Die spiitr6mische Kais erzeitund die friihe Vlilkerwanderungszeit

in Mittel- und ()steuropa

MAGDALENA MACZYNSKATADEUSZ GRABARCZYK(llerauryeber)

t t f tI T T IYl/

wyDAwNtcrwo uNtwtnsvtgtu 16ozrrEGo . toDi 2ooo

:-..': Hunnen und Awarcn. Schdlze ..

. ' .r l :grutnn PPrlod. Anl iquity 65. \ :

. . L;t,tot'.\kim Jane. Archea[o8.:'r

) ' : : : a .86 -87 .

-.:::cza$t Mt (Pollth Easlern Cat;::

: : . Si lesia Anliqua 16, 175 196

. .:-ii'q. 0n) Vichodoslovenski Pra'

: .:--botanica 22, 11-23.

^-.:.:zo w MaloPolsce lvschodniej L;--

Eszter Istvdnoyits, Val\ria Kulcsdr

IRANIAN-GERMANIC CONTACTSIN THE SARMATIAN BARBARICUM

OF TFTE CARPAfiIIAN BASIN

[zzt]

ln the research of the Sarmatian Barbaricum of the Carpathian basin:.:ral scholars have been dealing with the question of the Germanic:-.:ence, the objects of Germanic origin (panoucz 1941,70; 1950,25g 260;

:rv 1980, 94 96; 1987, 76_79; DrNnvEs 1991, 162, 167; MnsrrnnAzv-:5. 150-153; Gonrowsrl 1993, 76; IsrvANovlri,{I(r,rcsAn 1993, 33 34).-:! inteJest can be easily understood, if we take'into consideration, that

_- . neighbourhood obviously played an important role in the life of ther ---:atrans, closed between the Roman Empire and Germanic and _ at the::,-.:nlg -. Dacian tribes (Gonr,owsK 1993, Fig. 2; IsrvAnovrrs/KL,LCSAR't, .lt*, 1) This long lasting neighbourhood was manifested in strong: -.:al influence, which was reflected, for example, in Ammianus Marcellinus,so ,,', lho:

talking about frequent allied Barbarian attacks against pannoniar : \.{oesia, stressed the similarity of customs und *"uporri ; i;;r"*

' ' ;ttschaft auf den gebirgiSen GeL:-.. , t i i tkaiserzei l l ichen Besledlung. '

Quadians (Amm. Marc. XVII 1). Of course, it is questionaUle if this-:: was real and how it was formed.--: the time of the occupation of the Great Hungarian plain by-: rtians,

.Suebians (euadians) have already been the ;rit uUltunt. of tn"-..:"", (vuauralsJ nav€ alreaoy been the lnhabitants of the--:rthran basin. Actually, the first mentioning of immigrating Jazygians. rst connected with the information that euadian ki-ng Vannius keptltian. equestdan escort (facit. Ann. XII 29).

: :ginning from this time, the 1,, century AD, a close relationship-::n the Iranian and Germanic population of the Carpathian basin can:served both in written and archaeological sources. Neglecting the::::ous data of the written sources, let us have a look at the Germanic: :: objects of the Sarmatian Barbaricum. Of course, in thrs case, tnc-rn anses whether these objects got to the Sermaiians as preces of. or as a result of trade. It is not easy to determine this, but in bothI ":

"::t"^",:,io: is real, despite of tle opinion of AoAr"u VuOuyt- \y6e. e/) who, on the basis of the sprea<i of these finds, doubted

' ::--ik Przemyski 9, 193 229.

238 Eszter Istvdnovits, Vai6ria Kuicsir

if there was any trade at all. According to her, these finds are mis: -:

exactly from the Sannatian-Germanic frontier territory. If we put -:;

objecti of Germanic character on a map (Fig. l), we can see that the) '-:

concentrated on the northern border of the Samatian territory and a-- :

water routes. Among the finds that reached the Sarmatian Barbaricuri -

the end oi the 2.d 3'd centuries we have to mention the following one'- buckles with double (gabelfdrmigen) tongues (Fig 2, 6) (Gyulat:--.

Tiszafoldvir - VADAY 1987,76 80; H6vizgyork - DINNYEs 1991, 162):- braceiets with snakc shaped terminals (Schildkopfarmringe) (Fig -

4-5) (Gelej, Szatm6r - V,roev 1980; Veresegyhiz - MrsrsnnAzv 1986):

io-called Einsprossenltbeln (type 129 by Almgren - Fig- 2' 3) (fisza":'-

viri, Kiszombor - IirvAnovlrs 1990, 89-90; H6vizgyrirk - DINNYES 1991, l'-

T hbulas (type 151 by Almgren - Fig 2, 1-2) (B6k6s-Vizesbin::'

Szarvas-L5mer halom, Kenderes, Tiszafiired, Szolnok-Szanda, Birdnd - V.r:

1989, 96-97);- S-shaped necklace hook (Fig. 2, 7) (JAszber6ny-Csegelapos V"r: -'

1 9 8 0 , 9 6 ) ;- probably spherical, framed pendants, if they are not of eastern or:;-:

(Fig. 2, 8) (I6i<ikszennnikl6s-Surjiin, Kiskros-Csukrist6-Reckft - vA: ' '

