dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] !^ lbg] cleofgsf] cj;/df gf]e]Da/ @%, @)!* df dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] jif{ k':ts æcGj]ifLÆ @)&% sf] nf]sfk{0f /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf cg'k/fh zdf{, g]kfn k|x/Lsf PcfOhL 7"n] /fO{, ;+:yfsf sfo{sf/L ;b:o b'uf{ sfsL{åf/f ul/Psf] lyof] . cf]/]s g]kfnn] ;g @))* b]lv g} b]ze/af6 dlxnf dfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] clen]lvs/0f ul/ dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf jif{ k':ts æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] lbj; @% gf]e]Da/ sf] lbg x/]s jif{ k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cGj]ifLdf h'nfO{ @)!& b]lv h'g @)!* ;Dd cf]/]s g]kfndf clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf !&$! dlxnf lx+;fsf tYofFsx?nfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf ljZNf]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

sfo{qmddf cf]/]ssf jl/i7 sfo{qmd ;+of]hs ;latf kf]v/]nn] dlxnf lx+;fsf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ cGj]ifLn] phfu/ u/]sf] atfpFb} s~r/k'/sf] lgd{nf xTofs08 / uf]bffrf}/sf] ;fd"lxs 36gfn] sfg"g sfof{Gjog / dlxnfsf] Gofo kx'Frdf /x]sf] r'gf}lt k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf af]Nb} dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf cg'k/fh zdf{n] :yfgLo lgjf{rg;Fu} :yfgLo :t/df g} dlxnf hgk|ltgLlwsf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo /x]sf] / hgk|ltgLwLn] ;d'bfo:t/b]lv dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu sfo{ u/]df b]z lx+;f d'Qm x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ x'g] / dlxnfsf] Gofodf kx'Fr ;'lglZrttfsf nflu /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u,

dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] aif{ k':ts æcGj]ifLÆ nf]sfk{0f

k}/jLk}/jL

NEPAL 1991

cf]/]s g]kfn, afns'df/L, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+=M kmf]g M )! %!*^)&#, O{d]n M ics@worecnepal.org j]j;fO6 M www.worecnepal.org

c+sM sflt{s–r}q @)&%

;+of]hgM /d]z e08f/L, ;'nf]rgf vgfn

k|x/L / cf]/]sh:tf] ;+3;+:yfsf] ;+o'Qm ;~hfn agfP/ lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] ;To tYo cg'udg / Gofosf nflu sfo{ ug{ ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglw, kqsf/ tyf dfgj clwsf/sf ;jfndf lqmoflzn dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx?÷clwsf/sdL{ u/L *) eGbf a9Lsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

k}/jLsf] o; c+sdf cf]/]sn] ut 5 dlxgfdf ;~rfng u/]sf cleofgd'ns tyf k}/jLd'ns sfo{qmdx? ;dj]z ul/Psf] 5 . tYout k}/jLsf nflu cGj]ifL k|sfzg, /fli6«o, k|b]z tyf :yflgo:t/df ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo tyf åGåk|efljtsf ;jfnx?df Wofgfsif{0f, n}lËs ;dfgtf, n}lËs gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu k}/jL, Gofodf dlxnfsf] kx'Frh:tf ;jfnx?df ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf ultljwL s]lGb|t u/]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L n}lËs lx+;f lj?4sf] !^ lbg] cleofg tyf dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo clwsf/ tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr, dlxnfsf] sfd tyf ultzLntfsf] clwsf/ / lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu O{sf] len]h gd'gf sfo{qmdsf nflu ;d]t k}/jLsf sfo{qmd of] ;dodf ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .

åGå k|efljt dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs Gofo / kl/k"/0fsf nflu k|b]z:t/Lo ;'g'jfO{

;z:q åGåsf] ;dodf cToGt k|efljt ePsf s0ff{nL k|b]zsf k|efljtx? ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo k|lqmofaf6 al~rt eO{/x]sf] cj:yfdf åGå k|efljt dlxnfx?sf] ;fdflhs Gofo / kl/k"/0f dlxnfd'vL b[li6sf]0faf6 ug{ / ;+qmd0fsflng Gofo k|lqmofdf k|b]z ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg k|b]z:t/Lo ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . dlxnf k'g{:yfkgf s]Gb| -cf]/]s_, dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx?sf] /fli6«o ;~hfn / åGå k|efljt dlxnfx?sf] /fli6«o ;~hfn ;xhsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf @)&% kf}if !@ ut]sf lbg ;'v]{tsf] lj/]Gb|gu/df ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{df s}nfnL / ?s'dsf åGå k|efljt dlxnfx?n] åGåsf] ;dodf cfkm'dfly ePsf 36gfx? k|:t't ub}{ !! a'Fb] dfukq d'Vo dGqL dx]Gb| axfb'/ zfxLnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf lyP . ;f] dfukq @)&% kf}if !! ut] ePsf] a}7sdf ?s'd lhNNffdf åGåsf] ;dodf ljleGg lx+;fdf k/]sf, 3fOt], ckfËtf ePsf, a]kQf kfl/Psf ;b:ox?sf] kl/jf/ / ;lxb kl/jf/ nufotn] åGåsf] ;dodf ePsf lx+;fsf] sf/0f ef]Ug'k/]sf ljleGg ;d:ofx?sf] af/]df ;d"xut 5nkmn u/L tof/ kf/]sf lyP .

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf lgb]{zs d'/f/L k|;fb v/]nn] åGåsf] ;dodf ePsf of}g lx+;fsf 36gfx? cfof]udf klg btf{ ePsf] / uf]kgLotfsf] cfwf/df cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] åGå k|efljtx?nfO{ lbPsf] /fxt /sddf cem} yk tLg nfv lbg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf], ;fy} dfu kqdf k|:t't ePsf] dfusf] cfwf/df of]hgf agfpg'kg]{ hf]8 lbFb} /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u åGå k|efljtx?sf] clwsf/sf] nflu sfd ug]{ k|lbj4tf hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] .

;fdflhs ljsf; dGqL bn /fjnn] ;lxbx?sf] alnbfgaf6 cfPsf] g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gdf åGå k|efljtx?nfO{

dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| -cf]/]s_ sf] @* cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef tyf !# cf}+ clwj]zg ;DkGg

dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| -cf]/]s_ sf] @* cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef tyf !# cf}+ clwj]zg ldlt @)&% sflt{s !! ut] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . !# cf}F clwj]zgn] casf] @ jif{sf nflu gofF sfo{;ldltsf] rog u/]sf] 5 . gofF sfo{;ldltdf cfpg] kbflwsf/Lx? o; k|sf/ /xg'ePsf] 5 .

!= cWoIf M >L Hof]T;gf df:s]@= pkfWoIf M >L /fdjtL rf}w/L yf?#= ;lrj M >L rfFbgL /fgf$= sf]iffWoIf M >L pld{nf >]i7%= ;b:o M >L l6sf b]jL bfxfn^ ;b:o M >L b'uf{ sfsL{&= ;b:o M >L Zofd s'df/L zfx*= ;b:o M >L uf]dfjtL k'g -;[hgf_(= ;b:o M >L a;GtL rf}w/L

