ISS 310 Notes

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ISS 310 Notes 1/10/2012 8:13:00 PM  Geographic perspective  Everything takes place somewhere  Resources are limited  Location has benefits and burdens  Everything and everyone is connected  Cultural differences are important Spatial viewpoint  Describe patterns o Why do they exist  Analyze patterns o Why should we care Historical viewpoint  When did it occur  Why did it occur Presenting data and information  Tables  Graphs  MAPS o Thematic maps  Describes ONE phenomena (weather, population) Choropleth  Choro = place  Pleth = multiply  Use shading (per square mile) o Percent o Ratio o Mean or median  Normalize raw data o Eliminate bias Maps  Map essentials o Title

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ISS 310 Notes 1/10/2012 8:13:00 PM 

Geographic perspective

  Everything takes place somewhere

  Resources are limited

  Location has benefits and burdens

  Everything and everyone is connected  Cultural differences are important

Spatial viewpoint

  Describe patterns

o  Why do they exist

  Analyze patterns

o  Why should we care

Historical viewpoint

  When did it occur

  Why did it occur

Presenting data and information

  Tables

  Graphs

  MAPS 

o  Thematic maps  Describes ONE phenomena (weather, population)

Choropleth

  Choro = place

  Pleth = multiply

  Use shading (per square mile)

o  Percent

o  Ratio

o  Mean or median

  Normalize raw data

o  Eliminate bias

Maps

  Map essentials

o  Title

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o  Author

o  Source

o  Legend or key

Interstates  Between states

  East/West roads = even number

o  North/South roads = odd number

  Smaller numbers in the west

o  Larger numbers in the east

  Smaller numbers in the south

o  Larger numbers in the north

  Spurs = 196, 135

o  Dead ends

  Loops = 696, 496

  Mile markers

Map Scales

  Verbal

o   “one inch equals 15 miles”  

o  cannot enlarge or reduce map via photocopy

  Graphico  Can enlarge or reduce map via photocopy

  Representative Fraction (RF)

o  Can enlarge or reduce map via photocopy

o  ex) 1:24000

  1 unit on map = 24000 units in reality

o  Same units on map and in reality

o  1:1000 = more detail, less map

o  1:1000000000 = less detail, more map

Directions

  North arrow = true north

  True north vs magnetic north

o  True north = north pole

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o  Magnetic north = magnetic pole

o  Magnetic has deviation

  0° deviation (none) = agonic line

  Azimuth

o  Pilots and ship captainso  Runways take away the last 0 of the degree

  Ex) 27 for 270° 

  Bearings

o  Surveyors and realtors

o  1) heading = north or south

o  2) angle = 0° - 90° 

o  3) direction of angle = east or west

o  ex) N 45° E, S 30° W

  Latitude and Longitude

o  Using both gives absolute location

o  Latitude

  Angular distance north or south of equator

  0° - 90° north or south of equator

  dictates climate: north has less Sun

  1° = 69 miles 

  1’ (minute) = 1.2 miles 

  1” (second) = 101 feet o  Longitude

  Measures time: time zones

  Angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian

  Greenwich, London, England

  0° - 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian

Globes and Maps

  Globe

o  gives the best representation

o  1) shows true area (equal area)

o  2) shows true direction (conformal)

o  3) shows true scale

o  4) shows true shape

  Maps cannot have all 4 of those properties

  Maps

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o  Maps are distorted

o  Projections reduce distortion (improve accuracy)

  Conic projection

  True area/shape

  Cylindrical projection  True direction

  Planar projection

  Good for time and perspective

  Used by pilots and USPS

Topographic Maps

  Outdoor activities

  michigan.gov/dnr (1287)

  7.5 minute quadrangle

o  angular distance

o  rectangular map

o  scale = 1:24000

o  1 square inch = 91.8 acres

o  1 inch = 2000 feet

o  convergence: 72 feet shorter on top border of map

  Produced by USGS: United States Geologic Survey

  Show physical and cultural features  Elevations (topography) 

Cultural Features/Legend of Topographic Maps

  Buildings (black, human made)

