jpUNfhzkiy - kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l RUf;f tuyhWjpUNfhzkiy - kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l RUf;f tuyhW ... bat

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fpof;Ff; fiuNahuj;jpy; fpwp];jtk; te;j rhpj;jpuk; 15k; E}w;whz;by; Nghh;j;JNfah; fhyk; tiu nry; fpwJ. mUl;jpU. gpwah; irkd; b nfha;k;fuh Nghh;j; Jf;fy; murh; %d;whk; mUsg;gUf;F vOjpa fbjj; jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G ,sturiuj; jpUKOf;fpw;Fj; jahh; nraj ; jhff; Fwpgg ; pLfpwhh. ; Nkhdp]; gnulN ; lh jiyikapy; tej ; FO 1549k; MzL ; kll ; ff ; sg;ig mile;jNghJ ,uhZtj;Jld; te;j gpuhd;rp];fd; rigf; FUf;fs; ,sturUf;F jpUOOf;F mspj;J nlhk; Y}ap]; vDk; ngaiuAk; ,l;ldh;. NkYk; ,sturpf;Fk; ,f;Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Flk; gj;jpdUf;Fk; kiw mwptpg;ghsh;fshy; jpUOOf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ. 1547 Kjy; 1552k; Mz;L tiu xU td;dpr;rp ngz;kzp gdpr;rq;NfzpiaAk; mtsJ re;jjpapdiuAk; murhl;rp nra;jjhf jpU r. X. fdfnul;zk; jdJ kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;ij gw;wpa E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. 1549 Kjy; 1552k; Mz;L tiu jpUNfhzkiy epiyikapd;gb murhl;rp rk;ge;jkhf Vw;gl;l rh;r; irapdhy; jpUNfhzkiyapy; mur FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;j 8 taJila td;dpa ,dj;J ,sturd; jd; 40 NrtfUlDk; rpj;jg;ghTlDk; kPd;gpbj; njhopy; elf;Fk; flw;fiug; gFjpapy; (J}j;Jf;Fb) jQ;rk; GFe;jhh;. ,th;fs; guth; ,d fpwp];jth;fshy; ed;F cgrhpf;fg;gl;ldh;. jkpo; nkhopapy; ed;F gapw;rp ngw;w mUl;jpU. Vd;w;f; FNt]; Na. R. ,sturh; FOitr; re;jpj;J MWjy; $wpdhh;. fpwp];jth;fspdJk; FUf;fspdJk; cgrhpg;ghy; G+hpg;gile;j ,sturUk; mtuJ FOTk; jkf;F jpU OOf;F mspf;Fk;gb Nfl;ldh;. td;dpa ,dj;J ,sturh; nlhd; mnyhd;Nrh vDk; ngaiug; ngw;whh;. guth; ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fpwp];j th;fs; Nghh;j;JNfah; khYkpfspd; cjtpAld; Mapuk; Ngh; nfhz;l gilia cUthf;fp ,stu rUk; mtUld; te;j td;dpa Nrtfh;fSk; kPz;Lk; jpUNfhzkiyiaf; ifg;gw;w cjtp nra;J ,sturhpd; rpj;jg;ghit Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; tpl;l dh;. guth; ,df; fpwp];jth;fSk; jpUNfhzkiy apYk; mjd; Rw;Wg; Gwj;jpYk; jq;fp jpUNfhzkiy apYk; nfhl;bahtpYk; Kjy; fpwp];jt rkaj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;fs; vd;W jpU ntd; m. yq;Nf Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,e;jpa flNyhuj;ij %ykhff; nfhz;l fj;Njhypf;f guth; r%fk; ,d;W nfhl;b ahtpy; ,Ug;gijAk; mUl;jpU. Nahrth]; mbfs; tUtjwF ; KdN ; g ,rr ; Kfk; ,Ugg ; ijAk; fhzyhk;. nfhNwwh ngh;dhz;Nlh¸ gPhp];.b th]; ¸ F&];, k];rnufh]; Nghd;w ngah;fs; kPd;gpbr; r%fk; guth; fpwp];jtUld; njhlh;G cs;sijj; njsp thf;FfpwJ. ,t;thW jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G efu;fspy; Mjp fpwp];jt r%fk; cUntLj;jhYk; gy tUlq; fshf mJ FUf;fspd; cjtpapd;wp ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf flNyhuk; jtpu;e;j kw;iwa ,lq;fspy; tpRthrk; guttpy;iy. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kdkhw;wk; Vw;gl;lhYk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; rpwpa Kd;Ndw;wq; fNs Vw;gl;Ls;sd. jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G gFjpfspYk; rpy fpwp];jtu;fs; ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;. mtu;fisAk; ehk; guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;| vd;W 1556 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G nfhr;rpd; Nkw;wpuhrdj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. 1628Mk; Mz;L Nghh;j;Jf;Nfau; jpUNfhzkiy apYk; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; Nfhl;il fl;Lk; tiu ,g; gFjpfspy; fpwp];jtu;fspd; tpRthrj;ij tsu;f;f FUf;fs; vt;tifapy; cjtpdhu;fs; vd;W Mjhuq; fs; ,y;iy. 1628k; Mz;bypUe;J FUf;fs; ,g; gFjpfspy; jq;fpapUe;jdu;. xt;nthU Nfhl;ilap Yk; xU rpwpa Nfhapy; ,Ue;jJ. khYkpfisg; guhkupf;f ,U FUf;fSk; ,Ue;jdu;. jpUNfhz kiyapy; mUl;jpU. nrg];bahd; b nghd;NrfhTk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; mUl;jpU. md;udp b nrha;Nwh mb fSk; Nfhl;il ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdUf;F cjtp ahf ,Ue;J nfhz;L efupy; tho;e;j fpwp];jtu; fSf;Fk; cjtpahf ,Ue;jdu;. lr;Rf;fhuu; fhyj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;fUf;F Vw;gl;l nfhLikfs; kj;jpapYk; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; Nghh;j; Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpypUe;J fpwp];jtu;fs; tho;e;jpUf; fpd;wdu; vd;gjw;F ,d;W thOk; gwq;fpau; r%fk; rpwe;j Mjhukhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,tu;fs; fpwp];jt tpRthrj;ijAk;> Nghh;j;Jf;Nfau; nkhopiaAk;> fyhrhuj;ijAk; fl;bf;fhj;J filg;gpbj;J tUfp whu;fs;. 1638k; Mz;L kl;lf;fsg;Gk; 1639y; jpUNfhz kiyAk; lr;Rf;fhuuhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. 1658,y; ,yq;if fiuNahuk; KOtJk; ,tu;fs; fl;Lg; ghl;by; te;jJ. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J lr;R muR ,yq; ifapy; fj;Njhypf;fiuAk; fj;Njhypf;f FUf;fis Ak; tijf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. lr;R fk;gdpapd; epu; thfj;jpd;fPo; tUk; gFjpfs; midj;jpw;Fk; lr;R rPu;jpUj;j jpUr;rigNa mjpfhuG+u;tkhd rkak; vDk; rl;lj;njhFg;ig 1642Mk; Mz;L lr; R fpof; fpe;jpa fk;gdp ntspapl;lJ. ,jdhy; NtW rka topghLfs; jil nra;ag;gl;ld. NtW ehLfspy; ,J Nghd;w rl;lk; filg;gpbf;fg;glhtpl;lhYk; ,yq;ifapy; ,r;rl;lk; fLikahf epiwNtw;wg; gl;lJ. fj;Njhypf;f Myaq;fSk; fj;Njhypf;fu; $Lk; ,lq;fSk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L FUf;fs; kiwe;j tho;T tho Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ. jpUNfhzkiy - kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l RUf;f tuyhW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 2012

Transcript of jpUNfhzkiy - kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l RUf;f tuyhWjpUNfhzkiy - kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l RUf;f tuyhW ... bat

fpof;Ff; fiuNahuj;jpy; fpwp];jtk; te;j rhpj;jpuk; 15k; E}w;whz;by; Nghh;j;JNfah; fhyk; tiu nry; fpwJ. mUl;jpU. gpwah; irkd; b nfha;k;fuh Nghh;j; Jf;fy; murh; %d;whk; mUsg;gUf;F vOjpa fbjj; jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G ,sturiuj; jpUKOf;fpw;Fj; jahh ; nraj; jhff ; Fwpgg; pLfpwhh.; Nkhdp] ; gnulN; lh jiyikapy ; tej; FO 1549k ; MzL; kll; ff; sg;ig mile;jNghJ ,uhZtj;Jld; te;j gpuhd;rp];fd; rigf; FUf;fs; ,sturUf;F jpUOOf;F mspj;J nlhk; Y}ap]; vDk; ngaiuAk; ,l;ldh;.

NkYk; ,sturpf;Fk; ,f;Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Flk; gj;jpdUf;Fk; kiw mwptpg;ghsh;fshy; jpUOOf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ. 1547 Kjy; 1552k; Mz;L tiu xU td;dpr;rp ngz;kzp gdpr;rq;NfzpiaAk; mtsJ re;jjpapdiuAk; murhl;rp nra;jjhf jpU r. X. fdfnul;zk; jdJ kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;ij gw;wpa E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

1549 Kjy; 1552k; Mz;L tiu jpUNfhzkiy epiyikapd;gb murhl;rp rk;ge;jkhf Vw;gl;l rh;r; irapdhy; jpUNfhzkiyapy; mur FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;j 8 taJila td;dpa ,dj;J ,sturd; jd; 40 NrtfUlDk; rpj;jg;ghTlDk; kPd;gpbj; njhopy; elf;Fk; flw;fiug; gFjpapy; (J}j;Jf;Fb) jQ;rk; GFe;jhh;. ,th;fs; guth; ,d fpwp];jth;fshy; ed;F cgrhpf;fg;gl;ldh;. jkpo; nkhopapy; ed;F gapw;rp ngw;w mUl;jpU. Vd;w;f; FNt]; Na. R. ,sturh; FOitr; re;jpj;J MWjy; $wpdhh;. fpwp];jth;fspdJk; FUf;fspdJk; cgrhpg;ghy; G+hpg;gile;j ,sturUk; mtuJ FOTk; jkf;F jpU OOf;F mspf;Fk;gb Nfl;ldh;.

td;dpa ,dj;J ,sturh; nlhd; mnyhd;Nrh vDk; ngaiug; ngw;whh;. guth; ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fpwp];j th;fs; Nghh;j;JNfah; khYkpfspd; cjtpAld; Mapuk; Ngh; nfhz;l gilia cUthf;fp ,stu rUk; mtUld; te;j td;dpa Nrtfh;fSk; kPz;Lk; jpUNfhzkiyiaf; ifg;gw;w cjtp nra;J ,sturhpd; rpj;jg;ghit Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; tpl;l dh;. guth; ,df; fpwp];jth;fSk; jpUNfhzkiy apYk; mjd; Rw;Wg; Gwj;jpYk; jq;fp jpUNfhzkiy apYk; nfhl;bahtpYk; Kjy; fpwp];jt rkaj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;fs; vd;W jpU ntd; m. yq;Nf Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,e;jpa flNyhuj;ij %ykhff; nfhz;l fj;Njhypf;f guth; r%fk; ,d;W nfhl;b ahtpy; ,Ug;gijAk; mUl;jpU. Nahrth]; mbfs; tUtjwF; KdN; g ,rr; Kfk ; ,Ugg; ijAk ; fhzyhk;. nfhNwwh ngh;dhz;Nlh¸ gPhp];.b th];̧ F&];, k];rnufh]; Nghd;w ngah;fs; kPd;gpbr; r%fk; guth; fpwp];jtUld; njhlh;G cs;sijj; njsp thf;FfpwJ.

,t;thW jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G efu;fspy; Mjp fpwp];jt r%fk; cUntLj;jhYk; gy tUlq; fshf mJ FUf;fspd; cjtpapd;wp ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf flNyhuk; jtpu;e;j kw;iwa ,lq;fspy; tpRthrk; guttpy;iy. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kdkhw;wk; Vw;gl;lhYk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; rpwpa Kd;Ndw;wq; fNs Vw;gl;Ls;sd. jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G gFjpfspYk; rpy fpwp];jtu;fs; ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;. mtu;fisAk; ehk; guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;| vd;W 1556 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G nfhr;rpd; Nkw;wpuhrdj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

1628Mk; Mz;L Nghh;j;Jf;Nfau; jpUNfhzkiy apYk; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; Nfhl;il fl;Lk; tiu ,g; gFjpfspy; fpwp];jtu;fspd; tpRthrj;ij tsu;f;f FUf;fs; vt;tifapy; cjtpdhu;fs; vd;W Mjhuq; fs; ,y;iy. 1628k; Mz;bypUe;J FUf;fs; ,g; gFjpfspy; jq;fpapUe;jdu;. xt;nthU Nfhl;ilap Yk; xU rpwpa Nfhapy; ,Ue;jJ. khYkpfisg; guhkupf;f ,U FUf;fSk; ,Ue;jdu;. jpUNfhz kiyapy; mUl;jpU. nrg];bahd; b nghd;NrfhTk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; mUl;jpU. md;udp b nrha;Nwh mb fSk; Nfhl;il ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdUf;F cjtp ahf ,Ue;J nfhz;L efupy; tho;e;j fpwp];jtu; fSf;Fk; cjtpahf ,Ue;jdu;.

lr;Rf;fhuu; fhyj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;fUf;F Vw;gl;l nfhLikfs; kj;jpapYk; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; Nghh;j;; Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpypUe;J fpwp];jtu;fs; tho;e;jpUf; fpd;wdu; vd;gjw;F ,d;W thOk; gwq;fpau; r%fk; rpwe;j Mjhukhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,tu;fs; fpwp];jt tpRthrj;ijAk;> Nghh;j;;Jf;Nfau; nkhopiaAk;> fyhrhuj;ijAk; fl;bf;fhj;J filg;gpbj;J tUfp whu;fs;.

1638k; Mz;L kl;lf;fsg;Gk; 1639y; jpUNfhz kiyAk; lr;Rf;fhuuhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. 1658,y; ,yq;if fiuNahuk; KOtJk; ,tu;fs; fl;Lg; ghl;by; te;jJ. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J lr;R muR ,yq; ifapy; fj;Njhypf;fiuAk; fj;Njhypf;f FUf;fis Ak; tijf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. lr;R fk;gdpapd; epu; thfj;jpd;fPo; tUk; gFjpfs; midj;jpw;Fk; lr;R rPu;jpUj;j jpUr;rigNa mjpfhuG+u;tkhd rkak; vDk; rl;lj;njhFg;ig 1642Mk; Mz;L lr;R fpof; fpe;jpa fk;gdp ntspapl;lJ. ,jdhy; NtW rka topghLfs; jil nra;ag;gl;ld. NtW ehLfspy; ,J Nghd;w rl;lk; filg;gpbf;fg;glhtpl;lhYk; ,yq;ifapy; ,r;rl;lk; fLikahf epiwNtw;wg; gl;lJ. fj;Njhypf;f Myaq;fSk; fj;Njhypf;fu; $Lk; ,lq;fSk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L FUf;fs; kiwe;j tho;T tho Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

jpUNfhzkiy - kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l RUf;f tuyhW

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

fj;Njhypf;f topghLfs; jil nra;ag;gl;L> lr;R epu; thfj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;fpa ghlrhiyfSf;F kl;LNk fj;Njhypf;f gps;isfs; nry;y mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu; fs.; jpUKOfF; > jpUkzk>; kuzrr; lqF; fs ; midj; Jk; lr;R rPu;jpUj;j rka rlq;Ffspd; gbNa elhj;j fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. fj;Njhypf;f FUtpw;F jQ;r kspg;gJ nfhiyf; Fw;wj;jpw;F rkkhf fUjg;gl;lJ. 1658Mk; Mz;L Gul;lhjp khjk; 19k; jpfjp lr;R murpd; ntspaPl;bd; gb fj;Njhypf;f FUf;fSf;F jQr; kspgg; J jil nraa; gg; ll; J. kWP gtuf; s ; nfhiy nra;ag;gLthu;fs;. 1715 ij 11Mk; jpfjp ntspaPl; bdg; b fjN; jhypff; u ; ,ufrpakhfNth nghJthfNth $l;lk; $LjYk;> fj; Njhypf;f topghl;Lj; jyq ;fis guhkupjj; Yk ; jil nraa; gg; ll; d. 1715 Mtzp 8Mk ; jpfjp ntspalP b; dg; b Foei; jfSfF; fjN; jhypf; ff; FUf;fshy; my;yJ fj;Njhypf;f Kiwg;gb jpUKOf;F nfhLg;gJ jilnra;ag;gl;lJ. Nghu;j; Jf;Nfaupd; gpbapy; ,Ue;j gFjpfis lr;R muR KOikahf jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;j gpd; fj;Njhypf;fiu fLikahf tijf;fj; njhlq ;fpdu.; Vnddpy ; kj ntwpahy ; myy; J Njrpa FNuhjj; jpdhy; kl;Lky;y gy #o;epiyfshy; Vw;gLj;jg; gl;l mur nfhs;iffSf;fhfTk; fj;Njhypf;fiu tijj;jdu;. lr;R murpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Nghu;j; Jf;Nfa tk;rj;jtu; gyu; ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;jdu;. lrR; murpd ; flL; gg; hlb; y ; thoe; j; mNefu ; fjN; jhypf; fNu. fj;Njhypf;f kjk; kiwKfkhf tsu;e;jjhYk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa ghi\ njhlu;e;J eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jjhYk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa mDjhg miy ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl te;jJ. lr;R muR ahUila miog;gpd; Ngupy; te;J ahUila cjtpAld; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa muir tpul;babj;J fj;Njhypf;fiu nfhLikg;gLj; jpaNjh mNj fz;b murNdhL gifj;J cwit Kwpf;f Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl> ,yq;if jPtpy; njhlu;e;J ,Ug;gJ ghJfhg;gw;wJ vd;gij lr;R muR czu;e;jJ. ifg;gw;wpa kw;iwa ehLfspy; Kjy; vjpu;g;Gf;Fg;gpd; fj;Njhypf;fiu jkJ kj top ghLfSf;F mDkjpj;jJ. FUf;fisAk; Myaq;f isAk; kPz;Lk; ,aq;f itj;jhYk; ,yq;ifapy; vjpu;khwhfNt ele;jJ. fj;Njhypf;f Myaq;fs;> fy;Y}upfs;> fy;tp epyaq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; ifg; gw;wp jiu kl;lkhf;fpdhu;fs;. FUf;fis ehL flj;jp> ,yq;iff;F tUk; FUf;fSf;Fk; mtu;f Sf;F jQ;rk; nfhLg;gtu;fSf;Fk; kuz jz;lid nfhLg;gjhfTk; rl;lk; ,aw;wpdhu;fs;. lr;R rka Kiwg;gb jpUkzk; nra;aTk; kuzr;rlq;Ffs; elj;jTk; gps;isfis jkJ ghlrhiyfspy; gbf;f fl;lhag;gLj;jpAk; te;jdu;. lr;R epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; Ntiy ghu;g;gtu;fs; kl;Lky;y ,yq;if rk;gpujha fpuhkj;jiytUk; fj;Njhypf;f tpRthrj;ij jFjp aw;wjhf gpufldg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd gyte;jg; gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,t;thW Gfo; ngw;w ,yq;if rupj;jpu Mrpupau; mUl;jpU. rp.Qh. ngNuuh Nr.r $Wfpwhu;.

lr;R murhy; nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gl;l fj;Njhypf;fu; gy fhykhf kiwe;j tho;T tho;e;jdu;. rpyu; tpR thrj;jpy; epiyaha; ,uhky; cyf ,d;gq;fSf;F mbikahfp tpRthrj;jpy; ,Ue;J jtwpdhu;fs;. Mdhy; mUl;jpU. NahNrg; th]; mbfs; tUk; tiu FUf;fs; ,y;yhkypUe;Jk; gyu; Jd;gq;fis Ak; vjpu;j;J tpRthrj;jpy; epiiyaha; ,Ue;jhu;fs;. lr;R murhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mr;RWj;jy;fNsh jz; lidfNsh ,tu;fis tpRthrj;jpypUe;J mirf;f

Kbatpyi; y. jzl; id fhuzkhfTk ; mur njhopy; ngWtjw;fhfTk; gy fj;Njhypf;fu; Gjpa tpRthrj; jpy; jk;ik cWjpg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. Mdhy; mNdfu; Md;k topfhl;bfs; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; mr;RWj;jy; fisAk; cyf NrhjidfisAk; ntd;W tpR thrj;jpy; epiyaha; ,Ue;J eL ,utpYk; jq;fs; tPLfspy; rkaf;$l;lq;fis elj;jp te;jhu;fs; vd;W 1848Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;l fj;Njhypf;fg; gj;jpupif Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. rpwe;j mwpthspAk; rupj;jpu MrpupaUk; fj;Njhypf;fuy;yhjtUkhd nldd;l; ,ku;rd; gpuG lr;R muR fhyj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;fupd; tpRthrj;ijAk; jsuh cWjpiaAk; gw;wp ep&gpf; fpwhu;. lr;Rf;fhuuhy; tijf;fg;gl;lhYk; Nwhkd; fj; Njhypf;fj;jpUr;rig ,yq;ifapy; jd; epiyiaAk; nry;thf;ifAk; epiyehl;baJ. ,ij lr;R muR ,yq;ifia ifg;gw;wpa gpd;Gk; mq;F epiyj;jp Ue;j Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa rejjpapdu; ntspg;gLj;jpdhu; fs;. Coy;fspdhNyh fl;lhaj;jpdhNyh J}z;lg; glhj mNef rpq;fstuhYk; jkpouhYk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; fj;Njhypf;f kjk; mDrupf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W nldd;l; ,ku;rd; gpuG Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; fz;b murdpd; miog;gpd; Ngupy; lr;R murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;j gFjpfspy; tho;e;j fj;Njhypf;fu; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj; jpy; Fbaku;e;J epiy epWj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.

mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs;lrR; muR ,yqi; fiaf ; ifgg; ww; p 30 MzL; fSf;Fg; gpd>; 1687,y>; fjN; jhypff; tpRthrji; j kzP L; k ; fl;b naOg;g Vio Ntlk; G+z;L> Nfhthtpy; ,Ue;J kiwgug;G gzpahsuhfpa mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; kd;dhUf;F te;J 24 tUlq;fs; fLik ahf cioj;jhu;. 1694/1695Mk; Mz;lstpy; fpof;F fiuNahuj;jpw;F jd; Kjy; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz; lhu;. 1624,y; ,Ue;Nj kl;lf;fsg;gpy; jhz;ltd; ntsp vDk; ,lj;jpy; fz;b murDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd xU G+kpapy; fj;Njhypf;f Myankhd;W ,Ue;jjhf kuG $WfpwJ. xU ,uT ,t;thyaj;jpy; fj;Njhypf; fuhy; kq;fsthu;j;ij nrgk; nrhy;yg;gl;lNghJ mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; mq;F nrd;W jhd; xU FU vd;W xU rpyUf;F jk;ik ntspg;gLj;jp dhu;. gpd;G mtu; jpUkiwia kWjypf;Fk; xUt uhy; fhl;bf;nfhLf;fg;gl;L kuj;jpuy; fl;lg;gl;L firab thq;fpdhu;. kl;lf;fsg;igg; gw;wp jpU fdfnul;dk; vOJk; NghJ gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whu;. me;ehl;fspy; tho;e;j goq;Fb kf;fspd; $w;Wg;gb kl;lf;fsg;gpy; 1624,y; Kjy; fj;Njhypf;f Myak; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W 1868Mk; Mz;L khrp 2Mk; jpfjp vOjpa fbjj;jpy; mUl;jpU. A.M Ugpahf; (Rauffiac) mbfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. jhz;ltd;ntsp gioa Myaj;NjhL ,t;thyak; milahsk; fhl; lg;gl;lJ. lr;R fyhgid Muk;gkhfpaJ. ,r;#o; epiyapy; jhd; fj;Njhypf;f tpRthrj;ij GJg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; Nehf;fj;NjhL mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; ,k;khtl;lj;jpw;F te;jhu;. mNj Gdpj FU kl;lf;fsg;gpy; kq;fsthu;j;ij nrgk; nrhy;yg; gl;lNghJ xU rpyUf;F jk;ik ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. gpd;G mtu; jpUkiwia kWjypf;Fk; xUtuhy; fhl;bf;nfhLf;fg;gl;L tk;kp kuj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;L firahy; mbf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,k;kuk; gy fj;Njhypf;f uhy; juprpf;fg;gl;L tzq;fg;gl;lJ. rpwpa MyaNkh jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;L R&gNkh mjpraj;jf;f tif apy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; jhz;ltd;ntsp Mtaj;jpy; xU R&gk; cs;sJ. ,r;R&gk; ,d;Wk;

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Mz;ltu; fhzpf;ifahf xg;Gf;nfhLf;fg;gl;l jpd khd khrp khjk; 2Mk; jpfjp gtdpahf vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLtJz;L. mg;gFjpapy; thOk; fj;Njhypf; fu; epjp jpul;b 1660Mk; Mz;L fz;b murdpd; mD kjpAld; Myaj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpdhu;fs;.

,e;j kugpw;F rupj;jpuG+u;tkhd Mjhuk; mjpfk; nfhLf;f KbahJ. Vnddpy; ,e;j Mr;rupag;glj; jf;f rk;gtq;fSf;F vOj;J Kykhd Mjhuq;fs; vk;kplk; ,y;iy. ,Ue;Jk; jpUNfhzkiy Nkw;wpuh rdk; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l mNj tUlk; ,we;j mkykupj; jpahfpAk; kiwgug;G gzpahsUkhd mUl;jpU. xF];l; Nwhypahf; mbfs; fpof;F khfhzj;jpYk; mjpfkhf kl;lf;fsg;gpYk;25 tUlkstpy; gzp Gupe; jJ cz;ikNa. mNj Ntis ,e;j kuG ,d;Dk; jhz;ltd;ntsp kf;fs; cs;sj;jpYk; rpe;ijapYk; Mokhf Cd;wpapUf;fpwJ. lr;R murpd; ml;^opaj; jpd; Muk;gj;jpNy mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; ,t;tplj;ij juprpj;jJk; Myaj;ijAk; fj;Njhypf;f r%fj;ijAk; fz;lJk; epr;rakhdNj. 1704,y; mUlj; pU. Nahrgt; h] ; mbfs ; kll; ff; sgg; pwF; k ; Vida fpofF; gg; FjpfSfF; k ; jdJ ,uzl; htJ gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. 1705Mk; Mz;L Gul;lhjp khjk; 9k; jpfjp mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; Nfhthtp ypUe;J 8 kiwgug;Gg; gzpahsh;fisg; ngw;whh;. ,th;fSs; mUl;jpU. Nahrg; j nkdr]; tlfpof; Fg; gFjpfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,jw;F mLj;j tUlk; mUl;jpU. kpFy; b nky;Nyh> mUl;jpU. ahNfhNk nfhd;rhy; Nt]; Mfpa ,U FUf;fSld; mUl;jpU. Nahrg;th]; mbfs; Gj; jsj;jpypUe;J nfhl;bahuj;jpw;F (%J}h;) ele;J te; jhh;. mq;F jq;fpapUe;j mUl; jpU. b nky;Nyh jpBnud RftPdKw;W ,we;jhh;. mg;NghJ nfhl;b ahhpypUe;j Myaj;jpy; ,th; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl; lhh;. 1706,y; jpahd rk;gpujha (Oratorian) mwpf; ifia Mjhukhf itj;J mUl;jpU. tp Qh ngNuNuh KO epfo;r;rpiaAk; Ritahf tpsf;Ffpd; whh;. mij ,q;F jUtJ nghUj;jkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. Muk;gj;jpy; mUl;jpU. kpFy; b nky;Nyh mbfis kiyehl;Lg; gFjpfspy; thoitf;f mtiu fz;b muRDf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jp cj;juntLf;f Ntz;L nkd mUl;jpU. Nahrg;th]; mbfs; tpUk;gpdhh;.