1 9 8 0 , 9 6 ) ;- shield bosses with antenna - like spike (Hortobrigy, Nyiregyhriza, S-.-

bolcs county - IsrvANovlrs/KuLCSAR 1992, 68 71). This type of shield ens"-

on both sides of the track of the future Csrirsz-earthwork Pieces found off --::

track belonged to Vandaiian find assemblages, whereas those from the in:=

side come fiom Sarmatian milieu (see IsrvANovlrs[(L'l-csAn 1992, Fig i- probably bits with big rings - if they are not Roman products (F ;

3, 2)'fttbvizgy ork, Geszter6d, Hortobigy-Poroshet - DINNYES 1991' 11''

probably arrow-heads with sockets from H6vizgy6rk (Fig 3'

(DrM,rYEs 1991, Fig. i4, 15-16);- probably fire-irons with a hook shaped end (Debrecen-Hortobigyi-:

Tiszavasviri-Paptelekhit, Sz5diiget-Csorog, Endr6d-Szuj6kereszt - t' ': '1

IA1l2 by Kokowski or type 1A by Jonakowski) recently collected b) --

v. Carnap-Bornheimt.trn our work we would like to focus on these connections in t;-

relatively well outlined regions. One of these territories is the Upper T:':-

region, where we have to assume, firstly, the presence of Van:-

lians/Victovalians, and secondly, other Germanic elements in the neighbc-:

hood of the Sarmatians/AlansThe other region is the Danube-bend and its surroundings' This reg:::

is of a key impbrtance from the point of view of the Sarmatian-Sueb:':(Quadian) relationship. In the present paper we try to examine the -i

chaeological evidence for Germanic-Iranian contacts.

I We thank Claus von Camap-Bornheim for kindly Permitting Ds to use his work in p::

..aoian-Germanic contact!

20 50 100 km

ACVMINCM

(^,.^--l^t)s NGt0 . ,-L,

,,1-\-

-i

i0

ihe objects oI Germar-::Ll6rijfalu-Herpdly; 3 - I, rzgydrk; 8 Hortobigt:: :ombor; l3 NyiregiL:Jdldvfr; 17 - Tiszafiired

-::king about the rela;,Jarpathian basin, rve

. : :ons. namely the mealhe spread of certar

..e are able to recor- :hat the tracks oi th

rls (flvers, marshes:i lrom one historic

, ' '=*to - Fig. 2, 3) (Tiszar':-'. ,-".iotk - DINNYES 1991, 16-:

:,::. ihese finds are mtss::'--

::: :erritorY. If we Put t::' we can see that they a':

:::::atian territorY and alc::

::: Sarmatian Barbaricum ::

:-::r:ion the following ones:

.--::es (Fig. 2, 6) (GYulava'-',. - DrnrYEs 1991, 162);

::: n e try to examlne r:'

:: n'!acts.

: , : :r iLt ing us to use his work::

S -'rildkopfarmrinCe) (Fic '

'. .;z - MrsrennAzv 1986);

: l-.' 1-2) (B6k6s-VizesbAnc-: :ok-Szanda, Birard - VA:''

r.;,er6ny-CsegelaPos - VA: '-

::3! are not of eastern or-':, -Csukist6-Rickut - VA:

il lrrtobigy, NYiregYhAza. 5:-- I r. This tYPe of shield er-=:-::r.hwork. Pieces found ofi :

:. ;hereas those from the i'.. - , TSKULCSAR 1992',Frg ''.-: not Roman Products r:

: :s :At - DINNYEs 1991, i - -

::,.:r Fl6vizgyork (Fig' l '

: :rC (Debrecen-Hortobdtg":. E ndr5d-Szuj6kereszt - :.'

: .,. s-ii) recentlY collected bt

::r these connections ln :

,: :i 'rritories is the UPPer I

:: -:s surroundings This ::. :.i of the Sarmatlan-sL:

IianiaD Germanic contacts in thc Salmatian Barbaricum of the Carpalhian Basin 239

:rpathian basin, we musi nor forget about a very important aspect ofrorgel aDour a very tmportant aspect o{: -rns" namely ihe means of transpoftation and trarie - the roads. On the

l Le objects of Germanic character in the Sarmatian Barbaricum. I - tsdrandj:-::1)'6ijlalu-Herpily; 3 - B6k€s-Vizesbrinom; 4 _ Gelej; 5 _ Geszter6J; 6 _ c).utavdri;: r.g)6.kj 8 Hortobdgyj 9 Jlszber6ny-Csegelaposj lO _ Kenderes; ll _ Kisk6ids;

,.mbor; l3 - Nyiregyheza; 14 Szarvas_L6mer halom; l5 _ Szolnok_Szanda,ioldver; 17 - Tiszafiired; 18 - Tiszavasvdri; 19 Trjr<jkszentmikl6sj 20 - Veresegyhiiz

. -,.i ing about the relations between the Sarmatian and Germantc tnbes

:re spread of cenain finds, and judging fiom ihe anaiogies with later: are able io reconstruct the line oi some of them. I-t is generally' '-.at the tracks of the roacis were formed according to the geograptuc_i (rlvers, marshes, mountains etc.), that is why the routes were

. irom one historical period or age to another.