  Orchards (green dots in rows)

  Fences

  Roads

  Mines

  Quarries

  Railroads

  Political boundaries

  Black = building/humans

  Red = fence/road/property

  Pink = urbanization

  Purple = updates

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  Green = orchard/vineyard/forest

  White = farms

Physical Features of Topographic Maps

  Rivers

  Topography  Forest (green)

  Lake (blue, water)

  Swamp (green/blue)

  White = grass/open land

  Brown = contour lines 

Contour Lines

  Brown

  Measure elevation of Earth’s surface 

o  Above or below sea level

  Lines never cross

  Lines never join

  Form complete polygons

  MSU is 850 feet above sea level

  Hills, depressions, and saddles

  Contour Interval

o  Vertical distance between contour lines

o  Flatlands use smaller interval, and vice-versao  Closer lines = steeper slope, and vice-versa

  Benchmarks

o  Measured and marked elevation point

o  BM#

o  Just a # is a spot elevation

o  Rivers: contour lines bend upstream 

Air Photos

  Air photo interpretation

  Black and white

o  Shapes

o  Tones

o  Scale

o  Relative sizes

GIS

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  Geographic Information System

  Computer based

  Stores data

  Manipulates and analyzes data

  Display data in map format  Similar to stacked overhead transparencies

  Paper map: what you see is what you get

  GIS: visualize, analyze, and query data

o  Spatial data: where is it

o  Attribute data: age, owner, elevation, value, use, etc.

o  Queries: cross reference data to answer questions

Data Formats

  Raster

o  Continuous data

o  Pixels (smaller pixel = better detail/resolution)

  Vector

o  Discrete data

o  Points, lines, and polygons

Legal Land Descriptions

  Give precise location for a parcel of land

  Real estate transactions  Avoid land ownership disputes

  Identify land for taxation

  Land is largest long-term asset 

Metes and Bounds

  Irregular property/boundary shapes

  Use Point Of Beginning

  Landmarks can change over time

o  Trees, rock fence, etc.

o  Therefore boundary can change

o  Newer methods use lasers to be more precise

  13 original colonies and Texas use this system 

Long Lots

  French and Spanish settlements

  Long and narrow strips

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  Michigan (Detroit), Mexico border, Louisiana

United States Public Land Survey System (USPLSS)

  AKA Town and Range System or Rectangular System

  States not using Metes and Bounds use USPLSS

  Original POB was at the cross borders of Ohio, Pennsylvania,and West Virginia 

Northwest Territory

  NW of the Ohio River

  Acquired in 1785 for money

  Signed treaties with Native Americans (unfair to NA)

  Used to settle private claims

  Made into public domain

  Provide for orderly settlement

  Sold land (money for government)

o  Pay military debts

  Military district in MI: 1815-1816 on Haggerty Rd

Land Ordinance of 1785

  For the Northwest Territory

  Only USPLSS states

  Base lines (x) and meridians (y)

  Magnetic compass (solar in Northern areas), field notebook, and

Günter Chain (66 ft)o  Done in the winter for clear visibility

  Started in Michigan

o  Meridian Rd and 8 Mile Rd 

o  Treaty of Detroit 1807: Native Americans, Fort Defiance

o  September 29, 1815: MI surveyed (Bicentennial soon) 

o  1840: crossed water to upper peninsular to continue meridian

o  Tiff in’s letter gave MI bad reputation 

  Legacy on the Landscapes

o  Michigan is square

o  Each square: a township

o  Measure against meridian and base line

  (x,y) would be TyN/S, RxE/W

o  Convergence for North/South roads

  Need correction lines

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o  Act of February 11, 1805 

  All corners are fixed

  All boundary lines are fixed to corners (legal purposes)

o  Public Act 245 in 1990

  Oakland County (wealthy)  Re-monumentation of the section corners

  Monument cover and section corner monument

o  Urban Lots

  Most older lots used Günter Chain

  66 ft x 132 ft or 33 ft x 132 ft

  Right of way, roads: 66 ft

o  Toledo Strip

Field Notebook

  Distances (chains: 66 feet)

o  1 mile = 80 chains

  Corners

  Natural vegetation, soil ratings, water (river/lakes)