Mdhy; fz;b murNdhL Vw;gl;l jg;ngz;zj;jhy; mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; ,j;jpl;lj;ij gpd; Nghl;lhh;. vdNt mUl;jpU. b nky;Nyhit jd; fpof;Fg; gpuahzj;jpy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;s KbT nra;jhh;. khrp khjj;jpy; mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs;> mUl;jpU. nky;Nyh> mUl;jpU. ahNfhNk nfhd;rhy;Nt]; mbfSld; Gj;jsj;jpypUe;J nfhl; bahWf;F jdJ gzj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,J mlh;e;j fhl;bD}lhf nry;y Ntz;ba ,Uthu gazkhFk;. xUehl; gpuahzj;jpd; gpd; mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; fLk; RftPdKw;whh;. topfhl;l te;jpUe;jpUe;j nfhl;bahu kf;fs; fbdkhd thf dj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jpUe;jhu;fs;. thfdk; Nkhrkh ff; FYq;fpajhy; RftPdkhf mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; ele;J nry;yNt tpUk;gpdhu;. Nehah spia guhkupg;gjw;fhf mbfs; rpy ehl;fs; jq;fpdh Yk; ,d;Dk; ePz;l gazk; nry;y Ntz;bapUg;g jhy; itj;jpa trjpfs; fpilf;ff; $ba Gj;jsj; jpw;Nf jpUk;gp tUtJ ey;yjhf Njhd;wpaJ. mUl ;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfspd; RftPdj;ijg;gw;wp Nfs; tpg;gl;lJk; mUl;jpU. nkndr]; mbfs; mUl;jpU.

Nahrg; th]; mbfisj; Njb te;J nfhzbUe;jhu;. Mdhy; mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; gbg;gbahf Fzkile;jJk; gazj;ijj; njhlu;e;jhYk; jpUk;G tJ ey;yJ vd FOtpYs;stu;fs; vz;zpdhu;fs;. vdNt ,jw;F xU Kbitj; jUk;gb mUl;jpU. nfhd;rhy;nt]; mbfsplk; mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;.

nfhl;bahu; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gFjpfs; gy fhykhf jup rpf;fg;glhky; ,Ug;gjhYk; mUl;jpU. nfhd;rhy; nt];> mUl;jpU. b nky;Nyh mbfs; ,UtUk; ehl; bw;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fk; GjpJ vd;gjhYk; mUl;jpU. nfhd;rhy;nt]; mbfs; mUl;jpU. b nky;Nyh mb fisAk; jk;NkhL te;J nfhl;bahu; kf;fisAk; MNyhrpj;J ,iw mUis ek;gp gpuahzj;ij njhlu KbT nra;jhu;. vdNt mtu;fs; nkdnr]; mbfSf;F nra;jp mDg;gp tpl;L fl;lk; fl;lkhf jdJ gpuahzj;ijj; njhlu;e;J gq;Fdp khj eLg; gFjpapy; nfhl;bahiu mile;jhu;. nfhl;bahupy; ,Ue;j NghJ b nky;Nyh mbfs; jpBu; RftPdKw;W ,we;jhu;. 1706,y; jpahd rk;gpujha (Oratorian) mwpf;ifapd;gb b nky;Nyh mbfspd; ,wg;igg; gw;wp “Mrhuj;Jf;Fupa mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th];|| vDk; jdJ E}ypy; jpU.v];. [p. ngNuNuh gpd;tU khW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

jpUr;rig NkYk;> mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; NkYk; jd;dpr;irahd gw;W itj;jpUe;j gpw rka thjp xUtu; nfhLj;j G+kpapy; ,Ue;j nfhl;bahu; Myak; ngupa fl;llkhFk;. “,wg;Gk; mjw;F Maj; jkhf ,Uf;fNtz;ba mtrpaKk;|| vDk; gupjhd jiyg;gpy; jpdKk; jpUg;gyp Kba mUl;jpU. b nky;Nyh mbfs; kiwAiuahw;wp te;jhu;. ,ij xU jlit mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; mUl; jpU.nfhd;rhy;nt]; mbfSf;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. 1706 Mk; Mz;L gq;Fdp khjk;25Mk; jpfjp kup md;id apd; kq;fsthu;j;ij jpUehsd;W khiy mUl;jpU. b nky;Nyh mbfs; toik Nghy; ePz;l nrgj;jpw; Fg;gpd; epj;jpiuf;Fr; nrd;whu;. eL ,utpy; mtUf;F mbtapw;wpy; Nkhrkhd typ vLf;f jhd; ,wf;fg; Nghtjhfr; rj;jkpl;lhu;.

Neha; fLikahf ,Ue;jhYk; mtu; Koe;jhl; gbapl;L Nehapw;G+Rjiyg;ngw;W ,Wjp ew;fUiz ngw gPlj;jpw;Fr; nrd;whu;. mjd; gpd; rpYitiaf; iffspy; gw;wpathW gLf;ifapy; ,Ue;Jnfhz;Nl tpRthrk;> ek;gpf;if> gpwud;G> kdkhw;wk; Nghd;w fhupaq;fspy; <Lgl;lhu;. jd;idf; fhz te;j fj; Njhypf;fuplk; flTis md;G nra;Ak;gb mwpTiu $wpdhu;.

Kjy; typ Muk;gkhfp 18 kzpj;jpahyq;fspd; gpd; khu;r; khjk; 25Mk; jpfjp kup md;idapd; kq;fs thu;j;ij jpUehsd;W khiy ,iwtNdhL mikjp apy; ciuahLk; NghJ mUl;jpU. b nky;Nyh mbfs; jd; Mtpia ,iwtDf;Ff; ifaspj;jhu;. mtuJ ,wg;ghy; tUe;jpa ,U rpNefpju;fSk; mt uJ cliy fy;yiwapy; Japy; nfhs;s itj;jhu; fs;. ,f;fy;yiw ,d;Wk; nfhl;bahu; fj;Njhypf; fuhy; juprpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfSk; mUl;jpU. nfhd;rhy;nt]; mbfSk; fpof;Ff; fiuapy; fj;Njhypf;fiu juprpj;jthW jkJ gazj;ijj; njhlu;e;J Gj;jsk; nrd;wile;jdu;. nfhl;bahu; (%J}u;) gioa Myak; fl;lg;gl;l

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

,lj;jpy; xU fy;yiw cs;sJ vd;Wk; mq;Fjhd; mUl;jpU. b nky;Nyh mbfs; Gijf;fg;gl;lhu; vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,d;Wk; mUl;jpU. b nky; Nyhtpd; ngau; nfhl;bahu; kf;fshy; ntFthfNt kjpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

1707,y; mUl;jpU. ngw;Nwh j ry;jpdh mbfs; (Fr. Pedro de Saldhana) fpof;F fiuNahuj;jpw;F tp[ak; nra;jhu;. 1710,y; mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; fpof;fpw;F kPz;LnkhU tp[aj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy; nfhl;bahupy; RftPdKw;W fz;bf;F jpUk; gpdhu;. mtu; fz;bapy; 1711Mk; Mz;by; ,iwgj kile;jhu;. mUl;jpU. Nahrg; th]; mbfs; fhyk; Kjy; 1845 tiu fpof;F fiuNahuk; jpahd rk;gpu jha FUf;fspdhy; guhkupf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. lr;R murpd; nfhLikfs; ,Ue;Jk; ,q;Fk; mq;Fkhf gutpapUe;j rpwpa FOf;fspd; tpRthrj;ijg; guh kupj;J te;jhu;fs;;

Kjy; 100 tUlkstpy; fj;Njhypf;fUf;F vjpuhd lr;R murpd; nfhLikfs; jPtpukhf ,Ue;jd. Mdhy; 1755Mk; Mz;lstpd; gpd;G fj;Njhypf; fiuAk;> fj;Njhypf;f FUf;fisAk; nfhLikg; gLj;Jk; epiy jsh;e;jJ. 1752Mk; Mz;L Mtzp khjk; 21Mk; jpfjpapl;L gl;lhtpah (Batavia) efhpy; lr;Rj; jiyikf; fhhpahyaj;jpypUe;J ntspahd ,ufrpaf; fbjj;jpy; Muk;gfhy epfo;Tfis Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk;. mjd; tpguk; gpd;tUkhW. “ghg;gurhpd; tprhuiz nray;Kiw vkf;F ntWg;G+l;Ltjhf mike;jhYk; rPh;jpUj;j rkak; vkJ gpuNjrq;fspy; Kd;dpiy tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; ghugl;rkw;w> jh;f;f hPjpahd vz;zk; ,Ue;jhYk; ehk; gyte;jg; gLj;jp mlf;F Kiwfis Kw;wpYk; jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

ehk; Kfk;kjpah;f;Fk; gpw kjj;jth;f;Fk; jkJ rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wTk;> mikjpaha; jkJ flTis Muhjid nra;aTk; Rje;;jpuk; nfhLj;jJ Nghy xt;nthU fpwp];jtDf;Fk; mDkjp nfhLf;f Ntz; Lk;. FUl;L Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;f kj ituhf;fpa Ks;sth;fisg; gw;wp cq;fSf;F vOJtJ Kiw nadf; fUjpNdhk;. fk;gdpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gFjpf; Fs; nghJrka topghLfs; Nkw;ghh;itaplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; gfpuq;f mwpf;ifapd; (Placoats) Kiwg;gb cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fhpd; $l;lq;fNsh> xd;W$lNyh jil nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ehk; rpghhpR nra;fpd;Nwhk;. kWGwk; mth;fs;J mikjpahd jdpikahd rka flikfs; kd;dpf; fg;glTk;> rfpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.

vy;yhtw;wpYk;> kpifg;gLj;jhky; ghugl;rkw;w Kiwapy; nra;ag;gl;L> msTf;fjpfkhd Mh;tK ld;' nraw;gLk; fpuhk Mrphpah;fisAk;> RNjr Mya mjpfhhpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp> Kiwg;ghLf Sf;Fk; Njitaw;w er;rhpg;Gf;fSf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry; Yk; rfy fhuzpfisAk; fise;njwpa xy;yhe;j kiwg; Nghjfh;fSf;F Mzpj;jukhf vLj;Jiuf; fTk;.”

gl;lhtpahtpy; lr;R mjpfhhpfshy; ntspaplg;gl;l ,e;j cj;juT mwpf;if “vjph;fhyj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nfhs;if” gw;wp tpsf;fk; Nfl;l ,yq;if

MSeh; [P tpwPyd;l; (G. Vreelandt) vd;gthpd; fbjj; jpw;Fg; gjpyhFk;. ,jpypUe;J fj;Njhypf;fhpd; jdpg ;gll; mikjpahd nradK; iwfs ; tplakhf nfhs;if hPjpapy; lr;R muR jdJ vz;zj;ij khw;wpAs;sij ehk; czuyhk;. “cNuhkd; fj; Njhypf;fh; kj rhh; ghd xd;W$ly; elj;jhkYk; Myaq;fs; fl;lh kYk; ghh;f;Fk;gbAk;> nghJ rka topghL elj;Jk; ve;j FUitAk; ifJ nra;Ak; gbAk; ,ijj; jtpu jkJ nrhe;j rka filikfis epiwNtw;W tjwF; cNuhkdf; jN; jhypff; u ; njhej; uT nraa; gg; lf; $lhJ|| vd;Wk;> nfhOk;gpy; eilngw;w ,yq;if lr;R murpd; murpay; MNyhridf;FO jd; fPo;kl;l mjpfhupfSf;F mwptpf;f KbntLj;jJ.

tUlq;fs; nry;y rl;lq;fs; NkYk; jsu;j;jg;gl;ld. cjhuzkhf> cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fu; jkJ jpU kzj;ij lr;R rPu;jpUj;j Myaq;fspy; elj;j fl;lh ag;gLj;jg;glf;$lhJ vd;w mtu;fsJ Ntz;L Nfhis ghprPyidf;F vLg;gjw;F 1762Mk; Mz;L Mb 31Mk; ehs; eilngw;w ,yq;if lr;R murpd; murpay; MNyhridf; $l;lj;jpy; KbntLf;fg; gl;lJ. ,jd;gb nejh;yhe;J ehl;bd; nghJ eil Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vjph;fhyj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;fh; ,r;Rje;jpuj;ij mDgtpf;fyhk; vd;W Vfkdjhfj; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. MapDk; ,q;Fk; ePjpkd;wk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; Mizahsh; Kd;dp iyapy; mth;fsJ jpUkzq;fs; me;j tof;F kd;wj;jpy; eilngWk;.

1761 ij khjj;jpy; lr;R muRf;Fk; fz;b muRf;Fk; Aj;jk; Muk;gkhdJ. Kjy; 2 tUlq;fSk; Aj;j Kidapy; lr;R muR nraypoe;jJ. NkYk; lr;R muRfn; fjpuhf fzb; murd ; gphpjj; hdpahpd ; cjtpia ehbdhd;. ,t;Ntisapy;jhd; fz;b murDf;nfjp uhd Nghhpy; lr;R muRf;F xj;Jiof;f jpahd rk;gpu jha rigapdh; Kd;te;jdh;. 17k; jpfjp khh;fop khjk; 1764 vd;W jpfjpaplg;gl;l fbjk; jpahd rk;gpu jha rigj;jiytUk; ,yq;iff; FUKjy;tUkhd mUl; jpU wghay; nlh]; mQ;Nrh]; (Fr Raphael Dos Anjos) mbfshYk; NtW ehd;F FOf;fshYk; ifnahg;gkplg;gl;bUe;jJ.

,e;j tpz;zg;gk; 1764 k; Mz;L brk;gh; 20k; jpfjp nfhOk;gpy; eilngw;w fz;bf;nfjpuhd NghUf;F tpNrlkh jhgpf;fg;gl;l lr;R Aj;jf; FOtpd; $l;lj; jpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

“,r;r%fj;jpypUe;J 1000 Ngiu Vw;Wf;nfhs;tnjd; Wk; ,e;j kjpg;G kpf;f gq;fspg;ig gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tnjd;Wk; MNyhridapd; gpd; Vfkdjhfj; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tw;wpy; 200 Ngh; MAjq;fSld; gzpahw;Wth;. VidNahh; ,g;NghJ Vw;gl;Ls;s Njitiag; G+h;j;jp nra;a $ypfshfg; gad;gLj;jg; gLth;. gpur;rpidfspd; njhlf;f fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu ,th;fs; njhlh;r;rpahf ep&gpg;gjhy; ,th;fsJ Njrgf;jpia ehk; ek;gyhk;.”

,jidj; njhlh;e;J fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUr;rigf;F lr;R murhy; rYiffs; toq;fg;gl;lJ. “mUl; jpU nkhFy; gpuhd;rp];Nfh mbfs; lr;R ,uhZtj;jpw;F nra;j ed;ikfSf;F nfhOk;G MSdh; ed;wpg; ngUf;Fld; gl;lhtpah fTd;rpYf;F mtiug; gw;wp nghpjhff; $wpdhh;. ,jd; %yk; fj;Njhypf;fh;

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NeubahfNt jpUkzk;> jpUKOf;F Nghd;w rlq;Ffis epiwNtw;wyhk; vd;Wk;;;;;;;;; cs;ehl;L kf;fspd; cilia kl;Lk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;L nkd;w rl;lk; ePq;fp INuhg;gpaiug; Nghy rhjhuz cilapYk; nry;yyhk; vd;Wk;> tpUk;gpa Neuj;jpy; NehahsiuAk;> rpiwapypUg;NghiuAk; re;jpf;fyhk; vd;Wk; gy rYiffis vkJ kiwg; gzpf;F ngw; Wj;je;jhh;.” ,t;thW 21 brk;gh; 1765 jpfjpaplg;gl;l jpahd rk;gpujha mwpf;if ,yq;ifapy; kiwg;gzp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

1766y; NkYk; gy rYiffs; lr;R murhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUkzq;fSf;F> ,uzL; rhlr; pfspd ; ifnahgg; qf; Sld ; fjN; jhypf;f FUthy; ntspaplg;gLk; fy;ahzg; gjpT NghJkhd jhFk;. ,J khw;wg;gl;L fj;Njhypf;ff; FUtpd; ifnahg;gk; xd;Nw NghJkhdJ vd KbthfpaJ. “Qhd];ehd cWjpg;ghL fj;Njhypf;f FUthy; kl; Lk; ifnahg;gkplg;gl;L vOj;J tbtk; ngw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. rl;lg;gb Qhd];ehdk; ngw;whu; vd;W FUthdtu; jdJ FUj;Jt thu;j;ijapd; Nkd;ikahy; cWjpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.”

1767y; fj;Njhypf;f jkpo; Mrpupau;fs; fj;Njhypf;fg; gps;isfSf;F jkJ rkaj;ijf; fw;gpf;f Rje;jpuk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. “vjpu; fhyj;jpy; cyfpy; vtuplkp Ue;Jk; vjpu;g;G tuhky; cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ij filgpbf;Fk; ghlrhiy Mrpupau;fs; mNj cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f rka Nfhl;ghLfis gps;isfSf;F fw;gpf;fyhk; vd;W KbntLf;fg; gl;lJ. NkYk; ,J tplakhf rPu;jpUj;j rkaj;ijr; Nru;e;j ghlrhiy Mrpupau;fs; mjpcj;jk b]; rhNt (Dissave) mtu;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; jkJ khztu;fisg; gapw;Wtpf;f Rje;jpuk; ngw;w NtW ghlrhiy Mrpupau;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fg; ghlrhiy Mrpupau;fs; tplaj;jpy; jiyaPL nra;af; $lhJ vd;W fz;bg; ghf vr;rupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; 5-10-1767y; nfhOkg; py ; ghlrhiy epUthf rigahy ; KbntLf; fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rYif mUl;jpU. nfl;lhNdh Neup (Fr. Gaetano Nary) mbfspd; Ntz;LNfhspd; Ngupy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

lr;R fk;gdpf;F xj;Jiog;gjhf thf;fspj;jhy; xU FUthdtu; Myaj;jpy; gfpuq;fkhf jq;fp kf;fSf; Fg; gzp nra;a 1774y; cj;juT nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J tplakhf 1774 Vg;uy; 9y; nfhOk;gpy; eil ngw;w lr;R murpay; fTd;rpy; $l;lj;jpy; gpNuuiz epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

If;fpa neju;yhe;J ehLfspd; eyDf;Fk;> thl iff;F mku;j;jg;gl;l fpof;fpe;jpa fk;gdpf;Fk;> mjd; muRf;Fk; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth gq;fk; tpistpf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; nray;gl khl;Nld; vd;Wk; vdJ mwptpw;Fl;gl;l tpjj;jpy; nraw;gl mDkjpf;f khl;Nld; vd;Wk; rj;jpa thf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; ehd; vdJ FUj;Jt thu;j;ij apd; Nkd;ikahy; gpd;tUtdtw;iw gpufldk; nra;fpNwd;: murpd; eyDf;F vjpuhd ve;j fl;l isf;Fk; gzpakhl;Nld;. vdJ jiytUf;Fg; gzp tijg; Nghy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;gdp murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; muR mjpfhupfSf;Fk; vdJ KO rf;jpiag; gad; gLj;jp vdJ rig mq;fj;jtu;fis fPo;gba itg;

Ngd;. vdJ mwpf;ifapdhYk; ifnahg;gj;jpdhYk; ehd; ,ij kPWk; gl;rj;jpy; nghJ mikjpiaf; Fiyg;gtu;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; jz;lidia Vw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; thf;fspf;fpNwd;.

,t;thwhd mwpf;ifiaf; nfhLj;jJk; lr;Rg; gFjp apy; gzpahw;w FUtpw;F rhd;wpjo; mDkjpf;fg; gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,t;Tj;juTg; gj;jpuj;ijg; ngWk; FUf;fs; xU gq;fpypUe;J ,d;ndhU gq;fpw;F khw;w yhfpr; nry;Yk; NghJ ,t;twpf;ifiag; GJg;gpf;f mtUf;Ff; flikAk; ,y;iy> jPtpd; kf;fspd; fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhkYk; gzpahw;wyhk;. ,e;j mwpf; ifiaf; nfhLj;j jpahd rk;gpujha FUf;fspy; jpUNfhzkiyiar; Nru;e;j mUl;jpU. nghd ntd; ru; k];fnud;`h];

(Fr. Bonaventura Mascarenhas) mbfSk; xUtu;. ,tuJ mwpf;if 26-08-1774 jpfjpaplg;gl;ljhFk;.

fj;Njhypf;fUf;Fk; lr;R rPu;jpUj;jthj rka mq;fj; jtu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa jpUkzj;ij mDkjpf;Fk; ,d;DnkhU jPu;khdk; 1785y; ,yq;ifapy; lr;R murpay; fTd;rpyhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. “tpNrl fhuzq;fSf;fhf jdpg;gl;l epfo;Tfspy; fTd; rpypd; jPu;khdj;jpw;nfhg;g jpUkz Kd;;dwptpg;G mjpfhuk; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; epge;j idAld; cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f Mz;fSk; rPu;jpUj; jthj tpRthrg; ngz;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa jpUkzk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ” vd;W ,j;jPu; khdk; $WfpwJ.

,r;rl;lq;fs; lr;R muR fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUr;rig apYk; fj;Njhypf;ff; FUf;fspYk; nfhz;bUe;j xOq;F KiwfisAk; kdepiyiaAk; rpwpJ rpwpjhf jsu;j;jpAs;sJ vd;gij njspthff; fhl;L fpwJ. jpUr;rig ghupa Rje;jpuj;ijAk; jdJ gzpapy; mikjpiaAk; fz;L kfpo;e;jJ. lr;R rka FUf;fshy; fLikahd vjpu;g;G te;jhYk; Muk;g fhy mlf;F Kiwfs; Fiwaj; njhlq;fpaJ. fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk; fj;Njhypf;ff; FUf;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; Muk;gj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l gfpuq;f mwpf;if js;Sgb nra;ag;glhtpl;lhYk; gpw;gFjpapy; mit filgpbf;fg;gltpy;iy.

1796y; gpupj;jhdpaupd; tUifAld; midj;J mlf;F KiwfSk; epWj;jg;gl;L fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUr;rig ,d;Dk; mjpfkhf nropf;fj;njhlq;fpaJ. jpahd rk;gpujha FUthfpa mUl;jpU. F.nwhl;wpf]; mbf shy; 1784y; jpUNfhzkiyapy; Qhd];ehdg; gjpT Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jpw;F vjpuhf ,aw;wg;gl;l jz;lid gw;wpa rl;lq;fs; gpupj; jhdpa murhy; 1806y; uj;J nra;ag;gl;L gadw;w jhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb njhe;juT nfhLfhj nghUl; fis itj;jpUf;fTk; ,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; FbapUg;Gf;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; jkJ rkaj; ijg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F fj;Njhypf;fu; mDkjpf;fg;gl ;ldu.; Fbapay ; rYiffSfF; k ; mur rlqF; fSf;Fk ;mDkjpff; gg; ll; du.; 1795 Kjy ; eilngww; midj;J fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUkzq;fSk; rl;lG+u;tkhf;fg;gl; lJ. ,r;rYif 27-5-1806y; ,yq;ifapy; fTd;rpypd; nrayhsuhfpa N[hd; Bd; vd;gtuhy; gpufldg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

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1847y; ,yq;if nfhOk;G> aho;g;ghzk; vd ,U kiwfN; fhll; qf; shf gpupff; gg; ll; J. fpofF; khfhzk; aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F fPo; te;jJ. n`hNwbNah ngl;lh rpdp (Horatoio Bettachiri) aho;g;ghzj;jpd; gjpy; Mauhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mjpypUe;J rpy tUlq; fSf;F jpahd rk;gpujhaf; FUf;fs; mkykupj; jpahfpfs;> ,NaR rigf; FUf;fs;> RNjrf;FUf;fs; MfpNahu; tlfpof;fpy; gy gFjpfspYk; xd;whf gzpahw;wpaij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. jpUNfhzkiy apy; mUl;jpU. fpNurpah mbfSk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ey;y rk;kdR Rthkp vd;W kl;lf;fsg;G kf;fshy; miof;fg;gl;l ,j;jhypa RNjr FUthfpa mUl; jpU. tp];lupdp mbfSk; ,Ue;jdu;. gpd;G jpU Nfhzkiyapy; mUl;jpU. Y}ap]; Nkup fPl;bq; m.k.jp mbfSk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; mUl;jpU. GUzp Na.r mbfSk; gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,tu;fSf;Fg;gpd; mUl;jpU. gpnubl;f; kTnry; m.k.jp mbfSk; ,Ue; jdu;. rpwpJ rpwpjhf gzpj;jsq;fspy; ,Ue;J kw;iwa kiwgzpahsu;fs; Fiwe;J Nghf m.k.jp kp\dupfshy; tlkiwf;Nfhllk; KOtJk; nghWg;Ngw;fgl;gl;lJ.

fpof;F fiuNahu gFjpfSf;F m.k.jp 1848 Kjy; 1895 tiu 50 tUlq;fshf nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jdu;. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; fpof;fpy; kp\dupg; gzpapy; Rkhu; 35 m.k.jp mUl;jpU. gpuhd;rp]; Nrtpau>; mUl;jpU. tp];lhu;dp> mUl;jpU. tpd;rd;l; fhrp ndy;yp> mUl;jpU. N[rp Nkhyh Mfpa RNjr Fuf; fSk; <Lgl;ldu;. mkj jpUNfhzkiy kl;lf;f sg;Gg; gFjpfspy; 25 tUlq;fs; gzpahw;wpa mUl; jpU. mf];Nj Ugpaf; mbfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu; Mtu;. ,tu; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gFjpapy;jhd mjpf fhyk; gzpahw;wpdhu;. 24 tUlq;fs; jpUfhz kiyapy; mUl;jpU. Y}ap]; Nkup fPl;bq; mbfs; ,uhZtg; gilf;F jdp gzpf;FUthfTk; gq;Ff; FUthfTk; ,g;gFjpapy; Kjy; Kjyhf Muk;gpf; fg;gl;l Mz;fSf;fhd Mq;fpy ghlrhiyapd; ];jhgfuhfTk; ,af;FduhfTk; gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. mUl;jpU. gpnubl;f; kTnry; m.k.jp (Fr. Fredrick Machen) mUl;jpU. md;udp yhdhd;b (Fr. Antny Larnandie) MfpNahu; 9 tUlq;fshf fpof;F fiu Nahu kf;fSf;F gzpahw;wpdhu;. mUl;jpU. md;udp yhdhd;b jdJ Kjpu;e;j tajpy; 1931y; aho;g;gh zj;jpy; ,we;jhu;. ,tu;fs; jtpu mUl;je;ijau;fs ;nfhd]; l; di; ld ; nrsdngy ; (Fr.Constantine Chansnave) vapk;]; nly; ngfld;]; (Fr. Aimedelpechne)> ngsnrf; (Fr, Poussecg), gpuhd;rp]; Nrtpau; <fpa RNjr FUf;fSk; gzpahw;wpdhu;fs;.

aho;g;ghzj;ijg; gpwg;gplkhf nfhz;l mUl;jpU. gpuhd;rp]; Nrtpau; mbfs; jdpr;rpwg;G tha;e;j xU RNjr FUthf nraw;gl;lhu;. ,tNu Gdpj kpf;Nfy ;fyY; }up> Gdpj rprpypah kfspu ; fyY; }up> Gdpj kupahs; jkpo; ghlrhiy Mfpatw;wpd; ];jhgfuhthu;.

aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F Mq;fpy ghlrh iyia Muk;gpj;j jpUkjp gpdsfd; vDk; %jhl;b mjpte;. ngl;lhrpdp Mz;lifapd; miog;gpd; Ngupy; mg;ghlrhiyia jpUf;FLk;g fd;dpauplk; xg; gilj;jgpd; gpd; te;j Mau; mjpte;. nrnka;uh (Semeira) Mz;lifapd; cw;rhfj;jpdhy; Mq;fpyj; jpw;F xd;Wk; jkpopw;F xd;Wkhf ngz;fSf;fhd ,U ghlrhiyfis 1864y; Muk;gpj;jhu;. 1891y;

jpUf;FLk;g rigf; fd;dpau; jpUNfhzkiyf;F tUk; tiuapy; epu;tfpj;jhu;| vd;W mUl;jpU. W.A lhq; (Lange) Na.r. Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

1858 itfhrp khjk; jpUNfhzkiyapYk; Mbkhjk; kl;lf;fsg;gpYkhf ,U khngUk; kiw mwptpg;Gg; Nghjidfs; ,lk;ngw;wJ. Mau; mjpte;. nrnka;uh Mz;lifapdhYk; mUl;je;ijau;fs; ngsnrf; (Fr, Poussecg)> nrsdnty; (Chounavel)> nghQ;rpd; mF];Nj Ugpaf; (Augustre Ruffice) MfpNahuhy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.