, r r - \ -

-a -'fii ) * i1

- { | t6 @- Elffih\IkE$

I )

ft-]g T@'g-t{-.ffiW @ ,

0 5 crrrr _--I

Fig. 2. Germanic finds lrom the Sarmatian Barbaricum at the end of the ?-"o-3" c€::-

I - T fibula (type 151 by Almgren) Irom Kenderes (after VADAY 1989, Taf. r:

2 - T fibula (type 151 by Almgren) from Szolnok-Szanda (alter VATAY 1989, Taf. l

3 - so-called Einsprosselfibel (type 129 b] Almgren) from Tiszavasviiri (after lsr\'.'i:

1990, Pl. 2, 1); 4, 5 bracelets with snafte shaped termidals ftom Veresegyhaz

MESTERHAZY 1986, Fig. 4); 6 - buckles with double tongues lrom H6vizgy6rk (after D:r'

1991, Fig. 13, 2); 7 - S-shaped necklace hook from Jaszber6ry-Csegelapos (after VADA,

Pl. 34, 3); 8 spherical, framed pendants from Tdrokszenlrnikl6s (after VADAY 1989, Pl ::

:anian-Gerrnanic contacts in l

bjt \^.ith big rings lrom He!i:r.ith sockels from Hevjzg] a

::rchers agree that west_e:re outlined already dur

.i) at the latest, but prob-jcted mainly on the basit

:-_1.1 t€rra sigillata and co:

ttI

A9 -::';tLf-\1

;#{l / n )Y/E

1

,-1*b-.r ,zl{ \I f\-li l\ \r,{ 7"-+ y,

- 1 j : :

lranian_Germanic contacts in the Sarma an Barbadcum of the Caryalhlan Basrn 241

'iil'::l-3*T:',.Tr|;??:if ,f i.,?^)","^,^ln':,F jg,5);2-arrowieadsq rn socr.err n"'. r., "rru,i, i"n J: ;i^"#:',.; i:'J*: li;,,,r1, ;,

:, -i...nnlixr"T"#::r;",.,,,:?::iil"111 -^d^, of tbe Grear Hungarian,:T":.,i':t',":,lr,,l,i;;*q,::j" j;je1";'fi ,'jff :"T,I"Ai::':i, , .1.; l5j?;":::', n{l;:l,ly,.,il i"ull,?l:ff il"":.i#jl,':1|1,,i1,^'!!f ,,i;'fi "l:'.,;":i;:;-il:,l'J":iilxl'il,:i,"jl#i'r:.--r: rerra sisi//ata and;;;;i

".. ,fj.iJ,,..l,,ii-"" '

5'l

l. l%-,

Fqv/€1

/'-ti'--.}...

i r f f i , r\ \1{ ./- ' t y o

Eszter Istv6flovits, Val6ria Krlcsar

Aquincum - flatvan - Miskolc (a branch of this route is the roacthe valieys of rivers Saj6 and Hernrid) (Fig. 4, 1) (Genrn 1968,212;.

Aquincum - Szolnok Debrecen Porolissum (KonEcvr 1972, ..'G,,ur-rnfVaoav 1986, 47) (Fig. a, 4;

Aquincum - Kecskem6t - Parthiscum (Szeged) Micia (Fig. 4, 3) E -:

1963164, 82-83; KULCSAR 1989, 88 90);Intercisa Kecskem6t - between CsongrAd and Szentes (B<ild) (Kor.

1972, 106) Bologa/Resculum (Genr-rn/V.rolv 1986, 41) (F re. 4, 4);I-ugio - Madaras - Parthiscum (Szeged) - Micia (Genlrn/VADAy l;i:

a7) Fig. 4, 5).Samatian and Germanic population that moved to the territon J'

North East Hungary at the end of the 2'd century, probably used the rc::sthat could have existed there already in Celtic times, if not earlier. F:.:the point of view of this territory, the Upper Tisza region was crosse: :ntwo roads among the ones listed above: the track in the directior tMiskolc (SauvoN-ToRoK 1960) and another one in the direction of Debr:::r(Finz 1963164,82 84). On the basis of recent research (Nerern 1985. -:ithe latter furcated behind Debrecen.

Naturally, for the modern research, Roman objects represent the :=basis for the reconstruction of the roads (Fig. 5). However, it can be h-:"imagined that these roads were not used in Germanic-Sarmatian relat: - :"

In the Upper Tisza region, similarly to many other areas, the : --"possible tracks of roads were determined by natural conditions. This :.ebe well demonstrated in the case of the region called R6tk6z. At an r'century map (Fig. 6), made before the regulation of Tisza, we car r::a mostly west-east directed line of break, along which a road of '-ldirection could have been formed. With insignificant corrections, this '-:-r

has existed until our days. Far from the Sarmatian territory, from S:,:East Slovakia ffapudany and Mal6 Trakany) (BLrDrNsKi-KRraKA . : r

-

358-359) ,,Sarmatian" type finds from the 3'd century have been publ;r:=This is an evidence for the use of the road for the connections bea;.:Germanic and Sarmatian population. Unfortunately, since the cited public:.'- rof 1957 nobody has been dealing with the question of the finc fSarmatian character in the Germanic material.