Township

  36 square miles

  Town = measure from base line

  Range = measure from meridian  36 sections

o  1x1 mile

o  North/West sections are less accurate

o  Fractional

o  1 section = 640 acres

  Legal land description

o  Smallest land parcel listed first 

  Subdivisions

o  Smaller than 10 acres

o  Platted and named

  1862 Homestead Act

o  Buy 160 acres, improve it, then own it for cheap

  Plat Map

o  Shows land ownership

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o  Public information

  Acres 

o  1 acre = 43560 square feet

o  1 acre = 208.7 ft x 208.7 ft

South America Property Descriptions

  Similar to long lots (Spanish)

  Property sold as hectares instead of acres

  Based around major highway instead of river

  Odd shaped patterns 

Geographic Data Presentation

  Gather data, graphical presentation: scatter graph

o  Shows relationship between variables: positive or negative

correlation

  Rank Order Correlation (r) 

o  Have 2 different variables, in rank per observation

o  Take the difference between 2 variables per observation: d

o  Square the value of the difference per observation: d2 

o  Take the sum of the d2 

o  N = number of observations

o  Apply formula that will be provided

  r must be -1 < r < +1  Measures strength of relationship between variables

  Higher absolute #: stronger relationship

  Not cause and effect, just correlation

Political Geography

  Boundary lines: frontiers

  Elections

  Political units: township, county, state, district

  Jan 26, 1837: Michigan became state

  Physical features boundaries

o  Median line of river

o  One bank rule (Ohio, Kentucky: Kentucky was state first)

o  Median line of lake

o  Mountain range: crest line: river flows (ID, MT) (Chi, Arg)

  Geometric boundaries

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o  Streets (4 corners)

  Creation of boundary (frontier)

o  Define: written detailed description

o  Delimit: draw lines on map

o  Demarcate: mark in ground (physical presence)o  Problems: not precise

  1755 Mitchell Map

o  MI and OH border around Lake Michigan

o  Northwest Ordinance 1787

  Article V: an East and West line drawn through the

southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan

o  Act of Congress May 20, 1812

  Boundary line as runs from the southerly extreme of 

Lake Michigan to Lake Erie

o  Michigan boundary proposal

  Line due East from the most southerly extent of Lake MI

  Toledo

  Legal and historical claims

o  Ohio boundary proposal

  Line east to the north cape of the Maumee River

  Geographic and political claim

o  Toledo strip: January 1837o  Lost peninsulas

  Counties and Parishes

o  3140 in the USA 

o  Parishes in Louisiana

o  Michigan has 83 counties

o  Small counties: eastern area: denser population

  Vice versa

o  In the rural south county is important cultural and

political unit. Sheriff is political officer per county 

  Odd boundaries

o  Gerrymandering: elections

o  School boundaries: population density

o   “Pistols” (MSU in 1960s) 

o  Elongated (Chile)

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o  Compact (Uruguay)

o  Fragmented (Argentina)

GPS: Global Positioning System

  Developed by military to locate places in 1978, top secret  US government released GPS to the public in 2000

  24 satellites orbit the earth

  Need signal from at least 3 satellites to triangulate position

o  Preferred up to 6

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ISS 310 Notes 1/10/2012 8:13:00 PM 

Weather and Climate

  Groundhog day: Feb 2

o  Punxsutawney Phil

  Maps 1-3

  Seasonso  Rotation (24 hours)

o  Revolution (365 days)

o  Tilt/inclination (23.5 degrees from the perpendicular of the

orbit)

o  Parallelism

  Can never see sun straight overhead in Michigan

  Two Elements

o  Temperature

  Hot or cold

  Graph

  MSU means

  Jan: 26 deg F

  Jul: 72 deg F

  800mm precipitation

o  Precipitation

  Wet or dry

  Summer max  Winter max: Pacific coast

  Temperature

o  How is earth’s atmosphere heated 

  Sun: gives off solar energy

  Heat: radiated back from the earth’s surface

(mountains are cold)

