%odhdkql+, j NdId Í;s iys; j l:djla f.dvk.hs' md,s NdId udOHfhkA l:djla bÈßm;a lrhs' md,s NdId udOH jevigykaj,g fkdmels, j bÈßm;a fjhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIag mdG .%ka: md,s rpkd I, II" úu,jxi ysñ" noafoa.u'( f.dvf.a" 1989' iaj ks¾udK

25

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

md,s NdIdj yd rpkh" isß iïfndaê ysñ" meKsfy<'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 1999' md,smdG u[acÍ I/II" mshr;k ysñ" ly|dfudaor'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 2016'

26

13' tallh - WÉpdrKh yd iaurKh

ksmqK;dj 3'0 ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag .oH moH mdG lshjd Ndú;hg yqre fjhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 moHhla ksjerÈ úß;g yd h;shg wkqj <hdkaú;j .dhkd lrhs' 3'2 iQ;%mdG Y%e;sf.dapr rgdfjka y`v k.d .dhkd lrhs 3'3 Wmfhda.S;dfjka hq;= md,s .oH moH mdG jkfmd;a lrhs' ld,ÉfPao 10hs bf.kqï m,

kuialdr .d:d ,hdkaú; j .dhkd lrhs'

ks¾ÈIag moH fldgia ksjerÈ j WÉpdrKh lrñka .dhkd lrhs'

ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag .oH mdG ksjerÈ j WÉpdrKh lrhs'

.d:djkays jD;a;h yd h;sh ms<sn`o ie,els,su;a j .dhkd lrhs'

ks¾ÈIag .oH yd moH mdG u;lfhka lshhs'

.oH yd moH fldgia iïm%odhdkql+, j iÊCOdhkd lrhs'

ks¾ÈIag .oH moH mdG ksjerÈ mo fn§ï iys; j ,shd olajhs'

ksjerÈ wlaIr úkHdih iys; j .oH moH mdG ,shd olajhs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr .kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'

ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixlaIsma;h

kuialdr .d:d foajdrdOkh" foúhkag mska§fï .d:d hkdÈh idïm%odhsl ßoaudkql+, j .dhkd l< hq;= nj

msß;a iQ;%dÈh iïm%odhdkql+, j iÊCOdhkd l< hq;= nj

iqúfYaIS .d:d mdG jkfmd;a l< hq;= nj

ks¾ÈIag .oH yd moH fldgia y`vk.d lshúh hq;= nj

w,amm%dK uydm%dK ksjerÈ j Ndú; l< hq;= nj

ks¾ÈIag .oH moH mdG ksjerÈ mo fn§ï iys; j ,shd oelaúh hq;= nj

ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag moH mdG" jD;a;h yd h;sh ms<sn`o ie,ls,su;a fjñka .dhkd l< hq;= nj

iqúfYaIS .oH moH mdG jkfmd;a l< h;= nj

fhdacs; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh

iïm%odhdkql+, j .dhkd l< kuialdr .d:d wdÈh we;=<;a CD ;eáhla Y%jKh lsÍug ie,iaùu

ta wkqj .d:d iÊCOdhkhg isiqka fhduq lsÍu

iQ;% yd msß;a ^mß;a;" iq;a;& .K iÊCOdhkd lsÍu

úúO iïm%odhka wkq.ukh lsÍug isiqka fhduq lsÍu

27

.oH yd moH fldgia y`vk.d lshùug ie,eiaùu

w¾:hg ydks fkdjk mßÈ .oH moH fldgia ,sùug yd iÊCOdhkhg isiqka fhduq lsÍu

Wmfhda.S;dfjka hq;= .oH moH fldgia jkfmd;a lsÍug isiqka fhduq lsÍu

.d:d .dhkfha § jD;a;h yd h;sh ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag .oH moH fldgia y`vk.d lshùu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

Wmfhda.S;dfjka hq;= .oH moH fldgia u;lfhka lshhs; ,shhs'

ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag .oH moH fldgia y`vk.d lshjhs'

fodaI rys; j f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs'

iQ;% yd msß;a .K iÊCOdhkh lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

CD/ leiÜ mg

ks¾ÈIag .oH moH mdG

28

14' tallh - pq,a,j.a.h ^j;a;laLJOl&

ksmqK;dj 4'0 ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag .oH moH mdG mßj¾;kh lsÍfï l=i,;dj m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgï 4' 1 wkajh yd l%shdldrl mo iïnkaO;dj ksjerÈ j ilia lsÍfï mrsph ,nhs' 4' 2 md,s WoaOD; iòyd mo.;d¾: imhhs' 4' 3 md,s WoaOD; mdG udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs' 4' 4 udOH NdId.; fþo Í;shg wkqj md,shg mßj¾;kh lrhs' ld,ÉfPao 12hs

bf.kqï m,

pq,a,j.a.md<sh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lrhs' WmÊCOdh yd ioaêúydßl j;a hkq ljf¾ ±hs meyeÈ,s lrhs' WmÊCOdh yd ioaêúydßl j;ays Ydiksl" ixialD;sl yd idudcsl jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs' WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßlj;a; i|yka mdGj, ikaê mo úikaê lrhs' WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßlj;a; i|yka mdGj, iudi mo wiudi lrhs' WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßl j;a we;=<;a mdG wjOdkfhka lshjñka iqÿiq mßÈ wkajh ilia lrhs' WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßl j;a we;=<;a md,s mdGj, iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag

wkqj mßj¾;k ld¾hfha fhfohs'

mdvï ie,iqï iòyd Wmfoia #

fhdacs; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKhjk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr .kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'

ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixlaIsma;h #

pq,a,j.a.md<sh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula l< hq;= nj WmÊCOdh yd ioaêúydßl j;a hkq fudkjd ±hs meyeÈ,s l< hq;= nj

WmÊCOdh yd ioaêúydßl j;ays Ydiksl" ixialD;sl yd idudcsl jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s l< hq;= nj WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßl j;a ±lafjk mdGj, ikaê mo úikaê l< hq;= nj WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßl j;a ±lafjk mdGj, iudi mo wiudi l< hq;= nj WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßl j;a we;=<;a mdG wjOdkfhka lshjñka iqÿiq mßÈ wkajh ilia l< hq;=

nj WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßl j;ays iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mßj¾;k

ld¾hfha fhÈh hq;= nj

fhdacs; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh #

pq,a,j.a.md<sh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lsÍu WmÊCOdh yd ioaêúydßl j;a hkq ljf¾ ±hs meyeÈ,s lsÍu WmÊCOdh yd ioaêúydßl j;a Ydiksl" ixialD;sl yd idudcsl jYfhka jeo.;a jk wdldrh

fláfhka meyeÈ,s lsÍu WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßl j;a we;=<;a mdGj, ikaê mo úikaê lsÍu WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßl j;a ±lafjk mdGj, iudi mo wiudi lsÍu WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßl j;a we;=<;a mdG wjOdkfhka lshjñka iqÿiq mßÈ wkajh ilia lsÍu WmÊCOdh ioaêúydßl j;ays iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mßj¾;k

ld¾hfha fhÈu

29

;lafiarej yd we.hSu #

pq,a,j.a.md<sh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lrhs' WmÊCOdh yd ioaêúydßl j;a hkq ljf¾ ±hs meyeÈ,s lrhs' WmÊCOdh yd ioaêúydßl j;ays iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mßj¾;kh

lrhs' f;dard.;a mo iòyd jHdlrK úNd. lrhs' WmÊCOdh yd ioaêúydßl j;a Ydiksl" ixialD;sl" yd idudcsl jYfhka jeo.;a jk wdldrh

ms<snò l:djla mj;ajhs' jdfpdaoa.; l< w;HjYH mdG u;lfhka lshhs" ,shd olajhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï #

pq,a,j.a.md<s - j;a;laLJOl

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

pq,a,j.a.md<s" nqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl mqk¾ uqøKh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" 2005'

