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54

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"1P1ltt 1lt1b'l:!ll-' l~h 1Jt1l<t ~~c 1lt1.-1}-1~ 11--1_lt~-1 ·Th~ 'l:!ll-' lr1?1c'l(] lP-e

1.c1lt 1P?th-c 1 elv~~ 1hClt'R: ~ ~ t1.~]}all3~ 11--1~c1.'1:! -e ~ 'IJlc 1ltfh)t PPlt

11--1.~]1a1l31(] ~1J61t "1P1~ 1ltlbh1~ '@c1.'1:! Plc~m 1?1.lt-1 -1~~1n lF-1 '31th

t.~~ ~<ali. li.ll J.l~~ lcl~~'4.l...fi :OH:H~l~~ct.l --1.~ ~~cfi.

~:etl.illi.L2 ~~--tl:Qt.L..fi :Ql:et~~l~~ct.l li.L2l :et't!t.ltt 'H ~~L:etcfi.

li.L2l :et't!t.ltt 'H ~:etl.il :QI.OI(l{lttl<l--t.L :oit.l~ct. :etli.tt --t~'l ~~ctl..

:oiRI.li. :QI.OI(l{ltt.U li.ll..fi ~LRI.~ at.ct~l (~6~ at.ct~l, :Qll~-SL1 ct.l'llli.l--1.,

~ot J.tli.mL, aca :Ql'4. 6t.l.g, ~'i.~ ,s:cc.~, ~:etl.il t.~~ttl--t CCt~lq[:Qt(.-1, --t-Sct.l

:Qlct~ll:tl ct61.~) --ll :oit.loes' ct.l~ctctl.

'icr~~l li.l2 ~hu~:t1 c%' ~:e~.l.il ctttl~ ~~ ct. ''4.~~l'e-~'li.l ct.~l ct.--~.L

(3-n~'ll?t--t.l. --tlf.._--t.L ''4.~~l'e-"l'li.l t.u[qca ~. C3'4.~1.~ C3~l<u-i ct.~l ~d.?t ~c:t.l.-1.

~(ct, (q~1H :Qt-1, \:tl~~l-1_ I:LU--I.li.L ~lufi J.l~d ~hUI:t--l.li.L '!_C{~~l ~~ctl ~

Ulutl:QI.L--tl 378 ()tlut~l.-1. ~t.l<[li.l '4.~t. ~~ 67 ~<:t.li.L l:t~lctdl ~:etl.il :Qll'4.ctlli.L

:Qtlcfi. :Qll ~:et.Lil :Qll'4.ct.l '4.~<al ctli.-1. ~:et.Lil ~ctl..fi ~~l :QI.OlLGt(l ~~ctlli.L :Qtlcfi

~dl.

~l<lll:t1 ~ti. ~~--tl:Qll :Qt.L'I.(l lcl~lq[:Qt(.-1, ~t) act. (3-n~l. :Qll'4.ctl--tl ~ ct.

Gt.l~~~l t.~~ lcl~lq[-1. :Ql<:t.Ol J.l.R--1.'4.?\. :Qt-1, :Ql<:t.Ol G\1.~'4.?\. :Qt.L'I.(l-1. :elli.~<1.

'icr~~L ~:e~.l.il t.~~tt.L--t qo[ ~a~~L-1. :Qlll:tl~ ~:e~.l.2l.--t.L (3-n~l. ca"tctl li.l2--tl. ocs-~a

:etli.tt --tll:tctlli.L :Qllat.l. ~<a 67 ~<:t.li.LctluO. ~:etl.2l.--tl (3-n~l. ~~ qo[--tl lcl~LP.{f:Qt(.

:et~~lU 40 ~~2li.l :Qtl'l.(l U¥ll.

'i_<l~l~l li.ll :Qllil<:t. ~:etl.il--tl --1.~--l.lli.l '4.~t. ~l~<a l(llUJ.l:Qll ct.~l

l:ct~lqr:Qtl...fi ~lK{l :e~.L~~a 3.1li.l t.l{L[qca ~.