  Controls

o  Latitude

o  Analemma: where sun is directly overhead; figure 8

  23.5 deg S < X < 23.5 deg N (latitude)

o  Growing season

  Days without frost

  37 deg N parallel: 200 days

  Plant hardiness map

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o  Annual heat/cool degree days

o  Atmospheric pressure

  High or low pressure; low = tornado

  Normal: 1013.2 mbs or 29.92 in Hg

  Wind: difference in pressure  From high to low pressure

  From whence it blows (Southerly wind = coming

from the south)

  Wind

o  ITCZ: winds come together at equator

o  Inter-tropical convergence zone

  Low pressure

  Clouds, rain

  Moves North or South during seasons

  Our summer: ITCZ moves north

  Air Masses

o  A body of air with uniform levels of temperature and humidity

  Homogeneous

  Point of origin determines temperature and humidity

o  Continental polar (cP)

  Dry and coldo  Maritime tropical (mT)

  Warm and humid

o  Jet stream

  Upper level of fast moving air band (30,000 ft)

  Trough and ridge

  cP and mT crescent: storms

  Land and Water

o  At the same latitude

  Land heats/cools faster than water

  Water moderates climate

o  Lake effect snow

o  Continentality 

  Greatest temperature range

  Away from water

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  North Dakota area

  Relative Humidity

o  The ratio of the amount of water vapor in a volume of air at a

given temperature, to the total amount that it could hold at a

given temperature  Ex) 1 cubic foot of air holds 8 grams of water vapor but

cold hold a max of 10, therefor 80% relative humidity

o  Warmer = more moisture

o  100% relative humidity = rain 

  Dew point temperature

  Precipitation

o  1) Convection: hot areas, summers

  Virga: evaporates before hitting ground

o  2) Fronts: leading edge of an air mass

  Cold: cP hits mT; jagged

  Warm: mT hits cP: round

o  Orographic: mountains, Chinook wind

  Normal Lapse Rate

o  Drop 3.5 degrees F climbing every 1000 ft

o  Temperature Inversion: warmer air band; smog

  No wind

  Clear skies  Snow cover: UP

  Vertical Climate Zone

o  Soroche: altitude sickness

o  Quito, Ecuador

  Near equator

  9350 ft: 49-67 degrees F

  Sea level: 60-80 degrees F

o  Tierra Caliente (low): hot lands; lowest elevation

o  Tierra templada (mid): temperate; most desired; coffee

o  Tierra fria (high)

  Climate regions

o  A = tropical; every month’s mean: above 65 degrees F 

o  Humid Tropical (Af)

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  Wet: more than 1600mm yearly

  Amazon

o  Seasonal Humid Tropical (Aw)

  West and dry seasons

  ITCZo  B = Desert; BW

  Less than 250mm rain yearly

  Arica: no rain in last 50 years

  Northern Chile: Atacama Desert

  Cloudy, but no rain

  Garva = mist

  El niño: little bade boy

  Warm ocean current

  Every decade

  Not normal

  La niña: normal; cold current in opposite direction

o  C = Humid Subtropical (Cfa)

  Southeast USA; hot and humid

  Mediterranean (Cs)

  Hot, dry summer

  Mild, wet winter

  Central America and Caribbeano  Hurricanes: June-October

  Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, and Trinidad have none

o  Population Settlement

  Leeward side: protected from wind

  Aw climate: wet and dry seasons

  Humid areas: over 1600mm yearly

  United States

o  100 degree West Longitude: 500mm rain

  West: dry

  East: humid

  Wettest: Louisiana

  Driest: Nevada

o  Mid Latitude Cold (D)

  Northeast USA

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  Hot humid summer

  Cold winter

o  Summer rainfall maximum: triangle

o  Mediterranean climate: Cs

o  Marine West Coast: Cfbo  Winter Max: west coast

o  Dry/desert (B)

  Less than 250mm yearly

  More evaporation that precipitation: virga

o   “Best climate”  