,e;j kiwawptpg;Gg; gzpapd; NghJ 20k; jpfjp Nk khjk; 1858k; Mz;L aho;g;ghz Mauhf nghWg; Ngw;w mUl;jpU. fpwp];Nlhgu; nghQ;rpd; mbfs; jpU Nfhzkiyapy; mkykupj; jpahfpfs; rigapy; jdJ Mlk;gu thf;Fj; jj;jj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

kJiu ,NaR rig kp\dhy; tl kiwf; Nfhl;lj; jpw;F fldhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Ie;J ,NaR rigf; FUf;fSs; xUtuhfpa md;& G&dp vOjpa fbjk; xd;wpy; md;W fpwp];jtupd; epiyiag; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;bdhh;. 1849 Mb khjk; 1Mk; jpfjp jdJ jiy tUf;F vOjpa fbjj;jpy; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpdwhh;. 'ehd; Mah; nghl;lhrpdp> mUl;jpU fPl;bq; mbfs; MfpNahUld ; jpUNfhzkiyapypUeJ; Gwgg; lN; ld;. mUl;jpU fpwhrpah mbfSk; RNjr FUthfpa mUl; jpU frpndy;yp MfpNahupd; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;jjhy; midj;Jk; xOq;fhd Kiwapy; ,Ue;jd. midj;J fpwp];jtUk; cWjpg;G+Rjy; ngwNtz;bap Ue;jjhy; xg;GuT> ew;fUiz Nghd;w mUl;rhjdq; fis nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

nfhl;bahupy; Rkhh; 200 fj;Njhypf;fh; ,Ue;jdh;. rpy taJ Kjph;e;j ngz;fisj; jtpu ahUk; Kjy; ed;ik ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy.

jpUNfhzkiyf;Fr; nrd;wgpd; MaUlDk; mUl; jpU frpndy;yp mbfSlDk; ehd; kl;lf;fsg;gpw;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. ,q;F midj;Jk; xOq;F nra;ag;gl Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ve;jnthU MaUk; xUNghJk; ,g; gFjpf;F tp[ak; nra;atpy;iy. mJtiu ,g;gFjp Nfhthitr; Nrh;e;j FUf;fshy; guhkupf;fg;gl;lJ. cz;ik vJntdpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Kjy; ed;ik ngw;Nwhh; vz;zpf;if 100f;Fk; FiwthdNj. Ma upd; Ntz;LNfhspd;gb mUl;jpU. G&dp mbfs; NkYk; rpy fhyk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; jq;fp kl;lf;fsg; gpd; njw;Fg; gFjpf;F mNefkhf nrhwpf;fy;K idf;F tp[ak nra;jhh;. 'kl;lf;fsg;gpd; ntF njhiytpy; xU fpuhkj;jpw;F tp[ak; nra;Njd;. mth;fSf;F ghtrq;fPh;j;jdk; Nfl;L ew;fUiz toq;fp Mauhy; vdf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj; jpd;Ngupy; mth;fSf;F cWjpg;G+Rjy; nfhLj;Njd;. kupad;idapd; tpz;Nzw;G tpohtd;W 250 tpRthrp fSf;F ew;fUiz nfhLj;Jtpl;L Mtzp khjk; 16Mk; jpfjp kl;lf;fsg;ig tpl;Lr; nrd;Nwd;. rpy fhyj;jpd; gpd; mz;ikapy; ,yq;if te;j mky kupjj; pahfpfs ; rigiar ; Nrhe; j; mUlj; pU nksnry; mbfs; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; vdJ ,lj;ij vLj;jhh;.” ,t;thW mUl;jpU. G&dp Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

“aho;g;ghz Nkw;wpuhrdj;jpd; xU gFjpahfpa ,g; gFjp kdpj ikag;gFjpapypUe;J vt;tpj fth;r;rpia

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

Ak; nfhLf;fhky; fbd ciog;igAk; tWikia ANk thf;Fg; gz;zpaJ. jk;kplk; rpy tsq;fis itjJ; fn; fhzL; vkJ kiwkhtll; ji; jgN; ghy ngupa gFjpapy; kpfTk; twpa rdj;njhiff;F ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W FUf;fNs nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jdh;. me;j FWfpa vz;zpf;ifNahL Ik;gJ Mz;Lf shfg; nghWg;Ngw;W Mw;wpa Nrit Mr;rupag;glj; jf;f xd;whFk;. mtu;fs; fz;zPuhYk; new;wp tpah; itahYk; tpijj;jJ jkJ gzpf;F cWjpiaAk; gaidAk; je;jJ.

jpahd rk;gpujha rigapdupd; fhyj;jpy; jpUNfhz kiy kl;lf;fsg;G jtph;e;j gFjpfspy; MW kiw gug;G epiyaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy;> 1895,y; mky kupj;jpahfpfs; fpof;Ff;fiuia tpl;Lr; nrd;wNghJ gj;J Myaq;fisAk;> 6690 fj;Njhypf;fiuAk; nfhz;ljhf kiwgug;G epiyaq;fs; gjpNdohf mjpfupj;jpUe;jd. NkYk; 750 khztiuf; nfhz;l 4 Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyfSk; 4 RNjr nkhopg; ghl rhiyfSk; ,aq;fpd.

MfNt> jpUNfhzkiy Nkw;wpuhrdk; Muk;gpf;fg; gl;lNghJ rPdh> klf];fhh; Nghd;w Njrq;fisg; Nghy ,jidAk; fd;dp kiwg; gzpahf Gjpa kp\dupkhh; fhztpy;iy. Mdhy;> gy mlf;FKiw fshYk;> ml;^opaq;fshYk; jhf;fg;gl;Lf; fhag; gl;L gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd; fl;lg;gl;l jpUr;rig ahf ,J ,Ue;jJ. ,q;Fk; mq;Fkhf ,d;Dk; Kd;NdwNtz;ba epiyapy; rpwpa tpRthrj;Jld; gioa fpwp];jth; tho;e;jdh.;

,NaR rigapd; tUifNahL fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; Gjpa mj;jpahak; Muk;gkhdJ. 1895,y; Kjy; ,NaR rigapdh; jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;lj ;jpwF; tej; NghJ mthf; SfF; XusT Mqf; py mwpNt ,Ue;jJ. jkpo; mwpT rpwpJk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,J gy fhyq;fshf ,th;fspd; gzpf;Fk; cs;@h; kf;f Sldhd njhlhG; fF; k ; jilahf ,Uej; J. rej; h;g;g trkhf fz;b FUklj;ijr; Nrh;e;j mUl;jpU. yhkp (Larmy) Nr.r. mbfSk;> me;Njhdp vd;W miof ;fgg; Lfpdw; FUkl khztDk ; ,thf; Sld ; ,ize;J nfhz;ljhy; ,th;fs; jk;ik ];jpug;gLj;jpf; nfhs; sTk; jkpo; nkhopiaAk; kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw iaAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ. mUl;jpU yhkp Nr.r. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; 20 tUlq;f shf kp\dupahfg; gzpahw;wpajhy; jkpo;nkhopia Ak; jkpoh; fyhrhuj;ijAk; ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jhh;. me;Njhdp Gjpa kp\dupkhUf;F nkhopngah;g;ghs uhf ,Ue;jhh;.

NfhgKk>; ntWgG; zhT; k>; gpupTk>; rzi; lAk ; NkNyhq; fpapUe;j kl;lf;fsg;G fj;Njhypf;fupy; ,U rhjpiar; Nrh;e;j r%fj;jtiu Gjpa kp\dupkhh; Kjypy; vjph; nfhz;ldh;.

,e;Neuj;jpy; kPdth; r%fj;jpw;F (Gdpj me; Njhdpahh;) xd;Wk;> nts;shsh; rhjpapdh; gwq;fpah;> rpif myq;fhuk; nra;Ak; r%fj;jtUf;F (Gdpj kupahs;) xd;Wkhf kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,U Myaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; vd;d vjph;ghh;f;f Ntz;L nkd;W jdJ tuNtw;Gf; fbjj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiy mg;Ngh];jypf;f ephthfpahf epakdk; ngw;w Mah; td; wPj; Mz;liff;F aho;g;ghzk; kiwkhtl;l Mah; A+ypad; Mz;lif mth;fs; $Wfpwhh;. “

FUthdth; ve;j Myaj;jpy; ,Uf;fNtz;LnkdW fle;j MWkhjq;fshfg; NghuhLk; ,U r%fq;fSf; Fr; nrhe;jkhd ,U Myaq;fs; mq;F cs;sd. ,NaR rigf; FUf;fs; tUk;ghJ jkJ Myaj; jpw;F FUthdth; tuNtz;Lnkd;W ,U r%fj;j tUk; vjph;ghh;j;jdh;. Jujph;\;ltrkhf Gdpj me; Njhdpahh; MyaNk jFe;jjhf mike;jJ. Fuf; fs; xU KbTf;F te;J ghJfhg;ghfr; nry;y Ntz; Lk;. cq;fSf;F gpur;rpid tuyhk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f; fpd;Nwd;.” ,tthW aho; Mah; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

kl;lf;fsg;gpy; fj;Njhypf;fupilNa mikjpia Vw;g LjJ; tjwf; hf Mah ; a+ypad ; Mzl; if Xh ; xgg; e;jj; ijr; nra;jhh;. ,jd;gb> xt;;Nthh; Myaj;jpYk; MW khjq;fSf;F midj;J Kf;fpa topghLfSk; eilngw Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; kw;w Myaj;jpy; fpoik ehl;fspy; jpUg;gypAk;> Qhd];ehdk;> jpU kzk;> mlf;fr; rlq;FfSk; eilngwyhk;. ,Ug;gp Dk; ,uz;L r%fq;fisr; Nrh;j;jhYk; ,jpy; miu thrp kf;fisf;$l ve;j Xh; MyaKk; mlf;fj;jf;f mstpw;F ngupa Myaq;fshf ,it ,Uf;f tpy;iy.

,e;j rpf;fyhd #o;epiyahy; ,NaRrigf; Fuf; fs; te;jNghJ mth;fs; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpYs;s Xh; Myaj;jpy; jq;fp kWehs; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Eioa Maj;jk; nra;jdh;. ,J tplakhf xU nra;jp mDg ;ggg; ll; J. vdNt> kff; s ; Gjpa kp\dupkhiu tuNtw;f Maj;jk; nra;jdh;.

“etk;gh; khjk; 24Mk; jpfjp khiy 4.00 kzpf;F mUl;jpU Nwhf;]; vk;ik fpuhkj;jpd; thapYf;F mioj;J te;jhh;. mUl;je;ijah; nkhwPy;> yhkp MfpNahh; Gdpj kupahs; Myaj;ij Nehf;fp; nry;y mUl;je;ij vtwhl; mbfSk;. FUkl khztd; md;ldpAk; Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; Myak; Nehf;fpr; nrd;wdh;. clNdNa ,U gFjpapypUe;Jk; kfpo;r;rpf; Fuy;fs; vo> “vkJ FUf;fs; te;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;” vd;W ,U FOf;fSk; Mh;g;gupj;jdh;. ,jd;%yk; Kjy; Nkhjy; jtph;f;fg;gl;lJ.” ,t;thW mUl;jpU W.A. yhq; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

xt;Nthh; Myaj;jpw;Fk; FUkid ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mit mstpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jd. ,jdhy; FUf;fs; ,U FUkidfspYk; jq;fp jkj trjpf; Nfw;g VjhtnjhU FUkidapy; cztUe;jpdh;. ,t;thyaq;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;w gpd; mNefkhd Nka;g;Gg; gzp Ntiyfis mUl;jpU yhkpaplk; nfhLj;J tpl;L jkpo;nkhopiaf; fw;wwptjpy; Mh;t khf <Lgl;ldh;.

rka rk;ge;jkhd midj;Jf; fhupaq;fspYk; kf;fspd; Nghf;fpw;Fk; tpUg;gpw;Fk; tpl;LtplhkYk; rhjp rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fspy; rk;ge;jg;gLtjpy;iy vd;Wk; Gjpa kp\dupfs; jPh;khdpj;jdh;. Muk;gj;jpy; rpy ehl;fshf FUkidiaj; jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bw; Fs; itf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf ahh; FUf;fSf;F czT nfhLg;gJ vDk; Nghl;b ,U r%fj;jtUf;F kpilapy; ,Ue;jJ. ,ij czh;e;j FUf;fs; cl NdNa ntspNa ,Ue;J czT ngWtij epWj;jp FUkidapNyNa czitj; jahupj;jdh;.

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

jpUg;gypapy;> mJTk; ngupa jpUtpoh ehl;fspYk; QhapW jpdq;fspYk; ew;fUiz ngWNthh; kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Ujljit Gjpa kp\dupkhh;fis Mr; rupag;gl itj;jJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; xg;Gf;nfhLf;fg; gl;l Kjy; QhapW jpUg;gypapy; Gdpj kupahs; My aj;jpy; 8 NgUk;> Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; Myaj;jpy; ehd;F NgUNk ew;fUiz ngw;wdh;. 1896Mk Mz;L ij ;6Mk; jpfjpapy; eilngw;w jpUg;gypapy; 300 Ngh; fye;Jnfhz;lhYk; %tNu ew;fUiz ngw;wdh;. 16 taij my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ta ijAila thypgh; $l Kjy;ed;ik ngwhkYk; ghtrq;fPh;j;jdk; nra;ahkYk; cs;shh;fs; vd;W Gjpa kp\dupfs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mwpe;J nfhz; lhh;fs;.

filrpf; fhyj;jpy; ,g;gFjpiag; guhkupj;j Nfhthitr; Nrh;e;j FUf;fspd; kdepiyahy;jhd; ,e;epiy te;jJ vd;W NkYk; tprhuizfspy; njupa te;jJ. xU tUlj;jpw;F xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L jlitfs; ew;fUiz ngw;why; NghJk; vd;gjhy; kf;fs; mbf;fb ew;fUiz ngWtijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpajhf kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gzpGupe;j Nfhth itr; Nrh;e;j FUNt jd;dplk; $wpajhf kl;lf;fsg; gpy; gzpGupe;J fy;fj;jhtpw;Fr; nrd;w mUl;jpU GW}dp Nr.r 1898Mk; Mz;L A+iy khjkstpy; mUl;jpU nkhwPy; mbfSf;F vOJk;NghJ Fwpg;gpl; lhh;. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,e;epiyia khw;w mUl;jpU yhkp Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; kjpaNtis kiwf;fy;tp tFg;Gf;fis xOq;F nra;J nrgj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> ew;fUiz> ghtrq;fPh;j;jdk; mbffb ngWtjpd ; Kff; pajJ; tji; jAk ; tpsff; pdhh;.

jpUkzkhfhky; $b tho;tJk;> jpUr;rig Kiwg; gb jpUkzkhfhky; ,Ug;gJk; kp\dupkhh;fs; vjph; nfhz;l ,d;DnkhU gpur;rpidahFk;. ,jd; mbg; gilf; fhuzq;fis Muha;e;jNghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspte;jd:1. jkJ kfSf;F tud; fpilf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjw;

fhf mth;fs; tpUk;gp njupe;j thypgDld; $b tho mDkjpj;jdh;.

2. Ntw;W ,dj;jtiuj; jpUkzk; nra;a r%fk; mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. ,uj;j cwtpy; ,uz;lhk; gbf;F ,yFtpy; mDkjp ngw kp\dupfs; gy ,d;dy;fis mDgtpj;jdh;.

3. kPdth; r%fj;J Mz;fs; jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd; ghfNt jkJ vjpu;fhy kidtpaupd; fw;igr; Nrhjpf;Fk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ.

4. gy r%fg; gof;fq;fs;> rpyuhy; re;jpf;f Kbahj jpUkzr; nryTfs; vd;gd jilahapd.

5. Kjy; kp\dupfshy; milahsk; fhz Kbah jjhy; eltbf;if vLf;fg;glhky; gy Kiw Nflhdth;fs; ew;fUiz ngw;wdh;.

6. Kjy; kp\dupfs; mbf;fb gpuahzk; nra;jjhy; ghtrq;fPh;j;jdj;jpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l ehSk; Fwpg; gpl;l NeuKk; eilKiwf;F tutpy;iy.

7. ,isath; jkJ rhjpf;F ntspNa jpUkzk; nra;a tpUk;Gtjhy; Mlk;guq;fs;> rlq;F Kiw fs; ,y;yhky; jhk; tpUk;gpa ngz;izj; jpU kzk; nra;tJjhd; xNu topahfj; Njhd;wpaJ.

,g;gbg;gl;l J\;gpuNahfq;fis vjph;j;;Jk;> xOq; fw;w xd;W$liy vjph;j;Jk; FUf;fs; fLikahd gpurhuk; nra;jdh;.vjph;fhy re;jjpapdiu ,g;gbg; gl;l #o;epiyapypUe;J jtph;g;gjw;fhf jpUkz

khfhky; $btho;gtUf;F nghJj; jz;lidia fl; lhag;gLj;jpAk; rpy Neuq;fspy; Myaj;jpy; mlf;fr; rlq;Ffis kWj;Jk; te;jdh;.

kl;lf;fsg;igg; Nghyy;yhJ jpUNfhzkiyapy; jw;Nghijf;fhtJ mUl;jpU n`a;k; Ngfh; mbfs; rhjpg; gpur;ridapypUe;J tpLgl;lhh;. ,g;gFjp kf;fs; kj;jpapy; jpUNfhzkiyf; Nfhl;ilf; fhty; gil XusT Mjpf;fk; nfhz;bUe;jjhy; rhjp NtW ghLfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngwtpy;iy. mUl;jpU n`a;k; Ngfh; te;jpwq;fpaJk; gzpia Kbj;J ntspNaWk; mUl;jpU.tpy;ypak; Xtd; m.k.jp. jpU Nfhzkiyapd; rptpy; kw;Wk; Md;kPf epiygw;wp njspthf;fpdhh;. mUl;jpU n`a;k;Ngfh; mbfSf;F rpwpJk; jkpo; mwpT ,y;yhjjhYk; kpff; Fiwe; jsT kl;LNk Mq;fpy mwpT ,Ue;jjhYk; gphpj ;jhdpa Nfhli; lapy ; ,UfF; k ; fjN; jhypff; giltPuhpd; Md;kPf gzpapYk; <LglNtz;Lkhjyhy; clNdNa jkpo; nkhopia fw;fTk; Mq;fpy mwpit tsh;f; fTk; njhlq;fpdhh;. mkykhpj;jpahfpfs; jpUNfhz kiyia tpl;L ntspNawpagpd; ghlrhiyia guh khpj;J te;j jpUf;FLk;g fd;dpah; tpiutpy; jpU Nfhzkiyia tpl;Lr; nry;tjw;F Ntz;ba Maj; jq;fis nra;jdh;. ,th;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ,y;yj;ijAk; fhzpiaAk; thq;Fk;gb aho; Mah; mjpte;. A+ypad; Mz;lif mjpte; tdwPj; Mz;l iff;F mwpTiu $wpdhh;. mUl;jpU. n`a;k; Ngfhplk; KO eph;thfj;ijAk; nfhLj;J tpl;L fpwp];k]; Kbe;jTld; mUl; jpU.Xtd; mbfs; jpU Nfhzkiyia tpl;L Gwg;gl;lhh;. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; 1896 MzL; ij khjkstpy ; 10> 7> 6 taJila %d;W khzth;fSld; mUl;jpU nkhwPy; mbfs; Gdpj tsdhUf;F mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l xU mdhijfs; ,y;yj;ij Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,th;fis Gdpj khpahs; Kfth; ,y;yj;jpy; itj;jpUe;jhh;. gpd; NkYk; ,d;ndhU khzth; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhh;.

1896 khrp khjk; 15k; jpfjp rNfhjuh; iwl; Nr.r. (Bro Wright s.j) kl;lf;fsg;ig te;jile;jJk; mUl;jpU n`a;k;Ngfh; mbfSf;F cjTKfkhf jpUNfhz kiyf;F mDg;gg;gl;lhh;. rNfhjuh; iwl; xU Mq;fp Nyah; vd;gjhy; gphpj;jhdpa Nfhl;ilapy; ,uhZt tPuh; fofj;jpw;Fk; flw;gil fofj;jpw;Fk; nghWg; ghsuhf epakdk; ngw;whh;.

fj;Njhypf;fiuAk; mth;fsJ epyikiaAk; mwp tjw;fhf kl;lf;fsg;gpy; mUl;jpU yhkp mbfs; Fb kjpg;G Gs;sp tpguq;fis jpul;lj; njhlq;fpdhh;. mth; tpguq;fis jpul;b Kbf;fhjjhy; mg;gzpia mUl;jpU vt;whl; mbfs; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,J xU fbdkhd NtiyahfTk; gy VLfisf; nfhz;l jhfTk; mike;jJ. ,t; tpguj;jpul;L kPdth; r%fj; jpw;F xd;Wk;> gwq;fpah;> nts;shsh; r%fj;jth;f;F xd;Wk; rpif myq;fhuk; nra;NthUf;F xd;ndhd; Wkhf rhjp mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUe;jJ.

,e;Jf;fisg; Nghy fj;Njhypf;fUk; grhrpw;F gilf;f Nfhopfis nfhLj;Njh my;yJ mjw;Fhpa gzj;ij nfhLj;Njh RftPd fhyj;jpy; #dpak; nra;tjpYk; jkJ vjphpfSf;F vjpuhf jPa rf;jp fis gad;gLj;JtjpYk; <LgLtij kp\dhp FUf; fs; mtjhdpj;jdh;. kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F mUNfAs;s tPr;Rf;fy;Kid kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F 29 iky; njw;Nf

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As;s nrhwpf;fy;Kid Mfpa ,U ,lq;fSk; tpNrlkhf ,g; gapw;rpf;F ngah; ngw;wd. ,g; gapw; rpf;F ,lk; nfhLg;NghUf;F mUl;rhjdq;fisAk; fpwp];jt mlf;f rlq;FfisAk; kWg;gjd; %ykhf fpwp];jt gz;Gf;F khwhd rlq;FfSf;F vjpuhf kp\dhp FUf;fs; eltbf;if vLj;jdh;.

Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd; jq;fpa epiyapy; ,Ue;jd. 24 iky;fis flg;g jw;F xUth; fg;gypNyh> kuf;fyj;jpNyh> khl;L tz;bapNyh> nry;y rpy Ntisfspy; VO kzp NeuKk; gazk; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. gue;J thOk; fj;Njhypf;fiu re;jpg;gjw;F FUf;fs; ,U topfisAk; gad;gLj;jpdh;.

FUf;fs; gzpNaw;W 10 thuq;fSf;Fs; FUthf Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUg;gk; njhptpj;J %d;W tpz;zg; gq;fs; te;jijapl;L ngUkfpo;r;rpaile;jdh;. N[hd;. yhrw];. khl;bd; Mfpa %d;W ,isQh;fs; FUf;fsplk; nrd;W jkJ tpUg;gj;ij njhptpj;jdh;. ,th;fspd; Nehf;fk;> jFjp vd;gtw;iw mjpte;. td;wPj; Mz;lifahy; mDg;gg;gl;l Nfs;tpf; nfhj; jpd; %yk; mwpe;jgpd; mNj tUlk; khh;r; khjk; fz;b ghg;gurh; FUklj;jpw;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl; ldh;. ,k;%tUs; khl;bd; rpy ehl;fSs; FU klj;ij tpl;L tpyfpdhh;. N[hd; epiyj;jpUe;jhYk; FUkl khztdhfNt ,iwgjkile;jhh;. yhrw]; ,Wjptiu epiyj;jpUe;J kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; Kjy; RNjr FUthdhh;. rpy ehl;fspd; gpd; ehd;fhtJ tpz;zg;gjhuuhfpa khl;bdpd; rNfhjuh; Jwtwj;jpy; Nrh;e;J ,Wjp tiu epiyj;jpUe;jhh;.

1896k; Mz;L Mb khjk; 4k; jpfjp ,e;jpahtpy; Nfhl;laj;jpy; Kd;idehs; kiwgzpapd; gjpy; FUTk; klf];fhh; ,iz MaUkhd mjpte;. rhh;s;]; ytpQ; Nr.r. jpUNfhzkiyapd; Mauhf epakdk; ngw;wJ mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ mth; gpuhd;]; Njrj;jpNy cly; eyf; Fiwthy; itj;jp ak; ghh;j;jjhy; tpiutpy; Nkw;wpuhrdj;jpw;F tU thh; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;ftpy;iy.