30

15' tallh - wmodkmd<s ^jlal,sfF:rdmodk&


ksmqK;d uÜgï 4' 1 wkajh yd l%shdldrl mo iïnkaO;dj ksjerÈ j ilia lsÍfï mrsph ,nhs' 4' 2 md,s WoaOD; iòyd mo.;d¾: imhhs' 4' 3 md,s WoaOD; mdG udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs' 4' 4 udOH NdId.; fþo Í;shg wkqj md,shg mßj¾;kh lrhs' ld,Éfþo 12hs

bf.kqï m,

wmodkmd<sh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lrhs' jlal,s f:ardmodkh ish niska ir,j meyeÈ,s lrhs' jlal,s f:ardmodkhg wh;a j.a.h" .d:d .Kk wdÈh iys;j tys wka;¾.;h olajhs' jlal,s f:ardmodkfha ±lafjk ikaê mo úikaê lrhs' jlal,s f:ardmodkfha ±lafjk iudi mo wiudi lrhs' jlal,s f:ardmodkh wjOdkfhka lshjñka iqÿiq mßÈ wkajh ilia lrhs' jlal,s f:ardmodkfhys iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd

olajhs' jlal,s f:ardmodk .d:d jdfpdaoa.; lrhs' jdfpdaoa.; l< .d:d ksjerÈ wlaIr úkHdih yd mo fn§ï iys;j ,shd olajhs' f;dard.;a mo iòyd jHdlrK úNd. olajhs'

mdvï ie,iqï iòyd Wmfoia #

fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKhjk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha§ YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;alr .kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'

ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixlaIsma;h #

wmodkmd<sh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula l< hq;= nj

jlal,s f:ardmodkh ish niska ir<j meyeÈ,s l< hq;= nj

jlal,s f:ardmodkhg wh;a j.a.h" .d:d .Kk wdÈh iys;j tys wka;¾.;h oelaúh hq;= nj

jlal,s f:ardmodkfha ±lafjk ikaêmo úikaê l< hq;= nj

jlal,s f:ardmodkfha ±lafjk iudi mo wiudi l< hq;= nj

jlal,s f:ardmodkh wjOdkfhka lshjñka iqÿiq mßÈ wkajh ilia l< hq;= nj jlal,s f:ardmodkfhys iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd

oelaúh hq;= nj jlal,s f:ardmodk .d:d jdfpdaoa.; l< hq;= nj jdfpdaoa.; l< .d:d ksjerÈ wlaIr úkHdih yd mo fn§ï iys;j ,shd oelaúh hq;= nj f;dard.;a mo iòyd jHdlrK úNd. oelaúh hq;= nj

fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh #

wmodk md,sh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lsÍu jlal,s f:ardmodkh ish niska ir,,j meyeÈ,s lsÍu jlal,s f:ardmodkhg wh;a j.a.h" .d:d .Kk wdÈh iys;j tys wka;¾.;h oelaùu jlal,s f:ardmodkfha ±lafjk ikaêmo úikaê lsÍu jlal,s f:ardmodkfha ±lafjk iudi mo wiudi lsÍu

31

jlal,s f:ardmodkh wjOdkfhka lshjñka iqÿiq mßÈ wkajh ilia lsrSu jlal,s f:ardmodkfhys iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd

oelaùu jlal,s f:ardmodk .d:d jdfpdaoa.; lrùu

jdfpdaoa.; l< .d:d ksjerÈ wlaIr úkHdih yd mo fn§ï iys;j ,shùu f;dard.;a mo iòyd jHdlrK úNd. oelaùu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu #

wmodkmd<sh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lrhs'

jlal,s f:ardmodkh ish niska ir,j ,shd olajhs'

jlal,s f:ardmodkhg wh;a j.a.h" .d:d .Kk wdÈh iys;j tys wka;¾.;h úia;r lrhs'

jlal,s f:ardmodkfha ±lafjk ikaêmo úikaê lrhs'

jlal,s f:ardmodkfha ±lafjk iudi mo wiudi lrhs'

jlal,s f:ardmodkh wjOdkfhka lshjñka iqÿiq mßÈ wkajh ilia lrhs'

jlal,s f:ardmodkfha iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd olajhs'

jlal,s f:ardmodk .d:d jdfpdaoa.; u;lfhka lshhs'

jdfpdaoa.; l< .d:d ksjerÈ wlaIr úkHdih yd mo fn§ï iys;j ,shd olajhs'

f;dard.;a mo iòyd jHdlrK úNd. olajhs'

jlal,s f:ardmodkfhka .; yels wdo¾Y hk uefhka ì;a;s mqj;am;g ,smshla ilihs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

wmodkmd<sh

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

wmodkmd<s" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl mqk¾ uqøKh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" 2005'

32

16' tallh - uydjxih


ksmqK;d uÜgï 4' 1 wkajh yd l%shdldrl mo iïnkaO;dj ksjerÈ j ilia lsÍfï mrsph ,nhs' 4' 2 md,s WoaOD; iòyd mo.;d¾: imhhs' 4' 3 md,s WoaOD; mdG udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs' 4' 4 udOH NdId.; fPao Í;shg wkqj md,shg mßj¾;kh lrhs' ld,ÉfPao 12hs

bf.kqï m,

jxil:d idys;Hh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lrhs' jxil:dj,sfha uydjxihg ysñ jk ia:dkh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lrhs' foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud ms<snò f;dr;=re ±lafjk fjk;a mßÉfþo kï lrhs' ‘fojdkïmsh;siaidNsfifld’ kï 11 jk mßÉfþohg wh;a .d:d .Kk wdÈh iys;j tys

wka;¾.;h olajhs' uydjxih 11 mßÉfþofha ±lafjk ikaê mo úikaê lrhs' uydjxih 11 mßÉfþofha ±lafjk iudi mo wiudi lrhs' uydjxifha 11 jk mßÉfþoh wjOdkfhka lshjñka wkajh ilia lrhs' ks¾ÈIag mßÉfPaofha iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd olajhs' .d:dj, we;s ish¨ ls%hd mo j¾. lr olajhs' f;dard .;a mo iòyd jHdlrK úNd. olajhs' jxil:d wOHhkfha jákdlu yd ‘foajdkïmsh;siai rcqf.a fiajh’ hk ud;Dld hgf;a

mqj;am;lg ,sms ilihs'

mdvï ie,iqï iòyd Wmfoia

fhdacs; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKhjk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;alr .kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


jxil:d idys;Hh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula l< hq;= nj jxil:dj,sfha uydjxihg ysñ jk ia:dkh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula l< hq;= nj foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud ms<snò f;dr;=re ±lafjk fjk;a mßÉfPao kï l< hq;= nj zfojdkïmsh;siaidNsfifldZ kï 11 jk mßÉfPaohg wh;a .d:d .Kk wdÈh iys;j tys

wka;¾.;h oelaúh hq;= nj uydjxih 11 mßÉfþofha ±lafjk ikaê mo úikaê lr ±laúh hq;= nj uydjxih 11 mßÉfþofha ±lafjk iudi mo wiudi lr ±laúh hq;= nj uydjxifha 11 jk mßÉfþoh wjOdkfhka lshjñka wkajh ilia l< hq;= nj ks¾ÈIag mßÉfþofha iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd oelaúh

