Le Corbusier.doc

8/14/2019 Le Corbusier.doc

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Le Corbusier: Towards a new architecture (1923)

16/09/09 Excerpts from Le Corbusiers Vers Une Architecture(1923), first Engis! tr"ns"tion

(Towards a New Architecture) 192#$

Argument

%rim"r& forms "re be"utifu forms bec"use t!e& c"n be ce"r& "ppreci"te'$ ()

orce' to *or+ in "ccor'"nce *it! t!e strict nee's of ex"ct& 'etermine' con'itions, engineersm"+e use of gener"ting "n' "ccusing ines in re"tion to forms$ !e& cre"te impi' "n' mo-ing

p"stic f"cts$ (ibid$)

."c!iner& cont"ins in itsef t!e f"ctor of econom&, *!ic! m"+es for seection$ (10)

!e !ouse is " m"c!ine for i-ing in$ (ibid$)

t"n'"r's "re " m"tter of ogic, "n"&sis "n' minute stu'& t!e& "re b"se' on " probem *!ic!!"s been *e st"te'$ (ibid$)

!e %"n procee's from *it!in to *it!out t!e exterior is t!e resut of "n interior$ (11)

Contour "n' profie "re " pure cre"tion of t!e min' t!e& c" for t!e p"stic "rtist$ (12)
http://www.olivertomas.com/books/le-corbusier-towards-a-new-architecture-1923/


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e must cre"te t!e m"ss4pro'uction spirit$ !e spirit of constructing m"ss4pro'uction !ouses$

!e spririt of i-ing in m"ss4pro'uction !ouses$ !e spirit of concei-ing m"ss4pro'uction !ouses$

(ibid$)

5f *e eimin"te from our !e"rts "n' min's " 'e"' concepts in reg"r' to t!e !ouse "n' oo+ "t

t!e uestion from " critic" "n' ob7ecti-e point of -ie*, *e s!" "rri-e "t t!e 8ouse4."c!ine,t!e m"ss4pro'uction !ouse, !e"t!& ("n' mor"& so too) "n' be"utifu in t!e s"me *"& t!"t t!e

*or+ing toos "n' instruments *!ic! "ccomp"n& our existence "re be"utifu$ (12413$)

The Engineers Aesthetic and Architecture

!e Engineers est!etic "n' rc!itecture t*o t!ings t!"t m"rc! toget!er "n' foo* one from

t!e ot!er t!e one "t its fu !eig!t, t!e ot!er in "n un!"pp& st"te of retrogression$ (1#)

e "re to be pitie' for i-ing in un*ort!& !ouses, since t!e& ruin our !e"t! "n' our mor"e$ (1)

:;< t!ere 'oes exist t!is t!ing c"e' "rc!itecture, "n' "'mir"be t!ing, t!e o-eiest of "$ pro'uct of !"pp& peopes "n' " t!ing *!ic! in itsef pro'uces !"pp& peopes$ (19)

=ur 'i"gnosis is t!"t, to begin "t t!e beginning, t!e engineer *!o procee's b& +no*e'ge s!o*s

t!e *"& "n' !o's t!e trut!$ 5t is t!"t "rc!itecture, *!ic! is " m"tter of p"stic emotion, s!ou' in

its o*n 'om"in begin "t t!e beginning "so, "n' s!ou' use t!ose eements *!ic! "re c"p"be of"ffecting our senses, "n' of re*"r'ing t!e 'esire or our e&es, "n' s!ou' 'ispose t!em in suc! "

*"& t!"t t!e sig!t of t!em "ffects us imme'i"te& b& t!eir 'eic"c& or t!eir brut"it&, t!eir riot or

t!eir serenit&, t!eir in'ifference or t!eir interest t!ese eements "re p"stic eements, forms*!ic! our e&es see ce"r& "n' *!ic! our min' c"n me"sure$ (20)

or t!e "rc!itect *e !"-e *ritten our 8>EE >E.5?@E>$

. *!ic! is t!e eement b& *!ic! our senses percei-e "n' me"sure "n' "re most fu&

"ffecte'$

A>CE *!ic! is t!e en-eope of t!e m"ss "n' *!ic! c"n 'iminis! or en"rge t!e sens"tiont!e "tter gi-es us$