61

~l~~ 3.1

'!,cl~~l ltt2 "i.lf._"i.lltl 'Ht~ h~C-l fclQt~~l..fi ~lltlll, ~l~~l, fcl~t~ ~.1_ ~G\ctt~ ~Wll

:fslt

1

2

3

4

5

6

m uu -1 ..-t.Llt lcl«1H ~[ct. l:f.l~~l'tl~ lclEtl~~l....fi ~'Utl.l

l:f.l.8 l:f.l.9 l:f.l.10 ~a

~c(lcl.~uatt, ..-t.L...fi ~& ~l+tl ~ltl~ 15 18 22 55

~rttl 15 12 18 45

~~m lcl.aLatt, ~eltt.lc:tlt. ~l+tt ~ltl~ 17 23 15 55

~rttl 16 13 16 45

~ttl.[ct. el ~~ta, ~l+tt ~lll~ 19 20 16 55

~~~~l ~rttl 20 14 11 45

~lcfct~~ el~~ta, utl~1. ~lll~ 22 24 9 55

lttl~l~ll ~rttl 18 17 10 45

~h~ el8'~t<:t., ~utl~1. ~lll~ 18 19 18 55

'ic:tlc:tl~ct, ~llt.lc:tlt. ~rttl 15 13 17 45

~~.6(l.~l'4.11ttl el~~ta, ~ltla ~ltl~ 17 18 20 55

~1{..-t.Ol~, ~li.t.lc:tlt. ~rttl 12 18 15 45

~a ~ltl~ 108 122 100 330

~rttl 96 87 87 270

~<:!. 204 209 187 600

8'4.~t6n ~l~~Ulli cll~al ~t.~[lti ...fi~ ~ctCJt ~~ql~ ~~a ~.

dlt'il 8-ct.~'4.?ll 'll&l l:f.l~~l-8, 9 ~-1. 10lli ~1:fs~ 30, 50 ~-1. 20

8-ct.~'4.?t.l. lcl.al~~l.~ ~li{ai ~~~L 8-n~l., ~~~1. lll~dl-1. ~l~~l. ~t. ~~c:tLlli

~Latl. CJtl&l ~tlai 5oo 8-n~'4.?t.l.1 ~~li~'i ~~C{llli ~L~. ~~~ lcl.~.uq[~

~utCl.a ~uth...fi ~C-tli.C{l~ ttl~ ctttL~ ~~c:tllli ~lcfi. ~-1. ~LI:f.l~ ~~1.2l....fi ~alll.-1

'!~~~~l ~-1. [q~'b[~ '!~~~~l ~~C{llti ~l~.

62

3.3.5 balt '!~!6~Qt

~~1.2l..fi ~<.totllti 'J,.,Cl~~l '4.t9l:j lit:~ .. ~~ <-ll'4.l'1. ~<ali. '!~~~~l ~61.~ ~.

~~1.2l..fi fctJij<-t..fitt.ct.t ~.ttt.~t~ct.totl. ~t~t~ ~<alii. '4.~ ~. ct~ ~1.~'4.~t ~~1.2l..fi

~<ali.L..fi '4.~t,o(l, ~~(,f,t.clJ.1 tt.l.ott ~~l~l ct~l~l ~~ctl~ ~<-~.1.21. ~l~ t',f,ottcfi U~ltt. ~.

~<ali. '!~~~~l :!'IKl~ ( 1) ~1:6ot('u lf._<:tt., (2) ct.l~ct~U lf._<:tt. ~-1.

(3) fct~~~ '!~~~~t ~lt ?L~t fct<~uoulti cta<-~.t~<a ~. ~l ?L~l t',f,tt',f,ct.l.lti~ '4.~l~

~~ ttl. ott ~cO. ~<altl...fi ~[dlt ~~l.2llli '4.~t.oU ~utt. ~.

3.3.5.1 ba"i.rtl ~c-tt (Difficulty value)

"Test items which are externly difficult or externly easy do not help to any noticeable degree. In the process of at­tempting to differentiable among students in terms of their acheivement."3

~~1.21.-i ~Cbotct.llf._<:tt. ~c.c{ ~~1.2l..fi ~<ali.Lotl ~l<.tl (3"rl~ ~l'4.'1.l~

fcta.tP.({:otl.-i ~ll{~ J.lltl~l. ~lt ~1:6otct.llf._<:tt. ~l.f..i ctl{ ct ~<ali. ~1:6'1. ~-1.