hq;= nj .d:dj, we;s ish¨ ls%hd mo j¾. lr oelaúh hq;= nj f;dard .;a mo iòyd jHdlrK úNd. oelaúh hq;= nj zjxil:d wOHhkfha jákdluZ yd zfoajdkïmsh;siai rcqf.a fiajhZ hk ud;Dld hgf;a

mqj;am;lg ,sms ieliSug wjYH Wmfoia ,nd Èh hq;= nj

33


jxil:d idys;Hh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lsÍu jxil:dj,sfha uydjxihg ysñ jk ia:dkh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lsÍu foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud ms<snò f;dr;=re ±lafjk fjk;a mßÉfþo kï lsÍu zfojdkïmsh;siaidNsfifldZ kï 11 jk mßÉfPaohg wh;a .d:d .Kk wdÈh iys; j tys

wka;¾.;h oelaùu uydjxih 11 mßÉfPaofha ±lafjk ikaê mo úikaê lr ±laùu uydjxih 11 mßÉfPaofha ±lafjk iudi mo wiudi lr ±laùu uydjxifha 11 jk mßÉfþoh wjOdkfhka lshjñka wkajh ilia lsÍu ks¾ÈIag mßÉfþofha iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd ±laùu .d:dj, we;s ish¨ ls%hd mo j¾. lr ±laùu f;dard .;a mo iòyd jHdlrK úNd. ±laùu jxil:d wOHhkfha jákdlu yd ‘foajdkïmsh;siai rcqf.a fiajh’ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a

mqj;am;lg ,smshla ieliSug wjYH Wmfoia ,nd §u

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

jxil:d idys;Hh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lrhs' jxil:dj,sfha uydjxihg ysñ jk ia:dkh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lrhs' foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud ms<snò f;dr;=re ±lafjk fjk;a mßÉfþo kï lrhs' zfojdkïmsh;siaidNsfifldZ kï 11 jk mßÉfþohg wh;a .d:d .Kk wdÈh iys; j tys

wka;¾.;h olajhs' uydjxifha 11 jk mßÉfþoh wjOdkfhka lshjñka wkajh ilia lrhs' ks¾ÈIag mßÉfþofha iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd olajhs' f;dard .;a mo iòyd jHdlrK úNd. olajhs' jxil:d wOHhkfha jákdlu yd ‘foajdkïmsh;siai rcqf.a fiajh’ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a

mqj;am;lg ,smshla ilihs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

uydjxih" .=Kmd, fiakdër mß'( cd;sl mqia;ld,h yd m%f,aLk fiajd uKav,h" fld<U" 2005'

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

md,s idys;Hh" nqoaOo;a; kd ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a'( r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 2012'

34

17' tallh - wks¾ÈIag mßj¾;k


ksmqK;d uÜgï 4' 1 wkajh yd l%shdldrl mo iïnkaO;dj ksjerÈ j ilia lsÍfï l=i,;dj m%o¾Ykh lrhs' 4' 2 md,s WoaOD; iòyd mo.;d¾: imhhs' 4' 3 md,s WoaOD; mdG udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs' 4' 4 udOH NdId.; fþo md,s Í;shg wkqj mßj¾;kh lrhs' ld,ÉfPao 17hs

bf.kqï m,

wks¾ÈIag mßj¾;kh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lrhs' wks¾ÈIag mßj¾;khl § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lrhs' wks¾ÈIag .oH moH mdGhkays iqÿiq mßÈ wkajh ilihs' wkajh ilia lsÍfï § úfYaIK mo úfYaIH mohg uq,ska fhdohs' wod< mßj¾;kh isÿ lsÍfï § Wla;dLHd; mo" taljpk nyqjpk fNaoh" mqreI fNaoh" ld,

fNaoh" úNla;s fNaoh" kdu jrke.Sfï úfYaI;d wdÈh ms<snò ie,els,su;a fjhs' .oH mßj¾;khg jvd moH mßj¾;kfha § wkajh ieliSfï § ie,ls,su;a fjhs' iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd olajhs'

mdvï ie,iqï iòyd Wmfoia

fhdacs; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;" § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKhjk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;alr .kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


wks¾ÈIag mßj¾;kh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula l< hq;= nj

wks¾ÈIag mßj¾;khl § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq ms<snò ye`Èkaùula l< hq;= nj wks¾ÈIag .oH moH mdGhkays iqÿiq mßÈ wkajh ielish hq;= nj wkajh ilia lsÍfï§ úfYaIK mo úfYaIH mohg uq,ska fhÈh hq;= nj wod< mßj¾;kh isÿ lsÍfï § Wla;dLHd; mo" taljpk nyqjpk fNaoh" mqreI fNaoh" ld,

fNaoh" úNla;s fNaoh" kdu jrke.Sfï úfYaI;d wdÈh ms<snò ie,els,su;a úh hq;= nj .oH mßj¾;khg jvd moH mßj¾;kfha § wkajh ieliSfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= nj iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd ±laúh hq;= nj iuia;d¾:h f;areï .ekSug jdr lsysmhla lshúh hq;= nj û;=msáka lshùu" l%shdldrl mo

iïnkaOh f;areï .ksñka lshùu" ÿIalr mo ,l=Kq lr.ksñka lshùu& ikaê mo úikaê lr .ekSu yd iudi mo wiudi lr .ekSu mßj¾;kh myiq lrjk nj ks¾ÈIag .%ka:hkays wÜGl:d flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu jvd;a fhda.H nj wNHdi §u fuka u ksjerÈ j ksÍlaIKh fldg jerÈ ksjerÈ l< hq;= nj


wks¾ÈIag mßj¾;kh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lsÍu wks¾ÈIag mßj¾;khl § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lsÍu wks¾ÈIag .oH moH mdG mqjrejl ,shd iqÿiq mßÈ wkajh ilia lrùu wkajh ilia lsÍfï § úfYaIK mo úfYaIH mohg uq,ska fhoùu

35

wod< mßj¾;kh isÿ lsÍfï § Wla;dLHd; mo" taljpk nyqjpk fNaoh" mqreI fNaoh" ld, fNaoh" úNla;s fNaoh" kdu jrke.Sfï úfYaI;d wdÈh ms<snò wjOdkh fhduq lrùu

.oH mßj¾;khg jvd moH mßj¾;kfha § wkajh ieliSfï § jvd;au wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd ±laùu iuia;d¾:h f;areï .ekSug jdr lsysmhla lshùug fhduq lsÍu û;=msáka lshùu" l%shdldrl mo

iïnkaOh f;areï .ksñka lshùu" ÿIalr mo ,l=Kq lr.ksñka lshùu& ikaêmo úikaêlr .ekSu yd iudi mo wiudi lr .ekSfuka mßj¾;kh myiq lrùu fuys § ks¾ÈIag .%ka:hkays wÜGl:d flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu wNHdi uekúka ksÍlaIKh fldg jerÈ ksjerÈ lsÍu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

wks¾ÈIag mßj¾;kh ms<snò ye`Èkaùula lrhs' wks¾ÈIag mßj¾;khl § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq f.k yer olajhs' wks¾ÈIag .oH moH mdGhkays iqÿiq mßÈ wkajh ilihs' wkajh ilia lsÍfï § úfYaIK mo úfYaIH mohg uq,ska fhdohs' wod< mßj¾;kh isÿ lsÍfï § Wla;dLHd; mo" taljpk nyqjpk fNaoh" mqreI fNaoh" ld,

fNaoh" úNla;s fNaoh" kdu jrke.Sfï úfYaI;d wdÈh ms<snò ie,els,su;a fjhs' .oH mßj¾;khg jvd moH mßj¾;kfha § wkajh ieliSfï § ie,ls,su;a fjhs' iuia;h f;areï f.k udOH NdId.; Í;Skag wkqj mo.;d¾: ,shd olajhs' mßj¾;kfha woyi ish niska ,shd olajhs" Bg .e<fmk ud;Dldjla fhdackd lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