%L? *!ic! is t!e gener"tor bot! of m"ss "n' surf"ce "n' is t!"t b& *!ic! t!e *!oe is

irre-oc"b& fixe'$ (21)

rc!itecture is " t!ing of "rt, " p!enomenon of t!e emotions, &ing outsi'e uestions ofconstruction "n' be&on' t!em$ !e purpose of construction is = .BE 85? 8=L@=E8E> of "rc!itecture = .=DE A$ rc!itectur" emotion exists *!en t!e *or+ rings

*it!in us in tune *it! " uni-erse *!ose "*s *e obe&, recognie "n' respect$ (23)

Three Reminders to Architects


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."ss "n' surf"ce "re t!e eements b& *!ic! "rc!itecture m"nifests itsef$ ."ss "n' surf"ce "re'etermine' b& t!e p"n$ !e p"n is t!e gener"tor$ o muc! t!e *orse for t!ose *!o "c+

im"gin"tionF (2)

1. Massrc!itecture is t!e m"ster&, correct "n' m"gnificent p"& of m"sses broug!t toget!er in ig!t$

=ur e&es "re m"'e to see forms in ig!t ig!t "n' s!"'e re-e" t!ese forms cubes, cones,sp!eres, c&in'ers or p&r"mi's "re t!e gre"t prim"r& forms *!ic! ig!t re-e"s to "'-"nt"ge t!e

im"ge of t!ese is 'ist"nce "n' t"ngibe *it!in us "n' *it!out "mbiguit&$ 5t is for t!"t re"son t!"tt!ese "re be"utifu forms, t!e most be"utifu forms$ :;< 5t is of t!e -er& n"ture of t!e p"stic "rts$

(31)

!e c"t!e'r" is not " p"stic *or+ it is " 'r"m" " fig!t "g"inst t!e force of gr"-it&, *!ic! is "

sens"tion of " sentiment" n"ture$ (32)

?ot in pursuit of "n "rc!itectur" i'e", but simp& gui'e' b& t!e resuts of c"cu"tion ('eri-e'

from t!e principes *!ic! go-ern our uni-erse) "n' t!e conception of L5D5? =>?5.,

t!e E?5?EE> of to'"& m"+e use of t!e prim"r& eements "n', b& coor'in"ting t!em in"ccor'"nce *it! t!e rues, pro-o+e in us "rc!itectur" emotions "n' t!us m"+e t!e *or+ of m"n

in unison *it! uni-ers" or'er$ (33)

2. Surface

:;< "n "rc!itectur" structure is " !ouse, " tempe or " f"ctor&$ !e surf"ce of t!e tempe or t!ef"ctor& is in most c"ses " *" *it! !oes for 'oors "n' *in'o*s t!ese !oes "re often t!e

'estruction of form t!e& must be m"'e "n "ccentu"tion of form$ (39)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ad_symphoniam/3925989201/


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?ot in pursuit of "n "rc!itectur" i'e", but gui'e' simp& b& t!e necessities of "n imper"ti-e

'em"n', t!e ten'enc& of t!e engineers of to'"& is to*"r's t!e gener"ting "n' "ccusing ines of

m"sses t!e& s!o* us t!e *"& "n' cre"te p"stic f"cts, ce"r "n' impi', gi-ing rest to our e&es"n' to t!e min' pe"sure of geometric forms$ (G1)

3. Plan p"n is not " prett& t!ing to be 'r"*n, i+e " ."'onn" f"ce it is "n "ustere "bstr"ction it is

not!ing more t!"n " n "gebri"tion "n' 'r&4oo+ing t!ing$ (G64#)

!e p"n c"rries in itsef t!e -er& essence of sens"tion$ (G9)

e "re i-ing in " perio' of reconstruction "n' of "'"pt"tion to ne* soci" "n' economic

con'itions$ 5n roun'ing t!is C"pe 8orn t!e ne* !orions before us *i on& reco-er t!e gr"n'

ine of tr"'ition b& " compete re-ision of t!e met!o's in -ogue "n' b& t!e fixing of " ne* b"sisof construction est"bis!e' in ogic$

5n "rc!itecture t!e o' b"ses of construction "re 'e"'$ e s!" not re'isco-er t!e trut!s of"rc!itecture unti ne* b"ses !"-e est"bis!e' " ogic" groun' for e-er& "rc!itectur"

m"nifest"tion$ perio' of 20 &e"rs is beginning *!ic! *i be occupie' in cre"ting t!ese b"ses$ perio' of gre"t probems, " perio' of "n"&sis, of experiment, " perio' "so of gre"t "est!etic

confusion, " perio' in *!ic! " ne* "est!etic *i be e"bor"te'$e must stu'& t!e p"n, t!e +e&

to t!is e-oution$ (6142)

Reguating Lines


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!ere is no suc! t!ing "s primiti-e m"n t!ere "re primiti-e resources$ !e i'e" is const"nt, in

fu s*"& from t!e beginning$ (66)

5n or'er to construct *e "n' 'istribute &our efforts to "'-"nt"ge, in or'er to obt"in soi'it& "n'utiit& in *or+, units of me"sure "re t!e first con'ition of "$ (ibid$)

8e :t!e bui'er/primiti-e m"n< !"s impose' or'er b& me"ns of me"surement$ 5n or'er to get !is

me"surement !e !"s t"+en !is p"ce, !is boot, !is ebo* or !is finger$ H& imposing t!e or'er of

!is foot or !is "rm, !e !"s cre"te' " unit *!ic! regu"tes t!e *!oe *or+ "n' t!is *or+ is on !iso*n sc"e, to !is o*n proportion, comfort"be for !im, to !is me"sure$ 5t is on t!e !um"n sc"e$

5t is in !"rmon& *it! !im t!"t is t!e m"in point$ (6#4)

unit gi-es me"sure "n' unit& " regu"ting ine is " b"sis of construction "n' s"tisf"ction$ (6)

supreme 'eterminism iumin"tes for us t!e cre"tions of n"ture "n' gi-es us t!e securit& of

somet!ing poise' "n' re"son"b& m"'e, of somet!ing infinite& mo'u"te', e-o-e', -"rie' "n'

unifie'$ (#0)

regu"ting ine is "n "ssur"nce "g"inst c"priciousness$ (#1)

!e regu"ting ine is " s"tisf"ction of " spiritu" or'er *!ic! e"'s to t!e pursuit of ingenious

"n' !"rmonious re"tions$ 5t confers on t!e *or+ t!e u"it& of r!&t!m$ (ibid$)

!e c!oice of regu"ting ine is on e of t!e 'ecisi-e moments of inspir"tion, it is one of t!e -it"oper"tions of "rc!itecture$ (ibid.)

E!es "hich #o $ot %ee

1. Liners


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e !"-e "cuire' " t"ste for fres! "ir "n' ce"r '"&ig!t$ (I)

rc!itecture is stife' b& custom$ (6)

!ouse is " m"c!ine for i-ing in$ (9)

=ur epoc! is fixing its o*n st&e '"& b& '"&$ (ibid$)

!e "rt of our perio' is performing its proper functions *!en it "''resses itsef to t!e c!osen

fe*$ rt is not " popu"r t!ing, sti ess "n' expensi-e to& for ric! peope$ rt is not "n essenti"p"buum except for t!e c!osen fe* *!o !"-e nee' of me'it"tion in or'er t!"t t!e& m"& e"'$ rt

is in its essence "rrog"nt$ (96)

serious&4min'e' "rc!itect, oo+ing "t it "s "n "rc!itect (i$e$, " cre"tor of org"nisms), *i fin'

in " ste"ms!ip !is free'om from "n "ge4ong but contemptibe ens"-ement to t!e p"st$ (9#)

2. Airplanes


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!e "r *"s "n ins"ti"be cient, ne-er s"tisfie', "*"&s 'em"n'ing better$ !e or'ers *ere to

succee' "t " costs "n' 'e"t! foo*e' " mist"+e remorseess&$ e m"& t!en "ffirm t!"t t!e

"irp"ne mobiie' in-ention, inteigence "n' '"ringJ im"gin"tion "n' co' re"son$ !e s"mespirit t!"t buit !e %"rt!enon$ (101)

!e esson of t!e "irp"ne ies in t!e ogic *!ic! go-erne' t!e enunci"tion of t!e probem "n'

*!ic! e' to t!e successfu re"i"tion$ !en " probem is proper& st"te', in our epoc!, itine-it"b& fin's its soution$ (102)

rc!itecture is t!e "rt "bo-e " ot!ers *!ic! "c!ie-es " st"te of p"tonic gr"n'eur, m"t!em"tic"

or'er, specu"tion, t!e perception of t!e !"rmon& *!ic! ies in emotion" re"tions!ips$ !is is

t!e 5. of "rc!itecture$ (10243)