~1:6otct.llf._c:tt. ct~ ctlt d. ~call ~~UJ. ~actttt. ~[d ~~UJ. 1 ~[d ~1:6o1. ~call

fcta.tP.({..fi [a~~ ~l~ lf._<:tt.l~.-1, ~~ u1 ot41:. ~1:6otct.llf._<:tt. '1.~1 ~~ctlotl a~:otl

..fi~ :!~(,f.~ :

:otl-1 :otl~l~ ~ ct.~ ~~1 ~l~ltt 1 ~<ali.~ ~1:6otct.l~<:tt. ~lt ~lt 1.0 1 0.0

ct.~~ ~tt. ctlt ~<ali. :ot~:&1{ ~~UJ. 1 ~1:6'1. t',f,otdl. ~tt. ~. ~lt ~1:6otct.llf._c:tt. 0.50

ct.~~ ct~d ~tt. ctlt ctlt ct ~<ali. ct.t~-ct.t~ q;q c1{t, t.~l[ctotl~ ..fiq~ ~. ~l

~l~ ~<-~.1.21. ~ttl a~~~ ~<.tl~ ~ d. '4.~l ca~lti ~ctl~ oa~~.

~Cbotct.llf._c:tt. ~ll ~ ctl ltl2 ~l J.l ~ lt (,f. ~l (3-n. ~ '4.?1.1.-1. J.lLHi~l. otl Oct. ~ct.l :&lt ltl

ouoct.tl t',f,tt. ~ttO.lti~ 6'4.~ott 27 c.~t ~.t ..fi~otl 27 c.~t 6-n.~'Ll?Ll.-1. :ot<aol

63

~t&cllli_L ~-'llct ~. (3'4.~··U 27 2~l '8\l~ ~~' ~1, ..fi~..-f.l 27 2~l '...fi~~ ~~'

ct~1 ~l.ul.'~ctllii ~Lct ~. lt~ct ~~UI:t..-f.lii ..-f.~..-f.llii 500 811.~'4.?1.1. ~. ct~

8tt~..-f.t 27 2~t ~2~ 1 135 811.~'-l?I.L ~ttt. ~tli 8tt~..-f.t 27 ·2~t ~2~ 1 135

811.~'4.?1.1.1. RU (Right answer of Uper group) ~1. ..fi~..-f.l 27 2~L ~2~ 1 135

811.~'4.?1.1.1. RL (Right answer of Lower group) %~l ~t&l. ~ctllii ~lctti. ct~..-f.l

230 811.~'4.?1.1.1. l:l.LL..-f.lii ~cttlii ~tctti .-f.~.

RU+RL ~[6..-f.ctl ~~ = _2_E_

RU-RL ctl~ct~U ~~ = --E-

~l ~?ll..-f.l 8'4.ttl~l ~~'l lttthd }{~~ ~Elli ~-u2 ~r6..-f.ctl~~ ~1.

ctt~ct~a~~..u ~t~tct~ ~~ ~. c"t-1. ttt~~a 3.2lii ~u[cfi ~.

3.3.5.2 rtl~ct~U ~c~ (Discrimination Value)

ctt~ct~O. ~~"""!. ~tl:tt~ ~ttl.2l...fi ~<ali ~~t..-f.t ~1~tttt~ ~1. ol.o

rct~tqr~r..t 12~ ttt~ ~a. ~(-t~t ctt~2t ~ a. tt~ ~aar. ~. oa ~ttl.il....fi ~r.~

~({li...-f.l CJtl:tl 0(( lcl~lq{~l. ttl~l 811.~ 1 CJtl:tl 0(( lcl~lq{~l. utl2l 8\1.~ ~l'4. dl ct

~altj ctt~ct~a~~ ~.l.-tt ~, ctli ~actttt.

"The degree to which a test item differentiales between people having various levels of ability or knowledge of the material tested, when an external criterion is used as a basis for defferentiating ability levels is called item validity."4

~l.~tt~t ~ttl.2l.lii ctt~ct~U~~I. ~<alii. ltlit~l. ~a~t ~(-t~t li~ ~.

ctl~ct~U~~-1. ~ll:t~L~ ~(-llij ~l[ct2..-f. ~~'l ~l~ltt ~.

64