  65 degrees F

  LA/SF, California

  Hawaii

o  Volcanoes

o  21 degrees North Latitude

o  Tropical location

o  No temperature extremes (69-85)

o  Few hurricanes

o  Warmest: August/September

o  Coolest: February/March

o  Prevailing winds

  80% from northeast  Southeast wind: Kona = less rain

  Windward: opposite of kona

o  Ocean (moana) temperature

  73-80 degrees

o  Topography and rain

  Alaska

o  Barrow: most northern city; 71 deg North latitude

o  Anchorage: largest city; 2nd most north

o  Juneau: Capitol; panhandle; isolated

o  Ketchikan: most southern; boat or water

o  Arctic circle: 66 deg North latitude

  Alaska climate

o  Lowest temperature: -80 deg F

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o  Latitude: house of sunlight per day

  Barrow: June - Aug: 24 hours; Nov 18 - Jan 22: 0 hours

  Juneau: June: 17.5 hours; July: 18.1 hours

 o  Ketchikan: very wet, 3900mmo  Barrow: 400mm per year

o  Compare western coastlines of North America and South

America

  Mirrored climate over equator

  Growing Season

o  Number of days between last frost in spring and first frost in

fall

  May through October: Michigan

  Need at least 90 days

  High elevation: shorter season

  Lake effect: extends season

Landforms and Geomorphology

  Shape of Earth surface

  CUP model

o  Characterize landform

  Elevation  Local relief: range of elevation in given area

  Cross section profile

  Type of rock (3)

o  Understand landfomrs

  Constructional (uplands)

  Tectonic

  Glaciations (MI landforms)

  Wind

  Erosional (lowlands)

  Water

  Glaciations

  Wind

o  Prediction of landform future

  Land use

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  Mineral wealth

  Uplands

o  Mountains, hills, plateaus, mesas, buttes

  Glacial Uplands

o  Moraines, interlobates, eskers, kames, drumlins, sand dunes  Lowlands

o  Plains, floodplains, deltas

  Glacial Lowlands

o  Till plains, lacustrine plains, outwash plains

  Rock Types (3)

o  Igneous

  Hard: resisting erosion

  Create uplands

  Metals and gemstones

  Granite 

o  Sedimentary

  Softer: erodes more easily

  Layered, ancient seas

  Creates mostly lowlands

  Fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas)

  Sandstone, limestone, shale, coal

o  Metamorphic  Change of form (heat and pressure)

  Hard: resist erosion

  Create uplands

  Contains metals and gemstones

  Shale slate

  Limestone marble

  Coal diamonds

  Sandstone quartzite

  South America landforms

o  Altiplano cross-section, added 2 locations on Map

  USA Landforms: Map 4

o  Coastal plain: east coast

  Everglades, rivers, flat

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o  Piedmont

  Hilly area before mountains

  Fall line: piedmont/coastal plain boundary

  Waterfalls

  Population increasing  End of navigation (water)

o  Appalachian Ridge and Valley

  New York through Georgia

o  Rock Mountains: not on Pacific coast

  Continental divide: highest points flowing rivers

o  Cascade Mountains

  Volcanic 

o  Sierra Nevada

  Block faulted

  Mt. Whitney: tallest in 48 states

  Mother lode: gold, 1849

  James Beckwourth: found passage

  Donner Pass

  Orographic precipitation

o  Intermontane

  Area between Rocky Mts. and cascade/sierra Nevada

  Basin and range  Great Salt Lake

  Death Valley: -282 ft below sea level

o  Central Valley

  Food

o  Interior plains

  Mt. Rushmore: black hills

o  Sandhils

  Nebraska

  Sand dunes, stable

  Ranch

o  Llano Estacado

  Texas (100 degrees West)

  Very flat

o  Driftless Area

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  Not glaciated 

o  Finger Lake

  Upstate New York

  Glaciated: long, thin lakes

o  Glacial boundary   Cape cod through ?