Here we have to draw attention to a problan of a sporadic occurr:1-:of the Vandalian/Victovalian materiai at the Upper Tisza region, sta:,,1fiom the period following the Marcomannic Wars. Beside the well k:,,.roburials with weapons (e.g. K6kcse, Tiszakanyir etc.) the majonty of -:-:robjects consists of stray find vessels (Fig. 7). It seems to us that a: !same time when the Sarmatian group of the north-e astern corner c: -lCarpathian basin had undergone a serious Germanic influence, the Ger:: -t:pc,pulation itself was very quickly ,,sarmatised".

::dan-Germanic contact

,i 20 50 100 krn

Fig. 4. I

--::ong Germanic impac-: mentioned. In the n: Carpathian basin the

- I this we can add a tr: . -:.:1 of the Upper Tii

' ng Germanic influenc.:C belly (IswAruours 1: iFig. 8) and are char;:xceptlons). Their origi

,:;ological materia.l of, ,rlrn strong stature, \r,,

, -rnnectlon the northen

strG

::.r of this route is the roac

r- : - . 1) (GABLER 1968, 212: .

?: :o l issum (KoHEcYI 1972, - -

S::ged) - Micia (Fig. 4, 3) tf

:::: and Szentes (Bold) ((or.:

.:r.. !986, aT Fi'e a, q;\{icia (Genrrn/Velev

'-:ar moved to the terrltol'::nrury, probablY used the r-

C:.:ic times, if not eadier. F:

:::r Tisza region was crosse:: :re track in the directio::: one in the direction of::r: research (fJrrnrn 1985. -

.::-an objects replesent the

. ::. 5). However, it can be h::::- Germanic-Sarmatian rela:-: --j many other areas, the:.. natural conditions. Thi:

::;lon called R6tkciz. At ac

::::rlation of Tisza, we ca:.-\. aiong which a road of: s- snificant corrections, this -j

S:rmatian territorY, from S:':-i:ny) (Br,uINsKi-KRIaKA .

: : century have been Publ,:.: ior the connections be:.::ately, since the cited

l:inanic influence, the

lralrian'Germa:lic coltacts in the Sarmatian Barbaricum of the Caryathian Basin 243

0 20 50 100 km

z^ I N I E R C I S A

, T O E 5 I A

Fig. 4. The roads of Sarmalian Barbaricum

z

::,.:1em of a sporadic occu:: - * ,h" Upper Tisza region. Its shipe suggests the possibility of

:: Upper Tisza region. s::: : , --..9."T:ni". influence Thcse strongiy bicont-ai u"*"t.'*iti, ,t urp1"

i-.: Wars. Beside the well i: ::_-nelly (Isrv.A.Nolrrs 1993, Tab. V) concentrate along the roads shown, .-lg. 8) ald are characteristic mainly for the Upper f.isza regron (with

north-eastern corner i:! : .:eptlons). Their origin is dated as the 3.{4rh century ({srv.iNovns 1993,

----, rng Germanic impacts, objects imported into the Sarmatian barbaricum:: :entioned. In the north-eastern corner of the Sarmatian Barbaricum

-:. iarpathian basin they appear relatively concentrated as it was shown-

:ris^we can add a type of pottery frequently found in the Sarmatian

:: ogical material oi the settiement of Apagy, narnely bone retrains ol-:-r suong stature, was determined as coming from the same period. in. ::ction the northern origin was again suggested (VoROs 1993, 44].

-e - - - ; - - - - '

haaiat-Germanic cor a(Esztet Istvrinovitr, VaEria Kulc!6r

€e€

- 1 . . .

a

---- - ''! -;i-

I ...'t'

ztjt . . r._r.t:; I

(

...-7

-a-."-.e| , -

F

,'"' 't.\ ' . ' d ' -

\ . r l '. -r{-

lranian-Germanic contacts in lhe Sarmatian Barbaricum of the Carpathian tsasin 245

. '/--)f a-)

- :

l/

F

F

tr.

--.---*

. ------\

____F- * i

II

tl

I

.4 r*.1.-

-,t- r .,

Fig. 7. Stra)'find vessels, possibly Germanic type: 1 - Bals4 2 - -K6taj-Ekhaiom;

:

,i-] rori; 5 - Nagyhalesi-telektanva; 6 - DombJrid; ? .- ""1",t"]ltil l-^Ntit:?-:-

;;"il1'l d";il;;;;;-j'e'o; io - Gava; 11 - Nviresvhiza Esza\:12 Nyirtelek

iranian,Germanic contacts in th€ Sarmatiat Barbarjcum of the Caxpatlian Bastn 24i

-..*

} U,s i:

i7

248 Eszler lstvenovits, Val6ria Kulcsir_:nian'Gcrmanic contacts rn . i

r:came dominant i the s:,::ppe fol long centurie

' . , t]:icn, also PlaYed a dele-.: l ight of this, we canni

1 . :.11 of the Great }{ungal:rinate desPite of the in

: - r!3 graves,::i1 recent tlmes we u.'r

.- !:ebians only from the| -.- . -us finds, associated n:

.' . .:eri mainlY in Slovakia

. -rstly sporadic stray fin(. :.--ments (some houses a

: :- .alley of river IPoIY an. - ! erc.). Recently, roai

. cng the left bank oi tl

: , . :a l ing of Germanic anl

,- .l between these ethnic-. iargest excavated site \i

u. ,.:.ometres east of the I,.-ures of a Germanic s

' , : this is the largest el- - :ary .. excavated Part of ihe,nd a lor of garbage :- :er ranean, had 46 s

- .,:c settlements. Usuai.i ior s torage Pi ts at ,

'::1aces. Tire system .: independently, \f i lh.,. lnto ihe subsoil.r . l ts or pebbles (or : :

:yer of smoothed c,::i1e oven.