"Any discriminating value above to 0.40 can be considered as good as and between to 0.20 to 0.40 as satisfactory and between to 0.20 and zero as poor."S

~l6'4.~l ~~Pi ~~""'-dl~~ :Qt-1, ctl~ct~O. ~~ <.i-1. d~~ ttl;)tt ~lcfl "'f~~

~. !r2cll~ ~ali ~~""'-ctl~~~ ~~~ tt1;)tt ~lett e>cti ctt~c:t~O.~~~ ~~~

:Qttll;)tt ~ltt, ctl ct~ '4.~t,;)(l ~~culii :Qttctdl ""'-~- ~alil""'-L ctl~ct~0.~~-1

:Qt~t{2'1. ~~ ~"'f(,{ ~.

zli o.t~ct~a~~ ~ali'd ~~i~""'-

1 0.40 :Qt-1, ct~ q~ q ~a. ~H1 ~ali

2 0.30 ~ 0.39 3-tli.l~lli.l ~ll~ ~C-t.li

3 0.20 ~ 0.29 ~llil.-tt 3-t~l ~ ~~~ ~l ~ ctl ~ :Qtl ct~tt~ctl

4 0.19 ~ :Qtl~ '1.6tufl ~ali/~tcfi ""'-L"lctL otcfl :Ql.P.tctL w .. 1Hctt otcfl

3-t~ct ~~il~""'-lii ~~12l.'it 'i_Cf~~t-1. :Ql.L~L~ t.~~ ~ali'd ctl~ct~Uli~ ~il~

~ ot ~L~~u 3.2lii t.~t[qa ~.

3.3.5.3 fcl.h'tih ~~~~~l

6t~Lct~~'4. ~~121. :Qt'it('l{a~ J.t~L~~ ~1tt ~. ct~ ct""'-l ~~il~""'-lii li~"rtli

8'4. tt1 ;)t P.tt tt ~ . :Qtt J.t~t ~ ~ ~~12llii t.~~ J.t.st""'-'it ?t. ~t, <tt ~ !r '4.i <t lcl.~~'4.1

:Qtl '4. ctllii :Qtl c.ttl ~1 tt ~ , ct lcl.~~'4.llii 'il ~~ lcl.~~'4. ~t <tl (3-n ~ ~ :Qt -1. 6!L~l. ""'-l

lcl.~~'4.1-1. rq~,h1 ~~ ~ ot '4.~~tP.ll-1. J.t.st-1.""'-l 8-n~ :Qttct-Sct1 -1. ~1tt ct-1. t.~~

lcl.~~'4. ~t<t1 at;)1 ct1 ct lcl.~'b[~1 ~t~t ;)L~tttt.

lcl~~~l~ lcl~~~L ~tf6:ct'11 'W{ta C3'4.c-u :Qt-1, ~<tat ~P.l'il '4.:fi~tP.ll:Qtl~

lcl.~~'4.l""'-t :Qttl{~t 8-n~ '4.~~ ~utcfl ~t~ttt i9. ~L~Lttt~ lcl.atP.ll ~t<tt 8-n~ ct~~

:Qtl~'bl[tt :Qt-1, 'i(){UJ.L lcl.atP.li:Qtl lcl~~~l ct~~ :Qtl~'bl[tt ct 6!L6tct ~C-lli""'-l [q~~~l~

tt1;)ttctl ~<tq ~. :Qlt"'f 6tt6tct lcl.~~~ '!P.l~~~L'it '4.Ltttlii ~~e-ll ~.

lcl.~~~ '!P.t~~~L li.t2 ~~121. 'it C3-n~'4.?t.1.:t J.tmi~1 'it <t&ctt zli li.i ;)iloctcttlii

65

h~~

i~lh

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

~lq {9. ~l ~ct ouoq~u (3-n~'4.?1.L--t.l 0'4.~--t.l 27 2hl 0'4.al ~~ (RU) ~-1, ..fi~-tl

27 2hl ..fi~~l ~~ (RL) ct~1 t.u[cfi Jt~h hC-t~--l.l t.~h lcth~ ~l2 r,i-1, ~~-tl

IA~t~~l...fi ~~t ot~t<ttl-li ~tq_ i9. :({l~l lcl.h<='4. ~t2 o'4.at ~~..fi ~t<!R ct.~

~l.tt ~-1. lcl.h'b[hl. l.lt2 o'4.at ~~ h~cti ..fi~at ~~..fi ~t<!R ct.~ ~l.tt ctl. fcth'b(hl.

tl_l Ott_ {9 1

ct ~ h~Cll tl_.

~~ fcth~'t1 h~"i.dl rtt~c:tQU hCi~ ~hlq ~ ~ h ~1'l1~ lf._C~ 11~ h ~~hlq