;fwf/0f ;efsf] pb\3f6g ;qdf cf]/]ssf ;+:yfks cWoIf tyf jl/i7 ;Nnfxfsf/ ;b:o 8f= /]0f' clwsf/L, /fli6«o ;ef ;b:o 8f= ljdnf /fO{ kf}8]n, ;Nnfxfsf/ 8f= s}nfz gfy Kofs'/]n, jl/i7 ;Nnfxfsf/ tyf cflhjg ;b:o laGb' kf]v/]n uf}td, jl/i7 ;Nnfxfsf/ tyf cflhjg ;b:o ;fljqL cof{n, sf7df08f} dxfgu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v xl/k|ef v8\uL, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf lgldQ ;lrj tyf sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs d'/f/L k|;fb v/]n, ;jf{]Rr cbfnt af/sf sfo{sf/L ;b:o e'jg k|;fb jfUn], g]kfn af/sf cWoIf z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=, nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsfsf dlxnf ljsf; clws[t dx]Zj/L lji6, dlxnf ljsf; ljefusf k|ltlglw nufotn] z'esfdgf dGtAo JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] . z'esfdgf dGtJosf qmddf cf]/]sn] ub{} cfPsf] Plss[t sfo{k4lt pko'Qm /x]sf] / sfo{qmdx?n] ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts kl/jt{g nufot dlxnfsf] g]t[Tj :yfkgfsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]n]sf]df awfO{ 1fkg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . cf]/]sn] cfufdL lbgdf xfn;Dd k|fKt pknAwLx?sf] ;+:yfut ub{} cem k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+u7gx? lj:tf/ u/L sfo{ ug'{kg{] ;'emfjx? k]z ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

gofF sfo{;ldltn] kb u|x0f ub{}, ;+:yfsf] nIo tyf p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L cg'?k sfo{ ug{] k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] . lgjf{lrt cWoIf Hof]T;gf df:s]n] ;+:yfsf] kl/nIo tyf nIo k|flKtsf nflu ;+:yfsf x/]s lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ cleofgd'lv 9+uaf6 ;~rfng ug{], ;+:yf leq /x]sf] ;|f]t tyf 1fgnfO{ clwstd ?kdf k|of]u ug{], / ;+:yfsf] kl/ronfO{ cem prfO{df nfg of] sfo{;ldlt k|lta4 /x]sf] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] .

2

;'wf/afbL 9+uaf6 dfq geO{ cfd'n kl/jt{gsf/L km8\sf] dfg'{kg]{ / ;+qmd0fsflng GofonfO{ l56f] eGbf l56f] Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg' ePsf] lyof] . ul7t cfof]ux?n]n] klg Gofo / kl/k"/0fsf sfdx? l56f] cuf8L a9fpg k|b]zsf] tkm{af6 ;+3df klg kxn ug]{ k|ltj4tf hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] .

e"dL Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqL ljdnf s];Ln] ;lxb kl/jf/x? / åGå k|efljtx?af6 åGå k|efljtx?sf] cfly{s ;d[4L / cfTdlge{/tfdf 6]jf k'¥offpg] vfnsf] of]hgf kflnsfdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;xsf/L u7g u/L k|efjsf/L of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd lnP/ cfPdf e"dL dGqfnon] /f]huf/L ;[hgf x'g] u/L cfly{s ;xof]u ug{ tof/ /x]sf] hfgsf/Lsf ;fy} k|ltj4tf hgfpg'ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf of]hgf zfvf pkfWoIf, dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs ;+hfn, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, d'Vo sfg'gL clwjQmfx? nufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf tyf ;xhLs/0f cf]/]ssf ;+:yfks cWoIf tyf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx?sf] /fli6«o ;+~hfnsf cWoIf 8f= /]0f' clwsf/Ln] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

n}lËs Gofo / Kf}m;nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ;DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmd

cbfntaf6 clGtd k}m;nf ePsf sltko cfb]z jf lg0f{ox? jiff}{;Dd sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf af/] 5nkmnsf nflu dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] !^ lbg] cleofgsf qmddf cf]/]ssf zfvf tyf kl/of]hgf sfof{no df]/Ë, ;'g;/L, pbok'/, s}nfnL, bfË, wg'iff / l;/fxfdf cGt/lqmofsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

k}m;nf sfof{Gjog lagf k"0f{ Gofo k|fKt x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf lx+;f k|efljt dlxnf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu 5nkmn dfkm{t km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k}/jL ug]{ p2]Zo sfo{qmdsf] lyof] . lhNNffdf cfof]lht sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt lg:sif{ tyf nfdf] ;dob]lv lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx?;+u sfd ubf{sf] cg'ejdf s]lGb|t eO{ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?larsf] 5nkmn / ;+jfb dfkm{t km};nf sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] j:t'ut d"Nof+sg ug'{sf ;fy} sfof{Gjogsf] ;d:of / n}lËs Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt dlxnfsf vf; ljifonfO{ ax; tyf k}/jL ug{] d'Vo p2]Zosf ;fy @)&% d+l;/ @! ut] sf7df08f}df ædlxnfsf d'2f / k}m;nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ;DaGwL 5nkmnÆ sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 ljleGg lhNnfdf k|efljtsf] kIfdf sfg'gL ?kdf km};nf ePsf t/ sfof{Gjog gePsf 36gfx?sf] k|:Tf'tL ul/Psf] lyof] . 5nkmnsf qmddf dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf k|d'vn] k}m;nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf x]bf{ cbfntL k}m;nfdf dfq ;d:of geO cfof]un] u/]sf lg0f{o klg ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] pNnª\3g u/]sf] cj:yfn] ;/sf/L ;+oGq dlxnfsf] d'2fdf sdhf]/ /x]sf] k|i6 kfg]{ atfpg' eof] . k}m;nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf klg dlxnfd'lv b[li6sf]0f x'g' kg]{ /

To;sf nflu cbfntaf6 lnlvt lgb]{zg hf/L ug{'kg]{ / o:tf] lgb]{zg hf/L ePdf k}m;nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfox? dlxnf, afnaflnsf, j[4j[4fsf d'2fdf s;/L ljz]if sfo{ljlw ckgfpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/] lgb]{z x'G5g\ eGg] ljifodf hf]8 lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

o;}Uf/L /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf clws[t ljdnf v8\sfn] k|efljt dlxnfsf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf n}lËs lx+;f kLl8t /fxt sf]if :yfkgf ePklg sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfg'gsf] cefjdf ha/h:tL s/0fL h:tf] d'2fsf kLl8t÷k|efljt nfO{ /fHon] /fxt k|bfg ug{ g;s]sf] ljifonfO{ p7fg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . o;/L g} ;jf]{Rr cbfnt kmf}Hfbf/L lgb]{zgfnosf clws[t d~h' cf]emfn] k}m;nf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof hl6n 5 / ;f] sf] af/]df ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L gePsf] / dlxnfsf d'2fdf o; s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg' cfjZos /x]sf] atfpg' eof] .

;xeflux?n] dlxnfn] lht]sf d'2f t/ k}m;nf gePsf] 36gfx? k|:t't u/]sf lyP . dlxnfsf d'2fdf k}m;nf sfof{Gjog ug{ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k}m;nf sfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfnon] k}m;nf sfof{Gjogsf] nfut /flv ;f] sfo{df cj/f]w k'¥ofpFg] JolQmnfO{ klxrfg u/L dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gstf{ jf sfg'g pNnª\3gsftf{sf] ?kdf clen]vg tyf ;"lrs[t ug]{ cEof;sf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu kxn ug'{kg]{, ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] of] cfly{s jif{nfO{ k}m;nf sfof{Gjog jif{sf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff u/]sf]df /fli6«o :t/df o:tf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{, /fHosf] ;+oGqx?nfO{ r':t b'?:t agfpg'kg]{, kLl8t÷k|efljt dlxnfnfO{ d'2f btf{ b]lv k}m;nf sfof{Gjog;Dd /fHon] ljz]if ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{, dlxnfsf d'2fx?nfO{ k|x/L k|zf;g tyf cbfntn] k|fyldstf lb+b} dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ub{} lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx?sf] Gofo k|flKt ug{] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox? uDeL/ x'g'kg]{ h:tf ;'emfjx? 5nkmnsf qmddf ;xefuLx?af6 cfPsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k}m;nf sfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfno, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, lhNnf cbfntsf k|ltlglw, dxfGofolwjQmfsf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}F ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, sf7df8f}F dxfgu/L k|x/L k/L;/, dlxnf ;]n, g]kfn af/ P;f]l;P;g nufot ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglw u/L hDdf #% hgfsf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof]

3

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dlxnf lj?4x'g] lx+;fsf ljz]if k|ltj]bs ;+u /fli6«o k/fdz{ ;DkGg

cf]/]s / dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx?sf] /fli6«o ;~hfnsf] ;dGjodf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf ljz]if k|ltj]bs 8'a|fEsf ;fOdf]gf]les (Dubravka Simonovic)

sf] ;xeflutfdf gf]e]Da/ @) df /fli6«o k/fdz{sf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf ;a} k|b]zsf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx?sf k|ltlglw, ljleGg If]qdf /x]/ dlxnf clwsf/sf] cfGbf]ngdf sfo{/t clwsf/sdL{x?, dw]zL ;d'bfo, ckfËtf ePsf dlxnfx?sf] ;d"x, åGåsf] ;dodf of}g lx+;f af6 k|efljt dlxnfx?, e"ldlxgsf] ;jfndf sfd ug]{, ;~rf/ If]qdf cfj4 cflb dlxnf k|ltlglwx?sf] sfo{qmddf pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf dlxnfx?sf] jt{dfg cj:yf, dlxnf lx+;f, dlxnf lx+;fsf] ;jfndf sfd ubf{ ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? ljz]if k|ltj]bs ;dIf ;xefuLx?n] k|:t't u/]sf lyP . ;f] k/fdz{ dlxnf lx+;fsf

cf]/]ssf] cfof]hgfdf n}+lus ;dfgtf gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ p2]Zon] l;Gw'nL, s}nfnL, alb{of / ;'g;/L lhNnfdf n}+lus lx+;f lj?4sf] gLlt -n}+lus ;dfgtfsf] gLlt_ tof/Lsf nflu sfo{zfnf ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfdf ufpF kflnsf, gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v, pkk|d'vx?, Gofokflnsf ;b:o, sfg'gL ;NNffxsf/, dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs ;~hfnx? ;lxt !)) hgf eGbf a9Lsf] ;xeflutfdf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfdf k|d'v k|lzIfssf] ?kdf 8f= /]0f' clwsf/Ln] ;xhLs/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{zfnfdf n}+lus lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf] cGTo ljgf b]zdf ;fdflhs Gofo tyf lbuf] zfGtL :yfkgf x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf b]zdf lbuf] zfGtL :yfkgf ug{, nf]stGqnfO{ alnof] agfO ;+:yfut ug{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{, lbuf] ljsf; / ;d[4 g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnLsf] ;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ n}+lus lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;fnfO{ cGTo ug'{ kg]{df hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . o;sf] cGTosf nflu n}+lus lx+;f lj?4sf] -n}+lus ;dfgtf_ gLltsf] cfjZoQmf n}+lus lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f dfgj clwsf/sf] ;jfn xf], n}+lus lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f Go"gLs/0f geP;Dd dfgj clwsf/ ;'lglZt x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ljifodf ;xefuLx? of] sfo{zfnfaf6

:ki6 ePsf] hgfpFb} n}+lus lx+;f cGTo ug{ n}+lus gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu cfkm\gf] ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfdf kxn ug]{ k|lta4tf sfo{zfnfsf] cGTodf ;xefuLx?n] hgfPsf lyP . n}+lus ;dfgtf gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu :yfgLo txdf lhDd]jf/ kbdf /xg'ePsf ;a} ;xefuLx?nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfkm'n] kfPsf] of] dxTjk"0f{ cj;/nfO{ k|of]u ub}{ xfdL ;a}sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df n}+lus ;dfgtf ;lxtsf] ufpF, ;dfh / b]z lgdf{0fsf] nflu cl3 a9\g k|lzIfsn] clu|d z'esfdgf JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] . n}+lus lje]bk"0f{ ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;+/rgf /x]sf] xfd|f] ;dfhdf sfd ug{ Tolt ;xh 5}g t/ ToxL r'gf}tLx?nfO{ cj;/sf] ?kdf lnP/ lje]bsf/L ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf kl/jt{g ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 cleofg g} ;~rfng ug'{kg]{df klg k|lzIfsn] hf]8 lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

n}lËs lx+;f ;Daf]wgdf ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'g k|fjwfg ljifos sfo{zfnf

l;Gw'nL, cf]vn9'Ëf / pbok'/df n}lËs lx+;f ;Daf]wgdf ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL k|fjwfg ljifos @ lbg] sfo{zfnfsf] cof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf n}lËs lx+;f ;Daf]wgsf nflu ePsf sfg"gL Joj:yfx?, ltgsf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf tyf cj;/ / r'gf}tLx?sf] af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . lhNnfsf ;/sf/L jlsn, lhNnf Gofoflwz, tyf k|x/L k|d'vn] xfn ltgj6} If]qn] k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf ;]jfx?, n}lËs lx+;f ;Daf]wgdf pgLx?sf] e"ldsf tyf sfd ubf{sf qmddf cfPsf cK7\of/fx? k|:t't u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox?sf] ljifodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmd kZrft ;xefuLx?n] n}lËs lx+;f Go"gLs/0fdf ;a}sf] ;xsfo{ cfjZos ePsf]n] cf–cfkm\gf] If]qaf6 lx+;f Go"gLs/0f tyf k|efljtn] Gofo kfpg ;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;lqmo ?kdf ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ k|ltj4tf hgfPsf lyP . sfo{qmddf lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsnsf] sfof{no, cbfnt, lhNnf jf/ Pzf]l;Pzg / Goflos ;ldltsf ;+of]hs tyf sfg'g clws[tx? ;lxt hDdf ^@ hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

n}+lus lx+;f lj?4sf] gLlt -n}+lus ;dfgtf gLlt_ tof/Lsf nflu sfo{zfnf uf]i7L

;DaGwdf ;d'bfodf ePsf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu cGt/fli6«o:t/af6 Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] Ps pko'Qm ynf]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf dlxnf lx+;fsf] jt{dfg cj:yfaf/] cg'udg ug{ g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg'ePsf ljz]if k|ltj]bs ;fOdf]gf]lesn] e|d0f kZrft sfo{zfnfdf p7]sf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;dIf k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ atfpg'ePsf] lyof] .

4

jt{dfg :jf:Yo gLlt / dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo clwsf/ ljifos /fli6«o k/fdz{ uf]i7L

gofF /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt @)&%-d:of}bf_ / ;'/lIft dft[Tj ;DaGwL P]g @)&% df ePsf Joj:yfx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f tyf PsLs[t n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn :jf:Yo gLlt agfpgsf nflu ax'kIfLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u ;dGjo u/L n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn :jf:Yo gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug{ cf]/]sn] ldlt @)&% d+l;/ !^ ut] æjt{dfg :jf:Yo gLlt / dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo clwsf/Æ ljifos /fli6«o k/fdz{ uf]i7L sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] .

dlxnfsf] ;'lglZrt :jf:Yo clwsf/ M lbuf] zflGt / ljsf;sf] d"ncfwf/ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy cfof]lht ;f] uf]i7Ldf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs ;~hfnsf cWoIf tyf cf]/]ssf ;+:yfks cWoIf 8f= /]0f' clwsf/Ln] jt{dfg k|hgg\ :jf:Yo P]gdf afFemf]kgsf] c;/ / /f]syfdsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug'{kg{], ;d'bfo:t/df sfd ug{] dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs, :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf / ld8 jfO{km h:tf ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] ;'/Iff / :jf:Yosf] ljifonfO{ gLltut Joj:yf ug'{kg{], :yfgLo txn] dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu /fli6«o gLlt cg'?k n}lËs gLlt agfpg'kg{], of}g b'Jo{jxf/ / dlxnfsf] cGo cGt/If]lqo ljifoj:t'x?sf] ;Daf]wgsf nflu ;f/e"t ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/sf ?kdf gLltn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg{] h:tf ;'emfjx? k]z ug'{ePsf] lyP .