-:-ning the houses \\:-.\ro (or ihree), mor.cirsc of ihe Pits an.Sannatian scttlemeii: wc found a iarEic. istones coming frc:l

Listed above Germanic impacts, being a subject of numerous stuc':-

o"* b, "*purrd.d

by such finds as the graves of the Hortobigy-Poro'-e

".."i.ty, and the finds from Nyiregyhiza-I-ovaskaszirnya etc'' $:-

,"u"tut 'pt

"no-.na differing from the customary Sarmatian burial ::

could be observed, for example, the presence of shield (IsrvANovlrs/K ' -:-

,i. lSga or comb (from Tiszavasviri; IsrvAr'rovtrs 1990' 88) in the gr: :

iir. pf""i"g of combs or shields was not customary in case of Sarma--:c

sraves.Despite of strong Germanic impacts we- luu:,

to.,"t**: thai \:-r-

a"rillii.t"t"fi"n m"at"riat can be iecognised. in. 'h: ".ot:l ]l::.|.^lt-

;;il.'* ;;;;y short period of time on the b.^h-:f tP,11*''1"-..

;; ;#bi"g"s, *" srrcc"ed"d in locaiising the Vandalian Sarm-a--

;;;". "i;"g

tle line of the Cscirsz-earthwork, that was built later' tr :

4'h century.A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h a t i s t o s a y , f r o m t h e e n d o f t h e 3 d c e n t u r y ' p c : : :

m a t e r i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e x c l u s i v e l y f o r S a r m a t i a n s w a s s p r e a d o f f :frontier. ,,Germanic" features of the find assernblages were not prese:-

On thl eve of the Hun invasion, the Upper Tisza region .again -:came a territory of key lrnportance ln the time of building the Cs:

ouffn- unA fossu system, whether it was during the reign .of Dioclel:::

or Constantinus, this area musi have included one of the main rl

ri tn. C..-uni" people, pushed west by the I{un movement' The --::

of the Cs<jrsz itseif, in its tendency, follows the border between-:

r.if'"i,i" piuin uni the closed forest-steppe' Today in the Upper T'

r"gi". ""f

y' one vallum of the Csorsz can be seen :"11..I:T:t'l

ijffJer,a, bui we have evidence - mainly names of settlements :

;fi ;;pr; and its border character in ihe spread.?t ":"nu*1?.91t^l--

to suggest a former existence of an outer vallum-fossa line or-

Ny;; tl"";"t characterised bv wind-blown . sandy. soils So' the r:

and fossa system of Csorsz buili at the bcginning of the 4th ce::

"f -" pW"O

",it" roie of a border, but probably ii was also use:

a [oad.Sio"" tft" middie of the 41h century, the appearance of the so-::

firruaoU'Tirrut*Ad{iszavalkgroupfindsshowsdeepchanges'theGen::influence revcaling new features and becomtng more lntenslve'

nographic boom at the Iranian popu'::ln this period. we obscrve a dcr

of the Gieat Hungarian Plain, dernonstrated by the- huge^ .qu?n:;:'*.uion"n, materialsl and partly by the increasing number of burials --

.""." .f this ciemographi" boo- "un

be found not only in the n:

;;i,ipli;"ri"", ir,rt in itre arrival of a new immigrating population-. -.

maie;iai of the Sarmatian/Aianic newcomers of the 4'n century was sli::

influenced by the Marosszentanna/Sintana de Mureq-Cherniahov c-:

> j: j3ct of numerous stuc::!

:! rf ihe l{ortobigY-Poros:-

_r- ; !:I

: '--.r'askaszirnya etc., \r'h:;

::::rry Sarmatian burial ::

: --: shield (IsrvANovrrs,{K - -:r . - ' i . rs 1990, 88) in the gr:.::--:iary in case of Satma:,

: ,:ve to assume thar \':

:: :n the Upper Tisza re;:::: basis of the relativell ::

- lse graves.;rtil recent times rve were able to study the relations of Sarmatians

t - Suebians only from the data of written sources. Characteristic and* .:ous finds, associated mainly with the euadian material culture, were:, ::red mainly in Slovakia and published only partly. In Flungary we- :ostly sporadic stray finds coming from field surveys and small parts:.:isments (some houses and garbage pits) from

"*cuuatlor* conducted

::,valley of river lpoly and at the Danube_bend (MRT l2l, MRT 117,-rS erc.). Recently, road construction works between Budapest and. ^ - ^ + L - 1 ^ f + L ^ - i-- :.ong the left bank of the Danube, had a very significanr lmpact on: '' :aiing of Germanic and sarmatian sites just on lhe border territory

. - - ' . i h e i w e c n i h A o a - + L - ; ^.- ,:.beLween these ethnic groups (Fig. 9).: iargest excavated site was found near V6.c, at a site called Cscirogi_r6t,. ...:iometres east of the Danube. Herc, in the track of the future road,,.:rres of a Germanic settlement were unearthed, so for the present

':: this is the largest excavated Suebian site known in the terntor.._ : : a f v .

rranian-Cermanic contacts in ihe Sarmatian Barbaricum of the Carpathjat Besin 249

E- - r.og tire houscs we can observe somc regularity, namely, theyb. ..r'o (or three), more or less purullri tru..r' ivo ,:lg*tJ.,ry ,,on u"

: Decame dominant in the steppe and its vicinity. Iranians, who ciominatei: teppe for long centuries and exceedcd in number the Gcrmanic--lation, also playcd a determining role in the formation of this curture.

re light of this, we cannot be surprised by the fact that tn the flrd' "iral

of the Great l{ungarian piain buriars with Iranian 'te continuer -rminare despite of the increasing number of Germanic obiects found

'r excavated part of the settlernent included ig dwelling houses, 5_6.rd a lot of garbage andfor storage pits. Most of the houses were- r:3rranean, had 44 symmetrically situated pole_holes typical for..: t-ettiements.

.Usually they were supplied with one or Lwo gar_l or storage plts at one or two of the corners, and also one or'.rllces. The system of the fireplaces is very similar to-tir" ou"rx

- :nocpendently, without a connection to this or that housc. .Ihei,-- rnrc the subsoil, their bottom was covercd with a layer oi..r i:; or pebbles (or there was a combination of both) 1.hen covered..cr of smoothed ciay, usuaily strongiy burned, just as were tne. :1J OVen.

:r,. :hat was built later, ir

:-::;ans was sPread off :

,:::blages were not prese:'-

-': per Tisza region agairI :::ne of building the Cr:...:.g the reign of Diocle::-r:: cne of the main :::-: liun movernent. The -:

.:-: rhe Vandalian-Sarm a:

: .,.. the border betwee:,:: Today in the UPPer -.: la seen neaf Tisza\:i '. ames of settlement:': -:-rd of archaeologica. ::

-:.: vallum-fossa line c:- :n iy so i ls . So, the . i -j-rnnlng of the 4th c.:

r -::pPearance of the s.-: . Ceep changes, the G::. , :tore intensive.

: , ' :ng number of bur j r l- , : r t r

n o t o n l y i n t h e :::::.r.iigrating populatic:,

:: Mureq-Cherniahov :

:rsc of the pits and ovens. which js also o typi.ut ?"otu.l to, tir*) lnnailan scttlements of this age. On the whoie te.rritory oi. thc.it iound a largc number of (probably Roman) brick lio ston,=rro'cs coming rro'r a nearby hilr) obviouslv uscd ibr constr usLroi:r

On the basis of a strongly profiled fibula the earliest sett.Lemenl - I

b e d a t e d n o t i a t e l t h a n t h e b e g i n n i n g o | t h e 2 " d c e n t u r y ( D 4 n n o . . i : . . rtr992). I{oman glazed pottcrv (N.loonnr 1992, Tzf II) (Fig l0 2r) :rc

a big iron fibula with lnvertecl foot (lsrvANovrrs/Kur-csAR,1994' 71) a-'r

to dlfin" the end of the settlement as the seconci half of 4'h centur" r

even iater.Ithe find material of the settlement consisred of three compoi::3

Cermantc, Sarmal ian and Roman provinciai objects'

Surprisingly enough, the Germanic hnds are the least numerous -:

include exciJsluely hand-made pottery: mostly rude pots decorated -

dots €ig. 10, 1), incised lines or X-patterns We have also several po:

f nere ar-" somc fragments of vessels with thin walls, their polished s::

raninding of gen"rally used Gemanic forms and material of clay (Fi;

f. 11. etiong-tfte few finds there are bone combs, iron- spurs' knile-'

Eszter Islvdnovits, Vai6ria Kulcsir

iron handle of a probably wooden bucket (Fig 12' 1' 3 4)' the so-;'

knee fibulae of Germanic type, a 1ong, biconical glass bead with -

decoration, fragrnents of decorations (torques, knob etc )

Sarmatian material composed mainly of pottery is about the

amount as the Roman provincial part' It consists of typical Sarmatlan -

wheel-made ceramics and ruder, but also grainy wheel-made pots

addition of talc in the clay. A part of the rude hand-made ceramlc:s

difficult to determine ethnically, it could be equally Sarmatran anc -r

man1c.Roman provincial material is strikingly rich'

cooking pots made of grey ciay with addition of

,o-" itug."n,. of glazed jugs, bowls and mortaria' several h-:

fragments of terra sigillata (mostly from the Westerndorf and.Rhein:::

It consists ofpebbles fig.

-:dnian Germanic conlacts in

' : 30 45 60 km

-: of sites at the Danube t

i

workshops and some pleces coming from Central Gallia3) anc:

decorated vesseis (stamped decoration, Rtidchenterzierun g and s--

fragrnents of glass vessels, several bronze fibulae, iron key (Fig --

pieces of t egulas.So, we could see that the composition of the finds-is very spec:=

majority of ceramic and bronze finds comcs either from Roman or Sa-

impo.t. tt is noticeable that the inhabitants of the settlement lmporte:

Fannonia and other Roman provinces not only decorated fine war:

'was usual in the Sarmatian settlements), but simple cooking pots "!'fhe dominance of Sarmatian cooking, table, and storage vessels :l

explained by a very close neighbourhood'

l Photos madc bY Tibor Kddas.r Determined by D6nes Gabler.

-: i i lc earliest settiement .,:. : ,c 2d century @4lnot ' , , r

- I a i . I l ) ( F i g . 1 0 . 2 ) 1 . ' :. is,KuLcsAR 1994, 71) a..:

': ,::ond half of 4rh centurr.

r . D l e C I S .

-, ,re the least numerous. T.:.. rude pots decorated .:

, i i e have also several pot .- - - \ \ . l l c i h e i r n ^ l i c h . . l . , , -

-: rrC material of clay (Fig: : , . : .nbs, i ron spurs, kn ive:

- : . . knob etc . ):: pottery is about thc ,.'-..sis of typical Sarmatian :

::l iny wheel-made pots. -:: hand-made ceramic is:: :qually Sarmatian anc

: : .,. n of pebbles (Fig. - -. - - m ^ r t r r i a c c v c r r l h -

= ,\'esterndorf and Rhe tr;:f ent ra l Gal l iar . l anc :

: ::-: finds is very spec-.: .r from Roman or Sa=

' _ i . . e t f l l f r e n r ; n - ^ ' r =

:.. . decorated fine wa::-: .-:rpie cooking pors ,t

- . lnc SIOrage vessels -

: ri:eai

rranian-Cermanic conlacts in the S_a rma t tan Bd rba r i cum o l . t ne Ca rp : t h r i n Ba . rn 251

.: of sites at *re Danube bend. I _ Wric, Csrirdgi_r6t; 2 _ Szddlig€t, Csdrdg; J _ F6t

t

I

-5 30 45 60 km

252 fszter lslvenovits, Val[ri: tr-uicsir

J - E ] I

t r : f

l ig. i0. f inds froni Vic. Csdrclgi- iel

lr_E-D

Fig. l

. - , , c s a l

r [ L u

Fr'g. J1. Finds from Vdc, Csdrdgi_r6t

Eszter lsfienovits, Val6ria Kulcsar::rian-Germanic contacts in ti-:

:-: qucstion of the ownin;-rreiesting problern of :::onally, the comrnon opln:-eir Gcrmanic neighbour,

', -earthwork (vallum anc, ., but marked a traditio:

. . , : o f the Upper T isza re,.: about 20 km north oi

': course of the rescue er,, : we found a Sarmatian c. -,3nt. in Sz5dliget, Csorcig

' beginning of the 3'". -'.ust have been contemp.: -: The cemetery of Szodlig

..:rkeri by the Csorsz. A'- some Germanic objeci

"- -:. remains of a dish ar:r . .:e of an also Germanic (

', 'nfortunately, the chror

- ,rrc features of this si::iphic observations it se- , - f h a ^ f f i p f e r v i h r r ; r

::nt near V6c.i ncxt site to be mentionei

- ,rlt 400 m north of the::lernent features, unean;r

, ::ap of the known Sueb:. r finds and much less in

.. : succeeded only in finiir' -:s ctc. We could also obr

:roken spindle whorls e-I this site was not u:

- . . . ^ t h e r f n m n f t m r

' lanic pottery, very sirr: 17) , Roman prov inr. : : d , b u t n o t i n s u c h :

, of terra sigillata, I

_.. r' profiled fibula with. Germanic site can b

-,ing made by Kalalin Boi

IE-I -

Fig. 12. Finds ftom v6c, Csdrdgi-ret

::lAST*rT!ry Sarmaljan Barbaricum of rhe Ca.pathian Uasin 255

-:rg nlade by Ka1a1i4 Bodn6r.

jle quesliiln of the owning of the territory rjraws our attention to rhe-rrrerestlng problcm of the ethnic character ol the bordcr region.':ronarly, the comnon opinion was that the border between samatians' '. 'elf Gefmanic neighbours was somewhere in rhe rine of the rutufe-,2-earthwork (vaiium and fossa), which was built oniv rn tne 4,,,-:., ', but marked a traditional line of frontier, * *" _rlO just see it..,:e of the ^Upper Tisza region. The settlement ut Vac, Cror,;gi_ret i... :C about 20 km north of the startmg point of the Csrirsz earthwork.-: course of the rescue excavalons connected with road construction..r. we found a Sarmatian cemetery about 2 km south of the Germanic-:enr.,in Szodliget, Cscirdg. This cemetery can Ue JatJ io tf,".nO of_ - Dcglnnrng ot the 3., century AD, that is to say, people buried' ::ust have been contemporaries of the inhabitants oi fo" ,"ttt"m"nt,

1n". l"-"l".y,of Sz5dliget is stil l situated outside of the later border, :arked by the Cscirsz. A remarkable feature of this siie rs tnat we- : - some Germanic objects (ceramic bowl together with a bronze-.-: ::, remains of a dish and some potsherds) that "un

rei,er to the,,.e "of.an

aiso Germanic 1Fig. 134) cemetery o, ."rrf"ro"n,-ui rne samenror^runately, the chronoiogical relation between Sa.-atran and.nic features of this site is not clear, but judging iro- "".rurn::lphic observations it seems, that the settlem.", "up!"ur"o

fur", in.-,rn the cemetery, that is to say, it could U" "orrt*i1io.url

with the::ni near Vd.c.

I I ' I

Cscir6gi-ret

': next stte to be mentioned was found during the same rescue works, in.-:ut 400 m north of the Csrirsz -earthworkl F.. th" p;;r;;l rromenr,, :::lement features, unearthed in 1995, represent the mosf souilern point, :ap of the known Suebian sites in the Barbaricum. Thls siic n muctt' .r finds and much less intensive in features comparing rviri-in. orr. ro: succeeded only in finding garbage pits. no traces oiA*" ing t or."*,--:s ctc. We could also observe concentration of garbage lsheras, arrimai:roken spindle whorls etc.) and places of firel All ih;e;;cts could:-,:r this site was not used as a constant settlemenr, but served as: .rr.other form of temporary place of stay.

,anlc pottery, very similar to, the one found near Vric (Fig. 14,: 1-7), Roman provincial and Sarmatian -ut"riui *u. J.o rv"tt-: :d, but not in such a great number and variety u, in Vu". Oo- . of terra sigillata, Roman .stamped ware (Fig. 14, 24) Lrnd

l ,llnril"d fibula with triangular foot (Fig. t+, i) (a^o-uro*.*,

\ rer rnanlc s t le c tn be d l tcd to rhe 2 , J , " ccnlur ies AD

256 Eszler Istviinovits, Va1€ria Kulcs6r

Fig. 13. Fin<is lrom Sz6dliget, Csdrdg

Summarising our data gained in the process of the rescue exca..aiong the Pannonian limes, the lollowing can be assuined. At the D,bend. in the surroundings of Vic therc is a junction of two territol:',ci the Sarm.atians anci a group oi Suebians, lrequently mentlo::Antique sources as close neighbours anci ailies of Sarmatians, berr.r:lose neighbours of the Roman .Empire. no stabic

'oordcl linc cou. -

existed, at ieast until building the Csdrsz earthwork. This region, :-ihe future linc of the Cscir:sz (almost the norihern border of :

: .nian-Germanic contac

. : :s t ) and the mo. :.sltional role anri- :ed by rnixed pop

- :-:e, is shown by I::lnanic settlemenr-1,-rmanic (not onli:,. the Danube-ben..rere, point to the

.:.:1y described by: glcal material of

t{

-:anran-Germanic contacts in the Sarmatiar Barbaricum of the Carpathien Basjn 257

l -::pest) and the mountainous area of B6rzsdny must have piayed! -:nsitional role and either changed its owners tany times, or was'.::ted by mixed population. Thii mixture, or at ieast u-u".y .,rong,:nce, rs shown by the dominance of Sarmatian ceramic products att;T:::^.:j,]="i, : y|" .rhe presence

"r ,"l,"rJ

"i:J"LS com,ng-

9.1r"1: (not ont).exadian) terriiory i, th"

";lt.;;f "&; *#;

: :::1" ?T*: bend (Hv6izgycirk, veiesegyhiz; an; ;;;;:" euadian

.:T:",-, 1""',lj ro

.the fact that . Sarmarianl!""b-i"" (d;;;i;") atiiance,. -:rtly described by Roman historians, i. *"tt ,"ili"i"J'-; ;;;-rgical material of the border regron.

:: ::ss of the rescue exc:- . : be assumed. At the !. ,rction of two territor :

: ,:-r -r. irequently mentl.:

. - : : r iwork. This region. : , :: northern border of :

:s of Sarmatians, il. : -'.:;ble border line cc- - Fig. 14. Finds fron F6l.

n

Eszter Istvdnovits, Val6ria Kulcsdr _.,dan-Getmanic conaacr:

Fig 15. Finds from F6t

:JCWSKI, J.Strongly proJiled hrtBarbarIcunt. (Irr) Protzum lrrhm felalter. I

,.\ KRraKA, V.Hroby z doby rinske.:Archeol6gia 5, 356-l(

Die spdten krdftig prcrc[atfien und absolutelt 03 109 .

, : . LA hA\)izgji;tki szannata22, t45-201.

Pannonien und die Kli

D .Terra sigillatik a Ke[eljAnak nih'ny kirdlslArchaeol6Siai ErtesitS

D./^/ADAY, A.Tefta sigillatd im BariBudapesl.

' r l , K .Die Barbaren ncirdlich.aiitLtche und militdtis.

.i Ibls6-Tiszarridik ie?Jhe ea.lieit SarmatiarrIiszavasvdrij. A nyires.

i . E .i: apagyi csdszltrkori

,osa AndrAs M zeum .

r. B./KL'LCSAR, V.?ajzsos aenetkezAsek a.,: : t lungen im ostl icL- nyiregyhezi J6sa An.

i E./KuLcsAR, V.':e\r archaeological ?ie'.1 er co nnnnic- Sar na I i ai

. E./KuLcsAR, V..''.'. szdzadi [rcmn?1 ):i i raves dated by 4,1- .:Jpathian basinl. (lnj

iranian-Germanic coniacts it the Sarmatian Barbadcum oI th€ Carpathian Basin 259

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MRTi993

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