OïumoÜGl:d ^mKaä;j.a.&" r;kidr ysñ" lyfõ'( fyajdú;drK uqøKh" 1989$1991'

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

md,s ix.%yh" lreKdr;ak" wfYdal'( .=Kfiak" fld<U" 1964'

36

18' tallh - w¾:djfndaOh

ksmqK;dj

5'0 md,s .oH moH mdG lshjd w¾:h wjfndaO lr .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu

5' 1 md,s .oH moH mdG lshjd wik ,o m%Yakj,g udOH NdIdfjka ms<s;=re imhhs' 5' 2 md,s WoaOD; lshjd tajdfha idrdxYh udOH NdIdfjka olajhs'

ld,Éfþo 25 hs

bf.kqï m,

md,s .oH fyda moH mdGhla lshjd .ekSug iu;a fjhs' tu mdGfha woyi jgyd .kshs' tys we;s ikaê" iudi" ;oaê; wdoS ixlS¾K mo úYaf,aIKh lr .kshs' NdId ffY,sh fiiq md,s .%ka:j, NdId ffY,sh iu. ixikaokh lrhs' ldjH ,laIK y`ÿkajd fohs' wod< fþohla wdY%fhka wik m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fohs' md,s mdG iaurKfhka lshhs' wod< fþofha èjks;d¾: udOH NdIdfjka bÈßm;a lrhs' fþohla lshjd tys idrdxYh ,shd olajhs'




md,s .oH fyda moH mdGhla lshjd .; hq;= nj tu mdGfha woyi jgyd .; hq;= nj tys we;s ikaê iudi ;oaê; wdoS ixlS¾K mo úYaf,aIKh lr .; hq;= nj NdId ffY,sh fiiq md,s .%ka:j, NdId ffY,sh iu. ixikaokh l< hq;= nj ldjH ,laIK y`ÿkajd Èh hq;= nj wod< fþohla wdY%fhka wik m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= nj md,s mdG iaurKfhka lshúh hq;= nj wod< fþofha èjks;d¾: udOH NdIdfjka bÈßm;a l< hq;= nj fPaohla lshjd tys idrdxYh ,shd oelaúh hq;= nj


md,s .oH fyda moH mdGhla lshùug ie,eiaùu tu mdGfha woyi meyeÈ,s lsÍu tys we;s ikaê iudi ;oaê; wdoS ixlS¾K mo úYaf,aIKh lr oelaùu NdId ffY,sh fiiq md,s .%ka:j, NdId ffY,sh iu. ixikaokh lsßSu ldjH ,laIK y`ÿkajd oSu wod< fþohla wdY%fhka wik m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSu md,s mdG iaurKfhka lshùu wod< fþofha èjks;d¾: udOH NdIdfjka bÈßm;a lsÍu fþohla lshjd tys idrdxYh ,shd oelaùu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

md,s .oH fyda moH mdG ksjerÈj lshjhs'

37

tu mdGfha ir, woyi m%ldY lrhs' tys we;s ikaê" iudi" ;oaê; wdÈ ixlS¾K mo úYaf,aIKh lr olajhs' NdId ffY,sh fiiq md,s .%ka:j, NdId ffY,sh iu. ixikaokh fldg olajhs' ldjH ,laIK y`ÿkajd fohs' wod< fþohla wdY%fhka wik m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fohs' md,s mdG iaurKfhka lshhs' wod< fþofha èjks;d¾: udOH NdIdfjka bÈßm;a lrhs' fþohla lshjd tys idrdxYh ,shd olajhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

13 jirg kshñ; mdG .%ka:

38

19' tallh - yrO¾u pß;dhkh

ksmqK;dj 6'0 md,s NdId idys;Hfhys wka;¾.; idrO¾u p¾hdfjka m%o¾Ykh lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 md,s idys;Hd.; idrO¾u ye¢kf.k tajd p¾hdfjka m%lg lrhs' 6' 2 idrO¾u iudc.; lsÍug lghq;= lrhs' ld,ÉfPao 15hs

bf.kqï m,

idrO¾u y`ÿkdf.k ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk idrO¾u ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'

hq;=lï yd j.lSï wjfndaO fldg f.k l%shd;aul lrhs'

hym;a iudc iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d f.k mj;ajd f.k hhs'

hq;=lï j.lSï yd whs;sjdislï idïm%odhsl j ks¾jpkh lrhs'

iodpdr iïmkak iudchla f.dvk.d .ekSug wjYH Ôjk rgdjla ilid .kshs'

mqoa., yd iudc mßydkshg ;=vq fok yeisßï rgdjkaf.ka j<lshs'

wd¾h .=K w.hñka Okd;aul pß; ,laIK m%lg lrhs'

iudc ys;ldó j Ôj;a fjhs'



mdvug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixlaIsma;h

ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk idrO¾u y`ÿkd .; hq;= nj

.=re YsIH hq;=lï yd j.lSï uydlaLkaOlh weiqßka Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj

hym;a iudc iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d .; hq;= nj

hq;=lï j.lSï yd whs;sjdislï ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj

iodpdr iïmkak iudchla f.dvk.d .ekSug idrO¾u m%.=K l< hq;= nj

jerÈ Ôjk rgd iudc mßydkshg fya;= jk nj

wd¾h .=K pß;dhkh lr Okd;aul is;=ú,s f.dvk.d .; hq;= nj

iudc ys;ldó j Ôj;aùug ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk idrO¾u fhdod .; hq;= nj


idrO¾u hkq fudkjd oehs y`ÿkajd §u

ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk idrO¾u Wmqgd oelaùu

.=re YsIH hq;=lï yd j.lSï uydlaLkaOlh weiqßka Wmqgd oelaùu

hym;a iudc iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d .; hq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍu

hq;=lï" j.lSï yd whs;sjdislï bgq jk iudchl we;s iduldó yd l%shdYS,S nj fmkajd §u

39

iodpdr iïmkak iudchla f.dvk.d .ekSug idrO¾u Wmfhda.S jk nj fmkajd §u

wd¾h .=Khkays jákdlu fmkajd §u

ks¾ÈIag lD;s u.ska iudc iïnkaO;d f.dv kef.k whqre fmkajd §u

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

idrO¾u y`ÿkajhs

ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk idrO¾u Wmqgd olajhs'

iudch iduldó lsÍug idrO¾u fya;= jk nj fmkajd fohs'

WmÊCOdh yd ioaêúydßl j;a f.kyer olajhs'

uydjxih weiqßka iudc ixúOdk f.dvkef.k wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

idrO¾u p¾hdfjka m%lg lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

13 fY%AKshg kshñ; md,s mdG .%ka:

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

iodpdr iudchla i|yd pß;dhk wOHdmkh" w;=fldard," odhdfrdayK" YsCIdukaÈr" 2001'

40

20' tallh - ri úkaokh ksmqK;dj 7'0 md,s idys;H ridiajdofha fhfohs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 .oH moH mdG lshjd ri ú|shs' ld,Éfþo 07hs bf.kqï m,

ks¾ÈIag idys;H fldgiaj, w¾: wjfndaO lr .kshs' ldjHuh m%ldYk y÷kdf.k m%ldY lrhs' idys;Huh fldgia iys; .oH moH mdG lshjd ri ú|shs' idys;Huh m%ldYk we;=<;a fldgia tla /ia lrhs' md,s idys;Hfha we;s iqúfYaI;ajh w.h lrhs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" oS we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha oS YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr.kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


md,s NdIdfõ Wiia ri úkaokhlska hq;= idys;Huh fldgia we;s nj md,s idys;Hh ;=< yrO¾u nyq, j we;=<;a ù we;s nj idys;H ri úkaokh id¾:l Ôú;hlg bjy,a jk nj iqúfYaI .oH" moH idys;Huh fldgia Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj


ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, idys;Hd;aul fldgia Wmqgd oelaùu yrO¾u biau;= lsÍu idys;H ri u;=fldg oelaùu ri Ndj ixl,amh meyeÈ,s lsÍu idys;Hd;aul .oH moH fldgia ri ú|Su

;lafiarej yd we.hSu idys;Hd;aul fldgia Wmqgd olajhs' Wmud" rEml wdÈ w,xldr fmkajd fohs' riNdj ixl,amh fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrhs' idys;Hd;aul .oH moH fldgia ri ú|shs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIag mdG .%ka: fi!Jo¾h ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh" mshr;k ysñ jE.u'( ;rxÔ m%skaÜia" uyr.u"

2010' jeä ÿr .fõIKh

iqfndaOd,xldrh" ,xldkJo ysñ" ,nq.u'( úµdfYaLr uqøKd,h" fydrK" 1937'

41

21' tallh - ldfjHdala;s ksmqK;dj 7'0 md,s idys;H ridiajdofha fhfohs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2 .oH moH mdGhkays wka;¾.; ldfjHdala;s ms<sn| we.hSul fhfohs' ld,Éfþo 07hs bf.kqï m,

ks¾ÈIag idys;H fldgiaj, ldfjHdala;s y÷kd .kshs' tu ldfjHdala;s m%ldY lrhs' idys;Huh ,laIK ,shd olajhs' wdiajdockl Ôú;hla f.dv k.d .ekSug ldfjHdala;s Wmfhda.S lr .kshs' ,nd.;a oekqu Wmfhda.S lrf.k ldfjHdala;s w.h lrhs'




Wiia riúkaokhla i|yd ldfjHdala;s jeo.;a nj ldfjHdala;s ;=< yrO¾u nyq, j we;=<;a ù we;s nj ldfjHdala;s ri úkaokh id¾:l Ôú;hlg bjy,a jk nj .oH" moH ldfjHdala;s fldgia Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj


ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, idys;Hd;aul fldgia Wmqgd oelaùu yrO¾u fmkajd oSu riúkaokh" id¾:l Ôú;hlg fya;= jk nj fmkajd oSu .oH moH fldgia ri ú|Su

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

idys;Hd;aul .oH moH fldgia Wmqgd olajhs' yrO¾u kï lrhs' ldfjHdala;s Wmqgd olajhs' ldfjHdala;s Ndú;h u.skA ks¾udKhl idys;Huh w.h jeä lrk nj m%ldY

lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

fi!Jo¾hh ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh" mshr;k ysñ jE.u'( ;rxÔ m%skaÜia" uyr.u" 2010'

jeäÿr .fõIKh iqfndaOd,xldrh" ,xldkJo ysñ" ,nq.u'( úµdfYaLr uqøKd,h" fydrK" 1937'

42

22' tallh - idys;Hd;aul jdlH rpkh ksmqK;dj 7'0 md,s idys;H ridiajdofha fhfohs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'3 idys;Hd;aul fþo yd jdlH md,sfhka ,shd olajhs' ld,Éfþo 11hs bf.kqï m,

ks¾ÈIag .%ka:j, tk idys;Huh fldgia y÷kd .kshs' idys;Huh m%ldYk Wmqgd ,shd olajhs' idys;H ridiajdofha fhfohs' idys;Huh rpkdjkays ksr; fjhs'




jdlH rpkfha oS idys;Huh fldgia tla lsÍu jeo.;a nj ks¾ÈIag fldgiaj, idys;Huh fldgia Wmqgd oelaúh hq;= nj ir, jdlH ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj Wmud" rEml wdÈ w,xldr tla fldg jdlH w,xldr l< hq;= nj idys;Hd;aul ir, fþo ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj


ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, idys;Hd;aul fldgia Wmqgd oelaùu .oH moH mdGj, we;s ldjHd;aul ,laIK Wmqgd oelaùu ir, jdlH ks¾udKh lsÍu w,xldr fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lsÍu idys;Hd;aul ir, fþo ks¾udKh lsÍu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

idys;Hd;aul fldgia Wmqgd olajhs' ldfjHdala;s ,shd olajhs' ir, jdlH ks¾udKh lrhs' w,xldr fhdod jdlH irihs' ir, fþo ,shd olajhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

fi!Jo¾h ms<sn| fn!oaO wdl,amh" mshr;k ysñ jE.u'( ;rxÔ m%skaÜia" uyr.u" 2010'

jeä ÿr .fõIKh iqfndaOd,xldrh" ,xldkJo ysñ" ,nq.u'( úµdfYaLr uqøKd,h" fydrK" 1937'

43

23' tallh - fn!oaO ixialD;sh

ksmqK;dj 8'0 md,s NdId idys;Hd.; fn!oaO ixialD;sh jgydf.k ls %hd lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 8' 1 fn!oaO ixl,amhkays ixialD;sl jeo.;alu yodrhs' 8' 2 md,s idys;Hd.; fn!oaO ixl,am fjk;a ixl,am yd ;=,kh lrhs' ld,ÉfPao 55 hs

bf.kqï m,

md,s idys;Hd.; fn!oaO ixl,am y÷kajhs'

fn!oaO ixialD;sl jákdlula iys; ixl,am y`ÿkd .ekSu iòyd md,s idys;H lD;s wOHhkh lrhs'

ks¾ÈIag lD;Skays ixialD;sl jákdlu y`ÿkd f.k ta wkqj l%shd lrhs'

fn!oaO ixl,am fjk;a b.ekaùï iu. ;=,kd;aul wOHhkhlg m%fõY fjhs'

WmÊCOdh yd ioaêúydßl j;a" jlal,S f:ardmodk" uydjxih 11 mßÉfþoh hk ;ekaj, oelafjk fn!oaO ixialD;sldx. ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

wd.ud,h yd cd;sldNsudkh pß;fhka m%lg lrhs'

wd.ñl" foaYmd,ksl yd ixialD;sl lghq;=j, § ixhufhka l%shd lrhs'

fn!oaO ixl,amhkays ixialD;sl jeo.;alu jgyd f.k l%shd lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr.kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'

mdvug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixlaIsma;h

ks¾ÈIag .%ka:j, fn!oaO ixl,am yòqkd .; hq;= nj

fn!oaO ixialD;sl jákdlula iys; fn!oaO ixl,am y`ÿkd .; hq;= nj

ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, fn!oaO ixialD;sldx. ,ehsia;=.; l< hq;= nj

fn!oaO ixl,am fjk;a ixl,am iu. ;=,kh l< hq;= nj

wd.ud,h yd cd;sldNsudkh pß;fhka m%lg lsÍug wjYH .=Kdx. tla/ia l< hq;= nj

idudðl lghq;= lsÍfï § ixialD;sl .=Kdx.hkays we;s jeo.;alu u;= fldg oelaúh hq;= nj


ks¾ÈIag .%ka:hkays l:d idrh f.kyer oelaùu

ta ta .%ka:j, fn!oaO ixl,am Wmqgd oelaùu

tu ixl,amj, we;s fn!oaO ixialD;sldx. u;=lr fmkajd §u

ixialD;sl jákdlï ms<snò rpkduh m%Yak iòyd ms<s;=re ,shùu

wd.ud,h yd cd;sl;ajh wdÈhg wod< jk fldgia ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska Wmqgd oelaùu

ta ta .oH moH fldgiaj, we;s ixialD;sldx. Wmqgd oelaùug isiqka fhduq lsÍu

44

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

md,s idys;Hd.; fn!oaO ixl,am y`ÿkajhs'

fn!oaO ixl,amj,ska fn!oaO ixialD;sldx. Wmqgd olajhs'

ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk ixialD;sldx. Wmqgd olajhs'

fn!oaO ixl,am fjk;a wd.ñl ixl,am yd ii`ohs' wd.ñl lghq;=j, § fn!oaO ixialD;sldx. fhdod .kshs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

13 fY%aKshg kshñ; md,s mdG .%ka:

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

fy< yeÈhdj" úu,jxi ysñ noafoa.u'( iuhjO_k" fld<U" 1996'

md,s idys;Hfha b;sydih" mß; m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha'( f.dvf.a" fld<U" 2003'

45

24' tallh - jxil:d

ksmqK;dj 9'0 md,s jxil:d yd m%lrK idys;Hfha jHqyh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu i|yd

md,s idys;H .%ka: mßYS,kh lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1 md,s jxil:d .%ka:j, ix{dÈ mxplh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSug lshjhs' ld,Éfþo 15 hs bf.kqï m,

—jxil:d˜ y÷kajhs' jxil:djkays fmdÿ ,CIK fmkajd fohs' jxil:d kï jYfhka ,shd olajhs' ta ta jxil:dfõ jia;= úIh meyeÈ,s lrhs' tla tla jxil:djla ms<sn| ye¢kaùula lrhs' jxil:d .%ka:hkays ix{dÈ m[aplh ,shd olajhs'




jxil:d hkq fudkjdoehs oek .; hq;= nj jxil:djkays fmdÿ ,CIK y÷kd.; hq;= nj jxil:d kï jYfhka ,shd oelaúh hq;= nj

ta ta jxil:dfõ jia;= úIh meyeÈ,s l< hq;= nj jxil:d ms<sn|j ye¢kaùula l< hq;= nj jxil:d .%ka:hkays ix{dÈ mxplh ,shd oelaúh hq;= nj


—jxi˜ hkak meyeÈ,s lrñka jxil:d ye¢kaùu md,s jxil:dj, fmdÿ ,CIK fmkajd §u §mjxi" uydjxi wdÈ jYfhka jxil:d kï lsÍu jxil:dj, jia;= úIh meyeÈ,s lr §u ta ta jxil:dj ms<sn| flá ye¢kaùula lsÍu jxil:d .%ka:hkays ix{dÈ mxplh ,shùu

;lafiarej yd we.hSï

jxil:d kï lrhs jxil:d hkq ljf¾ oehs y÷kajd fohs jxil:djkays ix{dÈ m[aplh ,shhs jxil:djkays fmdÿ ,CIK ,shd olajhs

.=Kd;au; fhojqï

md,s idys;Hh ^8 mßÉfþoh&" nqoaOo;a; kdysñ" fmd,aj;af;a'( r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 2012'

jeä ÿr .fõIKh wod< jxil:djkays m%ia;djkd

46

25' tallh - nqoaOpß; ldjHh

ksmqK;dj 9'0 md,s jxil:d yd m%lrK idys;Hfha jHqyh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu i|yd

md,s idys;H .%ka: mßYS,kh lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'2 md,s m%lrK idys;Hh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd lshjhs' ld,Éfþo 10 hs bf.kqï m,

md,s m%lrK ^nqoaOpß; ldjH& idys;Hh y÷kajhs' m%lrK idys;Hfhys ,d .efkk lD;s kï lrhs' ðkd,xldrh" ðkpß;h" ðkjxi§mh" iuka;l+gjKaKkd hk lD;sj, ix{dÈ m[aplh ,shd olajhs ta ta lD;sfha jia;= úIh y÷kajhs' jxil:d yd m%lrKhkays fjki fmkajd fohs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh lreKq wdjrKh jk mß§ mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr.kakd wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


m%lrK idys;Hh kñka idys;Hdx.hla we;s nj ðkd,xldrh" ðkpß;h" iuka;l+gjKaKkd" ðkjxi§m" m%lrK idys;Hfhys ,d ie,flk nj m%lrK idys;Hfhka ,sheù we;af;a nqoaOpß; ldjH nj wod< lD;Skays ix{dÈ m[aplh oelaúh hq;= nj jia;= úIh ieflúka ye¢kaúh hq;= nj wod< lD;Skays nqoaOpß;h j¾Kkd fldg we;s nj

fhdð; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh

m%lrK idys;Hh y÷kajd §u m%lrK idys;Hhg wh;a lD;s kï lsÍu ta ta lD;Skays ix{dÈ m[aplh fmkajd §u jia;= úIh ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lr foñkA nqoaOpß;h j¾Kkd flfrk whqre fmkajd §u

;lafiarej yd we.hSu m%lrK idys;Hh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula lrhs' m%lrK idys;Hhg wh;a lD;s kï lrh's

wod< lD;sfha ix{dÈ m[aplh ,shd olajhs' wod< lD;sj, jia;= úIh meyeÈ,s lrhs' nqoaOpß;h j¾Ks; j we;s whqre fmkajd fohs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

md,s idys;Hh ^9 mßÉfþoh&" nqoaOo;a; kdysñ" fmd,aj;af;a'( r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" fld<U" 2012'

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

ta ta lD;Skays m%ia;djkd

47

26' tallh - O¾ud¾: újrKh ksmqK;dj

10'0 w¾: újrK yelshdj j¾Okh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu

10' 1 ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, we;=<;a iqúfYaI moj, O¾ud¾: újrKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo 10 hs

bf.kqï m,

WoaOD; fþo yd .d:d mdG ksjerÈ WÉpdrKh iys; j lshjhs' Wla;dLHd; iïnkaOh wkqj wkajh ilid .kshs' jdpHd¾: yd èjks;d¾: meyeÈ,s lrhs' jHdlrK ,laIK yd Wmud rEml wdÈ w,xldr fmkajd fohs' ir,d¾: ,shd olajhs' ÿrjfndaO mo y`ÿkd.kshs' O¾uuh lreKq Wmqgd olajhs' iqúfYaI mo wgqjd khska meyeÈ,s lrhs' jerÈ w¾:l:kj,g ms<s;=re imhhs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh

lreKq wdjrKh jk mßos mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr.kakd

wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


.oH moH mdG ksjerÈ j lshúh hq;= nj Wla;dLHd; iïnkaOh .<md ta wkqj wkajh ielish hq;= nj jdpHd¾: yd èjks;d¾: meyeÈ,s lr .; hq;= nj jHdlrK ,laIK yd Wmud rEml wdÈ w,xldr wod< mdG u.ska fmkajd Èh hq;=

nj fþo yd mdG udOH NdIdfjka ,shd oelaúh hq;= nj ÿIalr yd ÿrjfndaO O¾uuh lreKq we;=<;a mo tla/ia l< hq;= nj iqúfYaI moj,g wgqjd khska w¾: oelaúh hq;= nj O¾uuh lreKq ksjerÈ j w¾: l:kh l< hq;= nj


fþo yd .d:d mdG Wmqgd f.k ksjerÈ WÉpdrKh lsÍu Wla;dLHd; iïnkaOh meyeÈ,s lr wkajh ilia lsÍu jdpHd¾: yd èjks;d¾: meyeÈ,s lsÍu jHdlrK ,laIK yd Wmud rEml wdÈ w,xldr fmkajd oSu fþo yd mdG udOH NdIdjg ke.Su ÿrjfndaO yd O¾uuh lreKq we;=<;a mo meyeÈ,s lsÍu iqúfYaI mo wgqjd khska meyeÈ,s lsÍu jerÈ w¾: l:k ksjerÈ lsÍu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

fþo yd .d:d ksjerÈ j lshjhs' Wla;dLHd; iïnkaOh wkqj wkajh ilid .kshs' mohkays jdpHd¾: yd èjks;d¾: meyeÈ,s lrhs'

48

md,s mdGj, jHdlrK ,laIK iy Wmud rEml wdÈ w,xldr fmkajd fohs' fþo yd mdG udOH NdIdfjka ,shhs' O¾uuh lreKq Wmqgd w¾: .kajhs' O¾uuh lreKq wgqjd khska úia;r lrhs' jerÈ w¾:l:k fmkajd § ksjerÈ lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

13 jirg kshñ; .oH moH mdG

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

ks¾ÈIag mdGhkag wod< wgqjd .%ka:

49

27' tallh - jHdlrK újrKh

ksmqK;dj 10'0 w¾: újrK yelshdj j¾Okh lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu

10' 2 ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, WoaOD;hkays jHdlrK úNd. ^mo ú.%y& lr olajhs'

ld,Éfþo 10 hs bf.kqï m,

ks¾ÈIag lD;s ksjerÈ j lshjhs' .oH moH fldgia Wla;dLHd; iïnkaOh wkqj ,shd olajhs' ikaê mo úikaê fldg Wmqgd w¾: .kajhs' iudi mo wiudi fldg ,shd iudih kï lrhs' ;oaê; moj, kduh yd m%;Hh fjka fldg ,shd ;oaê; m%fNaoh kï lrhs' ls;l mo y`ÿkdf.k m%fNaoh kï lrhs' wdLHd; Wmqgd olajd wdLHd;h kï lrhs' ksmd; Wmi¾. Wmqgd olajhs' úfYaI m%fhda. y`ÿkdf.k w¾: .kajhs' mQ¾jl%shd" ;=uka;l%shd yd m%fhdacHl%shd Wmqgd olajhs' kdu yd i¾jkdu fhoS we;s whqre fmkajd fohs' wxls; moj, jHdlrK m%j¾. kï lrhs'


fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh hgf;a" § we;s Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka úIh

lreKq wdjrKh jk mßos mdvu wjidkfha § YsIHhd bf.kqï m, w;am;a lr.kakd

wdldrhg mdvï ie,iqï ilid .kak'


ks¾ÈIag lD;s Yío k.d ksjerÈ j lshúh hq;= nj .oH moH fldgia Wla;dLHd; iïnkaOh wkqj .<mñka ,shd oelaúh hq;= nj ikaê m%fNaoh yd w¾:h jgyd .ekSug ikaêmo Wmqgd úikaê fldg oelaúh hq;=

nj iudimo wiudi fldg ,shd iudi m%fNaoh kï fldg w¾: .ekaúh hq;= nj ;oaê; moj, kduh yd m%;Hh fjka fldg ,shd w¾: .ekaúh hq;= nj ls;l mo y`ÿkdf.k w¾: ,shd oelaúh hq;= nj wdLHd; Wmqgd olajd wdLHd;h kï l< hq;= nj ksmd; yd Wmi¾. Wmqgd olajd w¾: .ekaúh hq;= nj úfYaI m%fhda. y`ÿkdf.k w¾: .ekaúh hq;= nj mQ¾j l%shd" ;=uka; l%shd yd m%fhdacH l%shdjkag udOH NdIdfjka w¾: oelaúh hq;=

nj kdu yd i¾j kduj,g w¾: .ekaúh hq;= nj wxls; moj, jHdlrK m%j¾. kï l< hq;= nj


ks¾ÈIag lD;s w¾:hg ydks fkdjk f,i lshùu Wla;dLHd; iïnkaOh wkqj .oH moH fldgia ,shd oelaùu ikaêmo úikaê fldg w¾: .ekaùu iudimo wiudi fldg ,shd iudih kï lr w¾: ±laùu ;oaê; moj, kduh yd m%;Hh fjka fldg ,shd ;oaê; m%fNaoh kï lsÍu

50

ls;l mo y`ÿkajd m%fNaoh kï lsÍu wdLHd; Wmqgd olajd wdLHd;h kï lsÍu ksmd; Wmi¾. Wmqgd olajd w¾: ,sùu úfYaI m%fhda. y`ÿkajd w¾: .ekaùu mQ¾j l%shd" ;=uka; l%shd yd m%fhdacH l%shd Wmqgd olajd w¾: .ekaùu kdu yd i¾jkdu fhoS we;s whqre fmkajd oSu wxls; moj, jHdlrK m%j¾. kï lsÍu

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

ks¾ÈIag lD;s ksjerÈ j lshjhs' .oH moH fldgiaj, Wla;dLHd; iïnkaOh .<mhs' jHdlrK m%j¾. Wmqgd olajhs' jHdlrK m%j¾. mo ú.%y lrhs' .oH moH fldgia udOH NdIdjg k.hs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

13 jirg kshñ; .oH moH mdG

jeäÿr .fõIKh

md,s jHdlrK újrKh" isßksjdi ysñ" uhs,Efõ'( iuhj¾Ok" fld<U" 1966'

51

mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh

52

mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye`Èkaùu

ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dj y`ÿkajd§fï § Tn w;g m;a fldg fuf;la Tn mßYS,kh l< .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ;=<ska mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh ms<snò fï jk úg Tn ukd jegySula ,nd ;sìh hq;= h' Tnf.a myiqj iòyd fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfha o tu úia;r my; olajd we;'

bf.kqu" b.ekaùu iy we.hSu wOHdmk ls%hdj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a bf.kqfuys iy b.ekaùfuys m%.;sh ±k.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod.; hq;= nj;a iEu .=rejrhl= úiska u o; hq;= meyeÈ,s lreKls' tajd wfkHdakH n,mEfuka hq;= j ls%hd lrk nj;a tfia u tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s' ika;;sl ^ksrka;rfhka isÿ jk& we.hSï uQ, O¾u wkqj we.hSu isÿ úh hq;af;a bf.kSu yd b.ekaùu flfrk w;r;=r § h' fuh bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh wdrïNfha § fyda ueo § fyda w. § fyda hk ´kE u wjia:djl § isÿ úh yels h' tf,i ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh we.hSug wfmaCId lrk .=rejrhl= bf.kqu b.ekaùu iy we.hSu ms<snò ixúOdkd;aul ie,eiaula fhdod.; hq;= fjhs'

mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< yqÿ úNd. l%uhla fyda mÍCIK meje;aùula fkdfõ' th y`ÿkajkq ,nkafka isiqkaf.a bf.kSu;a .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu;a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu iòyd fhdod.kq ,nk ueÈy;a ùula jYfhks' fuh isiqkag ióm j isáñka Tjqkaf.a m%n,;d iy ÿn,;d y`ÿkdf.k tajdg ms<shï fhdoñka isiqkaf.a Wmßu j¾Okh <`.d lr.ekSug fhdod.; yels jev ms<sfj<ls'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï ;=<ska wkdjrK ls%hdj,shg isiqka fhduq flfrk w;r" .=rejrhd isiqka w;r .ejfiñka Tjqka bgq lrk ld¾hh ksÍCIKh lrñka ud¾f.damfoaYlFjh imhñka lghq;= lsÍu mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jev ms<sfj< ls%hd;aul lsÍfï § wfmaCId flf¾' fuys § YsIHhd ksr;=re j we.hSug ,la úh hq;= w;r YsIH yelshd ixj¾Okh wfmaCIs; wkaoñka isÿ jkafka ±hs .=rejrhd úiska ;yjqre lrkq ,eìh hq;= fjhs'

bf.kSu iy b.ekaùu u.ska isÿúh hq;af;a isiqkg ksis w;a±lSï ,nd foñka tajd isiqka úiska ksis mßÈ w;am;a lrf.k ;sfí ±hs ;yjqre lr.ekSu h' ta iòyd ksis ud¾f.damfoaYh iemhSu h' we.hSfï ^;lafiare lsÍfï& fh§ isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka iòyd fohdldrhl ud¾f.dam-

foaYl;ajh ,ndÈh yels h' tu ud¾f.damfoaY fmdÿfõ ye`Èkafjkafka m%;sfmdaIKh ^Feed Back&

yd bÈß fmdaIKhh ^Feed Forward& hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d wkdjrKh fldgf.k tajd jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu bÈß fmdaIKfhka wfmalaIs; .=re ld¾hh fjhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh iòyd mdGud,dfõ wruqKq w;=frka ljr wruqKq ljr uÜgñka idCId;a jqfha ±hs y`ÿkd.ekSu wjYH fjhs' we.hSï jev ms<sfj< Tiafia isiqka <`.d lr.;a m%ùK;d uÜgï ksYaph lsÍu fï wkqj .=rejrekaf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r isiqka yd ikaksfõokh lsÍug .=rejreka fhduq úh hq;= h' fu iòyd fhdod.; yels fydò u l%uh jkafka mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï l%uh hs'

hf:dala; wruqK iys; j ls%hd lrk .=rejreka úiska ;u b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh;a isiqkaf.a bf.kqï ls%hdj,sh;a ld¾hCIu lsÍu msKsi jvd;a fydò ld¾hCIu;dfjka hqla; bf.kqï b.ekaùï iy we.hSï l%u fhdod.; hq;= fjhs' fï iïnkaOfhka isiqkag yd .=rejrekag fhdod.; yels m%fõY ms<snò m%fNao lsysmhla u;= ±lafjhs' fïjd fndfyda l,l isg .=rejreka fj; úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska o f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrk ,o l%ufõo fjhs' tfyhska tajd iïnJOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha .=rejreka fyd`Èka ±kqj;a ù we;ehs wfmaCId flf¾'

53

1' mejreï

2. jHdmD;s

3. ióCIK

4. .fõIK

5. ksÍCIK

6. m%o¾Yk $ bÈßm;a lsÍu

7. fCIa;% pdßld

8. flá ,sÅ; mÍCIK

9. jHqy.; rpkd

10. újD; .%ka: mÍCIK

11. ks¾udKd;aul ls%hdldrlï

12. Y%jK mÍCIK

13. m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï

14. l:kh

15. iajks¾udK

16. lKavdhï ls%hdldrlï

17. ixl,am is;shu

18. oaú;aj igyka c¾k,

19. ì;a;s mqj;am;a

20. m%Yak úpdrd;aul jev igyka

21. m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a

22. újdo

23. idlÉPd uKav,

24. iïuka;%K

25. CIKsl l:d

26. N=ñld rx.k

y`ÿkajd § we;s fuu bf.kqï" b.ekaùï l%u iEu tlla u iEu úIhla iïnJOfhka iEu úIh tallhlg u fhdod.; hq;= hehs wfmaCId fkdflfrhs' ;u úIhhg" úIh tallhg .e<fmk m%fNaohla f;dard.ekSug .=rejreka ±kqj;a úh hq;= h; j. n,d.; hq;= h' tys § my; j.=fjys ±lafjk wdldrhg WÑ; ks¾Kdhl mokï lrf.k we.hSï wdOdrl ilia fldg we.hSï ld¾hh isÿ l< hq;= fõ'

54

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï kso¾Yl wdOdrlh

1' mdi,a jdrh (- m<uq jdrh 2' wdOdrl wxlh' (- 01 3' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï' (- 1"1 1'2 1'3

4' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh' (- md,s jHdlrK 5' wdOdrlfha iajNdjh (- m%Yak y ms<s;=re fmd;a

6' wdOdrlfha wruqKq (- md,s jHdlrKh ms<sn`o l%udkql+, oekqula ,nd .ekSu

ta ta jHdlrKdx. ms<sn`o ir, wjfndaOhla ,nd§u

mohla ÿgq ieKska th ljr jHdlrKdx.hlg" jHdlrKdx.j,g wh;a oehs lSug yels msßila ìys lsÍu

jHdlrKdkql+, j w¾: .ekaùug fm<Uùu

flaj, fyda lKavdhï jYfhka f;dr;=re /ialsÍu

o;a; iuQyhla ks¾udKd;aulj bÈßm;a lsÍu

wfkHdakH iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍug fm<Uùu

lsishï jQ tla b,lalhla bgq lr .ekSug isiqka fhduq lsÍu

7' wdOdrlh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia' .=re Wmfoia (-

tla tla YsIHhdg fyda isiqka lKavdhï lr jHdlrK ud;Dld tl ne.ska ,nd fokak'

ta ta ud;Dldjg wod< f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels fmd;a" ,sms f,aLk imhd fokak'

f;dr;=re ms<sfj<g tla/ia fldg ;nd .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'

ta ta jHdlrKdx.h wdjrKh jk mßÈ m%Yak 10 ne.ska ,nd fokak'

tu m%Yakj,g isiqka f.ka ,sÅ; ms<s;=re ,nd .kak'

isiq Wmfoia (-

;udg myiq jHdlrKdx.hla .=rejrhd fj;ska ,nd .kak'

.=rejrhd úiska fok ,o m%Yakj,g /ialr .;a f;dr;=rej,ska ms<s;=re imhkak'

ta ta m%Yak háka ms<s;=re imhñka m%Yak 10 u ms<s;=re imhd m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;la ilid bÈßm;a lrkak'

55

ks¾Kdhlh

isiqkaf.a kï

ud;Dldjg

wod< nj

lreKqj,

ksjerÈ nj

,sms ms<sfj<

ieliSu

o;a;j,

m%udKd;aul

nj

ks¾udKd;aul

nj

tl;=j

1

2

3

,l=Kq mrdih

b;d fyd|hs 04

fyd|hs 03

uOHia:hs 02

ixj¾Okh úh hq;=hs 01

uq,ska ,l=Kq 20la m%odkh fldg fojkq j th 2ka fnod wjidk ,l=Kq igyka l< hq;= h'

YsIHhd ,nd.;a ,l=Kq T;af;a ixLHdjla kï 2ka fn¥ úg b;sßhla jk ksid th Okd;aul

w.hlska mq¾K ixLHdjlg jghkak' fï ,l=Kq weiqfrka YsIH kssmqK;d uÜgu ;SrKh

flf¾'

9-10 - úYsIag ksmqK;d uÜgu

8 - by< uÜgfï ksmqK;dj

6-7 - iïudk uÜgfï ksmqK;d

4-5 - wdikak uÜgfï ksmqK;dj

3 - ksmqK;djg <Õd fkdjQ

fï kso¾Yk wdOdrlhla muKs' .=rejrhdg iajdëkj kso¾Yl wdOdrl ie,iqï ilia lr .;

yels h'

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