sfo{qmddf :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf lgldQ ;lrj 8f= z'lzn gfy Kofs'/]nn] cfkm\gf] dGToJosf qmddf g]kfndf ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts sf/0fn] ubf{ :jf:Yo ;d:of x'g] u/]sf] 5 . clxn] hg:jf:Yo P]g / ;'/lIft dft[Tj tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo P]g– @)&% cfP/ :jf:Yosf ljifodf ax; ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] 5, cfufdL lbgdf dGqfnon] ax';/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu 5nkmn ug'{sf ;fy} o; sfo{qmdaf6 cfPsf ;'emfjx?nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt / sfo{of]hgfx? tof/ ug{] egL k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

o;}u/L kl/jf/ sNof0f dxfzfvfsf lgb{]zs 8f= cf/=lk= ljR5fn] dlxnfsf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ljz]ifu/L kf7]3/ v:g] ;d:of / cA;6«ofl6s lkm:6'nfsf] /f]syfddf hf]8 lbFb} ;fdflhs k'g:yf{kgfdf ;'wf/ ug{] k|lta4tf JoQm u/] . clwjQmf zld{nf >]i7n] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf :yfoL / c:yfoL ;fwgx?df k"0f{ ?kdf kx'Fr x'g'kg{] ;'emfj /fVg'ePsf] lyof] eg] ue{ktgnfO{ xfn;Dd klg kmf}hbf/L ck/fw ;+lxtfdf /flv /fHon] ck/fwLs/0f u/]sf]n] o; ;+lxtfdf /fVg gx'g] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . :jf:Yo ljz]if1 tyf clwsf/sdL{ 8f= c?0ff pk|]tLn] :jf:Yo gLltdf kDk/fut ;Lk / 1fgnfO{ k|j{4g u/L cfo'j{]bsf] k|j4{gsf nflu gLltut ?kdf Joj:yf ug'{kg{] ;'emfj k]z ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf :jf:Yo tyf hg:jf:Yo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lj1x?, sfg'gL lj1x?, ;fdflhs cleofGtfx? u/L ^% hgfsf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf Po/ PDa'n]G; ;]jfnfO{ gLltut Joj:yf ug'{kg{], ld8 jfO{kmx?nfO{ gLlt cg';f/ kbsf]

Joj:yf nlIft u/L z}lIfs sf];{sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, ;]lg6/L Kof8 / l/Ë k];/LnfO{ cTofjZos lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;fdfu|Lsf] ?kdf /fVg'kg{], :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;/sf/n] nufgLsf] ?kdf gx]/]/ /fHosf] bfloTjsf] ?kdf lng'kg{], ;dlnËL tyf ckfËtf d}qL :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug'{kg{], cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x?sf nflu :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg{] nufotsf ;'emfjx? ;xefuLx?n] /fv]sf lyP .

Plss[t :jf:Yo tyf :jx]/rfx d]nf ;DkGg

dlxnfx?df dgf]ljdz{ tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cfjZoQmfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ?s'd lhNnf aflkmsf]6 ufFpkflnsfsf] jf8 g+ @ lkkndf @)&% sflt{s !$ b]lv !& ;Dd % lbg] Plss[t :jf:Yo tyf :jx]/rfx d]nfsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

d]nfdf ?s'd lhNnfsf] aflkmsf]6 ufFpkflnsf, lqj]0fL ufFpkflnsf / l;:g] lxdfn ufFpkflnsfaf6 kf7]3/sf] d'v ;'lgPsf, Uofli6«s, lk;fjsf] ;+qmd0f, pRr /Qmrfk, dlxgfjf/L u8a8L, kf7]3/ klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] l8u|L v;]sf], ;]tf] kfgL aUg] cflb :jf:Yo ;d:of ePsf hDdf $#^ hgfsf] :jf:Yo hfFr u/L lgMz'Ns cf}ifwL ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . h;dWo] !% hgfnfO{ yk pkrf/sf] nflu g]kfnu+h, bfË / sf7df08f} cyf]{k]l8s c:ktfndf /]km/ ul/Psf] lyof] eg] $$ hgf dlxnfnfO{ dgf;fdflhs dgf]ljdz{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} :jf:Yo d]nfdf ;xefuLx?nfO{ lnË, n}lËstf, dlxnf / k'?ifsf] lardf ePsf] k|fs[lts tyf ;fdflhs leGgtf, lnËsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] sfo{ljefhg, h;n] ;[hgf u/]sf] n}lËs lje]b, dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yf / o;af6 ;[hgf ePsf] dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf] af/]df cled'lvs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Fu;u} :yfgLo :t/df pknAw x'g] hl8a'l6sf] k|of]uaf6 3/df g} :jf:Yo ;d:ofnfO{ ;fdfwfg ug{ ;lsg] af/] hfgsf/L lbO{Psf] lyof] .

ljz]if dgf]ljdz{sf] cfjZostf ePsf !( hgf dlxnfx? $

5

lbg;Dd of]u tyf Wofg lzlj/ klg ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . z'?jftdf dfgl;s ljrngsf sf/0f cfFvf aGb ug{;d]t g;s]sf ;xefuLx?n] clGtd lbg;Dd cfO{k'Ubf cfkm'nfO{ w]/} cfgGb cg'e'lt ePsf] s'/f JoQm u/]sf lyP . o;}u/L of]ufsf] dfWodaf6 xftuf]8f emdemdfpg], xftuf]8f uNg], kf7]3/sf] ;d:of, 9f8sDd/ b'Vg], hLp b'Vg] cflb ;d:of ePsf] dlxnfx?n] nfeflGjt ePsf] atfPsf lyP .

o;/L g} cf]]/]s, t'n;Lk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf / dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx?sf] ;xsfo{df t'n;Lk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf $ vfb|] :jf:Yo rf}sL / * b"wgfdf @)&% k'if !# b]lv k'if !* ;Dd u/L hDdf ^ lbg] dlxnf :jf:Yo tyf :jx]/rfx d]nf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx?sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yodf k/]sf] k|efjnfO{ sd ug]{ p2]Zon] :Jfx]/rfxsf] ;fy} dgf]ljdz{, Wofg / dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfkx? ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] .

d]nfdf k|hgg\ tyf cGo :jf:Yo ;d:of ePsf (%^ hgfn] :jf:Yo hfFr u/fPsf lyP . :jf:Yo d]nfaf6 t];|f] l8u|L kf7]3/ v;]sf !) hgfnfO{ ck|]zgsf] nflu c~rn c:ktfn /]km/ ul/Psf] lyof] eg] !^ hgfnfO{ kf7]3/df l/Ëk|;/L /flvPsf] lyof] . o;}u/L @)) hgf dlxnfx?n] lel8of] PS;/] ;]jf ;d]t u/fPsf lyP . o; :jf:Yo d]nf kZrft % hgfsf] kf7]3/sf] lg Mz'Ns ?kdf ck|]zg ePsf] 5 .

o;}u/L lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no tyf kflnsfx?sf] ;dGjodf l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] lj:b]p6f/ / pbok'/ lhNnfsf] kfTn]jf; / zfxL vf]nfdf u/L hDdf % lbg :jf:Yo d]nf ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . :jf:Yo d]nfdf lk;fj kf]Ng], kf7]3/ ;DaGwL r]shfFr, tNnf] k]6 b'Vg] , ;]tf] kflg aUg], 9f8 b'Vg], xf8 hf]gL{ b'Vg], Uofli6«s cflb ;d:of ePsf hDdf ^() hgfnfO{ :Jff:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} ;"rgfd"ns ;fdu|Lx?sf] dfWodaf6 of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo, hl8a'6Lsf] k|of]u tyf n}lËs lje]bsf af/]df hfgsf/L ;d]t k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

3/]n' sfdbf/sf] sfdsf] klxrfg / cfO{Pncf] dxf;lGw !*( sf] cg'df]bg ;DaGwL cGt/lqmof

dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] !^ lbg] cleofgsf] cj;/df dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| cf]/]s, kf}/vL g]kfn, ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf nflu /fli6«o ;~hfnsf] cfof]hgfdf 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] sfdsf] klxrfg / cfO{Pncf] dxf;lGw !*( sf] cg'df]bg ;DaGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd @)&% d+l;/ @) df ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

cfO{ Pn cf] dxf;lGw !*( n] 3/]n' >ldssf] sfdsf] klxrfg, pgLx?n] kfpg'kg]{ Go'gtd kfl/>lds, ljbf, ;'/lIft jftfj/0f tyf sfdsf] ;Ddfg h:tf s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] ePklg g]kfn ;/sf/n] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g .

g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]df dfq a}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf 3/]n' >ldssf] ;jfndf k}/jL ug{, 3/]n' sfdnfO{ sfdsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg tyf g]kfn leq} sfd ug]{ sfdbf/sf] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu dxf;lGw cg'df]bg ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:o ;'lbk kf7sn] dGtJosf qmddf cfkm' cfO{=Pn=cf]= dxf;lGw !*( sf] cg'df]bg x'g'k5{ eGg] kIfdf /x]sf] / cg'df]bg kZrft dxf;lGwsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] bfloTjfO{ lhDd]jf/Lk'j{s lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf h]i7 gful/s dGqfnosf ;x;lrj lj/ axfb'/ /fO{n] 3/]n' >ldssf] ;d:of p7fg ug{ s'g} cflwsfl/s tYofÍ gePsf] sf/0f :yfgLo txn] tYofÍ ;+sngsf nflu kxn ug'{kg]{ ;fy}] dxf;lGw cg'df]bg k'j{ o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu k'j{ tof/L cfjZos /x]sf] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . o;}Uf/L a}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /fhg >]i7n] 3/]n' >ldssf] d'2fdf ;/sf/ ;+j]bgzLn /x]sf] t/ ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, b[li6sf]0f / ;f]Fr g} xfd|f] ;d:of ePsf]n] o:tf] ;f]Fr kl/jt{gsf] nflu sfd ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

6

kf}/vL g]kfnsf cWoIf dGh' u'?Ën] 3/]n' >ldssf] klxrfgsf] ;d:of, 3/]n' >dnfO{ sfdsf] ?kdf dfGotf glbg' tyf pgLx?sf] of]ubfgsf] st}klg k|ToIf ?kdf sb/ gx'g'sf sf/0f pgLx? ljleGg hf]lvddf kg]{ u/]sf] cf}Nofpb} ;/sf/n] NofPsf ;sf/fTds gLlt, lgod tyf P]g sfg'gx?sf] Jojxfl/s / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog klg clxn]sf] cfjZoQmf /x]sf]df hf]8 lbg'ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf ePsf] v'Nnf 5nkmndf 3/]n' >ldssf] k~hLs/0f x'g'kg]{, pgLx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] bfo/fdf Nofpgsf nflu of]ubfgsf] sb/ x'g] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ / pgLx?sf] Go'gtd Hofnf, ;do, ;'ljwf cflb P]gdf tf]lsP adf]lhd sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{, a}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 kmls{Psf 3/]n' >ldssf] k"gP{lss/0fsf] of]hgf x'g'kg]{ h:tf ;jfnx? cfPsf lyP . sfo{qmddf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglw, ;~rf/sdL{x?, 3/]n' >lds, 3/]n' sfdbf/ nufot u/L ^% hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

lbuf] ljsf; nIo k|fKtLsf nflu kof{j/0fLo d}qL gd'gf ufpF k|a4{g /fli6«o k/fdz{

O{sf]len]hsf] k|j4{g tyf kof{Jf/0fLo d}qL gd'gf ufpF -Osf]len]h_ ;~rfng ubf{sf l;sfO{ tyf cg'ejx?nfO{ cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ( l8;]Da/df s[lif ljefu, k'Nrf]s, nlntnk'/df lbuf] ljsf; nIo k|fKtLsf nflu kof{j/0fLo d}qL gd'gf ufpF k|a4{g /fli6«o k/fdz{ uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf ljlzi6 cltlydf /fli6«o ;efsf ;b:o ljdnf /fO{ kf}8\ofn / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:o ldg axfb'/ zfxL, /xg'ePsf] lyof] .

lj1sf] ?kdf 8f= g]q k|;fb ltlD;gf / 8f= ;j{/fh v8\sfn] O{sf]len]hsf] d"Nof+sg tyf cg'udgsf] cfwf/df Osf]len]hn] lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo k|fKtLsf nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] / ;d'bfo:t/df of] cjwf/0ff lbuf] / k|efjsf/L?kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] k|i6\ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . dfglgo ldg axfb'/ zfxLn] of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ clxn] aGb} u/]sf] kGw|f}F k~raifL{o of]hgfdf l;kmfl/; ug{ kxn ug{ ;Sg] hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] eg]

ljdnf /fO{ kf}8\ofnn] cf]/]sn] Osf] len]hsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d'bfo :t/df /x]/ k|efjsf/L tj/af6 ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf]df cfufdL lbgdf o;sf] k|j4{g / lj:tf/sf nflu hf]8 lbg'kg]{ atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmd kZrft, ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ kof{j/0fLo d}qL gd'gf ufpF sfo{qmd :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cjnDag ug{ kxn ub}{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ lgdf{0fflwg kGwf}+ k~raifL{o of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug{sf] nflu ;'efjkq ;d]t k]z ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf Osf] len]h Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:o, hgk|ltlglw, dlxnf cfof]u, hg;+Vof tyf aftfj/0f dGqfno, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljwL dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno / s[lif tyf kz' k+IfL ljsf; dGqfno / ljefu nufo /fli6«o:t/sf ;/f]sf/jfx?sf] pk:yLlt /x]sf] lyof] .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] tof/ ub}{ u/]sf] kGw|Ff} of]hgfdf -cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷)&&–@)*)÷)*!_ ;'emfjx? k|bfg

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] tof/ ub}{ u/]sf] kGw|Ff} of]hgfdf -cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷)&^–@)*)÷)*!_ ;+:yfn] nfdf] ;dob]lv ;d'bfo txdf /x]/ sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df lgDg ljifout If]qx?df ;'emfjx? k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] .

!_ dlxnf tyf k5f8L kfl/Psf] ;d'bfosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;DaGwdf k|bfg ul/Psf ;'emfjx?

• kof{j/0fLo d}qL ufpF -Osf]len]h_ cjwf/0ffn] lbuf] ljsf; nIosf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo ljsf;sf kIf k|fKtLsf nflu :yfgLos/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ePsf]n] o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{,

• dlxnfx? ;+nUg ePsf >d ljz]ifu/L 3/]n', s[lif nufotsf cGo ;]jfd"ns dflgPsf >dsf If]qx?nfO{ cf}krfl/s >dsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ ;a} ;]jfd"ns sfd tyf d"No;Fu hf]l8Psf sfdnfO{ s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf ;dfj]z ub}{, dof{lbt >dsf ?kdf :yflkt ug{ gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{,

• ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf gful/ssf cfwf/e't clwsf/ k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu e"ldxLg ls;fg, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, ;s'Daf;L tyf ljkGg / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf dlxnfsf] lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu l;kd"ns tflnd lnO{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ul//x]sf dlxnfaf6 pTkflbt ;fdfu|Lx?sf] ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf] plrt jftfj/0f tof/

7

ug{ :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o txdf ahf/ k|j4{g gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf ug{,

@_ n}+lus ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf z;lQms/0fsf ;DaGwdf k|bfg ul/Psf ;'emfjx?

• dlxnf lj?4 x'g] e]befj lj?4 z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLtLnfO{ :yfgLo b]lv s]lGb|o :t/;Ddsf ;a} ;+/rgfx?df k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{,

• dlxnfn] ;Ddflgt / :jtGq eP/ hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sg jftfj/0f l;h{gfsf nflu /fHosf ;a :yfgLo b]lv s]lGbo tx;Ddsf lgsfox?df n}lus ;dfgtf gLltsf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg,

• ljleGg xflgsf/s ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf wfld{s k/Dk/fx¿af6 k|ltkflbt / lgb]{lzt s'k|yfsf sf/0f dlxnfdfly e}/x]sf] lx+;fnfO{ uDeL/ ck/fwsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ tyf AofVof ul/ To:tf ;a}vfn] xflgsf/s k/Dk/fut ck/fwsf] cGTosf nflu :yfgLob]lv /fli6«o tx;Dd /0fgLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg–@)&@ n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] …k|To]s gful/ssf] ;dfg clwsf/Ú eGg] k|fjwfg g]kfnL dlxnfn] cg'e"t ug{ kfpg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{,

• dlxnfx?sf] cfly{s ;zlQms/0fsf sfo{qmdx?sf nflu cfjZos ah]6 ljgLof]hg ;lxt gLltut Joj:yf ug{,

• /fHosf ;a} tx, ;+/rgf tyf ljsf; k|lqmofsf k|To]s r/0fdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] cfwf/df dlxnfsf] %) k|ltzt ;xefuLtf ;'lglZrt x'g] Joj:yf ug{,

• lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx?sf] Gofodf kx'Fr ;'lglZrttf x'g] / cfTd;Ddfgsf ;fy hLjgofkgsf] af]w ug{] lsl;dsf] ;xof]uL ;+oGqx?sf] -k'g:yf{kgf, k'gld{ng, :jf:Yo, sfg"gL ;xof]u, dgf]ladz{, lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;xof]u cfbL_ ljsf; / o;df k|efljtsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{,

• cGt/fli6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tf ljz]ifu/L dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf lje]b pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;GwL / lbuf] lasf;sf nIo sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fli6«o sfo{ofhgf lgdf{0f ug{,

• ;+qmd0fsflng Gofosf] JofVof cem}klg dlxnfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 gx'Fbf åGå kLl8t÷k|efljt ljz]iftM of}ghGo lx+;f / oftgf ef]Ug afWo dlxnfsf] cfjfhnfO{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|lqmofdf /fHoaf6 df}g u/fO{Psf] cj:yf 5 . åGå kLl8t÷k|efljt dlxnfsf] cfTd;Ddfg;lxtsf ;To, Gofo /

kl/k"/0fsf nflu cljnDa Joj:yf ug{, ;fy} ;+qmd0fsfnLg GofonfO{ sfg'gL AofVofsf] kl/lwaf6 km/flsnf] kfl/ dlxnfn] ;fdflhs Gofosf] cg'e"lt ug{ /fi6«sf ;a} txdf ;xof]uL ;+oGq / Gofo k|fKt ug{] jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf nflu gLltut Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

• dlxnfleq klg ckfËtf ePsf, blnt, hghftL, d'lZnd, dw]zL, of}lgs tyf n}lËs cNk;+Vos, Pr=cfO{=eL= ;+qmldt, a]rlavgaf6 k|efljt, åGå k|efljt, lx+;f k|efljt, Psn cfdf Pjd\ ljwjf dlxnfx¿sf] km/s km/s cfjZostf x'G5g\ eGg] tYonfO{ cfTd;fy u/L pgLx?sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ xfnsf] hLjg:t/df ?kfGt/0f x'g] vfnsf dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg]{ .

#_ dft[ :jf:Yo / of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf k|bfg ul/Psf ;'emfjx?

• g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;'/lIft dft[Tj tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo clwsf/ P]g @)&% kfl/t u/]tf klg of}lgstf ;DaGwL d'2fx?, k|hgg\ :jf:Yo / afFemf]kgfsf] ;d:ofx?n] eO/x]sf] dlxnf lxF;f ;Daf]wgsf nflu cem} klg gLltut k|fjwfgnfO{ ;Daf]wg / ;'b[9 agfpg cjsf] of]hgfdf ljz]if sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

• dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx?sf] nflu pd]/ cg';f/ / n}lËs ;Da]bgzLn of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo lzIff, hfgsf/L"'ns ;'rgf tyf ;]jf /fHosf] ;j} txsf] :jf:Yo s]Gb|x?df / ljBfno lzIff sfo{qmddf nfu" x'g'kg]{ / dlxnfx?sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:of ;Daf]wgsf nflu dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ ;]jf ;j} :yfgLo txdf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{,

• dlxnfsf] of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf ;fy} ;du| :jf:Yo clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu lzIff, ;/;kmfO{, vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff, ul/aL h:tf cGt/;DalGwt ljifox?sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ax' If]qLo dGqfno tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ljr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kg]{,

• ;'/lIft dft[Tj / k|hgg\ :jf:Yo clwsf/ P]g ;+zf]wg ug{' kg]{ / ;a} cj:yfdf ue{ktgnfO{ ck/flws sfo{af6 x6fOg'kg]{ / cfdfsf] :jf:Yo hf]lvddf /xg] cj:yfdf sfg'g gnfUg] ljz]if u/L anfTsf/, xf8gftf / o:t} cGo cj:yfdf kof{Kt ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg / ;'/lIft ue{ktg tyf afFemf]kg h:tf ;d:ofx?sf] /f]syfd tyf Joj:ykgsf lglDt :jf:Yo rf}lsn] n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug{' kg]{ .

8

o'jf k}/jL tflnd

dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu g]t[Tj ljsf; ub}{ k}/jL ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffut :ki6tf, k}/jL ;Lk tyf bIftf clea[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] gf]e]Da/ @& b]lv l8;]Da/ ! ;Dd sf7df8f}+df % lbg] o'jf dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx?sf] nflu o'jf k}/jL tflnd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;dfhdf ePsf xflgsf/s k/Dk/fut cEof;x?nfO{ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu o'jf tyf lszf]/Lx?af6 g} kxn u/L pgLx?s} g]t[Tjdf ;dfhdf /x]sf lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/x? cGTo ug]{ nIo ;f] tflndsf] /x]sf] lyof] . tflnddf l;Gw'nL, ;'g;/L, alb{of / s}nfnL lhNnfx?sf @$ hgf o'jf tyf lszf]/L dlxnfx?sf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] .

tflnddf n}+lus lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf] cjwf/0ffut :ki6tf u/fpg'sf ;fy} n}+lus lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf h/f] sf/s tTj kQf nufO{ casf lbgx?df k}/jL ug'{kg{] ljz]if d'4fx?sf] klxrfg ug{df o'jf tyf lszf]/Lx?nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o:t}, jt{dfg cj:yfdf ag]sf sfg"gL Joj:yfx?sf] af/]df ;";'lrt u/fO{ o'jf tyf lszf]/Lx?sf] k}/jLd"ns sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu o; tflfndn] ljz]if ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . tflnddf o'jf tyf lszf]/L dlxnfx?n] cf cfkm\gf] lhNnfsf d'4fx?nfO{ klxrfg u/L k}/jLsf] d:of}bf sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/]sf lyP .

n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f / dfgj clwsf/ ljifos % lbg] tflnd ;DkGg

g]kfn k|x/L leqsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf ;DaGwdf cjwf/0ffut :ki6tf u/fO{ n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn k|x/L cg';Gwfg tyf k|efljtx?sf] Gofosf nflu ;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zon] pbok'/, cf]vn9'Ëf / l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf uPsf] ^ dlxgfdf ^ j6f tflnddf hDdf !$$ hgf k|x/Lx?nfO{ n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f / dfgjclwsf/ ljifos tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . tflnd g]kfn k|x/Lx? ljz]if u/L dlxnf tyf jfnjflnsf ;]jf s]Gb| x]g]{ dlxnf k|x/L, cg';Gwfg zfvfdf sfo{/t,

d'4f kmfF6, Psåf/ ;+s6 Joj:yfkg s]Gb| tyf ljz]ifu/L n}+lus lx+;f ;Daf]wgdf k|ToIf ?kdf ;xefuL x'g] k|x/L sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ nlIft u/L cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . tflnddf g]kfn k|x/L leq ePsf n}lËs gLlt tyf n}lËs lx+;f ;Daf]wgdf k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/L, n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn k|x/L cg';Gwfg h:tf ljifodf k|x/L sd{rf/Lx?åf/f g} k|lzIf0f ul/Psf] lyof] . tflnddf ljz]ifu/L n}lËs lx+;fsf] cjwf/0ffut :ki6tf, n}lËs lx+;f ;+af]wgsf nflu ePsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o k|ltj4tfx?, ;lGw / dxf;lGwx?, n}lËs lx+;f lj?4 ePsf sfg"gL Joj:yfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'sf ;fy} n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;f Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?, n}lËs lje]bdf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf 36gfx?nfO{ dfgj clwsf/afbL b[li6sf]0faf6 JofVof ljZNf]if0f ug{ tyf lx+;fsf 36gfx?df k|efljt d}qL jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ k|x/Lx?nfO{ 1fg, ;Lk ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] .

zlxb dlxnf clwsf/sdL{x?sf] ;Demgfdf lbk k|Hjng sfo{qmd

cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf ;lxb lbj;sf] cj;/df b]z, ;dfgtf / clwsf/sf nflu n8\bf n8\b} Hofg cfx'tL lbg] ;a} 1ft c1ft ;lxbx?sf] ;Demgfdf d+l;/ @) ut] sf7df08f} nufot cf]/]ssf ljleGg zfvf tyf kl/of]hgf sfof{no bfË, s}nfnL, alb{of, df]/Ë, pbok'/, l;/xf, wg'iffdf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs tyf cf]/]ssf] ;dGJodf bLk k|Hjng sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] yof] .

9

!)( cf}+ cGt/fli6«o >lds dlxnf lbj;sf] cj;/df cfof]lht sfo{qmd

n}lËs ;dfgtfsf nflu ;dfg ;f]r / Jojxf/ M ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ eGg] /fli6«o gf/f ;lxt o; jif{ dfr{ * sf lbg !)( cf}+ cGt/fli6«o >lds dlxnf lbj;df cf]/]sn] sfo{/t lhNnfx?df ljljw sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf u/L ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;+3;+:yfx?;Fusf] ;dGjodf æ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ M dlxnfsf] klxrfg, d"No ;lxtsf] sfd / ;DdfgÆ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy ¥ofnL sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf ;d]t hgfPsf] lyof] .

>d P]g @)&$ df >lds ;DaGwL ePsf Joj:Yff / To;sf] sfo{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] e"ldsf ljifos cGt{lqmofbfË, l;/xf / pbok'/ lhNnfdf >d P]g @)&$ df >lds ;DaGwL ePsf Joj:Yff / To;sf] sfo{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] e"ldsf ljifos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf :yfgLo hgk|ltlglwx?, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglwx? ;lxtsf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] . >d P]gdf ;dfg sfdsf] ;dfg Hofnfsf] Joj:yf ePklg Hofnfdf lje]b /x]sf]n] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cg'udg u/L ;dfg sfdsf] ;dfg Hofnfsf] cleofg g} ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj ;xefuLx?n] /fv]sf lyP . dlxnfx? ;+nUg ePsf >d ljz]ifu/L s[lif nufotsf cGo ;]jfd"ns dflgPsf >dsf If]qx?nfO{ cf}krfl/s >dsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ pgLx?n] atfPsf lyP . o;}u/L 3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf !! hgf / pbok'/df % hgf >lds dlxnfx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . o;} lbj;sf] cj;/df l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] sdnfdfO{ gu/kflnsfdf sf]lknf o'jf ;d"xsf] ;dGjodf ;dfg sfdsf] ;dfg Hofnf ljifodf :yfgLo hgk|ltlgwx?, dlxnf dHb'/x? / clwsf/sdL{x?;lxtsf] ;xeflutfdf 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf g} ejg lgdf{0fsf sfddf dlxnf / k'?ifn] ;dfg sfd ubf{ Hofnfdf lje]b /x]sf] egfO{ 5nkmndf cfPsf] lyof] . hgk|ltlglwx?n] o;sf] cg'udg u/L lje]b ug]{nfO{ sfg'gL sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf lyP .

cfTd/Iff tflnd dlxnfx?sf] cfTdan a9fpg] tyf dlxnfdfly x'g ;Sg] ljleGg lx+;f / b"Jo{jf/af6 aRg / arfpg nflu ;Lk ljsf; ug{ ;"o{ ljgfos gu/kflnsfsf] ;xof]u, cf]/]s, u}=;=; dxf;+3 eQmk'/, /fli6«o lgdf{0f d~r g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf Ps lbg] cfTd/Iff tflndsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . tflnddf &) eGbf a9L lszf]/L tyf dlxnfx?n] ;xefuL lyP . cfwf/e"t 1fg tyf ;Lk l;s]/ cfˆgf] cfTdljZjf; a9]sf] / zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ?kdf x'g ;Sg] lx+;fsf] k|ltjfb ug]{ cfTjan a9\sf] pgLx?n] atfPsf lyP .

z}lIfs dgf]/~hgfTds d]nf b'wf}nL gu/kflnssf] cfof]hgf tyf cf]/]ssf] ;dGjodf z}lIfs dgf]/~hgfTds d]nfsf] cfof]hgf l;Gw'nLdf ul/Psf] lyof] . d]nfdf ;dfhdf ljBdfg /x]sf lje]b, c;dfgtf / xflgsf/s k/Dk/fut cEof;x?nfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf ;Gb]zd"ns jQm[Tjsnf, v'Nnf xflh/L hjfkm tyf g[To k|ltof]lutfx? klg ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . :yfgLo :t/df dlxnf pBdLx?n] pTkfbg u/]sf j:t'x?sf] k|bz{gL ul/Psf] lyof] eg] pkl:yt %)) hgf ;xeflux?nfO{ ;"rgfd"ns ;fdu|Lx? ;d]t ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

;8s gf6safnljjfxn] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yodf kfg]{ c;/ tyf hf]lvdsf af/]df l;Gw'nLsf] sdnfdfO{ / b'wf}nL gu/kflnsfsf # j6f j8fx?df lszf]/L ;d"/ / kl/jt{g hfu/0fsf snfsf/x?n] ;8s gf6s k|:t't u/]sf lyP . afnljjfxsf sf/0f cfOkg]{ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:of tyf hf]lvdsf] cj:yfnfO{ gf6s dfkm{t lrq0f ul/Psf] lyof] . # j6} j8fx?df u/L gf6sdf sl/j !%)) hgf bz{sx?sf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] .

10

b'Mvaf6 ljrlnt x'g' x'Fb}g

sfd ug]{ OR5fzlQm, nugzLntf, d]xgt, lg/Gt/tfsf ;fy} cfF6s} sf/0f ;fgf] ;xof]u kfP/ klg cl3 a9\g ;lsg] pbfx/0f x'g\ l;/xfdf hlGdPsL #^ aifL{o ;~h' .

jxfFsf] ;d'bfodf bfOhf]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ 5f]/L 7'nf] eP/ ljjfx ubf{ w]/} bfOhf] lbg'k5{ eg]/ klg ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ug]{ rng lyof] . To;df klg ;~h'x? ^ hgf lbbL alxgL lyP . To;} sf/0fn] klg pgsf] ljjfx !@ aif{sf] pd]/df wg'iffdf eof] . ;fg} pd]/ pgnfO{ s]xL yfxf lyPg . ;fdflhs /Lltl/jfh cg';f/ bfOhf] lbP/} ljjfx u/]sf] ePklg kl/jf/ tyf >Ldfgn] ljjfx ePsf] @–$ dlxgfb]lv g} dfOtLaf6 k};f dfu]/ Nofpgsf] nflu bafj lbO/xGy] . t/ dfOtLaf6 klg Nofpg ;Sg] l:ytL gePsf]n] ubf{ pgn] b}lgs ?kdf s'6fO vfg'kYof]{ . t/ klg cfkm\gf] efUo g} o:t} 5 egL lwSsfb}{ ;x]/ al:yg\ . o;} qmddf @ j6f 5f]/fsf] hGd eof] . >Ldfgsf] s]xL sdfO gePsf]n] klg aRrfx?sf] kfngkf]if0f ug{ lgs} sl7gfO eof] . To;kl5 3/kl/jf/sf] ;Nnfxdf g} C0f vfh]/ ePklg >LdfgnfO{ ljb]z k7fOg\ . cfkm'klg kl/jf/ / aRrfsf] nflu xf]6ndf sfd ug{ yflng\ . To;}af6 cfPsf] k};fn] 3/vr{ rnfpg] / 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k9fpg yflng\ . ptf >Ldfgn] ljb]zdf uP/ klg /fd|f] ug{ ;s]gg\ / % aif{ ;Dd a;]/ vfnL xft g]kfn kmls{PF .

cfkm'n] sdfPsf] k};f klg hj/h:tL >Ldfgn] dfUg] / glbP s'6kL6 ug]{ / grflxFbf] rfl/lqs cf/f]k nufpg yfn] . >Ldfgn] ljjfx btf{, hGd btf{ / gful/stf agfOlbg klg c:jLsf/ u/]kl5 cf]/]s g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf k|x/L sfof{nodf ph'/L lbP/ ;a} agfOg\ . o;/L >Ldfgsf] sdfO klg gePsf]n] ubf{ kl/jf/n]

klg 5'6\ofOlbP . aRrfx?sf] ljBfnosf] z'Ns ltg{ g;s]/ & / * sIffsf] clGtd k/LIff lbg kfPgg\ . of] ;a} s'/fn] pgnfO{ hLjg b]lv g} lg/fzf hfu]/ cfof] . t/ klg aRrfx?s]f d'v x]/]/ pgL lxDdt ug{ yflng\ .

o;} ;dodf cf]/]ssf] ;DKs{df cfP/ ljpk'FhL :j?k @) xhf/ ?k}ofF kfOg\ . To;}n] Pp6f 7]nf ef8fdf lnP/ lrof, vfhf a]Rg yflng\ . To;kl5 dfl;s ?kdf 7]nfsf] !% ;o ef8f lt/]/ pgn] s]xL k};f art ul/g\ . To;kkl5 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k9fpg klg ;xh x'Fb} uof] / hLljsf]kfh{gdf klg lgs} ;xof]u eof] . k;n /fd|} rNg yfNof] . pgnfO{ lxDdt / xf};nf a9\b} uof] . lbbL alxgLx?n] s]xL sfo{qmd x'Fbf pgs} k;naf6 vfhfx? lnP/ hfg yfn] . sdfO klg /fd|f] x'g yfNof] . cfkm'n] sdfPsf] k};fn] g} >LdfgnfO{ l7s x'G5 ls eg]/ %) xhf/ vr{ u/]/ s]xL ;do ;'wf/ s]Gb|df klg /flvg\ . ;'wf/s]Gb|af6 aflx/ cfPkl5 klg >Ldfgn] ToxL Jojxf/ bf]xf]¥ofpg] / s'6kL6 ug{ yfn]kl5 clxn] aRrfx?nfO{ lnP/ PSn} a:b} cfPsL 5g\ . dfl;s #)÷$) xhf/ sdfO ul5{g\ . 5f]/fx?nfO{ af]l8{Ë :s'ndf k9fPsL 5g\ . d]xgt / nugzLn eP/ lbg/ft gegL sfddf vl6O/xlG5g\ . ;dfhn] klg To:tf] lxDdt xfl/;s]sf] dlxnfn] o;/L hf];, hfFu/ / cfF6 u/]/ lxDdtsf ;fy sfd u/]sf]df ;a}n] pgsf] tfl/km u5{g / c?nfO{ pbfx/0f klg lbg] u5{g . h'g s'/fn] pgdf cem cfTdan a9]/ cfpF5 .

;~h'nfO{ oltj]nf ;fdfGo hLjg rnfpg / 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpgsf] nflu c?;+Uf xft yfKg k/]sf] 5}g . pgL elG5g\, b'Mvaf6 ljrlnt geOsg hLjgdf s]xL ug]{ cfTdljZjf; x'g] xf] eg] cfkm}n] hLjgnfO{ ;'Gb/ agfpg ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu cfkm' OdfGbf/ / nugzLn x'g rflxF h?/L 5 .

;kmntfsf] syf

@)&%dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog ;f/f+z k|ltj]bg

cf]/]s g]kfnn] ;g\ @))* b]lv dlxnfdfly eO/x]sf] lx+;fsf] oyfy{{ k|:t't ug{] d'Vo p2]Zon] x/]s jif{ dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] jif{–k':ts cGj]ifL k|sfzg ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . cGj]ifL @)&% df h'nfO{ @)!& b]lv h'g @)!* ;Dd cf]/]s g]kfndf clen]v ul/Psf hDdf !&$! j6f dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] lj:t[t ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

s_ 3/]n' lx+;fcf]/]s g]kfnn] o; jif{ clen]v u/]sf hDdf !&$! j6f 36gfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/df o; jif{ ;a}eGbf a9L ^% k|ltzt

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-!!$)_ dlxnfdfly 3/]n' lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ug{]x¿dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L cfˆg} >Ldfg\ / 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ x'g] u/]sf] tYo o; jif{sf] tYofs+n] klg b]vfPsf] 5 . &^ k|ltzt -*^*_ dlxnf cfˆg} >Ldfg\af6 / @$ k|ltzt -@&@_ dlxnf 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 lx+;fdf k/]sf o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;/L 3/]n' lx+;f vKg afWo dlxnfx¿dWo] !&–@% / @^–#% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf #*–#* k|ltzt -$##, $#@_ /x]sf 5g\ eg] () k|ltzt -!)@!_ ;fIf/ dlxnf 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt /x]sf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

v_ ;fdflhs lx+;fo; jif{ !& k|ltzt -!&$! hgfdWo] @(% hgf_ dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;df %$ k|ltzt -!^) hgf_ l5d]sLaf6, !* k|ltzt -%$ hgf_ kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6, !) k|ltzt -#) hgf_ glhssf] ;fyLaf6, ( k|ltzt -@& hgf_ ;fyLaf6, & k|ltzt -@) hgf_ s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6, @ k|ltzt -$ hgf_ ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf JolQmx¿ h:t} k|x/L, :jf:YosdL{ cflbaf6 dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

u_ anfTsf/k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/df o; jif{ & k|ltzt -!#) hgf_ dlxnfdfly anfTsf/ / @ k|ltzt -#& hgf_ dlxnfdfly anfTsf/sf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . anfTsf/sf 36gfx¿dWo] $^ k|ltzt -%( hgf_ dlxnfdfly l5d]sLaf6, !^ k|ltzt -@! hgf_ kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6, !@ k|ltzt -!^ hgf_ dlxnf cfkm"n] cfTdLo 7fg]sf ;fyLaf6 dlxnfx¿dfly anfTsf/ ePsf] tYofª\s ;+sng ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L g} ;a}eGbf a9L #@ k|ltzt -!@_ kl/jf/sf ;b:o, #) k|ltzt -!! hgf_ l5d]sLaf6 / !( k|ltzt -& hgf_ cfkm"n] cfTdLo 7fg]sf ;fyLaf6 dlxnf dfly anfTsf/sf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L ^# k|ltzt -*@ hgf_ anfTsf/sf 36gfx¿ !^ jif{d'lgsf aflnsfdfly ePsf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

3_ of}lgs lx+;fo;jif{ $ k|ltzt -&@ hgf_ dlxnfdfly of}lgs lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5, h;dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L ## k|ltzt -@$ hgf_ of}lgs lx+;fsf 36gf dlxnfn] cfTdLo ;fyL 7fg]sf JolQmx¿af6} ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To:f}u/L !^ k|ltzt -!@ hgf_ l5d]sLaf6, !$ k|ltzt -!) hgf_ ;fyLaf6, !)–!) k|ltzt -&, &_ hgf_ lzIfsaf6 / ljjfx gePsf t/ ;+u} a;]sf ;fyLaf6 ePsf of}lgs lx+;fsf 36gf ;+sng ePsf 5g\ . o;/L g} &–& k|ltzt -%,% hgf_ s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQm / kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 ;fy} # k|ltzt

-@ hgf_ ;]jf k|bfos JolQmaf6 dlxnfdfly of}lgs lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

ª_ xTofo;jif{ ;+sng ul/Psf tYofÍsf cfwf/df ! k|ltzt -!#_ dlxnfsf] xTof ePsf] 5 eg] )=#) k|ltzt-^_ dlxnfdfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . xTofsf 36gfdWo] ^@ k|ltzt -*_ >Ldfgaf6, !%–!% k|ltzt -@, @_ kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf l5d]sLx¿af6 ;fy} * k|ltzt -!_ cfkm\g} k|]dLaf6 ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L >Ldfgaf6 ^* k|ltzt -$_, !^–!^ k|ltzt -!, !_ cfkm\g} k|]dL tyf ckl/lrt JolQmaf6 dlxnfx¿dfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

r_ a]rlavg)=^) k|ltzt -!!_ dlxnf o;jif{ a]rlavgdf k/]sf] tyf @ k|ltzt -!(_ dlxnfdfly a]rlavgsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L $^ k|ltzt -%_ ckl/lrt JolQmaf6, #^ k|ltzt -$_ l5d]sLaf6, !* k|ltzt -@_ kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 dlxnf tyf aflnsf a]rlavg ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:t}u/L #@ k|ltzt -^_ ckl/lrt JolQmaf6, @!–@! k|ltzt -$, $_ cfkm\g} ;fyL / lzIfsx¿af6 dlxnfx¿dfly a]rlavgsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

5_ cfTdxTofo;jif{ dlxnf dfly ePsf rl/qxTof, bfOhf]sf] sf/0fn] b}lgs ?kdf oftgf, hj/h:tL ljjfx u/L cfTdxTof ug{ afWo agfOPsf sf/0fn] ! k|ltzt -!)_ dlxnfn] cfTdxTof u/]sf 36gf clen]v ePsf 5g\ .

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