1896 Gul;lhjp 11k; jpfjp Mah; mjpte;.rhh;s;]; ytpQ; Mz;ilifNahL kyghhpy; gzpGhpe;j mUl; jpU.rhh;s;]; nghdy; Nr.r. mbfs; kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F te;J Nrh;e;jhh;. fhh;j;jpif 7k; jpfjp Gjpa Nkw;wp uhrdj;jpy; gzpahw;w FUKjy;th; mUl;jpU. rhh;s;]; my;gpwl; Nehah;> mUl;jpU n`d;wp G+hp> mUl;jpU.nukp MfpNahh; te;jile;jdh;.

te;jile;jJk; NaRrigapd; Gjpa mjpgh; kl;lf; fsg;gpy; xU Muk;g $l;lj;jpw;fhf FUf;fis mioj;jhh;. “,J 200 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; mUl;jpU. Nahrg;th]; fhyj;jpy; Gjpjhf gzpGhpa te;jp wq;fpa FUf;fspd; rpwpa FOitg; NghypUe;jJ” vd;W mUl;jpU.yhq; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. mUl;jpU n`a;k; Ngfh; jpUNfhzkiyapypUe;J te;jpUe;jhh;. ,t; xd;W$liy ,NaRrig Fwpg;NgL ,NaRrig Nkyhshpd; Kaw;rpahy; Mokhd ciuahly; %y khf ,NaRrigapd; czh;it GJg;gpf;fTk;> fPo;g; gbjy;> Vo;ik Nghd;w czh;it Vw;gLj;jTk; Kbe; jJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

,t;Ntisapy; midj;J kp\dwpfis jkJ gzp apy; cw;rhfg;gLj;jpAk; ,NaRrigapd; Gjpa Nkyh suhfpa mUl;jpU.Nehaiu Gjpa gzpapy; tuNtw;

Wk; mtUf;F jpUj;je;ijapd; gpujpepjp KdprpNu]; lh; nry];fp fbjk; vOjpdhh;. “,yq;ifapy; ckJ tUif gw;wp mwpe;J kfpo;r;rpaile;Njd;. ckJ khfhzj;jpypUe;J te;j FUf;fs; kpfTk; Mh;tj; Jld; gzpGhpe;j jpUNfhzkiy kp\idg; gw;wp Fwpg;gplhky; ,Uf;f KbahJ. ,J Muk;g gzpj;js khfTk; epiwitf; nfhLf;ff; $ba gzpj;jskhf Tk; cs;sJ. Muk;g tUlq;fspy; nghpa gyid vjph; ghh;f;f KbahJ. xU Gjpa gzpj;jsk; Muk;gpf; fg;gl;lhy; Kjypy; mJ f];lj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk;. mWtil gpe;jpNa tUk;. gpwkjj;jth; kj;jpapy; kp\dhpfs; gpugy;ak; milAk; NghNj cz;ikahd nry;thf;F Muk;gkhfpwJ. mJtiu mth;fsJ gps;isfis guhkhpg;gjd; %yk; kjpg;igg; ngw yhk;” vd;W KdprpNu];lh; nry];fp Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

Gjpa kp\dhpkhh; te;J MW khjq;fSf;Fs; mUl; jpU.nukp mbfs; ,iwgjkile;jhh;. jpUNfhz kiy gzpj;jyj;jpy; fhykhd Kjy; gpnuQ;R FU ,tuhthh;. 1897 Nk khjk; 17k; ehs; ,th; ,iwgj kile;jhh;. ,jw;F Kd;ghf ,th; jd;dhKidapy; rpWtiuAk;> tsh;e;NjhiuAk; Kjy; ed;ik ngw Maj;jk; nra;jhh;. mjd; gpd; ,tUf;F kNyhpahf; fha;r;ry; gpbj;jJ. kdj;jLkhw;w epiyapYk; kaf;f epiyapYk; ,Ue;j ,tUf;F mUl;jpU. vy;uhl; mb fs; Nehapy; G+Rjy; mUl;rhjdj;ij toq;fpdhh;. gjpide;J epkplj;Jf;Fs; “vdf;F ve;j tpUg;gKk; ,y;iy> ehd; vjw;Fk; Maj;jk;” vd;W mbf;fb $Wk; ,g;Gdpj FU ,iwgjkile;jhh;. ,th; Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; Myaj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhy; mlf;fk; nra; ag;gl;lhh;. xU thuj;jpd; gpd; Gjpa gzpj;jsj;jpy; Nrh;e;Jnfhs;s kJiu gzpj;jsj;jpypUe;J mUl; jpU.fgph;Nah; mbfs; te;jile;jhh;. mbf;fb ew; fUiz ngWk; gof;fk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,y;yhj jhy; ,g;gof;fj;ijAk; ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; typAWj;j FUf;fs; tpUk;gpdhh;.

vdNt Mz;lthpd; tpz;Nzw;G ehis Kjy; ed;ik nfhLf;Fk; ehshf khw;wpdh;. ,e;epfo;r; rpia Gdpjkhd kwf;f Kbahj xd;whf khw;w Ntz;ba xOq;Ffis nra;jdh;. gps;isfSf;Fk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk; Neufhyj;NjhNl tFg;Gf;fSk; Maj;jq;fSk; nra;ag;gl;ld. “nfhbfs; Ve;jpa tz;zkhf Gdpj khpahs; Myaj;jpypUe;J Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; Myak;tiu gtdpAk; mjpy; gps;is fs; G+f;fisAk; nkOFjphpfisAk; ve;jpa tz; zk; nry;y mofhf xOq;F nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. cs;Ns Kjy; ed;ik ngWNthh; tpNrl ,lj;jpy; mku gPlj;jpNy Kjy; ed;ik toq;fg;gl;lJ. md;W khiy ,th;fs; midtUk; Qhd];ehd thf;FWjp GJg;gpj;jYld; Mlk;gukhf Mz;ltUf;Fk; khpad; idf;Fk; mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Kjy;ed;ik ngWk; rlq;F kiw khtl;lk; KOtJk; tUlj;jpy; eilngWk; kpf Kf;fpa epfo;r;rpfspy; xd;whf khwpaJ. gy J\;gpuNahfq;fSk; eilngw;wd. Md;k hPjpahd fz;Nzhl;lk; Fiwe;J jkJ gzj;ijAk; me;j]; ijAk; fhl;Lk; re;jh;g;gkhf ,t;tpoh khwpaJ. tpiyAah;e;j Milfs;> thfdj;jpjy; gtdp> tPL fspy; Mlk;gu tpUe;J> ghz;l; thj;jpak;> Gifg; glq;fs; Nghd;wd gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy; Viofs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

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1897k; Mz;L Mb khjk; Mah; td;wPj; Mz;lif tUifje;j NghJ ahh; Maiu tuNtw;gJ vd;gij nahl;b Gdpj khpahs; Mya r%fj;jtUf;Fk;> Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; Mya r%fj;jtUf;FkpilNa fUj;JNtWghL Vw;gl;lJ. ,k;Kiw Gdpj me;Njhdp ahh; Mya kf;fNs Maiu tuNtw;fNtz;Lnkd FUKjy;th; mUl;jpU.Nwhah; jPh;khdpj;jhh;. Mdhy; Gdpj khpahs; Mya kf;fNsh ,k;KbTf;F rk;kjpf; fhky; tuNtw;ig gfp\;fhpj;jhh;fs;. Gdpj me;Njhdp ahhh; Myajpy; eilngw;w jpUg;gypapy; 180 Ngh; cWjpg;G+Rjy; ngw;wdh;. Gdpj khpahs; Mya gFjp apypUe;J xU rpyNu gq;Fgw;wpdh;. gwq;fpah; r%fj; jth; ahUk; tutpy;iy. rpy ehl;fspd; gpd; jd;dh Kid Myaj;jpy; cWjpg;G+Rjy; mUl;rhjdk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F gwq;fpah; r%fj;jth; 142 Ngiu cWjpg;G+Rjy; ngWtjw;fhf mioj;J te; jpUe;jdh;.

Gdpj khpahs;> Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; r%fj;jth;f; fpilNa gy tUlq;fshf gpur;rpid ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,J FUf;fSf;F kdNtjidiaf; nfhLj;Js;sJ. 1895y; ,NaRrig kp\dhpfs; kl;lf;fsg;G Gspae;jP tpwF; tej; NghJ ,U Myaqf; isf ; fzl; dh.; kdP th; r%fj;jth;f;nfd Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; MyaKk;> nts;shsh;> gwq;fpah; rpifayq;fhuk; nra;Nthh;f; nfd Gdpj khpahs; MyaKk; ,Ue;jJ. ,U My aq;fSf;Fk; eLNt gq;Fg; gzpkid ,Ue;jJ. Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; Myaj;ij tpl Gdpj khpahs; Myak; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jjhy; Gdpj khpahs; Mya r%fj;jth; Gjpa Myak; xd;iw fl;Ltjw;F Kb ntLj;jdh;. mg;NghJ gq;Fj;je;ijahapUe;j mUl; jpU gpuhd;rp]; Nrtpah; mbfs; 1874 Mb khjk; 19k; jpfjp Gjpa Myaj;jpw;fhd mbf;fy;iy ehl;b xU gFjpia Kbj;jhh;. fl;b Kbf;FKd;Ng 1881y; khw;w yhfpr; nrd;whh;. mUl;jpU.yghNf (Lapage) mbfs; jiyikapy; gzp njhlh;e;jJ. 1889y; ,th; khw;w kile;j NghJ gzp kPz;Lk; jilg;gl;L 1892y; mUl; jpU. kpah; (Meary) jiyikapy; gzp njhlh;e;jJ.

1895y; ,NaR rigapdh;te;j NghJ gzp Kbtila tpy;iy. gy tUlq;fshf fl;llk; KbTwhj epiy apy; ,Ue;jhYk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thyaj;ij jpU Nfhzkiy kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; Nguhyakhf khw;w Ntz;Lk; vDk; vz;zk; ,Ue;jjhYk; gzpiaj; njhlUKd; fl;llj;jpd; gyj;ij cWjpnra;a mj;jp thuk ; Nrhjpff; gg; lNtzL; nkd KbthfpaJ. Mdhy; mj;jpthuj;ij Nrhjpf;f epyj;ijf; fpz;Ltjw;F Gdpj khpahs; r%fj;jth; kwj;Jtpl;ldh;. ,J FUf; fSf;Fk; kf;fSf;fkpilNa gy rz;ilfis Vw; gLj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; fytuq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ. gyh; rkaj;jpypUe;Jk; tpyf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. filrpahf nghypRk;> mjpfhhpfSk; rk;ge;jg;gl Ntz;bapUe; jJ. gy khjq;fspd; Kaw;rpfspd; gpd; FUf;fSf; Fk; kf;fSf;FkpilNa xg;GuT Vw;gl;L FOj;jiy th;fs; jkJ FUf;fSf;Fg; gzpa mikjp epiy ehl;lg;gl;lJ. filrpapy; fl;lljpd; NkYs;s FO tpd; fl;Lg;ghl;il Mah; mjpte;. ytpQ; Mz;lif ePf;f Myak; G+h;j;jpahf;fg;gl;L 1901k; Mz;L brk; gh; khjk; MrPh;tjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1898k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; ,e;jpah kyghhpypUe;J Mah; mjpte;j rhh;s;]; ytpQ; ,yq;if te;jile; jhh;. nfhOk;ig mile;jJk; Mah; jpUj;je;ijapd;

gpujpepjpia re;jpf;f fz;bf;F nrd;W mq;fpUe;J Gifapujj;jpy; khj;jis te;jdh;. khj;jisapyp Ue;J khl;Ltz;bapy; ,Uehl;fs; gazk; nra;J khh;fop khjk; 22k; jpfjp jpUNfhzkiyia te;j ile;jhh;. jpUkiy efh; thapypy; FUf;fshYk; kf;fshYk; tuNtw;fg;gl;L Nguhyaj;jpw;F gtdp ahf nrd;W mq;F jpUj;je;ijapd; Miz Xiy jkpopYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; thrpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1899 ij khj eLg;gFjpapy; Mah; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;F nrd;whh;. gq;Fj;je;ijahf ,Ue;j mUl;jp rhh;y;]; nghd]; mUl;jpU NwhaUld; ,ize;J Ntz;ba xOq;Ffis nra;jpUe;jhh;. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; nt];yp ad; gphptpid rig rk;ke;jkhd gy Kiwg;ghLfs; te;jNghJ Mah; midj;J fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk; nrtp kLj;J kdf;frg;G Vw;gl;l fhuzq;fis mwpe;J FUf;fisAk; kf;fisAk; jahh; nra;jhh;. kiwf; nfhs;if tptpypa rhpj;jpu Fwpg;Gf;fs; rk;ke;jkhf kf;fSf;F tphpTiufis xOq;F nra;J kf;fis tpRthrj;jpy; gyg;gLj;jpdhh;.

1899k; Mz;L gpw;gFjpapy; Mah; ,e;jpahTf;F nrd;w NghJ ghl;br;Nrhpapy; Gdpj #irag;ghpd; F@dp rig rNfhjhpfspd; jiytpia re;jpj;J ciuahbdhh;. mth;fsJ gzpia ehbdhh;. jpU Nfhzkiyia tpl;L jpUf;FLk;g fd;dpah;fs; rig rNfhjhpfs; nrd;wJk; kfsph; Mq;fpy ghl rhiyia elj;Jtjw;F Mahpd; miog;gpd; ngahpy; F@dp rig rNfhjhpfs; nghWg;Ngw;W rpwg;ghf elj; jpdh;. ,NjNghy kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; gzpahw;w F@dp rig rNfhjhpfs; miof;fg;gl;lhYk; clNdNa ahUk; tu Kbatpy;iy ,jdhy; F@dp rig rNfh jhpfs; tUifju kl;Lk; ,e;jpahtpy; msg;gp vDk; ,lj;jpYs;s nry;yp Nkhp mg;Ngh vd;gth; rpy epge; jidfSld; kl;lf;fsg;G ghlrhiyf;F jiyik Mrphpiaahf nghWg;Ngw;whh;. kl;lf;fsg;G kf;f shy; rNfhjhp Nkhpkf;lypd; vd miof;fg;gl;l nry;yp Nkhp mg;Ngh jkJ ,U rNfhjhpfSld; tUif je;jhh;. Gdpj rprpypah kfsph; ghlrhiy Mq;fpy ghlrhiyahf ,aq;f Muk;gpj;jJ. ,g;ghl rhiy 1876y; jkpo; ghlrhiyahf mUl;jpU gpuhd; rp]; rNthpahh; mbfshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1900k; Mz;L fpof;F khfhzj;ij nfhyuh Neha; ghjpf;f Muk;gpj;jJ jpUNfhzkiyf;F njhlh;e; jJ. ,e;NehapypUe;J tpLgl;lhy; Y}h;J md;idf;F jpUj;jyk; mikg;gjhf Neh;j;jpitf;Fk;gb jpU Nfhzkiyapy; mUl;jpU n`a;k;Ngfh; gq;F kf;fis cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhh;. Ntz;bagb nfhyuh Neha ; jpUkiy efiu njhlhky ; %J}Uld ; epdw; J. ,jdhy; jpUNfhzkiy efUf;F ntspNa ghiy A+w;W fhl;L gFjpapy; Y}h;J md;idf;F jpUj;jyk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Rnjr FUf;fis cUthf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; re;jpahg; gps;is khpahd; Rthkp khpahd;gps;is gpypg; Nahrg; Nkhp Mfpa %d;W khztUld; 1902k; Mz;L fhh;j; jpif khjk; 4k; jpfjp kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rpwpa FUklk; xd;iw Mah; muk;gpj;jhh;. 1902y; mUl; je;ij Ngbdd; nthzy;> rNfhjuh; Nghy; MfpNahh; gzpf; nfd te;jNghJ toikNghy; MaNu ,th;fSf;F jkpo;nkhop fw;gpj;jhh;. 1904 Gul;lhjp khjk; mUl; je;ijah; f];ld; nwhgpN\ikf;fy; fTj; rNfhjuh; my;Nghd;]; te;jdh;. tpiutpy; mUl;jpU f]l; d ;

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

nwhgpN\ ; FUKjyt; uhf mgpN\fk ; ngw;whh;.

1906 Mk; Mz;L khu;fop khjk; kiw khtl;lj;jpd; Kjy; RNjr FUf;fshf mUl;jpU yhrw];> mUl; jpU N[hd; mbfs; Mau; ytpQ; Mz;lifahy; jpU epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,J MaUf;F ngU kfpo;r; rpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. kiw khtl;lj;jpd; njd; gFjp apy; ehNlhb kf;fSf;nfd 1907,y; MW fj;Njhypf; fg; ghlrhiyfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lhYk; mtu;fs; mt;tplj;ij tpl;L jpBnud Ntwplj;jpw;F nrd;w jhy; ghlrhiyfs; %lg;gl;ld. 1910,y; F@dp rig rNfhjupfs; tUif je;J Gdpj rprpypah kfspu; Mq;fpy ghlrhiyiag; nghWg;Ngw;wdu;. ,e; ehl;fspy; kiwkhtl;lk; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpajhy; gy FUf;fs; fw;gpf;Fk; gzp iar; nra;jdu;. ,jdhy; kiwgug;Gg;gzp ngupJk; jilg;gl;lJ. ,ijj; jtpu;f;f Mau; fy;tpg; gzpf; nfd khwp];l; rig mUl;rNfhjuu;fis mioj; jhu;. 1911 khu;r; 27Mk; jpfjp jFjp tha;e;j Ie;J khwp];l; rNfhjuu;fs; tUif je;J cldbahf Gdpj kpf;Nfy; fy;Y}upapy; gzpia Muk;gpj;jdu;.

Gdpj kpf;Nfy; fy;Y}up midj;Jf; fy;Y}upfisAk; tpl Kjd;ik ];jhdj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Maupd; neLehisa tpUg;gj;ij epiwNtw;Wk; tz;zk; 1912Mk; Mz;L Mb 16Mk; ehs; ,yq; ifapd; ftu;duhftpUe;j Nru; n`d;wp kf;fyk; Gjpa fl;blj;jpw;F mbf;fy; ehl;bdhu;. 1913,y; Gjpa tQ;Qhdf; $lk; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; fl;b lk; G+u;j;jpahFKd; 1913 Mb khjk; 11Mk; ehs; Mau; ytpq; ,iwgijkile;jhu;. Maupd; kuzk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; xt;Nthu; cs;sj;jpw;Fk; jdpg; gl;l ,ogg; hFk.; FUff; s>; Jwtwjj; tuf; SfF; k>; rNfhju rNfhjupfSf;Fk; Mau; ey;y je;ijahf> Qhdpahf> Mrhdhf> md;Gs;stuhf ,Ue;Js;shu;. Jk; FUf;fSf;Fk; rNfhjuuhf ,Ue;J mtu;fs; gpur;rpidfis Vw;W jk; nrhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fis jpzpf;fhkYk; mtu;fs; KbTfspy; jiyaplhkYk; xt;nthU NrhjidapYk; muzhftpUe;J cjtp As;shu; vd;W mUl;jpU yhq; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

Mau; ytpq; Mz;lifapd; ,wg;gpw;Fg; gpd; FU Kjy;tuhf ,Ue;j mUl;jpU f];ld; nwhgpN\ epu; thfj;ijg; nghWg;Ngw;W Gjpa Mau; njuptpy; ,iw ahrpia Ntz;Lk;gb miog;G tpLj;jhu;.

,j;jUzj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; vjpu;fhyk; gw;wp cau;kl;lj;jpy; MNyhrpf;fg;gl;lJ. INuhg;gpa Aj;jk; fhuzkhf jpUNfhzkiyf;F gpuhd;]; Njrj;jpypUe;J ,NaR rigf; FUf;fis mDg;g Kbahj epiyahYk; jpUNfhzkiy kiw khtl;lj;jpy; Fiwe;j msT fj;Njhypf;fNu ,Ug;g jhy; kiwkhtl;lj;ijg; gpupj;J fz;b kiwkhtl ;ljJ; lDk ; ahog; g; hz kiwkhtll; jJ; lDk ; ,izg; gnjd KbthfpaJ. Mah; ytpQ; Mz;lif ,we;j Kjy; tUlepidT jpdj;jd;W mUl;jpU nwhgpN\f; ,e;j nra;jpia ntspapl;l NghJ gy tUlq;fshf ciojj; ,NaR rigapdUfF; k ; Ngupbahf mike;jJ. gzpia Kbj;J ntspNaw Maj;jkhdNghJ mNj tUlk; Mtzp khjk; mg;Ngh];jypf;f gpujpepjp KdprpNu];lh; nry];fpapd; jiyaPl;lhy; ,k; KbT ,uj;J nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r; nra;jp midtUf;Fk; ngUkfpo;r;rpir nfhLj;jJ. Gdpj kpf;Nfy; fy;Y}hpapy; Gjpa fl;llk; G+h;j;jpahf;

fg;gl;L 1915 itfhrp 3k; ehs; fy;tp mjpfhhp jpU N`htl; fl;llj;ij jpwe;Jitj;jhh;. FUf;fis guhkhpg;gjw;F vd 1915 Mdp khjk; 10k; ehs; mUl; jpU nwhgpN\ gq;Ffs; NjhWk; gq;F jhghpg;G gzk; mwtpLk; Kiwia Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,k;Kiw ,d;Wk; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

1917 itfhrp 22k; ehs; jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl; lj;jpw;F xU Gjpa iky;fy;yhf mike;jJ. md;W mUl;jpU nwhgpN\f; Gjpa Mauhf jpUj; je;ij 15k; Mrph;thjg;guhy; cah;j;jg;gl;lhh;. ,r; nra;jp 25k; jpfjp fpilj;j NghJ Mya kzpfs; xypj;jd. mUl;je;ij nwhgpN\f; Mb khjk; 8k; jpfjp nfhOk;G kiwkhtl;l Mah; mjpte; md;udp nfsNll ; m.k.jp. (Dr.Antony coudert OMA) ahog; g; hz kiwkhtl;l Mah; mjpte; n`d;wpA+ypad; fz;b kiwkhtl;l Mah; gPl;ngf;Nkah; (Bede Beckmeyer, OMI) Mz;lifapd; Kd;dpiyapy; Mauhf jpU epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;.

nghWg;Ngw;w Gjpa Mah; kiwkhtl;lj;ijAk; mjd; ngaiuAk; GJg;gpf;f miog;G tpLj;jhh;. kiw khtl;lj;jpd; eLg;gFjpapy; kl;lf;fsg;G cs;sjh Yk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd fj;Njhypf;fh; kl;lf; fsg;gpy; cs;sjhYk; khfhz jiyefuhf cs;s jhYk; kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; ngaiu khw;Wtjw;F Kad;whh;. ,jd;gb MNyhrid Nfl;L Mtzp khjk; 30jpfjp mg;Ngh];jypf;f gpujpepjp KdprpNu];l nry];bf;F fbjk; vOjpdhh;. Mdhy; jpUj;je;ij apd; gpujp epjpNa ,k; khw;wj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhd> ghupa fhuzk; vJTk; ,y;yhjjhy; ,k;Kaw;rpia iftpLk;gb MNyhrid $wpdhh;.

Gul;lhjp khjk; jhz;ltd;ntsp> Gspabf;Flh vDk; ,U gq;Ffs; cUthfpd.

1919y; murhq;fj;jpd; mwpf;ifapd; gb fj;Njhypf;fh; fs; Fiwthf cs;s gFjpfspy; cs;s ghlrhiy fs ; %lgg; lL; Gjpa ghlrhiyfis Mukg; pff; muRf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L vd;gijAk;> ,g;Gjpa ghlrhiy fspy; rkak; xU ghlkhf gapw;wg;gl Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy vd;W Gjpa rl;lk;. ,yq;if Mah;fs; $l;lhf vjph;j;jhYk; mJ if$ltpy;iy. ,jd;gb fhj;jhd;Fb> mk;gyhe;Jiu> kfhXah> Nridf;FbapUg;G> jk;gl;il Mfpa gFjpfspy; cs;s ghlrhiyfs; %lg;gl;ld. fhaq;Nfzpapy; mike;j ghlrhiy ehrptd;jPTf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

,Nj fhyj;jpy; FSdp rigia Nrh;e;j rNfhjhp fSk; gytpj ,ilA+WfSf;F Mshdhh;fs;. jpU Nfhzkiy kl;lf;fsg;G ,U ,lq;fspYk; cs;s rNfhjhpfSfF; s ; njhlhG; FiweJ; fhzgg; l;ljhYk;> rigapd; guhkhpg;gpw;Fk; mjpf gzk; nrythfpa jhYk; Aj;jk; fhuzkhf gpuhd;];rpypUe;J ahUk; tuKbahj #o;epiy ,Ue;jjhYk; ,U klq;fSk; %lg;gl;L tpLNkh vDk; mr;rk; ,Ue;Jte;jJ. vdNt kiwkhtll; jj; pwn; fd jdpjJ; xU fdd; pah; Jwtw rigia Muk;gpf;f jpl;lkpl;L Mah; mjpte; nwhgpN\ fhzpf;if Jwtw rigia 1920k; Mz;L etk;gh; 21k; jpfjp ,U rNfhjhpfSld; Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,k;Kaw;rpf;F F@dprig rNfhjhpfs; KO xj;J iog;G toq;fpdh;. xU tUlj;jpd; gpd; rNfhjhp khful;Nkhp rNfhjhp Nkhp njNurh Mfpa ,UtUk;

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

Kjy; thf;Fwjpia mspj;jdh;. ,th;fspd; guhkhpg; Gf;nfd Mah; &gh 10>000.00 epjpia Muk;gpj;J ,r; rigia mq;fPfhpf;Fk;gb cNuhikf;F tpz;zg; gpj;jhh;.

rpyfhyj;jpd; gpd; FSdp rigapdh; jpUg;gp miof; fg;gLth; vd nra;jptu mg;Ngh];jypf;f fhh;Nky; rigapdhpd; cjtpiaf; Nfhhpdhh;. Nfhhpf;if Vw; fg;gl;L 1922y; kq;fShpypUe;J fhh;Nky; rig rNfh jhpfs; te;J jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G ghlrh iyfis nghWg;Ngw;wdh;. 22tUl Nritapd; gpd; 16-05-1923y; F@dp rigapdh; tpilngw;wdh;.

Gjpjhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l rigia fhh;Nky; rigapdh ;nghWgN; gww; hYk ; ,U rNfhjhpfSs ; xUth ; Mahpd; mDkjpAld; Jwtwj;jpypUe;J tpyfpdhh;. kw;wth; ngq;fSUf;Fr; nrd;W ey;yhad; rigapdUld; ,ize;J nfhz;lhh;.

fhh;Nky; rigapdh; tUtjw;F xU tUlj;jpw;F Kd; gpuhd;rp];fd; rigapdh; te;J khe;jPtpy; njhONeh ahsh; itj;jparhiyia nghWg;Ngw;wdh;.

mUl;jpU n`hg;gdT mbfs; ehtw;Flhtpy; jhpj; jpUe;J kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F njw;Nf jk; gzpia tp] ;jhpjj; hh.; jhoqF; lh fpuhkjj; py ; ejP pkdw; jj; pwF; nryY; kstpwF; ,UrhjpapdupilNa ngUk ; rz;il %z;lJ. rpf;fiyj; jPu;j;Jj; jUk;gb kf;fs; mUl;je;ijap lk; te;jNghJ jhd; Kbe;jijr; nra;tjhf thf;f spj;j mUl;je;ij kf;fspd; Md;k <Nlw;wj;ijg; gw;wpAk; rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;bdhu;. tof;Fj; njhlUk;NghJ rpyu; Qhd];ehdk; ngw Kd;te;jhYk; jPu;g;G ,tu;fSf;F ghjfkhf mike; jjhy; ,tu;fSs; 16Ngu; MWkhj rpiwj; jz;l idf;F Mshfpdu;. mUl;je;ij n`hg;gNdh rpiw apy; ,tu;fisj; juprpj;J ,tu;fsJ Flk;gq;f Sf;Fk; cjtpdhu;. ,e;ehl;fspy; ,yq;ifapy; ftu; duhftpUe;j Nru;. fpNuk;]; njhk;rd; kl;lf;fsg; gpw;F jkJ Kjy; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ifjpf;F kd;dpg;G toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,yq;ifapy; ftu;dUf;F kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. ,ijg; gad;gLj;jp mUl;je;ij n`hg;gNdh Rthkpfs; kD xd;iw vOjp ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fs;> mur mjpgu;> efu Kf;fpa gpuKfu;fspd; ifnahg; gq;fSld; ftu;du; te;jNghJ rku;g;gpf;fr; nra;jhu;. kD Vw;fg;gl;L rpy ehl;fspd; gpd; ,tu;fSf;F tpLjiy fpilj;jJ.

jhoq;Flh fpuhk kf;fs; jkJ tptrha KjYf;F mjpf tl;bf;F gzk; nfhLg;gtiu ek;gpapUf;f Ntz;bapUe;jjhy; ,tu;fs; gpbapypUe;J kf;fis tpLtpf;f gpuhd;rpypUe;J rpW cjtp ngw;W rpwpa tq;fpnahd;iw Muk;gpj;J kpfTk; Fiwe;j tl; bf;F fld; nfhLj;Jjtpdhu;. mt;Tjtpiag; ngw;w gyu; rkaj;ijg; gw;wp NkYk; mwpa Mty; nfhz;L Qhd]e; hdk ; ngwTk ; Kdt; ej; du.; 1924Mk ; Mz;L jpupj;Jtg; ngUtpohtd;W 20Ngu; Qhd];ehdk; ngw;wdu;. njhlu;e;J gyu; kiwia Vw;wdu;. mUl; je;ij n`hg;gNdh RthkpfSk; jhoq;Flhitj; jkJ jq;Fkplkhf itj;J mq;F ];ehgf mUsg;g Uf;F Myak; fl;bdhu;. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J mUNf As;s Miug;gw;iwapYk; Foe;ij ,NaRtpd; Gdpj njNurk;khSf;Fk; Myak; epWtpdhu;.

jhoq;Flh kf;fs; ve;j mstpw;F mUl;je;ijia tpUk;gpdhu;fnsd;why;> mUl;je;ij ,we;jNghJ kl;lf;fsg;gpy; toikf;F khwhf mtuJ cliy jhoq;Flhtpy; mlf;fk; nra;af; Nfhupdhu;fs;. Nfhupf;if Vw;fg;gl;L jhoq;Flh Myaj;jpw;F mUNf mUl;je;ijapd; cly; mlf;fk; nra;ag; gl;lJ. ,f;fy;yiw ,d;Wk; kf;fshy; juprpf;fg; gLfpd;wJ. ,J mUl;je;ij n`hg;gNdh kf;fSf; fhfr; nra;j gzpapd; Nkd;ikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

ViofSf;F rpwpa itj;jparhiy xd;W jpwg;gJ gw;wp mjpte;.Mau; rpy fhykhfr; rpe;jpj;J gpuhd; rp];fd; rig fd;dpaupd; tUifapd; %ykhf ,t; ntz;zk; epiwNtwf; $bajhftpUe;jJ. ,e; Nehf; fj;Jld; Mau; fy;ybapy; fhzp thq;fpdhu;. Mdhy; mNj ,lj;jpy; gpuhd;rp]fd; rig rNfhjupfs; guh kupg;gpy; fd;dpau;klk;> ghlrhiy> ijay; gapw;rp epiyaq;fs;> mehijfs; ,y;yk; vd;gd mikf;fg; gl;ld.

mr;rfj;jpd; %yk; kiwgug;Gg; gzp nra;tJk; Mau; mjpte;. nwhgpN\f;F tpUg;gkhd xd;whFk;. Vw;nfdNt 1910,y; Mau; mjpte;. ytpQ; fhyj;jpy; mUl;jpU nwhgpN\ mbfspd; Kaw;rpahy; kl;lf; fsg;gpy; mr;rfk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. MauhdJk; ,t; mr;rfj;ij ngUg;gpf;f tpUk;gpdhh;. Maupd; Cf;F tpg;Gld; mUl;jpU my;Nghd;]; wpr;rl; mbfs; ahj;jpupfd; (The Pilgrim) vDk; gj;jpupifia ntsp apl;lhu;. khj ntspaPlhfpa ,g;gj;jpupif vl;Lg; gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L miuthrp jkpopYk; miu thrp Mq;fpyj;jpYk; ntspte;jJ. Mau; mjpte;. nwhgpN\ jpUj;je;ijiar; re;jpj;jNghJ mr;R %ykhf kiwgug;Gg; gzp gw;wp tpsf;fpdhh;. ,g; gzpia cw;rhfg;gLj;j jpUj;je;ij cjtp nra;a Mah; NkYk; gy Gjpa mr;R ,ae;jpuq;fis thq;fp ' fj;Njhypf;f mehijfs; mr;rfk;' vDk ; ngah ;nfhzl; Gjpa flb; ljj; py ; epWtpdhh.; mehijfs; klj;ij tpl;L tpyFk;NghJ mth;fSf;F cjtp ahf ,Uf;f ,th;fs; ,t;tr;rfj;jpy; gapw;Wtpf;fg; gl;ldh;. Gdpj tsdhh; rigr; rNfhjuh;fspd; tU ifAld; mr;rfj;jpd; eph;thfKk; mehijfs; ,y;yKk; mth;fs; nghWg;gpy; tplg;gl;ld. Mah; mjpte;. ,f;Ndrpa]; fpnsdp fhyj;jpy; NkYk; gy ,ae;jpuq;fs; thq;fg;gl;L ,jd; juk; NkYk; cah;j; jg;gl;L Gdpj tsdhh; rigapdUf;F cupikahff ;nfhLff; gg; ll; J. 1987,y ; mrr; fk ; Gdpj tsdhh; rigr; rNfhjuh;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F mUfpy; khw;wg; gl;L 'Gdpj tsdhh; mr;rfk;' vDk; ngaupy; NkYk; rpwej; ,aej; puqf; Sld ; nrawg; ll; J. ,dW; k ; fpof;F khfhzj;jpNy jpwikahd mr;rfq;fSs; xd;whf ,aq;Ffpd;wJ.

fy;Kidapy; ngz;fSf;fhd Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W rpyfhykhf fy;Kidapy; ,Uf;Fk; fj;Njhypf;f r%fk; Nfhup te;jJ. Jwtw rNfhjupfs; ,y;yhikahy; ,k;Kaw;rp gpw;Nghlg;gl; lJ. ,e;epiyapy; mg;Ngh]jypf;f fhh;Nky; rigr; rNfhjupfs; jpUNfhzkiyapYk; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; jkJ epiyia ];jpug;gLj;jpdh;. ,e;epiyapy; ,th; fs; gzp fy;Kidf;F tuyhnkd Mah; fUjp fhh; Nky; rigapdUf;F miog;G tpLj;jhh;. gzp Vw;g jw;F rNfhjupfs; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhYk; mUl ;rNfhjup ,A+yhyp ,tt; iogi; g VwW; fn; fhzl; hh.; mUl;rNfhjupfSf;nfd fy;Kidapy; tPL ,Uff; tpy;iy.

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

fhh;Nky; rigf; fd;dpah; fy;Kidapy; gzpia Muk;gpf;f tpUk;gpdhYk; mtu;fs; jq;Ftjw;F thl iff;F ,lk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,Wjpapy; xU fj; Njhypf;fUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd njhopy; epiya nkhd;iw %d;W tUl xg;ge;jj;jpd;Ngupy; ngw;W FbNawpdh;. mg;NghJ gq;Fj; je;ijahf ,Ue;j mUl;jpU G+upmbfs; INuhg;ghtpYk; If;fpa mnkupf; fhtpYk; nfhilts;sy;fspd; cjtp ngw;W Mq; fpy ghlrhiyia 1926 mb khjk; 17Mk; jpfjp 18 khz th;fSld; Muk;gpj;jhu;.

jpUNfhzkiyapy; fj;Njhypf;fupd; vz;zpf;ifAk; mjd; tpisthf Myaq;fs;> ghlrhiyfspd; vz; zpf;ifAk mjpfupj;jjhy; Nguhyag; gq;if ,uz; lhfg; gpupf;f Mah; jPh;khdpj;jhh;. ,jd;gb 1930 gqF; dp 20Mk ; ehs ; rpdd; ff; ilgg; qF; jdpg ; gqf; hf cUthfpaJ. mUl;jpU wpr;rl; gq;Fj;je;ijahfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. MaUf;Fk; ,NaR rigapdUf;F kpilNa Vw;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf 1931 Mtzp Kjyhk;ehs; jpUNfhzkiy Gdpj R+irag; gh; fy;Y}upiag; nghWg;Ngw;W guhkupg;gjw;nfd ,NaR rigapduplk; Kiwg;gb ifaspf;fg;gl;lJ. mJtiu fy;Y}up Maupd; nrhj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. nghWg;Ngw;w gpd; ,NaR rigapdNu midj;Jg; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; nrytpdq;fisAk; jhNknghWg; Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;. fj;Njhypf;fg; ghlrhiyfspd; nghJeph;thfp %ykhf MaUf;F Nkw;ghh;it nra;a cupikAz;L. jpUr;rigapd; kiwgug;G gzpapy; kiwNghjfh;f Sf;F Kf;fpa gq;Fd;L. ,ij czh;e;J fpuhkj; jpw;F xU kiw Nghjfh; vd;Dk; mbg;gilapy; Gdpj gpuhd;rp]; rNthpahh; nraw;gl;lhh;. mjd; gpd;ddpap NyNa jq;fSila fpuhkj;jpw;F xU kiwNghjfh; vDk; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLk; ehis ,NaRrig FUf;fs; vkJ kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; vjph;ghh;f;fpd; wdh;. mNj Ntisapy; kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; ghlrhiy fis ftdpg;gjw;F vd ey;y fj;Njhypf;f Mrphpah; fSf;F gw;whf;Fiw ,Ue;jJ. kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; epjp epiyik Nkhrkhf ,Uej; jhy ; fpuhkjj; py ; fj ;Njhypf;f MrphpaiuAk; kiwNghjfiuAk; epakpj;J guhkhpf;f Kbahjepiy ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy; fpuhkj; jpw;F vd njhpT nra;Ak; fj;Njhypf;f Mrphpah; kiwNghjfUf;Fhpa gzpiaAk; nra;af;$ba tuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Nehf;fpNyNa kiwkhtl;l Mah; mjpte;. ytpe; Mz;lifahy; Mrphpah; gapw;rp ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. MdhYk; ,g;ghlrhiy gy fhy khf Kd;Ndw;wk; milahky; ,Ue;jjhy; GJg; nghypT nfhLf;f Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ. Mah; n`hgpN\ Mz;lif fj;Njhypf;f Mrphpah;f Sf;Fk; kiw Nghjfh;fSf;Fk; gapw;rp mspf;f ntd jdJ gpuhd;]; Njrj;J nfhilts;ss;fsplk; cjtp Nfhhpdhh;.

kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; Gdpj tsdhh; rig rNfhjuh;fspd; gzpia ghh;j;J Gdpj m];F jpdhh; Mrphpah; gapw;rp ghlrhiy mth;fSf;F nghWg;ghf nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. rNfhjuh;fs; jq;fs; jpwikahd gzpapd; %ykhf kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; rpwej; fjN; jhypff; Mrphpahf; is cUthff; p jej; dh;. 1933k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; kiwkhtl;l rhpj;jpuj;jpy; Gjpa jpUg;gk; Vw;gl;lJ. gpuhd;]; Njrj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,NaR rigapdiu njhlh;e;J mDg;g Kbahj

fhuzj;jhy; khfhz Kjy;thpd; Ntz;LNfhspd; Nghpy; mnkhhpf;fhtpy; “epA+ xypad;];” khfhz Kjy;th; mq;fpUe;J ,NaR rigkprdhpkhiw mDg; Gtjhf xg;Gf;nfhz;lhh;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; jpU Nfhzkiy kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;F 1933k;Mz;L “epA+ xypad;];” khfhzj;jpypUe;J mUl;jpU N[hz; ypd`d; jpUNfhzkiy te;jile;jhh;.

kiwkhtll; jpUrr; igapd ; kpf Kff; pa epfor; r; pahf kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F 19iky; njw;NfAs;s fy;yhW vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; Ig;grp fhh;j;jpif khjq;fspy; 200 Ngh; jpUKOf;F ngw;wikahFk;. rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLfpd;w mlf;F Kiwfs; fhuzkhf gyh; $l; lhf jpUKOf;F ngWtJk;> ghJfhg;Gk;> Rje;jpuKk; tpUk;gp jpUr;rigia Nehf;fp tUtJk; toik ahFk;. ,jw;F fy;yhW tpjptpyf;F my;y. 1894k; Mz;L mkykhp jpahfpfs; rig FUf;fshy; ,q;F fpwp];jtk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Mah; nwhgpN\apd; kiwitj; njhlh;e;J jpU Nfhzkiy kp\d; epA+ xypad;]; khfhz epU thfj;jpw;Fs; te;jJ. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J mUl;jpU. ypdfd; mbfs; kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; eph;thfj;ijAk;> ,NaR rigiaAk; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. Mah; nwhgpN\ apd; gzpiaj; njhlh;e;J Mw;w %tiu njhpT nra;JjUk;gb gzpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

1947k; Mz;L Mb khjk; 24k; jpfjp fz;b ghg;gpiw FUklj;jpd; mjpguhf ,Ue;j mUl;jpU ,f;Ndrpa]; fpnsdp mbfs; jpUNfhzkiy Mauhf epakpf;fg; gl;lhh;. Gjpa Mah; Gul;lhjp 21k; jpfjp jpUNfhz kiyapy ; whQr; p kiwkhtll; Nguhah ; mjp.te ; x]f; h Nrt;wpd; (Nr.r) Mz;l ifahy; ngq;fSh; Mah; mjp.te;Njhk]; nghJ Fkhp Mz;lif Kd;dpiyapYk; fz;b Mah; mjp.te; nwf;Ndh Mz;lif Kdd; piyapYk ; mgp N\fk ; nraa; gg; ll; hh.; Gjpa Mah; RNjr FUff; s ;cUthff; iy KdD; hpikahf itjJ; kiwkh tll; jj; py ; Njt miojj; iy NkYk; Cf;Ftpj;jhh;. ,jd; Kjy; fl;lkhf> iftplg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Ue;j Gdpj mF];jPdhh; Mrphpah; gapw;rpg; ghl rhiyapy; 1948 ij 4k; jpfjp Gdpj #irag;gh; rpwpa FUklj;ij Muk;gpj;J itj;jhh;. ,jd; mjpguhf mUl; jpU. gPypf;]; fpshf;rd; mbfs; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J Njt mioj; jy; rk;ge;jkhfTk; ,jid Cf;Ftpf;f gq;Fj; je;ijah; ngw;Nwhh; MfpNahhpd; flikfs; rk;ge;j khfTk;> Rw;Wkly; xd;iw Mah; ntspapl;lhh;. tutpUf;fpd;w 25 tUlfhy rhpj;jpuk;> RNjr FUf;fs; njhlu;ghd Mahpd; tpUg;gk; vt;thW epiwNtWk; vd;gij ,J vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

jw;NghJ mk;ghiw vd;W miof;fg;gLk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; njd;gFjpia mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw; fhf 1949,y; murhq;fk; fy;Nyhah mgptpUj;jpr; rig vd;Dk; Rahl;;rp epWtdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd;fPo; xU yl;rk; Vf;fh; gaph; nra;iff;Fhpa fhzpfSf;F ePh; gha;r;rTk; fpof;F khfhzk; KO tjw;Fk ; kpdr; fj; piaf ; nfhLff; tyy; Jkhd Nrd ehaf;f rKj;jpuj;jpd; eph;khzj;ijj; njhlh;e;J kf;fs; FbNaww; Kk ; eilngww; J. ,jpy ; mjpfkh Ndhh ; Nffhiy khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j rpq;fs ngsj;jh;fshth;.

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

fpof;Ff;fiuf;F ghj;jpkh khjhtpd; jpUahj;jpiu 1950k; Mz;bd; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd epfo;r;rpfspy ;xdw; hFk.; Xtn; thU gqF; k ; Mdk; fP hjP papy ; md;id apd; jpUr;nrh&g tUiff;fhf rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; Maj;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf nrgk;> xWj;jy;fs; %y khf ,f;fhyj;ij KOikahf gad;gLj;Jk;gb Mah; fj;Njhypf;fh;fSf;F miog;G tpLj;jhh;. Mdp khj ; 13Mk ; jpfjp ahog; g; hzjj; pypUeJ; jpUr ; nrh&gk; tUifju jpUNfhzkiy efh; thap ypUe;J gtdpahf vLjJ; r ; nryy; gg; ll; J. jpUrn; rh& gk ;Nguhyak; Gdpj #irag;gh; fd;dp;ah; klk; rpd;df;fil Myak; Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fk; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J flw;gilapdh; gaz trjpfs; nra;J nfhLf;f %J}Uf;F vLj; Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; 16k; jpfjp jpUr; nrh&gk; te;jila gtdpahf nghJ muq;fpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. mq;F gy kjj;jth; Kd;dp iyapy; mUl;jpU mNyhrpa];Nkhp (Nr.r) mbfs; kiwAiu Mw;wpdhh;. 19k; jpfjp md;idapd; jpUr; nrh&gk; mf;fiug;gw;W> nrhwpf;fy;Kid Nghd;w kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; njd;gFjpf;Fk; vLj;Jr; nry;yg; gl;L gpd; 21k; jpfjp fz;bia te;jile;jJ. md;idapd; tUif kiwthl;lj;jpy; tpRthrj;ij NkYk; mjpfhpf;f gq;FfspYk;> ,y;yq;fspYk; Fof;fshfTk; kf;fs; nrgkhiy nrhy;y Gjpa njk;Gk; cw;rhfKk; ngw;wdh;.

1950 Mz;L fhh;j;jpif khjk; 1k; jpfjp khpad;id apd; tpz;Nzw;G gw;wpa Nfhl;ghL jpUj;je;ijahy; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l NghJ ,e;ehspy; kiwkhtl;lk; KOtJk; ,e;epfo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;lhbaJ. jpUj; je;ijapd; ,g;gpufldk; ,yq;if thndhypapy; xyp gug;gg;gl;l NghJ mij jpUNfhzkiy kl;lf;f sg;G tho; kf;fs; MtNyhL Nfl;ldh;. kl;lf;fsg;G Gdpj kpf;Nfy; fy;Y}hpapy; khzth;fs; kw;Wk; maypy; cs;NshUk; Nfl;ff; $bajhf xypngUf;fp trjpAk; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. khpad;idapd; mky cw;gtk; Gjpa Nfhl;ghL my;y khwhf ,J ,iw ntspg;ghL vd;gij tpsf;fpAk; Mjp jpUr; rigapy; ,Ue;Nj ,t;tpRthrk; gutp te;jJ vd;Wk; Mah; mjp.te;. fpnsdp Mz;lif mth;fs; ,e; epfo;r;rp rk;ge;jkhd jdJ Rw;Wklypy; vLj;Jf; $wpdhh;.

jpUNfhzkiyapy ; Nguhya tstpDs ; mikeJ; s;s Gdpj tsdhh; fy;Y}hp ,ltrjp Nghjhikahy ;mjd ; tshr; r; p Fdw; p tej; J. epA+xypad]; ; khfhzk; ,jd; tsh;r;rpf;F cjt Kd;te;jJ. ,g;ghl rhiyia cg;Gntspf;F khw;Wtjw;F fUj;Jf;fs; ntspg;gl;lhYk; efhpd; xJf;Fg;Gwj;jpy; ,t;tplk; miktjhy; ,f;fUj;J iftplg;gl;L kpd;rhuepiya tPjpapy; mike;Js;s gidkuj;Njhl;lk; xd;W mUl; jpU. ypdfd; mbfshy; toq;fg;gl;L Gjpa fl;llj;jpw;fhd Ntiyfs; Muk;gkhfpd. cg;Gntsp apy; ngwg;gl;l fhzp vjph;fhy rpwpa FUkl mikg;Gf;fhf kiwthl;lj;jpw;F ifaspf;fg;gl;lJ.

1991 rpj;jpiu 29k; ehs; eil ngw;w kiwkhtl;l kiwgug;G $l;lk; Gjpa rpe;jidiaAk;> kiw gug;G gzpapy; <LgLk; midtUf;Fk; Gjpa cw;rhfj; ijAk; nfhLj;jJ. Mah; kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; gzp

GhpAk; FUf;fs;> Jwtwj;jtiuAk; mioj;J kiw khtl;lj;jpd; mg;Ngh];jypf;fg;gzp rk;ge;jkhd fUj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahbdhh;. ,J kiw khtl;lj;jpw;F kl;Lky;y> ,yq;if KOtjw;Fk; Gjpuhf mike;jpUe;jJ. nghJthf gzpf;Fhpa fl;l isfs; Mah; %ykhf mDg;gg;gl;L mit epiw Ntw;wg;gLk; Mdhy; ,f;fl;lj;jpd; NghJ mb kl;lj; jpy; gzpGhpAk; Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl Mah; fUj;Jf;fSf;F nrtp kLg;ghh;. ,f;fl;lj;jpd; NghJ kiwgug;G gzp> fy;tp ghlrhiyfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;L gpd;tUk; KbTfs; vLf;fg;gl;ld.

1. Vw;fdNt jpl;lkplg;gl;L nray;gLj;jg;gl;l vj;jpl;lq;fSk; gq;Fj;je;ijah; khw;wyhfp nrd;whYk; mit njhlh;e;J eilKiwg;gLj; jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2. tpRthrpfspd; tpRthr tho;itg; gyg;gLj;jTk;> Njt mioj;jiy Cf;Ftpf;fTk; midj;J Kaw;rpfSk; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3. tpRthrpfs; ngUfpte;jjhy; Myaq;fSk; Gjp jhf fl;lg;gl;L tUlhe;j jpUtpohf;fs; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpj;jd. MdhYk; xNu jpfjpapy; mUNfAs;s ,U gq;Ffspy; jpUtpoh eil ngw;wjhy; ,U Myaq;fSf;Fk;> kf;fshYk; nry;y Kbatpy;iy FUf;fshYk;> xUtUf; nfhUth; cjtKbatpy;iy. vdNt jpUtpoh ehl;fis mjw;Nfw;wthW xOq;FgLj;Jk; jPh; khdk; vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

4. tsh;e;JtUk; kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; Mrpupah;fSf; Fk>; ghlrhiyfSfF; k ; NjitapUej; J. vdNt> vjph;fhy tsh;r;rpia Nehf;fhf itj;J nray; gLk;gb FUf;fs; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldh;.

5. jpUkiwia gpwUf;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ mth;fsJ rkak;> fyhr;rhuk; Nghd;wtw;iw mwpe;J ,Ug;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. vdNt gpw kjq;fisAk; fyhr;rhuq;fisAk; mwpaTk; kjpg;gspf;fTk; FUf;fs; gzpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.

6. Gjpa FbNaw;wq;fs; %ykhf gy rpq;fs r%fj; jth; kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;F te;jjhy; rpq;fs nkhopia mwpaNtz;ba Kf;fpaj;Jtk; typ AWj;jg;gl;lJ.

7. kiwkhtl;lj;jpNyh> my;yJ kiwkhtl; lq;fSf;F ,ilapNyh kiwahrphpah; gapw;rp epiyak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj; Jk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fUj;ij Mah; Nguitapy; rkh;g;gpj;J eltbf;if vLg;gjhf Mah; thf;fspj;jhh;.

8. ghlrhiyfSk; fy;tpAk; rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;J ,];yhkpa r%fq;fSf;fpilapy; fj;Njhypf;f ghlrhiyfs; mtrpakh vd;Wk; ,it ntWk; gztpuak; vd;Wk; xU rpyh; fUj;J njhptpj;j dh;. NtW rpyNuh fj;Njhypf;fh; my;yhj #oypy; jpUr;rigapd; epiyiag; ghlrhiy fs; typAWj;Jfpd;wd vd;Wk; fj;Njhypf;fh;

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

my;yhjth;fNshL njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F ghlrhiyfs; cjTfpd;wd vd;Wk; fUj;J njhptpj;jdh;. ,Wjpapy; thf;nfLg;Gf;F tplg; gl;lNghJ ,Utiuj; jtpu kw;w vy;NyhUk; fj;Njhypf;f ghlrhiy rhh;ghf thf;fspj;jdh;.

9. ghlrhiyfSk; fd;dpah;klq;fSk; gq;F nray; jpl;lq;fspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjpy;iynad;Wk; gq;fpNy eilngWk; jpUg;gypfspy; gq;Fgw;W tjpy;iy vd;Wk; rpy FUf;fs; Kiwapl;ldh;. mNjNtis ghlrhiyfSk;> klq;fSk; Kd; ndLf;Fk; jpl;lq;fspYk;> nraw;ghLfspYk; gq;Fj;je;ijah; gq;Fgw;Wtjpy;iynad;Wk; kWjug;gpy; ,Ue;J fUj;J ntspaplg;gl;lJ. Mah; jdJ fUj;ij ntspapl;lNghJ ghlrh iyahf ,Ue;jhYk; gq;Fj;jskhf ,Ue;jh Yk; ehk; midtUk; fpwp];jt ke;ijapd; tpRthrj;ij Mog;gLj;jNt vk;ik mh;g;gzpj; Js;Nshk;. vdNt gq;Fj;je;ijah;fSf;Fk; epWtdq;fspy; gzpGhpNthUf;FkpilNa xj; Jiog;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Xj;Jiog;G> ey; nyz;zk; Mfpad ,Ue;jhy; ,JNghd;w rpf ;fyf; isj ; jhP j; J; f ; nfhss; yhk ; vdW; Fwpgg; pl;lhh;.

,f; $l;lj;ijj; njhlh;e;J Mdp khjk; 3–10k; jpfjp tiu fj;Njhypf;fg; ghlrhiy thukhf Mah; gpufl dg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,ijr; rpwg;gpf;FKfkhf epjp gw;whf; Fiw ,Ue;jjhy; ,t;thuj;jpy; epjp jpul;Ltjw;fhd gy jpl;lq;fs; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

jpUNfhzkiyapy; Gjpa rpq;fs FbNaw;wq;fs; eilngw;wjhy; rpq;fs fj;Njhypf;fhpd; tUifAk; ,lk; ngw;wJ. jkJ gps;isfSf;nfd fy;tp trjp nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd fj;Njhypf;f rpq;fs ngw;Nwhh; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljhy; Mah;> mjp te;. fpsdp Mz;lif 1952,y; Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; rpq;fsf; fytd; ghlrhiyia Muk;gpj;J mjd; jiyikahrphpauhf jpU.ypadNf vd;gtiu epakpj; jhh;. rpy khjq;fspd; gpd; fy;tp mjpfhhp jpU.H.W. N`ht;]; vd;gthpd; Kd;dpiyapy; ghlrhiy MrPh; tjpf;fg;gl;L jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. tutpUf;Fk; kup ad;idapd; Mz;il Kd;dpl;L Mah; jdJ Rw;W klypy ; ghiyA+wW; > GyY; kiy Mfpa ,U ahjj; piuj; jyq;fisAk; ahj;jpiuf;nfd rpwe;j ,lq;fshf Fwpg;gpl;L fj;Njhypf;fiu cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhh;. Ma uhfj; jdJ gzpia Muk;gpf;Fk; NghNj vkJ kiw khtl;lj;ijAk; jdJ gzpiaAk; Mah; khpad;id apd; topelj;jYf;F mh;g;gzpj;jpUe;jhh;.

kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Kjpath;fSf;fhd xU ,y;yk; Muk; gpg;gJ vd;Dk; rpe;jid Mahpd; kdjpy; ,Ue;jJ ,ij elhj;Jtjw;F Viofspd; rpwpa rNfhjhpfs; rigf; fd;dpaiu Mah; mioj;jhh;. ,jw;nfd kiwe;j Mah; mjp.te;..ytpQ; Mz;lif thq;fpa fhzp xJf;fg;gl;L 1955 rpj;jpiu khjk; kiw khtl; lj;jpy; gy ,lq;fisAk; ghh;j;j ,r; rNfhjhpfs; jhz;ltd;ntspapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; fhzpapy ; Kjp ath ; ,yy; ji; j mikgg; njd VwW; fn; fhzl; dh.;

khpad;idapd; Mz;L rk;ge;jkhf Mah; kw;W nkhU Nka;g;Gg; gzp kliy vOjpdhh;. ,jpy; cy fpy; rpy gFjpfspy; fj;Njhypf;fh; jkJ kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;w KbahjthW gytpjkhd mrR; Wjj; y ;

fSfF; k ; Mshfp ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; vd;Wk; ,jd; tpis thf gy FUf;fSk>; Jwtwjj; thf; Sk>; nghJ epiy apdUk>; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;Lk;> rpiwr;rhiyapy; milf;fg;gl;Lk; gy tpjkhd thijfSf;Fk; Mshfp ,Uf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;L ,th;f Sf;fhf nrgpf;fTk;> jtkpUff; Tk ; Mah ; jdJ klypd ;%ykhf miogG; tpLj;jhh;.

Gdpj Nyhayh ,QQ; hrpahh ; ,weJ; 400tJ Mz;il rpwg;gpf;f 1955 Mb 31 Kjy; 1956 Mb tiu ,Q;Qhrpahh; Mz;lhf gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vkJ kiwthl;lj;jpd; ghJfhtyuhf Gdpj ,Q;Qhrpah; tpsq;FtjhYk;> jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;lk; ,NaR rig FUf;fspd; kiwgzpf;F ifaspf;fg; gl;bUe;jjhYk;> ,NaRrig kp\dwpkhhpd; vz; zw;w gzpapid ehk; kwe;Jtpl KbahJ. ,ij rpwg;gpf;f Gdpj kpfN; fy ; fyY; }hpapd ; gioa khzth ;fs ; jdi; d mh;g;gzpf;FKfkhf khpad;idapd; fhybapy; jdJ thisf; fhzpf;ifahf;fpa Gdpj ,Q;Qhrpahhpd; cUtr ; rpiyiaj ; jpweJ; itjj; dh.; jpUNfhzkiy apy; Gdpj ,Q;Qhrpahpd; tho;f;ifr; rhpij Nkil Naw;wg;gl;lJ.

,yq;if kz;zpw;F kiw gug;G FUf;fs; NkYk; tUtij jilnra;Ak; rl;lk; 1955,y; murhq;fj;jp dhy; mKy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,g;Gjpa rl;lj;ij NkYk; 5 my;yJ 2 tUlq;fSf;fhtJ jsh;j;JkhW MaUk;> jpUNfhzkiy ,NaRrig jiytUk; 1955 Mdp 15k; jpfjp gpujk mikr;ru; jpU.Nahd; nfhj;jy;yhitiar; re;jpj;J Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhYk; ,th;fspd; tpz;zg;gk; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1956 rpj;jpiu 4Mk; jpfjp eil ngw;w elhSkd;w Njh;jypy; jpU.v];.lgps;A. Mh;.b.gz;lhuehaf;fh ngUk ; ntww; palP b; gjtpNaww; hh.; ,jidj ; njhlhe; ;J 'rpq;fsk; kl;Lk;' rl;lG+h;tkhd nkhopahf ,aw;wg; gl;L ,jid ghuhSkd;wk; mq;fPfhpj;jJ. ,jdhy; gy vjph;g;Gf;fSk; rj;jpahf;fpuf epfo;r;rpfSk; eil ngw fy;Nyhah gFjpfspy; ,df;fytuk; Vw;gl;L gyh; ,wf;f Ntz;ba Jh;g;ghf;fpa epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

kiwkhtll; jj; pwn; fd rpwpa FUklk ; mikff; Ntz;L nkdw; rpej; id Mah ; fpnsdpapd ; css; jj; py ; ,Ue;jJ. Gdpj tsdhh; fy;Y}hp mikf;fntd ,NaRrig FUf;fs; jpUNfhzkiy cg;Gntspapy; xU fhzp thq;fpdhh;fs;. Mdhy; me;j epyk; jpUNfhzkiy efUf;Fj; njhiytpy; cs;sjhy; efUf;F mU NfNa gde;Njhl;lj;jpy; fhzp thq;fpdh;. vdNt cg;Gntsp G+kp rpwpa FUklj;jpw;F Vw;wjhf mike; jjhy; 1957 Mb khjk; Mah;; Gjpa fl;llj;jpw;fhd mbf;fy;iy ehl;bdhh;. ,f; fl;llj;jpw;fhd epjpapy; ngUk; gFjpia jpUj;je;ijapd; gpujpepjpahf gzp ahw;wpa KdprpNu];lh; nwhNgl; nehf;]; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jhh;.

jpUNfhzkiyapy; Mah; ,y;yj;jpw;F Vw;w fl;llk; thqF; k ; tplak ; Ngrr; py ; ,Uff; Njhll; jJ; iu xUth ;cthk; iyapy ; mikeJ; ss; jdJ gqf; shit tpw;gjw;F rk;kjpj;jhh;. Muk;gj;jpy; ,t; ,y;yk; thliff;F ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. rpwpa FUkl fl;ll Ntiyfs; nkJthfNt eilngw;wjhy; FUkl mjpguhf ,Ue;j mUl;jpU Nahrg; vr;. Nkah; Nr.r.mbfs; FUkl khzth;fSld; thliff;F vLj;j fl;llj;jpy; 1958 ij Kjy; jq;fp rpwpa

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

FUkl fl;ll Ntiyfis Neubahf Nkw;ghh;it nra;J Ntiyfisj; Jhpjg;gLj;jpdhh;. FUkl Ntiyfs; G+h;j;jpahf;fg;gl;L FUkl khzth;fs; mq;F nrd;wJk; cth;kiyapy; thq;fg;gl;l ,y;yk; Mahpd; ,y;ykhfpaJ.

1958 itfhrp – Mdp khjq;fspy; ,yq;if Kot Jk; jkpo; rpq;fs ,df;fytuk; Muk;gkhfpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf gyh; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. vkJ kiwkhtl;lk; ,jdhy; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. fytuq;fspd;gpd; ,NaRrigf;nfd jpUNfhzkiy apy; gapw;rp ,y;yk; rpy khzth;fSld; Muk;gpf; fg;gl;L mUl;jpU.vt;.vf;];.Nkah; Nr.r. ,jw;F nghWg;ghf gzpia Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,tNu Fiwe;j nrytpy; tPL fl;Ltjw;F VJthf fspAk;> fpwty; kz;Zk; fye;j fw;fis nra;Ak; Kiwia mwpK fk; nra;jhh;. ,g;gzp kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; r%f Nritf;F ngUk; ce;JNfhyhf mike;jJ.

1958 Mb khjk; jpUe;je;ijapd; gpujpepjp KdprpNu]; lh; nwhNgl; nehf;]; mbfspd; rpghh;rpd; Nghpy ;mUlj; pU.vy.;Mh.;mdu; dp mbfs ; kiwkhtll; MaUf;F nrayhsuhf aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J nfhLf;fg;gl; lhh;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Mah; fpnsdpapd; gpd; mUl; jpU.vy;.Mh;.md;udp mbfs; Mauhdhh;.

,ff; hyjj; py ; kll; ff; sgg; py ; 'kdN; urh jpahd ,y;yk;' ephk; hzpff; gg; ll; J. jpahdjj; py ; <Lgl tpUkG; NthUf;F NgUjtpahf ,k;Kaw;rp mike;jJ.

murpaypy;> 1957 Mb khjk; Ml;rpapypUe;j rpwp yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpf;Fk;> tlf;F fpof;F jkpoiu gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; fl;rpf;Fk; ,ilNa gz;lhu

ehaff; h–nryt; ehafk ; xgg; ej; k ; ifrr; hjj; plg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,e;j xg;ge;jk; gpujk ke;jphpahy; ,uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J ,J tiu thfd ,yf;fq;fSld; ,Ue;j Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fis mfw;wptpl;L 'rpwp' vd;Dk; nrhy;iy murhq;fk; mwp Kfg;gLj;jpaik jkpoh; kj;jpapy; gy Fkwy;fis Ak; vjph;g;Gf;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Mq;fhq;Nf ,df; fytuq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd.

,j;jUzj;jpy; Mah; fpnsdp Mz;lif Mauhfg; gjtpNaw;W 10 tUlfhy Nritia G+h;j;jp nra;jhh;. ,e; epfo;r;rpia epidT $u ,e;j 10 tUl fhyj; Js; fl;lg;gl;l Gjpa Myaq;fs;> rpwpa Myaq;fs;> gq;F kidfs;> epWtdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Gifg; glq;fs; mlq;fpa rpwpa Gj;jfk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

1959 Gul;lhjp 25k; ehs; gpujk ke;jphp jdJ ,y;yj; jpy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. kiwe;j gpujk ke;jp hpf;F khpahij nrYj;Jk; tz;zk; ,yq;ifapd; midj;J Myaq;fspYk; kzpfs; xypf;fg;gl;ld. midj;J Mah;fSk; jpUkjp. gz;lhuehaf;fhit re;jpj;J jkJ mDjhgq;fis njhptpj;jdh;. 1960 gq;Fdp 19k; ehs; eilngw;w nghJj; Njh;jy; tiu jw;fhypf gpujk ke;jphpahf Vw;fdNt epakpf;fg;gl;l jpU.W. jfehaf;fh murhq;fj;ij elj;jpdhh;.

nghJj ; Njhy; jYfF; Kdg; hf Mah ; fpnsdp Mzl; if xU Rw;W kly; ntspapl;lhh;. ,jpy; thf;fspg;gjw;F xt;nthU fpwp];jtDf;Fk; ,Uf;Fk; flikfis Ak;> nghWg;Gf;fisAk; czh;j;jp kdr;rhl;rpf;Nfw;g thf;fspf;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;.

nghJj; Njh;jypy; Rje;jpuf; fl;rp 75 Mrdq;fSld; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. jpUkjp gz;lhuehaf;fh fl;rpapd; jiytpahf njhpT nra;ag;gl;L gpd; gpujk ke;jphp ahf gjtpg; gpukhzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;. Rje;jpuf; fl;rp gjtpf;F te;jJk; ntspehl;L flTr; rPl;Lld; ,yq;ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; midtUf;Fk; &gh.400/- mDkjpr; rPl;L thp tpjpj;jJ. ,jd;gb midj;J kp\dhpkhUk; Kjy; tUlj;jpy; &gh. 800/- nrYj;j Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,J Jwtw rigfSf;F ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

1959Mk; Mz;L Muk;gj;jpy; murhq;fk; Njrpa kakhf;fy; rk;ge;jkhf jdJ nfhs;ifia tFj;J mjd; Kjy; fl;lkhf itfhrp 20Mk; jpfjp $ba ghuhSkd;w ke;jphpfs; FO fj;Njhypf;f ghlrhiy fis RtPfhpg;gJ vd;w KbTf;F te;jJ. ,k;Kbit rk;ge;jg;gl;l midj;J ghlrhiy mjpgh;fSf;Fk; fy;tp mjpfhhp Mdp 23Mk; jpfjp mwptpj;jhh;. ,k; KbTf;F vjph;g;Gf;fs; gy epiyfspypUe;Jk; vOe; jd. murhq;fj;jpd; KbTf;F vjpuhf kiwkhtl;lk; KOtJk; nghJf; $l;lq;fSk;> vjph;g;G Ch;tyq; fSk; elhj;jg;gl;ld. fj;Njhypf;f ghlrhiyfspd; ngWkjpia czh;e;j gpw kjj;jpdUk; kjNgjkpy; yhky; ,t;ntjph;g;G Ch;tyq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;l dh;. murhq;fk; fj;Njhypf;f ghlrhiyfisr; RtP fhpj;jjhy; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis tpsf;fp fj;Njhypf;f ngw;NwhUf;F tpopg;Gzh;it Cl;Lk; czh;Tld; fj;Njhypf;f Mrphpah; rq;fj;jpdhy; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs; fj;Njhypf;f mr;rfj;jpdhy; mr;rplg;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;ld. Vjph;g;Gf;fs; cah;e;J nfhz;L tu jdJ kiwe;j fzthpd; jpl;lq;fis kl;LNk jhd; mKy;gLj;Jtjhf jpUkjp. gz;lhu ehaf;fh kf;fSf;Fj; njhptpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhh;. Mdhy; ,J kf;fspd; ed;kjpg;igAk;> rk;kjj;ij Ak; ngWtjw;Nf mike;jpUe;jJ. ghlrhiyfisj; Njrpa kakhf;Fk; jpl;lj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rig kl;LNk jilahf ,Ue;jJ.

Ig;grp khjk; 11Mk; jpfjp ,yq;ifapd; midj;J Mah;fSk; xd;W $b vOe;Js;s ,r;rpf;fy; rk;ge;j khf fye;Jiuahb nghJthd xU jpl;lj;ij tFj; jhh;fs;. jdJ ve;jnthU ghlrhiyiaAk; jpUr; rig tpl;Lf; nfhLf;ff; $lhJ vd;gJk;> Gjg; ghlrhiyfis Muk;gpj;J mjpy; FUf;fs;> Jw twj;j tiu Mrphpah;fshf epakpg;gJk;> ngw;Nwhhpd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; midtuJ fUj;jhf mike;jpUe;jJ. ,t;Ntisapy; fpnsdp Mz;lif mth;fs; mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;jhh;. mq;fpUe;J jpUk;gpaJk; eilngw;w epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wp tphpthf tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. Mah; te;jJk; kiwkhtl;l fj;Njhypf;f ghlrhyfspd; nghJ Kfhikahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpa mUl;jpU.fpwTjh; mbfisAk;> kw;Wk; rpy MNyhrfh;fisAk; mioj;J ciuahbdhh;. jhd ; tUk ; topapy ; ,NaRrig Nkyhsiur ; rej; pj;J ,J tplakhf MNyhrpj;jjhfTk; jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;ljpy; Gdpj tsdhh; ghlrhiyiaAk;> Gdpj kpf;Nfy; ghlrhiyAk; ,NaRrigapdh; vf; fhuzk; nfhz;Lk; iftplf; $lhJ vd;w epiyg; ghl;il Nkyhsh; $wpajhfTk; Mah; ,t; ciuahl ypy; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. fpnsdp Mz;lif mth;fs; Gdpj tsdhh;> Gdpjkpf;Nfy; fy;Y}hpfistpl jpUNfhz kiy> %J}h;> kl;lf;fsg;G> fy;Kid Mfpa ,lq;f spy ; kjj; pa ghlrhiyfspd ; cUthff; iyAk ; ,jw;F FUff; s ; Jwtwjj; thf; is Mrphpahf; shf mikj;J mtw;iwj; jdpahh; ghlrhiyfshf ,aq;f itg;g

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

ijAk;> Mjhpj;J jdJ tpUg;gj;ijj; njhptpj;jhh;.

,t;Ntisapy; murhq;fj;jpd; KbTf;F vjph;g;Gj; njhptpf;Fk; Kfkhf ,yq;ifapYs;s midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfSk; ngw;NwhhpdhYk;> eyd; tpUk;gpfsh Yk; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;ld. murhq;fk; jdJ nfhs; ifia khw;Wk; tiu vtiuAk; cs;Ns mDkjpg; gjpy;iy vd;w epiyg;ghl;NlhL ngw;Nwhh; ,uT> gfyhf ghlrhiy tshfj;jpDs; epd;wjhy; tFg;Gf Sk; eil ngwtpy;iy. ,yq;if KOtJKs;s 625 fj;Njhypf;f ghlrhiyfspy; ,t;ntjph;g;g eil ngw;wJ. vkJ kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;fNuhL ,ize;J ,t;ntjph;gpy; ,e;J> ,];yhkpa ngw;Nwh Uk; xj;Jioj;jdh;.

,tt; sT fLikahd vjphg; G; ff; s ; ,UeJ; k>; murhq; fk; jdJ epiyg;ghl;ilj; jsh;j;jhky; ghuhSkd; wj;jpy; ,g;Gjpa rl;lj;ij mq;fPfhpj;jJ. ,jd;gb 1960Mk; Mz;L khh;fop khjk; 1;k; jpfjp Kjy; ,j; jpl;lk; mKYf;F tuNtz;Lk;.

ghlrhiy tplakhf NgRtjw;F gpujk ke;jphp midj;J Mah;fisAk; jpBnud mioj;jpUe;jhh;. ,f;$l;lj;jpw;F aho; Mah; mjpte;.vkpypahD]; gps;is Mz;lif r%fk; jutpy;iy. $l;lk; fhh;j; jpif khjk; 25Mk; ehs; khiy 9.00 kzpf;F Muk;gkhfp Mah;fspd; Ml;NrgidiaAk; kPwp mjp fhiy 3.00 kzp tiu eil ngw;wJ. eilKiwj; NjitfSf;fhf jdpahh; ghlrhiyfs; murhq;fk; nghWg;Ngw;w gpd;Gk;> gioa Kiwg;gbNa nray; glyhk; vDk; cWjpia gpujk ke;jphp Mah;fSf;F toq;fpdhh;. ,uz;lhk; Vw;ghl;il Nehf;Fk; NghJ midj;J rka jiyth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; fy;tpf;fhd Mizf; FO xd;W epakpf;fg;gLk; vd;Wk; gpujk ke;jphp cWjpaspj;jhh;. ,jdbg;gilapy; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; fj;Njhypf;f Mah;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa xg;ge;jk; ifr; rhj;jplg;gl;L fj;Njhypf;f Mah; Nguit mwpf;if xd;iw ntspapl;lJ. Mah;fSk; fj;Njhypf;fiu rkhjhdgg; Ljj; pdhhf; s.; Mdhy ; murhqf; k ; jdJ mwpfi; fapy ; Mahf; s ; Kdi; tjj; Nfhhpfi; ffisAk ;mJ rk;ge;jkhf gpujk ke;jphp nfhLj;j thf;FW jpfisAk; Fwpg;gplhky; ,uz;lhk;> %d;whk; ju ghlrhiyfis murhq;fj;jpw;Ff; ifaspg;gjw;F Mah;fs; rk;kjpj;Js;sjhf kl;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.

,e;j mwptpj;jiyf; Nfl;lJk; jkf;F rhh;ghf Mah; fs; Ngrtpy;iy vd;Wk; jk;ik Vkhw;wp tpl;lhh;fs; vd;Wk; fj;Njhypf;fh; vz;zj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. ,e;jj; jg;ngz;zj;ij ePf;Fk; tz;zk; murhq; fj;NjhL Vw;gLj;jpa xg;ge;jq;fis tphpthf tpsf;fp Mah;fs; kPz;Lk; xU mwpf;ifia ntspapl;ldh;. jdpahh; ghlrhiyfis Njrpa kakhf;Fk; Kjyh tJ Vw;ghL mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lhYk; murhq;fk; jdp ahh; ghlrhiyfspd; eph;thfj;ij kl;LNk nghWg; Ngw;f Kbe;jJ. ghlrhiyapd; fl;blq;fSk;> fhzp Ak; murhq;fj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhf ,y;yhjjhy; ghl rhiyapy ; vej; tpjkhd ghhpa khww; qf; isAk ; nra;a KbahjpUe;jij murhq;fk; czh;e;jJ. rl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,f;Fiwiag; gad;gLj;jp jkJ mDkjp ,yy; hky ; ghlrhiy tstpDs ; ahUk ; tu mDkjpf; ff$; lhJ vdW; jpUrr; ig epht; hfpfs ; ,t ; tplaj;ij ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rkhg;;gpj;jdh;. ,e;epiy ghlrhiyapy ;

epiynfhzl; thf; is ntspNaww; murhqf; mjpfhhp fSf;Fj; jilia vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf ghlrhiyf; fl;blq;fisAk; mjw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd midj;Jr; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; nghWg;Ngw;f ,uz; lhtJ rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l ,uz;lhtJ rl;lj;jpw;;fika midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfSk; mjd; fhzp kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fSk; mur clikahf; fg;gl;ld. ,r; nrhj;Jf;fspd; Nky; ahUk; rl;lg;gb eltbf;if vLf;f KbahjthW fy;tpaikr;Rf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd epthuzk; toq; fg;gl Ntz;bajpy;iy vd;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F VjhtJ Nrjk; Vw;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; mjd; chpikah sh;fNs nghWg;G vd;Wk; ntspg;gilahfNt rl;lk; njhptpj;jJ.

NkYk; jdpahh; ghlrhiyfshfNt njhlh;e;Jk; nray;gl tpUk;Gk; Kjy; uf ghlrhiyfs; ,Nj rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gpd;tUk; epge;jidfisf; filg; gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

murhq;fj;jpd; fy;tp rk;ge;jkhd nfhs;iffis ,g; ghlrhiyfSk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.

- jdpahh; kakhtjw;F Kd;gpUe;j midj;Jr; rYiffisAk; jw;NghJk; khzth;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

- khzth;fsplkpUe;J vt;tpj fl;lzKk; mw tplf;$lhJ.

- khzth;fSf;F jq;Fkpl trjpfisf; Fiwf; ff;$lhJ.

- fy;tp rk;ge;jkhf vOj;J%yk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; rl;lq;fSf;F mika Ntz;Lk;.

- flikahw;wpa Mrphpah;fspNyh mth;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;L te;j rk;gsj;jpNyh khw;wk; Vw; gLj;jf;$lhJ.

- fy;tpajpfhhp jpUg;jpg;gLk; tifapy; ghlrhiy fis elhj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jf; fLikahd #o;epiyapd; kj;jpapy; jdpahh; ghlrhiyfs; njhlh;e;J gyfhyk; ,aq;f Kbahj xU epiy ,Ue;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,yq;if KOtJk; 42 fj;Njhypf;fg; ghlrhiyfs; jdpahh; ghlrhiy fshf ,aq;f KbntLj;jd. ,tw;Ws; vkJ kiw khtl;lj;jpypUe;j Gdpj #irag;ah; fy;Y}hpAk; (jpUNfhzkiy) Gdpj kpf;Nfy; fy;Y}hpAk; (kl;lf; fsg;G) mlq;Fk;.

ghlrhiyfs; mjpfhpg;G rk;ge;jkhf Ngr;Rthh;j;ij elj;jf;Nfhhp MSehpd; nfhOk;G thr];jyj;jpw;F Kd;ghf mfpy ,yq;if khzth; eyd;Ghp rq;fj; jpdh; gpukhz;lkhd Nghuhl;lk; elhj;jpdh;. mth;f sJ Nfhhpf;iffs; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lhYk; ,t; mikg; gpd; gpujpepjpfs; MSeUf;F jkJ Nfhhpf;iff; fbjk; xd;iwf; nfhLg;gjpy; ntw;wp fz;ldh;. fth;dUk; ,jw;Fg; gjpy; mDg;Gtjhf thf;fspj; jhh;. thf;fspj;jgb ,f;fbjj;jpd; tplaq;fis fy;tp mikr;rpd; ftdj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jjhf

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

gjpYk; te;jJ. ,jw;FNky; vJTk; epiwNtw tpy;iy. ,e; epiyapy; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;NghJ mijg; gad;gLj;jp rpy murpay; rf;jpfs; Ra ,yhgk; rk;ghjpf;f Kaw;rp nra;jjhYk; 'Nyf; `T];' epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F Nrjk; tpisaf;$ba Mgj;J ,Ue;jjhYk; ,e; epWtdj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F mika Nguhl;lk; iftplg;gl;lJ.

1961,y; midj;J fj;Njhypf;fg; ghlrhiyfSk; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;Nlhuhy; epiwe;jpUe;jjhy; ghlrhiyfis chpa fhyj;jpy; nray;gl itf;f Kbatpy;iy. ,jdhy; fj;Njhypf;f ghlrhiy fspd; Mrphpah;fis NtW ghlrhiyfspy; jw;fhyp fkhf gzpahw;Wk;gb fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; vOj;J %yk; ,lkhw;wf; fbjk; ju Ntz;Lnkd mUl;rNfh jhpfSk;> mUl;rNfhjuh;fSk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldh;. ,th;fsJ Nfhhpf;if epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJky;yhky; mth;fNs jw;fhypfkhf ePf;fg;gl;L rpy ehl;fspd; gpd; epue;jukhf tpyf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. gpd; gyuJ jiyaPLfs;> Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspd; gpd; kPz;Lk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.

gk;ghapd; Nguhah; fh;jpdhy; tNyhpad; fpwhrpah];> tz.Nahrg; th]; mbfspd; 250Mk; Mz;Lf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; gq;nfLf;f ,yq;if te;jpUe; jhh;. ghlrhiyfs; tplakhf ,yq;if Ml;rp ahsh;fs; NguhaUld; MNyhrid nra;jdu;. murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ kf;fs; ek;gpf;if itj;J Nghuhl;lq;fis epWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,g;Ngr;Rf; fspd; Kbthf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; fj;Njhypf;fh; Nghuhl;lq;fis epWj;jptpl;L ghl rhiyfspypUe;J ntspNawpdh;. rpytUlq;fspd; gpd; ,k;KbT jtwhdJ vd gy fj;Njhypf;fh; fUj;J ntspapl;ldh;.

ghlrhiyfs; mur kakhf;fyhy; kiwf;fy;tpg; gzpf;F tuf;$ba Mgj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L khrp khjk; Mah; fpnsdp Mz;lif xU Rw;Wkly; mDg;gpdhh;. gps;isfisf; fpwp];jt tpRthrj;jp Yk;> gof;fj;jpYk; tsh;g;gjw;F ngw;NwhUf;F ,Uf; Fk; nghWg;Gf;fis cWjpahf ,r;Rw;Wkly; %y khfj; njspTgLj;jpdhh;.

,jdbg;gilapy; kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; gpd;gw;w Ntz; ba eil Kiwfs; rpytw;iwAk; Kd;itj;jhh;.

- gq;F hPjpapy; QhapW kiwf;fy;tp tFg;Gf;fis xOq;F nra;jy;.

- kiwawpitg; Nghjpf;fntd rhpahd Nghj idahsh;fisj; njhpT nra;J gapw;Wtpj;jy;

- murhq;fk; nghWg;Ngw;w ghlrhiyfspy; fpwp];j tk; fw;gpf;fntd jFe;j fj;Njhypf;f Mrphp ah;fis epakpj;jy;.

- kiwf;fy;tpg; gzpapy; gq;Fj; je;ijaUf;F cjtntd midj;Jf; FUf;fs;> Jwtwj;jth;> ngw;NwhUf;F miog;G tpLj;jy;.

- fpwp];jt fy;tpf;nfd kiw khtl;l ,af;FdUk; (mUl;jpU. nfd;wp nghd;idah) mtNuhL ,ize;J gzpahw;w Nfhl;l hPjpapy; jpUNfhz kiy> kl;lf;fsg;G> fy;Kidf;nfd 3 ,iz ,af;Fdh;fSk;; epakpf;fg;gly;.

fle;j fhyj;jpy; gy FUf;fs; kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; kiw gzpf;nfd jk;ik mh;g;gzpj;J nray;gl;ldh;. Nghf;Ftuj;J epjp> njhlh;Gfs; Fiwthf ,Ue;j NtisapYk; ,e;j kiwgug;Gf; FUf;fspd; mauhj ciog;gpdhy; gy Gjpa Myaq;fSk;> fpwp];jt r%fq;fSk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd; mz;ikf; fhy ];jhgfkhdJ mUl;jpU.nfhl;gpwp Ff; (Nr.r) mbfspd; ciog;ghy; cUthd kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; njd;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s mspfk;ig vDk; ,lkh Fk;. ,q;F ehNlhbfshfj; jphpe;j Fwth; r%fj;j th; FbNaw;wg;gl;lhh;fs;. ,J midj;J gFjpfsp Yk; xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;l xU r%fkhFk;.

xNu ,lj;jpy; jq;fp jkJ gpiog;igf; ftdpf;f ,th;fs; gof;fg;gl;lth;fsy;yu;. fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;W Ntl;ilahLjy;> tPLtPlhfr; nrd;W ghk;ghl;ly;> Fuq;F tpisahl;L Nghd;wtw;wpd; %ykhfNt jkJ gpiog;igj; Njbf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. tz.Ff; mbfs; ,th;fis xNu ,lj;jpy; Fbakh;j;j Kaw;rp naLj;J ntw;wpAk; fz;lhh;. mf;fiug;gwpwpypUe;J 8 iky; njhiytpypUf;Fk; mspf;fk;ig vd;D kplj;jpy; Kbf;Fhpa fhzpapy; ,th;fisf; FbNaw; wpdhh;. xU ghlrhiyAk; fl;lg;gl;L MrphpaUk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. tz.Ff; mbfs; mth;fSf;F vy; yhKkhdhh; vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpapy; 1961 rpj;jpiu 9k; ehs; Mah; fpnsdp Mz;lifahy; 200 Ngh; jpUKOf;Fg; ngw;whh;fs;.

ghlrhiyfisg; nghWg;Ngw;gJ rk;ge;jkhf ifahz;l tpjj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;f ,af;fq;fspdJk; nghJ epiyapduJk; rf;jpia mtjhdpj;j Mah; kiw khtl;lj;jpd; ed;ikf;fhfTk>; tpRthr tsh;r; rpf;fhfTk; ,e;j rf;jpia vt;thW gad;gLj;j yhnkd rpe;jpj;jhu;. ,jd; tpisthf fy;Kid> kl;lf;fsg;G> jpUNfhzkiy Mfpa %d;W Nfhl;lq; fisAk ; ,izj;jjhf j pUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;l xd;wpak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. kiw khtl;lk; KOtJk; fj;Njhypf;f nra;w;ghl;il ,t; xd;wpak; xOq;fikf;Fk;.

ghlrhiyfs; Mya eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; ,y;yhjjhy; kiwf;fy;tp fw;gpj;jy; gyuJ rpe;jidapy; ,lk; ngw;W ,ij epiwNtw;Wk; top tiffs; FUf;fs; kl;lj;jpy; Muhag;gl;ld. fpwp];jt topghl;bw;Fk>; cUthf;fYf;Fk; gq;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug; gl;lJ. gapw;rp ngw;w KO Neu kiwNghjfh;fs; gq;F kl;lj;jpy; mtrpak; vd;gJ czug;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy 'kpA+dpr; Kiw' vDk; n[h;kdpd; kiwf;fy;tp Kiw gpugy;akile;J te;jJ. kiw khtl;lj;jpy; kiwf;fy;tpg; gzpfspy; Mh;tKil atuhfTk; Kd;NdhbahfTk; ,Ue;j mUl;jpU. N[. tp. nrhkh;]; mbfs; kpA+dpr; Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;a kiwkhtl;l hPjpapy; fUj;juq;F xd;iw xOq;F nra;jhh;. 1962k; Mz;L rpj;jpiu khjk; 24 Kjy; 26k; jpfjp tiu kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,f;fUj;juq;F eilngw;wJ.

jpUNfhzkiy> fhyp kiwkhtl;lq;fspy; gzp Ghpe;j ,NaR rigapdh; ,k;kiw khtl;lq;fis Jiz khfhzkhf;Ftjw;Fhpa top tiffis Muha;e;j dh;. ,J tplakhf jkJ NkyhsUf;F tpz;zg;gpj;jdh;. Nkyhsh; ,J tplakhf Muha;e;J mwpf;if rkh;g;gpf;Fk;gb mfkjhghj;jpYs;s mUl; jpU nfhd; fl; mbfis ,yq;iff;F mDg;gp

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

itj;jhh;. mUl;jpU.nfhd;fl; jpUNfhzkiy> fhyp kiwkhtl;lq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;J jdJ mwpf; ifia rkh;g;gpj;jhh;. ,jdbg;gilapy; ,NaRrig Nkyhsh; ,yq;ifia 1962 Mtzp 15k; ehs; Kjy; jdp ,NaRrig khfhzkhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jp mjd; khfhzj; jiytuhf mUl;jpU. ,k;khDNty; fpwT jh; mbfis epakdk; nra;jhh;.

Mau; ,uz;lhk; tj;jpf;fhd; rq;fk; Kd;itj;j khw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jpUtopghL. jpUtopghl; by; rq;fPjk;> fpwp];jt fiy Nghd;w tplaq;fis ftdpgg; jwn; fd kiwkhtll; jpUtopghlL; Mizf; FOit cUthf;fp Rw;wwpf;if tpLtpj;jhh;. Fuf; fs; kl;Lk; mlq;Fk; ,e;j Mizf;FO Mahpd; Neub fz;;fhzpg;gpy; ,aq;Fk;. kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;f nraw;ghl;ilj; jpl;lkpl Gjpa ,af;Fd Uk;> Jiz ,af;FdUk; epakpf;fg;gl;L 1964 Mdpapy; Rw;wwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

1964 Mb khjk; kiwkhtl;l kiwf;fy;tp Miz FOtpd; cUthf;fiyAk; kiwkhtl;l fpwp];jt Nfhl;ghl;bd; $l;LwitAk; Mah; mwptpj;jhh;. kiwf;fy;tp Mizf;FOtpy; FUf;fNshL Jwtw rNfhju rNfhjhpfSk;> nghJ epiyapdUk; mq;fj; Jtk; tfpj;jdh;. Rw;Wklypd;gb MaNu Mizf; FOtpw;Fj; jiyik jhq;Fthh;. gpd;tUk; gzpfs; Mizf; FOtpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.

· kiwf;fy;tp epiyaq;fis epWTjy;.· jFe;j kiw Mrphpah;fis njhpe;J Maj;jk;

nra;jy;· QhapW kiwf;fy;tpf;F ghlj;jpl;lk; jahh; nra;jy;.· ,isQUf;Fk; rpWtUf;Fkhd rkaf; fy;tpia

Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;ba topKiwfisf; fz;L gpbj;jy;.

gpw kj ghlrhiyfspy; gapYk; fj;Njhypf;f khzth;fspd; rkafy;tpf;fhf fpwp];jt Nfhl; ghlb; d ; $lL; wit tshf; f; NtzL; nkd midj;J gq;Fj;je;ijah;f;Fk; Mahpd; Rw;Wkly; typ AWj;jpaJ. ,ij mKy;gLj;j gq;Fj;je;ij ah;f;F cjTkhW kiwf;fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; nghWg;ghsh; mUl;jpU.J.W.nrhkh;]; gzpf;fg; gl;lhh;.

1964Mk; Mz;L fpof;Ff; fiuapy; NkYk; xU #whtspia Vw;gLj;jptpl;Lr; nrd;wJ. jpUNfhz kiyAk; mij Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfSk;> ,jdhy; ghjpg;Gw;wd. gy nghpa kuq;fs; tpOe;Jk;> tPLfs; Nrjkile;Jk;> ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gl;lhYk; nja;thjPd khf caphpog;G; FiwthfNt ,Ue;jJ. rpd;df;fil Gdpj FthlY}g; md;id Myak;> Gdpj tsdhh; fy;Y}hp> ,NaRrig FUf;fs; ,y;yk; Mfpad #whtspahy; nghpJk; ghjpg;gile;jd.

jpUNfhzkiyapy; r%f NritfSf;Fg; nghWg; ghf ,Ue;j mUl;je;ij gpNwb mbfs; mfjp fSf;Fk; #whtspahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;Fk; cjt ,isQh; njhz;lh; gilia cUthf;fpdhh;. ,g;gzpapy; mUl;jpU. gpNwb mbfSf;F cjtntd FUkl khzth;fSk;> ,NaRrig ,ilepiyf;fhy khzth;fSk;> ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW gFjpfspyp Ue;Jk; gy ,isQUk; jpUNfhzkiyf;F te;J Ftpe;jdh;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F cjTk; gb nfhOk;Gg; Nguhah; ,yq;ifapd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; thOk; kf;fSf;F Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhh;. Mah; fpnsdpapd; Ntz;L Nfhis Vw;W Gdh;tho;Tf;F cjTtjw;nfd n[h; kdpapy; xU ];jhgdk; Kd;te;jJ. tPl;L nrhe;jf; fhuhpd; clYiog;NghLk;;> njhz;lh; FOtpd; xj;J iog;NghLk; tPLfs; fl;lg;gl;Lk; jpUj;jg;gl;Lk; te;jd. ,g;gzpapy; ,isQh; njhz;lh; mikg;G nghpJk; gzpahw;wpaJ.

kiwkhtl;l Nka;g;Gg;gzp> kiwgug;Gg; gzp tpla khf Muha;tjw;fhf ,uz;lhk; tj;jpf;fhd; rq;f rpe;jidapd; gpd;dzpapy;> gq;Fj;je;ijah;> Jwtw rigr; rNfhjuh;fs;> rNfhjhpfs;> epWtdq;fspd; jiyth;fSf;Fkhd fUj;juq;F 1965 rpj;jpiu 5Mk;> 6Mk; jpfjpfspy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; eilngw;wJ. fUj;juq;fpd; Kbthf gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.

1. nra;jpfisg; gutr; nra;aTk;> fj;Njhypf;fuy; yhjtNuhL ey;y cwit Vw;gLj;jTk; kiw khtl;lj;jpy; 'jftywptpg;G epiyak;' xd;W ,aq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F kiwkhtl;l kiwf; fy;tp ,af;Fdh; nghWg;ghf epakpf;fg;gl Ntz; Lk;. mth; elkhLk; jpiug;glf; FO xd;iwAk;> thrpfrhiyiaAk; xOq;F nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

2. mUl;jpU. gpNub mbfspd; topapy; kiwkhtl;lk; KOtJk; r%f Nritg;gzp Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3. fj;Njhypf;fh; jFe;j tho;f;ifj; Jiziaj; Njl kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; jpUkz jfty; epiyak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4. KjpNahh; kiwf;fy;tpf;F Ntz;ba Kiwfs; mwpag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jid jftywptpg;G epiy ak; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;.

5. jkJ gps;isfisf; fpwp];jt tpRthrj;jpy; tsu;f;f ngw;Nwhh; jkJ nghWg;ig czur; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

6. gq;Fj; je;ijapd; NgUjtpAld; gps;isfSf; fhd kiwf;fy;tpia kiwkhtl;l kiwf;fy;tp ,af;Fdh; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;.

7. f.ngh.j. rhjhuz ju tFg;G khzth;fSf;F Ntzb; a tpNrl Majj; qf; s ; nraa; gg; l NtzL; k;.

8. gq;Fj;je;ijah; jk; gq;fpYs;s kf;fspd; tPL fisj; jhprpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

9. FUf;fSf;Fs; Mo;e;j xj;Jiog;G Ntz;Lk;.

10. jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;l xd;wpak;> ,isQh; mikg;G> khpahapd; Nrid Mfpa %d;Wk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W cjtp Ghpe;J jkJ mg;Ngh]; jypf;f gzpfis xUepiyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

11. gq;FfSk;> fpwp];jt epWtdq;fSk; xUq; fpize;J xUth; xUtuJ eydpy; mf;fiw nfhz;L cjt Ntz;Lk;.

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

12. Jwtw rigr; rNfhjuh; rNfhjhpfs; QhapW kw;Wk; tpNrl ehl;fspy; gq;F Myaj;jpy; jpUg; gyp fhz Ntz;Lk;.

13. FUf;fs; jhk; ngWk; fbjq;fSf;F cld; gjpy; mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.

14. fj;Njhypf;fh; xUtiuj; jpUkzk; nra;Ak; Kd; fj;Njhypf;fuhf khw tpUk;Gk; xUthpd; Nehf;fk; njspthfg; Ghpag;glNtz;Lk;. ,jpy; re;NjfkpUe; jhy; Qhd];ehdk; ngw;W jpUkiwia kWjypg; gij tpl cj;jkNuhL jpUkzk; nra;tJ Nky;.

15. fj;Njhypf;fUk; Gjpjhf jpUKOf;Fg; ngw;wtUk; jpUkzk; nra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;ld. jpUkzj;jpw;fhf xUth; jpU KOf;Fg; ngWtJk;> mjw;F Kd; Kiwahd fy;tp nfhLf;fg;glhjJk; czug;gl;lJ. fj; Njhypf;fuy;yhj ngz; fj;Njhypf;fiuj; jpU kzk; nra;Ak; NghJ fj;Njhypf;f tpRthrj;ij Vw;gJk; jd;id khw;WtJk; ,yFthfpwJ. Mdhy; fj;Njhypf;fg; ngz; fpwp];jtuy;yhj xU Mizj; jpUkzk; nra;Ak;NghJ gps; isfisf; fj;Njhypf;f tpRthrj;jpy; tsh;j; njLg;gJ fbdkhfpwJ. fzth; jpUKOf;Fg; ngw;W jpUkzk; nra;jhYk; mth; kPz;Lk; jdJ tpRthrj;jpw;Fr; nry;tJk;> fj;Njhypf;f kid tpiaj; jd; top tu tw;GWj;JtJk; eilKiw ahfpaJ. r%fg; gpd;dzpAk; ngz;fSf;F Ra khf KbntLf;f Kbahj epiyiaj; Njhw;W tpj;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; jpUKOf;Fg; ngwtpUf; Fk; tsh;e;NjhUf;F %d;W khjq;fSf;F my; yJ Fiwe;jJ 25 tFg;Gf;fs; vLg;gJ vd Kb thfpaJ.

Mah; nwhgpN\ Mz;lifiag; Nghy fpnsdp Mz;lifAk; 'jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;lk;' vDk; ngahpy; 'kl;lf;fsg;G' vDk; ngaiuAk; ,izj;J Gjpa ngaiuf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;L nkd;W vz;zpdhh;. gy tUlq;fshf fj;Njhypf;f tho;tpw;Fk;> nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; kl;lf;fsg;Ng ika khf mike;jpUe;jJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; mijr; Rw;wp Ak; gy gq;FfSk; rpw;whyaq;fSk; fj;Njhypf;f epWtdq;fSk; fd;dpah; klq;fSk; cUthfpd. khfhz jiyefh; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; jpU Nfhzkiyia tpl kl;lf;fsg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf mike;jJ.

,tw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; ngaiu khw;w Mah; fpnsdp Mz;lif tpz;zg; gpj;jhh;. tj;jpf;fhd; nghJr; rq;fj;jpw;fhd jdJ cNuhik tp[aj;jpd;NghJ ,J tplakhf cNuhik mjpfhhpfSf;F vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. ,jd;gb 1965Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpapy; jpUNfhzkiy kiw khtl;lk;

jpUNfhzkiy – kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl; lk; vd Tk; kl;lf;fsg;G Gdpj khpahs; Myak; Gdpj khpahs; ,izg; Nguhyak; vdTk; rl;lg+h;tkhf khw;wg;gl;ld.

1966y; ,yq;if muR QhapW tpLKiw jpdq;fis Ntiy ehl;fshf khw;wp ngsj;jh;fspd; ghuk;gupag; gb G+uiz jpdj;ijAk; tpLKiw ehl;fshf mwp tpj;jJ. 1966 ij khjk; 6k; jpfjp Kjy; ,j;jpl;lk;

eilKiwf;F tu fpwp];jth; nghpJk; kfpo;tile; jdh;.

njhopYf;F nry;Nthh; kw;Wk; ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nry;Yk; khzth;fspd; trjpf;Nfw;g fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUr;rig Neuq;fis khw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. Mah; fpnsdp Mz;lif Rw;wwpf;if xd;iw ntspapl; lhh;. ',yq;ifapy; QhapW jpdq;fs; Ntiy ehl; fshfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; fj;Njhypf;fuhfpa vkf;F QhapW Mz;lthpd; ehshFk;. QhapW jpdq; fspy; jpUg;gypf;Fr; nry;y vkf;Ff; flikAz;L. rpyUf;F Ntiyf;Fr; nry;y Kbahj re;jh;g;gq;fs; ,Uff; yhk.; ,thf; is rll; k ; fll; hagg; LjJ; tjpy;iy. kf;fspd; epiyiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L kf;fs; jpUg; gypapy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F Vw;wthW trjpfis nra; Nthk; vd;W fj;Njhypf;fUf;F cWjp $Wfpd;Nwd;' ,t;thW Mah; jdJ Rw;wwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls; shh;.

rpj;jpiu khjk; Mah; khtl;lq;fSf;Nfw;g kiwf; Nfhl;lq;fis cUthf;fpdhh;. ,jd;gb kiw khtl;l eph;thfj;jpy; gq;fspf;f FUf;fSf;Fk;> nghJepiyapdUf;Fk; re;jh;g;gk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Mahpd; Kaw;rpahFk;. ,jd;gb xt;nthU kiwf;Nfhl;lj;jpYk; gq;Fj; je;ijah;> Jwtw ,y;yq;fspd; Nkyhsh;fs;> jdpahh; ghl rhiyfspd; mjpgh;fs;> gq;F xd;wpaj; jiyth;fs;> jpUNfhzkiy kiwkhtl;l xd;wpa kiwf;Nfhl;l jiyth;fs;> khpahapd;Nrid> ,isQh; r%f kiwf;Nfhl;l jiyth;fs; MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l jhf Mnyhridr;rig mikAk;. ,U khjq;fSf; nfhU jlit Mah; jiyikapy; $l;lk; eil ngWk;. ,e;j MNyhridr;rig kiwkhtl;l MNyh ridr; rigapdpd;W Nkyjpfkhd xd;whFk;.

rpy fhyj;jpd; gpd; Mah; kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; r%fg; gzpf;fhd Mizf;FOit jhgpj;jhh;. jdJ Rw;wwpf;if %ykhf midtUf;Fk; njhpag;gLj;jp dhh;. midj;J r%fg; gzpfSk; ,jD}lhfNt eilngwNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; jdpj;J Kd;ndLf;fg; gLk; r%fg; gzpfs; kiwkhtl;l r%fg; gzpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhJ vd;Wk; jdJ Rw;wwpf;ifapy; Mah; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

kiwf;fy;tpg; gzpia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf epue;ju kiwahrphpaiug; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; jpl;lk; kiwkhtl; lj;jpy; Muk;gkhfpaJ. 1963Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehL jpz;btdk; tptpypa kiwf;fy;tp jpUtopghl;L eLepiyaj;jpy; Ntjpah; gapw;rpf;nfd ,Uth; mDg; gl;ldh;. gpd; NkYk; Ith; gapw;rpf;nfd mDg;gg; gl;ldh;.

1948,y; Gdpj tsdhh; rpwpa FUklk; Muk;gkhfp ajpypUe;J ,NaR rigf; FUf;fNs nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jdh;. ,NjNtis ,g;gzpia kiwkhtl;l FUf;fs; Vw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw rpe;jid Mahpd; kdjpy; ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;fhf mUl;jpU.Nehay; nrdtp ul;z mbfs; njhpT nra;ag;gl;L gapw;rpf;nfd cNuhikf;F mDg;gg;gl;lhh;. 1966,y; gapw;rpia Kbj;j gpd; rpwpa FUkl mjpguhf epakdk; ngw;whh;. mNj tUl ,Wjpapy; J}a rk;kdRf;fs ;rig fdd; pahf; s ;; jpUNfhzkiyfF; tej; dh.; rpwpa FUklj;jpd; czT trjpfisAk;> jpUNfhzkiy apy; gutp tho;e;j rpq;fs r%fj;jth;f;F kiwf;

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

fy;tp> r%f NritfisAk; ,r;rNfhjhpfs; nghWg; Ngw;wdh;.

,f;fhyj;jpy; KdprpNu\;lh; g];jpahd;gps;is jpNahFg;gps;is mbfs; cjtp Mauhf epakdk; ngw;wJ kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; ,d;DnkhU nghpa epfo;r;rpahFk;. aho; Mah; mjpte;.vkpypahD]; gps;is nfhOk;Gj; Jiz Mah; mjpte;.khh;f]; ngh;dhz;Nlh MfpNahh; cjtpAld; 1967 itfhrp khjk; 11Mk; jpfjp mjpte;. fpnsdp Mz;lifahy; KdprpNu\;lh; g];jpahd;gps;is jpNahFg;gps;is mbfs; Mauhfj; jpUepiyg;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;.

1967 Mb khjk; jdf;F MNyhrid rigahf nraw;gl FUf;fs; Ml;rp kd;wj;ij epWtpdhh;. gjtp Kiwg;gl;l> thf;nfLg;G %yk;> Mahpd; epakdk; Nghd;w 3 tiffspd; mbg;gilapy; FUf;fs; mq; fj;Jtk; ngWth;.

tpRthrpfSf;F fpwp];jtj;jpy; gapw;rpiaf; nfhLf; fTk;> jpUr;rig rk;ge;jkhd nra;jpfis ntspap lTk; kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;f rQ;rpif xd;W ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W gy Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg; gl;ld. 1926y; mUl;jpU. my;Nghd;]; wpr;rl; mbfs; 'ahj;jphpfd;' vDk; khjhe;j rQ;rpifia ntspapl; lhh;. ,J 8 gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l jkpo; Mq;fpy nra;jpfs;> fl;Liufs; mlq;fpa Nghypg; ngUik aw;w khjhe;j rQ;rpifahFk;. Mdhy; rpy ehl;f spd; gpd; ,J epWj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd; 1947,y; mUl;jpU. O. jk;gpKj;J mbfs; 'j Ngfd; (The Beacon)' vDk; khjhe;j khjhe;j rQ;rpifia Muk;gpj;jhh;. epjp epiyikfs; Nkhrkhf ,Ue;Jk; ,r;rQ;rpif rpy tUlq;fSf;F ntspaplg;gl;lJ. gpd; ,JTk; jilg; gl;lJ. Mah; mjpte;. jpNahFg; gps;is Mz;lif apd; tUifapd; gpd; 1968,y; eilngw;w jpUNfhz

kiy – kl;lf;fsg;G kiw khtl;l xd;wpaj;jpd; tUlhe;j $l;lj;jpd;NghJ khjhe;j rQ;rpif gw;wpa Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl;lJ. ,f; fUj;ij Mah; tu Ntw;whh;. kPz;Lk; kiwkhtl;l khjhe;j rQ;rpif Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd KbntLf;fg;gl;L Mah; mjpte;. jpNahFg;gps;is Mz;lifapd; MNyhridg;gb 'njhz;ld;' vDk; ngah; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1968Mk; Mz;L khh;fop khjk; kiwkhtl;l xd;wp aj;jpd; nrayhsuhfg; gzpahw;wpa jpU. v];. md;udpg;gps;is Mrphpauhf nraw;gl Kjy; 'njhz; ld;' rQ;rpif ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,r; rQ;rpifAk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; gy epjp neUf;fbfisr; re;jpj;jh Yk; mjpte;. jpNahFg;gps;is Mahpd; cw;fhfj; NjhL njhlh;e;J ntspaplg;gl;lJ. rpy fhyj;jpd; gpd; 'njhz;ld;' MrphpaUf;fhd nghWg;G kiw khtl;l kiwf;fy;tp ,af;Fdhplk; xg;gilf;fg; gl;lJ. gpd; ,g;gzp r%fj; njhlh;Gfs; ,af;Fdhp lk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; njhz;ld; rQ;rpif gy tbtq;fisg; ngw;W jw;NghJ kiw khtl;l fj;Njhypf;fUf;F kl;Lky;y mjw;F ntspNa ,Ug;NghUf;Fk; mUk;gzpahw;wp tU fpd;wJ.

Xa;TngWk; FUf;fSf;F XH ,y;yKk; NehAw;w FUf;fSf;F itj;jparhiyapy; rpwg;G ,lKk; Njit vd;gij Mah; fpnsdp rpe;jpj;J nraw;gl; lhh;. Mah; ,y;yj;NjhL Nrh;e;jhw;Nghy; FUf;fs; ,y;yk; mikf;fg;gl;L 1969 fhh;j;jpif 24Mk; ehs;

jpUj;je;ijapd; gpujpepjp mjp te;. Y}rpahNdh ];nlhNuNuh Mz;lifahy; MrPh;tjpf;fg;gl;lJ> ,jw;F mLj;j tUlk; itj;jparhiyapy; FUf;f Sf;fhd rpwg;G ,lk; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.

1970 Mtzp khjk; jpUNfhzkiyapy; r%f Nrit fs; epiyaKk;> ,isQh; tpLjpAk; jpwe;J itf;fg; gl;ld. ,isQh; tpLjp 40 ,isQUf;F cjtpaJ. kiwkhtl;lk; KOtjw;Fkhd fj;Njhypf;f r%fg; gzpia Mw;Wtjw;F eLepiyakhf r%f Nrit fs; epiyak; mike;jJ. gpd;dh; ,isQh;fSf; fhd njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rpia toq;f kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Gdpj tsdhh; rig rNfhjuh;fs; Nkw;ghh;itapy; njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}hp xd;wpid Mah; Muk;gpj;J itj;jhh;.

1972 fhh;j;jpif 21Mk; ehs; Mah; mjp.te; fpnsdp Mz;lif Mauhfpa nts;sp tpohit kiw khtl;lk; rpwg;Gwf; nfhz;lhbaJ. midj;J kiw khtl;l Mah;fSk; r%fk; je;jpUe;jdh;.

1972 ,Wjpy; aho; Gjpa Mauhf cjtp Mah; mjp.te; jpNahFg;gps;is epakdk; ngw> Mah; fpnsdpapd; Kd;id ehs; nrayhsUk; ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; aho; kiwkhtl;l eph;thfpAkhd mUl;

jpU. vy;.Mh; md;udp jpUNfhzkiy – kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;F epakdk; ngw;whh;. 1973 ij 9Mk; ehs; Mah; mjp.te; jpNahFg;gps;is aho;g;ghzj;jpy; nghWg;Ngw;w gpd;> Mah; vy;.Mh; md;udp Mz;lif Gjpa nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;f kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F te;jhh;. 1973Mk; Mz;L rpj;jpiu khjk; Mah; vy;.Mh; md;udp jiyikapy; Mah; fpnsdp epjpf;Fhpa nraw;FOit njhpTj; nra;J gpd; mjw;F kiwkhtl;l eph;thfr; nraw;FO vd;W ngahpl;lhh;. kiwkhtl;l tuTf;Nfw;gr; nryTfis rhp nra;tJk;> kiwkhtl;l epjpg; nghWg;ghsUf;F epjp trjp nra;J nfhLg;gJk; ,f;FOtpd; gzpf shFk;.

1973 eLg;gFjpapy; Mah; fpnsdp jdJ ,uh[pdhkh fbjj;ij cNuhikf;Fr; rkh;g;gpf;f gy MNyhrid fspd; gpd; cNuhik 1974 Muk;gj;jpy; ,uh[pdh khit Vw;W gq;Fdp khjk; mwptpf;f mNj Mz;L rpj;jpiu khjk; Mah; fpnsdp mnkhpf;fh gaz khdhh;.

jdJ 26 tUl gzptho;tpy; Mah;> kiwkhtl;l (RNjr) FUf;fis cUthf;Fk; gzpia jdJ jiyaha gzpahfr; nraw;gLj;jpdhh;. ,e;j ,yl; rpaj;ij epiwNtw;w kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rpwpa FU klj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;. ,f;FUklk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,aq;fpaNghJ jpdKk; khiy 6.30 Kjy; 7.30 tiu ,U FUkl khzth;fs; te;J Maiur; re;jpg;gJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; %yk; vjph;fhy FUf; fisg; gw;wpa njspthd mwpit Mah; ngw;wpUe; jhh;. rpwpa FUklk; jpUNfhzkiyf;F khw;wg;gl; ljd; gpd;G$l Mah; khjj;jpw;F xU jlit jpUNfhzkiyf;Fr; nrd;W FUkl khzth;fisj; jdpahfr; re;jpg;ghh;. ,t;thW ,sikj; Jbg;Gk;> tpR thrKk; cs;s FUf;fis Mah; cUthf;fpdhh;. jdJ 26 tUl gzpapy; kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;F 27 RNjr FUf;fis cUthf;fpdhh;. ,th;fSs; 24 Ngh; MauhYk;> %th; cNuhikapYk; FUg;gl;lk; ngw;w dh;.

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kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

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jkpo;nkhopapd; ghtid midj;Jf; fUkq;fspYk; gutp tUtjhy; mnkhpf;fuhd Mah; fpnsdp jkpo; nkhopapy; jdJ gzpfis Mw;w Kbahj epiyapy; jhd; ,uh[pdhkh nra;aNtz;ba xU #o;epiyf; Fj; js;sg;gl;lhh;. gzpahw;wf;$ba rf;jp ,Ue;j jhy; Mah; jdJ ,uh[pdhkhTf;Fg; gpd; mnkhpf;fh tpy; nlf;rh]; khepyj;jpy; ];ghdpa nkhop NgRk; fj;Njhypf;fUf;fhf jdJ ,Wjp ehl;fisf; fopj; jhh;.

Mah; ,f;Ndrpa]; fpnsdpapd; khw;wj;NjhL kiw khtl;lk;> kiwkhtl;lf; FUf;fspd; eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; te;jJ. 1893,y; kiwkhtl;lj;ijg; nghWg; Ngw;wjpypUe;J ,jw;F Ntz;ba mbj;jsj;ij ,l;L fl;bnaOg;gpa jpUg;jpAld; ,NaRrigapdh; nghWg; Gf;fisf; ifaspj;jdh;. fl;bnaOg;GtJ vd;gJ ,yFthd fhhpakhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. MaUf;Fk; ,NaR rigf;Fk; gy mOj;jq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;NghJ ,NaR rigapdh; RNjr FUf;fSlDk; jkJ mikg;Gf;fSlDk; fpof;fpy; kiwgug;Gg; gzpia ngUf;Ftjpy; Gjpa MaUlDk; kiw khtl;l FUf;fSlDk; ,ize;J nraw;gl Maj;j khapUe;jdh;.

1974,y; jpUepiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjp.te; vy;.Mh;. md;udp Mz;lif MauhFk; Kjy; kiwkhtl;

lf;FU vDk; rpwg;ig jpUNfhzkiy – kl;lf; fsg;G kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;Fg; ngw;Wj;je;jhh;.

Mah; md;udp ,Ue;j NghJ gq;F hPjpapYk; kiw khtl;l hPjpapYk; Nka;g;Gg;gzpr;rigfis cUthf; Fk; gzp nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mah; fpnsdpf;F ,U epiyfspy; mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fk; ,Ue;jJ. FUf;fs;> Jwtwj;jhh;> nghJ epiyapdiu gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; Nka;g;Gg;gzpr; rigfs; xUGwk;@ jdpj;j nghJ epiyapdUf;fhd mikg;Gfshf kiwkhtl;lg;gq;F xd;wpaq;fs; ,d; ndhUGwk;. Mdhy; ,it epWtd mikg;Gf;fis ngUf;fp xUq;fpizg;gpy; Fog;g epiyfis cU thf;fyhk; vdf; fUjp Mah; mjp.te; vy;.Mh;. md;udp ,t;tpU epiyfisAk; Mjhpf;ftpy;iy.

Mauhfpg; nghWg;Ngw;wJk; jpUNfhzkiy – kl;lf; fsg;G kiwkhtl;l xd;wpaj;ij epWj;jp kiw khtl;l hPjpapy; nghJ epiyapdhpd; xd;wpaj;ij cah;j;jpdhh;. mNj Ntis Mah; kiwkhtl;l Nka;g;Gg; gzpia epWtpdhh;. vdNt kiwkhtl;l xd;wpaj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; gq;F xd;wpak; kiwkhtl;l Nka;g;Gg; gzpr;rig Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Mahpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,r;rpe;jidNahL Njw;whj; jPT Gdpj A+jh jNjA jpUj;jyj;ij kiwgug;Gg; gzpapd; ikakhfTk; mUl;je;ij bf;Nfhzpq; mbfis kiwgug;Gg; gzpapd; ,af;FduhfTk; gpuf ldk; nra;jhh;.

kl;lf;fsg;gpd; njw;Nf 29 iky; njhiytpy; mike;Js;s fpuhkkhd nrhwpf;fy;Kidf;F jpUf; FLk;g fd;dpaiu gzpf;nfd Mah; mjp.te;. vy;. Mh;. md;udp Mz;lif jUtpj;jhh;. kl;lf;fsg;gpd; njw;Nf 2 iky; njhiytpy; mike;Js;s tPr;Rf;fy; KidapypUe;J gpuhd;rp];fd; rigf; fd;dpaiu gzpf;nfd 14 iky; njhiytpYs;s Njw;whj; jPTf;F ,lkhw;wk; nra;jhh;. thfiuapy; jk; gzp

fis epiwT nra;j gpuhd;rp];fd; rigf; fd;dp aiu rpq;fs kf;fs; thOk; mk;ghiwapy; gzpahw;w cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,t;thW kiwgug;Gg; gzpf; fhd jdJ Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Mah; nraw;gLj; jpdhh;.

,f;fhyj;jpy; kiwkhtl;lk; KOtJk; mKy;gLj;J tjw;nfd kiwkhtl;l kiwf;fy;tp Mizf; FO rpwe;j jpl;lk; xd;iw tiue;jJ. Foe;ij xU FLk; gj;jpd;> r%fj;jpd; mq;fk; vDk; Nfhl;ghl;by; r%fj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; jpl;lq;fs; nraw;gLj; jg;gl;ld. vdNt Foe;ijfs;> Mrphpah;fs;> ,is Qh;> ngw;Nwhh; vdg;gphpj;J jpl;lq;fNshL nraw;gl Muk;gpj;jJ. ,ijr; nraw;gLj;j gapw;rp ngw;w kiw Nghjfh;fSk; newpahsh;fSk; Njitahf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; kiwNghjfh;fs;> ,isQh; mikg; Gf;fs;> Mrphpah; rq;fq;fs;> FLk;gey mikg;Gf;fs; newpg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. jpUNfhzkiyapYk; fy;K idapYk; gzpfis ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf kiwf; fy;tp epiyaq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

1975 khh;fop 19Mk; ehs; tlkj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; mDuhjGuk; jdp kiwkhtl;lkhf nraw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ. mjp.te;. vy;. Mh;. md;udp Mz;lif xd;gJ tUlq;fs; gzpahw;wpdhYk; 1977> 1978> 1981 Vw;gl;l fytuq;fSk; 1978,y; kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; gy gFjpfis ghjpj;j #whtspAk; kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;F gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;jpaJ. kWGwkhf Nehf;Fk; NghJ jpUr;rig r%fg;gzpapy; <Lgl ,it VJthf ,Ue;jd. #whtsp 40>000 tPLfis mopj;jhYk; jpUr;rig kl;Lk; mur> mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;f Sld; Gdh;tho;T eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;lJ.

nfhOk;G nrnlf; epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Fdh; mUl;jpU. N[h. ngh;dhd;Nlh mbfs; vkJ kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;F te;J NjhNshL Njhs; nfhLj;J Gdh;tho;Tg; gzp fspy; topelj;jpdhh;. r%f tpopg;Gzh;T> r%fk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gly; vd;W midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; tpopgG; zhT; k>; topfhll; Yk ; nfhLff; gg; ll; J. '#wh tsp' vDk; gj;jphpif Gdh;tho;T rk;ge;jkhd nra;jp fis cs;slf;fp ,U khjq;fSf;nfhU jlit ntspahfpaJ. kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l gbg; gbahd Gdh;tho;Tk; kPsf;fl;bnaOg;gYk; nraw; gLj;jg;gl;ld.

rhjp> kjk;> ,dk; vd;w Ngjkpy;yhky; Gdh;tho;Tr; nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngw;wjhy; fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUr; rigapd; ,g;gzp midthpd; tuNtw;igAk; ngw; wJ. MdhYk; Gdh;tho;tpd; %yk; kf;fs; xd;Wgl;L rpe;jpj;J> nrayhw;wp> gfpUk; r%fkhf cUthf Ntz;Lk; vDk; jpUr;rigapd; Mty; KOikahf epiwNtwtpy;iy. FUf;fspy; gyh;$l fj;Njhypf;f r%fg; gzpapd; Nehf;fj;ij KOikahfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;stpy;iy. MapDk; gy FUf;fs; r%fq;f isf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd jkJ nraw;ghl;by; ntw;wp fz;ldh;. xUtifapy; r%fq;fSf;fpil Naahd Gdh;tho;T> Ghpe;Jzh;T Nghd;wit cU thf #whtsp VJthf mike;jpUe;jJ.

#whtsp Vw;gLj;jpa ghjpg;ghy; kiwkhtl;l jpUr; rig epiyFiyahky; rhjp> kjk;> ,dk; vd;w Ngjkpd;wp r%f Nritapy; <Lgl;bUe;j fhyj;jpy; jhd; kiwkhtl;l r%f Nritfs; Mizf;FO 'vnfl;' (EHED) (fpof;F kdpj> nghUshjhu Kd;

kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

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Ndw;wk;) vDk; ngaNuhL nraw;gl Muk;gpj;jJ. jdJ kf;fs; Nky; jpUr;rig nfhz;Ls;s mf; fiwia ntspg;gLj;JtJk;> twpathpd; Koik ahd tsh;r;rp rk;ge;jkhd fpwp];Jtpd; Nghjidf Sf;F rhd;W gfh;tJk; ,t;tikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;f shFk;. ,e;Nehf;fq;fis mila fPo;kl;lj;jpyp Ue;J FUf;fis cUthf;fp tpopg;Gzh;itf; nfhLj;J nraw;gl;lJ Mizf;FO.

njhlh;r;rpahd ,df;fytuq;fshy; kiyehl;Lg; gFjpapypUe;J gy jkpoh;fs; mfjpfshf vkJ kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;F te;jdh;. 1978y; #whtsp Vw;gLj;jpa ,aw;if mdh;j;jKk; FUf;fis gy topfspYk; r%f Nritapy; <Lgl itj;jd. ,g; gzpfis ,yFgLj;j FUf;fSf;F Nkhl;lhh; irf; fps;fs; thq;fpf; nfhLj;J kiwgug;Gg; gzpf;F Mah; Gjpa jpUg;gj;ijf; nfhLj;jhh;.

1978,y; kiwkhtl;l ,isQh; xd;wpak; Mauhy; epWtg;gl;lJ kiwkhtl;l rhpj;jpuj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa khd iky;fy;;yhFk;. ,isQiu fpwp];jtf; Nfhl; ghl;by; topelj;JjYk; ,isQUs; nghJepiy apdhpd; gzpia Cf;Ftpg;gJk; ,jd; Nehf;fq;f shFk;.

jpUNfhzkiyapYk; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; FUf;fs; xd;whff;$b jkJ gzp mDgtq;fisg; gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ ,NaR rig kp\dhpfs; Muk;gpj;J itj;j xU gof;fkhFk;. jkf;F gq;fpy; gy gzpfs; ,Ue;jhYk; ,e;j xd;W $lYf;F tUtjw;F FUf;fs; jtWtjpy;iy.

xd;W$lypd;NghJ r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> ,iwapay; tplaq;fs; fye;Jiuahlg;gLtJz;L. FUf;fs;> Jwtwj;jhh; kj;jpapy; nra;jpfisg; gfph; tjw;fhfTk; xU rQ;rpif ntspaplg;glNtz;L nkd kl;lf;fsg;G xd;W$lypd;NghJ fUj;Jj; njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gzp mUl;je;ij Mh;. v];. Nyhg;G mbfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl 1981 Vg;uy; khjk; Kjy; nra;jpfs;> gpwe;j ehs; tho;j;J> eifr;Rit> rpe;jidf;F rpy Jspfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fNshL 'BAT NEWS' vd;w jiyg;NghL rQ;rpif ntsp ahdJ. (BAT vd;gJ kl;lf;fsg;ig RUf;fkhff; Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ). ,g;gzp 3 tUlq;fs; njhlu 1984 itfhrp khjk; Kjy; INTERNOS (Inter Diocesan News) vDk; khjhe;j rQ;rpif kiwkhtl;l kl;lj; jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; tsh;r;rp> gUkd;> gzpapd; Njit fs; vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L Mah; mjp.te;.vy;.Mh;.md;udp Mz;lif kiwkhtl;lk; ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;J NkYk; gy gzpahw;w Ntz;L nkDk; Nehf;fpy; cNuhikf;F tpz;zg;gpj;jhh;. mjw;Fhpa Neuk; KiwNa czug;glhjjhy; cNuh ikapypUe;J rhjfkhd gjpy; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

,e;jpah-ngq;fSh; Njrpa tptpypa kiwf;fy;tp> jpUtopghl;L Mizf;FOtpd; ,af;Fdh; mUl; je;ij. b. v];. mkNyhw;gtjh]; mbfs; jiyik apy; 1982 ij khjk; kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; midj;Jf; FUf;fSf;Fkhd Qhd xLf;fKk;> fUj;juq;Fk; eilngw;wJ. ,e;ehl;fspy; nrgj;jp Yk;> jpahdj;jpYk; <Lgl;l FUf;fs; kiw khtl;

lj;jpd; mbg;gilj; NjitfisAk;> gzpfisAk; Kd;itj;jdh;.

Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fshtd:1. 2k; tj;jpf;fhd; jpUr;rq;fj;jpd; gbg;gpidia

mbg;gilahf itj;J ,iwtDk; kdpjDk; jpUr;rigAk; cyFk; tho;Tk; rhpj;jpuKk; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf Gjpa fz;Nzhl; lj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

2. kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; r%fq;fSf;fhd mikjpia cUthf;Fjy;.

3. ePjpAk; rkj;JtKk; cUthFtjw;F kiwkhtl; lj;jpd; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> rka> fyhrhu epiyikfis Muha;jy;.

4. kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;nfd gue;j> njspthd jpl;lk; tFj;jy;.

5. FUf;fs; njhlf;fk; kf;fspilNa ey;y r%fq;f is cUthf;Fjy;.

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fshy; rkg;gLj;jg;gl;l FUf;fs; kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;nfd gpd;tUk; nfhs;if ia cUthf;fpdh;.

'jpUNfhzkiy – kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;lk; 2k; tj;jpf;fhd; rq;fj;jpd; gbg;gpidfis mbg;gil ahff; nfhz;L flTs; kdpjd; cyfk; jpUr;rig rhpj;jpu tho;f;if Nghd;wtw;iw ,iw Nehf;NfhL Gjpa cyfj;ijf; fz;Nzhf;f tpisfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; fpwp];J ,NaRNt Nghjpj;j ew;nra;jpahf ,iwaurpd; KOikahd ntspg;ghlhfTk; mik fpd;wJ. kdpjh;fisf; nfhz;l r%fq;fis cU thf;fp Viofs; xLf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;fhf> jkJ gzpapy; Kd;Dhpik nfhLj;J jkJ tho;thy; fpwp];J ,NaRTf;F rhd;W gfh;tjd; %yk; ,f; Fwpf;Nfhs; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ.

,f;nfhs;ifapid mKy;gLj;j Mauhy; mq;fPfhpf; fg;gl;l rpwg;Gf; FO gzpf;fg;gl;lJ. nraw;gLj;Jk; FO jdJ gzpia kl;lf;fsg;gpYk;> jpUNfhz kiyapYk; fye;Jiuahly;> fUj;juq;Ffs; %yk; Muk;gpj;jhYk; vjph;ghuhj xU nra;jp midj;J nraw;ghl;Lf;Fk; Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf mike;jJ. Mah; mjp.te;. vy;. Mh;. md;udp Mz;lif jdJ RfaPdk; fhuzkhf jpUj;je;ijaplk; rkh;g;gpj;j ,uh[pdhkhf; fbjk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf 1982 khh;fop khjk; nra;jp fpilj;jJ. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J Gjpa Mahpd; njhpTf;fhd Maj;jq;fs; eilngw; wd.

1982 ij khjk; eilngw;w FUf;fSf;fhd Qhd xLf;fj;jpd; gpd; FOtho;Tr; rNfhjhpfSf;fhd Gjpa jpl;lk; kiwkhtl;l kiwf;fy;tp eLepiyaj; jhy; Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; gpd;jq;fpa gFjpfspy; FUf;fNsh Jwtwj;jhNuh gzpahw;whj gFjpfspy; kiw gzpapid Mw;WtJ ,t;tikg;gpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

jpUNfhzkiy-kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; Gjpa Mauhf mjp.te;.vy;.Mh;.md;udp Mz;lifiaj; njhlh;e;J gzpahw;w> jpUj;je;ijapd; kiwgug;G

kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012

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rigapd; Njrpa ,af;FdUk;> aho; Mahpd; nrayhsUkhfg; gzpahw;wpa mUl;je;ij Nahrg; fpq;];yp Rthk;gps;is mbfs; 1983 rpj;jpiuj; jpq;fs; 7k; ehs; cNuhikapy; fUjpdhy; NkjF Nwhrp vd;gtuhy; jpUepiyg;gLj;jg;gl;L Mdpj; jpq;fs; 7k; ehs; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gzpNaw;whh;. vkJ kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; Gjpa Mahpd; Muk;gg; gzpf; fhyj;jpNyNa ,df;fytuq;fs; Nkhrkhf ntbj;j jhy; Nka;g;Gg; gzpapy; gy jilfSk;> rthy;fSk; Vw;gl;ld. MapDk; kiw khtl;lj;jpy; Md;kPf tsh;r;rpf;fhf gy Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

1983Mk; Mz;L ,df;fytuj;jpd; gpd; ghJfhg;G> Md;kPf tsh;r;rp> Mahpd; Neub Nkw;ghh;it Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; jpUNfhzkiyapy; mike;jpUe;j rpwpa FUklk; kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd; FWfpa fhyj;jpNyNa 13 Mf ,Ue;j FUkl khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 42 Mf cah;e;jJ. jpU Nfhzkiyapy; ntWikahf;fg;gl;l rpwpa FUklf; fl;blk; Nka;g;Gg;gzp epiyakhfTk;> jpahd ,y;y khfTk; khwpaJ.

nghJ epiyapdUf;fhd gzpAk; gapw;rpAk; Gjpa Mahpd; fhyj;jpy; NkYk; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. FUf;fNshL nghJepiyapdUk; gapw;rpf;nfd ,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;ldh;. Mah; mjp.te;.vy;. Mh;.md;udp Mz;lif fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l FO tho;T rpwg;Gg; gapw;rpAk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L gapw;rpia Kbj;Njhh; thfiu> nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy> Mapj;jpakiy> mspfk;ig> fStq;Nfzp> ,UjaGuk; (%J}h;) Nghd;w ,lq;fSf;F gzpf;nfd mkh;j;jg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fSf;fhd gapw;rp epiyaKk; Mapj;jpakiyapypUe;J Nkyjpf trjpfSf;fhf kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

kiwf;fy;tpg; gzpapy; rpq;fsnkhop NgRk; fj; Njhypf;fUf;F cjTk; Kfkhf rpq;fsg; gphpT Muk; gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1984,y; kiwkhtl;l kiwf;fy;tp epiyak; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; %d;W ehs; tptpypaf; fz; fhl;rpia xOq;F nra;J elhj;jpaJ. tptpypaj;ijg;; ngWtjpYk; thrpg;gjpYk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Mh;tk; Vw;gl ,f;fz;fhl;rp cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.

mUl;je;ij n`d;wp nghd;idah mbfspd; FUj;Jt nghd; tpohtpid kiwkhtl;lk; rpwg;gh ff; nfhz;lhbaJ. nghd; tpoh fz;l Kjy; kiw khtl;lf; FU ,tuhFk;. ,jid ikakhf itj;J Njt mioj;jiy kf;fs; kj;jpapy; cUthf;f Njt mioj;jy; fz;fhl;rp xOq;F nra;ag;gl;lJ. mUl; je;ij n`d;wp nghd;idah mbfs; kiwkhtl; lj;jpd; KjyhtJ kiwf;fy;tp ,af;Fduhifahy; kiwf;fy;tp eLepiyak; ,jid rpwg;gpf;f 'mUs; top nry;Nthk;' vDk; kiwf;fy;tp E}y; xd;iw ntspapl;lJ. gy ghlq;fs; mike;j Mrphpah; ifE}yhfpa ,e;E}y; ntspaplg;gl;L FWfpa fhyj; jpNyNa ,uz;lhk;> %d;whk; gjpg;Gfs; ntspte;jd.

kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; fy;tpapd; ke;jepiy fhuzkhf Mahpd; gzpg;gpd; Nghpy; njhz;luhrphpah;fs; kiw khtl;lj;jpd; kiwf;fy;tpapD}lhf fy;tpj; jpizf; fs rk;kjj;Jld; ghlrhiyfspy; gzpahw;wpdh;. ,th;fSf;F rpW njhif md;gspg;ghfTk; toq; fg;gl;L te;jJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,th;fs; murhq;f epakdk; ngw;whh;fs;.

MauJ 10 tUl gzpapd; Kf;fpa fl;lkhf 1993 mike;jpUe;jJ. jpUNfhzkiy-kl;lf;fsg;G kiw khtl;lk; Muk;gkhfp (1893) 100 tUlq;fs; G+h;j;jp ahFk; epiyapy; MaNuhL ,ize;J kiwkhtl; lNk jd;idj; jahh; nra;jJ. 1993 ij khjk; jpU Nfhzkiy Nguhyaj;jpy; E}w;whz;L epfo;Tfs; jpUg;gypAld; Muk;gkhfpd. Muk;g epfo;Tfs; jpUkiyapy; ,lk;ngw> Mtzp 28> 29Mk; ehl;fspy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rpwg;G epfo;Tfs; xOq;F nra;ag;g l;ld. jpUj;je;ijapd; gpujpepjpAk;> ,yq;ifapd; gy gFjpfspypUe;Jk; Mah;fSk; tUif je;jpUe;jdh;. ,j;jpdq;fspNy fiy epfo;r;rpfSk;> rpWth; - ,isQh; fUj;juq;FfSk;> rpwg;Gg; gtdpAk; jpUg; gypAk; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. Mtzp 29Mk; ehs; rpwg;Gg; gtdpapd;NghJ mil kio fhuzkhf jpUg;gypfs; kl;lf;fsg;G ntgh; muq;fpYk;> Gdpj khpahs; ,izg;Nguhyaj;jpYk; eilngw;wd. E}w;wz;L epiwT epfo;Tfs; 1993 fhh;j;jpif khjk; fy;Kidapy; ,lk; ngw;wd.

epiwthf:kiwkhtll; k ; Mukg; khfpaNghJ jpUNfhzkiyf;F xUtUk; kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F xUtUkhf ,uz;L mky khpj; jpahfpfs; rigf; FUf;fNs gzpahw;wpdh;. 10 Myaq;fSk; 17 kiwgzp epiyaq;fSk; md;W ,Ue;jd. 6690 fj;Njhypf;fNu ,Ue;jdh;. 1895y; 3 ,NaRrigapdhpd; tUifNahL mkykhpj; jpah fpfs; ntspNawpdh;. jw;NghJ 50>000f;F Nkyhd fj;Njhypf;fiuAk; gy kiwgug;G epWtdq;fisAk; 30 gq;FfisAk; nfhz;L kiwkhtl;lk; tPWeil NghLfpd;wJ.

,jd; tsh;r;rpf;;fhf cioj;j Mah;fs;> FUf;fs;> Jwtwj;jhh;> nghJepiyapdiu ehk; vd;Wk; md;Gl Dk;> ed;wpAlDk; epide;J ,Ufuk; $g;Gfpd;Nwhk;.

mUl;fyhepjp nlhkpdpf; rhkpehjd;Xa;Tngw;w rpNu\;l tphpTiuahsh;

jpU. A. mUshde;jk;Xa;Tngw;w gpujk fzf;fha;thsh;

jpU. L. mnyf;rhz;lh;Xa;Tngw;w mjpgh;

kl;lf;fsg;G kiwkhtl;l epidTkyh; eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2012