STATMNT !" T# P$!%LM (106ff)

Let us s!ut our e&es to *!"t exists$ (106)

T# MANUAL !" T# &'LL(N) (11Gff)

E-er& mo'ern m"n !"s t!e mec!"nic" sense$ !e feeing for mec!"nics exists "n' is 7ustifie' b&

our '"i& "cti-ities$ !is feeing in reg"r' to m"c!iner& is one of respect, gr"titu'e "n' esteem$

."c!iner& incu'es econom& "s "n essenti" f"ctor e"'ing to minute seection$ !ere is " mor"sentiment in t!e feeing for mec!"nics$ !e m"n *!o is inteigent, co' "n' c"m !"s gro*n

*ings to !imsef$.en inteigent, co' "n' c"m "re nee'e' to bui' t!e !ouse "n' to "& out

t!e to*n$ (11#419)


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3. Auto*obiles

5t is necess"r& to press on to*"r's t!e est"bis!ment of st"n'"r's in or'er to f"ce t!e probem of

perfection$ (123)

st"n'"r' is necess"r& for or'er in !um"n effort$ (12I)

!e est"bis!ment of " st"n'"r' in-o-es ex!"usting e-er& pr"ctic" "n' re"son"be possibiit&,

"n' extr"cting from t!em " recognie' t&pe conform"be to its functions, *it! " m"ximumoutput "n' " minimum use of me"ns, *or+m"ns!ip "n' m"teri", *or's, forms, coours, soun's$

(12#)

8ere *e !"-e t!e birt! of st&e, t!"t is to s"& t!e "tt"inment uni-ers"& recognie', of " st"te ofperfection uni-ers"& fet$ (12)

Cuture is t!e fo*ering of t!e effort to seect$ eection me"ns re7ection, pruning, ce"nsing t!e

ce"r "n' n"+e' emergence of t!e Essenti"$ (ibid$)

%oetr& ies not on& in t!e spo+en or *ritten *or'$ !e poetr& of f"cts is stronger sti$ =b7ects

*!ic! signif& somet!ing "n' *!ic! "re "rr"nge' *it! t"ent "n' *it! t"ct cre"te " poetic f"ct$(132)

rc!itecture is go-erne' b& st"n'"r's$ t"n'"r's "re " m"tter of ogic, "n"&sis "n' precise

stu'&$ t"n'"r's "re b"se' on " probem *!ic! !"s been *e st"te'$ rc!itecture me"ns p"stic

in-ention, inteectu" specu"tion, !ig!er m"t!em"tics$ rc!itecture is " -er& nobe


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"rt$t"n'"r'i"tion is impose' b& t!e "* of seection "ns' is "n economic "n' soci" necessit&$

8"rmon& is " st"te of "greement *it! t!e norms or our uni-erse$ He"ut& go-erns " s!e is "

pure& !um"n cre"tion s!e is t!e o-erpus necess"r& on& to men of t!e !ig!est t&pe$ (13I4)

Architecture

1. The Lesson of $o*e

+i, Ancient $o*e:;< t!e& :t!e >om"ns< constructe' " superb c!"ssis, but t!e& 'esigne' 'epor"be co"c!*or+

:;< (1GI)

5t :8"'ri"ns Di"< is t!e first ex"mpe of estern p"nning on t!e gr"n' sc"e$ (ibid.)

bsence of -irtuosit&, goo' "rr"ngement, " singe i'e", '"ring "n' unit& in construction, t!e useof eement"r& s!"pes$ s"ne mor"it&$ (1G64#)

+ii, %-antine $o*e!is uite tin& c!urc! of $ ."ri", " c!urc! for poor peope, set in t!e mi'st of nois& "n'

uxurious >ome, proc"ims t!e nobe pomp of m"t!em"tics, t!e un"ss"i"be po*er ofproportion, t!e so-ereign eouence of re"tions!ip$ (1G9)

!ere exists one t!ing *!ic! c"n r"-is! us, "n' t!is is me"sure or sc"e$ (1I1)


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+iii, Michaelan/elo

5nteigence "n' p"ssion t!ere is no "rt *it!out emotion, no emotion *it!out p"ssion$ tones "re

'e"' t!ings seeping in t!e u"rries but t!e "pses of t$ %eters "re " 'r"m"$ @r"m" ies " roun't!e +e& "c!ie-ements of !um"nit&$ (1I2)

+i0, $o*e and oursel0es

2. The (llusion of Plans

%"cing m&sef entire& "t t!is one "nge of -ision 5 commence b& 'r"*ing "ttention to t!is -it"

f"ctJ " p"n procee's from *it!in to *it!out, for " !ouse or " p""ce is "n org"nism comp"r"be

to " i-ing being$ 5 s!" spe"+ of t!e "rc!itectur" eements of t!e interior$ 5 s!" p"ss on to"rr"ngement$ 5n consi'ering t!e effect of bui'ing s in re"tion to " site, 5 s!" s!o* t!"t !ere too

t!e exterior is "*"&s "n interior$ H& me"ns of -"rious fun'"ment" eements *!ic! *i be

ce"r& s!o*n in 'i"gr"ms, 5 c"n 'emonstr"te t!e iusion of p"ns, t!is iusion *!ic! +is"rc!itecture, ensn"res t!e min' "n' cre"tes "rc!itectur" tric+er& t!is is t!e fruit of -io"ting

un'eni"be trut!s, t!e resut of f"se conceptions or t!e fruit of -"nit&$ (1664#)

T# PLAN P$!&S "$!M '(T#(N T! '(T#!UT

A$#(TTU$AL LMNTS !" T# (NT$(!$

=ur eements "re -ertic" *"s, t!e spre"' of t!e soi, !oes to ser-e "s p"ss"ges for m"n of forig!t, 'oors or *in'o*s$ !e !oes gi-e muc! or itte ig!t, m"+e g"& or s"'$ !e *"s "re in

fu brii"nt ig!t, or in !"f s!"'e or in fu s!"'e, gi-ing "n effect of g"iet&, serenit& or s"'ness$

Kour s&mp!on& is m"'e re"'&$ !e "im of "rc!itecture is to m"+e &ou g"& or serene$ (1#1)


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A$$AN)MNT

o est"bis! or'er is to begin to *or+$ rc!itecture is b"se' on "xes$ (1#3)

rc!itectur" bui'ings s!ou' not " be p"ce' upon "xes, for t!is *ou' be i+e so m"n& peope" t"+ing "t once$ (1#I)

rr"ngement is t!e gr"'ing of "xes, "n' so it is t!e gr"'ing of "ims, t!e c"ssific"tion of

intentions$ (1#6)

T# T$(!$ (S AL'AS AN (NT$(!$

o sum up, in "rc!itectur" ensembes, t!e eements of t!e site itsef cone into p"& b& -irtue oft!eir cubic -oume, t!eir 'ensit& "n' t!e u"it& of t!e m"teri" of *!ic! t!e& "re compose',

bringing sens"tions *!ic! "re -er& 'efinite "n' -er& -"rie' (*oo', m"rbe, " tree, gr"ss, bue

!orions, ne"r or 'ist"nt se", s+&)$ !e eements of t!e site rise up i+e *"s p"nopie' in t!epo*er of t!eir cubic coefficient, str"tific"tion, m"teri", etc$, i+e t!e *"s of " room$ "s in

re"tion to ig!t, ig!t "n' s!"'e, s"'ness, g"iet& or serenit&, etc$ =ur compositions must be

forme' of t!ese eements$ (1##49)

T$ANS)$SS(!NHut " m"n !"s on& t*o e&es "t " e-e of "bout I feet 6 inc!es "bo-e t!e groun', "n' c"n on&

oo+ "t one point "t " time$ (1243)

5t must not be forgotten, in 'r"*ing out " p"n, t!"t it is t!e !um"n e&e t!"t 7u'ges t!e resut$

(1G)

3. Pure reation of the Mind


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rom *!"t is emotion born rom " cert"in re"tions!ip bet*een 'efinite eementsJ c&in'ers, "ne-en foor, e-en *"s$ rom " cert"in !"rmon& *it! t!e t!ings t!"t m"+e up t!e site$ rom "

p"stic s&stem t!"t spre"'s its effects o-er e-er& p"rt of t!e composition$ rom " unit& of i'e"

t!"t re"c!es from t!e unit& of t!e m"teri"s use' in t!e unit& of t!e gener" contour$ (19,c"ptionJ !e %rop&e")

Emotion is born of unit& of "im of t!"t unperturbe' resoution t!"t *roug!t its m"rbe *it! t!efirm intention of "c!ie-ing " t!"t is most pure, most c"rifie', most economic"$ E-er& s"crifice,

e-er& ce"nsing !"' "re"'& been performe'$ !e moment *"s re"c!e' *!en not!ing moremig!t be t"+en "*"&, *!en not!ing *ou' be eft but t!ese cose&4+nit "n' -ioent eements,

soun'ing ce"r "n' tr"gic i+e br"en trumpets$ (190, c"ptionJ !e %rop&e")

rom t!is *e get " possibe 'efinition of !"rmon&, t!"t is to s"& " moment of "ccor' *it! t!e

"xis *!ic! ies in m"n, "n' so *it! t!e "*s of t!e uni-erse, 4" return of uni-ers" "*$ (196)

!e ob7ects in n"ture "n' t!e resuts of c"cu"tion "re ce"r& "n' ce"n& forme' t!e& "re

org"nie' *it!out "mbiguit&$ 5t is bec"use *e see ce"r& t!"t *e c"n re"', e"rn "n' fee t!eir

!"rmon&$ 5 repe"tJ ce"r st"tement is essenti" in " *or+ of "rt$ (ibi'$)Ce"r st"tement, t!e gi-ingof " i-ing unit& to t!e *or+, t!e gi-ing it " fun'"ment" "ttitu'e "n' " c!"r"cterJ " is " pure

cre"tion of t!e min'$ (19)

rc!itecture on& exists *!en t!ere is " poetic emotion$ rc!itecture is " p"stic t!ing$ (190)

rc!itecture is t!e s+ifu, "ccur"te "n' m"gnificent p"& of m"sses seen in ig!t "n' contours

"re "so "n' excusi-e& t!e s+ifu, "ccur"te "n' m"gnificent p"& of -oumes seen in ig!t$


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Contours go be&on' t!e scope of t!e pr"ctic" m"n, t!e '"ring m"n, t!e ingenious m"n t!e& c"

for t!e p"stic "rtist$ (202)

&ass'roduction ouses

."ss4pro'uction 'oors, *in'o*s, cupbo"r's :;


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t"te t!e probem ce"r& t &oursef 'etermine t!e t&pe of !ouse "ccor'ing to t!e nee's reuire'

reso-e t!e probem "s t!ose of r"i*"& c"rri"ges, toos, etc$ "re reso-e' (220, c"ptionJ Le

Corbusier, 1922J rtists !ouse)

s to be"ut&, t!is is "*"&s present *!en &ou !"-e proportion "n' proportion costs t!e "n'or'

not!ing, it is "t t!e c!"rge of t!e "rc!itectF (223, c"ptionJ Le Corbusier, 1921J ."ss4pro'uction!ouse)

n' one c"n be prou' of !"-ing " !ouse "s ser-ice"be "s " t&pe*riter$ (ibid.)

Anit& in 'et"i "n' in "rge gener" ines$ (2G#)

Architecture or Re*oution

peci"i"tion ties m"n to !is m"c!ine "n "bsoute precision is 'em"n'e' of e-er& *or+er, fort!e "rtice p"sse' on to t!e next m"n c"nnot be sn"tc!e' b"c+ in or'er to be correcte' "n' fitte'

it must be ex"ct in or'er t!"t it m"& p"&, b& t!"t -er& re"son, its p"rt "s " 'et"ie' unit *!ic!

*i be reuire' to fit "utom"tic"& into t!e "ssembing of t!e *!oe$ (2IG4I)

!e spirit of t!e *or+ers boot! no onger exists, but cert"in& t!ere 'oes exist " more coecti-espirit$ (2II)

!ere is no re" in+ bet*een our '"i& "cti-ities "t t!e f"ctor&, t!e office or t!e b"n+, *!ic! "re

!e"t!& "n' usefu "n' pro'ucti-e, "n' our "cti-ities in t!e bosom of t!e f"mi& *!ic! "re


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!"n'ic"ppe' "t e-er& turn$ !e f"mi& is e-er&*!ere being +ie' "n' mens min's 'emor"ie'

in ser-itu'e to "n"c!ronisms$ (2I#)

!e "'-ent of " ne* perio' on& occurs "fter ong "n' uiet prep"r"tor& *or+$ (261)

!ere reigns " gre"t 'is"greement bet*een t!e mo'ern st"te of min', *!ic! is "n "'monition tous, "n' t!e stifing "ccumu"tion of "ge4ong 'etritus$ (26)

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