  Quaternary Glaciations of Michigan

o  Came from Hudson Bay, Canada

o  Wind, running water, glaciations

  Make landforms

o  Glacial Processes

  Erosion of materials

  Glacial lobes: not single chunk, like finger

  Ice does not retreat: melts instead 

  Area natural lakes

  Moraine: hilly area

o  Glacial sediments

  Glacial till: deposited by ice (non-sorted)

  Interlobate: between the lobes; multi-morraine

Glacial Landforms

  Interlobateso  Between lobes

o  Hilly: moraine

o  Many lakes

o  Oakland County and surrounding area

  Till Plain

o  Made from glacial till (non-sorted)

o  Flat

o  Drumlins

  Tear drop shape hill

  Show glacial ice movement

  Glacial Fluvial Sediment

o  Deposited by running (melted) water

o  Sorted (sandy)

  Layers

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o  Landforms

  Deadman’s Hill: scenic in the fall 

  Outwash plain

  Flat

  Not desirable (poor farming) – unless irrigated  Esker

  Long ridge of sand and gravel

  Kame

  Isolated hill of sand and gravel (Pine Knob)

  Glacial Lacustrine Sediment

o  Former glacial lake

o  Ponded water (former lake bottom)

o  Sorted: mostly clay

  Layered

o  Flat

o  Good for farming if water drained

o  Relic beach ridges

  Strip of sand/gravel (former beach)

o  Loess

  Deposited by wind

  Good for agriculture

Michigan Geology and Resources  What is underneath us

  Rock types (3)

  Associated resources

   Geological time scale

o  Surface is younger, deeper is older

  Bedrock

o  Pre-Cambrian: oldest rocks

o  Western uplands: old hard rocks

  Copper, Iron: MI is 2nd 

  Hematite: 70% iron

  Taconite: 30% iron

  Yellow dog: controversy

o  Southern Peninsula and Eastern UP Bedrock

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  Water supply

  Sandstone: horizontal layers

  Limestone: largest quarry in world

  Rogers City

  Oil trap  Glacial – surface

  Cap rock – hard

  Porous rock: oil here (trapped)

  Cap rock again (deepest)

   Northern mitten area

  Rock: antrim shale - $

  Gas storage

  MI leader in nation

  Stored in porous rock

  Salt

  Midland, MI: DOW Chemical Company

  Detroit salt mine: always 59 deg F

  Marshall Sandstone

  Drinking water

  Coal deposits

  Center of mitten  Gypsum

Soil

  Good soil: per use (build or grow on)

  Land value: price per acre

o  Soil type

o  Slope

o  Scenic view

o  Location

  Soil formation (not dirt)

o  Soils are formed 

  Climate

  Organisms

  Relief 

  Parent material 

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  Clay: best CEC

  Sand: worst CEC

  pH

o  Negative logarithm of H+ activity

o  pH of 0 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 14 is basico  Most plants: 6.5-7.2

  Soil Color (in MI)

o  Red: iron, well-drained

o  Black: organic matter, poorly drained

  Soil Drainage

o  Gradient

o  Better in steeper areas

  Wetlands

o  Hydric soil: poorly drained

o  High water table (water close to surface)

o  Hydrophilic plants: will trees, cattails, purple loosestrife

o  Can’t destroy them (legally) 

  A parcel is a wetland if water can be found for 14

straight days within 1 foot of the surface during the

growing season

  Percolation Test

o  Perko  Housing development, septic tanks

o  County Health Department 

  USA Soil

o  Histosols

  O and C horizon only

  Acidic

  Low fertility

  Poorly drained

o  Spodosol

  Northern MI and New England

  Pine trees

  Acidic

  Low fertility

o  Alfisol

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  Southern MI, WI, OH

  Deciduous trees

  Slightly acidic

  Moderate fertility

  Responds well to good management o  Ultisol

  Leaching, wet, and thick A horizon

  SE of USA

  Mixed trees

  Red soil

  Old soil

  Acidic

  Low fertility

o  Mollisols

  Thick, organic, black A horizon

  Summer rainfall max triangle location (500mL)

  Great plains, grassy

  Neutral/slightly basic pH

  High fertility

o  Vertisols

  Clay rich A horizon

  Eastern Texas  Grass

  Fertile

  South America Soil Profile

o  Oxisols

  Thick, red A horizon

  Amazon basin: Brazil

  Leached

  Heavy rain carries NPK to lower levels

  Low fertility

  High acidity (rain)