RU e_:] 8 11 - 0.73 0.26 ~hltf

RL 36 18 -1

RU 9 5 c:J - 0.78 0.22 ~hltf

RL 27 18 -0

RU 22 [:] 18 - 0.5 0.43 ~ltf

RL 66 31 -8

RU 65 31 39 - 0.38 0.21 ~ \:J.l ~ Cll ~cfi

RL 36 55 43 -

RU 30 [!] 8 - 0.59 0.25 ~hltf

RL 55 16 -3

RU EJ 18 12 - 0.71 0.15 ~ttl:

RL 27 23 -5

RU 38 11 c:J - 0.23 0.11 ~~ttl:

RL 23 46 -6

RU 5 ~ 11 - 0.76 0.25 ~hltf

RL 16 34 -AU 31 47 c:J - 0.37 0.1 ~ \:J.l ~ Cll otcfi RL 39 53 -3

RU C!J 34 27 - 0.28 -0.15 ~~hltf

AL 45 47 -3

AU c;] 15 20 - 0.64 0.2 ~hltf

RL 27 35 -3

66

Mlll "{~ Rh~q1 hl61.rll rll~c:t~ll h~ll ~hlq ~lllh ~ Cit h ~~"ct~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~hlq

12 RU 39 [;_] 46 - 0.25 0.08 :ct~lwt

RL 28 50 -7

13 RU 7 15 c:J - 0.66 0.36 ~l?.{

RL 34 36 -5

14 RU 28 31 c:J - 0.42 0.28 ~3l?.{

RL 59 38 -8

15 RU 55 62 18 - 0.34 0.16 ~\:tl~Ctl otc0. RL 35 42 58 -

16 RU c;] 11 16 - 0.66 0.28 ~l?.{

RL 35 30 -0

17 RU [!] 34 [:] - 0.37 0.14 ~l:tl~ctl otcO. RL 28 -6 1

18 RU 19 11 c-:J - 0.66 0.24 ~3l?.{

RL 30 32 -3

19 RU 11 c:J 8 - 0.7 0.32 ~L?.{

RL 23 39 -3

20 RU c;] 7 4 - 0.82 0.21 :Qt~lq

RL 24 15 -6

21 RU [!] 15 28 - 0.49 0.39 ~lq

RL 54 42 -9

22 RU 28 16 [!] - 0.47 0.4 ~3lq

RL 62 36 -6

23 RU [:_:] 8 26 - 0.62 0.26 ~l?.{

RL 27 42 -6

24 RU 7 7 c:J - 0.81 0.18 ~l:{l~cu otcO. RL 20 18 -7

25 RU 23 14 [:J - 0.63 0.21 ~3lq

RL 28 36 -0

26 RU [!] 31 42 - 0.37 0.19 ~l:tl~ctl otcO. RL 54 43 -6

27 RU 9 ~ 14 - 0.52 0.62 ~3lq

RL 36 70 -8

67

Ml~ ~?.t fcth~l hlb"'i.dl dl~ctQ\1 Mlll ~ht4 :iltlh :ut CJt h :ut'j;rt~ lf._~ li~ ~ :ut~lht4

28 RU c:J 9 0 - 0.82 0.22 ~ltl

RL 14 24 -6

29 RU 14 22 c:J - 0.58 0.33 ~ltl

RL 34 46 -5

30 RU 18 c:J 8 - 0.65 0.33 ~ltl

RL 41 30 -5

31 RU 12 49 [:] - 0.47 0.17 ~1-.tl~<:U ~c{l

RL 34 50 -1

32 RU c;J 3 15 - 0.76 0.22 ~ltl

RL 24 23 -8

33 RU 28 4 c:J - 0.62 0.29 <-c:{L~Ltl

RL 24 47 -3

34 RU 5 c:J 5 - 0.8 0.24 tcll.hltl

RL 19 24 -2

35 RU 1 4 c:J - 0.8 0.32 ~ltl

RL 30 19 -6

36 RU 32 24 c:J - 0.54 0.08 ~ l:ti. ~ c:u otc:fi RL 36 31 -8

37 RU c:J 5 51 - 0.45 0.26 tcll.hltl

RL 24 68 -3

38 RU 47 14 [;] - 0.49 0.13 ~l:tl~ctl o6c{l

RL 57 22 -7

39 RU 57 15 [;] - 0.35 0.14 ~ l:tl ~ ctl otc:fi RL 38 42 -5

40 RU 8 39 [:J - 0.52 0.25 ~hlq

RL 31 53 -1

41 RU c:J 4 18 - 0.59 0.51 tc:fihltl

RL 46 45 -5

42 RU 3 ~ 18 - 0.75 0.21 tc:fihltl

RL 18 31 -6

43 RU c:J 42 39 - 0.36 0.12 ~ l:tl ~ ctl otc:fi RL 32 59 -3

68

Mtll ~et fclh~'t1 ha'irtt rtt~ct~U h~ll (<{\btq

~lllh :ot Cit h :ot:1;rt~ ll<~ ll~ h :ot (<{\hl q

44 AU 7 c;] 5 - 0.79 0.24 Nl3t?.{

AL 20 24 -0

45 AU [;] 11 50 - 0.29 0.16 ~Nl3t?.{

AL 35 28 -2

46 AU 19 7 c:J - 0.67 0.24 Nl3t?.{

AL 28 35 -2

47 AU 85 19 31 - 0.46 0.35 Nl3t?.{

AL 38 62 35 -

48 AU 23 3 c:J - 0.6 0.42 Nlht?.{

AL 62 20 -3

49 AU ~ 3 14 - 0.71 0.35 Nl3t?.{

AL 36 26 -2

50 AU [!] 18 31 - 0.44 0.41 Nlht?.{

AL 65 39 -1

51 AU 4 I ~I 128 - 0.74 0.42 Nl3t?.{

AL 28 72 -

52 AU c;J 12 15 - 0.61 0.38 Nl3t?.{

AL 32 46 -7

53 AU 51 [:] 3 - 0.46 0.29 Nl3t?.{

AL 51 42 -2

54 AU 50 c:J 32 - 0.34 0.07 ~~3l?.{

AL 41 35 -9

55 AU 62 45 28 - 0.4 0.13 ~ l:tt ~ cu otcfi AL 45 63 27 -

56 AU 20 38 [:] - 0.46 0.17 ~ l:tt~cu otc:fi AL 26 55 -4

57 AU 54 c:J 20 - 0.38 0.14 ~ l:tl ~ cu otc:fi AL 39 54 -2

58 AU 23 c:J 8 - 0.64 0.27 Nl3l?.{

AL 22 46 -8

59 AU c:J 14 16 - 0.59 0.39 Nl3l?.{

AL 42 41 -3

69

h'C-tl{

~l{lh

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

~e{ fclhc~1 hl6-trtt rlt~qqfi h'C-tl{ ~btq

~ 6t h ~'l"rt~ 1i~ 1i~ k ~«fihtq AU [;] 22 30 - 0.24 -0.04 ~~ltt

AL 39 35 -9

AU 19 7 c:J - 0.65 0.32 ~ltt

AL 24 45 -AU 16 3 c;!J - 0.74 0.24 ~ttf

AL 39 12 -4

AU 112 12 11 - 0.53 0.5 ~!ttf

AL 45 47 43 -AU 7 24 c:J - 0.53 0.46 ~!ttf

AL 51 43 -1

AU 19 c:J 4 - 0.67 0.33 ~!ttl:

AL 42 26 -8

AU [:J 5 3 - 0.85 0.2 ~!ttl:

AL 26 8 -1

AU 26 ~ 8 - 0.59 0.32 ~!ttl:

AL 36 41 -8

=ttt~~a 3.2~ ~ct~"l!--t !~ct.i oo-~tt?.t 1•ul:l{~! ~~l-tt?.tu l-tt2 ~<tt~<:O. ~~

67 !C:-Ll-i.Ll-ti~ at~ !r6--tct.t~~ o.35 ~ o.85 ..fi ct~ ~l.?.t d.c(l !~l-i.L--tl =ttl-tt'lu

:QU:ctl-t !=ttl2ll-ti !~Cltl-ti ~tatl i9, ~?.tt~ ct.l~ct~fi~C:-?{ 0.20 ~ 0.55 q~ ~l?.t

d.cfi !~~1.-1. ~rct~ !~1il.~i ~~t'l~t !?.t1 i9. ~t ~ct 7 !C:-t.l-t1-1. ~~ !~ ct.~t 14

!~~1. ~ltt~'l ;qj,[ctl-i, !=ttl2ll-ti 60 !~l-tl '4.=ttt. !~Cltl-ti ~tcfi i9.

3.3.5.4 hC-tl{1..fi \t~~ou

!~l-t '!~~~~t~i !=tt12t~ !r6--tct.t~~ ct.~t ct.t~ct~a~~ '4.~~ at !~l-tl.

~[ctl-i, !=ttl2l.l-ti '4.~t. !~t6 i9 a.-a ?.tt~ =ttt~~a 3.3~i t.u[qcu~i ~tcfi ~.

70

~.u~~U-3.3

~ 'i q ~ l?l '4.tl~i 'i_Cf~l?l Gl~l ~!:tl~~ ~ua li ~~1.2l.lti

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"Sampling ensures completeness and a high degree accuracy due to limited area of operation."?

"Also universe the total number of individuals, items objects etc., population may be infinte (all possible items that could measure intelligence) or finite (the total number of students attending a given school.) A test may be thought of as a sample of items selected from a population or iniverse of such items."B

81

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1. Ministry of Education, Report of the Education, Commision (1964-66);

New Delhi, Government of India, (1966). p. 46.

2. L. J. Cronbach, (1966) Essentials of Psychological Testing, Second

Edition, New York; Harder and Row Inc., p. 103

3. J. H. Ahmen, (1966). Testing Student Achievement and Aptitude,

Wsashington; The Centre for Applied Research in

Education, p. 95.

4. Fedrick G. Brown, (1983). Principles of Educational and Psychological

Testing, Third Edition, New York; CBS College Publishing

Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p. 490.

5. Ahmen, Op. cit.

6. ~~~L~ ~· ~~u~ :at.-1. 1"5L~L~ \)il. ~~u~, (1985). ~ittlEtrt 'ltdlrl~l ~.;

u/Cifil~l, 1rct~ :at.L<!@: : :atltt.Lqlt., ~~qffiil_ gil!.l~lt[~L (,j_L!,

~<l((~Ld ~l~~~ '!· 113.

7. Kulbirsingh Sidhu (1984). Methodology of Research in Education, New

Delhi; Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1984, p. 107.

8. Gilbert Sax, (1974). Principle of Education Measurment and

Evaluation, California; Wads Worth Publishing Company,

Inc., p. 586.

10. Richard P. Runyon and Harber Audrey, (1989). Fundamentals of

Behavioral Statistics, Sixth Edition, Aukland; Me-Grow Hill

Book Company, p. 260.

11. Bruce W. Tuckman, (1975). Measuring Educational out comes

Fundamental of Testing, New York; Harcourt Brace

Jovanovich, Inc., p. 485.

12. Hanry E. Garrett, ( 1973). Statistics in Psychology and Education,

Bombay; Vakil, Felter and Simons Pvt. Ltd., p. 302.

89