  Tall trees

o  Mollisols

  Pampa lowland

  Same features as USA soil

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  Michigan Lowlands

o  Kalkaska: state soil

  Not fertile (from northern MI)

o  Spodosols

  Low fertility  North of line from Bay City o Muskegon

o  Alfisols

  South of line from Bay City to Muskegon

o  Mollisols

  Scattered areas in SouthWest MI

o  Histosols

  Mainly in upper peninsula

  13% of soils

  Not desirable

o  Spartan stadium soil

  90% sand 

  5% clay

  5% silt

8/2/2019 ISS 310 Notes

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/iss-310-notes 27/29

ISS 310 Notes 1/10/2012 8:13:00 PM 

3/1/12: Terrestrial Biomes

  Natural vegetation; possible land use

  Forest

  Deserts

  Grasslands  Limiting factors of growth

o  Soil drainage and topography

  Xeric: dry; low fertility; “high” elevations 

  Hydric: wet; poor drainage; “low” elevations; poor

fertility; Willow trees

  Mesic: moist; moderate fertility

o  Typical soil (minerals=SSC, air, water)

o  Time succession (change); forest evolution

o  Climate: temperature and rain

o  Shade tolerance

  Can grow in shade (Michigan)

  Jack Pine

  Aspen (popple tree)

  Sugar Maple

  White Pine

o  Precipitation

  500mL line in USAMap 7

  Zone 8: mixed mesophytic

o  Species rich: >240 trees; Smokey Mts

o  Appalachian Mts

o  Trees need moisture

  Zone 2: Hardwood Forest/Broadleaf Deciduous Biome

o  Moving N/W/S of Zone 8

  Zone 7: tall grass biome; prairies

  Zone 1: short grass biome; steppe

  Desert biome (xerophytes)

o  Zone 4: sagebrush

o  Zone 5:

o  Zone 6: saguaro cactus 

  Western forests

8/2/2019 ISS 310 Notes

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/iss-310-notes 28/29

o  Mountains: moisture

o  Sierra Nevada

o  Olympic Rain forest: Washington state

  Siskiyou Mts

o  Species rich in Western USAo  Oregon and California

  Mountain

o  Top layer is snow, top of tree line

o  Below that is scattered trees

o  Below that is the forest zone: pine and sequoias

o  Below that is the chaparral: forest fires occur here

o  Below that is the desert

o  Elevation and precipitation are factors

  Invasive species

o  Kudzu: vine in South Eastern USA (climate)

  Came from Japan

Michigan Forests

  75 tree species

  Sugar maple: most common, in all 83 counties

  5 main forest types cover 85% of all MI forests 

o  Maple/Beech: most common; mesic sitegood soil

o  Aspen/Birch: mesic site; ash borero  Oak/Hickoory: xeric site

o  Elm/Ash: hydric site; flood plain

o  Pines: well-drained; sandy uplands; Hartwick Pine

  White Pine is MI state tree

o  Forests in northern Michigan

3/13/12: Hydrological Cycle

  How/why water moves geographically

Hydrosphere

  Water part of earth

o  Most in oceans (97%); Pacific is largest

  Water stored in lakes

  2.8% water found on ground

o  Most in glaciers: 2%

8/2/2019 ISS 310 Notes

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/iss-310-notes 29/29

  .25% water stored in liquid fashion: lakes

Groundwater

  Caves and caverns

  Causes shape changes due to flow

  Aquiclude: layer that prevents water from passing througho  Clay and shale

  Aquifer: sandy layer contains water

Irrigation

  High plains aquifer: Ogallala

o  CO/TX/KS/NE

o  Little precipitation and dry

o  Rocky Mts block moisture from West/Pacific

o  Used to be ocean: inter___ seaway

  Contains shale

  Determined through fossils

o  Sand/gravel came from Rocky Mts

o   “Great Lake (Huron) Undergroun”  

o  Mollisols soil: fertile

o  Advent of Circle Pivot Technology

  Allowed access to groundwater/make it rain at will

  Gives cheap food

  Exceeds water replacement rate

3/15/12: